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VIGER’S GREEK IDIOMS

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PREFACE.

THE utility of Viger’s! Treatise on the Principal Idioms of the Greek Language is well known, and fully justifies his recom- mendation of a repeated perusal of the work by all who are desirous of entering with advantage on the study of the Greek authors. In that work he has collected and explained, on a plan of arrangement for the most part practically convenient, a multitude of phrases remarkable for their peculiarity or elegance. Many of these are very difficult, and are interpreted in no other book, or in none accessible to the generality of students, or in none so fully, clearly, and correctly. Is is no wonder, therefore, that the work should have continued in general use ever since its first publication.? To say nothing of the testimony of others, Professor Hermann declares % it to have been deservedly esteemed most useful: and indeed its value is sufficiently attested by the comments of learned men; of Reizius, Hoogeveen, Zeunius, Schefer, and lastly, of that most profound and acute critic, Professor Hermann himself.

The first who published an edition of Viger with notes was Hoogeveen. Zeunius followed him, and added his own annotations to Hoogeveen’s. Afterwards Hermann enriched his editions with the notes not only of Hoogeveen and Zeunius, and with a few which had been written by Reizius and by Schefer* in the margins of their copies of Viger, but with very copious and important notes of his own. By all these additions to the original work, a body of Greek learning has been formed of the greatest moment to those who are desirous of attaining a thorough knowlege of that justly

1 Or, with the Latin termination with which his name, although he was a native of Rouen, has been dignified, Vigerus.

2 In the edition printed at Paris in 1644. 3 De Idiomatis.

“ The notes of Reizius are judicious and useful; but those of that able scholar Schefer, which Hermann found of any use, are so very few, that they have left no impression on my mind with regard to their value.

vi PREFACE.

admired language, which it is calculated to illustrate. But many are deprived of the benefit to be derived from the book, not only by an inadequate acquaintance with the Latin language, in which it is written, but by the bulk and price of it in its improved condition. It was considered, therefore, that to persons under the disadvantage of such a deprivation an Abridgment in English of the last edition of Viger might prove highly beneficial; and the publication of such an Abridgment was consequently resolved on. The plan and execution of the work were intrusted to me: and of these I proceed to give the reader some account. It was requisite for the further- ance of the Publisher's design, to reduce Professor Hermann’s last edition to about one-fourth of its bulk.

This I have endeavored to effect without any sacrifice of useful matter, by embodying both the text and notes in the formation of a new text, retaining every thing really valuable, and reiecting all that is manifestly erroneous and useless.

The general arrangement of Viger, however objectionable in some respects, has been unavoidably preserved, together with his division into Chapters, Sections, and Rules, as he calis his lowest sub- divisions.2. The substance, indeed, of the notes appended in the original to each rule being here incorporated with the rule itself, the length of the rules is necessarily very unequal; because many and long notes are often in the original referred to a long rule, while a short rule is often left without any annotation at all; but the facility of reference’ and comparison afforded by this method will, it is hoped, overbalance any seeming inconvenience.

' A considerable space in the notes, especially in Hermann’s, is occupied in pointing out errors in the text or in other notes. Hoogeveen and Zeunius, who are very liberal in observations for the benefit of the raw recruits, commencing with *« caterum monendi sunt tirones,” or the like well-known gracious and condescending introductions, seem both to have been regarded by Hermann as scarcely out of the awkward squad themselves. Poor Zeunius especially comes often under his dis- cipline :—‘‘ this could have entered into the head of no man on earth except Zeunius ;” —‘‘no one living, except Zeunius, could have entertained such an imagination;” &c. lashes which can hardly be thought too severe, when inflicted on an instructor, who could persuade himself and teach others, that amd, for instance, in the following passages signifies the final cause: e@avpafov roy ‘Epuoyévny amd didroaodlas :—an’ etoaryyeAlas KplvecOat. See note 57. page 581 of the original. Both the refuted and the refuting passages have generally been rejected by me ; but many useful parts, which may at first appear to be omitted, will be found transferred to places more appropriate to them.

2 As it has been found necessary here and there both to omit some rules, and to compress several others into one, the numbers prefixed do not always correspond to those of the original: in such cases the latter are inclosed in the marks of a parenthesis. See, e. g., p. 58. Sometimes the number of a rule of Viger has been retained, not on account of the rule itself, but of the notes belonging to it.

® One inducement among others to retain the division of the original, was he

PREFACE. vil

Many of the definitions or descriptions which precede the examples of idioms in the original, are clumsy and inartificial ; inapplicable to the idioms treated of, or encumbered with unessential particulars ;1 often inadequate to the comprehension of all the examples following them, and often, on the other hand, too loose to apply peculiarly and exclusively to the idiom introduced by them. I have ventured, therefore, to remodel them in so many instances, that I can give only this general advertisement of such alterations.®

The passages cited are next to be mentioned. Of passages equally adapted to the exemplification of an idiom, I have always preferred such as are given on good authority® to such as appear without any name either in the text or notes; and I have generaliy copied, with the omission sometimes of parts irrelevant to the idiom under con- sideration, all that are necessary to be immediately seen for the elucidation of that idiom ;* referring to all others of any use, espe- cially to such as are taken from books, where they may be easily and readily found.® In many instances mere references, instead of passages, are given in the original: the whole of these, I believe, both in the text and notes, have been transferred into this abridg- ment. They may perhaps appear very numerous; but for the thorough understanding of an idiom, it is often desirable to con-

power afforded by it to my readers of ascertaining by reference the parts assignable to Viger and to each of his annotators. The nature of my plan made it impossible to keep those parts separate, and distinguish them by the names of their respective contributors. There is one mark indeed by which some of Hoogeveen’s contributions may still be often recognised without a reference to the original: I mean his affected and pedantic mode of quotation. He always, for example, cites the books of Hero- dotus by the names of the Muses; and a certain part of Homer’s second Iliad is always ‘‘ Homer in Beot.” the verses being reckoned from the beginning of the Catalogue. He has, I believe, in very few instances been deprived by me of these badges of distinction.

1 In this respect they have sometimes reminded me of Boyle’s recipe for the cure of dysentery. One of the ingredients in his medicine is calcimed bone ; and the bone to be employed is “‘ the thigh bone of a hanged man.”

2 As no mark of discrimination could well be applied to these numerous altera- tions, they can only be distinguished by comparison with the original.

3 An examination of the passages in the books themselves from which they have been taken is of so much importance on many accounts, (see e. g. note n, p. 43. p, p- 45. t, p. 49. h, p. 54. c, p. 67.1, p. 69. wand v; p. 74. y, p. 77. ¢, P- 126. f, p. 129. d, p- 149. e, p.150. v, p. 155.7, p. 162.4, p. 165. e, p.170.q, p. 191. c, p. 202. f, p.204. 5, p. 252.) that, to render it more easy, I have not only given more correct and precise references in many parts, but have often supplied them when altogether wanting. In the original, one part of a reference is often in the text, and the other parts in the notes: in this Abridgment the Reader will have the advantage of seeing all the parts of the references together.

4 T have frequently thought it expedient to give the passages more fully than they appear in the original, and have sometimes given them from better editions,

5 Where the phrases quoted to illustrate an idiom are numerous, T have usually reduced them into alphabetical order.

vill PREFACE.

template it in different situations, and in all its shades of vari- ation; and in a large number of references there is a chance that some at least of the books referred to may be accessible to every reader.

In translating the examples, I have not contented myself with the sense which words may possibly admit when considered abstractedly ; but of all the passages which I remembered, or to which I was able to refer, I have endeavored to give that interpretation which the tenor of the context requires.t The limits assigned to the work obliged me in many instances to render the idiomatical words only ; and where the meaning 1s very obvious, and is moreover contained in an exposition preceding the citation of examples, any further inter- pretation has sometimes been judged needless. Translation indeed, properly so called, was not always possible. Various modifications, transitions, and connexions of thought are expressed in Greek by words to which there are none precisely equivalent in languages formed by nations of less acuteness and refinement.

Such is the mode of proceeding which appeared to me the most eligible with regard to the materials furnished by the original. In the hope of increasing their utility, I have offered some additions and observations of my own;* but the want of room obliged me to leave many things unaltered and unnoticed, the propriety of which ap- peared to me, to say the least, very questionable.

They who are thoroughly acquainted with the last editions of

1 In note 10, therefore, for example, p. 85. of the original, I have not, as others have, translated oviér’ Epyov eykabevdev, botis eat’ edAeVOepos, it is his business to sleep no more, who is free; for that is far enough from the sense required by the context of Aristoph. Lysistr. 614. see this Abridgment p. 34.1]. 36. nor in note 88. p- 138, have I translated roAby péev Tov "AXEEavdpov kat bidurmoy ev Tuts SiaBodats hépwv, often mouthing Alexander and Philip in accusations; see Abr. p. 51. 1. 11. nor in Hermann’s note [143] on Ch. v. § ii. R. 7. ofgOa viv & por yeveo@w ; knowest thou now what things are to happen to me? because it must be evident to any one reading and understanding the whole dialogue between Thoas and Iphigenia in the passage whence the words are taken, that the intention of the latter is not to inform Thoas of what is to happen to herself, but of what must be done to enable her to accomplish a purification which she pretends to be necessary: see. this Abridgment p. 71. 1. 2. nor in note 89, p. 340 of the original, have I rendered Aurnpds to@ dv, know that you are wretched ; because in Aristophanes the words are addressed to Diczopolis by Euripides after a great many impertinent and troublesome requests made by the former, and Euripides immediately adds, kéroxdépnoov Séuwy: not to mention that Avumnpds never signifies unhappy or wretched: see this Abridgment p. 116. I. 21. I will not exhaust the Reader’s patience by giving any more instances, but rather refer him in general to the following work, and to the preceding note 3, page vii.

2 These are generally either included within brackets in the text, or placed in notes at the bottom of the pages. I perceive that through my inadvertence a few remarks of others have been included between brackets; but they may be easily distinguished by reference to the original. For every thing in the notes I am solely answerable.

PREFACE. ix

Viger need not be told that this Abridgment has been a work of much difficulty and perplexity; and therefore need scarcely be entreated to regard with indulgence the imperfections which they may discover in it. Any suggestions offered by the really learned for the improvement of it will be gratefully received by the pub- lisher.

TES: Welch Bicknor,

August 19th, 1828.

N.B. Similar abridgments of Hoogeveen on the Particles, Bos on the Ellipses, Hermann on the Metres, and Maittaire on the Dialects, of the Greek language have been published.

* © With respect to the references, as passages may be readily found in any books divided always into verses or other small portions, the editions of such books need not be specified. Of books not so divided (as indeed of most books) the editions referred to may generally be understood to be the best, when there is no specification of any particular edition. The following, however, have sometimes been cited without such specification: %schines, Orat. Aurel. Allobr. 1607. Aristides, interpr. Canter. 1604. Clemens Alexandr. Colon. 1688. Demosthenes, Aurel. Allobr. 1607. Dinarchus, appended to the edition of Demosth. Hippocrates, Genev. 1657. Isocrates, interpr. Wolf. 1604. Lysias, Marburg. 1683. Pausanias, Xy- landr. Hanov. 1613. Philo Judeus, Colon. 1613. Plutarch, Francof. 1599. Proclus, appended to the Basil edition of Pluto (but Plato himself is usually quoted from the edition of Serranus).

In preparing this SECOND EDITION for the Press, the Editor has corrected a few oversights which had formerly escaped his notice, and has inserted several additional Notes, the references

to which are distinguished by asterisks (*) and obelisks (+).

Viger. b

CONTENTS.

CHAP. I. ‘The Article (called by some the prepositive Article) .

CHAP. II.

The Relative ds (called by some the subjunctive Article)

CHAP. IIJ.— THE NOUN.

Section I. The Noun Substantive : 5 f n If. The Adjective : :

III. On some particular Nouns, Adjectives, and Substan- tives, alphabetically : viz. dyabos, dkpos, ddXAos, apow,

avip, amogppas, tvOpwros, caper), apxv, avrogpwpos

IV. “Adgopp), Bactrevs, BotAnpa, Bia, deidn, djAos, Siatra, Si-

KaLOS, efovdys, eridokos, & epyov, éredy, Eroupos .

V. "Inmos, imTOYVMMYWY, ioos, Katpos, Kaos, KaKWOLS 7H ézrap- xias, KAowi Tov Snpociwy, Kowos, KaTaxpews, xupla, mpo-

Gecpia, éphpun, Kvpros ‘ : é ‘ VI. Adyos .

VII. Mépos, Hoipa, abet: pnxarr, a and eae VEAVLKOS

VIIT. ‘Odds, oixovépos, ones opyn 3 + IX. “Ooos : A E ; X. Odpos, raides, eis maoay, Nee tohirea: Be, Tréor, mpoaypa, mags, mpdoxnpma, mpdpacts, mpora t mT) npetov, TEKUHPLOY, amodetcs, Padiotpy nia, owpa, 7édos, réxyn, tis; and zis ‘ : ‘ : XII. Tosotror, pOdvos, Xapts, xelp, xoéos 4 : 3 XIII, Xpijpa, ypvods, ywpa, dpa é " - CHAP. IV. On the Pronoun ; : ; : : 7

CHAP. V.—ON THE VERB.

I. On the Verb, with respect to kind or form ‘

II, On the idioms of the Indicative, Imperative, Optative,

and Subjunctive Moods ° ; ° .

Page

65 70

CONTENTS.

Section Ill. On the Infinitive Mood, and certain tenses IV. Of the Verbs dyargv, orépyew, deroxpiv, dondgeoda, dye Kal pépery, amoNavev : : V. BovrAopac, yervay, rikreey, yiveoOat, deyiGeces eaapety, dcwxery, pevyey, émesievar : ; g é : VI. On the Verb eipt : c : : - : VII. On the Verbs eizeiy, evaded, EAmeoOa, éiépxeoOa,

X. On the Verbs zoceiv, moretoOac, mparrew, mpoomoeiaQat XI. On the Verbs ovyKporeiy, ouppnyvivat, deanna TL- bévar, riPecOat, Tuyxdvery : 5 ; XII. On the Verbs ifpidw, irapxw, Bea ine) : ‘ XIII. On the Verbs gaivopar and gépw S : XIV. On the Verbs p0avew, pve, yaiper, oaebe xupeir, éyxwpely : - : . . 4 4 CHAP. VI.—PARTICIPLE. I. On Participles in general. , : II. On some Participles which appear to be redundant Ill. On the Participles aroheetmpévos, apxopevos, sae Levos, yeyvopevos, éxdpevos, évdexdpuevos : : IV. On the Participles of the Verbs dvopacw, rapexw, T= préxw, TOW, TeAEUTAW, TUYKXAYHW, VTapyw, Eipt ; = CHAP. VII.—ApveErRs. I. On the terminations of certain Adverbs é : . Il. On the Adverbs cxpiBiis, aiddws re kal, Gua ; 5 III. On the Adverbs cipéher, cvrexpd, dvrexpus : ; IV. On the Adverbs a dpapdrws, dpre, arapri, Ews cprt, doriaa arexvis, arpépa, arpéuas, ad, atbcs, aure, a’rixa V. On the Adverbs avr ober, ira, emetra, éurns VI. On the Adverbs ézel, ézexd)), é ear, ereday, € ETLELKDS VII. On the Adverbs ézizpooOev, edye, 3}, 9, (with the Par- ticles annexed to them,) and #4n 5 4 VIII. On the Adverbs padXoy and Hadvora : > IX. On the Adverbs peraku, Expt, pov, povoy od, por, val, V7}, VUY, OL, Oluot, oiye, 6 dpow, Cpws z 4 X. On the Adverbs dry, Brou, ows, Oméray, Oray, OTe, oUTW, padiws, oppa, wade, mep, mpiy, pa XI. On the Adverbs és, rod, raya, d, and on those which

étvévar, orca, exw : : * .

. On the Verbs jjcw, karahapBavw, Ketpat, Aeacvel eh, vKaw, vopiew, oda, tot, Oipac .

On the Verbs Karaywaoker, Aéyery, ‘Spodoyedr, ‘anace Kavewy, TaptoTdvat, TaoxeLy, meptideiy, meptopay -

express approbation or disapprobation ° . :

Xi CONTENTS. Section XII. Of Adverbs which have a peculiar energy and agree- ableness in negation ; ; and expressly of those of which yo) is the first in construction. XII. On ov and ov«, and the Particles joined with them CHAP. VIII.—conJUNCTION. I. On the Conjunction a\\a . A : 2 II. On the Conjunction ay (for which the poets use ke and kev) with regard to its first and second use A - III. On the third and fourth uses of ay. : : F IV. On the Conjunctions dpa, dpa, and ye ; : ; V. On the Conjunctions yap and &)) ; VI. On the Conjunctions ei, jjv, av, éay, and thee concomi tant Particles. 4 VII. On the Conjunctions - Te and kal, and their concomitant Particles Vill. On the Conjunctions pes and dé, and the Particles joined with them : - ; : : IX. On the Conjunctions 67: and roivuy X. On the Conjunction ws, and the Particles connected with it : - “ : a CHAP. IX.—PREPOSITION. I. On the Prepositions api, ava, dvev, dvri, ard. : li. On the Prepositions dia and eis ; : : Il. On the Prepositions éx or é&, and év . “ ; . IV. On the Preposition ézi : . V. On the Prepositions cara, pera, andiody! : VI. On the Preposition mapa ‘ - : ° VII. On the Prepositions mepi and ros ; : .

VII. On the Preposition mpos : : : : IX. On the Preposiiions trép, tro, jets / - ; °

260

GREEK IDIOMS.

CHA PT ER: 1; THE ARTICLE.

RuLE I. The article, in the masculine or feminine gender, agreeing with no substantive expressed, is always to be referred to one under- stood ; and there is often an ellipsis of a participle agreeing with the substantive so understood: as rijs’Aaias 4 mpos rus avarodas, i. e. u) pepis—rerpapipéery gi Same part of Asia towards the East; riv wapa TO TelXos HEtper, 1. e. THY OddY ayovcay Tapa Tr. 7. Aischin. Socr. Dial. de Morte, c. 3. the road by the wall. (See H. Steph. de dial. Att. p. 17. ad art. 21. Fisch. ad Well. iii, 259 seq. Wakef. ad Eurip. Ion, 438.)

With the article in the neuter also a noun is sometimes under- stood; as when grammarians say 70 wold, i. e. TO papa mow, the verb rod; TO KaXNGs, 1. e€. TO érippnua Kados, the adverb cadas. But there are many phrases in which no noun is expressed with the neuter article, for this very reason, that either the thing intended had no appropriate denomination, or that such denomination did not occur to the speaker or writer. Such are the following : vO prev Ori—ro b€ bri—partly—parily ; d0ck6 por 7d Tod “[Bvkeiov ixzov werovGéva:, Plato in Parmen. what happened to Ibycus’s horse seems to me to have happened to myself. So pry waOorpe 70 70H Upw- réws, Lucian, Demosth. Enc. 931. and Aristoph. Nub. 1200. ov povoy TO THs ouKijs womosere, Matth. xxi, 21. ye shall not only do this which is done to the fig-tree ; amhyyekov ravra, Kal Ta ToY dapovigopévwy, Matth. vili, 33. and told every thing, and what was befallen to the possessed of the devils.

II. When the noun is expressed, the article is sometimes elegantly repeated: as €yec@ar zijs dd0v Tijs eis THY owrnpiay, to keep to the road to salvation. So rov mapardov rod ws éxt rovs "ApaGas, Arr. de Exp. Al. vii, 26.°

Ill. In a similar manner the article is joined elliptically with ad- verbs and prepositions: as of cka@’ ids, (dvres,) those of our own times; ot €vdoyr, those within; of radar, the ancients 3° 6 wavy,

4 Called by some the Prepositive Ar- ticle.

b Ev t@ ovyypdupatt Te wept Tov “Hpa- sAcous, Xen. Mew. ii, 1,21. In his book about Hercules. Soin French: ‘* Un tel homme est sans doute L’ étre LE plus heureux de la Nature.” Buffon, Discours

Viger.

sur la Nature des Animaux, p. 304. ed. Paris. 1769.—J. S.

© T6 tov mwavu TlepikAéous vig, Xen. Mem. iii, 5, 1. the son of the famous Pericles. See Abridgm. of Bos, p. 106, note a.—J.S.

2 THE ARTICLE. | CHAP. f.

“~

the celebrated; 1a oixot, affairs at home, or one’s home; év rots peddiora,* eminently or exceedingly.*

IV. The article, with the particles wév and éé, serves for partition, distinction, or opposition ; as rév fpiv cuppayodrtwr of peéev pabupov- ow, of d€ aBupovow: of our allies some are inactive, and others de- spond. Iu the following passages it serves for partition, or distinction between different parts of the same thing: # rov petparos éxeivov mn- yy, pév eis avrov edu, h dé, dropecroupévov, ékw azoppet, Plato in Pheedr., where 4 pév and % 6é both signify partly ; xavros rod eidous Tovrov gyoopev éexOupety ; i} Tov péy, Tov dé ov; or the one part of it only, but not the other? Plato de Rep. lib. v. p. 475. 1. 15.—Some- times what is usually only referred to, or signified, by the article in this phrase, is, for greater perspicuity, expressed in addition to it; either in both members, as ixzoc ve irmots, Kai Gvdpes Avdpaaty, hyw- vigovro* of wév—PidoacGar rovs Tlépoas ot Maxédoves* of dé eiptac avrov riy éxBaow, of Tépcac: those, the Macedonians, to repel the Persians ; these, the Persians, to prevent the egress of the Macedo- nians: Arrian, de Exp. Alex, 1. i. p. 33. 1. 11.; or in one only, as, €xee 66 AvadAdoyor Kpnrex) rates zpos tiv Aakwrixiy’ yewpyovai re yap tois péev Eidwres, rots 66 Kpnoty ot Mepioa: for the Helots culti- vate the land for the latter, and for the former, (the Cretans,) the Perieci: Aristot. Polit. lib. ii. c. 8.

Sometimes 6 péy and 6 dé are not made correlative; but what would have been signified by one or the other, is put in the place of it; as in Herodot. Terps. c. 94. where the Mityleneans and Athenians go to war with each other, ot pév amaréovres tiv xopnv? "AOnvaior dé, &c. “ the former insisting on restoration of the territory, and the Athenians” (instead of the latter,) &c. So Thuc. i. c. 84.—Sometimes one of these correlative expressions is omitted without avy substitute, as Oedy oé iepa év Kuddijvy, ’AccAn- mov, TO O€ "Agpodirns éoriv: there are temples of the gods in Cyllene, of Asculapius, and the other of Venus: Pausau. in EL, lib. poster. ; and in this case there is sometimes a repetition of the correlative expressed, as vexpot 8 éxurroy, of 8 &uehdov, of & éxewro, Eurip. Or. 1496. Pors.t See Musgr. on Iph. in T. 1361. In the following passage there is the same reference (or, to use a law term, the same innuendo) at each repetition of oi 6é,—oi pév being understood : TOIs Tatat ToIs TAOVaLOLS Ol TaTEpEs VHPELY TapavovaLy, ot Oé (SC. KdAaKEs) peOvew* swppovetv, oi Sé acedyaivew* puddrrew, of b€ Saravgy* ge- Aepyeiv, of Se pabupetv: fathers exhort their rich sons to be sober ; BUT THEY (sycophants) to drink: to be temperate; BUT THEY, to be dissolute: to save; BUT THEY, to spend: to be industrious ; BUT THEY, to be idle: Plut. wept wad. dy. Oi dé by itself, for some : éabijra dé épdpeov Séppara Oijpera* of Sé Kal iyOiwy THY peyadwy 7a maxéa: they wore for clothes the skins of wild beasts: but some wore the thick skins of large fishes: Arr. Hist. Ind. ¢. 24. See too

* See Abridgm. of Bos, p. 106, note b. as ém) rav dropphrwy, a secretary.—J. S.

4 Add, of él trav emoaroday, the + Srovdis 8 tro “Emimrov: of 3 ap- clerks or amanuenses ; and in such phra- @odvro" rods dt Keiévous Nekpods by eldes. ses the article itself is sometimes omitted, Eurip, Hel, 1621.—J. S.

RULE 4.] THE ARTICLE. 3

Arr. de Exp. Al. 1. i. e. 11. in init.-—Oi &€, by itself, in a general sense, for men: Ilvpyor Karnpeitovro, tot dé (Ionic and poet. for

er AosViay Nixovro poipay rpovpparwy dedopxores: the towers were thrown down, and men swam about, seeing their last fate before their eyes: Lycoph. v. 81. speaking of the “deluge. See another unusual form in Odyss. a, 115.—Sometimes es is substituted for one member of the phrase: é£ dy abrovs aynpijxaci reves, of dé Kat dn- poooig érehetrnaav: of whom some have destroyed themselves, others have been publicly ewecuted: HEschin. de fals. leg. p. 258. |. 39. Sometimes it is added: 6 pév res érérpwro, 6 Sé wal éwemrwxe: one had been wounded, another had fallen: Xen. H. Gr. iv, 5, 14.—Oi Oé reves and ij5y O€ Teves equivalent: of pév yap avrav koAakas kat mapagtrous dvadkapPavovew, of bé reves éraipas Kai ya- patrimas Nurpovvrar, ...° On Oé Teves Kal THY veartkwrépwy Amrovrat kaxov : for some of them entertain sycophants and parasites ; others purchase the freedom of courtesans and street-walkers, ... and others there are who even engage in still bolder and more desperate prac- tices: Plut. wept wad. dywy.—Sometimes instead of the partitive genitive which usually introduces this kind of phrase, a nominative is employed: of éd€ “Axapvaves, ot pév és “Apyos EvveBonfovy, ot be &ce. for rav 6é’Ak. ot péev—S Thucyd. iii, 105. So of tapévees dé, ot pév gdotvro, ot Sé éyehov: but as for those present, some were ashamed, and others laughed: Lucian in Conv. t. iil. p. 432. |. 23. ed. Amst., which Latin authors have imitated : see Sallust, B. C. c. 2. init. Virg. En. xii, 277, Val. FI. iii, 462.; and Lucian has added to the nominative a genitive of a pronoun referring to it: of Kopo- Bavres dé, 6 wey abvrav réuvera Eiger rov mijxvy, 6 dé &e.: lite- rally, the Corybantes, one of them cuts his arm with a sword, another, &c. Dial. Ven. et Cup.—and, of dé co racdés, fh pév abray appevin) mepa Tov pérpov—o 8 "AwédrAAwY mpocToLEtrar pey TavTA el- dévac &e.: and as to your children, one of them, your daughter, is masculine beyond measure ;—and the other, Apollo, pretends to know all things: Dial. Junon. et Lat. The fellowing form is still more bold; aoddovs rpovrpetev ext pirocogiar’ of eee avrg mpoceiyoy,—for rév dé ovdels: he urged many to philosophy, but no one of them attended to him: Mlian “uibd sen 16 «Me Ee Instead of 6 pér, 6 dé, eis peév, Erepos dé, (in French Lun, Vautre,) are employed with propriety: dv0 dé Kat peydda, ev pev, Ore od mept TOY towv aywrigopat, Erepoy de: the one, the other: Demosth. pro Cor. —Likewise, 6 eis cai 6 érepos, see Matth. vi, 24.; and 6 ets, 6 dé érepos is in Luke vii, 41.; and in Matth. xxiv, 40, 41, is found 6 eis cai 6 eis; and in Arist. 1. Eth. vi, c. 1. év per and éy dé are opposed, and also in his Rhet. ii, 20.; and in Xeu. Cyrop. i, 2, 8. éy

€~Hdn 5& tives is evidently more em- odd yap odTws peyadedrepoy, evadAa- phatical than of 6€ tiwes.—J. 5S. yelons mrécews, 7) elrep otTws Ey, Tay J Homer is the source of this elegance, 8¢ Siw oxoméAwy 6 piv—. ovvidws yap as of most others: of d& dbo oxdmedur, 6 eAgyeTo, way dt 7d oivyOes mikpompeETes* Bev ovpavdy evpiy ikdver,—Tov & Erepoy bid Kat adaduacrov. Demetr. Phal. de &c. Od. pw. 73. The following is a just Eloc. § 60.—J.S. remark on the effect of this unusual form:

4 THE ARTICLE. [Cuar. 1:

pev—év Sé—Gdd\o—AAXro. In Aristoph. Erepos S€ res first follows 6 pev, and afterwards the following members of the sentence are connected by 6 d€: Plut. v. 162. seq.—In Xen. de Re Eq. 10, 6, srw 6 prev Netos, 6 Sé€ Erepos &c.: let the one be smooth, but the other, &c.—A more unusual form is, iva vro pey tov aywrra, imo b€ rev HOdvrac: that they may be led on by the first, and urged forward by the last: Xen. Mem. iii, 1, 8. and so Thue. iii, 61. The following phrases may also be noticed: ware ras pév adb- TOY Karaoxanrerv, év S€ Tais axpowoAes Tetxyigev: so as to rase some, and build citadels in others: Isocr. Paneg. c. 37. eis peév TOUS UPpizovres, Tots O€ dovAevov7es: insolent tyrants to some, to others slaves: \bid. c. 41. And presently aflerwards, apos péy rods gidous—zpos 8 éxOpots. And see Steph. de dial. Att. p. 184.

V. The article with the preposition cava forms elegant phrases ; as ra kaO’ jas, the affairs of our time, or more generally, all that relates tous: ra xara Ilavoaviav tov Aaxedaiporior, cai Oc pio- rokXéa tov ’AOnvaiov—oirws éredevrncev: thus concluded the events relative to Pausanias the Lacedamonian and Themistocles the Athenian: Thue. i, 138. see Macchab. lib. ii, ¢. 15, v.37. Phi- lipp. 1, 12. Coloss. iv, 7.: 6 Néypos éijprve ra xa éavrorv, Niger arranged his affairs: Herodian iii, 1, 17.—In the same sense ra wepi Hpas: dpa ro wvVécOar ra wept AévrrAov kai KeOnyov: what had befallen Lentulus and Cethegus: Plut. in Vit. Cic. p. 872. 7a wept OnBaiovs, the state of the Thebans’ affairs: lsocr. Or. ad Phil. So with apgi: ra appt riv ’Eway, the affairs of the East: Zosim. i, 37.— But when the article before the preposition is in the masculine or feminine, as ot appt HWpéapoy in Hom. Il. y. 146. mpos ras wept Map@av cat Mapiay St. John, c. xi, v. 19. the phrase signifies, sometimes, (especially in the earlier writers) the person named _ toge- ther with attendants, colleagues, followers, &c. or the latter only ; sometimes (especially in later writers,) merely the person named.* The following are examples of different forms: ot aq ’Odvoja, Ulysses and his people : Hom, Od. y. 163. ot appt Adréducoy, Au- tolycus and his father: Xen. Symp. i, 4. of dugi Opaciror kat "Epaowidny, Thrasylus and Erasinides with their colleagues: Xen. Mem. i, 1, 18. of wept ’AraXdvrnv, Atalanta with her Melanio: Paleph. Fab. 14. of dpi rov”Avurov, Anytus and the other ac- cusers of Socrates: lian V. H. 11,13. of wept rov lwavynr, John and his gang: Joseph. B. J. vi, 2. of wept rov Tlatdoy AOoper eis Kavodpecay, Paul and we of his party: Acts xxi, 8.—The article before the preposition is omitted in Hom. Il. @. 436. 4 81 sqq. -—Anré~avdpds re kat of apd’ avrov, Alexander and his, &c. Arrian ii, 10. of mwepl rov “Adéékavdpov, Alewander’s captains, (thus men-

*«Pervulgatum illud of dupt MAdtwva, but Weiske is of a different opinion, and pro solo Platone dictum, cadentis est refers to Hom. Il. 4. 80, Herodot. i. 157. lingue, usitatum Plutarcho et consimi- (where he saysit is plain from the follow- libus scriptoribus, non antiquioribus, ut ing chapters that Pactyas alone is meant.) Thucydidi, Pletoni, Xenophonti, nedum, Plato in Menone, t. iv. p. 376. &c. See

quod quidam opinati sunt, Homero.’ his Pleonasm. Preposit. § 2.—J.S. Hermann. De Ellips. et Pleonasm.—

RULE 5—7.] THE ARTICLE 5

tioned after the death of Alexander himself,) AE). V. H, xii, 64, of pev yap appr rov THAdrwrva kat Xptvotrmor, cai IlvOaydpar, ee Sor the followers of Plato, Chrysippus and Pythagoras [iv the time of Lu- cian, ceuturies after the death of those philosophers themselves] were received by him [Alexander the false prophet] as friends: Lucian, Pseudom. [p. 879. E. ed. Salmur. ] ot wept rovs KopirOious, the Corinthians: Herodot. ot wept tov Képpodor, Herodian i, 9, 15. ot wept rov “Epeonvoy ’Avrwrivoy, the faction of Antoninus of Emesa: Zosim. i, 10. of wept rua Oeparovres, the servants or train of a person: Herodian i, 6, 22. ati mept oas duvdpers, their forces: Zosim. ii, 18. ot adv re Aexiyv, ib. i, 22.—But the passage cited by Zeunius from Herodot. b. i. p- ba af ir ed, Camer. to show a verb in the singular agreeing with the article in the plural in this kind of phrase, is read differently by Hermann. The neuter article is said to be sometimes so employed : 2 Ta Tepl Kakdrcppdny, Callirrhoe ; Charit. i, 8. like ra rijs poipas, fate.

VI. The neuter ro with the adverb viv, and the neuter participle éxov, or in One word rovuvéyor, signifies, at present, for the present, as things go now; as, rovuvéxov év ayadais yivopat rais éAriat, at present I entertain the best hopes. See Plut. ‘Epwr. init. and lib. Tob. vii, 11.

VII. “OS €, 5e, rdde, with the article repeated are used demonstra- tively for otros, atrn, rovro; as, dd 6 &vOpwros, this man; and for the enclitic dé the Attics use &, as 65i [see Fisch. ad Well. i. p. 345.]: dudmep rar’ éypagery 651 mepi éuov: on which account this man (or my friend Ctesiphon here) proposed these things in the psephism concerning me: Demosth, pro Cor. ; but this form, and that of the adverbs év@adi, yuri, &c. are proper in familiar language only, aud therefore are never employed in tragedy, though very frequent in comedy.—The article 6 is used also where avros, ws, instead of it, or ws alone, would make the sense plainer: Kepcvpatoe oddv airav Tous ex peu Soxovvras eivar é@dvevor, Thy ev airiay émupépovres rots tov Oijpov xatadvovow: the Corcyreans destroyed those whom they judged to be their enemies, as being guiliy of subverting the de- mocracy,—or, charging them with aiming at the subversion of the democracy: Thue. lib. iii, c. 81, Here the sense would be the same if airois, ws, or ws alone, were substituted for zots.—The article is joined with a nominative for a vocative: ‘O Tpraddds, hark ye, Triballus: Aristoph. Av. 1627.—O is put for ovres. The phrases in which the Attics employ it as a pronoun are the following :—1. after a preposition ; dca 70, for da tovz70, Thucyd. vii, 71. év rots, among these: Plato Euthyd. p. 281, 19. ed. Bas. prim.—2. ror kal TOV, Ta kat ra, such a one and such a one; such and such things: Lysias pro Eratosth. ced. p. 27. Demosth. c. Mid. p. 560. This form admits of those cases only which begin with 7.—3. of pév, of &€, some, others.—4. po tov, or zporov: 6 mpd Tov xpdvos, hereto- fore, former time; kat paprupet ras 6° mpotrov yxpdvos yeyorus, a all past time testifies: Demosth. adv. Lept. p. 496. 1. 18.—

5. the relative os following: ra, @& Gv cuyxerat, these use of which it is composed, or compounded : Arist. Top. vi, 13, § 14.—0.

6 THE ARTICLE. [CHAP. I.

év rois padtora and the like; of which hereafter.—7. even with- out a preposition: od ro yeyrmoxes, Gri, you know this, that,—: Plato Crat. p. 434. E. 76 é& dpa ov rodvro iv, Id. in Symp. xx. 7.

VIII. apps adverbially ; here; in this way; in this manner; for ovTws 5 Od being defective :—évvonowper dé Kat TH OE, let us consider it thus also: Plato Apol. 32. gebyw 70 Sedov 7H de, by this course I avoid the charge of timidity: Eurip. Or. v. 773. Pors.— Tyde is opposed to Kkaxeioe: —ryde Kixetoe orpé- geoOa, to turn this way and that way. TH pév and 77 dé are very frequently correlative ; for here, there, &c.: ry pév opeow ameip- yerat dacéoe kai Wpnrois, rH dé wedloy abrijs caljxer Es te ext rH peyaAny tiv ravry Oadaccar: on the one side it (Hyrcania) is hem- med in by woody and lofty mountains ; on the other its plain extends as far as to the great sea in this part: Arrian, de Exp. Al. ili, 23.— Sometimes for partly—partly ; or in this respect,—in that respect: Kal Lwxparys ty péev dpOds enter, TH O€ iucpravey: and Socrates in some respects inquired rightly ; in other respects he erred: Aristot. Eth. vi;-13:;

IX. To ré among philosophers signifies the substance or essence of a thing; ro wor, the quality; ro xoodr, the quantity: «ai yap (rayabov) év r@ Ti N€éyerat, viov 6 Beds Kal 6 vois' Kal év TO Tworg, ai dperai* kat év r@ Too@, TO pérpiov’ Kal év TY Tpds TL, TO XpHouywov" Kal év xpdvm, Katpds* Kal év ror diaira, kal Erepa roatra: for Good is spoken of in substance, as God, and Mind ; and in quality, as the Virtues; and in quantity, as Mean or Moderation ; and in re- lation, as Utility ; and in time, as Opportunity ; and in place, as Habitation, and the like: Aristot. Eth. i, 6.

X. With the same philosophers 76 dca 7é is, the final cause.

XI. Thy zpornr* is at first: riv péev rporny zpodipws ees, at first you will be full of alacrity : Epict. Ench. c. 34. viv pév- Tow wémecopat Tous’ ikavdy mpoXafsety eivat piv THY can for a beginning, to begin: Demosth. Olynth. iii, [p. 29. 1. 1.) Ty raxiorny, as quickly as possible: Al. H. V. vii, 5. Thy ed@ctar, di- rectly, straightforward, openly: ‘Oprnoiov tiv pev evbetav re Béppn ovverrety yo) ro\pjoavros, Plut. in Cic. p. 864. 1. 29. [p. 1584. 1. 8. ed. H. St.]—With the same ellipsis of xar& certain substan- tives expressed are employed with a genitive after them, as xdpur, for the sake: etdaipovias yaperv, for the sake of happiness: Aristot. Eth. i, 3. see Eurip. Andr. 1228. Perictyone ap. Stob. 487, 51. Abresch, Auct. Diluc. Thue. p. 420.—and with the article; ray ayy xapev, for your sake: Eurip. Andr, 221. and, warpgayv xapiyv, for the sake of their father: Eurip. Heracl. 242.—So dikcny and rpdmov, after the manner of, like: Sixny tov dewey rvevpa- rwv, Lucian, Dem, Enc. p. 911. dixny xepalpas, Hschyl. Ag. 241. TpoToyv aiyumar, Ibid. 241. like vultures ; Tpdmov hoyxns, He- rodot. vil, 69. Xpéos, for the benefit of: cov ov« édaaooy i veivns xpéos, for your advantage no less than for her own: Eurip. Hee. 880. Pors.—Here may be mentioned cpr, still: aKkpajy Kal vpueis aauverol éare; Matth. xv, 16.

* See the Abridgm. of Bos, p. 100. 1. 4.

RuLE 8—10.] THE ARTICLE. 7

XII. The article with a genitive of a proper name signifies the son of, and very frequently occurs in genealogies: ‘O 70d Anpocbévous, the son of Demosthenes. Xwxparys 6 Lwpporiccov is used to signify either that he was the only son of Sophroniscus, or that he was that Socrates, whose father was Sophroniscus, to distinguish him from others of the same name; but Lwxpirns Lwopovickov, without the article, is Socrates who had Sopbroniscus, not any other, for his father. See Herodot. Er. c. 52. Xenoph. Cyrop. i, 27.—So in the plural, of yovéwy diacjpwr, the sons of illustrious parents: Plut. mept mad. aywy.

XUI. To with a neuter adjective, usually in the superlative, sig- nifying the chief thing in an enumeration, after the recital of others: ot d€ duvarol Kaha Kkrippara KaTa THY Xwpay oikodopias TE Kat ToAU~ reXése Karackevats amoAwXexdres, 70 O€ péytoroyv, mOepoy avr eipyyns exovres : : but above all, &c. Thue. ii, 65.; and the neuter adjective without the article: péycoror dé, TH TOY Xonuarwv onaver Kwrvaovrac: and what is of most consequence, they will be prevented by want of money: Thuc. i, 142. The expression is elliptical, ro dé péyiorov éore rovro.—In a similar sense the Latin writers used Id nade: See pie: Mil. c. 30, fin. and ii. in Cat.c. 8.

XIV. Ext rade (uépn or KAipara), on this side, with a genitive; as éwi rade trav dpwv, on this side the mountains, opposed to ézé- kewa, on the further side, beyond; i éxéxetva zaév "“Adrewy Kedris), Gallia Transalpina, Gaul beyond the Alps; 4 éwi rade Tov “Akrewr, Cisalpina, or Gaul on this side the Alps.—Not unlike this, is ézi Oarepa pev, mt Oarepa oe, on this side, on that side.

XV. To ov, part: ris xapas ro peév Ov mpos apxtov éort, 70 O€ OV mpos peanufpiav: of the country one part is towards the North, the other towards the South: Avistid. Panath. ¢

XVI. To per, ro 8é, parily, partly: 70 jév ba’ édmidos, 70 bé bd déous, partly through hope, partly through fear. And sometimes ri is added either to ré pev or to ro dé, or to both, to qualify the affirmation, rendering it generally, in some respect or other, according to the various senses of zis, less definite: ro wév re Karotktice: Tov OnBav, 7d dé ds cuyyvword Sedpaxévar égaivovro: parily, in some degree, from compassion for Thebes, and partly upon their offence (the offence of Thessaliscus and Dionysodorus) appearing to be venial : Arrian, Exp. Al. ii, 15. ro pév re mpos THY Opornra 70U viov dia PAnveis, 70 O€ TL OS TapavopovyTa auTOY aiTiacdpervos, cBupioas éreXevra rov Blov, Lucian, Macrob. p. 825. And sometimes 70 dé 7 is not introduced either by 76 pév or 70 pév rez Ovres mey Kal PoTOU ju) Taxeis iévar és Tous mohépous,—r 0 O€ re Kat TwodEpots oiketous eLeipyd- pevo.: being even in former times slow to go to war,—and then being moreover, in some measure, prevented by their own private wars: Thuc. i 118. In the following passage ro O€ re follows ra Bev, Ta dé: ra meéev Mipijoerat THY mporépay moXuTelay, Ta de THY Odvyapyiav,—ro Sé re kat adrijs eee tdcov: and something it will

s But 7d dy has sometimes the most fications, that of Beine in general; as extended and comprehensive of all signi- in Plato’s Parmenides.—J. S..

8 THE ARTICLE. {CHAP. I

have peculiarly its own: Plato de Rep. viii, p. 547.—In the mascu- line, 6 O€ Tus: év rovrw vi Pitoe TO Kip zpooiyov of péev WKadovaious deopévous avrov pévery, ot O0€ ‘Ypxavious, 6 5€ res Vwhpvar, 6 b€ res Zacav: and some other, Gobryas, and some other, Sacas: Xen. Cyrop. vi. init.—Sometimes 70 péy zt, 70 6€ ve are not adverbial: ris yevéoews pov TO péyv Te i marpls pepicerat, 70 SE TL Ol yevvynoarres, 70 Sé of Aoimwoi pido: part of our lives our country claims for her share, part our parents, and part our other friends: Plato Epist. 9.

In the plural, ra pév, ra dé: Herodot. iii, 80. Pind. Pyth. ii, 19. Soph. Trach. 534. Ta pév—ro 6€ rhéov, partly,—but principally, or more: Thue. i, 90. init. The forms are much varied in Pindar. See Nem. ix, 102. Ol. xii, 7. Nem. 1i, 29. viil, 51. Pyth. xi, 70. ii, 56. Isthm. ili, 18. Ol. 11, 132.—In the same sense rotro pév, rodro bé: Kat Tovro peév 7~ lopnriy “Ardd\Nwrt Exphaaro, rovrTo Se Leivdyv tva— Karekoipuce és’ Apduipew: he BOTH consulted Ismenian Apollo, AND, &c. Herodot, viii, 134. see too Herodot. iii, 106. ix, 27. Totro pév by itself, Soph. Aj. 670. Herodot. ii, 99. iii, 106, 108. vii, 21. Totro 5é by itself, Herodot. v, 45. vili, 60. rotro pév,—iy d€ ab eaodos, Id. vii, 176. otro per with pera cé corresponding, in the beginning of the following chapter: Herodot. vi, 125. To peév—rouro de, Id. viii, 102. otro péev—eira, Soph. Phil. 1345.—This idiom is imitated in Latin by Hoc—Hoc. See Virg. Georg. ii, 351.

XVII. To Aeyopevor, according to the adage, or proverb: aXN 7, TO Ney dpevor, xkardruw éoprijs HKoper 5 but are we come, as they say, after the feast ? Plato in Gorg. and in Phed. c. 11.—To roi Adyov is used in the same sense; Lucian, Demonax. [p. 999. A. edit. Salm.] Sometimes, instead of Neyduevoy or 7od Adyov, the name of the author, whose adage or words are quoted, is put in the genitive after ro: Mapperidns cé pow paiverar, ro rov ‘Opipor, aidoids ré poe eivar cpa dewvds re: in the words of Homer ; as Homer says: Plato Theet. p. 183. ‘The following are elegant variations of this idiom: pa@Adov avroy A€éAnfev 7) of THs Oudarrns AEY dpevot xoes: he is more ignorant of it, than of the measures, as they say, of the water in the ocean: Plato Theet. p. 173. 1. 41. ) Acopedera Aeyopevyn avayKky roy aira mavra & tv ora érawGow: he is under a Diomedean necessity, as it is called, to do whatsoever these may commend: Plato de Rep. vi, p. 493. rv Muody detav kaXoupévnyv, Demosih. de Cor. [p. 248. 1. 23. ed. Reisk.]—In the same manner 70 eipypevoy, Eschyl. Agam, 1032, as Hermann reads, substituting 70 for 7o.*

XVII. The neuter article, in all its cases, forms idioms by being joined with the infinitive of verbs; 3 aS TO woLety, TOU moveiy, eis TO ToLety, év ro TWoeiv, KC. Tas Gris (ee avrov auvKkoparrias ovoas érdeitw, pe) peovoy 7m Pevbdets eivar, AdAQ Kal TO (el Ta pradeora Hoav c&AnOeis)

* Tyéce yépav dy, ws biddaoKxer Oat Bapv as 7d Aeyduevov above, but I cannot but TS THAMOUTY owpporely eipnuévoy. v. be diffident of my opinion when a Prelate 1610. Blomf.—‘* Hermannus ad Vig. Ps of such distinguished learning and abili- 702. legit 7) 7. ¢. €. quod non intelligo.”’ ties as Dr. Blomfield has declared he

Blomy. Hermann, I think, takes 7d eipy- cannot perceive Hermann’s meaning.— uévoy parenthetically, in the same sense Jane

RULE 17—19.] THE ARTICLE. 9

ovrws ws éy@ Kéxpnuat, Tois mpayuace cupgdépety ypioacbac: not only because they are~ false, but because, even though they were true, it was advantageous to the state, that &c. Demosth. pro Coron. Ob yup dvopacri rods Aéyous roujcopat, Tp pu} doKeiv eMéyxery & Kpurre xpewv: for Iwill not mention any one by name in my discourses, that I may not appear to accuse publicly what it is necessary to conceal: Greg. Naz. ad Epise. vs. 21. In this sense the genitive rov also is used with the infinitive, (€veca or taép being defective,) but never perhaps without some negation, as jo), py twa, pndéva, following. See Sophocl. Philoct. 197. Heliodor. Athiop. p. 496. Dionys. Hal. p. 12.1. 33. Huds. Basil, quoted by Casaub. on Athen. p. 75. To is placed before words also taken materially, as tyeis, & avdpes "AOnvator, (70 8 tpeis dray eimw, thy THAW éyw---): but when I say you, when I use the WORD YOU: Demosth. pro Cor, [p. 255. 1. 4. Reisk.] But the article is sometimes omitted before words so taken: Ism.: “Pi yap pdvn poe tijd’ arep Buoopov; Creon: ’AAN Wbe peévroe pay A€éy’* ov yap €or’ ére, Soph. Ant. vs. 567. do not employ the word jjse:” and in the writings of grammarians tue article is put in the gender of the word understood before that which is taken materially ; as Aeiwee f eis, (xpd0eors being understood,) the preposition eis is defective: Sch. Aristeph. Nub. 1083. So Aeézee i Oca, the preposition dca is understood: Sch. Thue. 1. iv. init. The neuter article is put before members of sentences also: mept rod mas axovery vpds euov Sei,’ about the manner in which you ought to hear me: Demosth. de Cor. p. 226.1. 5. [St. Luke xxii, 24. Plat. de Rep. vi, p. 510.J—and before sentences, either complete and forming propositions, or defective and elliptical: os 76 ‘Hpépa éari, kat Nvé éors, mpos prey 70 dteevypévor peyddrny exer dilay: as the proposition It is day, and the proposition It is night, are very good when taken disjunctively, or formed into a disjunctive proposition: Epictet. Enchir. c. 58. See Plato Phedr. p. 273.1. 20. St. Paul, Gal. v, 14. Hd. Rom. xiii, 9. Plato Phedr. p. 272. init.: ro 8 éueé Kopwrn TeOdpevoy tov Odor O00 mepreAOeiv orddca mreiv 7 yidta! that I, wretch that Lam, should have wandered about more than a thousand stadia trusting to a crow! Aristoph. Av. vs. 5.—See Virg. En. i, 41. Soph. Phil. 234. Aristoph. Nub. 816. Xenoph. Cyrop. ii, 2, 1. To dé, followed by ;a) or pydé, Aristoph. Nub. 269. Ran. 741.

XIX. The article is often deserted, as it were, by the noun which should have followed it, the construction having been suddenly changed on account of a doubt about the proper appellation of the thing to be expressed ; a form most common in orations; as, ) ray adr\wy “EANivwr, eire xpi Kakiav, elre dyvovar, Eire Kai Tara Gpgodorepa

eiretv: the—must I call it baseness, or ignorance, or both together, of the other Greeks: Demosth. de Cor. [p, 231, |. 21.j—Two singular nouns after a plural article: ai & adr’ eicopdwoa, "AOnvarh

re kat “Hpn, Hom. Il. v, 418,

% T conjecture the true reading to be ‘+ To this head the passages quoted °-AAN Hde pév cor pndev’ ov ydp cor ert. above from Dem. pro Cor. and Greg. —J.S. Naz. ought to be referred.—J.S.

Viger. B

THE ARTICLE.

1. The article with an appellative noun sometimes stands for a pro- peruame: 6 Aectvocogtor)s, Atheneus ; 6 yewypagos, Strabo ; 6 rept- nYNTIS, Dionysius, whose poem is entitled [fepujynacs rijs oixoupévns 5 0 EOrexoypagos or 0 eOvoypagos, Stephanus of Byzantium, who wrote a book wepi wéAewyr kat Ofpwr 3 0 mapafarns, the emperor Julian, who is commonly styled the Apostate, ¢ dmoorarns 5 ; 0 Tey oTdcewr eEnynTHS, Hermogenes the rhetorician: 6 rexvexds, Herodian the gr ammarian ; . 6 TexviKos Dewpycos, Cher oboscus 3 6 mopOpevs, Charon ; ; 6 movnpos, the Devil; 6 Bovxddos, Theocritus ; 0 ouyypapeds, Thucydides, (Aphthon.; Greg. Con) de dial.); 6 xpusopphuov, Chrysostom; 6 Qeodoyos, Gregory of Nazianzum ; 6 roms, Homer; 6 pirwp, De- mosthenes.—Equivalent to the appellative so used is a participle with its dependent words: 6 ra é0vexa yodias, Stephanus of Byzan- tium; 6 moujsas ta Atovvoraxa, Nonnus of Panopolis, whose 48 books of Dionysiacs are still extant; "AXeLardpevs pyrwp 6 ra épwrexa matzas,* Achilles Tatius, author of the amours of Clitophon and Leucippe; 6 7a Bovsodtxa ypdas, Theocritus ; 6 ra Kuzpia ypapas (viz. érn or toujuara), Stasimus ; and 6 reipagwr, the Devil.

2. Secondly, the article with an appellative marks a thing determi- nately, or demonstratively: iddvres rov dorépa, éyapnoay, kai éXOdv- Tes eis rOv oikoy etpoy 70 madiov, Matth. ii, 10, where a certain particular star, house, child, are emphatically signified; see also Matth. ii, 2. [The article sometimes appears to be employed fora purpose exactly opposite,—to signify things indefinitely ; whence it has been supposed to stand for ris: * éay tes ray dikwy avakowv@rat trép rwv, lian, V. H. viii, 1. eiwep ry a@ddAy, Plato Phad. 25. see Xen. Mem. iv, 6, 13 :—and interrogatively, Xen. Mem. iv, 5, 10. cf. Xen. CEc. xi, 20. But in reality what is taken for the article in such passages, is ris itself in another form; for the Ionic dialect sub- stitutes 7éo and red for rov when the latter represents tivos or rivos, and ré for rive. The form is probably used by the Attics in the genitive and dative singular only; but if it should be granted that it is used in the plural also of those cases, (since the plural appears in the Tonic réwy and réocot, and inthe pronoun, drwy and drocs,) yet at all events it is never employed in the nominative or accusative of either number. ]

The article with the appellative sometimes follows the proper name as a cognominal addition: thus, ‘HpaxAerros 6 oxorewds, Hera- clitus the obscure ; ‘lwavyns 6 Barriarhs, John the Baptist ; and the appellative is in many instances so added without the article.—In the following form a preposition with its case is substituted for the appel- lative: Midriddny dé, cov év Mapaddum, &e. Miltiades the con- queror at Marathon: Plato Gorg. p. 516. 1. 40.

The article is repeated, for the sake of greater distinction or em-

10 [CHAP. f.

J ‘O Bovrords ?—J.S. genius. Advice to an Author.—J. S.

* By the same sort of affected cir- cumlocution Lord Shaftesbury designates Aristotle as the Grand Master of “Art, Homer as the Grand Poetic Sire, Socrates and Plato, as the Philosophical Patriarch, and his Disciple of noble birth and lofty

* *H papudcoiow I) pid ye Te TEXVD. Aristoph. Thesm, 430. ‘*Sciunt Grace docti, tov, Tw, indefinita, eademque ac- centu notata, et interrogantia omnium esse generum. eUpnya deka’ ex Tovvuupay.

Soph. Cid. T. 1107.” Brunck.—J.S.

RULE 19.] THE ARTICLE. 11

phasis: 6 dipos 6 'AOnvaiwy: 6 roy 6 xaros, John x, 12. the good shepherd, by way of eminence; 0% dé “EXAnves, of pusOoddpor, oi ovv Aapeiy, Arrian ii, 10.

There is often a concurrence of several different cases of the arti- cle, without any intervening word: as, of ro rdyv baipovwv yévos— ékeupdvres: those who first broached the doctrine of the demons, &c. Plut. de Or. Def. p. 415. 79 7ijs rv édevBépwr POopas vépy, Aschin. in Tim. p. 172, 1.43. ray rot r@ ovre pnropiKoi—réyvny, Plato Phedr. p. 269, |. 30.

The article repeated, with the intervention of cai, has an indefinite signification: ei rd kai ro éxoincey GvOpwros ovroai, ovK ay améGa- vev: if this man had done so and so, or this and the other : Demosth. de Cor. [p. 308, |. 3. ed. Reisk.] add Aristid. Orat. pro Quatuorv. p. 420. ra kai ra rowvoas, Aristid. ib. p. 356. For this phrase 6 deiva is sometimes substituted.—'O deiva is used on the following occasions :

- when a certain person is spoken of, but his name is unknown to nk speaker :/ déxou TOUTOV ov, mopOuev, Kat Tov Oetva, Lucian, Catapl. 13. t. i. p. 635.—2. when the name of something spoken of is purposely suppressed: 70 Seiva pévroe py NapPavérwoav ora TO dikagreor,” Lucian, Bis Acc. c. 23. t. H. p. 822, 51.—

3. when a name is not remembered: Aristoph. Thesm. 620, 621,

622.—4. when it is indicated that any name will serve the purpose,

~we In this sense, for 6 detva kai 6 detva the

one as well as another. Latins say Caius and Sempronius. In the plural, ot detves rov

djuov (underst. presented with a crown) owOéyres bx rov Sipov:

such and such persons. The article is prefixed to interrogative pronouns; when it always

refers to something previously said ~by the person interrogated; the article appearing to be the commencement of an anticipation of what the person questioned is expected to say, and the interrogative pronoun to be resorted to, after & short aposiopesis, from inability to proceed. Tr. evdatpover* mayer be Bavpaordy. Mere. ro—ri3 Aristoph. Pac. 6960.—Mere. w, &. ota p’ éxédXevcev dvarvbécbae cov; Lr. ra—rl; Aristoph. Pac. 693.—I]. zpaypa mopsuvwy péya. K. ro—roior, ® Eév’; Soph. 70 rotor 8) Aéyess; Plato Phedr. 265. When there is nothing in the preceding words to which the article thus employed cau be grammatically referred, some noun with which it may agree is

? In Aristophanes, Ran. 918, a person the point of taking away aslave bought

both present and known by name to the speaker is called 6 Seiya. Bacchus speaks of A®schylus.—J. S.

m A less questionable example of this use of rd Seiva occurs in Aristoph. Ach. 1149, where it signifies 7d aidozov. In the passage of Lucian (in which there ought to be no comma after otra, buta colon after pevtot) the expression ap- pears to be an interjection, or exclama- tion expressive of some degree of pertur- bation at having nearly forgotten what ought to have been remembered: so in Lucian (Vit. Auct. p.558.)a merchant on

by him without inquiring what food he likes, exclaims, 7d deiva 6é dws Ydw tlot xalpe: Tay edeoudtwy.— Aristophanes frequently uses 7d deiva thus, as an inter- jection, not unlike Malum in Latin, and Plague on it! in English; as, (00, kard- Kein avicas Ti Kaya “KSvomaL. Kalroi, 7d deiva, Wiabds ear’ efoiotéa, Lysistr. 921. but stay, what was I thinking about! &c. It is expressive on different occasions of surprise, vexation, anger, &c. See Aristoph. Av. 648. Vesp. 524. ol. Fragm. 1.—J.5.

12 THE ARTICLE. [Cuap. 1. Rue 19.

expressed in the interrogation itself: Prom. Ovnrovs éxavea pl zpo- dépxeoBat pdpov. Chor. 7d motov eipwoy ride pappakov vogov; Aschyl. Prom. vs. 248. the remedy which you discovered for this malady, was what?

The article is joined with every part of speech, except the con- junction, in an adverbial sense: rd képadracov, principally, above all, in sum; 70 &dyOés, Herodian iii, 8. 76 arpexés, Theogn. 167. in truth, in reality; ro &pxaiov, rd wadacoy, anciently: Plat. Hipp. M. 285. WHeraclid. de Polit. rotvavriorv, on the contrary: Ceb. Tab. 76 Notrdv, for the future: Thue. i, 31. 56. for the remainder, Xen. H. Gr. vii. p. 626. To Norrov may be put for rod Aocrod, but not vice versa; see Xen. Cyrop. viii, 5, 24. Aristoph. Pac. 1084. Herodot. i, 11. vi, 12. Xen. Cyrop. iv, 4, 10. —ro Aotway, for what remains, to proceed. [In these phrases the article sometimes coalesces with the following word: see Wessel. ad Herodot. p. 53. Duk. Pref. to Thuc.] 70 éd\0r, wholly: Plat. Phedr. 261.1.7. ro way, ro ctprayr, altogether, entirely, on the whole: Lucian, Dear. Jud. Isocr. ad Nicocl. 76 word, for the most part, mostly: Arr. de Exp. Al. iit, 11. ro ctvoXor, on the whole, in sum: Diod. Sic. 1. 76 reXevraior, at last; 70 wréor, more: Thuc. i, 69. ro mpdrepov, before: ib. c. 58. and ro apdrepoyv i, before that: Herodot.i, 72. ro torepoy, the second time: Thuc.i, 73. 70 devrepor, the second time: Plat. Phedr. p. 286. 70 rpiroy, the third time: Plat. Theag. p. 129. ra xpareora, in the best manner possible: 'Thuc. i, 31. rovdAdyeoror, for 70 €hayeoroy, at the least: Plut. in Cic. 865. ro péytoroyv, inthe greatest degree, most: Theogn. 111. kal ro péyeoroyv dy, and what is above all: Xen. Cyrop. v, 1,22. 70 mpéror, at first: Lu- cian, t. i, p. 282. 7d abro, in the same manner: Plut. Apophth. TO vuv eivac,* Att. for the present: Xen. Anab. iii, p. 305. Lucian, de Mere. Cond. p. 312.—So 76 ofpepor eivar, for to-day : see Steph. ad Corinth. art. 29. Alciph. i. ep. 1.—ro éw’ éuot eivat, as far as [ am concerned: see Duk. ad Thuc. iv, 48. as far as it is in my power.—ro heyopevoy, 70 viv éyov, above, Rules 17, 6.—ro avéxalev, formerly, before: Nicol. Damasce. de Mor. Gent. ro perakd, in the mean time: Lucian, Tox. ro péype épod, down to my time: Herodot. Th. c. 10. ro waXat, formerly: Plat. Phedr. 251, 1.19. ro wapavrixa, for the present, for the time: Thucyd. i, 134. 70 mpiv, before: Iliad. e, 54. ro rpdcder, heretofore: Xen. Cyrop. v, p. 129. 70 mas, in what manner, how: St. Luke xxii, 2. ra és yévous ddkav, with regard to celebrity of birth: Paus. in Are.—ro a&mo rovrov, 706 amo rovde, TO peta rouro, ro éx rovoe, from this time forward, henceforth.—ro ano rovrov, and ro éml rovras, after this, after these things: Lucian, Conv. t. iii, p. 427, 433, 447. ro €& dapyijs, at first, at the outset :

* « Negue illa 7d viv elva, ro Thucpov yap petplws dé ye thwepov elvat. In elvot, idem significant quod viv et thue- Soph. Aid. C. 1189. (aé 7 elvar &c.) pov, sed, ut id nunc, ut id hodie sit: i.e. sensus est, ut tu sis is, qui illum malis quantum hodie satis est: quod nos dici- remuneretur. Nos, du fiir deine person.” mus, fiir jetzt: fiir heute. Kexdpevra: Hermann De Ell. et Pleon.—J,S.

CHAP. 11. RULE 1.] “Os. 13

Paus. Achaic. 401. ro é€& duéiv, as far as you can: Rom, xii, 18. tO én’ éxeivw, as far as he is concerned: Isocr. Paneg. 76 Kar’ énaurov, as far as I am able, or in me lies, to the best of my ability : Lucian, Dem. Enc. p. 908. 922. see Rom. i, 15. lian, V. H. 1, 32. ro Ka@’ éavrov, individually, with respect to his own private con- cerns: Thuc. i, 60. 70 ca@ fypépay, daily: Plat. Phedr. p. 240. 1,16. ro «ara cdpxa, according to the flesh: Act. Ap. ii, 30. 706 mpos tiv éw, towards the east: Herod. Melp.c. 19. 76 po rovrov, formerly, before: Thue. ii, 15. ra mpds rarpos ’AOnvatos, on his father’s side; 70 éximay, for the most part, always, universally : Herodot. Pol. c. 157.

To, in that case, then: Hom. Il. 5, 290.—wherefore, for that reason, on that account: Hom. Il. 8, 250, 254. and so all the poets. See Musgr. ad Eurip. Hel. 1489. Valeken. ad Fragm. Callim. p. 82.—In this sense Horace uses Hoc, Sat. 1,6, 41. In the same signification ro, Hom. I). iii, 176. aud 6 and g. Eurip. Hec. 13. Valcken. ad Phen. p. 52.

CHAPTER II.

THE RELATIVE “Os.”

Rue I. “Os per, Os d€, for 6 pév, 66€: Ov pév Edetpay, Ov &é aré- krecvav, Ov O€ €AOod\noav : one—another—another: St. Matth. xxi, 35. Herodian iii, 8. Rom. ix, 21.-——So cai 6s, and he,i.e. then he answered or said thus ; and 78 Os, said he, (for pn aizos,) sometimes preceded by the name of the person meant: cai 6’Adeiparvros, Apa ve, 45 Os, &c. Plat. de Rep.i.; sometimes followed by it: 7é dé; 48 ds, 6 Opacipayos, ibid. b. v, p. 450. 1. 13. so b. i, init. Lucian t. iii, pp. 440 et 443.— Ad’ ob for amd Tov: TO pév dpOds det Xpw- pevos, ag’ ov S€ rois Seopévors émapkov: and with the other, or out of the other (wealth): Plut. Public. [p. 177. ed. H. St.] ‘O péyv—os dé, one-—another: Theogn. 205. So Oppian, Hal.i, 585. in the plural; and Appian, Pun. p. 59. lian, V. H. vi, 1.— “Os pév—oé dé, one,—another: Rom. xiv, 2.—(Os in these phrases is not what is sometimes called the relative, or subjunctive, article ; but a demonstrative pronoun. Anciently this pronoun had two forms, 0, Tov, and Os, ov: both forms were used indifferently for the relative article, as appears from Homer ; and although later usage appropriated os, ov, to the relative article, yet in some forms the ancient significa- tion has obtained.) To the examples may be added: Mosch. Ep. Bion. 77, 78. Rhinto ap. Cic. ad Att. i, 20. Demosth. pro Cor. 248. is 20. 2822 Laue In the second division of a sentence there must be sometimes understood a case of ds different from the case

* Called by some the Subjurctive Article.

14 THE RELATIVE "Os. [CHAP. I.

expressed in the first division: dvwyO dé puv yapéecOar To, drew re marip Kéderat, kat dvddvec airy, Odyss. ii, 114. i. e. cal doris dvda- vet abrn.—So Odyss. v, 54. xx, 341. Rhianus i, 9.

“Os often, (as the Latin Qui,) agrees with a following noun instead of its antecedent: 7)jy a&kpny al KcaXevvrae KdAnides ris Kompou, Herodot. v, 108. Tlepauxoy tigos, ror axwakny cadéovaor, Herodot. vil, 54.—so Eurip. Med. 14. Androm, 864. Hel. 289. See Fisch. ad Well. p. 341.—and sometimes with a noun understood, of a gen- der different from that of its antecedent: vegédrn Sé per apgiBEByKe Kvarén? 70 perv ovmor’ épwet.—i. e. végos, Hom. Od. xii, 74. See Greg. Cor. p. 38. and Keen. Steph. Dial. Att. p.131, 134.

Sometimes other redundant pronouns are added to és: dv 6 peéev avrov, Callim. Epigr. 44. oy 6 pév tyav, Menand. Epigr. ois "OXbprwot Veoi Aotéy ror’ avrois, Soph. Phil. 315.

IL. “Oorts is, 1. Quis, Quisnam, who,’ without interrogation, and so jjres, 6,70, (to distinguish it from dri, that, conjunction) through all the cases. In this sense it very frequently occurs in the repe- tition of the substance of a question by a person to whom that ques- tion has been addressed ; corresponding to rés in the question: as, Pisth. : pds rov Beary, ov & ei ris dvdpov; Meton. darts ety’ éyw; Mérwy: Aristoph. Av. [997.] See Aristoph. Av. 961. and 1528. in which last verse the neuter 6,7e is so used.—2. Quisquis, who- soever” In this sense it sometimes follows was in the singular, (but in the plural wdyvres dcot, not ravres otreves,) or has various particles annexed to it, as dariovr, 0,7l wep, 6,7e Sy, O,7¢ wore, 6,7b Sh Tore, Or éredjmore, OriOnrorovy. Garis more, AI. V. H. ii, 13. 6,7¢ wore, Aristoph, Pac. 180. éores S4m0re, Demosth. in Chers. init. éorcoouy, Plato Euthyphr. c. 6. and Asch. Dial. ii, 13. way o,ré wep, Plato Euthyphr. c.6. dores 54, Hom, Od. 0, 400. ods Sé r- vas, some, preceded by woAdovs pév, Arrian, de Exp. Al. ili, ¢. 23.— Oddeis doris ov, nemo non, every one: Karayedg ay tay obbeEis Gores ov: there is no one who would not laugh at us: Plato, Hipp. M. p. 299. see Herodot. iii, 72. v, 97. Eurip. Hel. 932. ovdeis Os odxi, Soph. Ged. R. 372. The entire phrase was originally ovdeis éaru, doves ov; but afterwards the negative pronoun was put in the case, whatever it might be, which the construction required in the relative pronoun: as obdéva Ovreva ov Karéx\ave Tw rapdyray, Plat. Phed. [p- 47. 1. 18. ed. Bas. prim.] Add Lucian, Deor. Dial. ii, 1. [p. 122. B. ed. Salmur.] ‘Os enters into a phrase employed by persons unwilling or unable to speak plainly : i» Etpyodeds pev, Os jv: such as he was: Epict. ap. Arr. iii, 26. mpoeidXero péev diddoKxadov é& ardavrwy, Ovreva dy} Kat rpoeiiero: whoever he was: Aristid. Orat. Fun. in Eteon. p. 136. éSpaceyv 6,re 52) «ai Edpacey, no mat- ter what: Heliod. GEth. 1. 5. See Asch. Choeph. 778. So ézws: éxhevo’, Orws Exrevoa, Oeopavet zérpw, Eurip. Or. 79. Pors. [according to the ingenious punctuation of Hermann. |

III. (1V.)"Ores is used by the poets, where the metre will not admit

° Ovk ol doris, I know nol who: ” Soph, Antig, 178. 182.—J. 8. Hom. Od. @. 28.-—J.8.

RULE 2—11.] THE RELATIVE "Os. 15

of doris: as by Hom. Il. r, 260. Od. p, 39. In other places they use doris: see Orlyss. 0, 210. 0, 400. Callim. in Ap. 23. 27. dria for dytrwa, Odyss. 0, 204. érwas for ovoriwas, Il. 0, 492. dreva for fireva, Il. y, 450.

IV. (V.) “Oores, [dares &}, and ds 5),] Qui quidem, [Rom. xvi, 4, 6, 7, 12.] in every gender, case, and number: in poetry ds re, [see Hermann in Erf,’s ed. min. Soph. Gd. R. 688.] for és vey could not be used for Qui quidem.

V."Oorts, some, some or other: ca? ijvreva mpdgaoy, upon some pretext, whatever it was: Anton, Lib. v, and xii.

VI. The Attic writers are fond of using érov for ov or obrevos, and dr for g or Orit, (but not éroy for dv, or 6v7wa,) as av0’ drov, where- fore: é@ &rw dwpodoxhcere, an occasion for taking bribes : Demosth. pro Cor. [p. 242, |. 6. ed. Reisk. ]

VII. “Os has been improperly used for the interrogative ris; wy dé Eveca raira mpoojveyca To héyo; CEnomaus ap. Euseb. Prep. vi. p. 257 wherefore, on what account ? éraipe, €~ & maper; Matth. xxvi, 50. So dv zpdzor, for riva Tporoy 5

VIII. The dative feminine 7 is, in the part in which, in the degree in which, in the way in which, as to, so far forth as, &c. as 7 pev AoyKds Eorw, Epierac rijs aperijs, 1 d€ capktkos, éxerae Tov yniwy. It has sometimes the adjunct zep, and corresponds to ravry : dcarpeOjvac TaUTH rep cuveréOyn, Plato Phed.

IX. Ka’ 6, or Kalo, Kad? 6,74, or Kadre: where, in the part where, in as far as, how, as; xa0’ &, or xaOa, as, where ; wap’ 6, or rapo, wherefore, beyond or contrary to, as wap’ 6 dei.

X. ’Av@’ drov, on account of which, wherefore, on what account: EuripsAle, 2472 Iph2T: 926.. Hee. 1113. Pors. 1118. Pors. ., *Av@ dv, (without an ellipsis,) wherefore, therefore: Lycurg. adv. Leocr. c. 18. St. Luke xii, 3.—(elliptically, see Theocr. Epigr. xvil.)— because; Sixas éxricas, adv@ Gv axédpacer, Hlian, V. H. xiii, 28. See Judith vii, 15. Act. Ap. xii, 23. St. Luke i, 20. xix, 44. 2 Thess. ii, 10. Ezech. v, 11. ap. Sept.—So é£ dv,’ wherefore, on which account. ’Eq’ vis, eo’, ég’ gre, on what terms, on condition, for the purpose of: ioace yap eg ois avrous Kvakdpns ayerat, on what terms or conditions: Ken. Cyrop. i, 6,11. ovdérore peredvwv wpéxOnaar, i} &€¢’ otamep—riv Bacrelay mapédaPov : than what the conditions on which they received the crown allowed: Xen. Ages. i, 4. Eg’, 6, on condition that, with a future, uae 4 113.: with an infinitive, Xen. Ages. iv, 1. H. Gr. vi, 3,7. ii, 2, 12. Anab. iv, 2, [éo’ 6, with a past tense, signifies Siete because: Thom, M.]—颒 @ re, with an infinitive, on condition that: Aristoph. Plut. 1001. Xen. Hist. (GemiyeAn2Ss:tit,.. 15.07% Jor the purpose of, Xen. Anab. vi, 6, 13. H. Gr. ii, 3, 8. —Often ey ois is for éxt rots ég" ois, and ég’ d fon éxi To Ep Wi AS paprupel, Eg ois ovK brevOuvos Hr, éorepavaabar: : that Iwas crowned for my conduct in affairs of which I was not liable to render account : Demosth. pro Cor.

XI. The dative feminine 7, answering to Qua in Latin, signifies,

1°EE @y 5) kad euloe: Ty Swxpdrny 6 Kpitias, Xen, Mem. 1, 2, 31.—J.S.

16 THE RELATIVE “Os. (CuHap, 11.

1. where ; 7 70 rév Oey yévos oixet, Plato Phadr. p. 246. So rep, Thue. iv, 53.—2. by which way, the way that: 7a—oropara, F To wrepoy bpug, Plato Phedr. p. 251. ztadry tpérovrae Hy pidoogia vonyetrat, Plato Phedr. 32.—3. in the manner or way that, as: 7) cor Soxet, Siekiwy, Plato de Rep. ii. Xen. Cyrop. iv, 24.—4. in what respect, why: pavOdvers dre Erepa addijdwy éorl, Kal F Erepa, Plato Eutbyphr. c. 12. in respect of being, as, so far forth as, Quatenus : xpirae vrodipare } ixddnua, Aristot. de Rep. i, ¢. 9.—5. with a comparative, by how much, ravzn mreiw Enreivy egpddia, Ff €\dcowy 000s KaraXeimerat, Gaza de Sen.—6. with superlatives : as 9 raxvora, as quickly as possible: Xen. Cyrop. vii, 5, 82.—and in

,

the same sense with a substantive: 7 rayos, with all speed: Plut. in Cic. p. 870. 1. 33.—In most of these instances pepidi or 659 is understood,

XIl. “Os is frequently put in the case of its antecedent instead of the case which its governing verb would regularly require: as, icaoe dé obdév wy éyousr, but they know nothing of what they say: Plato Ap. Socr. p. 22.

XIII. The sense, or emphasis, requiring such a construction, 6s is placed before its antecedent, as Qua is in Latin: Oéaep éari pchio® ixép buav,—rovro mwapactijcat rovs Oeovs bpiv: that WHAT is most for your interest, THAT the gods may suggest to you to do: Demosth. pro Cor. [p. 226. 1. 2. Reisk.] See Mark vi, 16. Matth. xxvi, 48.4-(A noun, which ought regularly to have been in another division of the sentence, is, with Attic elegance, joined to the pronoun relative: as 6r@ éddxet ratra Deg rpéder’ for Beds huéder, Xen. Eph. p. 161. but this phrase is not peculiar to Attic writers. See Valck. ad Herodot. p. 574. Lennep. ad Phal. p. 27. 29. Coray ad Theophr. 268. Fisch, ad Well. iii, p. 340. seq.)

X1V. “O, whereas,’ or in which matter: dragepdrvtws yap 7dSe éxoper, Wore rolugy te ot abrol padiora, Kat wept wv éxryeipyjcopev éxdoyizeabat. “O rots dddows apabia pév Opdaos, oyiopos b€ dKvor géper: whereas in others, it is ignorance that inspires courage, and deliberation makes them irresolute: Thue. ii, 40. [The following senses of 0 used as a particle, are to be noted:—1. as to what: 6 &€ Aéyers, Bia mapeNOovras oxnvovr, tpets, &c. Ken. Anab. v, 5, 20.—2. on which account, wherefore: 6 d) padriora doxH Gowy é€2nuxévat imroxevraupous, Xen. Cyrop. iv, 3, 17.—3. that, dre: Aetocere yap Toye Tavres, 6 poe yépas otyerae &XAn, Hom. Il. a, 120.]

XV. The neuter plural @ with the particle ve signifies as, as being, since, &c. 10 abrd kwovv, Gre vik amdXetTov Eéav70, obzOTE Ayer Kiuvovpevov: as not deserting, since it does not desert, itself: Plato Phedr. p. 245. Gre rov’AmddXwvos ovres, as being Apollo’s, since they are Apollo's: Plato Phedr. ¢. 35. ef. Plat. ibid. ©. 27, 28. 275. Alsch. Dial. ili. extr. rovs romras—ov mapadetéueOa,—are tupavvidos Uurynras: since (or because) they are celebrators of despotism: Plato Rep. viii, p. 568.—With an absolute case: are

* Thuc. seems to have referred } to in its progress, from what he at first in- ToAuay and éxdoyiFerIa, but to have tendedit tobe. See Thuc. iii, 12. p. 394. changed the construction of the sentence, |. 11, ed. Bekk.—J.S.

RULE 12—18.] THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE. 17

Tijs wey ys €xovons ra péca rov cdopov, since the earth occupies the centre of the universe: Asch. Dial. li, 19.—In Pind. Pyth. iv. it signifies, in the manner in which, xaBanep: &1’—evepyérac Aciny’ érayyéAXorre. (3 pers. plur.) “Are 6) and ota 8) have the same sense as dre.

XVI. The neuter in the dative is put with a verb for the latter’s derivative or kindred substantive: as, ois yap evrvyiKecoay év Acukrpos, ov perpiws éxéxpnvro, Demosth. pro Cor. for rots ebruxij- pace: their success, their victory at Leuctra. So év ois }uapravoy of dAXow for rois toy G\Nwy Apapripace: the errors of others: De- mosth. ib. [p. 231. |. 13. ed. Reisk.]

XVII. “Os sometimes follows an antecedent, with which it cannot grammatically agree: as, év modurpéros yap Evugopais éxiarurvrat (the parents of those who had fallen in battle) rpapévres, rd 8’ evruyés, of ay rijs evrpereorarys Adywov, Warep olde per viv, redevTijs, tyes dé Avans, Kal ols évevdaporijsal re 6 Bios bpoiws Kal évredeurioat Evve- perpij0n: Thue. ii, 44. le bonheur certes est pour ceux, qui, &c. Gail. That excellent critic Hermann reads 4) ois évevdapovijcar, &c. under- standing pa)dAor, and translating thus: Sciunt enim, variis se casibus in vita usos, potiusque fortunatos esse, quibus vel exitus honestis- simus, uti his nunc, vel luctus, ut vobis, contigerit, quam quibus sic est traducta vita, ut in ea et essent felices, et decederent.—[So the construction would be, ro & evruxes éxeivors eivae padrAov, of, &e.]

XVI. "Arra is put for dria, what. When this substitution is more evident, it has the aspirate; when less so, the soft breathing, arra, Which last, like ris, is added to other words, and seems to render their meaning less determinate, being often little more than an expletive. The following are examples :—1. drra, in direct interro- gation: was cal &rra more dcehéxOn; how and what? Demosth. de Fals. Leg. p. 241. see Hom. Il. «, 409.: in indirect interrogation: ¢% Tis—épw7~n tds, avra &rra éo7t, Plato ii. de Rep. see Hom. Il. x, 208.: without any interrogation; ézisreiAas Grra éfodXero, Plato Phed. c. 65. see Plat. Symp. 4. Soph. 41. extr. Crit. 12. Hom. Il. a, 554. According to Eustath. the word is compounded of & and the Doric or Megaric ca, which signifies reva.—2. drra: ecimé poe Ommot doca mepi ypot eipara éoro, Hom. Od. 7, 218. i. e. oxcia €ort, Gooa éoro. See #sch. Dial. ii, 19. Plato Phad. 31. Fisch. ad Plat. Soph. 45. Polit. 36.—’Arra may be rendered some, some such, nearly, or the like, somewhat, &c.: 3 rar’ éoriv, i} ToLradra a&rra, Plato Phed. 63. adda Grra, Plato Phed. 19, 52, 57. arra ada, Plat. Apol. 18. woAdA@ drra, Plat. Pheed. 44, 65. érepa arra, #Esch. Dial. il, 36. odfya arra, Aristoph. Vesp. 55. opuxpa drra, Plat. Polit. 3. Grra rode, Plat. Phad. 4. Seva drra, ib. 64. oixrpa dra, (1. e. oikrpa dria ear) Aoyorowdvres, Xen. Cyrop. ii, 2, 6. térrap’ arra pevpara, Plat. Phed. 61.—It is sometimes put absolutely : €Xeyev adrra xpookexupws, Plat. de Rep, 5. something.—To be ex- plained, é\eyev Gruva &heyev.—rodepet dé &dAfAas éviore aitay arta an: some, Plato Soph. 30.—With a substantive: avdpazoda u&rra, Plato Phedr. p. 259. xpopara drra, id. Rep. x. p. 601. épy’ arra, Lucian, Nigr.—When the phrases in which drra was used

Viger. c

18 THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE. (CHAP. In. §t

became so trite, that its original and proper signification was not attended to, it was joined with some words very improperly, as with amyvika: movika arra, Aristoph. Av. 1513. for wyvika Gre.

XIX. (XX.) "Arza is also a term of respect and kindness, used by younger persons in addressing their elders: @oimé, a&rra, yepace, Achilles to Phoenix, Hom. Hl. «, 603. see Il. p, 561. Od. 7, 31. 57. p, 6. 599. ¢, 369. Callim. Ep. i, 3.—So rérra was used by younger to older friends.

XX. When the antecedent goes before an infinitive mood, the verb of the relative is also put in the infinitive: as épn, efvat wodXods diddous tev ‘EAAQvwr, ovs PotXeoGar, &c. for ot éBotdr\ovro: he said, there were many others of the Greeks, who were willing, &c. ZEschin. c. Ctes. p. 288: See Plato Phadr. p. 272. 1. 41. Elian, V.H. xii.c. 35. So the Latin writers. Corn. Nep. in Themist. c. 7. Curt. vii. c. 4. § 6. vi, 8, 10. viii, 1, 25. Suet. Cees. 47.

CHAPTER ITI. SECTION I.—THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE.

RULE I. Some remarkable changes of the cases and numbers of substantives, occurring chiefly in Attic writers, especially Plato, are to be observed: 6 S€’Accipws, 6 BaBudava re €xwy Kai riv &dAnv’Acav- play, éym perv oipat inméas pevy agew, Xen. Cyrop. il. p. 39. pnpi— karavevoar treppevéa Kpov (wva—Aorparrwy emdéi’, vacua oy- para gaivwy, Hom. Il. 6, 350, 353. See lian, V. H. i. c. 11. init. Ep. ad Rom. ii, 8. So Ter. Hee. iii, 1, 6. -See Linacer de Em. Struct. Lat. Serm. Sanct. Min. iv, 11. and Perizon. Grav. ad Cic. Verr. iii, 71. Eru. Diatr. de grata negligentia orationis. Brunck. ad Soph. El. 480. ’

Duals with plurals: dvotv—pépwr dvrwy, Aristid. pro Qua- tuorv. p. 481. Svoty fuépwrv, Theophr. Ch. Adulat.: dv dé of viees ijornyv, Hom. Il. ce, 10. Heliod. Ath. x, 6. ro 8 aire paprupoe €srwy, Hom. Il. a, 338. Hlian, V. H. i, 15. in fine. ra— AABov, Hom. Il. ¢, 275.—An enallage from singular to plural is in Hom. Il. a, 549, 550. and Acts xv, 46. See Xen. Mem. i, 2, 62. i, 2,42. See Sil. It. xi, 25.—In Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 88. Ais necessarily follows Eunuchum, because the class or kind in general was to be signified. See Virg. Ain. vill, 427.—The plural is used for the singular to amplify or exaggerate: épeaupovec év Tois cuprociors rous géXous (for Clitus alone), Lucian, Dial. Mort. [p. 248. D. ed. Salmur.] See Virg. Ecl. iti, 16. ‘Ter. Andr. v, 4, 7. Virg. En. x, 79. 81. vii, 359. xii, 799. 947. vii, 98. vili, 379. vi, 616. Hor. Od. ii, 13, 3. til, 3, 71. iv, 12, 8. Sen. in Tr. 328, 568. Ter. Heaut. 1, 1,°99~ . —By this kiud of enallage the passage in 1 Cor. xv, 29. may perhaps be explained, if we take rdv vexpay to signify Christ. See Rom. vi, 3. Rev. i, 5. 1 Cor, xv, 14.-——A plural verb is sometimes joined even with a neuter plural noun: Xen. Anab. i, 2, 27. Mem. li, 4,7. Xen. de Mag. Eq. viii, 6. See Fisch. ad Well. p. 306.

Rute 1—5.] | THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE. 19

Pors. Add. ad Eur. Hec. 1149. Ast. ad Plat. Polit. p. 386. ad Legg. p. 46.-—Change of gender: rpérovrac éxt rijv Makedoviar, ép Srep Kat mpdrepoy éLewéurovro, Thuc. 1, 59. unless épyor, or some such word, be understood. In Thuc. 11, 47.—% v6 c00s—ijpéato,— Leydpevorv—eyxarackj at, Aeydpevor is a nominative absolute, and avr)v is to be understood. See Clark. ad Odyss. xil, 75.—ro dvo- rnvov éxeivo Sokaptov mpoeripwy tov Biov’ viv dé cuvinpe idn, ws éxeiyn pev avwpedys, Lucian, Dial. Antil. et Achill. [p. 200. D. ed. Salmur.] Here éxeévy may agree with ddZa understood. See Ern. ad Xen. Mem. i, 3, 3.—There is no proper enallage in the passage of Paus., 1. El. post. p. 352. 1. 35. but rather an addition purposely made to state with greater exactness, what had before been stated with less: nor in Luke i, 55. because AaXdewy zpds teva, and Aadeiv revt, are both forms in common use, and equivalent.—There are some instances of enallage in which neither the sense nor the construction is completed, as the beginning of the sentence might lead one to ex- pect; as in the following anacoluthon: Yperdupidys 6 LuPapizys és Tooouroy Tovdis eLwretre : Smindyrides the Sybarite ran into such an excess of luxury ,—(here, aiter rocoto, we naturally expect ws, dave, éoov, that, as, or the like; but the sentence proceeds—) kat yap rots LuBapirats raow &pyov hy rpuday cat TO Biw dcappeiv. "O dé Lpuvdupidys Kat whéov: for it was the main business of all the Sybarites to dis- solve in pleasure and effeminacy, but Smindyrides still more: I. V.H. ix, 24.—[The ditterence of cases in Demosth. pro Cor. p. 208, 1.9, 11. Reiske’s ed., is regular and usual. See A‘schin. c. Ctes. p. 578, }. 12. Reisk.]

if. A substantive concludes a member or period elegantly, when separated from its preceding adjective by a verb: as, pera waons éyeoOae 7s GiAorovias: and in other constructions: see Arr. de Exp. Al. i. c. 18. in fine.

Ill. Some substantives, especially cd0s, way, ypappn, line, pepts or pépos, part or portion, are elegantly understood.— Odds is defective in evOcias éxrpazivat, to turn out of the straight road; évavriayv iévac or tx évavrias gépecba, to go, or be carried, the contrary way ; ayeoOa 71) v éxt Oavary, to be led to execution.

IV. On forensic subjects dixn is often defective: as, d¢ evOeias or kar’ evOciay arvraywvrigeobat, to meet the proceedings of a plaintiff or prosecutor in a fair and direct manner, and not to have recourse to exceptions or other evasions, [see Suid. in ifeta,] equivalent to etOvducia ypicOar or evOudccKeiv. So kpiveoBar rHv émi Oavary, to be tried on a capital charge.

V. ‘Hyépa is understood in ry zporepaig, the day before; 7H iorepaig, the day after, the neat day. See Plut. Thes. [p. 5, 1. 20. ed. H. St.]

The following examples of ellipsis of nouns may be added :— tO rou Lirwvos, (ard~0eypa, apophthegm): pos dphiv (ywriar, angle); xpos 6p0as i}x0w, det it be drawn at right angles: Eucl. Opt. Theor. 24. tiv épiy cvvixas, (yvmpnv, sentiments.) dct rocovrov, (Staaryjparos, interval.) cis gSov, (Sédpor or oixor, abode or habitation.) So év rod ay éovres Bovdedwvra, (otKe

20 THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE. T{CuaAp. 111. §i.

house,) Herodot. i. 133. row wepi ris PuyHs rpéxwr, (Kivduvoy, risk,) Aristid. pro Quatuorv. p. 430. Fully expressed, rd» repli Wuxiis tTpéxovre civduvoy, Dion, Hal. in Isocr. p. 98. and Ant. Rom. iv. p- 209. |. 28. See Eurip. Phen. 730. and Aristoph. Vesp. 375. év AeuKois expépecOar, (tuarioes, garments,) Artemid. Oneir. ii, 3. So St. John xx, 12. ‘O [drwy Fv trav copay, (eis or ris, one.) évy rais Aoviaov, (€opracéipots typépacs, festival days.) rhv cperiy éx véas doce, (HAcKkéas, age, years,) Synes. mpo rips év Acvxrpos, (uayns, battle.) 1rd modv rijs pyropexis, (uépos, part,) Plato. So Arr. de Exp. Al. iii, 7. fully expressed in c. 24,—rijs Wuxiis rovro, (wépos) év @ ai éxOupiat eioly, Plato Gorg. p. 493. ot év rédet, (Ovres, being ; those in office.) drws ratra pndeis revaerat, (pa, take care,’) Lysias pro Erat. ra rov ‘Hpoddrov, (suy ypap- para, wrilings.) ypapparckiy éuabe, (réexvnv, art.) atiav amorivew, (ripwpiav, penalty, punishment.') aro rijs avrips atreio- Oat, (rpawéens, table.) yevixn cuvtdccerat, wai aireatixn, (rTw- cet, case,) Sch. Aristoph. Plut. 93. ai modal, (rpcxés, hairs,) Epigr. Gr. i, 13. morijpiov Puyxpod, (tdaros, water,) Matth. x, 42. ws fpadvy éxomnOns! (brvorv, sleep,) Lucian, Dial. Cycl. et Nept. Out KEvijS avewAdrropey Huiv pdfous, (UTovoias or vUTorAHWEwS, suspicion,) Dion. Hal. vi. rq érépg, (xerpl, hand.) ég’ dcop, (xpovor, time.)—Hyépa, day, is not properly a substantive, says Eustath., but an adjective, signifying mild, placid, and with it there is understood paats or kardoraots tov dépos, illumination or state of the atmosphere: érewd) tv mpds pépav, when it was growing light; pos éaonépay, on the approach of evening.

VI. Tijy iirrav—ar’ evOecias ovk egpacev: directly, plainly, bluntly: Plut. Fab. Max. It seems doubtful what substantive is understood, dd00, @wrijs, AéZews, dinyhnoews, Wuxiis, yvepns, drarvotas, or the like.—[For fuller information on the subject of Ellipsis, the reader is referred to the Abridgem. of Bos. ]

VII. Tpohyopor eiyov ovderépa Annrov: (understand yerpi, hand; or pepidc, part or side;) they had an advocate safe and guarded at all points, or, an advocate not to be worsted or mastered by any method: Themist. Or. x. opposed to which is avOpw7ous Oarépg Anzwrovs, Euseb. Dem. iv. c. 9.

VIII. The plural nouns adywviopara, adOX\a, ava0jpara, Sépa, Gupara, and the like, are to be understood respectively, according to the meaning of the context, with certain neuter adjec- tives preceded by the article, and followed such verbs as éopragev, Qvew, Tarnyupizery, &c. as, ra cwrhpia ravnyupiaery, to celebrate a fes- tival for safety obtained; ra yxapiorypia, for thanksgiving ; ra pedixea, and ra idaorypea, for conciliating and propitiating the gods; ra dtafaripia, for a prosperous passage; ra émwixca, for victory ; ra eiotripia Ove, for the assembling of the senate; ra elayyéa, for good news; ra yevéO\a, on account of a birth-day ;

§ Here is a verb under the head Ellip- ‘”EAarroy rijs atlas, Xen. Mem. i, 6, sis of substantives. A pronoun and parti- 11. (riijs, price.)—J.S. ciple bad been given before.—J. 8.

RULE 6—9.] THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE. 21

7a yaphrea, on account of a wedding ; ra xarouéoa, for settling in a habitation ; ra érjow, anniversary ; 7a Kovpdovva, to celebrate the offering of the hair first cut off.

IX. The genitive ease of substantives is put after verbs to signify a part only of what is spoken of: ray recxéwv rH pidarvOpwrig imo yxeipa éxoeiro, Xen. Or. de Ages. some of the fortresses or towns,—(which resembles the French, il prenoit des villes par sa courtoisie; des being a sign of the genitive:) «aradvew ov cia orpoyyvAwy wroiwy, il ne permettoit pas qu'on enfoncast des navires rondes: Xen. ib. See Demosth. Ol. ii. [p. 18. ]. 14. ed. Reisk.] Ol. i. [p. 16. 1. 29. ed. Reisk.] Also when it does not signify a part; being governed by some preposition, either under- stood, or compounded with the verb which the genitive follows: as maveoOae rijs dpyijs, (underst. ad,) fo cease from anger; amo- amndav tov &ppasos, i.e. mndgy aro Tov Gpparos, to leap from the chariot.

A substantive is often used by the poets instead of an adjective

expressive of some attribute of a person, and the proper name of the person is changed into an adjective derived from it, and agreeing with the substantive before mentioned: as, viées viwvol re Bins ‘TipaxAneins, the sons and grandsons of the mighty Hercules: Hom. in Beot. vy. 173. for ‘Hpakdois fraiov.“ See Hor. Od. i, 3, 36. Sometimes the proper name is put in the genitive case instead of being converted into an adjective: dfere 8¢ Tptdporo Binv, but bring the mighty Priam: How. Il. y, 105. So iepov pévos’AXke- vdoco, Hom. Od. 0, 2. ie) ts TynXepayoro, Od. 7, 476. Opacu oOévos EvpuriXoro, Q. Cal. viii, 171.—The same form is used with am appellative noun in Hesiod: év pécow d€ Spdxovros env goBos, a terrible dragon: Scut. H. 144. [See Fisch. ad Well. ill, p. 269. p. 295. seq.] See Virg. An. xii, 199. Phedr. F. i, 13. (Corvi stupor, for corvus stupidus.)—Sometimes the proper name is in apposition with the substantive of the attribute: as Aais } péya xhéos, the much celebrated Lais: Strattis ap. Athen. xl. p. 589. _ Substantives are used for adjectives :” as, & giAdrys,* o friend, for w dite, Plato Phedr. p. 228. was éorty d&yfpwros cuppop), every mortal is calamity: Herod. Clio p. 32. avaykn dvoiv Oarepor, the one or the other is necessary. So, scelus for scelestus. See Phedr. i, 3,16. i, 4, 5. i, 5,11. See Ern. ad Callim. t. i. p. 138. Branck. ad Soph. GEd. R. 85. Abresch. ad Asch. ii. p- 71. Fiseb. ad Well. ). 297.

Proper names of towns and other places, when compounded of two declinable words, are sometimes resolved: as, peyddyn 7oAts for MeyaddéroXs. Their component parts are even transposed, and

“ “HpaxAjs 6 kaprepds, Aristoph. Ran. den, Transl. of Ov. Metam. b. xv.—J. 8.

464.—J.S. * This is rather an example of the use » This is common in English: ‘¢ Thus of an abstract term instead of a concrete. in successive course the minutes run,And —J,S,

urge their predecessor minutes on.”’ Dry-

22 THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE. [CuHap. 111.

are separated by other words: upia } Koi\n, Calesyria: Arr. Exp. Al. ji, 13. éxt riyv péony déBn tov morapoyv, lo Mesopotamia: Zosim. 1, 4. ‘

A substantive is sometimes put in the nominative case absolute, when the rules of regular syntax require a different case: as, Zovdd- pevos 8 Kxardoxoréy twa méppat, --edoley abr émerijdeos eivac 6 ’Apaoras: wishing to send some spy,—Araspas appeared to hima jit person: Xen. Cyrop. vi, 1,31. Oavwy your, woe Kaddwv Careiv, (so Aldus rightly,) Eurip. Or. [v. 771. Pors.*]—and sometimes avother word, equivalent in meaning to that in the nom. absolute, is added in the case in which regular construction would have required the nominative absolute to be: dav dé Evvexer rH apeorepg, 4 dé beEea, dpOot rijs yetpos exeéyns ot Sakrvdror, Philosty. de vit. Apoll., l. iv. c. 28. but the right, the fingers of that hand are extended. So Rev. ii, 26. cf. Exod. xxxii. imt. Act. Ap. vil, 40. Rev. 111, 21. Tob. vi, 7, 8. Judith xi, 9. Sirach x, 22. xx, 30. xl, 29. xli, 14.—On this idiom see Kypk. ad Act. Ap. xx, 3. Valck. ad Eur. Phen. p. 101. seq. Brunck. ad sch. Pers. 120. ad S. c. Th. 683.

A genitive of an appellative is sometimes in apposition with a substantive not expressed, nor directly understood, but of which the meabing is contained in a preceding adjective: EvOuc\éa, Aaxedac- poveov bvra, réXews reptpavovs, Arr. Exp. Al. ii, 15. Jn a simi- Jar manner a pronoun or adjective has reference to a substantive, of which the sense is involved in a preceding noun, verb, or adverb: so avrovs, meaning dcaddyous, is by Hlian, V. H. xiv, 15. referred to dcaréyecOac,” which precedes; and avrovs meaning vairas to vais preceding, by Ant. Lib. c. 37. See St. John vii, 44. Lucian, Nigr. ’AOfjvas—airois, i. e. the Athenians. [p. 21. A. ed. Salmur.] See Matth. iv, 23.—irzogopBiy—ént rovrwy, i. e. horses: Herodot. iv, 110. ras’AQ#vas,—ol, id. vil, 2. vées ‘EAAnvides,— ovrot, i. e. the Greeks: id. vii, 197.—So iv Latin: Laconicam, —eorum: Corn. Nep. in Timoth. c. 2. See Markl. ad Eurip. Suppl. 305. Wessel. ad Diod. Sic. v, 54. xi, 20, 68. Pors. ad Hec. 22. Fisch. Pref. ad Well. Gr. p. 9. seq. and in Anim, ad Well. iil. p. 268, 306. seq. Valck. ad Phen. p. 9. ad Hippol. vs. 526. Jungerm. ad Lucian. t. i. p. 235. A. and Hemsterb. ad t. i. p. 400. Greg. Cor. p. 37. seqq. et Kon. Brunck, ad Asch, Pers. 13. ad Soph, Ged. R. 267. ad Eur. Phen. 1767.

So, an adjective: éywv avros dixdow, Kal p’ ovrad onut “AXXov éxumhitew Aavady, ideta yap éorat, Hom. Il. W, 561. [580.] i.e. dikn, which is implicitly in é«daow.—A substantive referred to an ad- verb: ra pev éxraya mavra Siepoparo daizwv* Tijv pev tay vipgyoe kat Epp Macados vii, Oncev erevtdpevos, Tas & adXas vetpev éxaory, Hom. Od. £, 434, “Exraya is equivalent to eis érra polpas, into seven parts; to potpa therefore rv and ras GAXas are to be referred. In Hom. Il. ¢, 383. €xaorny, each, has reference to rvAn,

* Hermann quotes v. 590. of Pors. ed., duds, } tuxelv rovTouv, 1. e. wperclas, but no such phrase occurs there.—J. S. Thue. i, 74.—J. 8. w hauty ovx hacov avtol wpEeARaat

Cuap. 11.] THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVE. 23

gate, appearing in the preceding compound éxazdpavdor, hundred- gated.

The following uses of the dative case are to be remarked :—1. for a genitive, as ro “Ardpaipore 6 radgos, Andremon’s sepulchre: Paus. Ach. p. 401. So the Romans; see Virg. Ain. vi, 596. Ov. Met. xv, 46.—2. when it signifies a motive or cause: Mynsifiovhoy &€ rij rot Biov cwppocvvy cwaarres: on account of his well-regulated and faultless life: Demosth. ep. tii. p. 115.—3. in an adverbial sense, some preposition being defective: dnuocig, publicly ; idig, privately ; axo\y, scarcely: [Alian, V. H. ix. c. 24, Xen, Mem, ili, 14, 3. and Ernesti’s note ;] ovy7, silently, attentively: Plat. Phaedr. 238. I. 29. dpopy, on a run: Arrian, Exp. Al. |. i.— pov, after a time: Lucian, Tox. p. 621. [and with the article; see Fisch. ad Well. iii, p. 222.] irepBory, excessively, extremely; ibzepfodyn Kadijyv, Plut. Apoph. p. 183. Add jouvyn, quietly, by gentle degrees: Herodian 1, 4. rois dros, upon the whole, altogether: Demosth. pro Cor. p. 318. 1. 40. So the Latins use the ablatives, recta, forte, sponte, hodie, pridte, postridie, hac, illac, &c. See Virg. Ain. iv, 337. i, 381.—4. a dative following a substantive with an ellipsis of an appropriate adjective {or participle]: ézidpopy rg recxiouare, Thuc., understand yevopévn. See Duk. ad Thuc. v, 46. Perizon. ad Sanct. Min. iv, 4, p. 617.

The accusative. [See Chap. i. R. 11.] It is put after adjectives of quantity or quality, kara being understood: rogatras ro wAAOos rpthpes, kal tyA\tKavTas TO péyebos duvdpes: so many tri- remes, and so great forces: Isocr. Paneg. p. 133. So Aisch. c. Ctes. p. 285.1. 22. A dative is sometimes thus used instead of an accusative: péyeoroe peyéOer, Paus. in Arc. Less common is an accusative quite unconnected, in construction, with the rest of a sentence: rov S€ mévov Tov KaT& TOY TONEpLoY,—AapKeiTw per dpi kat éxetva, &c. as to the labour in the war, &c. Thue. ii, 62. See Aristoph. Nub. 1113. Xen. Anab. v, 5, 19. Act. Ap. x, 36. Luc. xxi, 6. Ecclesiastic. xl, 2. See Kulin. ad #lian. V. H. ii, 13. Dorv. ad Charit. p. 642. Interpp. ad 1 Cor. x, 16. Abridgment of Bos, p. 217. Kust. ad Aristoph. Pl. 55. An accusative is used adverbially, to signify duration of time: xpd vov—egeorares, having stood awhile, aliquamdiu: Arrian, Exp. Al. i. p. 31. Archimedes says fully, ypdvov wothoavres: de Spiral. Dosith. in princip.

The Greeks put the same cases after verbal nouns, as the verbs, from which those nouns are derived, require: as if) €uwj 70 Oe@ ixnpectia, my subserviency to the god: Plato Apol. 17. because imnpereiy requires a dative. See #lian, V. H. i, 41. extr. 2 Cor. ix, 12. and Fisch. ad Well. iii. p. 345. Wessel. ad Diod. Sic. i, 4. p. 8. and ad Herodot. vii, 16. p. 517. Musgr. ad Eur. Suppl. 1157. Id. and Heath. ad Here. F. 788. Brunck. ad Pheen. 85, ad Soph. Antig. 787. Port. Lex. Ion. v. dvépara. So Plaut. Trin. ii, 1, 20. See Heusing. ad Vechn. Hellenol. p. 264.

24 THE ADJECTIVE. [CHAP. ILI. § ii.

SECTION II.—THE ADJECTIVE.

Rute I. A neuter adjective is elegantly used for a substantive : as, TO copoy kai 70 ’ArriKkdy ris 'EAAados yAwoons, the depth and elegance of the Greek language ; 76 decvov vijs ppacews, the force and energy of the diction; 16 pi pv0Gdes airav, the reality of them, (the events related) the absence of fable: Thuc. i, 22. [Some- times the adjective is masculine, 6 vexpos, 6 véxus, the corpse: Paus. in Ach. p. 399. App. Alex. i. B. C. p. min. 693.]—An ad- jective in the neuter plural, derived from a proper name, signifies, with the article, what is most remarkable with regard to the thing signified by that proper name; as ra Tpwika, the Trojan war: Thucyd. i, 3. rovs rept ra Tpwika yryvopévous, those who lived in the time of the Trojan war: Isocr. Paneg. [So an adjective derived from an appellative : 7a jjpwika, Athen. p. 19. A. pera ra ruparyneka, Aristot. Polit. v. 3.] But when such an adjective, whether derived from a proper name, or an appellative, is in the singular, it signifies plurally, zAj@o0s, yévos, or the like being defective: as ro ‘EAAnvexoy, the Greeks ; 70 "INdAvpccor, the Illyrians ; ré re Bovdetor, kal ro imme- kOv, kal rov Gprorv, the senators, the equites, and the plebeians: Dio. 70 iapBapor, the barbarians ; 10 vrhxooy, the subjects ; 70 orpa- ruwtixdv, the soldiers; 70 me@uodv, the infantry ; 10 xowdv, the com- munity, the people, country, or nation. See Ovid, Met. xii, 7. Cic. in Verr. [ii. 46, 63. i, 38.]

II. An adjective sometimes assumes the natural gender of its sub- stantive, instead of the grammatical gender: as xdptoy kadXorn, a most beautiful girl; pepaxia eirvyeis, fortunate youths: Syues. See Hom. Od. 0, 125. (See examples of adjectives, participles, and articles, so used, ap. Musgr. ad Eurip. Or. 270. Markl. ad Suppl. 45, 237, 272, 918, 1141. Wessel. ad Diod. Sic. ii, 39. iii, 36. xi, 25. Fisch. ad Well. i, p. 371. ili, p. 274, 306, 314, 317. seq. Keen. ad Gr. Cor. p. 29.)—and sometimes, without any consideration of natural gender, or signification, an adjective, pronoun, or article, is put in a gender different from that of its substantive: as the Attics say rotrw tw ipépa, these two days: Xen. Cyrop. i, 2, 11. rw xeipe, the two hands: Xeu. Mem. ii, 3,18. See Scal. ad Phryn. p. 84. Markl. ad Suppl. v. 140. Brunck. ad Soph. Gad. C. 1000, El. 977. ad Aristoph. Lysistr. 323. Fisch. ad Well. i, p. 315 seq. 365. 379. ii, 160. iti, 308. It is common, especially in poetry, to join a mascu- line participle in the dual number with a feminine substantive. See Valck. ad Eurip. Hipp. p. 205. seq. and Matth. Gr. Gr. § 436. When masculine participles in the plural are put for feminine, (of which Hermann ad Orph. H. 78, 4, has given examples,) it seems to be either because some masculine substantive was in the thoughts of the writer, or because the plural, having a wider and more indefinite sense, has in general a designation of the preferable gender. Hence this change of genders is very rare in the singular: see~Hom. Il. (,

RULE 1—4.] ~ THE ADJECTIVE. 25

88. épyopevawy ; for these genitives plural of participles are used, in the masculine form, of the feminine gender. When ove woman is spoken of in the masculine gender, the plural number is always used : and vice versa, when the plural is used of one woman, it is in the masculine gender: see Dawes, Mise. Cr. p.310. Brunck. ad Soph. El. 399. 977. Ant. 926. 986. ad Eur. Med. 316. Pors. ad Hec. 515. So when a man aud a woman are spoken of together, as adeAgol, Zeun. ad Xen. Cyrop. iii, 1,7. But when any one person in general, man or woman, is signified, the masculine singular is used, although a woman may be meaut on the particular occasion on which the words are spoken: as in Eurip. (lon 973.) Creusa, speaking of her- self, says, kal m@s ra kpeicow, Ovnros By, wrepdpapa; and how can I, a mortal, get the betier of the gods? See Heath, ad Eurip. Med. 805. Valeck. Diatr. p. 175. Elmsl. ad Med. p. 211. Hermann. ad Soph. Trach. 207.—On the other hand, when women are spoken of plurally, in such a manner that men cannot be understood to be meant also, the feminine gender is used: i megvxayey copai pa- Acora, Eurip. Med. 386.

Under this head may be mentioned the passage of St. Matth. XXVill, 19. paOyrevoare mavra ra €Ovy, Bamrigovres atrovs, &c. in which avrovs is to be referred to évn, and not, as the Anabaptists say, to pa@nras implicitly signified in paOnrevoare. See Rom. ii, 14. and é€0vn, which is a collective noun, must be taken to comprehend infants: see Sept. Gen. xxv, 23.—This change of gender is fre- quent in the article: as, ra rotatra Kivadn, vt wemoijKace pev ov- dév, &c. Dinarch. c. Demosth. p. 97.1. 29. See Maccab. i, c. 5, 2. and Tibull. iv, 1, 62. and Cort. ad Sall. Catil. lvi, 5. The Greeks go even so far as to say Aats, fj péya «Xéos, Athen. Deipn. xiii, 589.

Sometimes the adjective is elegantly put in the gender, number, and case in which its substantive would have been put according to regular and ordinary syntax, while that substantive 1s put in the geni- tive plural after the adjective: as, cuyvovs reivw rv Adywr, for rovs Adyous, a multitude of words, a long discourse: Plato Gorg. p. 519. 1. 41. see Soph. Phil. 86. ra Aoura rev orepparwy, the rest of the seeds: Kilian, V. H.i. c. 12. In this phrase the article before the substantive is indispensable.-—Sometimes the adjective in this phrase is put in the neuter, although its substantive is of a different gender: as ra péca rev rodtrar, the moderate or neu- tral citizens: Thue. iii, 82. ra mpdra rev tore ‘EXAHvwy, the Sirst of the Grecks of that time: Aristid. Serm. Sacr. p. 505. see Propert. ili, 7, 7.

Ill. An adjective in the neuter, (ypjpa, mpaypa, épyov, Qdov, or the like, being understood with it,) is elegantly joined with a sub- stantive of any gender and number: as, ypnoimeraroyv ¥ ¥n- oreia, fasting is most useful; mérepov axpides Hdtov H Kixrar; are locusts or thrushes most delicious? Aristoph. Ach. 1115. See Virg. Ecl. iii. [80. 82.] Ovid. [Amor. i, 10, 4.]—In a similar manner Theognis subjoins the neuter article 76 to rs aperis, V. 317.

IV. The genitive plural of adjectives is used by the Attics instead of the nominative singular: @o7e ray aioxpay, paddoy Sé ray

Viger. D

26 ) THE ADJECTIVE. [Cuap. 111. § ii.

aigyxlarwy: it isa shameful, or rather a most shameful thing: De- mosth, it. Ol. literally, at is of disgraceful things ; i. e. one among such. WovdBia, yur) tov éripavav: Fulvia, an illustrious woman: Plut. in Cie. p. 868.—{and for another case,] dvépa trav éxipavar, an illustrious man: Plut. in Cie. p. 867.1. 30. Soa substantive, and in the singular,—iPpes épya for iAmoruwa epya, Solon. injurious. deeds.—See Sall. B. J. c. 3. Corn. N. in Att. c. 13.

_ V. Comparative adjectives are employed, sometimes, not to in- stitute a comparison between a higher degree of some quality, &c. ip one thing, and a lower degree of the same quality, &c. in another thing; but to signify an incapacity or inability in one thing to act in some certain mauner, or to produce some certain effect, with regard to another thing: as, ypnuarwy Kkpeirrwy,—xépdous kpeirrwy, above the temptation of money,—of gain ; incorruptible: Aristid. pro Quatuorv. p. 197. 290. doris kpeirrwy, proof against pleasure, not lo be subdued by pleasure: Heliod. Ath. v, ec. 4. orépva Kpeirrw oyou, breasts beautiful beyond description: Athen. Deipn. xiii. p. 588. apcOpod kp. out of number. See Spanh., ad Joseph. ti. p. 413. A. (See Eurip. Iph. T. 844. Suppl. 844.] éA- mwéidos kpetaaor, beyond hope of relief or amendment: Thue. ii, 64. éAmidos kpetacor, beyond hope of attainment: Paus. in Beot. p. 563. [So opinione valentior, Cic. ad Att. vii. ep. 6.] wupapiédes Adyouv péeoves, Herodot. ii, 148.

VI. Ina bad sense: xcpeirrwy rips macdeias, unimprovable by instruction: Aristot. kpetocoy Adyov, too bad to be described: Thuc. il, 50. kpetccov éxctxovpias, incurable: Alian, H. An. i, 54. See Musgr. ad Eurip. Troad. 204. Thom. M. p. 603.

VII. So jrrwy rabous, unable to bear up against calamily ; av- dpa Sdkns tirrova kai rpos rovs gious aidots, a man not proof against the fear of public opinion, and the shame of refusing any thing to his friends: Plut. Pomp. p. 655. |. 4.

VIII. Sometimes the phrase is varied by substituting an accusa- tive governed by mpos or xara, preceded by 3), for the genitive : as, copwrepa 7 Kal’ éavror, things too deep for himself. In this form it often signifies merely, in proportion to: as, ddfav éAXarrw i} mpds 76 Ka- répOwpua, glory too little in proportion to the achievement : but iepdv apxacorepov i Kara rv ‘lwvwy éaoicnory, is, a temple built before the settling of the Ionians: Pausan. Ach. p. 399. |. 14.

IX. Sometimes an infinitive, preceded by %, takes the place of the genitive: as, kpeirrous dvras 7) a\ava, too powerful to be overcome or taken, for rijs dAwoews * and sometimes the infinitive is preceded by } ws, Aristid. ad Capit. p. 529.

X. Sometimes the genitive is put after the comparative degree, when the rules of ordinary syntax, and perspicuity, would require another case with #: as, rais ray Heer T~ ppoveiy Siagepsvrwy anais pacect mpoceyety Bei ovx yrrov trav amrodecizewy, for i rais awodetkeow: the simple affirmations of men eminent for wisdom are to

*And without%: ada0evéorepos jv Demosth. c. Aristocr. p. 637. 1. 17. ed. thy timip ris vixns eveynetv mévov, Reisk.—J.S.

RULE 5—12.] THE ADJECTIVE. 27

be as much attended to as demonstrations: Aristot. So rijs eipnyns fur 3) elpyvn, Demosth. pro Cor. [p. 255. 1. 12. ed. Reisk.] deneac- Or epoy ev moety Tous oikeious THY GAveiwy, for ij rods OOveEious: it is more just to do good to friends than to strangers. So Soph. Ant. 74. Phil. 682. In other passages the genilive is the case required by regular construction, but it is irregularly made to depend on the comparative, instead of depending on some other word which is omitted: as, mupapida b€ Kai vbros ameXimero TohAOY EXAGoWwW Tod marpos, for ris tov marpos: he too left a pyramid much less than his father's :—literally, less than his father: Werodot. ii, 134. See Diod. S. iii, 35. Eurip. Tr. 787.

In the following passage the genitive is to be resolved into two other cases of the same noun, with 7 preceding them: gnai, ciKcov Opordrepa (understand ra watdia) elvac rm marpi: he says, they (the children) are more like their father than one fig to another: for ij cixoy ciky: Theopbr. Eth. Ch. c. 5.

XI. Comparatives are sometimes put for superlatives: as in Matth. xviii, 4. 1 Cor. xiii, 13. Virg. En. i, 347. and in the examples cited by Steph. de Dial. Att. p. 40. Fisch. in pref. ad Well. Gr. p. x. and in Anim. ad eamd. ii, p. 149. And, vice versa, superlatives for comparatives; when they always have either a genitive or 7) after them, and some signification of comparison added to their own proper signification: Hom. Od. A, 481. Aischyl. Eum. 30. St. John i, 15. xv, 18. Maccab. iii, 7,21. See Davis. ad Just. M. p. 441. Wessel. ad Herodot. vii, 16. p. 517. Clark. ad Od. 1. c. Fisch. Pref. ad Well. Gr. p. xi.

This permutation of comparatives and superlatives is in some cases to be imputed to the mistakes of transcribers with respect to the abbreviations of the terminations repos and raros. See H. Steph. de Dial. Att. p. 41. Valck. ad Pheen. p. 660. Reisk. ad Lys. t. il. p- 161. Herm. ad Eur. Hec. 1200.

The positive degree also is used for the comparative: tpéus dixacov éxey 710 Erepoy Képas ijwep ’"A@nvaiovs, Herodot. ix, 26. (see Wessel.) it is. more just that you should have the other wing of the army than the Athenians.—Matrk ix, 45.47. Phocyl. [Poem. Admon. v. 77.]—and the comparative for the positive: see Eurip. Alcest. 981. and Musgr. Keen. ad Greg. p. 46. Those who first used comparatives in this manner, really made some comparison, though without expressing the thing compared. Afterwards the form was retained by custom, while the thing compared was forgotten: Reizius.

XII. The comparative and the superlative, with the genitive of a reciprocal pronoun, form a very strange but elegant idiom, in which a person or thing is compared to the same person or thing at another time: as, Ouvarwrepoe avrot airay éyiyvorro: they became more powerful than they ever were before: (literally, more powerful than themselves :) Vhuc. iii, 11. dpedays yerjrerat padov abros avrov; will he become more negligent than before? Plato de Rep. iv, p- 421. See Fisch. ad Well. tl. p. 143. éauvrot éANoytpwraros éyévero, he was more eloquent than ever; avrov raxtora edpaper,

28 THE ADJECTIVE. (CHAP. IL. § ii.

he surpassed all his former feats in running ; tos 8€, ry ibbn- horadrn éorivy adri éavrijs, oxrd dpyuai: the height, in the part where it is highest, is eight fathoms: Herodot. Eut. c. 124. avros avrov rore gaiverae PéAriata Exwy, in his best plight; pavdro- tara Siakeiuevos, in his worst: Aschin. Dial. de Divit. iv é€v rails rept yuvaixus kat maidas édevfépous adiciats abros éavrov pox On- poraros, worse even than in his other enormities: Plut. de Virt. mul. p. 261. pécwy S€ vuxrdv (ro tdwp éariy) Eavrov Oepporaror, hotter than at any other time: (literally, hottest of itself :) Arrian, de Exp. Al. iii, c. 4. See Fisch. ad Well. ii, p. 148.

Of the comparative degree it is to be remarked,—1. that it has an extenuating or palliative signification: as, bropapydrepos, Herodot. ili, 145. a little crackbrained or harebrained: see Steph. de dial. p. 39. seq.—2. that when two adjectives or adverbs are used in comparing what they respectively signify, not that one only of the two, which shows the excess, is put in the comparative degree, but the other also: as, tpdGupos padXov 7} codwrépa, more willing than wise: (literally, more willing than wiser :) Eurip. Med. 490. éroinaa raxtrepa ij cop¢wrepa, Herodot. iii, 65. vil, 194. gtAorepdrepoy i arAnOtvw@repor, Diod. S. i, 29. So the Latin subtilius, quam verius, and the like.—3. that paddAov is sometimes added to comparatives, as in Eurip. Hee. @avav 3° ay ein paddov evruyéorepos 7) Gav, Vv. 377. Pors.—4. that paddor is followed by other particles as well as 7}, signifying than: ov paddov —icov, sop, F. 1. Huschk. yAveepwrepor—dacoyv, Theocr. ix, 33. see Eurip. Cycl. 147.—On ob paddov or po) paddoy adda, see Schef. ad sop. p. 97.

As a comparative is made by adding padXov to a positive, so a superlative is made by adding—1. pddAcora.—2. other particles, &c. eis ra Eoxyara pada oodds, astonishingly wise: Xen. Lac. Rep. 1, 2. So ravv, ravrws, ravramac, Alay, péya, dyay, kapra, Tapray, Kopon, isxupas, opddpa, rodov, treppuas, &c.—3. noun substantives : imepBodryn, peyé0er, Paus. in Cor. p. 103.—4. Ca: as E€amXovros, exceedingly rich: Herodot. Clio ¢. 32.—5. by repetition of the same word: AEschyl. Suppl. 532. See Fisch. ad Well. Gr. p. 152. Staver. ad Nep. Ages. c. 2.

XIII. As to numeral adjectives it is to be observed,—l1. that the genitive is used elliptically: as, Svoiv POdoa, to make sure of one or the other of two things: Thue. i, 33. underst. @arepov.—2. that the Greeks express a number by specifying how much it falls short of another number: as, mevriKkovra, puds Seovons, éaPev aixpaddrous rprijpes, Demosth. adv. Lept. p. 371. he captured forty-nine triremes: and in another form, mevrijkovra, Svoiv déovra, érn, Thue. ii, 2. mept érn, Evds amwodéovra, Exaroy yeyovws: about ninety-nine years old: Lucian, in Macrob. p. 831. and in a third, puoBopdpoe Gréyor amodéovres Stopvpiwy, mer- cenaries little short of twenty thousand: Arrian, de Exp. Al. i, 15. mezot ov modv Neiwovres puplwy, infantry not much below ten thousand: Polyb. v.—or by specifying its excess above the greatest round or even number contained in it: as, devrépg Odupriade Ext

RULE 13—17.] THE ADJECTIVE. 29

rats éxaroy, in the hundred and second olympiad: Pausan. El. p. 352. rpirn éwi dexddi, the thirteenth day: and, instead of ézi, kai is sometimes used, when the smaller number is changed from an ordinal to a cardinal number: as, rO évi cat rptaxoarg, the one and thirtieth, for rg moarw «ai zp. Herodot. v. see 1 Maccab. vii. Gell. xiii, 12. See Vorst. de Lat. fals. susp. ¢. 27. Grut. ad Cie. Verr. ii, 70.—Sometimes the greater number is understood, e.g. rn éxxaiéeca atediunoe’ TO O€ EPddpy éerarydrOev, for éEBdopo éxt déka : but in the seventeenth he returned. Sometimes a numeral adverb is joined with a cardinal number, as €Gdopnxorrakes éxra, Matt. xviii, 22. seventy times seven.

XIV.—3. That to express the excess of half an integral above any plurality of integrals, the Greeks join with a word compounded of Hut and the name of that integral, the ordinal number marking the numerical place in which that half integral would stand if each of the plurality of integrals and itself were numbered as units: as, two talents and a half, rpirov iypuradavror. four drachme and a half, méprrov ipispaxpoy, Hesych. réraproy ijucov, to réraproy typuord- Tnpov.

XV.—4. That to designate time, a numeral adjective in aZos is often used, which does not agree with any substantive signifying lime, but with some other: as, devrepaios éx rov "AOnvaiwy doreos jy év Lraprn, he was in Sparta on the second day from his leaving Athens: Hercdot. Er. c. 106. dexaratos apixero, he arrived on the tenth day: Arrian, Exp. Al. i, 1. rerapraios éoriv, he has been dead four days: St. Joho xi, 39. See Wetsten.—and interro- gatively: rocratos—éxeice adixoiuny; in how many days could I get there? Xen. Cyrop. v. p. 129. amo rijs payns tperaios agucveirat, he arrives on the third day after the battle: Arrian, Exp. Al. c. 3. See Wakef. ad Soph. Trach 165.—These adjectives in aos are sometimes used as ordinals, and made to agree with the substantive of time: Eurip, Hec. 32. Plato Phed. [p. 22. 1. 20. ed. Bas. prim.] Thue. v, 75. viii, 51. See Pors. ad Hec. 32. Valck. ad Hippol. 247. Mont! ily Rev., Jan. 1799. p. 89.

XVI.—5. That in a few instances the adjective signifying an ordinal number is to be understood to designate a priority also i lime: as, abrds Ypépg tr pit n—elber dw a dromov, on the third day (i.e. before le slew Clitus,) he saw a strange vision: Plut. Alex. p- 693. When it designates posteriority in time, it has a genitive after it, with or without a preposition : as, TéepTry dé ij éxry Hpepg amo tourwy, on the fifth or sixth day after these things: Herodot. iii. p. 92. ed. Camer. devrépw dé érec rouréwy, Herodot. Er. c. 46. in the second year after these things ; rpirnv hpépay avrov ijKovros, the third day after he came: Thuc. viii, 23. Or it is followed by i and a part of a sentence depending on it: as, 77 barepaig—i 7 ay édDo TO motor, on the day after the arrival of the ship: Plato Phed. 2.

XVII. ey That the time in which any thing may be done or come to pass is put in the genitive : as, efov fuepayv Séxa, paddroy dé TpL@v 7 rerrapwy, eis Tov 'EAMomorroy agixyfar: it being prac- ticable to arrive at the Hellespont in ten days, or rather in three or four: Dem, pro Cor. p. 317. dkovoecOe Svoiv i rptay pepay,

30 "Ayulos— AndXos. [CHAP. III. § iif.

you will hear in two or three days: ibid.—7. That the relative of a singular antecedent, with which an ordinal adjective agrees, is found in the plural: deurépay éxiozodjy, év ais, 2 Pet. iii, 1., the relative applying to the first, as well as the second, which by implication in- cludes the first.—8. That to express the number of associates of any person, the name of that person is followed by an ordinal number marking his numerical rank, if reckoned jast, and by the pronoun avros: as, Ilepdfs 6 EavOirmov orparnyos wy dSéxaros avros, being general with nine others: Thue. ii. 13.* Kreirxidns— tTpitos avros éorparnyet, Cleippides had the command with two others: Thuc. itl, 3. ébémenfav — Avorxiéa wéparov avrov orparnyorv, Thue. il, 19. so i, 61, 116. Aristid. pro Quatuorv. p. 225. See Plato de Legg. iii. p. 695. Theocr. ii, 119. Diodor. ii. p. 577. and interrogalively: moocamds é€orparhyyer; or mogros éarparyyer avrds; how many were joined with him in command ? and without a question and without specification of number, odc- yoords, with a few others: Beros. ap. Jos. Ant. x, 11. Jos. ¢. App. p- 1045. 1 Maccab. i, 16.— 9. That a declinable cardinal number, exceeding a hundred, is sometimes joined with a collective noun in the singular: as ytAin imos, a thousand horse: Herodot. See other examples in Steph. Thes. i. 1699. G. So 1 Maceab. ili, 39. iv, 28.—10. That when a numeral adjective forms a compound with éxi, it signifies one integer, and such proportional part of that integer as ‘the numeral adjective before its erie EE with ézt indicates : as éxizpiros, one and its third part ; éméydoos, one and an eighth: Plato Timeus, p. 313. translated by Cie. (de Univ. c. 7.) sesqui- teriium, and sesquioctavum numerum,

SECTION II]—ON SOME PARTICULAR NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, AND SUBSTANTIVES. Alphabetically.

Rute I. 'AyadJs. In the vocative, @yaé has a light shade of iropy or sarcasm, as 0 bone in Latin See Piato Gorg. p, 491. 1. 25.

"Axpos, chief, most eminent, has a partitive genitive, and genitive of the thing as to which the eminence is possessed: rdv mroinroy ot akKpOt Tis TOLWGEWwsS asa of the poets the chief in both kinds of poetry: Plato Thewt, p. 152.1. 44.

"AXXos, like a comparative, has a genitive: aGdXo by aidbihcews émorthpn, knowledge being different from perceplion: Plato Theet. p. 186. adAdAa rav dixaiwy, things different from just things: Xen. Mem. iv, 4, 25. and €érepos has the same construction. See Plato Phad. c.19. So alius in Latin: Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 20. it, 1, 240. Phedr. Prol. 1. iii, 41. Ta adda, in other respects: Plat. Apol. Sucr. p. 41. 1. 25. Herodot. ix, 25. So és 7 &\da, and és re ra Aoiwa, Paus. Ach, p. 401. érepos &AXos, joined, Eurip. Suppl. 573. Barnes. dddos érepos joined, Eurip. Or. 339. Pors.

*«Somma ledit Henry de sortir a ten others.) Voltaire, H. de Charles XII., parlementer pour son profict; commeil fit 1, 2. LUY QuaTRIESME.”’ Montaigne, Ess. y Not unlike my worthy, in English, li. c. 5. (with three others.) ‘Le Minime malus, and the good man, are roi de Pologne n'eut que le temps de said of dull or simple persons.—J. 8, monter a cheval, Lur onzirme.” (2with

ol For Aotwros: Lexedia } &AAn, the rest of Sicily: Plato Ep. 8. p.

307. 1.6. rijv per &AXANY (EvPorar) Oporoyig kareoryoayro, ‘Eortaias dé, &c. and the rest of the island, &c.

“AXore diAXos, and G&AXos Kai GAXos, are used to signify inconsis- tency and variability: &ANore GAAwy éort oywy, he says first one thing and then another: Plato Gorg. p. 482. 1. 9. of & dvdpes &AAoe Kat GAOL mapa rods xpdvous, men change with the times: Aristid. pro Quatuorvir. p. 593. and compounded things are said &AXor &AAws exer, to be perpetually changing: Plato Phed. ec. 22.

“Augw (as well as dpddrepor) refers to two different things in a sentence in which it is syntactically unconnected : “Apgw yap, cat vodaor avawsyes mupdecouv, Kai poe oxopriddev BeBArAnuévo ipa Kope- Zeis: for you both relieve my burning malady, and afford grateful assistance to me, who have been stung by a scorpion: Orph. de lap. in Chab. So Q. Cal. tapadert. i, 20. gicer i} spopy 7) ape porepa, Plato Gorg. p. 542. |. 20. by nature or by aliment, or both. See Hom. Il. y, 179. v, 166.

"Arijp, even in the singular, is put, not for vir, but for homo, a mor- tal: Soph. Gd. C. 566. Aj. 77. It is used for ris, Hom. Il. e, 770. Theogn. 199. See Hor. Od. iii, 1,9. Sometimes it abounds, or at least is not to be translated into Latin: as Aardpuoe avdpes, Q. Cal. Boveddros dino, Id. vi, 347. stonecutters, neat-herd.* So dvOpwros, Luc. ii, 15. Matth. xviii, 23. ’Avjp and ris are joined, Xen. Cyrop. ii, 3, 5. Act. Ap. v, 1. In the plural, @dpes, for the continent, opposed to vijvot, Hom. H. Apoll. 142. Pind. OL. vi, 15.

"Arogpas. *Aroppddes fépat, dies nefasti, in Latin, on which it was unlawful to administer justice ; [from az in a sense of absence, and gpa2w.7] Lucian calls the same drpaxrous, void of business, in which nothing can be transacted; éxaparous, accursed ; juapovs, abominable; aaaiciovs, unlucky, ill-omened. ’Anogpades ijmépac are also the seven days in which offerings were made to the dead. See Meeris Att. and Hesych.

Il. ’Arogpades tivbpwrot, men shunned by all on account of enor- mous wickedness ; execrable miscreants. So pucoropes, taXapvaior, aXtrfipiot, dXaaoropes, Kardpara, évayels, eayrorot, amorporacoe. "A XC- tripetos row Acos, devoted to destruction on account of sacrilege against Jupiter; é rijs 'EXXados aXirhpere, O pest of Greece! [&schin. c. Cites. p. 521.1. 8. Reiske’s ed.]

“Av@pwros is often said of a woman: as, yupyy Thy dv Opwrov, the woman naked: Dion. Hal. wept ovv0. dv. So Plut. de Aud. Poet. p. 20. 1. 47. Athen. xiii. p. 576. Dem. pro Cor. p. 518. 1. 43. Atlian, V. H. xii, 1. xiii, 33. Xen. Cyrop. v. beginning. Dion. Hal. i, p. 64. 1, 8.2. eds also is said of a female.

RULE 1—2.] "A\Nore-— Ar Opwros.

z{lere the English idiom is similar ; Herdsman.—J. 5.

@ Quasi, uw) ola Te ovoa ppaverOa, not to be named: Fustath.—J.S.

b> Adquovovans be THS &VOpamon, but the woman being much distressed: De- mosth. Fals. Leg. p. 402. 1. 24. Reisk. BapPapoyv &vOpwmrov,KaltavTayuvar

Ka, poBndncecbe ; a burbarian, when that barbarian is a woman too? Demosth. de Rhod. Lib. p. 197. 1.12. &Opwros et- vous kal mot), Demosth. in Euerg. et Mnes. p. 1155. |. 28. thy &vOpwmoy eréder- ta, ib. p. 1159. 1. 27. privo della vita molti huomini di ciascun sesso et eta. Guiceiard, |. ii.—J.S.

32 “AvOpwnos—'Agoppy. [CHAP. II. § iv.

“AvOawros, for avip, vir, a husband: &vOpwros cat yuvy, a husband and wife: Mschines. So Matth. xix, 10. "AvOpwros for ris, guidam, some one, a certain person: Mark xi, 1

III. ’Aper)).—1. beneficence, liberality : Thue. ii, c. 40.

IV.—2. natural affection and humanity: oi aperijs ri peramowot- pevo, Thuc. ii, 51. goodwill, benevolence, philanthrophy, Thuc. iv, 86. So in Latin, virtus for benignitas: Plaut. Mil. Gl. i, 1, 82.

V.—3. celebrity, renown: divapis—épovoa és prey rovs moddovs aperjy, Thuc. i. [c. 33. pro eddcgia, Harpocr. See the Etym. So Andocid. See Suid. Wass.]

VI.—4. the proper virtue or excellence of any thing in general: as aperry vis, the goodness of the soil: Thuc. i, [c. 2.] aper) tis xw- pas, the goodness or fruitfulness of the country: Plato de Legg. fElian, V. H. ix, 16. dper) a@paros, health, good habit or constitu- tion of body: Plato Gorg. p. 517. wownrov apern, the proper excel- lence of a poet: ib. v, 21. and # éy rots pérpoes apern, metrical skill: ib. ii, 13. In Xen, Cyrop. iii, 1, 16. dper) comprehends strength of body, fortitude of mind, skill in horsemanship, riches, power.

VII.—5. virtue, duty, honor: yvvaceia apery, Thuc. il, 45. mepi Tov dtkalov Kal rijs AperHs, Thue. iii, 10.

VILL. Thy apyiy, apxiyv, 70 Karapxas, from the first, at first, at all: yaderwrepor, ék movciou wévnra yevéoOat, I} Apyry jy mrov- Tijgac: it is more grievous Lo become poor after having been rich, than never to have been rich at all: Xen. Anab. vii. [7. 17. J epn, ? THY 4pXny ov deity épeé devpo elae\feiv, 3), émetd)) eiandOor, ovyx olor Te elvac TO poy amokreivae pe: at first, at all: Plato Apol. Socr. p. 29.1. 21. See Plato Lys. 265, 32. Georg. p. 478. 1. 24. Soph. Phil. 1232. Antig. 92. El. 439. Herodot. i, 9. iv, 25. Thue. vi, 56. Xen. (Ee. ii, 11. vill, 2. Symp. i, 15. AEschin. in Ctes. p. 509. (70.) Lucian, Symp. 812. In the same sense és apy iy, Paus. in Lac. p. 211.1.16. Kar’ apyas dre: kar’ apyxas 67 HABor, as soon as I had arrived: Plato Ep. iii. p. 310. 1. 19.

IX. A delinquent taken in the fact is said to be éadwkws éx’ atro- gwpy, or simply avrogwpos, or repipwpos, or edrepipwpos, from dwpgr, to detect, to catch in a theft ; and those three substantives are joined with eivat, yivecOat, addiaxecBar, Pavfvac; as, 6 gevywr ex’ avro¢wpy yevopevos, the culprit having been caught in the fact. ’Exavropwpy is properly used of thieves taken with the stolen goods on them; but it came to be applied to persons detected in the commission of any crime, as adultery, John viii, 4.

SECTION. IV.

RULE I. 'Agoppi.—1. a power of shunning what is destructive: Beat. Damasce.

Il.—2. substance, fortune, means of living: as, pndepiav &pop piv éxee rod Biov, tl n’a aucun moyen de vivre. See Xen. Mem. iii. [12, 4.] Demosth. pro Phorm. p. 601. 1. 6. and means, in general ;

RuLe 1—6.] Baowevs-—AjAos. 35

occasions, facilities: rod yap mreious Apoppas eis TO Tv rape Yedy edvoray Exec Opw bpiv évovcas, 3} éxetvy : que vous avez beaucoup plus de moyens que lui d'obtenir la bienveillance des Dieux: De- mosth. Ol. ii. p. 8. 1. 51. See Xen. Mem. ii, 7, 11. Schol. Eurip. cited by Hindenb. ad Xen. and Suid.

IIl.—3. a deposit, a fund to draw upon, in a bank ; this the later Greeks called év04«n, which comprehends all precious possessions.

IV.—4. for éppy, natural desire, instinct: Plut.—5. in a rhetori- cal view, pretext, handle, occasion, for narration, for disquisition, for argumentation, &c. Dion. Hal. de Lysia. Plut.

Baauveds, by itself sometimes, and sometimes with péyas or 6 péyas, signifies, by way of eminence, the king of Persia: Demosth. de Rhod. Lib. p. 83. 1. 5. Xen. Mem. iv, 2, 33. #lian, V. H. i, 22. [ef. Aristoph. Ach. 647. Corn. Nep. in Ages. 2.] Plato Gorg. p. 524. Aristid. Or. in Rom. p. 352. Arrian, Exp. Al. c. 1. Alian, V. Hi. xii, 1. ZEsch. Dial. ii, 4. Eustath. ad Dion. Perieg. v. 1056. rav Ilep- owv is added by Dinarchus, in Demosth. p. 96. 1. 26. and by others.

BotAnza sometimes means scope, drift, purport: rovro yap poe Soxet tov pnuatwy rd BovAnpa eiva, Aristid. pro Quatuorv. p. 423. and by the same kind of personification the verbs GovAecbar and é0éXey are applied to inanimate things to signify tendency, approxi- mation, ability, &c. inthem: Potderac perv rovro, 0 viv éyw Opa, elvae olov dAdo Tt THY OvTwY, évdeet O€, &c. Plato Phedr. c. 19. ra péev obv xwpia kal ru dévdpa ovdéy pw EGEXeEt Stddoxery, Plato Pheedr. p- 230. cf. Xen. Mem. ili, 12. extr.

Bég in the dative, with a genitive after it, signifies against the incli- nation or will of what is expressed by the genitive: as, (ig hyor, against our will: Thuc. i, 43. Big Ovpod, unwillingly, contrary to my inclination: Eurip. Alc. 832. Big rev dnpapxwyr, in spite of the tribunes, in defiance of the tribunes: Plut. in Ces. p. 719.° [See Abresch, Auct. Dil. Thuc. p. 222.] Sometimes the genitive is understood: as, Big oby—olyona devywr, Plato Symp. 32.

V. AciAn, by itself, signifies twilight, either in the morning or ‘in the evening. It is often joined with words denoting different parts of the day: deéAns évas, early dawn ; deidns dias, late, in the evening, about sunset ; deiAns peanuPptas, noon.

VI. Ajdos, &dydos, davepds, and other similar adjectives, instead of being put in the neuter with the impersonal verb, followed by @s or ért, or by an accusative and infinitive, are elegantly made to agree with the nominative case of the verb, followed by a participle also agreeing with that nominative: as, diAds éorte tapavopyjoas, he has evidently transgressed: for d4X6v éorw avrov rapavopiaa. So pave- pos with a future participle, Demosth. pro Cor. [p. 231. 1. 16. ed. Reisk.] and GyAos: Eore dé ov« Gdndros épwrv, it is plain that he means to say: Demosth. in Mid. Instead of a participle, @s, or dre, is sometimes subjoined to the verb: @s ov zpdOupuds pe ef diddéa, dijAos ef: Plato Euthyphr. p, 14. 1. 20. it is plain that you are not

© "Avéwtay ras miAas piv Bla ra@v spite of the multitude: Demosth. adv. moXAGv: they opened the gates tous in Lept. p. 473. 1. 3. Reisk,—J.S. Viger.

34 Aiaira— Epyor. [CHAP. III. § iv.

willing to teach me. ér« in Xen. Cyrop. iii, 3, 12. cf. Xen. Ce. vii, 8. ddnXAos éorev et, Plut. in Ces. p. 710. KarayeAgs pou, dijXos ei: you are plainly laughing at me: Aristoph. Av. 1408. For other adjectives so used, see below R. 7. 10. Chap. vi. Sect. 1. R. 13. Diod, Sic. xi, 27. See Fisch. ad Well. iii, 313.

Alara is not only @ certain mode of living, but a place, an apart- ment: ras rov Oepardvtwy dcairas, the bedchambers of the servants: Plut. Dieta, Plin. ii. ep.17. Italso signifies an arbitration, xpiots apo dixkns, Meeris Att. "Evdcairnpa, an abode, residence.

VII. Aicacos is used in the same manner as dyjA0s, &e. See R. 6. ry aiztiay ovrés éare dixatos éyew, it is just that he should bear the blame: Demosth. pro Cor.

VIEL. Aicatov, a defect, an objectionable particular; forming a plea, or just ground for accusation or opposition ; ayOoiuny ay ei touro plovov ddéatue dSixatov Katnyopeivy rov véuov, Demosth. adv. Lept. [p. 477. 1. 6. ed. Reisk.]

"Eyxikdca tacdebdpara, the liberal arts: Plut. wept waid. cay. called collectively éycuxAowaeia, See Schott. Obs. Hum. ii, 1.

IX. ’EgovAns dicn, [from é&etAdw, to eject ; or éLob\New, 6 éorw efwOew cai éxBadrdrev, Hesych.] an action or prosecution against a per- son who expelled another from his property, or detained it from him :4 Demosth. in Mid. [p. 528. 1. 12. ed. Reisk.] Aristides uses the expression metaphorically, saying that no one could éfovAns Aayeww Tis yijs against the Athenians; because they passed for airdyOores, and therefore could not be accused of ouster with regard to Attica. Panath.

X. ’Exidofos is elegantly employed like dSijAos, &ce. R. 6. émidokds—éoriv &WecAar 70d Kapot, he is expected to seize the opportunity: éxidokés éariv—nabeiy, he is likely to suffer. See Oudend. ad Thom. M.

XI. "Epyov sometimes signifies interest of money, as in Demosth. in Aphob. [p. 816. 1. 16. Reisk.]° office, province, business: kai xpoo- érake ry madi rovro éye Epyor, and he assigned this to the boy as his business: lian, V.H. viii, c. 15. See Aristoph. Av. 862. Hence épyov €or is rendered decet, it becomes, it is the part of, as in ov« ér’ Epyov éyxabevdery, doris Ear éXevMepos : it no longer becomes, or is the part of, any freeman to slumber in this affair: Aristoph. Lys. 615. [614.] and by another gradation it signifies custom or way, eos: ’AOnvaiwy Epyor, éXehoavTes avrovs,—énomoare: You did as the Athenians are accustomed to do: Aschin. Ep. xiii. See another example in Seet. i. R. 1. p. 84. and in this sense épyoyw is sometimes suppressed : Hdiotper av,—kal oby far érocwoiper: we should have acted unjustly, and not like ourselves ; or, not after our usual manner: Avistid. Or. Leuctr. ii, p. 72. Sometimes it signi-

4 See Demosth. in Mid. p, 540. 1. 24. of a law-court.—J.S. Reisk. and 543. 1. 27. adv. Callipp. p. © Td dpxaiov, the principal; 1d epyov, 1240.1. 22. where the éfotAn consists in the interest: Dem. in Aphob, p. 819. 1. 2. refusing to pay, or deliver up one’s goods Reisk.—J.S. to satisfy, a debt incurred by a sentence

RULE 7—14.] ‘Ereov—'Erotpos. 35

fies difficulty, arduous undertaking : épyov pa) ovv7jOer ovrt, Karapa- Geiy ravra, Aristot. H. An. vi.

XII. In the plural ra épya often signifies cultivated lands: Hom. Il. pw, 283. Od. B, 22. Snwcas carta épya, Solon. Xen. in Kurnyer. p. 978.—and dpyas, ados, is uncultivated land. "Epya apyi- peca, or simply apyvpeca, or apyvpia, silver mines: Xen. de Redit. weet. 5, £1, 19.034. Xen... Mem... ii,..5,°2:. ni, 6; 12... Demesth. Chers. [p. 100. 1. 27. Reisk.] “Epyoy is joined with the verb yiyveo- Gar, to signify accomplishment, fulfilment, effect: as, éxet riyy mpaécv Epyov yeyovérvar, that the enterprise, or deed, (the siaughter of Cesar,) was accomplished in that place: Plut. Ces. p. 739. mpiv i) riv bmdaxeaty Epyov aor yevécOa, before you have fulfilled your pro- mise: Lucian, Dem. Enc. p. 904. raya rijs buerépas yéyovey Epyor OdAvywpias, perhaps it was the effect of your negligence: Lucian, Ib. p. 910.—or, that upon which any effect is produced ; the subject of it: Paiov Aavdrov Epyov éyévovro, the victims of a violent death: lian, vii, 2. BédXwy Epyov Kal rokeias yeyevnpuérvor, victims, &c. Heliod. Ath. i, 1. Keirae XapikXkeca, cat wodkepias yetpos épyov—yeyérvnrar Ib. i, 4, wodépov Epyov payopévous ye- véaOat, Ib. vi, 13.—It signifies any great event: Tpwikoy épyor, the Trojan war: Arrian, Exp, Al. i, 11. é& abrov tov Ep you, time- diately after the calamity: (of the sacking of Thebes,) Ib. c. 18. mpo tov épyov rov év Mapadax, before the achievement or victory at Marathon: Paus. in Ach. p. 425. [and in the plural, dro rev mept Mapadadva épywy, Dion. Hal. Ant. R. v. p. 291.] Also a crime: To Epyov ro wept tov "Irvy, Thuc. ii, 29,—An undertaking or enterprise : épyov poy éxecOat, or’ av adixero airos, not to engage in the undertaking, (a siege,) before he himself arrived: Arrian. Méya épyov in apposition with a noun to signify magnitude: 6 éé xeppadiov Aa/3e xewpt Tvdeidns, péeya Epyov: Hom. Il. €, 303./

XIII. ’Eredy is by nature an adjective, from éw or eivéi: et Eredy Kadyas parvreverac: true, ddnOes, Hom. Il. 6, 800. But it is com- monly used adverbially, signifying,—1. really, seriousiy, in truth: I]. 9, 359. 0, 53. Aristoph. Vesp. 8.—2. obsecro, prithee, I pray, en vérité, en bonne foi, in reality: (interrogatively,) od & ef ris éreov; Aristoph. Eq. 730. See Aristoph. Nub. 93. 1502. Vesp. 832.

XIV. “Erotpzos sometimes signifies, in store, ready for use, or for supply : pasroi—adipeus éxippéovros Er oi pov yadaxzos, Plut.in Amil. p- 262. KdArous pevpatra—ek éroépns cal broxemmévns Upeévras apxijs ° cavities or reservoirs emitting streams froma source always subsisting in readiness: Plut. Ib. ’Eé éroipov, readily, at will: orparwras €£ éroipov Ay ly, Isocr. ad Phil. &€& éroipov cadois w@yabots pidor eivac, Xen. Mem. ii, 6, 16. @& érotpou rayaba a&Ppda owpndor kexAnpovounxéra: without trouble, ready to his hands: Philo de Legat. ad Caium.

f According to the foregoing account duct of any action or operation, which it of épyov,its meanings must be very various might not, upon such a plan of expli- indeed, some myriads perhaps; for there cation, be said to signify,—J. 3. is no action or operation, no effect or pro-

36 Evovupos— laos. (CHAP. 11K. § v.

Eiovupos, the left, was originally substituted for dptorepds, as a word of better omen, being derived from ed and édvopa. Afterwards the use of it prevailed without any superstitious regard :¢ Thuc. i, 48, ii, 107. Arrian, de Exp, Alsi, p. 6.1. 1,6. 'p.:7. 1.26. p. 14! L7.ipesis 1.°5519; 34 pS 7 al, 2A, Fai Matth. -xx:2 1, 23, .xmvy 41. xxvii, 38. Rev. x, 2. Act. Ap. xxi, 3. See Huds. ad Thuc. i, 126.

Odrepor, (formed of 70 érepov,) preceded by dvoir, is especially used in dilemmas. Avoiy @arepov, either—or; one or the other: being often used absolutely (and sometimes parenthetically) with an ellipsis of dvdayn, adnOes, cagés éorrv, or the like. See Aristid. pro Qua- tuorv, p. 469.

SECTION V.

Rute I. “Inzos in the feminine signifies cavalry: * Herodot. i. 80. where too, 4 kaundos, a troop of camels. So i Bots, a herd of oxen: see Thom. M. p. 169. “Imzos in composition with other words augments their significations: imroyrvépwy, exceedingly discerning: éxw 8¢€ rovrwy Oupoy immoyvopova, Aschyl. in Jacul. immoBapova pyyara, high-sounding words, rant: (ixmorvdia, Lucian, de Conscr. Hist. c. 54.) Aristoph. Ran. 839. [821. Br.] called pyya® ixro- xkpnpva, Aristoph. Ran. 960. [929. Br.] i. e. excessively rough and rugged, as it were. irmadexrpywy, magnus gallus, Aristoph. Ran. [932. 937. Av. 800. Pac. 1177.] See Fisch. ad Well. iii. p. 237. Bots has the same effect in composition as irzos: Povrats, a great boy, a lad: BovXApos, Bova, ravenous hunger: see Aristoph. Plut. 874. called also GovGpworts by Hom. Il. w, 532. and Callim. Cer. 103. and Bovrewa by Callim. Cer. 24. Bovydios, a braggadocio : Hom. Il. », 824. Od. 0, 8. fovveBpos, a large hind or fawn: see Etym. M. Meer. Tricl. ad Soph. Aj. 232. Tpis also is added to adjectives to increase their signification: rprspaxdpws, thrice happy, very happy: rpiBapBapos, extremely barbarous. So the neuter of ras: wavaogos, consummately wise: mayxados, most beautiful ; and maykadws, adv. Plato Phedr. p. 171. aaprdynpos, utterly bad: Aristoph. Ach. 934. Sometimes with superlatives: mappéy.oros, Alian, V. H. x. c. 2. wapaparos, Pind. Isthm. 6. Hom. II. ¢, 93. navuoraros, and adverbially wavioraroy, for the very last time: Aristoph. Ach. 1133. Eurip. Or. 367. 1021.

Il. "Ioos. 1. tcov iam émupéper, to make a just requital, par pari referre: expressed also by perpety 7)v tony, (potpay viz.) or rots tants cpeiPec0ar, with an accusative of the thing or person: as 7)y evep- yeciay, the benefaction: or roy evepyerjcavra, the benefactor. But igov iow sometimes means equal parts of wine and water: and the phrase is used adverbially, or unconnected syntactically with the rest of a sentence: as, girornoias ioov toy Kexpapévas, love-cups of equal -

«6 But see H. Steph. Thes, ii. 1332. *"Innouv edalvns tyeuav Tpiopuplas. C—Jede Eschyl. Pers. 320. Blomf.—J.S.

RULE I—6.]

"loos.

37

parts of wine and water: Alexis ap. Athen, Deipn. x. p. 431. See also Hippocr. de Nat. Mul. p. 570. |. 48.

Ill. Tév towy truyxave, to meet with one’s deserts ; either ina good or bad sense. ’Azo rov ‘oov, or azo rijs tons, on an equality, with equal rights, on equal terms ; and é« row tou, t the same: Julian, Misopog. p. 359. and éxt 77 ton, to which Kat opoig is sometimes added: Thuc. i, 26. and in the plural, ézi rots ‘taots Kai 6poiots rodireveoOat, to live in a state on an equality with the citizens. But é& toov, étions, and éxions, signify equally: Julian, Misopog. p. 358. Antonin, eis éaur. |. il. c. 8. éx’ tons atiws, worthily, suitably, adequately, as the subject deserves; pro rei dignitate: Lucian, Dem, Ene. t. ili. p. 498. ed. Amst. p. 891.

IV. The following constructions of ra ica are to be remarked : ov péreori TOY Lowy, oOvde TaY Opoiwy, w avdpes ’AOnvaiot, rpds TOS movaiovs trots rodXots pov: the generality of us, or, we, the main body of the people, are by no means on a par with the rich, in obtaining redress, or maintaining our rights: we have not equal favor shown us: Demosth. in Mid. [p. 551.1. 9. ed. Reisk.] Lowy ov peretxe Tots &AXows, id.”

VI. “Ioor, with a dative, signifies, —l. ma philological or gramma- tical use, equivalent : as, pu) éyylions poe (Exod. i il, 5.) icov to Miy mpoarBe roauryn duagkéWer: i. e. the expression pry é. @. is equivalent to poy w. T. 8. —2. adverbially, equally with, as much as: icov yap opty maowv annhyxOero Knpi pedaivn, car ils le haissoient tous comme lamort : Hom. Il. y. Soin the plural : moka 8 Expege dia Ocarw *Ica pirovae Téxeoot, Hom. Il. e, 70. in which sense éy tow is used. With ef cal: év tog, ei Kat pander @ ay jaGero, just as if he had perceived nothing. With a dative: év tog pndev io Onpe évq, just like one who had per- ceived nothing: [like this is év Opoi, the same thing: Thue. ii, 25.] and in the same meaning plurally: toa «cat rexvidiov Adcorov carapirei, equally with, as much as; ica xal ixéra éopév, we are the same as suppliants: Thue. iii, 14. See Hor, Od. ii, 18, v. 32—34. i, 4, v. 13. tl, 1, v. 13. And with an infinitive : zodXot otrwot mus &ro- kpivoyvrat, tga Kal pa) akovoa pojre év:' many answer as if they had

TOV

+ Viger says that in this passage the idiom tots &AAots july is to be noted, as exactly answering to the French @ nous autres ; but juiy is not in the passage as quoted by Viger, and I have not been able to find the place in Demosth.—Hooge- veen affirms that %AAos so abounds in Lucian’s dialogues, but does not refer to the place. I therefore give the following examples of &%AAos so redundant : abr dip *Odvace's Teper’ evi perv ow akotwr, mde Kal “AAAOI PAIHKES, Hom. Od. 6, 368. ei ydp Tro. Kal xpiw eyxdpiov ~AAAO yevnrat, Hes. Op. 341. The meaning of HAAo in this last passage is discussed, or rather abandoned, by Steph. in his The- saur. t. iv. c. 666. D.E.F.G.—kal af waxou Ve, Kal of Odvarot, dia TavTAY THY SLapopar’,

Tots TE AxXaiois kal Tots “AAAOIS TPNSIN eyevoyto, Plato Alcib. i. p. 218. |. 27. ed. Basil. prim. &@ kowd, v) Ata, mio trdpxer Tots Gywvitouevuis mapa THs ToY ~AAAQN “*YMQN tcews: Dem. in Aristog. p. 794. 1.9. Reisk. So in Italian: Ma voi atrrr dite; Chicchesia potra dire &c. St. Matth. xv. 5. transl. of Martini, Arch- bishop of Florence. Un pensar al fine puo dare la vita a noi atrri meschini. Inscript. in Notes on Byron’s Ch. Harold, c. iv.—J.S.

* Iwish Viger had given some autho- rity for this phrase. The following is an example of %ca kat with an infinitive, but in a very different construction: Nuxo- aTpatov woTe—avayiweokovTds TL TOD ToL- TOV avT@ TE Kal Kparyti, Tov ev ouvdiars-

38 Kaipoi— Kupia. [CHAP. III. § v.

not heard a syllable. And with dzep &v: icov &y ein reica, drep av, ro Aeyopevor, AiBov éeVijoar: that one might as well try to boil a stone, as the saying is, as to persuade him: Asch. Socr. Dial. wepi movr.

VII. Tov és tcoy ra épya époiws cai rovs A\6yous—xaioravra, whe has made good his words: Thuc. i.—which might have been thus expressed also, toa rots Adyots ra épya x. When number is spoken of, it signifies as many: mevrijxovra péev mwaidas, icouvs bé avdpas, Thue. i, 115. So Arrian, de Exp. Al. ii. c. 2. Some- times a dative of the thing equalled is added ; as, yetpas dé rérrapas eixe, Kat oxéAn Ta toa rais xepat, Plato Symp. p.189. Sometimes the accus. ap:Opuor follows igos, as in Arrian, Exp. Al. i. p. 12. in fine. [For tcov tow see R. 2.]

To tcov, as a substantive, justice, right, law: wodépw paddov jj ro tog HPovdryOncay ra éyx«Ajpara pereOetv, by war rather than by fair discussion of right: Vhuc. i, 34. As an adjective, with a genitive : Tijs ag’ poy airias ro toow ékere, equal blame: Thuc. i, 39. Hs compound #jpcous, instead of being put in concord with a substantive, has sometimes a genitive of that substantive afterit; as, cara 70 Sekidr xépas—ra@v “Ayptavwy érdxOnoay ot hpioees, Arrian, Exp. Al. iii, c. 12.

VIII. Karpot, opportunities, means, capabilities, either for good or evil: ywpiov—é pera peyictwy Kaip@yv oixewvrac kai roepovrat, Thucyd. i. p. 26.

IX. Kaka, trumpery, trash: riv pév év Opgden Kaxav (ri yap GAO tis ay eimoe Apoyyidor cai KaGvdAny cat Maorespov— ;) éxcOupeiv : to have a desire for the beggarly places in Thrace: Demosth, de Chers.

X. Kaxwous rijs érapyias is repetundarum, extortion ; or spolia- tion of a province; but peculation is KXom) rév Snpociwy (ypnparwy Viz.)

Kaka (neut. plur.) signifies any excellences in general: Lucian, Dem. Enc. p. 900.

XI. Ta xowa, for affability, condescension, civility: rots kotvois Kai pravOpworots éraxbeis tov avdpos, Plut. in Publ. p. 99. B.

XII. Kardypews, trdypews, tréyyvos ovcia, property encumbered with debt, pledged, mortgaged. davéradgos (often joined with txoGjxn) ovoia, the contrary: ovaia gavepa (Demosth. de Pace) [p. 59. 1. 5. Reisk.] real property, or immoveable goods: ovcia aparijs, personal property, or moveables.

XIII. Kupia (jjuépa viz.) the day fixed for a trial at law: Eurip. Or. 48. Achill. Tat. viii, 405. mv cvpiav dporoyev, to undertake or find sureties for appearance, vadimonium promittere ; awavrdgy eis tiv Kuplayv, to appear on the day, obire vadimonium : rijs xupias aro- Aeireabar or iorepeta0at, to fail uf appearance, vadimonium deserere. Kupia is also put for any appointed day; as is agwpiopévn, taxr), amoreraypévn, vevoulopnevn.

Gerba, Tov 8 toa kal uh akovaa: Diog. Laert. in Polem. p. 145. 1. 27. ed. H. St, 12mo.

RULE 7—16.] Kipios—Adyos. 39

XIV. So 4 rpo8ecuia is used either for a fixed and appointed day in general, [see Lucian, Nigr. p. 39. C. F. ed. Salmur. and Galat. iv, 2.] or for one fixed for some legal proceeding : whence izeprjpepos Tis rpolecpias, one who has failed to appear, or to comply with the sentence of a court, by the time appointed ; a defaulter ; or simply umepypepos, [Demosth. in Mid. p. 518, 1. 2. 540, |. 23. in Laer. p. 927. 1. 1. in Steph. i. p. 1123. 1. 4. ed. Reisk.] or éxxpéOecpos, or treprpd0eopos. Hence iepijpepov Nafseir, and eiozparreiv, Dem. ll. c. and brepnpepia, the last day allowed for the above-mentioned purposes? He who appeared on the appointed day was said to be éuzpobecpos.

XV. Related to this subject is the phrase épijun dicn, or épnpodéixcoy, or simply épyun: i.e. a@ cause in which there was.a failure of ap- pearance. Hence épjpny AaPeiv or éEdeiv, to have judgment by default; épyjpny carnyopeiv, to accuse a person in his ab- sence: Plato Ap. Socr. p. 18. |. 28.

XVI. Kips vopos, a law in force; one which the people rots Unogicpace Kipiov rexoinxe, has* passed by their suffrages ; axvpos, re- jected or repealed ; ovk dv, as f py ovca dixn, a cause heard, decided, done with. ”Axypot ray éavréy, or rey Tpds avrovs, persons deprived of the management of their affairs, as ocixopOdpa, guilty of vixop@opia, spendthrifts, ruiners of their fortunes and families.

Kupwois, and xitpos, power, efficacy, distinguishing character, vir- tue or faculty, essence: Plato Gorg. p. 450. 1. 20. 40. [p. 304. 1. 19, 28. ed. Bas. prim.] expressed by cegadauoy, p. 453. and in another form by the verb xvpdw, and its participle kvpovpevos, p, 451. 1. 17, 32. and 1, 27.

SECTION VI.

RuLE I. Adyos. [See Niceph. Greg. techn. gramm. p. 344. ap- pended by Hermann to the treatise de emend. rat. Gr. gramm.] See Plato Theat. p. 206. 208. Adyov airety, to ask leave to speak ; Adyov diddvat, to give permission to speak ; Néyov AaPeir, and Adyov ruxety, to receive permission to speak.

II. Adyov &:d6vat, arodidévat, brocyeir,* lo give account, to render account: see Plato Cratyl. p. 426. Phed. p. 63. Gorg. Adyor Syreiv, Aapavery mapa tuvos, Or ararety, to demand or take an account from him: Demosth. de Chers. [p. 101. 1. 16. Reisk.] Phil. i. [p. 49. 1. 19.] de Chers. [p. 99. 1. 15.] and [in Onetor. p. 868.1. 5.] Some- times Aoyor diddvae is to submit to interrogation, to answer questions: Demosth. Ol. ii, p. 9. 1. 44. like which is év 79 péper d:dé6vace éheyxov, to expose one's self to refutation in one’s turn: Plato

J See Demosth. in Euerg. &c. p. 1162. ferring to it in the plural: ‘ And all 1, 27. Reisk, Ib. 1154. 1. 8.—J.S. the way the joyous people sings, And * More properly perhaps have: but with their garments strowes the paved Spenser construes people with a verb in street.” F. Q.i, xii, 13. the singular, although in the same sen- * Demosth. de Fals, Leg, p. 371.1, 18, tence he puts a possessive pronoun re- Reisk.—J.S.

40 Adyos—Meépos. [CHAP. III. § vii.

Gorg. p. 474. 1. 11. and Adyow Scddvar, to enter into con- versation.

III. Adyoy éaurg diddvar is to consider a matter, to weigh it well, to turn it inone’s mind: Plut. de Orac. Def. p. 419.

IV. Adyor rapéxery, ws, to give people a pretext or occasion to say, that, &c. appréter a parler,—dabimus sermonem iis qui nesciunt, &c. Cic. Ep. ad: Div, ix, 3.

V. Aoyo..—1. with reference to the meaning rather than to the words themselves: rives ovv joav of rapa rovrov Adyoe Tore pyOév- tes; what then was the language which he held at that time? Demosth. pro Cor.—2. considered as mere words, Adyor ravra Kal oxies, Demosth. [What we familiarly call fudge, or humbug. |

VI. Eis Adyous éAdeiv, or iévat, Or karagrivat, Or cuvedGeiv, or curveé- vat, Or agucéobat, to enter into conversation: trav épot amtkopévwr és Adyous, of those who have talked with me: Herodot. ii.—and év Ady eivat, to be engaged in conversation ; étre en propos avec quelqu'un.

VIt. But év Adyors eivat, or wodds é. Xr. €. is, to be much celebrated ; and on the contrary, ovr’ év Adyy, ovr’ év apiOuy, of no name or account: Orac. ap. Suid. de Aginetis.

VIII. Adyos, by itself, it is rumoured, it is said: ws dOyos, as it is rumoured.

IX. Acyos with a pronoun, opinion: os cos Adyos, as you maintain: Plato Gorg. p. 477. kar’ éuov ye Adyor, as I think, according to my opinion.

X. Adyos reds, sermo pedestris ; either prose, properly so called, as in Strabo, i. p. 18, (and in which sense Plato opposes te2y éyerv to pera pérpwr: cf. Lucian. de Conser. Hist.) or, a style plain and prosaic, although metrical.—Adyos alone is also used for prose, as in Aristot. Poet. i, 19. iii, 26. and in the plural, Adyo, Plato Gorg. p. 502. and Adyor LidAol, as in Plato de Legg. ii. p. 93. ed. Bip. Hence Adytor, prose-writers: Pind. Pyth. i, 183. Nem. vi, 51. but in v. 75. Aoyiovs means writers in general.

"Ev Adyy, with some genitives, is under the name of: as in Herodot. Er. c. 23. ‘Evi Adyp, in a word, in sum: Plato Gorg. p. 524.1. 31. Phd. c. 45.

‘Ikavds Adyos, ample scope for holding forth or discourse: Plato Gorg. p. 512.1. 23. Adyos words ay ein dueeOetv, it would require a long discourse to enumerate or recount. dN ei per Oapparéws éyw éyw mpos Oavaror, i} py), &AAos Adyos: is another matter, is foreign to the present purpose: Plato. Gre 8€ GaddAg yaipovow,— dddos éarac XNéyos: there will be another time for discussing : Athen. Deipnos. xiii. p. 587. See Aristot. Poet. ii, 24. Eth. Nic. i, 5. Magn. Mor. i, 4. 5.

SECTION VII.

RULE I. Mépos.—ra év péper, or ra emt pépous, Or ra Kara pépos, particulars. So ra xa’ éxacrov. Il. "Ev péper, or cara pépos, one by one, separately ; also, in turn:

RuLE 1—5.] Mépos— Méoos. 4i

Plato Gorg. p. 462. Thue. iii. c.49. Also cara pépos, by portions, part at atime: pupiice raparaiapevos Kara pépos rpraxoclats, Plut. Ces. p. 715. 1. e. in different battles at different times. ’Ar0d pépovs, tn some measure, in some degree: Rom. xv, 15. 24. So &k pépous, 2 Cor. il, 5.

III. ’Ev peéper, in the part or place of, i.e. for, as: év ciepye- gias péper, for, or as, a kindness: év obdevds méper, tn no ac- count or estimation: Demosth. Ol. ii. év ibtmrouv pépec, in the condition of a private person: Isocr. in Evag. p 382.

IV. Mépos, one of a number or company. See Virg. En. ii, 6. x, 427.737. Ov. Her. Ep. iti, 46. viii, 46. de Pont. iv, 1. [35.]

V. Mépos, power, abilities; or part or concern: ro épév ye pépos, as far as Lam able, to the best of my abilities ; ro cov pépos, as far as you are concerned, as far as in you lies: Plato Crito § 5, 11, wartwy épijpous, TARY Goov TO cov pwépos: but for you, unless you prevent it: Soph. Gid. R. 1509. Sometimes pépos is elegantly suppressed in the phrase: as, 76 y' époy Eromoy, éav ovros é%édy : for my part, I am ready: Plato Theag. p. 128. 1.20. ro yotr époy, #lian, V. H.i, 32. In the same sense, 70 én’ évé, or eis ee jixov pépos, or without pépos: as, 70 eis airdv ijxov. Also écov poe ye pépos éxtfsdddet, or 70 prot weBGdAov. See below Sect. ix. R. 6.

Méoos.—1. 70 pécov, medium, middle condition or course, by which to avoid the extremities of some alternative: Mschin. c. Ctes. p. 287.1. 24. [p. 483. 1. 9. ed. Reisk.] where iajpyev is equivalent to avayKn v.—2. év péow is said of, time intervening: vii év pécg, kal raphpev—eis rv éxcdyclay: after a night had passed, we &c. ZEsch. c. Ctes. p. 284. 1. 36. ypdvos év péaw, cai—avaxadoior tov lwdvyny, after some time they recall John: Euseb. Hist. Ecel. tii, 23. See Propert. iii, 14. init. Ov. Met. iv, 167. Fast. iii, 809. Virg. An. ix, 395. Cic. Catil. i,c.2. In the same sense, ob rodd TO év péoy, kai ol orparimrat, &c. not long afterwards: Photius in Exc. Herodian.—3. but, without cai following, év péow is said of an obstacle: ri—év péow rod ovppitac: what hinders them from being united? Xen. Cyrop. v. p. 113. [v. Dorv. ad Charit, p. 601.]—and 4.-without Kal, 7d év pécy signifies difference: as, wohd 70 éy péow, there isa great difference. And, with allusion toa race, ov pukpo TO péow, by no small distance or interval, by no small superiorily : Heliod. Ath. vii, c. 10.—5. év péow, publicly, openly, in public: Aristid. pro Quatuorv. p. 495. Plut.in Ces. p. 721. v. Dorv. ad Charit. p. 547. "Ev pécg, near, at hand, ready: Theocr. Id. xxi, 17. Xen. (Ee. v, 7. Anab. iii, 1, 21. See Ter. Ad. iii, 4,7. and cf. Bergl. ad Aleiphr. iii, 3. p. 235.—6. péaos, with two genitives, may be rendered between: rijs dé év KopivOy paxns, wai rijs év Aeyaiy, pécos dpywy EiPoudidys: Aristid. pro Quatuorv. p. 474. ra tpipwra péca TOV Adovwy eorl kai Tov dwrvnévror. V. Ov. Met. x, 174. 233. Hor. Od. ii, 19, 28.—7. pésos, with a genitive, signifies in the middle of what is expressed by the geni- tive; as, vavy péony cr\vdwvos, a vessel in the midst of the waves: Gregor. Naz. Carm. de se ipso, v. 52. So Matth. xiv, 24. v. Virg. En. ii, 508. x, 56, 379. xii, 564.—8. [The example under

Viger. FP

42 Motpa—Méyas. [CHAP. 111. § vil.

this head has nothing peculiar to the word pécos.J—9. bia pésov, in a parenthesis, Sch. Thuc. e. g. ad iii, 20. but év 76 dca pécov xpdry, is, in the mean time: Herodot. Ur. c. 27.—10. péoos ou- caorys, Thuc. iv, 83. an arbitrator, an umpire: v. Ov. Met. v, 564. pécos woNXirns, Thuc., a citizen of middle condition; between the richest and poorest. Mécos, a middle-aged man: épya véwy, Bovdat &€ péour, evyai dé yepdrvTwy, v. attributed to Hesiod.—11. pécoy hapBavev, to take by the middle; also, to intercept: Plut. mapadr. ‘EXA. cat ‘Pop. p. 305. 307.

VI. Moipa.—1. whatever is allotted or appointed by providence: Odyss. 7, 592. sch. Dial. i. extr. [p. 653. 1. 33. ed. Basil. prim. ] Xen. Mem. il, 3, 18. Odyss. v, 171.—Hence, by consequence, 2. whatever is just, right, fit, decorous. év poipg, and kara poipay, rightly, properly, duly, becomingly, Hom. Od. x, 54. Od. ¢, [352.] Od. [v, 48.] Od. 6. [496.] Od. pw, 35.’—3. state or condition of life, Plato Cratyl. p. 398. 1. 20. and estimation or repute. See Plato Crit. p. 51.1. 10.—4. Moipa:, Parce, the deities presiding over fate. ’Ev poipq, with a genitive, is used in the same manner as éy pépec above, R. 3.

VII. Mnéeis followed by pijre—pijre, and two substantives, with the first only of which it agrees in gender: pydepiuy pire yap pyre dvépa, &c. Demosth. de Fals. Leg.

VILL. Mnyari, possibility. Oddepla pnxar), with an infinitive, ié is impossible, or it can by no means be, &e. ei viv pnyary ms yévoiro, Wore Todkw yevréoMac épacray, &c. if therefore it were possible, if it could by any means come to pass, that, &c. Plato Symp. c. 6. cf. Plato Apol. c. 15. Phed.c. 36. Hence aunyavia, perplexity, dilemma, straits, and apnxavéw, to be unable: Mian, Visi sayts:

IX. Interrogatively, ris unyavy ; how is it possible that? &c. With or without a negative: see Plato Phd. [p. 28. 1. 35. ed. Basil. prim.]

X. Mexpov and péya, or pet2or, are elegantly joined, both in afhir- mations and negations: érnpedewy épol cuveyos, Kat pexpa Kai pelew, in every possible way: Demosth. in Mid. pjre re AvwetoGar, pare HdeoOar, pare péya pyre opexpdov: in any degree, much or little: Plato Phileb. p. 32. See Plato Apol. S. § 7, 6, 10, 13. Sept. Num. xxii, 18. v. Bergl. ad Alcipbr. ii. ep. 4. p. 260. and Schwartz. in Anim. ad Jo. Olear. de Stil. N. T.—So, ob& écriv, otre pet2oyr, ovr’ €darrov Wigropa ovdéy, Demosth. pro Cor.

XI. Mexpot, by itself, for puxpod detv, almost, very nearly: dore LtKpov ourrpipyva, so that he very narrowly escaped being tram- pled to death: Plut. Pomp. In the same manner ddiyou: drXéyou rois €vdexa wapedd0n, he was very near being, &c. Lysias c. Alcib. See Plato Phadr. p. 258.1. 44. 6Aéyou macat, nearly all,

XII. Méyas and odds, though in concord with nouns, have some- times an adverbial sense: péyas avfecOac for peyadws, Demosth. Ol. ii, Tf0wm, Opacvvopévo, kat TohAG péorte Kal’ byav: behaving

! See also Hom. Il. a, 286. I). 7, 367.—J. S.

RULE 6—13.] Neavixdos—Oikeios. 43

with insolence, and inveighing against you without moderation : Demosth. pro Cor. eixore tohvs dyav mréo, with excessive vehe- mence: Philo de Legat. ad Caium. Meéya, in the neuter, is joined adverbially with adjectives, as, wéya OAGcos, very rich: Herodot. Er, 24. lian, V. H. viii, 17. péy dpelvwv, greatly superior: Hom. Il. , 315. péy’ aporos, by far the best: Il. 8, 274. and with verbs, as in Hom. Beeot. v. 291.”—and in the same sense, ra pe- yaa copds,—ra péytota wpedeiv, kara being understood.

XIII. Neavexds (literally juvenile) is applied to every thing vehe- ment, excessive, immoderate: veavixy oxovdj, ardent zeal: Hero- dian i, 7, 3. veavex Seapopa, a vehement controversy: Plut. Num. and veaviwds paivecOa, to be furiously or desperately mad: Ail. Ve He xiv 372

Népy, abl. rerpazosos vdug, after the manner of a beast: Plat. Phedr. p. 250.

SECTION VIIf.

RuLE I. ‘OSds, a journey: év 65 eiva, to be on a journey: Synes. Ep. 44. rou Ti\drwyos eis Luediay 660s, Al. V. H. xiv, 33. eis ddd éOeciv, to go on an embassy: Eustath. Tl. A.

‘Oddy mwoteiv, ddomoreiv, and dddv ddotaeiy, to form or make a road: 6Somotjoceré y Gy adrovs,” Kai ei ouy reOpirmots /iovowTo amévat, Xen. Anab. And zpoodoroety, figuratively, fo pave a way for, to pre- pare: mpooSorore aot rovro, I show you the way to it, | facilitate by preparation.| That which is prone, or has a tendency to any thing, or is prepared for it, is said mpoodororetaQat.

‘Odds is said of a way of life: Esch. Dial. iii, 8. Also of death: v. Hor. Od. ii, 17. [v. 12.] Cf. Dorv. ad Char. p. 522.

II. [pd 6500, obvious ; also advantageous, or contributing towards anything.

IIT. ‘OS0t wapepyov is by the way, by the by, by way of digression: Cic. ad Attic. [v, 21. vii, 1.]

IV. In the dative, 649 Badi2ev, zpoiéva, and the like; to keep a due course: 689 cis ddeOpov BadiZove, they are going straight-for- ward to destruction. With év: év 669 Badizev, aller par chemin: but 689 Badizev simply, is to conduct one’s self virtuously and wisely. Kal? dddv xpoxwpetv, to proceed regularly or prosperously, Lucian, de Gymn.

V. ‘OSdv édGeiv, (which is commonly fo travel or go: I. V. H. vi, 5.) pyec9a, or idvar, is sometimes, to form an ambuscade, to be posted in ambush: as 6Sdv édOépevaz,? Hom. Il. a, 149. [151.]

‘Odds, Eustath. observes, is used in contradistinction to @ pitched battle, and 6Sdy édOety signifies, to go foraging, or reconnoitring, or to take the height of an enemy’s walls, &c.

Oixeios.—olxeiov, a characteristic, a peculiarity : zov rpdrov éyvu- cay, kal roy tid\Nwy oixelwy eurempo éyévorro, Plato Phedr. p. 232. in fin.

™ Sce Il. a, 78. Odyss, A, 484.—J. S. 2 Which the Scholiast interprets, evs

The true reading is supposed to be évedpay kareAOciv.—J. S. aurats, ili, 2,§ 15.—J.5.

44 Oixia-—Olvs. [CHAP. IIE. § viii.

Oixia, a house ; vixos, goods, personal estate ; oixovdpos, a steward ; oixovéuos, said of a woman, @ housewife: Lysias pro Erat.

VI. Ofos, (corresponding to rowvros, expressed or understood,) with an infinitive, as: rotovrous av Opwrous, olovs peOvabévras opxeio- Oar roratra, oia, &e. men of such abandoned characters as to get drunk and dance in such a manner, as, &c. Demosth. Ol. ti. See Xen. Mem. ii, 6, 37. ii, 9, 3. iii, 11, 1. and Schwarz. ad Theophr. Ch. c. 1. also Plato Phed. c. 28. Xen. Cyrop. ii, 2, 16. Mem. 1, 4, 6. With a finite verb: rovovrouvs ctor gaivovrar, &c. Xen. Mem. iii, 6, 16. cf. ad Xen. Cyrop. i, 2, 3.

VIL. For éa0s, with ypdvos: ovre rv "EANGSa Kparijoas rots drdots 6 Pidtrmos, otov Kara@evéat kat rWacccvcae ypdvov écyev: sufficient time to subject and tame them: Plut. Alex.

In the following unusual forms cfos appears to be redundant: e% prey yap ris avhp ear év avrois, otos ume pos TohEpov Kal ayovey : for if there is among them any man experienced in war and engage- ments: Demosth. Ol. ii. ef pév roe vy avrihoyeKds olos ard, but if a contentious man were present: Plato Theet. p. 197. but in reality there is an ellipsis—(rowdros) oids (€orty arp) eumepos, &e. Sometimes ocios, agreeing with a substantive, has after it an accusative of another substantive expressing some quality of the former; as, trép olwy avrwy ’"AOyvaiwy tiv ayaptoriar, for the Athenians, so ungrateful as they are: Lucian, Dem. Ene. i. e. txép otrws axaptorwy otoé eiow vi ’AOnvaiou.—Sometimes, by attraction, it is, with its noun or pronoun, put in the same case as its correlative Towobros, although ordinary syntax would have required another ; as, ser i Hey got ar dpl, obliging such a man as you: Xen. Mem. 11, 9, 3. 1. e. avdpi ToLoUry, vlos ov él.

VII. Ole for @s, as: GAN otoe martes ye axpaypoves Kat gido- mpiy poves Tuyxdrovew, but as all idle people are apt to be busy med- dlers. Yor os, how, i.e. in how great a degree: otos péyas kai deuvos nephpen jywvicin; how great and dreadful a battle was fought! Lys. in Orat. Fun. [p. 98. |. 11. Reisk.]

Oios put alone, to indicate qualities or character indefinitely: ovre Tw TONEpiy er ENBAvEt dyavdkry aw éxet, (for mapéxet, V. DOL. ad Greg, Cor. ed. Schef. p. 863.) ig ofwy kaxorwabet, oure, &c. neilher to an enemy who has invaded her. does she afford a pretext for indignation on account of the character of those by whom he suffers, nor, &c. Thue, ti. ¢. 41, intimating that it could be tio disgrace to be over- come by the Athenians.—Kal oios, like is que, or e¢ ts, in Latin, in the sense of kat ratra: modal perv aréyBevai prow yeyovact, kat ofat xadetwrarae kai Papvrarar: I have incurred many enmities, and those too most rancorous and oppressive: Plato Apol. ce. 9 — privatas causas, ef eas tenues, agimus, &c. Cic. ad Div. ix, 21.

IX. Oios, ready, willing, prepared; as, oids cise imép marpidos xu duvevery.— Prone, apl; otos peragépery ra oxevn, &e. Theoph. Eth. Ch. [e. 10. p. 55. |. 5. ed. Simps. Oxon. 1738.] ruyydver dv oto avareilecOa, is of a nature to be easily persuaded: Plato Gorg. p. 493. ANdyou otoe eis ra Sicaariipia, suited, accommodated, lo: Plato Euthyd. Ojos, and ofds re, able: oids re Aéyerv, able to speak. [A shorter phrase for the equivalent and more regular one, rowiros Gare

RuLE 6—13.] Oius. 45 Neyer. re is a remnant of antique language, signifying fere, as the Latin gue.J—In the middle of a sentences wéAeis dmdaas Ear otds Te ws mrelaras apetabae Tov avdd6yov Tov ’Ayawy : as many as he possibly could: Paus. in Ach. p. 418? In the neuter oidv re, possible: 08x otov ré éorww, it is impossible ; [in the beginning of a sentence éo7t 8 ovy oidy re, Isocr. Paneg. p. 131.] and in other cases, e. g. the genitive : i) duvairo axover éx rod pH otov re; could he hear after previous inability to hear? Msch. Dial. xepi wrovr. p. 72. and in the plural neuter: youpades woddai eiot, OC dv vix old ré €ore wrEety : through which it is impossible to sail: Herodot. ii.

X. Ovdev oiov, or pdev oiov, prestat, it is better: aXN ovdéev otdy €or akovoa trav érav: but it will be better to hear the verses ; there is nothing like hearing the verses: Aristoph. Av. 966. oudey yap olov akovew airov rov vopov, car il n’y a rien de tel, que d’entendre la loy méme: Demosth. in Mid. [Nihil vetat is ovdév xetpov with an infinitive; it may be as well to, &c. See Schol. Aristoph. Nub. ad v. 97. p. 79. 1. 50. of Bekker’s ed. printed for Priestley, 1826. and ad v. 145. p. 82. |. 5.]

XI. Ody ciov, and pa) vior, not only not; oby otov wgerety db- var’ Gy rovs didous, AXN ob8’ abriy cage: she would be so far from being able to benefit her friends, that she would be unable even to save herself: Polyb. So jx) otov in b. v.—See Wessel. ad Diod. S. TWN tse

XII. Oitoy alone, for instance, for example ; and in the same sense oiov oi) Aéyw, or gnu, and oidy re Aéyw. Olor, and olovet, for doel, woarel, womepet, w@omepavet, as it were, as tf. And following duowor, Xen. Cyrop. i. c. 19. “Opotoy is sometimes fol- lawed by @ozepavel, or Gorep ay ci, as in Aschin. Ep. xi. and by ws, or doe, as in A’schin. Dial. de Mort. c. 14. oby dpovor— kai, ti is not the same as; or, it is one thing to, &c. and another thing to, &c. Aristid. pro Quatuory. p.225.%

XIU. Oia, neut. plur., and ofa ye, and ota 8), for dre 8), utpote, quippe: ota dn épBaddvros row vdaros, seeing that the water had Howed in, the water having flowed in: Herodot. Hop .4 Dew, avros—rijv vijcov, 01a Oy Geos, evuapds diexdopynoer: as being a god: Plato Crit. p. 115. Soph. Aj. 1042. ézi gravpoio ele TéTAnKasS pore Oia fpords: (in thy nature as man ;) tpiraryn O€ mUNas Nites

Aidovijos Oia Geds: (in thy nature as God; as being God ;) Greg. Naz. carm. xiii. Oia, in such a@ manner: ota thy vady det ae mepitararat KaXAn mavrodand, Aristid. Panath. oi ayopevers,* in such

oiovmep ei

P “ At sequente substantivo dativi ca- sus, pro intelligere, &e. ponitur. Piat. Ton. ei yop Téxvn aids Te Hoa, si arte va- leres. ’ Hoogeveen, —but in that passage, [which i is in p. 361.1, 15. ed. Basil. prim ] Téxvyn does not depend on oios.—ayrt dijAov, ¢ ort TeEXYD Kal emorhun rept “‘Ounpou Acyew Gdtvaros el. «i 7p TEXVY (Acyew scil.) vids Te ijo8a, Kal mepl Tay AAwv

Wontay ondvrwy rEeyew olds T’ ky oba. —J.S,

9 °T) mpayua Gmorov eddKker mor, Kad- dmwep hy e% ris, &c. Lucian, Reviv. p- 408. A. ed. Salmur. Ouotov ws ef Tis, Lucian, Reviv. p. 411. EK. 64010v— &omep &v ef tis, Demosth. in Lacr. p- 932, 1. 15. Reisk. Lucian, de Merc.

Cond. p. 489. D. Sporoy baorep ef tts, Aristot. Rhet.c. 20. Lucian, Her-

mot. p. 603. C. 613. A.—J. S. * See the Abridgm. of Bos, p. 73. in AoyiCdmevos.

46 ‘Opyij— Ocos. (CHAP. III. § ix.

a manner do you speak, (in a bad sense,) or on account of what you say: Hom. Od. p, 479. ¢, 388. See also Hom. Il. e, 758. In a similar sense daca Q. Cal. Paral. ix, 424.

The following is a summary of the uses of the particle otoy :—1. as, followed by ovrw, so: Plato Phadr. p. 225.—2. as, for example: Plato Phedr. p. 340.—3. about; oiov S€ka oradiovs, Thue. iv, 90.—4. in what a manner! how! Hom. Od. 6, 239. Aristoph. Pac. 33.

XIV. ‘Opy}, commonly anger, sometimes means rpdzos, natural disposition, manners, affections, desires, feelings: ob ry abtn Opyy avareWouévous re Torepeiv, Kat év To Epyy mpdacorzas, Thue. 1. fe. 140.] p. 92.—[dépy) and zpéros are however distinguished by Herodot. vi, 128. See Theogn. v. 958.] ras dpyas épotody, to as- similate men’s manners or dispositions: Thuc. ili, p. 227. Hence evopyntes, moderately: Thuc. 1. ¢. 122.

XV. In the plural, dpyds érepépery, with a dative, to comply with the wishes of a person; to gratify: ’Aorioyov-—émipépovra épyas Tiocagépver, Thue. viii. c. 83. [p. 253. 1. 11. ed. Bekk.] and Cratinus (cited by the Scholiast of Thue. |. ¢.) says, ry Movotxijy axopéarous EtTipépety Opyas Bporots owohpoat.

SECTION IX.—’Ovos.

RuLE [. In the plural, for the relative 6s: rév dayodoupévwy repi tiv ‘EXdda, Gao péddovaty eis &xpoy éXavvE Tis yhwrTyS: as many as; all who. Iu this sense it is mostly subjoined to zas; and the verb substantive is often understood; as, tav@ daa Géa yepoaia kal vudpa kal mrnva TO radar bpddwva jv, Philo Jud. de Conf. Ling. p- 251. for in whatever case ras may be, éco follows in the nominative ; as, Tovs ev ovupare ravras Ooot TAGYHTES KaLaTAaveEts dorépes, Philo Jud. de Monarchia i. And so, when, instead of a genitive following partilive words, a nominative is put, with which dcoagrees ; as, ov ris Tor TOY pu0or ovdccerat, Gacor “Ayxarol, of all the Greeks: for ov ves "Ayacoyv, Hom. I. ly 55. In the same manner érdcos is used, but less frequently: Oxdcace Tov owparos UTNpEciat 7} Tis Wuyiis, Hippocr. de Insomn. paulo post init.

II, Whence 颒 écov (or dca), zap’ dcov, cab’ cov, so far forth as, as far as, inasmuch as, &c. ka@ cov ay cys, kata rocovrov Bon- Ojow: as far as { may be able. Eq’ éaov is put before superlatives, to increase their force; as, urvos é@’ Gcoy iédcoros, the sweetest sleep that can possibly be: Lucian, i in Navig. And so dcov alone: dcov Taxtora, Eurip. Tro. 295.

III, Wap’ écov signifies also except that, bating that.

IV. Hap’ ésov signifies also wherefore, on which account ; and eis doov, so far forth as; in as far as. "Es éocov is also joined with superlatives to augment their signification: é» KvK\m mepippaccovow és doov pakpdraroy, to as great an extent as possible: Arr. de Exp. Al. ii. c. 19.

RULE 1—10.] "Ocos. 47

V. Ilap’ dc0v, contrarily to, beside: xohaacOai rut map’ ébcov (or map’ 0) wépuxe, to put a thing to a use Sor which it is not natu- rally or properly suited ; wap’ dcoyv ei, unless; wap’ daor Sei, beyond propriety.

VI. “Ocory and dca, with ézi and a dative, signify reach of ability : cpeNoperny Hpds xeypara woAXa, 6 Ocov é@ a UTN, as far as in her lay: Lucian, Asin. In the same sense, door, or daa, ye ijxet én’ épe, or eis éue, or eis Gcoy ijxw duvdpews, to the extent of? my power. "“Ocuv ao is as far as one may judge from: Gcov ao Tov aupmociou, Tov TiAdrwva prot doxeis Aéyeey as far as I can conjecture from your using the word ovprdc.oyr, [included in dyrecuproodew preceding]: Lucian, Lexiph. [p. 955. D. ed. Salmur.]

VII. “Ooos is added to other words, when it has an augmentative force; as, puplot dcot, tAEiota Oaa. ypipara éhafe Oavpacra daa, Plato Hipp. M. p. 282. |. 27. v. Hor. Od.i, 27, 6. dyXos breppuis daos, Aristoph. Nub. 750. mpotca éxdidods tEeiorny donv, Heliodor. vi. 8. So after a substantive: wAAos door ixGowy, Athen. p. 224. B. V. Casaub. ad Athen. p. 395. In the same way ij\ikos: pidepyor ddéat Kal ypyaray, ma auvpaorov HAiKoyr, Demosth. pro Phorm. p. 605. 1. 34. [p. 957. 1. 28. Reisk.]—and as, Eurip. Iph. A. 943. v. Brunck. on Aristoph. Lys. 1148.

After au enumeration, cai GAAot Ooo, kal dAXa Oca, signify and the like.

VILE. "Oca xgpe (for cai éueé,) eidévar, is as far at least as I know ; dca kgpot doxeiv, as far at least as it appears fo me. Sv boa xgue dviacGa. And ye, of which «cai alone in this phrase seems to have the force, is sometimes added: aby doa ye due dpgr, Lucian, in Jov. Trag.

IX. “Ocor, as long as, as far as, as much as, and the like, (accord- ing to the purport of what precedes it,) with an infinitive of a pur- pose, motive, or end; as, mepiépecve ypdvoy, bcov Kataotijcar Ta Kivoupeva TOY may Bary : he waited long enough to, &c. addAjwv dtéotncay Ocov oix év éuponais yevécbar To vaoar, SO far as not to be within reach, &c. veudpevoi re ra atrov Exagro, doov awoeqv: bestowing just so much culiure each on their territories as enabled them to live: Thuc. i. [c. 2.] kapropophow Gooov éxtoneicai cot, tpaye: I shall bear fruit enough, villain goat, for wine to pour on thee when thou art sacrificed: epigr. attributed to Evenus. ‘The form is fuller in Arrian: zocovrov caGééets ris yils, Ocov é€apKet évreragGae 7@ chparc: you shall possess as much of the land as suffices for the ‘burial of your corpse: Exp, Al. vil. ec. 1. In the following, éLeorw, or something equivalent, seems to be understood : nivovaw Ocov apracat, the dogs drink as much as they can take by snatches: H\. V. H.i, 4. toowrov, Goo roice tproi Saxrbdooe Aafsety, pédere pigas: as much as one can take up with three fingers: Hippocr. de Morb. p. 496.

X. [poéyery evOds e& apyis oby Goov XarvOdvew, to become at once too eminent to be concealed: Aristid. Panath. p. 202. [from Bud. p- 479.] The construction seems to be such as if he had written, Tpoéxety ov rocovror wore AarOarew.

48 "Osos. [CHAP. 111. § ix,

XI. “Oaov re in the more ancient writers, as Homer,” and Herodo- tus, and dcoy alone in the more modern, occur for about: dcov re Tpiay Huepéwv OdSdov awéxovras, Herodot. v. c. iv, 122. [See on Sect. viii. Rule 9. otés te.] Gcor éBdoutxorvra oraéiovs, Arrian, i. p. 36. 1.22. écov dv° i} rpia orddca, Plato Phedr. p. 229. And with és redundantly: éc0v és xtAéous, Paus. in Ach. p. 421. 1. 35.

XII. “Oso, only: d¢6a res hupévny AaBov, Gcov irfveyxer, etra avatpetrat: one having taken a lighted torch, only just puts it under, and then withdraws it again: Plut. in Publ. See Plato Epigr. 3. Diose. Epigr. 4. Theocr. 1, 45. xxv, 73. Arist. pro Quat. p. 319. mrjy bcov Oyy, except in mere words only, (opposed to reality,) Paus. in Arc. p. 457. and p. 462. Gcov y Gy aizos poy Torebatwy xepoiv, only nol touching it myself: as far as I can without using my own hands to do it: Soph. Trach. 1216.

XII. “Ooo aitrika, Gaov cirw, baov cidérw, cov ob« Hin, Jam jam, forthwith: Gcov abtixa rot’ mpayparos &dopa, I will presently set about the affair ; éodpevov Goov ovdéxw, on the point of being ; about to be immediately: Herodian,i.c. 13. Ocov ov« ijdn aana- Ger, il ne fait que de partir ;§ Tov Goov ov mapdvra TOdepor, the war which is on the point of commencing: Thuc. i, p. 26. See Dorv. ad Char. p. 602. seq. ed. Lips.

XIV. The expression is applied to other things besides ime: as, daov ovK avronrns yevopevos, having been almost an eye-witness ; all but an eye-witness.

XV. With cxedoy, redundantly: cxedov dcov ixovros, Euseb. Prep.013:

XVI. "Ozov, fAikov, otov, dtotov, between two substantives, agree with the first rather than with the last; as, tayos dcov, or #AiKor, 6 ddxrvdos, the thickness of a finger.

To specify quantity, dcoy is put absolutely in the neuter :—1. be- tween two substantives in the same case, without regard to number or gender; as, pias rov 6rdv cAgiov boov rpiwHoXror, having mixed as much as three oboli of benzoin: Hippocr. de Nat. Mul. p- 570. rptBdorous daov xkoyxnyv, Ib. and with an ellipsis of the first substantive, Xen. Cyrop. iii, 3, 15.—2. with the first sub- stantive in the genitive: dccrdpvou Kpnrixot dcov offeror, Hip- pocr. Ib.—3. with a participle: Nevkotov kaprov, Gaov év rots prot daxrihows RaBwv: seed of white violet, as much as you can take in three fingers: Hippocr. Ib.—4. with an infinitive; see an example at the end of Rule 9.

"Oca, for the purposes of, in the capacity of, for, as: 7@ ddgpy be —doa akporoXer—éyporvro, Paus. in Are. p. 527. vuxri per doamep Hpepg éxpiro, Xen. Ages. vi, 0.

“Ocos, with a substantive, is sometimes equivalent to a superlative

* Bédpov dpita baov te mvyoioiov gone but an instant. Ne vous étonnez &v0a kad Eva, Odyss. x, 517.—J. S. pas de voir le Vicomte de la sorte: i ne * I take these Greek words to mean, fait que sortir d’une maladie qui lui a he is all but gone, he is on the point of rendu le visage pile. Moliere, Prec. Ri- going ; whereas the French given by Vi- dic. sc. 12.—J. 8. ger signifies, he is just gone, he has been

RULE 11—16.] "Ooos—Tais. 49

adverb: dcov rdayos, with the utmost speed: Soph. Aj. 1009.

985. cis in the dative, with or without év, signifies while: dc &é ovrot auveotijkaay, év rocovry, &c., Paus. in Messen. p. 228. 1. 23. Also until: év éoy 8 ay rary Oot, Haynra pare djcat—pndéva, pore, &c. Thue. it. c. 28.

With words of time it may sometimes be translated every, or by an adverb: gépous aropcpew Goa Ern, to pay tribute every year, or annually: Arr. de Exp. Al. i. p. 55. 1. 36. and iii. ¢. 17. iv. c. 8. door pijves, every month, monthly: Demosth. in Timocr. p. 480. l, 32. [p. 744. 1. 25. Reisk.] Goat fyépar, Thue. viii. 64.‘ or in one word donpépar, Aristoph. Plut. 1007. [1006.] Arr. Exp. Al. iii. c. 26. every day, daily. Saat vixres, Lucian, Philops. p. 479. B. every night, nighily: cuvdsijyojev adAjr\ow Goat te huépae Kat Seat vieres, Damasce. in Bibl. Phot. p. 568. The phrase appears fuller in Hom. Od. & 93. See Hor. Od. ii, 14, 5.

“Ocov dao is used for a very little: Aristoph. Vesp. 213. omeipov- atv dcov daov ris ywpas, they sow but a little modicum of the land: Arr. Ind. s. 29. jcxpov daov dcoyv, Hebr. x, 37. See Wakef, Silv. Crit. vol. v. p. 146. sq.

SECTION X.

RULE I. Ovpos, or ovpios a&vepos, (called by Homer Acés ovpos, and txpevos odpos,) a fair wind: kar’ obpov gépeabat, to sail before the wind.

If. In the same sense, és obpoy caraorivat, oipig mrp yphaacbat, €& obpias (rvojjs viz.) weiv, and, in one word, ovpeodpopetv, and Karov- paca. Also ovpig Oeiv, Aristoph. Hence éxovpigw, to propel with a fair wind; and figuratively, to succeed (v. transitive ;“) and érovpizw, Lucian; aud carovpdw, Polyb. [1.] to spread the sails to a Jair wind. [This is Budeus’s explication. Viger adopts Suidas’s, to sail prosperously ; makiug ita verb neuter. |

{Il. The Greeks sometimes say the sons (x aides) of persons, when they mean the persons themselves; thus, pnrdpwy, iarpayv, dudocdgwy, ypapéwy matdes, for rhetoricians, physicians, philosophers, painters. Avorivwy watdes, unfortunate, unhappy persons; KedXrav Taides, Gauls. So Kowy waides, El. V.H. i, 29. QOcrrarév raises, lil, 1, matdes Andiwy, iv, 28. but in all these last passages persons are spoken of as relating events which had happened in former times, and had been handed down to them by their forefathers.

Ilais, the concrete term, is sometimes used for wacdia, the abstract ; as é€v mardi, in boyhood. And so pepaxcoy: Sdxpvoy éx’ arg apeivac

‘ The true reading is drnuépu. See it is a verb neuter: rpéxe viv, tpéxe viv, Bekker’s edition.—J. S. kara Tous Képakas érouploas, Thesm, 1226. “°AAN ott TadTn odv ppdvnw erodpi- —J.S. ous, kurip. Androm, 611. In Aristoph. Viger. G

50 las. [CHAP. IIf. § x.

év petpakig anxodavdvn, having died in youth: Philostr. de Vit. Soph. in Hermocr.

IV. Eis wasav, (xypeiav or the like). ‘Qe dedeacOeis 6 dijpos, eis ae i/5n T1Oacds avrois éyeydver: for all purposes: Plut. in Pomp.

. With the article, rdvves is used to signify the extreme or utmost

stein of what is mentioned ; (equivalent to 70 cupray, Plut. Lycurg. p. 41.) as rpe%s oikéras rovs wavras pa he took with him three domestics in all: Athen. vi. éEakdovoe pddora ol wayrTes, Thue. 1, 85.0 ra pév ravra yeyovas érn mevrqKovra kal ef, Plut. in Ces. os eivac ras taoas déxa, so that they (the Sibyls) were all together, or in all; ten: El. V. H. xii, 35. See Clark. ad Hom. Hl. 9, 161. x, 570. Burm. ad Grat. Cyn. 16. But when the article is omitted, the word signifies either all without excep- lion, as, Movoa évvéa racat, all the nine Muses, every one of them: or, when things of different kinds are mentioned, it signifies that the fae stated is to be taken as meant of aah kind ; as, KTyved te yup Ta Ovowa mwavra rpiocyiita EOvce, Herodot. 1, 50. V. Wessel. and Valck. ad Herodot. iv, 87.

2.*Axan, with all zeal or care:° &xact yap OeXe rovs raidas Tijs év ‘Popyn dcairns xpnorijs axo\avew, Herodian iii, 13.—3. in the accus. neut. plur. elliptically: ré yap tty doxet rpépery ror bvoy rov- Tov, tavra Karazizrovra; tumbling down every where, or always: Lucian, Asin. [p. 134. A. ed. Salmur.] awavra & érixa ‘Pyidiws, in each mode of contest: Hom. Il. e, 807. In all respects, Aristoph. Nub: 91432) Ran. 12485 “Theoen. 4410 1159. El V~ Ho xin, 23. mavr avadks, utterly void of courage or spirit: Soph. El. (297. [301.] Fully expressed, Kata wavra, “Act. Ap. xvil, 22.—4. mavta yap ijoav i) rpaxetae rérpat,—i) Pappor Babetac: for all was cragg rocks, or deep sands ; for there was nothing but, &c. Philo Jud! ‘de Vit. Moys. i.—5. Sometimes was, in concord with a substantive, is equivalent to the adv. ravrws; as, T&aca avayKn pocceiyv rods airiovs, you must unavoidably ; you cannot but, &c. Epict. Ench. c. 38. and c. 18. Aristoph. Pace 373. amas civduvos, Pind. Nem, 8. mraoa BAUBy, (Kgisthus,) utterly pestilent: Soph. El. 297. [301.] wav rotvvavriov éariv, it is quite the contrary: Plato Soph. v. Virg. An. v, 800. See Bruack. ad Soph. El. 301. Phil. 927.—6. 10 wav médayos, the open or mid sea.—7. for édos: THY Paryny éovaav yatkény wacayv, Herodot. ix, 70.—8. dia rarros, always: Soph. AL 704. Herodot. i, 122.—9. és ro wav, omnino: FEsch. Choeph. 682. 939. Eum. 84.—10. wavra eivai tim, to de every thing to a person; to be all inallto him: Herodot. iii, 157. vil, 156. v. Berg. p. 236. ad Alciphr. ii, 3—but with the article, Wy ré of Cv rg Noyw Ta Tavra H Kurd, is, and he talked of nothing else but of Cyno: Herodot. i, 122.—11. was for tavrosazds, ravzotos, of every kind: oiwvoist re race, sti ei a, 5.]—12. ro may, the vulgar, the common herd: Pind. Ol. 53.”

» This interpretation of Hoogeveen’s, w Add :—13.e€is ma&v mpoeAhaAvde mox- omni studio vel cura, appears very yues- Onplas, for eis wacav poxOnplay, De- tionable.—J.S. mosth. Ol]. iii. p- 29.1. 17, Reisk. eis may

RuLs 4—7.] LAcivos—I1Xéoyv. Sk

V. TAdipos or tAwipos.— Fret wAOT WY oyTWI, apXH yap Hy pero- mupou: the time for safe navigation being not yet passed: Philo in Legat. So in the compar. Thue. i. p. 5. [e. 7.] and, wAwipwrepa éyévero map’ adAijAovs, their intercourse by sea was rendered easier and safer: Vhuc.i,[c.8.] Uwipes, (of a place,) safe for naviga- tion ; mAdipos vais, sea-worthy: [Thue. i, 29.]

VI. Tlodirefa, political conduct ; measures of a public man : mosth. pro Cor. [p. 257. |. 7. Reisk.]

VIl. TTodds, in great force, having numerous forces: toduv pév év yn, Torvy b€ év Oaddcon: Plut. de Fort. Rom. Tfodvs is also said of a person much spoken about: zoAdy pev Tov “Adééar dpov kai Didixrov éy rais dsaBodais gépwy, perpetually naming, (or, objecting to me) Alexander and Philip in your calumnies: Esch. c. Ctes. [p- Gi Sle 5: Reisk. ] cf. Asch. in Timarch. [p. 165.1. 7. Reisk.7] coi dé modus perv 6 KadXiorparos, Callistratus will be an ample topic: Lucian, Dem. Enc. p. 892.

TTodds, with a gen. much, a great part: is eeu dyew Kat pepe éorit wéXXAnY, Demosth. Phil. iii. p. 50. 1. 13. In the plur. with the article and a gen. most, the greater part: wnowrwv rovs moXXovds wxicav, Thuc. i, 12. Xen. Anab. v, 6, 19. IleNorov- viicov ta woXAa, Thue. i, 2. and the superl. in the singular has the same sense: LikeXias 7d TAEToTOY, Thue. 1, 12.

WI\éov, for wXeovéxrnpa, advantage: ti wéov Tov Teixous iy 5 where was the advantage of the wall? what use in the wall? Aristid. pro Quat. p. 315. obdév mréov adbr@ ylyverat, THY Kpiow Garo- guyovre: he has gained nothing by his acquittal: Arr. Exp. Alex. iii, 27. See Isoer. Paneg. [p. 98. ]. 1. ed. Battie. Cantab. 1729.] eis ravrov mepirpéyery pupiakis, ovdey mAEOv ToLtovrres: to no purpose, without advancing: Plato Theet. Oc zoddol, the multitude. Tlodvs is said of what exceeds, or is superlative in any respect:% rorapos modus, rushing with a vehement tide: see

De-

Virg. En. vi, 659.

mwoXus Aadwov, talkative to excess: Al. V. tt mov, the meaning of xoinas is very comprehensive :

€Adav, having undergone extremity of suffering : Demosth. in Conon, p. 1261. 1.5.—14, Td may, _adverbially, wholly, entirely, altogether: &7d Kadbv mobopaca, 7) way aleus ! Theocr. Id. iii, 18. éaip- pnuatikas, vt! Tov SidAov, Schol.—15. mavT €xers, youcomprehend the matter thoroughly ; you take the thing exactly: Aristoph. Av. 1460.—16. mav7bds madror, most certainly, indisputably: Plato Phed. p- 28. 1.37. ed. Bas. prim.; really, in- deed, Piat. Phedr. p. 196. 1. 6.—17. ex mavtds, by all means, indispensably ; xph éx mavTos 7) Toy Siaveuovta Trewy exe, 2 tiv Mpoundews mepiia pépecdat, Lucian, de Mere. Cond. p. 485. c. ed. Salmur. So ée&dmavros, Lucian, Reviv. p. 416. E. ed. Salm.—18. «i wy rep

moAD xaxov, extremity of evil: Thuc. il, 51.

H. xii, 14. zolnois éorié

Plato

mavTds mor jy oikeiy ev Snuokpatia, if it were not my paramount care, my chief solicitude, above all other considerations with me, all in all to me: Solon’s lett. to Cres. in Diog. Laert.—J.S.

* TloAvs pev yap 6 PiAurmos eora, for there will be a great deal about Philip, (in Demosthcnes’s defence of Timarchus, viz.)—J.S.

¥Y OtTw 8 jv woAds, dot’, so mighty was he, &c. Aristoph. Av. 488. oitTws jv Kat €XécCat Kal Katappovicat moAds, so great was he both in, &c. Diog. Laert. in Aristipp. moAvs yap, moAds, kal ToAunpds eotw uUvOpwros: immoderately troublesome: Demosth. adv. Beot. p. 1024. 1. 3. Reisk.

The following phrases may be added :

52 Ilpaypa—Xnpeior. [CHAP. III. § xi. Symp. dpa odd, late: Mark vi, 35. modus for woddaxes, Callim. Dian. 27. Heliodor. vi, 4.

VIL. Woaypa.—Airg cidév éorw ére tpadypa xpos ras cvvOjxas ravras, he has no longer any thing to do with, &c. any concern in: Demosth, éay dé Wevdi, ovdév 8) modypua: no matter; it does not signify: Plato Symp. wpijypa pévra ovdév éxoryaavro, they cared not, they concerned not themselves about it: Herodot. Er. c. 63. ot év zpaypacn, those entrusted with public affairs, with the government of a state: Thuc.*

Like xpjpa, it is said of any thing that surpasses: [Inveddwera dé Méya zpaypea, Eubul. ap. Ath. Deipn. xii. p. 559.4 an admirable or excellent woman.

IX. IIpaéis, in a forensic use: rv mpakcv eivar ef évds cat apport, a form added in some legal instruments, to signify that the parties are bound jointly and severally, each to be bound and liable for the whole.

X. Takis, stratagem, trick, intrigue, [and so zpaéypa, Greg. Cypr. in Ep.] and apatixoreiy reva, or wokev, &e, to circumvent, outwit, trick, a person ; to take a town by artifice.

XI. Tpdoynpa, ornament, glory: Ldapdes, 76 redexnpa Tijs— hryepovias, Plut. in Alex.

XI. Hpdcynpa, mask, screen, pretence, color, pretext: v. Thue. i.

. 64. ‘i XIII. In this sense it is often put absolutely, and opposed to 76 & adnbés: ostensibly, so and so, but in reality, &c.—In the same manner mpddacw per is opposed to ry 8 adAnbeig, as in Aristid. pro Quat. p. 309. and to épy@ dé, as in Paus. Cor. p. 132.

XIV. Ta zpora for 6 zparos: tobe rav ’AOnvaiwy 7a mpGra, Lucian, in Tim. V. Hemst. ad Lucian. t.i. p. 147. Brunck. ad Eurip. Or. 1251. Hee. 784.

SECTION Xfi.

Rute I. To confirm any thing which has been said, the Greeks use the words onpetov, rexunpiov, andderkis, paprvpior, &c. with dé in an unconnected position, at the commencement of the next sen- tence or member of a sentence; as, mpds wey xpnudrwv Krijow ovde-

Opacts ef moAXod, Aristoph. Nub. 905. i.e. mdvu, Suid. mdAA’ em) wodArots duvvcw tov Aidvucov Mh moémo7’, &c.

culty ; without tr. or d.: Xen. Anab. vi, 3, 3. So &vev mpayudrwyv, Demosth. Ol. i. p. 14. |. 28. avotuevos rifis Bpaxetas meydAa mpdymata, great pos-

Aristoph. Vesp. 1046. oath upon oath.— S.

z So yeverOa ev trois mpdypact, Plut. in Thes. p. 16.1. 5. ed. St.—J.S.

@ Tronically: obrool 5& Adupiros paon- Airns, MéEya Twpaypua, “lookpdrous waby- tis: Demosth. adv. Lacr. p. 928.1. 6.

Under this word may be added, eis To wpaypya, to the purpose: Demosth, pro Phorm. p. 961.1. 8. ody mpdypaow, —tvev mpoyudtey: with trouble or diffi-

sessions: Plut. in Crass. p. 997.1. 20. ed. H. St.—J.S.

» KAeouevous mempakikomnnkdTos abvrovs, having overreached or oulwitted them: Polyb. ii, 46. mwpagikomqhoas Tov ~AxpoxdpwOov, having got possession of it by stratagem: Polyb. ii. 43. and in Polyb.-i, 18. it is an intransitive verb,—

Jee

RULE 1—5.] Loua—Tis. 53

mimore 6 Sipos éorovdace, mpds dé SdEns, ws obdé mpds bv THY didXWY" Tekpryprov S€ xpipara pevy yap wAciora tray “EXXjvwy more oyar, Ta wavO brép pirormias avijAwoev, &c. a proof of it; as appears from this, &c. Demosth. adv. Androt. [p. 617. 1. 12. ed. Reisk.] Aristot. Eth. vi. c. 5. péya 6€ onpeior ws pev yap, &e. Aristid. pro Quat. p. 353.—Sometimes those words are not used so elliptically, v. Herodot. Pol. 221. Aristid. 1. c. p. 247. Plato Apol. 8. p. 40. AjXoyv dé, 7H, &e. Aristot. Eth. vi. c. 2. In the same sense Xenophon uses édj\woey, Cyrop. vii, 1, 30. cf. Mem. i,2, 31. In the like unconnected position, 70 6€ padcovpynpa’ érei yap, &e. but the knavery was thus; when, &c. Euseb. Prep. Ev. p. 220. -

LYopa signifies a person, an individual: Hsch.in Tim. p. 173. |. 28. Virg. En. ii, 18. v, 318. Eurip. Med. 24. tGpers dpdvres eis ra €XEv- Oepa copara ywopévas, Dinarch.c. Demosth. p. 94. 1. 54. [Here the body of the person is the part chiefly regarded ; as it is in Aischyl. Prom. 865. and in Lycurg. adv. Leocr. c. 30.] Kara oopa, indi- vidually: kat ovAdAAPdnv aravras, Kal ywpls Exdorovs KaTa copa, Asch. in Ctes. p. 405. 1. ult. Reisk. 2apa, a slave, Tob. x, 11. [v. H. St. Thes. iii. 1213. B.—J. S.]

Yopua, a corpse, a carcass: v. Pind. Ol. ix, 52. Nem. ix, 55. Hom. Il. iii, 23. xviii, 161. xxiii, 169.

II. Tédos, a troop, Herodot. ix. c. 42.—Magistracy, public office or station: éw trav Baoiéwy, kal Tov padtora év rédXee, Thue. 1, 10.

Tédos dé, és réXos, cat rédos, and réXos alone, signify at last: He- rodot. "Er. ¢. 66. Xen. Cyrop. ii. p: 51. 1. 11. Lucian, Dem. Enc. p. 923. Xen. Cc. 17. § 10. Thuc. i, 109. Xen. Cyrop. i, p. 25. and ii. p. 42. And in the same sense 70 7edevraior, Lucian, |. c. p. 902. Plato Phed. p. 91.1. 35. and ra redevraia, Demosth. Ol. ii. p. 6. and wépas, Asch. in Tim. p. 119. 1. 29. [p. 84. l. 13. Reisk.] and réppa, Phocyl. 131.—But ro réQos, and dca 7éA\ovs, sometimes signify, wholly, uiterly, absolutely: Pho- cyl. [v, 47.] Xen. Gic. 17. § 10.¢

Téxyn. mdon réxvy is by all means,? with all possible speed: Ari- stoph. Eccl. 530. 306. iOein réxvn,* openly, without disguise : Herodot. Call. c. 57. See Larch. (vi. p. 120.)

Ill. Tes has sometimes the article before it; see Ch. I. R. 19. and Aristoph. Av. 1039. Nub. 773. But 6 6€ zts is some other, another: Aristoph. Av. 1444. "Eyovor 8€ d) ri rovro ; but what is this which they have? Plato Phedr. p. 259. V. Lucian, de Sacer. 13. t. i. p. 536;

IV. Tis for zotos, as, ris yap éyw pos rocovrovs; what am I against so many? See Hist. Susann, v. 54.

V. Various particles are subjoined to res, expressive of the wonder,

¢ Add réAos, a market toll: Aristoph. kaleothkee ex tis iBeins (openly, avow- Acharn. 896.—J.S. edly) Aakedatmoviowst moA€utos. ix, 36.)

@ See Aristoph. Thesmoph. 65.—J.S. kataddgas abrovs iden) TéxXvy amoAuTeiv

* (In which sense Herodotus some- qbrdy, (in good earnest.) ix, 56.—J.S. times uses the phrase é« 77s i@eins:

Tis.

ignorance, &c. of the inquirer; as, rés dpa, ris more, ri dijrore, ri dja, &e.

VI. Té yap &\Ao—} with a verb: Alex. ri yeAgs; Diog. ré yap cdo, i) dvepvhaOnr, &c. why because I recollected what the Greeks did, to be sure: Lucian. [Dial. Mort. p. 253. C. ed. Salmur.j]—and ri yap ay dddo; itisunavoidable ; how can it be otherwise? is some- limes put at the end of a sentence.

Kat ri yap, in a word, to be brief: Lucian, Tox. p. 609.—Ti yap; serves as an affirmative answer: to be sure, certainly, Quidni? v. Eurip. Or. [v. 476. Pors.J—Té with a subjunctive mood ex- presses a doubt as to what shall be done, when doing is practicable ; as, ri ¢@@; With an optative and ay, it expresses a doubt whether any thing can be done at all; as, ré dir’ Gy jets Spppev; Soph. Phil. 1393. what then can we do? i.e. I fear we can do nothing at all. But the poets frequently omit the ay, as A’sch. Choeph. 392. Soph. Ant. 604.—Sometimes ri is to be supplied from a preceding interro- gation: AEsch. Eum. 791. 821. Eurip. Jon, 1446.

VII. Té yap, et pj, and ri dé, ei po), in answers, what but. How did your wife appear toattend? &c. ri dé, ei py Umioxveiro ye emt- perjoceoOar; why so well that ske promised, &c. Xen. Ac, p. 844. and in the same manner presently afterwards.

VIII. “AdAoze? is used in questions; as, &AXore ij wept wrelorov mom, orws; &c. do you not esteem it of the greatest importance ? are you not very solicitous that? &c. Plato Apol. p. 24.1.30. adAXore 3) of ravry oikéovTes Aiyutriwy rewhaovow ; Herodot. il. ¢. 147% »And without i}: dAXore ody, Fv & éy@, ovdée iarpos, Ka’ dooyv iarpos, TO TY iaTpy cuppépov oKkoret ; Plato de Rep. i. p. 242. [When 7 is omitted, the interrogation is in &Ado re alone; not in the other words of the sentence. |

IX. Té interrogative is used in a form wherein doubt is expressed as toa proper appellation : & rio’ eizw; how shall I find a name bad enough for thee? Aristoph, Nub. 1381. [1360.] @ ré Gy eitay o€ ms 6p0as xpocetmor; O! what name can be applied to thee bad enough for thy deserts? Demosth. pro Cor. p. 316. init.

X. "AAG ri py; what else then, if not that? said by an interro- gator when a prior question has been answered in the negative: Plato Symp. c. 23. cfc. 25. Xen. Cyrop. iii, 1, 23. Theoer. Id. vill, 15.

But sometimes ré pv; is an affirmative answer: fo be sure, of course: Plato Soph. c. 5. Phadr. p. 229. ef. ib. p. 272, 273. And ré yup ov; and wis yap ov ;* have the same use.”

54 [CMAP. 111. § xi.

€”AAXoTt (or YAAO TL) Occurs in such interrogations only as are used to elicit an acknowledgement or concession ; never in such as are employed merely forthe sake of information.—J.5.

Sf Add Xen. Anab. ii, 5, 2. iv, 7, 4.— JsS.

& Socr. GAAG phy etvouos 7 7 Aakedal- pov. Hipp. m@s yap of; most assuredly : Plato Hip. M, p. 346.1. 36. Bas, 1.

h Hoogeveen wrongly translates tl oév Tovro; in Plato Hip. M. p. 298. (348. I. 51. Bas. prim.} by Quid ita? The whole passage stands thus: Socr. &sepos ef Tov avdpos, & ‘Inmla, as oxérAids eort, Kal ov- Sty padlws dmrodexduevos. Hip. th oby T0UTO, & Séxpates ; (what matters that ? what does that signify?) 7d yap op0ds Ae- vyouevov avdynn ate amodéxec@at, 7) wh amodexonevp KaTayeAdot@ elvar.—J.S,

RULE 6—14.] Tis. 55

XI. Tis is elegantly added to many words, imparting to them somewhat of its own indefinite signification ; as, roids res, Aristoph., Nub. 763. [755.] Plato Soph. 1. Aristid. pro Quat. p. 296. mas res péya rt, ovdév ze, scarcely at all, or not at all: Herodian, i. c. 16. Xen. Mem. i, 2, 42. cpixpdy re. mo\d@ Toe xelpwy, Aristid. Or. Plat. iii, p. 405. modd\@ rox mpwros, Ib. p. 402. Omdaov ze diagéper, how much it differs; rorade res, Xen. Mem. i. 1, 1. Cf: Plato Symp. c. 2. '

Tes is often understood ; as in Soph. Cid. R. 314. Aj. 154. Ged. R. 612. 517. Xen. Symp. v, 2. cf. Xen. Ages. i, 22. and Fisch. ad Well. p. 294.; and especially before genitives used partitively ; as, Kav yapn wor’ abros, i) Tov Evyyerdy, ij THY didov: and if he, or (any one) of his relations or friends marry: Aristoph. Nub, 1126. [1112.] See Soph. El. 1323. Act. Ap. xxi, 16. and Hor. Od. lii, 13, 13.

XII. Tis indefinite is found in interrogations. See Demosth. Phil. i. [p. 43. 1. 8. Reisk.] ris évéov; is anyone within? Fisch, Ch. 652.

Ti for 6, ’rt, that which, what : Mark xiv, 36. cf. vi, 36. viii, 2. Matth. xx, 22.

XIII. Tes, on Fr., one, i. e. any person: Aaxedaipova médewv BOvnv ov mpodo0etcav—evpor res av, Paus. Ach. p. 415. See Hom. [ll. 8, 271.] Asch. Eum. 154. Theogn. 184. Instead of res and a verb in the 3rd person, a verb alone in the 2nd person (as in Latin) is employed: Hom. Il. e, 85.

XIV. Ilas zis, every one. mrav éxaora, every one of the parti- culars, Basil. ad Domit. In the same sense, atros €xacros zpo- ros éomevdev aptac payns, each, every one, Paus. in Mess. So mavres Soot, and was 6 with a participle, Luke xviii, 14. John Xvili, 37. xix, 12. Also écaords zis, and airds tes. Tis alone is put for écaoros, each, every one:' viv res, & orpariw@rat,—émeryérOw : Plut. in Fab. -v. Xen. Cyrop. vi, 1, 6. vi, 4, 20. Abresch. ad ZEsch. iii. p. 85. Brunck. ad Soph. Aj. 245. Tus, though construed with a verb in the third person, sometimes signifies the person speak- ing; as, moi res rpéperac; Aristoph. Th. 603.—Tes and 7 for a person, and a thing, of importance: Epict. Ench. c. 18. Act. Ap. v, 36. Theocr. xi, 79. In this sense it is opposed to odres in Pind. Pyth. 8. to ovdeis in Epict. Ench. c. 31. (see Aristoph. Eq. 158. For odSeis in this sense Lucian uses 76 pndév, Mort, Dial. t. i. p. 282.) and sometimes péyas is added to res in this use, Act. Ap. vill, 9. See Ov. Fast. vi, 27.——Aéyew 7, to say something of weight or moment ; something to the purpose: Xen. Mem. ii, 1, 12, Aisch, Socr. Dial. ii, 7, 23. Soph. Gid. R. 1475. Trach. 865. to which is opposed obdév Néyery, Plato Apol. 17. [which, however, seems some- times to mean to be of little weight: Eurip, Suppl. 595. v. Her- mann’s addenda ad vs. 612. A’sch. Agam. 176.* ex Schutzii con). ]

i This is an imitation of Hom. ef pév Dr. Blomfield conjectures, o. a. Seika mis ddpu Ontdcdw, &c. Il. B, 382, 383, mw. w. ‘non se quidquam fuisse ostendet.” 384.—J.S. —J.S,

* For obdtv dv Adtar amply dv, (v. 164.)

56

employed: Id. Sympos.

Tis—Xapes.

—Eyew ri, to be rich: Esch. Dial. much knowledge or wisdom: Plato Apol. 6,7, 10. of great account or consequence : Md. ib. 33.

[CHAP. 111. § xii.

13.4 ri eidévar, to have tl eivat, to be

rt movetv, to be well

Tis for rotos, Soph. Trach. 311. v. Valck. ad Fragm. Call. p. 23.

Tes sarcastically substituted for ov:

Tour’ eis aviav TouTos épxerat

rit, somebody will suffer for these words, i.e. you, Teucer, (to whom

Menelaus is speaking,

Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 3. p.

) shall repent of them: Soph. Aj. 28.5,,:04

1138. v.

SECTION XII.

RuLE I. Tosotrov, thus much only :!

this: Demosth.

lowed by éaoy, v. Herodot,. 88. Isocr. Paneg. p. 141.

II. ®ddv0s, grudge.

roovvroy urecmay, adding only

So roaévée,* Herodot, ii. p. 111.—Tooodror is fol- Mii (SV: daov soot feuaus : not so much through per suasion as fear : 5

> ~ ov TOGCOUTO phd foo =

Thue. i

“Erepos togovros, as much again: érépov ToaouToV ues

pOdvos ovdeis expresses readiness or willing-

ness: XN ovdels POdvos, (in answer to a request,) and willingly

too; with all my heart:

pOdvos ovdeis, & Lérwr, (in answer,) wil-

lingly, O Solon: Plato Tim. p. 23.11.36. So ovdeis pOdv0s, b Eévor,

(in answer,) Ceb. Tab. [p. 8. l. 6. ed. Simps. Ox. 1738 TuyKavw ee o0dves ovdeis éyerv: Plato Phaed.

Soph. c.

| & pévroe

Also Plato

ee éxew,” or eidéva, is to be thankful, or grateful ; with a dative of the person, and a genitive of the thing; as, éy@ aoe

, U Xaptv ToVTOV:

for a kindness. 620.11.,26. for this. Re dl,

év xapire, as a favor.

J But &xes rt; in Aristoph. Nub. 723. is, have you got any device yel ?—J.S.

k Add; Tis, in a very emphatical sense, for any person or thing whatever, without any exception: mpaotépous yevér- Oat tivbs, Demosth, de male ob. leg. p. 852.1. 8. & yh Kat Deol! Kal TodTo 7d aoéBnua fdartdy rivos Hyeiobe; Dem, in Androt, p. 618. 1. 5. v. et adv. Lep. p. 284.1.17. Tl, why, wherefore: An- stoph. Plut. 252.—J.S.

¢ Not much unlike this is its sense in Plat. Lysand. &p0n mupds wey obey Epyov, ov’ txvos TocodTov, not so muchas a ves- tige: p. 804. 1. 22. ed. H. St. but I conjecture, &. 7. fe 0. €pyov ovd txvos ToOgOvTOV.—J.S,

eusee Ch, V. ‘Sah ky § 12—14.]

Te. [icf a6:

v. Dem. pro Megal. p. 84. 1. 14. Tas) aToowevar, (Dem. Ep. ii. p.

Xapw (or yape- 111.) or redeiy, to make a return

xXapuv amoarepety, to be ungrateful: Plato Gorg. p. dpeihw oo. Xap rourou, Lam indebted, or obliged, to you ony xap, for your sake: see Ch. I.

m In Aristoph. oddeulay Exw ye TO Biy xapiv, is, I have no enjoyment of life; my life is a burden to me: Lys. 865. and rots 6 orlots Xdpiv ovdeulav ol éciwv, is, I have no relish of my food: ib. 869.—On this word the follow- ing plirases may be added; ézel ode pa TIS Xapis ev Mdpvacba, Hom. Il. 1, 316. odméoxeto Bonbijoev pera pmeya- Ans xapitos: very readily, very wil- lingly: Polyb. E, L. 31. véwewy xdpuy, to gratify, (with a dative,) Aristoph. Av. 384. broupyetv xdpiv, Aristot. Rhet. ii. 9. moAAHY Xdpiv KaTabéeuevot, having received it as a great benefit, for which they were to be ever ready to make a grateful return: A®sch, in Ctes, p. 432. 1, 12, Reisk.—J.S.

RULE 1—8.] Xdpis—Xpijpa. 57

Xdpis, grace; the free undeserved favor of God; in the N.T. but €ywuer xaov in Hebr. xii, 28. should be rendered, let us be thankful; let us cherish gratitude.— xpos yadpiv, for évexa or xapw: [see Ch. I. R.11.] wpos yap Adywr, Soph. Tr. 178. Ant. 30. v. Brunck.

Ill. Xeip.— é« yempos (or year) padyecBar, or rocety év xepal payny, to fight hand to hand: whence } é« xeipos, or cvorddny, or é« ovard- cews, OF Kata avaracw, or poetically airocyeddr, payn, close fight: cvoTadny yup ovens Tis payns, kai Tov TANYGY Ex YEipos ywopévor, Diod. S. xi, 7. See Demosth. in Panath. t. i. p. 243. Hermann. ad Soph. Aj. 27. in Erf. ed. maj. So és yeipas, Soph. Tr. 441. v. Ged. C. 975. €

IV. Tijs kowvodoyias ék yerpos yevouérvns, at once, on the spot: Polyb. v.

V. Xewpav vouos,” blows; fighting ; employment of force or the sword: v. Wessel. add. ad Diod. S. t. i. p. 277. Musgr. ad Eurip. Bacch. 738. io xeipa, under power, subjected :° Soph. El. 1090. v. Thom. M. p. 896.

VI. "Ev xepoiv, (nearly the same as év year vouw,) in ballle ; while engaged ; in the affray: rovs pev év yepoly améxrewayr, rove dé Govras €hafoy.

VII. Xeipiv adixwy dipgar, or xardp~a, to be the aggressor,” Xen. Cyrop. i. c. 30. to begin hostilities, Maceab. iv, 40. and dpyew adixwy, (neuter,) Al. V. H. i, 14. eis yeipas iévac is said of an amicable meeting, as well as of a hostile encounter.’

VIII. Xpéos.—ypedv aroxorai, (nove tabule,) en iniquitous ex- tinction, by an order of government, of all private debts without just payment. This was called ceroaxGera also, and ypewxoria.

SECTION XIII.

Rutes I. Il. Wi. Xpipa (like rpaypa, Sect. X. R.8.)is said of a thing that surpasses in any way: as, cvds xpijpa péya, a huge boar: Herodot. Cl. c. 36. Oavyacroy ri ypipa map0évov, a most beau- tiful virgin: Charit. xpijpa mod\dMev vedy, a great multitude of ships: Herodot. Er. c. 42. @eiov éxtoxdrwy xpijpa, divine para- gon of bishops! Euseb. Pr. Ev. i. 10 ypijpa ray Kérwy door! what an immense number of labors! Aristoph. Ran. [1278.] so Nub. [1.] See Aristoph. Vesp. 927. [933.] Heliod. £th. x, 23. Aris- toph. Plut. 895. Al. V. H. ii, 13. Xen. Cyrop. ii, 2. édXagoy, caddy Tt xpijpa cat péya, Xen. Cyrop.i. See Cic. ad Att. i, 12. [in Sen. p-r.6.] Seneca Ep. 95. [p. 602. 1. 19. ed. Lips. Antverp. 1615.]

* Similar to this is the English expres- q Add, eis xetpayit ouvqWar, (vadv sc.) sion, club-law.—J.8. close: Eurip. Heracl. 430. (in manibus

° “Trd xeipa, off-hand ; at once: Aristot. terre, Virg. Geor. ii, 45.) but Valcks Meteor. ii. c.9. So sub manum, Sueton. and Heath read ds x. y. o.—TOovs mpo- Aug. 49.—J.S. €oTaTas avTay eis TUS xXElpas AaUBdvwr:

P Demosth, in Aristocr. p. 635.1.27, taking them in hand ; expostulating with in Euerg. p. 1141.1], 8. 1143, 18.—J.S. them in private: Polyb.i, 70.—J.S.

Viger. H

58 Xpvads—oa. (CHAP. 111. § 13.

Ov. de Pont. ii, 37. Phedr. iv. fab. 7. Spanh. ad Callim. h. Dian. 100. Fisch. ad Well. ii. p. 288. seq.

IV. (V.) Money employed, or put out at interest, was called évepya xorjpara: unemployed, dpyayx. The interest or profit, épyor or épya- aia. Hence épyazecbar, to be employed in money-making ; to increase one’s fortune: Isoer. ad Nicocl. p. 37. xpiuaow épyagecbat, De- mosth. pro Phorm. p. 605. 1. 32. to turn money. eipyaoaro év abrois, (the five talents,) traded with the same: Matth. xxv, 16. To xpiua, in the singular, is said of a particular sum of money: Act. Ap. iv, 37. The principal, or capital, was called ro apyaiov, 7a apyaia, &pxatov ddveworv, apxatov Kepadacoy, and Kepadaoy, Aschin. c. Ctes. p. 289. 1. 12. aud this last is used simply for @ sum of money: Act. Ap. xxii, 28. The interest, of réxor: v. Athen. Deipn. xiii, Surplus, or odd money, ro xpoady, or TO més.

V. (VI) "Aria xphuara, the fortune or goods of those who were armot, i. e. excluded from public offices and honors, and devoted by the laws to ignominy: ypoypara éxizipa, the contrary. Those first mentioned might be seized by any one with impunity.

Vi. (VIL.) Xpuods év vopicpart, or ws voutopa, or éxéonpos, coined gold ; xo. donpos, gold bullion ; ypucos év karackevais, gold plate ; xp. é€v vAn, Or ws Grn, gold in bars or ingots ; Xpuvads ws mpodcknpa, golden vessels or plate. The same expressions are used of silver: Plat. in Pomp. Philo de Legat. ad Caium, and de Provid.

VIL. (VUI.) Xdépa, rank, character or predicament: ray ob dvrwv Zyovar ywpav :—ev- Ywp| Tov évedpevorTos GAGrvat.

VILL. (AX.) Tots pév dxov érvxev éxaoroy karuBéPAnrat, Tuts dé ev xope@ &kacra teraypéva Keirac: in their proper places ; in order: Xen. (Xe. ii,,3..ef.- Gynopsrity, 513%

IX. (X.) Kara ywpay éxeww, or pévery,” or arpeperv, to remain un- disturbed, unremoved, in statu quo. Xwpa, dignity, rank, honor, station, (locus,) Polyb. i, 43. Jos. Arch. vi, 10, 1. Xwpa, the country, in contradistinction to the town, Xen. Hier. x, 5. Polyb. 1, 1,72. Herodian vi, 4; 11. cf. Grav. Lect. Hes. c. viii. p. 38.

X. (XL) "Opa, proper time, full time, high time.* "Qoa, puberty, maturity, marriageable age: ijdn 8 eis dvdpos Spay hxovans ris Kopns, Plato Crit. p. 113. 1. 32. Marriageable girls are said év dpg yevéo- Oar, Herodian i, 2, 3.

The following uses of dpa, signifying time, are to be noticed :—1. Spa ris fpépas, a twelfth part of the natural day: Xen. Mem. iv, 3, 4. Herodot. ii. p. 153. ed. Wess.—2. dpa rijs vuxris, a fourth part of the night: Xen, Mem. iv, 7, 4. which is called also 4 gvAaxy.— 3. dpa, midnight: Sapph. fragm. ap. Hephzest.* (vusrds apodyds, Hom. Od. 8, 841.)—4. Spa pyvds, one part or division of a month ;

* Sxenréov, wdrepoy Set Tovs wey %AXovs viuous, obs émt rots Gdikodot Thy mwéAw «<