jjjahmtmi^aimmal itf

OF

Old new York

No. 4, New Series
1920
Edited By

Henry Collins Brown

1 PRAY YOU LET US SATISFY
OUR EYES—

WITH THE MEMORIALS AND
THE THINGS OF FAME

THAT DO RENOWN THIS CITY"
Shakespeare .

New York 1920

Valentine's Manual Inc.

15 East 40™ St.

Ctertg logs of 191 B
Mjo Jfiowjljt in Jorrujn iOattoa

STljat ICifortg
Mioljt Not Pmsli from tl?^ larto.
Sftyta Holum* ta
Atfrrttonatelg Srotratro

Copyright, 1919
by

Henry Collins Brown.

Press of

The Chauncey Holt Company
New York City

CONTENTS

Page

DIARY OF A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD NEW YORK, 1849.

Catherine Elizabeth Havens 1

PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF WASHINGTON IRVING.

Major George Haven Putnam 53

MOUNT ROOSEVELT— A MEMORIAL 61

WASHINGTON IRVING AND THE EMPRESS EUGENIE 62

NOTABLE RESTORATIONS— WALL ST. AND FIFTH AVE... 64
WALL STREET NINETY YEARS AGO. Sturges S. Dunham.... 78
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE COLORED SUPPLEMENTS

OF WALL STREET

FIRST WHITE WAY 94

REMOVE THE POST OFFICE FROM CITY HALL PARK— A
PLAN FOR AN APPROPRIATE MONUMENT TO THE
LIBERTY BOYS OF 1918 97

A HUNDRED YEARS AGO 102

EDWIN BOOTH MEMORIAL 115

THE FORTUNE TELLER 118

ITEMS 121

DR. J. G. HOLLAND AND ROSWELL SMITH.

William Webster Ellsworth 122

WHY I LIKE NEW YORK 129

SOME FAMOUS AMERICAN NAVAL PRINTS. H. C. Brown... 130

[ix]

Page

HALF A CENTURY AGO— INTERESTING ITEMS OF OLD

NEW YORK. Arthur Winthrope Earle 141

SLAVE BURIALS IN NEW YORK. W. L. Calver 153

SOME RECOLLECTIONS OF OLD BROOKLYN— AS IT WAS

IN THE 70's AND 80's. H. C. Brown 157

AMBROSE CHANNEL — INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE

GREAT WATERWAY. George F. Shrady 172

OLD TARGET COMPANIES AND FIREMEN. W. S. Ludlow.... 180

THEODORE ROOSEVELT 188

GRAMERCY PARK. John B. Pine 193

Gramercy Seat.
Samuel B. Ruggles.
Peter Cooper's Home.

Where the Atlantic Cable Project was born.

Cyrus W. Field's Residence.

Mayor Abram S. Hewitt.

Samuel J. Tilden.

John Bigelow.

Calvary Church.

Friends' Meeting House.

Dr. Bellows and All Soul's Church.

The Draft Riots.

The Players.

National Arts Club.

Trustees of Gramercy Parle.

A VOYAGE IN A CLIPPER SHIP IN THE SEVENTIES.

William Allen Butler 249

CELEBRATION OF THE 507TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE

BIRTH OF JOAN OF ARC 253

HOW GREAT GRANDMOTHER TOOK HER OUTING IN 1810.. 257
ITEMS 259

SOME ASSOCIATIONS OF OLD ANN STREET. Aaron Mendoza 263
Christ Church.
Barnum's Museum.
Printers and Booksellers.
Papers and Periodicals.

fx I

Page

CURIOUS ITEMS FROM OLD NEW YORK PAPERS 304

PUTTING OUT A FIRE, 1794 ' 309

MYRIAD MARVELS OF MANHATTAN 309

CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF ARTS 310

"REVERIES OF A BACHELOR," AND LOWER FIFTH AVE.

Albert Ulmann 312

WILLIAM HAMLIN CHILDS' CASE 317

SKATING IN OLD NEW YORK. Irving Brokaw 321

MIGRATORY BIRDS OF FORT WASHINGTON PARK 335

NEW YORK CITY'S WAR ACTIVITIES— A CHRONOLOGICAL

RECORD 336

THE BOSTON ROAD AND AARON BURR. Stephen Wray 367

OLD TIME MARRIAGES AND DEATHS.

A. J. Wall, Ass't Lib'n, N. H. Hist. Soc'y 401

OLD MANSIONS OF THE BRONX. Randall Comfort 435

Gouverneur Morris Mansion.
Lewis Morris Mansion.
Jonas Bronck's Residence.
Old Hunt Mansion.
Faile Mansion.
Dennison White Mansion.
Casanova Mansion.
Old Fox Mansion.
Simpson Mansion.
Richard M. Hoe Mansion
Old Vyse Mansion.

INDEX 453

fxi]

ILLUSTRATIONS

List of the Rare Old Prints, Engravings and Colored
Lithographs Contained in this Volume.

Page

FRONTISPIECE (IN COLOR)

First Capitol of United States— Federal Hall Wall Street.

VAN DYCK'S PORTRAIT OF JAMES, DUKE OF YORK 7

U. S. S. GEORGE WASHINGTON (IN COLOR) 14

CLINTON HOTEL, BEEKMAN STREET, 1851 21

Showing the old City Hall Park fountain.

OLD MIDDLE DUTCH CHURCH, NASSAU STREET 29

Built 1729; used as Post Office, 1845-75.

EDWARD LIVINGSTON, THIRD MAYOR OF NEW YORK,

1801-3 37

Original painting by Trumbull.

CLIPPER SHIP "SAMUEL RUSSELL" (IN COLOR) 44

A famous flyer in the China trade.

NEW YORK WEEKLY JOURNAL 50

One of Zenger's early numbers.

CUTTING THE TREES ON THE N. Y. HOSPITAL GROUNDS 51
To make way for Thomas Street.

DE WITT CLINTON, FOURTH MAYOR OF NEW YORK, 1803-7 59
Original painting by Catlin.

EARLE'S HOTEL, CANAL AND CENTRE STREETS, 1880 65

The McAlpin of 40 years ago.

CLIPPER SHIP "N. B. PALMER" (IN COLOR) 74

The remarkable record of 396 miles in one day is to her credit.

TALLY HO COACH, NEW YORK TO NEW ROCHELLE, 1877... 83
Delancey Kane, driving.

BROADWAY, LOOKING NORTH FROM MURRAY STREET,

1880 89

[xiii]

Page

CITY HALL PARK, 1825 95

When the Park was the recreation ground and beauty spot of
New York.

CLIPPER SHIP "BENEFACTRESS" (IN COLOR) 104

One of the fast clipper ships belonging to A. A. Low & Bro.

DR. HASTING'S OLD CHURCH, THE WEST PRESBYTERIAN 113
Now site of Aeolian Hall.

STATUE OF EDWIN BOOTH 119

Showing the great actor as Hamlet.

FORTY-SECOND STREET AND MADISON AVE., 1869.. 125

Just before the Grand Central Station was opened.

CLIPPER SHIP "HOUQUAH" (IN COLOR) 132

As she appeared entering Hongkong Harbor.

HOUQUAH, A NOTED CHINESE MERCHANT 139

Identified with the great business of A. A. Low & Bro.

THE VELOCIPEDE IN 1869 145

The origin of the bicycle, motor cycle and automobile.

JAM AT FULTON FERRY, 1883 151

BASEBALL AT CAPITOLINE GROUNDS, BROOKLYN, 1880.... 156

RACING AT JEROME PARK, 1880 156

U. S. S. "ALOHA" (IN COLOR) 160

Private yacht of Commodore Arthur Curtiss James, given to the
government for service during the war.

AN OLD NEW YORKER'S MISHAP AT THE FERRY SLIP.... 169

JOHN WOLFE AMBROSE....- 175

For whom Congress named the great channel to New York.

AMBROSE LIGHTSHIP 175

Marking the entrance to the channel.

RETURN OF A TARGET COMPANY, 1879 181

Coming home from Lion Park.

U. S. S. "NOMA" (IN COLOR) 190

Lieut. Astor's yacht on duty on the high seas.

GRAMERCY PARK HOUSE, 1860 199

CYRUS W. FIELD PRESENTING HIS ALTANTIC CABLE

PLAN 205

From the painting in the Chamber of Commerce.

GRAMERCY PARK, LOOKING NORTH 211

[xiv]

Page

U. S. S. "CORSAIR" (IN COLOR) 218

Private yacht of Commodore J. P. Morgan, given to the govern-
ment for service during the war.

BOOTH'S THEATRE, SIXTH AVE. AND TWENTY-THIRD ST.,

1879 225

Where the great Shakespeare Revival in the 70's took place.

CALVARY EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1846 231

UNITARIAN CHURCH OF ALL SOULS, 1855 237

CLIPPER SHIP "CHARLES H. MARSHALL" (IN COLOR) 246

CHART OF VOYAGE ON THE "CHARLES H. MARSHALL".. 247

WARSHIPS SALUTING JOAN OF ARC STATUE 255

NEW YORK HERALD OFFICE, 1870 261

REV. JOSEPH PILMORE, CHRIST CHURCH IN ANN STREET 267
From John Wesley's School, Kingswood, England.

HISPANIC SOCIETY AND OTHER NOTABLE BUILDINGS 274

BARNUM'S VICTORY OVER ST. PAUL'S VESTRYMEN 281

TYPE FOUNDRY IN ANN STREET 281

BURNING OF BARNUM'S MUSEUM, 1865 287

LINE DRAWING OF BROADWAY AND UNION SQUARE, 1820 292

ELEVATED ROAD, GREENWICH STREET, 1869 293

CLIPPER SHIP "FLYING CLOUD" (IN COLOR) 300

A record-breaker in the old California days.

BROADWAY AND MAIDEN LANE, 1880 307

NEW YORK'S NEW PUBLIC MUSEUMS, BROADWAY AND

155TH STREET 313

NEW YORK SKATING CLUB, 1863 319

SKATING IN CENTRAL PARK, 1860 (IN COLOR) 326

A rare old lithograph in the collection of Mr. Irving Brokaw.

JOAN OF ARC PARK COMMEMORATIVE MEDALS 333

FOURTH AVE., 52ND AND 53RD STREETS, 1875 339

Now "Victory Way."

CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF AUTOMOBILE ROW IN 1869... 345

CLIPPER SHIP "THREE BROTHERS" (IN COLOR) 352

Turned over by Commodore Vanderbilt to the government during
the Civil War.

WAVERLY HOUSE, 1852 359

A rare print in the collection of Mr. Robert Goelet.

[xv]

Page

HOMESTEAD OF DR. JOSEPH BROWNE 365

OLD JOHNSTON TAVERN ON THE BRONX RIVER 371

Where the Boston stages changed horses.

A DAY IN THE LIFE OF THE VOLUNTEER FIREMAN (IN

COLOR) 378

"Jump her boys, jump her."

LORILLARD'S SNUFF MILL ON THE BRONX RIVER 385

Destroyed in the blizzard of 1888.

BIXBY HOTEL AND W. & J. SLOANE'S CARPET WARE-
HOUSE, 1853 391

HUDSON RIVER R. R. COMMUTATION RATE CARD, 1850.... 396

BATTERY PLACE, 1883 397

VOLUNTEER FIREMEN AT WORK (IN COLOR) 404

"The New Era."

WASHINGTON EQUESTRIAN STATUE 411

As he appeared at Valley Forge.

SHAKESPEARE STATUE, ERECTED BY CITIZENS OF NEW
YORK 417

ROBERT BURNS STATUE, ERECTED BY ADMIRERS OF THE

PEASANT BARD 423

VOLUNTEER FIREMEN, EXTINGUISHING A GREAT FIRE

(IN COLOR) 430

"Now then with a will."

HUNT MANSION 437

CASANOVA MANSION 437

FAILE MANSION 443

DENNISON-WHITE MANSION 443

[xvi]

HOW THE CITY HALL PARK WOULD LOOK TODAY IF THE POSTOFFICE BRIDGE STATION AND
COURT HOUSE WERE REMOVED. THE LIBERTY POLE COULD BE ERECTED ALMOST ON ITS OLD SITE

DIARY OF A LITTLE GIRL IN OLD NEW YORK
(1849-1850)

Catherine Elizabeth Havens

August 6, 1849.

Xam ten years old to-day, and I am going to begin
a diary. My sister says it is a good plan, and
when I am old, and in a remembering mood, I
can take out my diary and read about what I did when
I was a little girl.

I can remember as far back as when I was only four
years old, but 1 was too young then to keep a diary, but
I will begin mine by telling what I can recall of that far-
away time.

The first thing I remember is going with my sister in
a sloop to visit my aunts on Shelter Island. We had to
sleep two nights on the sloop, and had to wash in a tin
basin, and the water felt gritty.

These aunts live in a very old house. It was built in
1733 and is called , the Manor House, and some of the
floors and doors in it were in a house built in 1635 of
wood brought from England.*

* Note — This house is now in possession of Miss Cornelia Horsford, of
Cambridge, Mass., and was the subject of an article by the late Mrs.
Martha J. Lamb, in the November number of the Magazine of American
History for 1887.

[ 1 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

The next thing I remember is going with my nurse to
the Vauxhall Gardens, and riding in a merry-go-round.
These Gardens were in Lafayette Place, near our house,
and there was a gate on the Lafayette Place side, and
another on the Bowery side.

Back of our house was an alley that ran through to
the Bowery, and there was a livery stable on the Bowery,
and one time my brother, who was full of fun and mis-
chief, got a pony from the stable and. rode it right down
into our kitchen and galloped it around the table and
frightened our cook almost to death.

Another time he jumped onto a new barrel of flour and
went right in, boots and all. He was so mischievous that
our nurse kept a suit of his old clothes done up in a
bundle, and threatened to put them on him and give him
to the old-clothes man when he came along.

The beggar girls bother us dreadfully. They come
down the steps to the kitchen door and ring the bell and
ask for cold victuals ; and sometimes they peek through
the window into the basement, which is my nursery. And
one day my brother said to one of them, "My dear, I am
very sorry, but our victuals are all hot now, but if you
will call in about an hour they will be cold." And she
went away awfully angry.

We moved from Lafayette Place to Brooklyn when I
was four years old, but only lived there one year. My
brother liked Brooklyn because he could go crabbing on
the river, but I was afraid of the goats, which chased
one of my friends one day. So we came back to New
York, and my father bought a house in Ninth Street.
He bought it of a gentleman who lived next door to us,
and who had but one lung, and he lived on raw turnips

[ 2 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

and sugar. Perhaps that is why he had only one lung.
I don't know.

I am still living in our Ninth Street house. It is a
beautiful house and has glass sliding doors with birds of
Paradise sitting on palm trees painted on them. But I
am afraid we shall never move again. I think it is de-
lightful to move. I think it is so nice to shut my eyes
at night and not to know where anything will be in the
morning, and to have to hunt for my brush and comb
and my books and my etceteras, but my mother and my
nurse do not feel that way at all.

I forgot to say I have a little niece, nearly as old as I
am, and she lives in the country. Her mother is my
sister, and her father is a clergyman, and I go there in
the summer, and she comes here in the winter, and we
have things together, like whooping-cough and scarletina.
Her name is Ellen and she is very bright. She writes
elegant compositions, but I beat her in arithmetic. I hate
compositions unless they are on subjects I can look up in
books.

Beside my little niece, I have a dear cousin near my
age. Her father died in New Orleans, and her mother
then came to New York to live. She brought all her
six children with her, and also the bones of seven other
little children of hers, who had died in their infancy.
She brought them in a basket to put in the family vault
on Long Island.

My aunt and my cousins came to New York three
years ago. I was in my trundle-bed one night and woke
up and saw my mother putting on her hat and shawl, and
I began to cry, but she told me to be a good girl and go
to sleep, and next day she would take me to see some
little cousins. So the next day she took me, but first we

[ 3 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

went to Mrs. May's toy store, just below Prince Street
on Broadway, to buy some presents for me to give to
my three little girl cousins. They were living in a nice
house in Bleecker Street, near McDougal Street, and are
named Annie Maria and Eliza Jane and Sarah Ann.

I took Annie a basket made by some of the people at
the Blind Asylum. It was made of cloves strung on
wire in diamond shapes, and where the wires crossed
there was a glass bead. She keeps her big copper pennies
in it.

Annie is my dearest friend. She and I are together
in school, but now they have moved way up to Fifteenth
Street ; but I walk up every morning to meet her and we
walk down to school together. Saturdays I go up to
Annie's, and on Irving Place, between Fourteenth and
Fifteenth Streets, there is a rope walk, and we like to
watch the men walk back and forth making the rope.
It is very interesting.1

Some Saturdays we go to see our grandmother, who
lives with our aunt on Abingdon Square, and she sends
Bella her maid out to buy some candy for us, and she
tells us about what she did when she lived way down
town in Maiden Lane. She is our mother's mother.
Annie's parents and my parents were married in the
Maiden Lane house, and my father took my mother to
his house at 100 Chambers Street to live with him.

My grandmother's mother lived in Fletcher Street,
and she had a sister who lived on Wall Street, opposite
the old Tontine Coffee-House. They loved each othe**
very much, and were both very sick and expected to die ;
but my great grandmother got up of¥ her sick bed and

The Academy of Music mow stands where tli? jope walk was.

j r 4 1

OF OLD NEW YORK

went down to see her sister, and she died there an hour
before her sister died, and they were buried together in
their brother's vault in Trinity Church Yard. I love to
hear my grandmother tell about these old times. She
says Mr. R., who married her aunt, was a Tory; which
meant he was for the English in the Revolutionary War.
He was a printer and came from England, and Rivington
Street was named for him.

My father's father lived on Shelter Island, and had
twenty slaves, and their names were: Africa, Pomp,
London, Titus, Tony, Lum, Cesar, Cuff, Odet, Dido,
.Ziller, Hagar, Judith, and Comas, but my grandfather
thought it was wicked to keep slaves, so he told them
they could be free, but Tony and Comas stayed on with
him. After he died Tony and Comas had a fight and
Comas cut Tony, and my grandmother told Tony he
must forgive Comas, for the Bible said "by so doing
thou shalt heap coals of fire on his head," and Tony said,
"yes, Missy, de nex' time Comas hit me, I'll heap de
coals ob fire on his head and burn him to a cinder."

New York is getting very big and building up. I walk
some mornings with my nurse before breakfast from our
house in Ninth Street up Fifth Avenue to Twenty-third
Street, and down Broadway home. An officer stands in
front of the House of Refuge on Madison Square, ready
to arrest bad people, and he looks as if he would like to
find some.

Fifth Avenue is very muddy above Eighteenth Street,
and there are no blocks of houses as there are downtown,
but only two or three on a block. Last Saturday we had

a picnic on the grounds of Mr. Waddell's country seat

[ 5 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

way up Fifth Avenue,2 and it was so muddy I spoiled
my new light cloth gaiter boots. I have a beautiful green
and black changeable silk visite,3 but my mother said
it looked like rain and I could not wear it, and it never
rained a drop after all. It has a pinked ruffle all around
it and a sash behind.

Miss Carew makes my things. She is an old maid,
and very fussy, and Ellen and I don't like her. She
wears little bunches of curls behind her ears, and when
she is cutting out she screws up her mouth, and we try
not to laugh, and my mother says Miss Carew is well
born and much thought of and only works for the best
families.

There is another person called Miss Piatt who comes
to sew carpets, and although we don't despise her, which
would be very wicked, for my mother says she comes of
an excellent old Long Island family, yet Ellen and I don't
like to have her use our forks and drink out of our cups.
She is very tall and thin and has a long neck that reminds
Ellen and me of a turkey gobbler, and her thumb-nails
are all flattened from hammering down carpets, and she
puts up her front hair in little rings and sticks big pins
through them. Ellen and I try to pick out a nicked cup
for her to use so that we can recognize it and avoid it.

Mr. Brower makes my shoes and brings them home
on Saturday night and stays and tries them on. My
sisters go to Cantrell on the Bowery, near Bleecker
Street. The wife of one of my brothers thinks I am
too fond of pretty clothes, and she sent me a Valentine
about a kitten wanting to have pretty stripes like the

2 Corner of Thirty-seventh Street and Fifth Avenue, where the Brick
Church now stands.

3 A visite was a loose fitting, unlined coat.

[ 6 ]

Van Dyck's Portrait of James, Duke of York for whom the
City was named. Courtesy of Metropolitan
Museum of Art

OF OLD NEW YORK

tiger, and how the tiger told the kitten that she had a
great deal nicer life than he did, out in the cold, and that
she ought to be contented. I will copy it just as she wrote
it. I don't know whether she made it all up, but she
made up the verse about me. This is it:

A kitten one day,

In a weak little voice
To a tiger did say :

"How much I rejoice

That I am permitted

In you to behold
One of my own family,

So great and so bold !

I'd walk fifty miles, sir,

On purpose to see
A sight so refreshing

And pleasant to mel

"With your gay, striped dress,

You must make a great show,
And be very much courted

Wherever you go !

Every beast, great and small,

In the forest must say,
'I wish I were a tiger,

So showy and gay !"

The tiger, half dozing,

Then opened his eye,
And thus to the kitten

He deigned a reply.

"You envious, foolish

And weak little thing,
Know that your size, like mine,

Doth advantages bring.

"Though you have not strength,

Nor a gay, striped dress,
You have comforts around

I should love to possess.

"Though I'm powerful and bold,

I'm the terror of all I
Alas ! every one hates me

And flees at my call.

[ 9 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

"You may be very useful

By catching the mice ;
Thus make the folks love you

And give you a slice

"Of their meat, and a place
Nice and warm where to sleep,

While, friendless and cold,
I my wanderings keep 1

"Now, envy no more

Fine looks and gay dress,
But strive to be useful,

Make happy and bless

"The friends who 're around you

By kindness and care,
And you'll find in return

Love and happiness there."

Methinks you, my dear Kitty,

My tale can explain ;
If not, I'll unfold it

When I see you again.

August 15.

I got so tired doing so much thinking and writing
in my diary that I waited to think up some more to say.

My father is a very old gentleman. He was born
before the Revolutionary War. I have three sisters who
are nearly as old as my mother. We have the same
father, but different mothers, so they are not quite my
own sisters ; but they say they love me just the same as
if we were own. Two of them got married and went
away to live with their husbands, but one whose name
begins with C is not married. I will call her Sister C
in my diary. She is educating me.

I love my music lessons. I began them when I was
seven years old. Our piano is in the middle room be-
tween the parlor and dining-room, and my teacher shuts
the sliding doors, and Ellen peeked through the crack
to see what I was doing, but she was only six years old.

[ 10 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

My teacher is very fond of me. Last year my sister
let me play at a big musical party she had, and I played
a tune from "La Fille du Regiment," with variations.
It took me a good while to learn it, and the people all liked
it and said it must be very hard. My mother has had
all my pieces bound in a book and my name put on the
cover.

I love my music first, and then my arithmetic. Some-
times our class has to stand up and do sums in our heads.
Our teacher rattles off like this, as fast as ever she can,
"Twice six, less one, multiply by two, add eight, divide
by three. How much?" I love to do that.

I have a friend who comes to school with me, named
Mary L. She lives on Ninth Street, between Broadway
and the Bowery. She and I began our lessons together
and sat on a bench that had a little cupboard underneath
for our books. She has a nurse named Sarah. Some-
times Ellen and I go there and have tea in her nursery.
She has a lot of brothers and they tease us. One time
we went, and my mother told us to be polite and not to
take preserves and cake but once. But we did, for we
had raspberry jam, and we took it six times, but the
plates were dolls' plates, and of course my mother meant
tea plates. My brother laughed and said we were
tempted beyond what we were able to bear, whatever
that means. He says it is in the Bible.

I hate my history lessons. Ellen likes history be-
cause she knows it all and does not have to study her
lesson, but one day our teacher asked her to recite the
beginning of the chapter, and she had only time to see
there was a big A at the heading, and she thought it was
about Columbus discovering America and began to recite
at a great rate, but the teacher said, "wrong," and it

[ 11 1

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

was about Andrew Marvell. Once a girl in our class
asked our teacher if what we learned in history was true,
or only just made up. I suppose she thought it was good
for the mind, like learning poetry.

I meant to write about the time three years ago, when
I went with my father to Brady's Daguerrean Gallery,
corner of Tenth Street and Broadway, to have our
picture taken.

My father was seventy-four, and I was seven. It is a
very pretty picture, but people won't believe he isn't my
grandfather. He is sitting down and I am standing be-
side him, and his arm is around me, and my hand hangs
down and shows the gold ring on my fore-finger. He
gave it to me at New Years to remember him by. I
wore it to church and took off my glove so that Jane S.,
who sits in the pew next to me, would see it, but she
never looked at it. We introduced ourselves to each
other by holding up our hymn books with our names on
the cover, so now we speak. Ellen and I are afraid of
the sexton in our church. He looks so fierce and red.

Once in a while my sister takes me down to the Brick
Church on Beekman Street, where our family went be-
fore I was born. We generally go on Thanksgiving Day.
Dr. Spring is the minister. He married my parents and
baptized all their children. Mr. Hull is the sexton, and
he puts the coals in the foot-stoves in the pews. Some-
times the heat gives out and the lady gets up in her
pew and waves her handkerchief and Mr. Hull comes
and gets her stove and fills it again. When church
begins he fastens a chain across the street to keep
carriages away.

A man used to stand in front of the pulpit and read
two lines of the hymn and start the tune and all the

[ 12 ]

j& jS. dearie ptasljxrtgkm

Leaving the harbor of New York,
Dec. 3rd, 1918, for the Peace Con-
ference at Paris with President Wil-
son and party on board. This event
marked the first occasion in which
a President of the United States
ever absented himself from the coun-
try while holding office.

OF OLD NEW YORK

people would sing with him. He had a tuning-fork,
and used to snap it and it gave him the key to start the
tune on, but that was before I was born. Afterwards
they had a choir, and my mother and one of my sisters
sang in it one time.

We are a musical family, all except my father ; but
he went with my sister to hear Jenny Lind in Castle
Garden, and when she sang "I know that my Redeemer
liveth," the tears ran down his face. My sister took me
too, and I heard her sing "Coming thro' the rye" and
"John Anderson, my Joe," and a bird song, and she is
called the Swedish Nightingale, because she can sing
just like one.
September 21.

My parents went up to Saratoga in August for two
weeks, to drink the water. They always stay at the
Grand Union Hotel. Some time they will take me. It
takes my mother a long time to pack, particularly her
caps. She has a cold that comes on the nineteenth day
of every August. She calls it her peach cold, and says
it comes from the fuzz on the peaches she preserves and
pickles.4 It. lasts six weeks and is very hard to bear.
It makes her sneeze and her eyes run, and it is too bad,
for she has sweet brown eyes and is very beautiful, and
when she was a girl she was called "the pink of Maiden
Lane," where she lived.

This summer I went up to my sister's, my own sister,
at Old Church. Maggy, my nurse, took me in a carriage
from Hathorn's Livery Stable on University Place, to
Catherine Slip on the East River, where we get into a
steamboat — sometimes it is the Cricket, and sometimes

4 Now known as Hay Fever.

[ 17 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

the Cataline — and we sail up the sound to the landing
where we get off to go to Old Church, and then we get
into the stage-coach to ride to my sister's parsonage. I
was so wild to get there and to see Ellen and the rest
of them that I could hardly wait to have the driver
let down the steps for me to get in, and put them up
again.

I just love it at Old Church. We play outdoors all
day; sometimes in the barn and the hayloft, and some-
times by a brook across the road behind a house where
three ladies live who have never married, although they
have a vine called matrimony on their porch, and they are
very good to us children and let us run through their house
and yard. On Sundays it is so quiet we can hear every-
thing they say, and one morning we heard Miss E. say,
"Ann, do you think it is going to rain? If I thought
it was going to rain I would take my parasol, but if I
thought it was going to shine I would take my parasol-
ette."

Every year there is a fair at the Landing, and of
course the minister has to go, and so my sister goes too
and takes us. There is an old wagon in the barn beside
the carriage, and sometimes we all pile in with my
nurse and my sister, and go down to bathe in the salt
water. I wish we lived nearer to it and could go in
every day.

It is lovely on Sunday at Old Church. My brother-in-
law is in the pulpit, and his pew is in the corner of the
church, and there are two pews in front of us. On
pleasant days when the window is open behind us, we
can hear the bees buzzing and smell the lilac bush; and
out on the salt meadows in front of the church, we some-
times, alas ! hear old Dan F. swearing awfully at his

[ 18 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

oxen as he is cutting his salt grass, which it is very
wicked of him to cut on the Sabbath. He has only one
eye and wears a black patch over the other one, and
Ellen and I are afraid of him and run fast when we
pass his house. A nice gentleman sits in front of us in
church and brings little sugar plums and puts them on
the seat beside him for Katy (Ellen's sister) to pick up,
as she is very little and it keeps her quiet. One time
this gentleman went to sleep in church, and his mouth
was open and Katy had a rose in her little hand and she
dropped it into his mouth, but he did not mind, because
she was so cunning.

In the front pew of the three a family of two parents
and three sons and a daughter sit. They are farmers,
and they stomp up the aisle in their big hob-nailed boots,
and the father stands at the door of the pew and shoves
them all in ahead of him just as he shoos in his hens,
and then he plumps himself down and the pew creaks and
they make an awful noise.

The people in Old Church are very different from our
church people in New York, but my sister says they
are very kind and we must not make fun of them. Once
a year they give her a donation party, and it is very
hard for her for all the furniture has to be moved to
make room for the people. They bring presents of
hams and chickens and other things.

I could write lots about Old Church and the good
times I have there. My sister's father-in-law is the
Governor of the State, and sometimes he and his wife
drive over and spend the day with my sister and her
husband, who is their son. Once when my sister called
us to come and get dressed as they were going to arrive
soon, Ellen said to me, "You needn't hurry; he isn't your

[ 19 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

grandfather." She felt so proud to think he was the
Governor. But my father is her grandfather too, and
he is much finer looking than the Governor; and my
mother says she is very proud of my father for he
stands very high in the community — whatever that means.
One time I was very angry with my father. It was
about the Ravels.
October 1.

I stopped to get rested a fortnight ago and then I
forgot about my diary.

I will now tell about the Ravels. They act in a
theater, called Niblo's Theater, and it is corner of Broad-
way and Prince Street. My biggest own brother goes
there with some of his friends to see the plays, and
he said he would take me to see the Ravels. But when
my father found out about it he would not let me go.
He said he did not think it was right for Christians to
go to the theater. I went out on our front balcony and
walked back and forth and cried so much I hurt my
eyes.

Now I must tell about this brother of mine, for he
has gone away off to California. He went last February
with five other young gentlemen.

When he was twenty-one years old he joined a fire
company, and it was called "The Silk Stocking Hose
Company" because so many young men of our best
families were in it. But they didn't wear their silk
stockings when they ran with the engine, for I remember
seeing my brother one night when he came home from
a fire, and he had on a red flannel shirt and a black hat
that looked like pictures of helmets the soldiers wear.
He took cold and had pain in his leg, and Dr. Washing-
ton came and he asked my mother for a paper of pins

[ 20 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

and he tore off a row and scratched my brother's leg with
the. pins and then painted it with some dark stuff to
make it smart, and it cured him.

Last year my brother had the scarlet fever. His room
was on the top floor of our house, and when dear old
Dr. Johnston came to see him my mother felt sorry to
take him up so many stairs, but he said, "Oh, doctors
and hod-carriers can go anywhere." He lives on Four-
teenth Street and his daughter comes to school with
me.

Last week my sister took me to see Helen R. who is
very sick with scarlet fever. They thought she would
die, and she was prayed for in school, and now she is
getting well. We went up in her room and she looked
so funny in bed with all her hair cut off. She lives in
Tenth Street.

Before my brother went to California, he wrote in
my album, and this is what he wrote:

"My sister, thou hast just begun
To glide the stream of Time,
And as it wafts thee onward
Towards thy glorious youthful prime,

Oh, may the fleeting moments

Which compose thy early years
Be so improved that future days

Will not look back in tears I"

My album is a beautiful book, bound in pink kid. I
begged one of my brothers (not own) for one, and he
gave it to me and wrote lovely poetry on the first page.
I don't understand it all, but it sounds like music. I
will copy it here in my diary :

[ 23 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

''Spotless is the page and bright,

By heedless fingers yet untarnished;
Ne'er the track of fancy's flight
Has the virgin leaflet garnished !

Sweet the impress of the heart

Stamp'd in words of true affection !

This be every writer's part !
Love give every pen direction !"

October 15.

My eyes are so bad that I could not write in my diary,
and Maggy takes me to Dr. Samuel Elliott's, corner of
Amity Street and Broadway, and he puts something in
that smarts awfully. He has two rooms, and all the
people sit in the front room, waiting, and his office is
in the back room; and they have black patches over
their eyes — some of them — and sit very quiet and solemn.
On each side of the folding doors are glass cases filled
with stuffed birds and I know them all by heart now
and wish he would get some new ones.

When I was four years old I had my tonsils cut out
by Dr: Horace Green, who lives on Clinton Place. My
nurse asked him to give them to her, so he put them in a
little bottle of alcohol and sealed it up, and she keeps
it in the nursery closet, and sometimes she shows it
to me to amuse me, but it doesn't, only I don't like to
hurt her feelings. My grandmother gave me a five-
dollar gold piece for sitting so still when they were cut
out.

November 8.

My diary has stopped on account of my eyes, and I
have not studied much.

Ellen, is here, and we have had fun. We have been
down to Staten Island to one of my sisters. She has ice

[ 24 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

cream on Thursdays, so we try to go then. One day
I ate it so fast it gave me a pain in my forehead, and
my brother-in-law said I must warm it over the register,
and I did, and it all melted, and then they all laughed
and said he was joking, but they gave me some more.

My brother-in-law is a dear old gentleman, but he is
very deaf. He has a lovely place and every kind of fruit
on it, and there is a fountain in front with pretty fish
in it. The farmer's name is Andrew, and when he goes
to market, Ellen and I go with him in the buggy ; and
we always ask him to take us past Polly Bodine's house.
She set fire to a house and burned up ever so many
people, and I guess she was hung for it, because there
is a wax figure of her in Barnum's Museum.

Maggy takes us there sometimes, and it is very in-
structive, for there are big glasses to look through, and
you can see London and Paris and all over Europe, only
the people look like giants, and the horses as big as
elephants. Once we stayed to see the play. Maggy says
whenever the statue on St. Paul's Church hears the
City Hall clock strike twelve, it comes down. I am
crazy to see it come down, but we never get there at the
right time.

My mother remembers when the City Hall was being
built; and she and Fanny S. used to get pieces of the
marble and heat it in their ovens and carry it to school
in their mufTs to keep their hands warm. She loves to
tell about her school days, and I love to hear her.

December 10.

My eyes are better and I will write a little while I
can.

[ 25 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Ellen and I went out shopping alone. We went to
Bond's dry-goods store on Sixth Avenue, just below
Ninth Street, to buy a yard of calico to make an apron
for Maggy's birthday. We hope she will like it. It is
a good quality, for we pulled the corner and twitched
it as we had seen our mothers do, and it did not tear.
Ellen and I call each other Sister Cynthia and Sister
Juliana, and when we bought the calico, Ellen said, "Sis-
ter Cynthia, have you any change? I have only a fifty-
dollar bill papa left me this morning," and the clerk
laughed. I guess he knew Ellen was making it up !

There is a bakery kept by a Mr. Walduck on the
corner of Sixth Avenue and Eighth Street, and they
make delicious cream puffs, and when I have three cents
to spare, I run down there right after breakfast, before
school begins, and buy one and eat it there.

On the corner of Broadway and Ninth Street is a
chocolate store kept by Felix Effray, and I love to
stand at the window and watch the wheel go round.
It has three white stone rollers and they grind the
chocolate into paste all day long. Down Broadway,
below Eighth Street is Dean's candy store, and they
make molasses candy that is the best in the city. Some-
times we go down to Wild's, that is way down near
Spring Street, to get his iceland moss drops, good for
colds.

My mother says Stuart's candy store down on Green-
wich and Chambers Street used to be the store in her
day. When she was a little girl in 1810, old Kinloch
Stuart and his wife Agnes made the candy in a little
bit of a back room and sold it in the front room, and
sometimes they used to let my mother go in and stir it.

[ 26 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

After they died their sons, R. and L. Stuart, kept up the
candy store in the same place, and it is there still.

When my mother lived at 19 Maiden Lane, Miss
Rebecca Bininger and her brother lived across the way
from her, and they had a store in the front of their
home and sold fine groceries, and their sitting room was
behind the store. They were Moravians and they used
to ask my mother sometimes to come over and sing
hymns to them, and my mother says they were so clean
and neat that even their pot-hooks and trammels shone
like silver, and by and by Miss Rebecca would go into
the store and my mother would hear paper rustling, and
Miss Rebecca would come back and bring her a paper
rilled with nuts and raisins for a present.

Sometimes my mother gives us a shilling to go and
get some ice cream. We can get a half plate for six-
pence, and once Ellen dared to ask for a half plate
with two spoons, and they gave it to us, but they laughed
at us, and then we each had three cents left. That was
at Wagner's, on the other side of Broadway, just above
Eighth Street. . There is another ice cream saloon on the
corner of Broadway and Waverly Place, called Thomp-
son's.

I hope Ellen will stay all winter. She is full of pranks,
and smarter than I am if she is younger, and I hope we
will have lots of snow. When there is real good sleigh-
ing, my sister hires a stage sleigh and takes me and a
lot of my schoolmates a sleigh ride down Broadway to
the Battery and back. The sleigh is open and very long ;
and has long seats on each side, and straw on the floor
to keep our feet warm, and the sleigh bells sound so
cheerful. We see some of our friends taking their after-

[ 27 ]

V ALEN T [ N E'S M A N U A L

noon walk on the sidewalk, and I guess they wish they
were in our sleigh !

Stages run through Bleecker Street and Eighth Street
and Ninth Street right past our house, and it puts me
right to sleep when I come home from the country to
hear them rumble along over the cobble stones again.
There is a line on Fourteenth Street too, and that is the
highest uptown.

I roll my hoop and jump the rope in the afternoon,
sometimes in the Parade Ground on Washington Square,
and sometimes in Union Square. Union Square has a
high iron railing around it, and a fountain in the middle.
My brother says he remembers when it was a pond and
the farmers used to water their horses in it. Our Ninth
Street stages run down Broadway to the Battery, and
when I go down to the ferry to go to Staten Island, they
go through Whitehall Street, and just opposite the Bowl-
ing Green on Whitehall Street, there is a sign over a
store, "Lay and Hatch," but they don't sell eggs.

January 2, 1850.

Yesterday was New Year's Day, and I had lovely
presents. We had 139 callers, and I have an ivory
tablet and I write all their names down in it. Some
of the gentlemen come together and don't stay more than
a minute ; but some go into the back room and take some
oysters and coffee and cake, and stay and talk. My
cousin is always the first to come, and sometimes he comes
before we are ready, and we find him sitting behind the
door, on the end of the sofa, because he is bashful.
The gentlemen keep dropping in all day and until long
after I have gone to bed; and the horses look tired, and
the livery men make a lot of money.

[ 28 ]

The Old Middle Church in Nassau Street, built 1729, taken- down 1882.
Used as Post Office from 1845 to 1875. From the only original print
known, in the collection of wllliam lorino andrews

OF OLD NEW YORK

Next January we shall be half through the nineteenth
century. I hope I shall live to see the next century, but
I don't want to be alive when the year 2000 comes, for
my Bible teacher says the world is coming to an end
then, and perhaps sooner.

January 14.

My mother said she could not afford to get me another
pair of kid gloves now, but my sister took' me down to
Seaman and Muir's, next door to the hospital on Broad-
way, and bought me a pair. I like salmon color, but
she said they would not be useful. Strang and Adriance
is next door to Seaman and Muir's and we go there some-
times.

We get our stockings and flannels at S. and L. Holmes'
store, near Bleecker Street. They are two brothers
and they keep German cologne. Rice and Smith have
an elegant store on the corner of Waverly Place, and they
keep German cologne too. We go sometimes to Stewart's
store, way down on the corner of Chambers Street, but
I like best to go to Arnold and Constable's on Canal
Street, they keep elegant silks and satins and velvets, and
my mother always goes there to get her best things. She
says they wear well and can be made over for me or for
Ellen sometimes.

My Staten Island sister gave me a nice silk dress,
only it is a soft kind that does not rustle. I have a
green silk that I hate, and the other day I walked too
near the edge of the sidewalk, and one of the stages
splashed mud on it, and I am so glad, for it can't be
cleaned.

On Canal Street, near West Broadway, is a box store,
where my mother goes for boxes. They have all kinds,

[ 31 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

from beautiful big band boxes for hats and long ones
for shawls, down to little bits of ones for children, and
all covered with such pretty paper.

Maggy, my nurse, is a very good woman, and reads
ever so many chapters in her Bible every Sunday, and
she said one day, "Well, Moses had his own troubles with
these Children of Israel." I suppose she was thinking
about the troubles she has with us children. I have a
little bit of a hymn book that was given to one of my
sisters (not own) by her affectionate mother. It was
printed in 1811 and is called "The Children's Hymn
Book," and some of the hymns are about children sleep-
ing in church, and they are very severe, and I don't have
to learn them, but Maggy teaches me some pretty verses
sometimes to sing. I will copy down one of the hymns
about sleeping in church. It is called "The sin and pun-
ishment of children who sleep in the House of God."
This is the hymn :

Sleeper awake! for God is here

Attend his word, his anger fear;
For while you sleep his eyes can see,

His arm of power can punish thee.

This day is God's, the day He blest,

His temple this, His holy rest;
And can you here recline your head,

And make the pew or seat your bed?

Jehovah speaks, then why should you
Shut up your eyes and hearing too?

In anger He might stop your breath,
And make you sleep the sleep of death!

Dear children then of sleep beware;

To hear the sermon be your care;
For if you all God's message mind,

For sleep no season will you find.

[ 32 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Remember Entycleus of old,

He slept while Paul of Jesus told;
In sleep he fell, in Acts 'tis said,

That he was taken up for dead.

Hear this ye sleepers and be wise,

And shut no more your slumbering eyes,

For 'tis an awful truth to tell
That you can never sleep in Hell!

There is another hymn called Hell, but my mother does
not like me to learn it. She thinks it is too severe. We
use the book "Watt's & Select" in our church, and I
know lots of them. It is the University Place Church.
This is the hymn called Hell :

There is a pit beneath the grave,

The same into which Satan fell ;
God made it in His holy wrath ;

And called the horrid dungeon Hell.

There burns the everlasting flame,

Kindled by His almighty breath,
And sinners in that pit endure

The vengeance of eternal death.

There is more of it but these hymns were written long
ago, and we don't have such awful ones now. There
is one hymn I have learnt, and in it, it says :

Like young Abijah may I see
That good things may be found in me.

and my sister says when she was a little girl and learned
it, she always thought that when Abijah died, they cut
him open and found candies in him.

January 20.

Last Sunday my mother let me go with Maggy to her
church. It is called the Scotch Seceders' Church. Mr.
Harper is the minister. The church is in Houston Street.
In the pew were her father and mother. They live in

[ 33 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Greenwich village, and once she took me there, and her
mother gave me elegant bread and butter with brown
sugar thick on it.

Maggy has a sister married to a weaver, and his name
is George Ross, and he is growing rich by buying land
and selling it, and soon he is to be an alderman. Her
other sister is Matilda, and she is my sister's maid. Our
other servants are colored people. The man waiter is
colored, and we hear him asking our cook on Sunday
if she is going to Zion or to Bethel to church, and her
name is Harriet White, but she is very black.

We have a Dutch oven in our kitchen beside the range,
and in the winter my mother has mince pies made, and
several baked at once, and they are put away and heated
up when we want one. My mother makes elegant cake,
and when she makes rich plum cake, like wedding cake,
she sends it down to Shaddle's on Bleecker Street to
be baked.

January 25.

This is my mother's birthday and my grandmother
came to dinner. She is forty-nine to-day, and I hope
she will live to be a hundred. She has a lovely voice
and sings old songs, and plays them herself.

She went to a big school in Litchfield kept by a Miss
Pierce, but was only there three months. Her father
thought it was too cold for her to stay there. While she
was there she boarded at Dr. Lyman Beecher's and his
wife died, and he preached her funeral sermon, and my
mother heard him. She says a Mr. Nettleton came there
to preach once, and at breakfast he and Dr. Beecher had
mugs of cider with pearlash in it, and they heated a

[ 34 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

poker and put it in the cider to make it fizz. It must
have been horrid.

My oldest aunt went to Miss Pierce's school, and got
acquainted with a young gentleman who was at Judge
Gould's Law School in Litchfield, and she married him
in 1811, and he became a clergyman, and Queen Vic-
toria ordered him to come to Edinburgh to try to get an
estate. That was in 1837. He took my aunt and their
children and went away in a ship, and it took them ninety
days to cross the Atlantic Ocean, and when they get the
estate they will live in the castle, and my mother and I
will go and visit them.

My aunt was sixteen and my uncle was nineteen when
they were married, and he was born in Beaufort in
South Carolina, and had a good deal of money. I do
hope they will live in the castle! This, is called a law
suit they are having to get the estate.

This aunt took dancing lessons when she was a girl
of Mr. Julius Metz, and she danced the shawl dance, and
was very graceful, and she and my mother took music
lessons on the piano, of Mr. Adam Geib, and he played
the organ in Trinity Church, and he and his brother
George Geib sold pianos. A young lady in Edinburgh
told one of my Scotch cousins that she supposed all the
Americans were copper colored, and he said, "Well, you
know my father is a Scotchman, so that is why I am
white."

February 14.

I have had a lot of Valentines to-day.

Once when I was six years old I teased one of my
brothers (not own) for a valentine, and he sent me one
written on a sheet of lovely note paper with a rose bud

[ 35 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

in the corner. It is pretty long to copy, and I don't
know all it means, but it sounds tinkly, like music. This
is it :

Little Kitty one day,
In her wheedling way,
With her kisses and smiles
And twenty such wiles,

Did a valentine request ;
That somehow or other
My brain I should bother
And verses indite
In stupidity's spite,

To comply with her simple behest.

Now, though it may seem

But a trifling affair
To fill up a ream

Of paper so fair

With words that will jingle in rhyme,
Yet to put them together

In proper connection
And give them a meaning

And useful direction

Wit is quite as essential as time.

And here, little Kitty,

Will please to observe
That speech, to be witty,

Must ever deserve
The aids of reflection and sense ;
And careless, gay prattle

And voluble talk,
Though making much rattle

Will scarcely be thought

Very witty or worthy defense !

But as verse that is fired

With passion and truth,
From a fancy inspired

By beauty and worth,

Hath a charm that no heart can resist,
So the thoughts of a mind

That's calm, clear and pure,
When they utterance find,

In words plain and sure,

Are generally reckoned the best !

[ 36 ]

ard Livingston, third Mayor of New York, 1801-3. Painted from life
by John Trumbull. From the original in the City Hall

OF OLD NEW YORK

This brother is a lawyer, and now he has gone to
California too, to a place called Eureka. He has a
lovely voice, and so has my own brother too, who went
to California last year, and they used to sing rounds with
my sister.

When my mother sings one of her songs, she has to
cross her left hand over her right on the piano to play
some high notes, and make what my teacher says is "a
turn," and it is beautiful. This song is called "The
Wood Robin," and another one begins, "Come, rest in
this bosom, my own stricken deer." My mother knows
ever so many songs, and some of them were sung before
she was born. One of them is called "The Maid of
Lodi," and another is "The Old Welsh Harper," and
another, "A Social Dish of Tea," and a lot of others.

April 12.

I have a schoolmate who lives across the street, and
her name is Minnie B. Her father is a doctor, and
she has a brother, Sam, and he is fifteen years old and
big, and to-day I ran over to see her, and Sam opened
the front door, and when he saw me, he picked me up
in his arms to tease me, but he didn't see his aunt Sarah
who was coming downstairs, and when she saw him
she was very severe, and said, "Samuel, put that child
down right away, and come and eat your lunch." I don't
dislike Sam, but I think he was very rude to-day, and I
am glad his aunt Sarah made him behave himself.

Minnie B. and Lottie G., who lives on the corner of
University Place and Ninth Street, and Mary P., who
lives on Ninth Street across Fifth Avenue, and I have a
sewing society, and we sew for a fair, but we don't make
much money.

[ 39 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

But four years ago there was a dreadful famine in
Ireland, and we gave up our parlor and library and dining
room for two evenings for a fair for them, and all my
schoolmates and our friends made things, and we sent
the poor Irish people over three hundred dollars. My
brothers made pictures in pen and ink, and called them
charades, and they sold for fifty cents apiece ; like this :
a pen, and a man, and a ship, and called it, "a desirable
art" Penmanship. The brother who used to be so mis-
chievous, is studying hard now to be an engineer and
build railroads. He draws beautiful bridges and aque-
ducts.

One Fourth of July, my father got a carriage from
Hathorn's stable and took my mother and my sister and
my brother and me out to see the High Bridge. It is
built with beautiful arches, and brings the Croton water
to New York. My brother says he remembers riding
to the place where the Croton aqueduct crossed Harlem
River by a syphon before the Bridge was built, and the
man who took charge of it opened a jet at the lowest
point, and sent a two-inch stream up a hundred feet.

My mother says when she was young, everybody drank
the Manhattan water. Everybody had a cistern for rain
water for washing, in the back-yards. And when she
lived in Maiden Lane, the servants had to go up to the
corner of Broadway and get the drinking water from
the pump there. It was a great bother, and so when
my grandfather built his new house at 19 Maiden Lane,
he asked the aldermen if he might run a pipe to the
kitchen of his house from the pump at the corner of
Broadway, and they said he could, and he had a faucet in
the kitchen, and it was the first house in the city to have
drinking water in it, and after that several gentlemen

[ 40 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

called on my grandfather and asked to see his invention.
My mother says the Manhattan water was brackish and
not very pleasant to drink.

My grandfather had ships that went to Holland and
he brought skates home to his children, and they used
to skate on the Canal that is now Canal Street and on
the pond where the Tombs is now, and my mother says
that the poor people used to get a rib of beef and polish
it and drive holes in it and fasten it on their shoes to
skate on. The Canal ran from Broadway to the North
River, and had a picket fence on both sides of it, and
there were only three houses on its side, and they were
little white wooden houses with green blinds. My grand-
father used to tell his children that whichever one would
be up early enough in the morning could ride with him
before breakfast in his gig as far as the stone bridge, and
that was the bridge at Canal Street and Broadway.

My grandfather bought the lot for his new house
from Mr. Peter Sharp, the father of my mother's school-
mate, Fanny. The lot was 28 feet wide, but the house
was only 25 feet wide, and there was an alley 3 feet
wide that was used by the shop people to get to the
kitchen at the back of the house.

This Mr. Sharp was an alderman and he was a Demo-
crat, and my grandfather was a Federalist, and they
used to exchange their newspapers so as to read both
kinds, and sometimes when my mother was waiting for
Fanny to go to school, at her house, Mr. Sharp would
throw down the paper and say a very wicked word about
the Federalists. Another alderman is Mr. John Yates
Cebra, a cousin of my mother's. He lives on Cebra
Avenue on Staten Island, and once I went there with

[ 41 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

my sister in her barouche and the grays. . The grays are
beautiful horses.

July 15.

I have not written in my diary for ever so long, but
now school has just closed for the summer, and I have
more time.

We had a new study last winter, something to
strengthen our memories. The teacher was a Miss
Peabody from Boston, and she has a sister married to
a Mr. Nathaniel Hawthorne, who writes beautiful stories.

We had charts to paint on, and stayed after school
to paint them, and one-half of the page was a country
and the other half was for the people who lived in that
country, and the country was painted one color, and
the people another color, and this is the way it will
help us to remember; for Mesopotamia was yellow, and
Abraham, who lived there, was royal purple, and so I
shall never forget that he lived in Mesopotamia, but I
may not remember after all which was yellow, the man
or the country, but I don't suppose that is really any
matter as long as I don't forget where he lived. We
did not study it long, but it was fun to stay and paint
after school.

Professor Hume teaches us natural science, and every
Wednesday he lectures to us, and one day he brought the
eye of an ox and took it all apart and showed us how it
was like our own eyes. And another time he brought an
electric battery, and we joined our hands, ever so many
of us, and the end girl took hold of the handle of the
battery, and we all felt the shock, and it tingled and
pricked.

[ 42 ]

Samuel JRusadI 1S47

A beautiful vessel, plenty of light
canvas for moderate weather but
heavily sparred and every inch a
Clipper.

Built by Brown & Bell and en-
gaged in the China Tea Trade. In
a run from Canton in 1851 she sailed
6,780 miles in 30 days, her best day
being 328 miles.

( ' Nat ' ' B. Palmer was in com-
mand. She was named for the foun-
der of Eussell & Co., a great China
firm in the early 40 's and with whom
A. A. Low and his brother began
their career as merchants and ship
owners.

Collection Mrs. A. A. Low.

OF OLD NEW YORK

Sometimes he talks on chemistry, and brings glass
jars and pours different things into them and makes
beautiful colors. He told us we could aways remember
the seven colors of the rainbow by the word, v i b g y o r.

Professor Edwardes has been teaching us French.
He is a little bit of a man, with a big head, and gray
hair and a broken nose, and when he recites one of
La Fontaine's Fables, he says, "L'animal vora-a-ace," and
rolls up his eyes until you can only see the whites of
them. Mr. Roy comes from the Union Seminary on
University Place, to teach us Latin.

August 6.

This is my birthday again, and I am now eleven years
old. School will begin again in September and so I will
write some more in my diary while I have time.

I think I will tell about the school my mother went

to.

The first school she went to was in Fair Street, and
that is now Fulton Street, east of Broadway. It was
kept by a Mrs. Merrill, an old lady who took a few little
children, and each child brought her own little chair.

Then my mother went to Mr. Pickett's, and she says
that was the school of that time. He had two sons
who taught in the school. I will tell about it just as she
has written it down for me.

"The school at first was at 148 Chambers Street, on the
south side near Greenwich Street. Mr. Pickett's resi-
dence was in front and the school buildings were in the
yard behind, running up three stories, with a private
side entrance for the scholars, and a well in the yard.
The house was brick, painted yellow, but the school
buildings were of wood. The first and second floors

[ 47 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

were for the boys, and the third for the girls, beautifully
fitted up, and hardwood floors. On the wall in the
four corners of the girls' room were oval places painted
blue, and on them in gilt letters were inscribed, Atten-
tion, Obedience, Industry, Punctuality. Mr. Pickett's
desk was in the center of the room. The desks were
painted mahogany color, and put in groups of four, facing
each other. Wooden benches without backs were
screwed to the floor. On top of the desks were little
frames with glass fronts for the copies for writing, and
the copies were slid in at the sides. Some of them were,
Attention to study, Beauty soon decays, Command your-
self, Death is inevitable, Emulation is noble, Favor is
deceitful, Good humor pleases, etcetera. Quill pens were
used, which Mr. Pickett made himself."

Some of the girls who went to school with my mother
had awfully funny long names. One was Aspasia Sera-
phina Imogene and their last name was Bogardus.

She had ten brothers and sisters, and these were some
of their names : Maria Sabina, Wilhelmina Henrietta,
Laurentina Adaminta, Washington Augustus, Alonzo
Leonidas Agamemnon, Napoleon LePerry Barrister.
There were eleven children, and their mother named
them after people she had read about in novels. It must
have been funny to hear their nurse call them all to come
to dinner.

My name is Catherine Elizabeth. I don't like it very
much. It makes me think of Henrietta Maria and Marie
Antoinette and all those old queens with long names we
study about in history, but my mother calls me Katy,
and sometimes Katrintje, which is the Dutch for "little
Katy."

[ 48 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Some other schools in New York now are Mme.
Canda's on Lafayette Place, Mme. Okill's on Eighth
Street, Mme. Chegary's, the Misses Gibson on the east
side of Union Square, Miss Green's on Fifth Avenue,
just above Washington Square, and Spingler Institute on
the west side of Union Square, just below Fifteenth
Street. On the corner of Fifteenth Street next to Spingler
Institute is the Church of the Puritans. Dr. Cheever is
the minister, and he and the church people are called a
long name, which means that they think slavery is wicked,
and they help the black slaves that come from the South,
to get to Canada where they will be free.

N. B. — My mother has read my diary and corrected
the spelling, and says it is very good for a little girl.
She has written down her memories of old New York,
for me, and she was born in 1801, and can remember
back to 1805, some things.

I 49

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

t n e

New -York Weekly JOURNAL

Containing ihe freftejl Advices Foreign } and Dome flick.

MUN DAT November 12, 1735.

I

Mr. Zcugcr.

Nccrt the following in your next,
and you'Jl oblige vour Fnend,

CJTO.

Mird temporum felicitas uhi f'ntiri qua
vein qn& fend as die ere licit.

Tacit.

THE Liberty of the Prefs
is a Subject of the great-
eft TrnnnrtaT*?, nnd in
which every Individual
is as much concern'd as
he is in any other Part of Liberty :
Therefore it will not be improper to
commumca'e to the I'ublick the Senti-
ments of a lire excellent Writer upon
this Poin\ fuch is the Elegance and
Pcrfpicuity of his Writings, fech the
inmitjble Force cf his Rcp.fr)
it will be difficult '.o fay 31
new that he lus not (aid,
fay that much worfe whi-:
faid.

There are two Sorts of Monarchic?.,
an abfolute and a limited one. In the
firfl, the Liberty of thePrcfs cp.n never
be maintained, it is incoiifillont with
it , for What abfolute Monarch would
fuller anv Subjofl to animadvert
on his Action*., when it is in his Pow-
er to declare the Crime, and to nomi-
nee the Puni'hmciii ? This wodd
make it vcrvdsniero'-H to exercifefuch
a Liberty ptffidcs the Ob'/cfc a;»nft
which tho'ij Per. j n:u!t be directed, is

v.n?, that
<y Thins
or not to
h he has

their Sovereign, the fole fupream Ma-
gifirate j for there being no Law in
thofe Monarchies, but the Will of the
Prince, it makes it ncceffary for bis
Minifters to confult his Pleafure, be-
fore any Thing can be undertaken:
He is therefore properly chargeable
with the Grievances of his Subjects,
and what the Minifter there afts being
in Obedience to the Prince, he ought
not to incur the Hatred of the People j
for it would be hard to impute that to
h:m far 1 Crime, which is rheFruft of
his Allegiance, and for refufing which
he might incur the Penalties bflrea-
fon. Bcfides, in an abfolute Monar-
ch v, the Will of the Prince being the
Law.a Liberty of thePrefs to complain
of Grievances would be complaining
againft the Law, and the Conititutiont
to which they have fubmitted,or have
been obliged to fubmif, and therefore*,
in one Scnfe, may be faid to deferve
Punishment, So that under an abfo-
lute Monarchy, I fay, fuch a Liberty
is inconfiflent with the Conffitution,
having no proper Subject in Politics,
on which it might be cxercis'd, and if
exercis'd would incur a certainPenalty,
But in a limited Monarchy, as Eng-
Lii! I is, our Laws arc known, fixed,
and cflablifhed. They are the ftreight
Rule ami furcGuide to direct the King,
t!ie Miniflers, and other his Subjects :
And therefore an Offence againft the
Laws is fuch an Offence againft the
Confiitution as ought to receive a pro
per adeov.n'c Pumfhrnent ; the [evc-ra..

ConlliJ.

One of the burned numbers of Zenger's paper in the great struggle
for freedom of the press

[ 50

PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF
WASHINGTON IRVING

George Haven Putnam

ASHINGTON IRVING may be regarded as the
first author produced by the American Republic.
He was, we may recall, born in 1783, the year in
which the Republic secured, under the Treaty of Paris,
recognition of its independence.

My father's home was a few miles south of Sunnyside.
From time to time, my father would take me with him on
his visits to his friend and author. I recall a word given
to me by Irving a year or two before his death in regard
to an interview that he had had with General Washington.
He told me that when he was a youngster a year old, his
nurse, who had the boy in a perambulator on the corner
of Pearl Street and Broadway, held him up in her arms
while Washington was passing on horseback in order that
the General might place his hand on the head of the child
who bore his name. "My nurse told me afterwards,"
said the old gentleman, "that the General lifted me in his
arms up to the pommel of his saddle and bestowed upon
me a formal blessing." I looked with reverential awe at
the head that had been touched by the first President and

[ 53 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

was puzzled when the old gentleman said, "Haven, you
will not see the spot that Washington touched." I did
not venture to put the question to Irving, but had word
later with my father. ''You goose," said my father, "did
you not know that Irving wears a wig?"

I was with my father again at Sunnyside on a grey day
in November, 1859, when the friends from New York
and the great group of neighbours from Tarrytown and
the surrounding country had gathered together to pay
their last honours to the memory of the first American
author. The writer has in his memory a picture of the
weather-beaten walls of the quaint little church with the
background of forest trees and the surroundings of the
moss-covered graves. Beyond, on the roadside, could be
seen the grey walls of the old mill, in front of which
Ichabod Crane had clattered past, pursued by the head-
less horseman. The adjoining road and the neighbour-
ing fields were crowded with vehicles, large and small,
which had gathered from all parts of the countryside. It
was evident from the words and from the faces of those
that had come together that the man whose life had just
been brought to a close had not only made for himself a
place in the literature of the world, but had been ac-
cepted as a personal friend' by the neighbours of his
home.

The final and, in some respects, the greatest of Irving's
productions, the Life of Washington, was completed on
his seventy-sixth birthday. Six months prior to the close
of his earthly labours, he had the satisfaction, before the
final illness in November, of holding in his hands the
printed volume.

Irving occupied, an exceptional position among the lit-
erary workers of his country. It was his good fortune

[ 54 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

to begin his writing at a time when the patriotic senti-
ment of the nation was taking shape and when the citi-
zens were giving their thought to the constructive work
that was being done by their selected leaders in framing
the foundations of the new state. It was given to Irving
to make clear to his countrymen that Americans were
competent not merely to organize a state but to produce
literature. He was himself a clear-headed and devoted
patriot, but he was able to free himself from his local
feeling of antagonism toward the ancient enemy, Great
Britain, and from the prejudice, always based upon igno-
rance, against other nations that is so often confused with
patriotism.

Irving's youthful memories and his early reading had to
do with the events and with the productions of colonial
days. Addison and Goldsmith are the two English
writers with whose works Irving's writings, or at least
those relating to English subjects, have been most fre-
quently compared. His biography of Goldsmith shows
the keenest personal sympathy with the sweetness of na-
ture and the literary ideals of the author of the "Vicar
of Wakefield." Irving's works came, therefore, to be a
connecting link between the literature of England (or the
English inspired literature of America) and the literary
creations that were more justly entitled to the name Amer-
ican, and Irving's books express the character, the method
of thought, the ideals and the aspirations of English folk
on this side of the Atlantic.

His long sojourn in England occurred just after the
close of the war of 1812-1815. The war ruined the for-
tunes of the firm of which his brothers were the managers,
and this bankruptcy, in preventing Irving from becoming
a merchant, was the determining influence in bringing

[ 55 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

him to devote his life to literature. It was of enormous
service to the relations between the two countries that in
these years, when, as a result of the issues of the war,
there was bitterness on both sides of the Atlantic, a culti-
vated, sweet-natured, clear-sighted citizen like Washing-
ton Irving was sojourning in England as a kind of unoffi-
cial Ambassador of the new Republic.

The Englishmen who were disposed to think of the
rebellious Yankees as a set of uncultivated and some-
times insolent frontiersmen could not but recognize that
in this particular American they had to do with a man of
intellectual force and refinement of nature. If America
could produce one such gentleman, it was probably not
safe to assume that the community was entirely backward
in its civilization.

Irving was the first connecting link between the Eng-
lish-speaking peoples on the two sides of the Atlantic,
and his service to both countries in this relation can
hardly be over-estimated.

Irving's Life and Letters present many evidences of his
genius for friendship. He showed, as a traveller that
happy faculty of coming at once into sympathy with the
people of the immediate surroundings. With all circles
with which he came into relations, he gave and received
the best that there was to give or to receive. This en-
abled him to understand the spirit of the peoples with
whom he had to do in France, in Spain, on the banks of
the Elbe, and in his tramps through Italy and Sicily, but,
as said, he was particularly fortunate in securing sym-
pathetic relations with the people in England. He made
friends everywhere, but in securing new friends in Eu-
rope, he did not forget or break relations with his old-
time associates in America.

[ 56 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

As one result of Irving's long absence from his New
York home, we have the body of letters written by him
to New York friends, and the most important in the
series were those to one of his earliest associates, Henry
Brevoort. These letters of Irving and Brevoort (to-
gether with the answers from Brevoort to Irving) have
now been collected and for the first time, in completeness,
brought into print for the information of the present gen-
eration of Americans. Mr. Hellman has edited the two
volumes of this series, which presents a record of friend-
ship such as is hardly parallelled in the annals of our lit-
erature. From time to time, the veil of Irving's reserve
is lifted so as to divulge the inner ideals of his chivalrous
soul. From time to time in the earlier portion of the
series, the tribulations of business affairs interpose their
shadows, but for the most part these letters present a
sane and cheerful record of a noble life and of a loyal
relation of friendship. The letters are valuable not only
for their portrayal of the character of the man, or of the
two men, but they have continuing interest in the refer-
ences of a first-hand observer to the important events and
the noteworthy characters of the early nineteenth cen-
tury. The final letter in the Irving series is one particu-
larly worth reading. It touches upon literature, royalty,
social affairs, and diplomacy. "In my diplomacy," writes
Irving, "I have depended more upon good intentions and
frank and open conduct than upon any subtle manage-
ment. I have the opinion that the old maxim, Honesty is
the best policy, holds good in diplomacy."

Brevoort did not possess the high literary standard or
the grace of expression of his famous friend, but his let-
ters touch with a charming grace and a sense of humour
on topics intimately interwoven with the cultural, the

[ 57 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

commercial and the political development of America dur-
ing the first half of the nineteenth century. Brevoort's
letters have a special attraction in picturing to the Ameri-
cans of our generation a group of men and women
among whom Irving and himself were the most interest-
ing. Old families of New York, early writers, actors,
statesmen, artists, again cross from the land of shadows,
and carry us along familiar highways and fascinating by-
ways of our city's past.

Brevoort's letters from Paris in April, 1812, are inter-
esting as pictures of the French life of the time, and they
are evidence that Brevoort was a careful observer of the
conditions about him. In one of the later letters of the
series, written in December, 1842, reference is made to
Charles Dickens whose "American Notes" called forth
from Brevoort intelligent comment. During his stay in
Paris, Dickens had become deeply attached to Irving and
in his last letter before his departure for Spain, Dickens
had written "wherever you go, God bless you ! What
pleasure I have had in seeing and talking with you, I will
not attempt to say. As long as I live, I shall never forget
the privilege of my association with you." He asks Irv-
ing to write to him "if you have leisure under its sunny
skies to think of a man who loves you and holds commu-
nication with your spirit oftener, perhaps, than any other
person alive."

The last letter in the -series from Brevoort gives what,
may be called an intimate picture of the gossip and scan-
dal of the New York families of 1843. The epistle is a
very mine of news for the absent friend who was then
immersed in the difficulties of his Spanish mission. Irv-
ing's reply refers to this letter as "most kind and wel-
come." The wonder remains for us that these two men,

[ 58 ]

DeWitt Clinton, fourth Mayor of New York, 1803-7. Painted from life by
George Catlin. From the original in the City Hall

OF OLD NEW YORK

at the time both past sixty, could, despite the far dif-
ferent lines along which their lives ran and the great dis-
tances which for so many years separated them, have thus
cordially kept up their relationship in the same spirit of
affection that animated them in the early days when they
were looked upon as the merriest of young fellows in the
little City of New York.

The letters are an assured testimonial to the fineness of
nature of the two men. It is the privilege of Henry Bre-
voort to have his memory recalled in these later genera-
tions on the ground of the friendship for him of Wash-
ington Irving.

Mount Roosevelt— A Memorial

W ithin sight of the country over which Theodore
Roosevelt as a young man ranged his cattle and hunted
wild game and just above the trails he followed while a
visitor in this district, a mountain — one of the most lofty
peaks in the Black Hills — became Mount Theodore
Roosevelt, on July 4, in honor of the former President
of the United States, "The Great American." Two tab-
lets were unveiled.

The movement to provide the memorial had its incep-
tion at a meeting of the Society of Black Hills Pioneers
last January, when a suggestion of Captain Seth Bullock
to change the name of Sheep Mountain to that of Mount
Theodore Roosevelt was adopted.

[ 61 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Washington Irving and the Empress Eugenie

To the casual reader the name of Washington Irving
suggests a romantic figure that belongs to a very differ-
ent world from the one in which we live. Somehow we
think of him as the ancients thought of their muses —
a forceful but mysterious being who wielded an en-
chanting spell over our forebears, charming them into
tears and smiles at his own good pleasure. He dwelt
high up among the mountains and sometimes in the
glades and forests of the lowlands but always far re-
moved from the haunts of men. Such at least we too
frequently visualize him if we dare give rein to our
fancy at all, but nevertheless he was, as Theodore Roose-
velt portrayed him, the first in the American field of true
literature — quite a practical, every-day man of letters
and a real builder of intellectual structures. But ro-
manticism and fancy will always cluster about his name
— and why not? We see him sitting at the feet of the
great magician, Sir Walter Scott, at Abbots ford, learn-
ing the secrets of his magic art and assuming the man-
tle as it fell from his shoulders ; and again we find him
among the legendary castles of old Europe. But let us
turn to the pages of history a moment.

It is an afternoon in the gardens of the old Alhambra
in Spain. The lengthening shadows fall aslant the fig-
ure of a kindly-faced man of middle age. Upon his
knee are two little children. He is telling them undoubt-
edly some wonderful tale, for the children sit open-eyed
and silent. One of them is Eugenie Marie de Montijo,
eight years old, afterward Eugenie, Empress of France.
The story-teller is the author of Diedrick Knickerbocker,
now Minister to Spain from the United States.

[ 62 )

OF OLD NEW YORK

With this incident in mind, the writer sought a line
from the aged Empress still living but now practically a
recluse in the safe retreat she found in England with the
fall of the French Empire. The following note is there-
fore of passing interest.

FARNBOROUGH HILL
FARNBORO'
HANTS

February 9th, 1919.
The Lady in Waiting to the Empress
Eugenie presents her compliments to
Mr. Henry Collins Brown and regrets that the
very retired life the Empress now leads
prevents her Majesty from attempting
any definite promise of her recollections
of Washington Irving, but as opportunity
presents itself she may be able to send some
memories that may be of interest.
As this number of the Manual must go to press early
in the year, it is doubtful if we shall be able to include
this contribution unless received much earlier than we
now expect. To have even the slightest contribution
from one privileged to have such unique personal inter-
course with New York's first citizen would be a joy
indeed. The events of recent months have, however,
imposed an additional burden upon a soul already tired
almost beyond the limit of human endurance, and it is
perhaps unreasonable of us to expect it at present.

Washington Irving died in 1859. The incident to
which we have referred occurred in the 30's. The Em-
press is now in her 92nd year. She has survived every
contemporary — a striking example of "the last leaf on
the tree" .

[ 63 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Notable Restorations

Wall Street North and South Sides, from Broadway to William
Street, as It Appeared Before the Great Fire of 1835

Fifth Avenue from 38th to 42nd Streets About 1880

With this number the Manual presents what it con-
siders its most important work for old, New York in a
series of Restorations, and for its first attempt has se-
lected Wall Street. In this drawing of Wall Street we
have been fortunately able to achieve a degree of his-
torical accuracy which is of great value in a record of
this kind and which we hope to maintain as the work
progresses.

Certain unusual circumstances contributed to the result
in this particular instance. First and foremost must be
regarded the complete outline of the buildings sketched
by Hugh Reinagle in the margin of the now famous
"View of Wall Street looking East from Trinity Church"
and lithographed by Peter Maverick, Jr. "The drawing
for this lithograph," says Mr. Phelps Stokes, "must have
been made between 1827 and 1834 and is a most inter-
esting view of the period." With this as a foundation,
other contemporary drawings were consulted. Wall
Street has always enjoyed a measure of popularity
among artists and writers unique among streets, which
has resulted in making its records singularly full and
complete. So in addition to Reinagle and Maverick, we
have three other well-known artists — Burton, Fay and
A. J. Davis — all of whose work ranks deservedly high,
and each of whom contributed one or more buildings in
this street to the existing collection. With the additional
aid of contemporary maps, plans and other data, it is not
at all unlikely that the restoration we present is for all.

[ 64 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

practical purposes, as correct as anything can be that
must necessarily be constructed almost a century after
the original has * disappeared.

Some trifling criticism may be offered here and there.
Perhaps Nassau Street might be shown a little wider.
When the Federal Hall stood where the Treasury Build-
ing now is it was squarely in the centre of the street, the
square of its end forming the jog that you will notice in
front of the Hanover Bank Building; and the entrance
to Nassau Street was through a small passage known as
Pie Alley, which ran along what is now the side of the
Bankers' Trust Building; then turned to the right as it
reached the end of the building, and led into Nassau
Street.

When the old Federal Hall was replaced by the Cus-
tom House shown in our picture, this opening was con-
siderably enlarged, but none of the contemporary draw-
ings show it as wide as when in 1848 the Treasury Build-
ing was completed with Nassau Street showing as we
know it now. With trifling exceptions such as this, our
work will bear the closest scrutiny and investigation.

That is what we intend to accomplish. No city has
been more fortunate than has our own in the preserva-
tion of its old records. Even with some regrettable and
irreparable losses, there is still wonderful material avail-
able for the task we have set ourselves. And as we de-
velop the plan much more of it will undoubtedly appear.
It is not at all an unusual thing for a man to walk into
our office from San Francisco, Chicago, Detroit, and even
as far as Melbourne, Australia, and bring us some long-
forgotten item which has come to light while rummaging
through old family papers. Either he or his family lived
in New York years ago and he feels that these old papers

[ 67 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

are valuable to us — which indeed they are — though per-
sonally the owners have lost all interest in them. So in
this way we secure occasional items of rare interest and
of great value in our work.

This idea of restoring some of our old streets to their
former appearance is perhaps the most important service
the Manual can render the City and has long had our
thoughtful consideration. The changes in Fifth Avenue,
for another example, have been so recent and revolution-
ary that it will no doubt be a great pleasure to many of
our readers to see this old thoroughfare as it appeared
less than forty years ago when it was the City's most
fashionable residential street. The material for this
work is at present very full and complete. Neglected
for another half century and it would be absolutely im-
possible.

In the days which we depict it was strictly a region of
beautiful homes. There existed no particular reason for
illustrating or publishing special views of it, as in the
case of a financial centre like Wall Street — yet its pres-
ent day importance in a business sense invests its past
with an absorbing interest — and its delightful history in
a less hectic period will soon loom large as one of the
most interesting pages in our city's history. Historical
accuracy is of course the one and only thing that will
make these pictures truly valuable. We have no use for
them as mere illustrations, and so you may occasionally
see a building omitted in a block. That will indicate that
no reliable data have been obtained and, pending such,
we prefer to wait further developments.

Our plans in this direction are quite ambitious, and in
time, no doubt, we shall have a fairly good representation
of how some of our most famous streets looked in the

[ 68 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

days of their youth, and we predict for the series the
power to renew and increase the love and veneration of
all our citizens for the dear little village in which they
live.

The City at the time of which the Wall Street view
was made was still considerably behind Philadelphia in
point of population. There was no coal used in the
houses — wood being the only fuel. A load of this was
dumped in front of your house, where it lay until a negro
came along with a long buck saw and cut the sticks into
proper lengths. Running water was available in certain
sections, but the entire town practically depended upon
the corner pump or on the special barrels from the "Tea
Water Pump" which was peddled around the City. Gas
had not yet put in an appearance, though there were
rumors that such an illuminant existed and had been suc-
cessfully used in London. Whale oil and tallow dips
were still the source of artificial light. Most of the mer-
chants lived in the top floors of the small two-story
buildings in which they did business. Private carriages
were owned by so few persons that each one was per-
sonally known to all the people in the city, and it was a
common thing to hear the owner's name mentioned as
his vehicle drove by. Notwithstanding that slavery had
been officially banished from New York and that the
Declaration of Independence was now almost half a
century old, slaves were still numerous in New York,
and a society for the manumission of slaves was very
active and carried on a constant effort to have the slaves
granted freedom or deported to the South.

Knee breeches, silk stockings, silver buckles and peri-
wigs had however completely disappeared. The men

[ 69 1

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

wore "skin tight" trousers held down by a boot strap.
Coats of brilliant colors formed the popular styles, and
they were ornamented with large, shining brass buttons,
and were cut very much like the present dress suit.
High, rolling collars with heavy "stocks" or four-in-
hands together with vests of startlingly vivid colors, the
whole surmounted with a huge high hat of rough beaver,
completed the costume of the man of fashion as he ap-
peared in Wall Street for the afternoon promenade.
Such was New York at the time shown in our Wall
Street views.

In our last number we gave expression to a haunting
fear that was in our hearts regarding the material suc-
cess of our venture. And we recalled the experience
through which Bancroft's History passed. The first and
second volumes were received in respectful silence, but
no great amount of public interest seemed apparent.
Yet with the appearance of the third volume the situa-
tion changed in the twinkling of an eye. It aroused en-
thusiasm in every direction, stimulated sales not only for
the third volume but created a larger and wider demand
for the entire work from beginning to end.

Our experience, we are happy to say, has been of a
similar character. We have always had an abiding faith
in the love of the New Yorker for his city and have pro-
claimed this belief in season and out. While we suf-
fered through the war, our faith never wavered. We
might be wrong, but we wanted two things before we
would capitulate — Peace and the Third Number.

Fate willed that we should have both at once, and it
is with a perfectly savage feeling of delight that we
record the result. With the signing of the Armistice,

[ 70 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

the sales immediately increased ; and upon the general
distribution of the crucial third number, a demand for
the back volumes made itself at once manifest and has
continued ever since. Interest in Old New York has
been aroused as never before, and we regard the Manual
as a leading factor in this renaissance. It is good to
know that this publication is now firmly established upon
a permanent basis.

It was of course only natural that so astute an ob-
server as Professor Brander Matthews would comment
on this reawakened interest in our city. The sentiment
he says has already reached important dimensions and
each year sees a wider field brought under its influence.

Our own experience has been of a similar nature. A
peculiarly effective demonstration occurred in our neigh-
boring borough last March where the writer addressed
the Brooklyn Institute on the subject of "Old New
York," illustrated with some of these quaint and rare
old views taken largely from the Manual.

Heretofore, it had been hard to get more than a mod-
erate attendance at these lectures ; but at the Institute so
many were unable to gain admittance at the first lecture
that it had to be repeated twice in the month following
— and in each case to a capacity audience.

The vivid contrast between the City of yesterday and
today as shown in these slides is dramatic in the ex-
treme. One has only to recall the skyline of fifty years
ago compared with the skyline of today to get an idea
of the thrill that these wonderful pictures produce. A
close-up night-view from the Woolworth Tower requires
a descriptive page all for itself — the myriad lights of the
Equitable in the foreground like a sky full of stars ; the

[ 71 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

diamond necklace that seems to hang from the arc lights
of the Brooklyn Bridge, and the cluster of globes th'at
sparkle on Broadway — all combine to produce one of the
most inspiring pictures ever imagined in or out of the
theatre.

The late Frederick W. Whitridge remarked to us dur-
ing a discussion regarding the size of our City: "New
York is not a large City. It is a very small town. The
real New York is still nothing but a good sized village ;
these millions and millions are not New Yorkers."

This picturesque figure knew the old city as few of its
average residents could possibly know it. In his early
years while connected with Grace Church Sunday School
he, with Miss Amy Townsend and other workers in the
Parish, was instrumental in founding our original Cir-
culating Libraries. And curiously enough, one of the
first subscriptions for this work was a thousand-dollar
bond given to Miss Townsend by Mr. Carnegie. That
bond is still in existence and contributes its little income
toward the Library fund just as it did when the project
was first started.

But we meant to direct attention to the comparative
smallness of the real New York. That is one reason
why the circulation of the Manual will remain somewhat
restricted. It is gratifying to know, however, that the
first sale of these new Manuals at auction brought a
premium of $7.00 above the published price, and may
indicate that the real New Yorker is more numerous
than the estimate hazarded above.

As a matter of fact very few copies of the new series
have been sold compared with the old ones. In 1866 the
Common Council ordered ten thousand copies of that

[ 72 ]

^ JB. Pointer 1850

One of Jacob A. Westervelt's
crack creations. Commanded by
Charles P. Low. Mrs. Low fre-
quently accompanied her husband,
as indeed did the wives of several
other captains. The ladies were
made much of in foreign ports, the
merchants entertaining them hand-
somely; no gift was regarded too
costly or too good for them and
their presence aboard ship added
much to the pleasure of the voyage.
The N. B. Palmer was 1,490 tons
and made the run to San Francisco
from New York in 109 days scoring
396 miles in the best day's run.

Named after one of the most
famous sea captains that ever sailed
out of the port of New York.

Courtesy Mrs. A. A. Low.

OF OLD NEW YORK

year's issue to be printed, and awarded Mr. Valentine
an extra bonus of $3,500.00 for his work. This edition
of ten thousand copies was, like all the old Manuals,
given away by the City without cost. A like number
was printed of most of the other numbers except pos-
sibly the very early ones. Yet the price brought to-
day by these old books is very gratifying (number one,
for instance, $125 to $150) and starts some interesting
conjectures as to what the present Manuals will bring
half a hundred years hence. When you stop to con-
sider that compared with the old Manuals, there has
been scarcely a tenth part of the new ones sold, one gets
an idea of the scarcity that will prevail in a few years.
We do not care to see it so early in its career mounting
the ladder of fame by joining the ranks of that venerable
and fascinating class — the Rare and First Editions. But
such seems to be its good fortune.

The title page of this year's Manual is the work of
Mr. William S. Eddy, 29 Broadway. He is undoubtedly
an artist of no mean ability and his delightful decorative
interpretation of our quotation from Shakespeare is a
splendid illustration of what the right lines drawn by
the right man can accomplish.

Air. Eddy should be intrusted with more commissions
of this kind.

[ 77 ]

WALL STREET NINETY YEARS AGO

By Sturges S. Dunham

HE views of Wall Street in the Manual for 1919,
showing both sides from Broadway to William

Street, are the result of an attempt to give a gen-
eral idea of the appearance of the street as it existed
about 1830, when many of the old residences were still
standing though given up to business uses. Wall Street
was regarded as the seat of fashion for a considerable
period after the Revolution, but as bootmakers and
harnessmakers and "porterhouses" and "cider vaults"
edged their way in, to say nothing of the bolder intrusion
of banks and insurance companies and stockbrokers, the
more fastidious gentry fled far up town to such quieter
localities as Park Place and Beekman Street.

The confused numbering of Wall Street in early days,
especially before 1793, makes it difficult, except in a few
cases, to identify the buildings by their numbers alone.
For instance, No. 5 was on the northwest corner of Wil-
liam Street, No. 3 was on the site of the present Assay
Office, and at the same time the south corner of Broad-
way was No. 67. Nevertheless, by the aid of informa-
tion from other sources, such as advertisements, news
items, contemporary views, and real estate records, it has

[ 78 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

been possible to identify most of the old houses with
certainty.

The four-story skyscraper on the north corner of
Broadway, wearing the roof that evidently inspired the
architect of the Bankers' Trust Building, was owned as
early as 1786 by William G. Forbes, gold and silversmith.
It then had only two stories. In 1809 it came into the
possession of Najah Taylor & Co., jewelers, and at the
period of the view it was the store of the ultra-fashion-
able tailors of the day, Messrs. Howard, Keeler, Scofield
& Co.', and provided offices for numerous lawyers, bro-
kers, and commission merchants. Its number, now 90
Broadway, was then 88.

The little house next to the corner, on the site of pres-
ent Xo. 2, was the grocery store of John Taylor in 1795,
and in 1802 the establishment of Andrew Sitcher, painter
and glazier. Ten years later it was again a grocery,
Charles Lee, proprietor, and in 1830 William Bull & Son
were making harness and saddles there.

The old church was the First Presbyterian Meeting
House, — called a meeting house, we are told, because
when it was first built, in 1719, only the Dutch Reformed
and the established Church of England were permitted
to have churches. Other places of worship were houses,
and to keep up the legal fiction they had to be provided
with fireplaces. We are also told that the fireplaces were
never used, since in those primitive times anything con-
ducive to comfort in the sanctuary was considered a con-
trivance of the devil. The building shown in the view,
erected in 1810, was burnt out in 1834, but was immedi-
ately restored with the same walls and a pointed spire.
Ten years afterward it was demolished and in 1846 the

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

present church at Fifth Avenue and Eleventh Street was
dedicated.

The little two-story affair on the west corner of
Nassau Street deserves more extended notice than its
size would seem to justify. It was John Simmons' tav-
ern, where, in February, 1784, the common council met
and with appropriate ceremonies installed the newly ap-
pointed Mayor, James Duane, in the presence of the
Governor and Lieutenant-Governor. It is said that Sim-
mons weighed more than four hundred pounds, and was
of such bulk that at the time of his funeral the doorway
of the tavern had to be enlarged to admit the coffin. His
widow continued the business for several years, and
among its later proprietors were David King and Samuel
Randolph. After it ceased to be a tavern it was occu-
pied by T. & W. Benton, bootmakers ; Thomas L. Rich,
merchant tailor ; John N. Baur, watchmaker, and others.

In historic interest the site on the east corner of Nas-
sau Street is the most important in New York. Here
stood the second city hall, built in 1699-1700. In 1789,
having been made over into the most elegant building in
America and renamed Federal Hall, it became the first
capitol of the United States, and on its balcony General
Washington took the oath of office as the first President
of the Republic. By 1812, the year in which the present
City Hall was completed and occupied, it had become so
dilapidated, and indeed unsafe, that the common coun-
cil, unmoved by appeals for its repair and preservation,
ordered the old building demolished and the lots sold.
The structure shown in the view was erected in the year
following and was first occupied as a bookstore by East-
burn, Kirk & Company. About 1817 it became the
Custom House, continuing as such until 1831 when the

[ 80 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Collector moved his office to 21 Pine Street. The new
Custom House, now the Sub-Treasury, was completed
in 1839.

At this part of the street the view is not altogether ac-
curate. Simmons' tavern and the old Custom House
should be shown farther to the west, making room for
two dwellings, which the artist has omitted, adjoining the
Custom House on the east. These were built about 1813
and were numbered 13 and 15. The former was the res-
idence of Garret Storm until leased to the Bank of the
Delaware & Hudson Canal Company. About 1830 the
latter concern moved "upstairs" and its former banking
room was taken by the newly organized "National"
Bank. No. 15 was for several years the residence of
George Griswold, of the celebrated firm of shipping mer-
chants, N. L. & G. Griswold, — known, in the slang of
the day, as "No Loss & Great Gain."

The rest of the block, except a single lot on the north-
west corner of William Street, was occupied before the
Revolution by the buildings of Bayard's sugar refinery.
In 1773 Samuel Verplanck bought a frontage of seventy-
five feet next to the old city hall for what would now be
about $650, and on the easterly portion the famous Ver-
planck mansion was erected. During the Revolution it
was occupied by British officers, among them General
Robertson, and for a time it sheltered Benedict Arnold.
It was given up by the Verplancks about 1810, and from
that year until 1821 or later it was the residence of Ed-
mund Moorewood, merchant, a former partner of Jona-
than Ogden. In 1823 the building shown in the view,
which is well remembered as the old Assay Office,
was erected to house the New York Branch of the Bank
of the United States. It was then No. 15^. After

[ 81 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

President Jackson had succeeded in killing "The Bank"
and had bankrupted half the country in the process (no
pun intended) the building was let to private parties and
at one time was occupied by Henry Clews & Company.
In 1839 it was the home of the new Bank of Commerce.

Passing down the block, the next three houses beyond
the Assay Office were Nos. 17, 19 and 21. The first
was the residence of William M. Seton, and later of John
Keese. After it ceased to be a dwelling it contained the
law offices of Major Nathaniel Pendleton and of William
Duer and Beverly Robinson who practiced under the firm
name of Duer & Robinson. For many years, including
the period of the view, it was occupied by the Union
Bank. No. 19, now No. 36, was in early days the resi-
dence of Samuel Mansfield, merchant. Among its later
tenants were Francis R. Tillou and F. Bayard Cutting,
attorneys at law, composing the firm of Tillou & Cutting.
In 1834 the building was taken by the " National" Bank,
which continues on the same site as the Gallatin National
Bank. No. 21 was the residence of George Barnewell,
merchant, vice-president of the Chamber of Commerce.
The site is now No. 38.

The site of the next building, the fifth west of William
Street, now No. 40, has been occupied for a hundred and
twenty years by The Manhattan Company, which pur-
chased the plot in 1799 and put up the building shown in
the view. The statuary on top is supposed to represent
Oceanus (not Bacchus) reclining in a comfortable posi-
tion and pouring water or some other liquid out of a jar,
probably intended to be symbolic of the blessings so gen-
erously bestowed by the company upon the thirsty pop-
ulace. When the Croton project was being agitated,
Recorder Riker opposed the enterprise, contending that

[ 82 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

the water furnished by the Manhattan Company was
good enough for any one, and in proof of the assertion
adduced the fact that he drank a tumbler of it every
morning — leaving his hearers wholly in the dark as to
how he managed to make out during the rest of the day.

On the adjoining lot, the fourth from William Street,
stood the residence of John Delafield, merchant, who was
later connected with the Phenix Bank as cashier and
president and was one of the original trustees of the old
Tontine Coffee House on the northwest corner of Wall
and Water Streets. In 1803 the Merchants' Bank opened
for business in the Delafield house and at a subsequent
period erected the building with the two columns in front.

The third house from William Street was the residence
of Dr. Wright Post, the eminent physician and surgeon.
It was then No. 27, now 44. Later came Samuel Jones,
Jr., one of the great lawyers of his day, called the "father
of the New York bar." John Speyer, merchant, was
another occupant, and after him Benjamin Butler; Da-
venport & Camman, brokers ; and the Globe Insurance
Company.

The corner house was on the site of Gabriel Thomp-
son's tavern, built about 1700. Some twenty years later
the plot was acquired by Evert Bancker, whose descend-
ants were living there as late as 1786. In 1789, when
New York was the capital of the United States, the old
Bancker dwelling was a boarding-house kept by Johannah
Ursin, among whose boarders were Mynheer Francis P.
Van Berckel, ambassador from Holland, and Samuel A.
Otis, secretary of the United States Senate. The house
was then No. 5. In 1790 or '91 the Bancker lot and the
one adjoining were acquired by Francis Bayard Win-
- throp, who built the two houses shown and resided in

[ 85 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

the westerly house, which in 1793 became No. 29, for
twenty years or more, until he moved to No. 7 State
Street. In 1815, No. 29 was the private bank of Jacob
Barker, the "Quaker merchant," noted for his piety and
"a talent for making bargains," as Fitz-Greene Halleck
charitably puts it. Jacob was a pretty keen individual,
and when it came to entertaining lambs in the manner
for which Wall Street is (or was) famous he is said to
have wielded the shears with remarkable skill. Indeed,
if contemporary accounts are worth believing, he was
not much different from a certain speculator of a later
day, who built a theological seminary over in Jersey with
one hand and with the other in Wall Street (he had a
long reach) relieved widows and orphans of their sur-
plus wealth. On one occasion Barker and two or three
associates were indicted for conspiracy to defraud.
Scorning the services of counsel, he conducted his own
defense and was promptly convicted, but the court evi-
dently took pity on him for he was granted a new trial.
This time he had better success and managed to have the
indictment quashed. Jacob Barker was also Fitz-Greene
Halleck's first employer when the future poet came to
New York in 1811. At the period depicted by the view,
No. 29 was Mrs. Jane Smith's boarding-house and also
contained the office of Cadwallader D. Colden, counsellor,
who was mayor of the city in 1818, '19 and '20. No. 31,
on the corner of William Street, now No. 46, was leased
by the Bank of New York about 1798 as the residence of
its cashier, Charles Wilkes, and here was passed the early
childhood of Charles Wilkes, junior, who, as Captain
Wilkes of the U. S. Navy, became famous in the Civil
War for the seizure of Mason and Slidell, Confederate
commissioners to Great Britain. After the Wilkes fam-

[ 86 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

ily moved to Hammond Street, now a part of West
Eleventh Street, the house became the bookstore of Isaac
Riley & Company, but in 1812 it was leased for $2,000
per annum to the Bank of America, which continued
to pay the same rental until it purchased the property
in 1831.

On the south side of the street the building at the cor-
ner of Broadway existed until 1906, when it was demol-
ished to make way for the present fourteen-story struc-
ture. On the same site, originally No. 67 Wall Street,
was the residence of Major Nathaniel Pendleton, of the
Continental Army, who was one of General Hamilton's
seconds at the fatal duel with Burr. Later it was the
residence of another Revolutionary soldier, Colonel
George Turnbull. From 1797 to 1804 the old house con-
tained the law office of Daniel D. Tompkins, who was
elected governor of the state in 1807, '09, '11, '13 and '15,
and vice-president of the United States in 1816 and '20.
For several years, beginning with 1803, the surrogate's
court was in the same house, as was also the office of
Pierre C. Van Wyck, counsellor at law, and in the 1812
directory we find "Keese, widow Rosa, boarding-house
1 Wall." The building shown is believed to have been
erected some time between 1825 and 1830, and at the
period depicted it contained the lottery office of R. H.
Cuming.

Before 1845 the numbering on the south side between
Broad Street and No. 1 Wall Street was so confused,
and the buildings had such a shifting tenantry, that only
a few can be identified with certainty. The two-story
buildings west of New Street (three are shown, but the
westerly pair were in fact one) were all No. 3, but some-
times the one on the corner is referred to as No. 4. The

[ 87 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

east corner of New Street was also No. 3 in early days,
and later it seems to have been AJ/2, 5 and 6. The Broad
Street corner was No. 2 Broad Street and at the same
time Nos. 10 and 11 Wall Street, the latter being the
address of S. M. Isaacks & Co., brokers, in 1830. Next
door west was No. 9, occupied by Charles Pool, barometer
and mathematical instrument maker, who advertises in
1827 that he "has moved from 280 Broadway to 9 Wall
Street, opposite the Presbyterian Church," and in a con-
temporary view his sign appears on the building. The
adjoining house was probably No. 8 and the little two-
story buildings 7 and 6 respectively. Before 1800 No. 5
was the "counting house" of Jacob LeRoy & Son.

It is not generally known that Washington Irving was
a lawyer, but a full-fledged attorney he was, having re-
ceived his training in the office of Josiah Ogden Hoffman.
He and his brother, John T. Irving, had an office in the
building on the east corner of New Street for several
years and at the same address is found another brother,
Dr. Peter Irving, M. D. This was in 1807, '08, '09 and
'10. A few years later one of the New Street corners,
probably the same building, was the bookstore of Charles
Wiley & Company, a favorite resort of Halleck, Bryant,
Paulding and other literary men of the time. In the con-
temporary view lithographed by Peter Maverick about
1830, the little buildings west of New Street are covered
with engravers' signs, advertising them as "fashionable
establishments." These engravers were Joseph Lewis
and John B. Stout & Company. The first building
erected on the west corner of Broad Street was a Dutch
house with a gable toward the street, from the stoop of
which in 1795 Alexander Hamilton made a speech advo-
cating the Jay treaty with England, but evidently with

[ 88 ]

ROADWAY FROM MURRAY STREET
LOOKING NORTH 1880

OF OLD NEW YORK

less persuasiveness than usual, for the applause he re-
ceived was a shower of stones. The building in the view
was erected early in the last century and was a favorite
habitat of stationers and booksellers, among them being
M. Ward & Company, Gould, Banks & Gould, and Peter
Burtsell.

The corner of Broad Street being close to the City Hall
and therefore a convenient location for police headquar-
ters, the "watch house" was built on the east corner, in
1731. The old building was demolished in 1789 and the
one shown in the view was erected for the same purpose.
At that time the high constable was James Culbertson.
He was succeeded about 1800 by John Delamater, who
was followed in 1802 by Jacob Hays. From the prom-
inence of his position and the remarkable vigor and judg-
ment with which he discharged the duties of his office,
High Constable Hays became the best known citizen of
New York. He is often portrayed as a comic figure, but
such characterization is unjust, for not only did he enjoy
universal respect, from the law-abiding and from the
criminal as well, but he also possessed (and deserved) an,
international reputation as the ablest police officer in
America and the equal of any in Europe. Appointed by
Mayor Livingston in 1802 he was reappointed by each
succeeding mayor till his death in 1850 at the age of 78,
when the office died with him.

The original number of the first three-story house east
of Broad Street is not known with certainty, but was
probably 60, the residence of Jonathan Burrall, who in
1812, then living in Pine Street, became the first cashier
of the Bank of America. In 1795 it was Daniel Par-
ker's boarding-house and also contained the office of the
supervisor, Colonel Nicholas Fish, and from 1803 to 1808

[ 91 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

the office of Richard Riker, assistant attorney-general,
who was recorder from 1816 to 1829. The house ad-
joining on the east was probably the residence of William
Irvin, who was commissioner of accounts in 1789.

The site of the next building is associated with one of
the greatest of all New Yorkers, General Alexander
Hamilton. He owned an L-shaped piece of land extend-
ing from No. 58 (now 33) Wall Street around into Broad
Street. There is some dispute as to which street his res-
idence fronted, but the General's grandson and biogra-
pher, Dr. Allan McLane Hamilton, says Wall Street.
About 1792 he sold the property, or at least the Wall
Street part of it, to Gulian Verplanck, who built the
house shown in the view and resided there till his death
in 1799, at which time he was president of the Bank of
New York. From 1805 it was the residence of John
Low, then cashier of the Jersey Bank, of Jersey City,
until it was taken by the Mechanics' Bank in 1810. The
United States Pension Office was in the same building.

The sixth building from Broad Street, next to the
Hamilton- Verplanck site, is the old Ludlow mansion.
Originally it was No. 56, now 35. After an occupancy
of twenty-five years or more by the Ludlow family it was
given over to business about 1815 and in 1839 became the
first home of the American Exchange Bank. In the
same year it contained the general office of the New York
& Harlem Railroad Company, and at the period of the
view (about 1830) Ephraim D. Brown, broker, Archi-
bald G. Rogers and William Van Hook, attorneys, and
Joseph Staffler, merchant, had offices in the building.

Adjoining the Ludlow house on the east is shown the
Jauncey residence, built by William Jauncey soon after
the Revolution. After the Jaunceys moved to 24 Broad-

[ 92 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

way in 1815 or '16, the house contained the picture gal-
lery of M. Paff, better known as "Old Paff," and the
stationery store of Henry J. Megarey, who in 1834 pub-
lished views of South Street, Broadway and Fulton
Street, which are now rare and highly prized. At the
period of the view Joseph D. Beers & Company, brokers,
had their office in the building.

The little bank with the four Grecian columns in front
stands on the site occupied as early as 1789 by the resi-
dence of Edmund Seaman, merchant, who had a sugar
refinery at No. 29 Pine Street. In 1804 it was the resi-
dence of Wynant Van Zandt, Junior, who lived there till
1812 when it was taken by the Bank of the New York
Manufacturing Company. This concern changed its
name to the Phenix Bank in 1817 and later erected the
building shown in the view.

The next house east of the Phenix Bank was the resi-
dence of Ralph Thurman as early as 1804. At the pe-
riod of the view it was the home office of the Manhattan
Insurance Company and in 1839 the North American
Trust & Banking Company.

The second house from William Street was originally
No. 52 and was then occupied by Colonel William S.
Livingston. In May, 1786, it .was taken by Colonel
Richard Varick, recorder from 1783 to 1788 and mayor
from 1789 to 1800. In 1794, as No. 28, it is given in the
directory as the residence of William Maxwell, who was
one of the founders of the Bank of New York ten years
before. In 1816 and for more than thirty years after-
ward it was the book and stationery store of Peter A.
Mesier.

[ 93 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

In 1789 the house on the southwest corner of William
Street, then No. 8 Wall Street, was the New York post-
office, and residence of the postmaster, Colonel Sebastian
Bauman, a Revolutionary soldier, who received his ap-
pointment from President Washington. He held the of-
fice till 1803. In 1799, the postoffice having been moved
to 29 William Street, corner of Garden Street (Exchange
Place) we find the old building in the possession of B. M.
Mum ford, merchant. At the period of the view it was
occupied by George W. Willis, watchmaker, Isaac M.
Wooley, commission merchant, and Rufus L. Nevins,
broker.

The First White Way

When William Niblo opened his new theater at Broad-
way and Prince Street back on Independence Day, 1828,
he celebrated the double occasion by a patriotic display
of gas lights which flaunted the name of "Niblo" far and
wide and immortalized it in stage as well as gas history.
An admiring public gasped from a respectful distance,
watching the red, white and blue shadows cast by the
rows of gas jets spelling the proprietor's name.

Gas had been used for the first time in New York City
five years before, but to the owner of Niblo's Garden
goes the credit of first using gas for illuminating a thea-
ter.— Gas Logic.

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OF OLD NEW YORK

Remove the Post Office and Court House from
City Hall Park!

A Plan for an Appropriate Monument to the
Liberty Boys of 1918

In the first issue of this publication, attention was
called to the neglect of the City Fathers to print the
Minutes of the Common Council from 1784 to 1831 — a
most interesting period — and to the great importance of
getting this valuable manuscript in printed form. The
editorial was acknowledged by Bertram de Cruger writ-
ing for the Mayor, and soon after a committee was ap-
pointed by the late Mayor Mitchel and the result is that
this work is now well toward completion. We were
happy in being the humble instruments whereby so great
an achievement was accomplished. Much work had
previously been done in the same direction and perhaps
we assume too much in claiming the whole credit. Nev-
ertheless ours was the final touch that tipped the scale in
the right direction.

And now a similar situation presents itself and a
similar opportunity to render our city a great service is
at hand. We refer to the removal of the Post Office and
Court House from the City Hall Park.

It is quite reasonable to say that practically every
citizen who really cares for New York is sick of the sight
of these two eyesores on what is one of the few breathing
spots in the crowded down-town district. And not one
of us but would rejoice to see the old Park restored to
its original graceful proportions of Colonial times. Many
committees have already attempted to solve this problem
but to no avail. In taking up the matter at this time
we have the benefit of all the splendid work that has gone

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

before and what is of greater importance — of the ex-
istence of a distinct and important public sentiment in
favor of the plan. If we can but crystallize this senti-
ment— if we can get the various differing factions to unite
on the idea of a Restored Park as a proper and fitting
Memorial to our soldiers in the great World War — we
shall be successful in this great plan for the betterment
of our city. Madison Square, Union Square, Battery
Park, Riverside Drive and all the other locations sug-
gested for this particular monument have each their
claims of merit. But nothing will so largely benefit all
the people of all the Boroughs as more space in our
present City Hall Park. And the Restoration of the Old
Liberty Pole completes an ideal scheme.

During the stormy days that preceded the Revolution
no body of patriots were more active than the Sons of
Liberty, an organization formed in our own city and for
many years a leading influence in the events that shaped
the War of 1776. New York is seldom accorded that
measure of credit for her revolutionary efforts that is
cheerfully given to Boston or Philadelphia, but the fact
remains that New York has a record that is equal to the
best and superior to many of the cities that were then in
revolt. Encounters with the soldiers in which American
lives were lost occurred in New York considerably before
the Boston massacre or the Battle of Lexington; and
New York, of all the signatories of the non-Importation
agreement was the only one to faithfully observe the
covenant though as a result she was bound to suffer
more severely than others on account of her extensive
oversea commerce.

The Liberty Boys had a meeting place at Burns' Coffee
House ; and later at the corner of Broadway and Ann

[ 98 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Street. They erected a Liberty Pole in the "Common
Lands" which we now know as the City Hall Park. And
all public meetings of remonstrance relating to questions
between the Royal Governors and the populace were held
around the Liberty Pole on the Common. So obnoxious
became the Liberty Pole to the servants of Royalty that
it was repeatedly removed. Strange to relate, it was
always restored and no matter how many times destroyed
there was always forthcoming a new and loftier Liberty
Pole. In a very short time it was easily seen that the
struggle between popular rights and autocracy was sym-
bolized in the attack and defence of the Liberty Pole.

As we all know the first struggle for Liberty in the
Western World ended with the War of the Revolution.
Autocracy was utterly routed and the start of the new
world toward Democracy fairly begun. The contest thus
commenced in City Hall Park under the Liberty Pole
has raged unceasingly, and its latest victory has been
achieved over the semi-barbaric Teutonic Empires. It
was the United States of America, the originators of
modern human freedom that ultimately made the world
safe for democracy.

The time has come to suitably commemorate the brave
deeds of our American boys who died in foreign lands
that Liberty might live. Many projects have been ad-
vanced for the conservation of this immortal service.
All have merit. Any one of them would be good but so
long as we cannot all agree on one particular plan why
not adopt one that recalls the valor and daring of the
original Sons of Liberty as well as the later heroes who
so nobly trod in the footsteps of their fathers?

In earlier days City Hall Park was a very much more
beautiful and attractive municipal gem than the present

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

generation realizes. Stately trees, sparkling fountains
and shaded paths made it an oasis in a desert of sidewalk
and cobblestone and it was a beauty spot without a rival
in any city in the world. But alas ! the work of the
philistine and demagogue has all but ruined one of the
most priceless spots in all the city's domain.

Under the pretense of temporary occupation a huge
section of the Bridge Entrance has been wrongfully built
across the East end. On the North the most unsightly
building in all New York — the City Court — rears its ugly
head and on the South, the Federal Government has
inflicted upon our defenceless city one of the mightiest
and ugliest buildings known to men — the Post Office.
This building also exists upon sufferance and sufferance
only. The Federal Government obtained the use of this
plot for one purpose and one alone — a Post Office. That
was a convenience to our merchants at the time and was
so nominated in the bond. There never was to be any
building there except one devoted wholly and exclusively
to the Post Office business.

That obligation has for years been a dead letter. The
Federal Government has broken its sacred word to the
Municipal Government by using this building for other
purposes and in the case of a private tenant would have
been ousted long ago for breach of contract. To-day
even as a Post Office this building is obsolete.

Looking at the view of City Hall Park before the
addition of the Post Office, Court House and Brooklyn
Bridge, one is at once struck by the beauty of contour,
symmetry of design and fascinating aspect of the entire
prospect. Nothing is so great an asset to the City as
beauty in her public parks, or so adds to her renown
among the countries of the world. And it would be a

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OF OLD NEW YORK

simple matter to restore to New York the City Hall
Park of Colonial days, erect a fitting and dignified monu-
ment to the gallant sons of New York now lying in
Flanders Fields, Italy and France, and do it with means
well within the City's present limited resources. If these
excrescences should be once removed let us not commit
the folly of replacing them by any structure however ar-
tistic. Nothing can excel in beauty open space in a city
so greatly congested as ours. The vacant land, the
breathing space, the charming vista from whatever side
you approach, is far more effective than the loftiest and
grandest structure we could erect. Let the old foot paths
be restored and new ones added for the convenience of
the common people. Let the old Fountain once more
send its myriad diamond studded strands to the sky ;
let the old trees once more cast their grateful shade, and
last but not least, let the old Liberty Pole rear again its
defiant head to the assaults of privilege and autocracy!

On the base of the monument let there be inscribed
these words :

In Loving Memory of the
Liberty Boys of 1918
who gave their lives that the work of the
Liberty Boys of 1776 Might Not Perish from the
Earth.

— o —

This Monument is erected, and the Park Re-
stored to its original Colonial condition by the
Grateful Citizens of the City of New York.

[ 101 ]

A HUNDRED YEARS AGO

The following glimpse of life as it was in New York about .
a hundred years ago was written by Mrs. Catherine C. Havens,
who lived to the good old age of 96. The article is from her
own journal and comes to us in her own handwriting and are
her own personal recollections. It is the privilege and good
fortune of the Manual to come into possession of such rare and
interesting manuscripts and we take pleasure in presenting them
to our readers.

was born in 1801 at 84 Beekman Street. At that

time Liberty, Dey, John Streets and so on down

to the Battery were all occupied by private fam-
ilies. In Wall Street lived Mrs. Greenleaf, a widow and
three daughters, George Griswold, the Buchanans ( father
and son), the Whites and Stephen Storm.

I was seven or eight when my mother's father (James
Cebra) died. He lived in Fletcher Street next to the
corner of Water Street. It was a three-story house with
one room on each floor. Entering the house there was
a small square hall with a closet. My grandfather Cebra
was a city weigher and had his office in the Custom
House. The Custom House then stood south of the
Bowling Green, facing it. It was a large brick building
with heavy wooden Corinthian columns painted white
supporting the roof, and balconies on each floor. My
grandfather had some kind' of trouble in his leg late

[ 102 ]

Pertefactress 1853

A pretty Clipper barque of about
600 tons built by Boosevelt & Joyce
and engaged in the China trade.
One of the famous tea traders sent
out by the great Brooklyn ship mas-
ters A. A. Low & Bro. A premium
of $5 per ton was the prize held out
to the first ship home from China to
London in the early 50 's with the
new crop.

Courtesy Mrs. A. A. Low.

OF OLD NEW YORK

in life and could not always walk to his office. When
unable to walk a Mr. Morris came to his house from the
Custom House and read the figures to him and my
grandfather took them down in his books. An unmar-
ried daughter, Peggy, kept house for him. I used to
go regularly to see him on my Saturday half-holidays
and stay until Monday morning, going to church with
my Aunt Peggy on Sunday morning to old Trinity. My
grandfather's pew was on the south side aisle next the
wall about half-way up. The church was apt to be cold
and my aunt carried a large martin muff in which she
put my feet during service. Bishop Hobart preached
there then. He wore spectacles with black rims.

Our house in Beekman Street was on the north side,
between Cliff and Pearl Streets — a three-story brick
house. We moved to Maiden Lane about 1806. At that
time there was a market at the head of Maiden Lane
called the Oswego market. The city decided to widen
Maiden Lane from Broadway to Nassau Street and so
all the houses on the south side of the block were taken
down. My father then bought a lot on the north side,
28 feet wide, directly opposite our former house, from
Peter Sharpe for $2,500, on which he built a three-story
brick house in 1810, with a threefoot alley-way. It was
built by Abraham Stagg and was a very handsome house
for these days. We moved into it May 1, 1811. My
sister Fanny was married there June 5th, 1811, by Dr.
Spring of the Brick church, to Alex. Garden Fraser of
Beaufort, S. C. She wore a colored silk dress, and her
cousin, Eliza Cebra Waters, was bridesmaid, and Josiah
Goggeshall was groomsman.

When I was about 8 or 9 years of age we attended
Dr. Milledoller's church in Rutgers Street. We had a

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

square pew at the foot of the middle aisle. I cannot re-
member exactly when we left the Rutgers Street church
and went to the old brick church, but it was while Drs.
McKnight, Miller and Rogers were the associate min-
isters. They all wore gowns and Dr. Rogers wore a
white wig. It must have been about 1809 that Dr.
Rogers died. I went to his funeral. He was buried
in the brick church grounds.

Dr. Miller was then called to the church built for him
in Wall Street and Dr. McKnight died soon after. In
1810 Dr. Spring was called to the brick church. I heard
him preach his first sermon August 10th, 1810, from the
text: "I am determined to know nothing among you but
Jesus Christ and him crucified." Very soon after Dr.
Spring came my father united with the church. My
mother also. My father was soon elected an elder and
continued in that office until his death, November 26th,
1817. He was a very earnest Christian and a warm
friend of Dr. Spring's. The latter said, on closing my
father's eyes, that he was the most intelligent layman
he had ever known. About 1798 or 1799 my father
failed in business. The firm name was "Webb & Lamb,
Shipping Merchants," corner Pearl Street and Burling
Slip. One of their vessels, loaded with nutmegs, from
Sarinam, was lost, and Mr. Lamb lost in it. This dis-
aster caused their failure. In those days the laws were
very rigid. My father had to go on what was called
"the limits," until he could pay his debts. In 1799 my
brother, Augustus Van Horn, was born, and a nurse,
Mrs. Page, taking care of my mother, seeing my father
was a very ingenious man, advised him to go into the
suspender business, and showed him a pair which she
had made herself. This was something entirely new,

[ 108 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

and, there being no business of this kind in the city, my
father made several improvements in the article, until
he brought out something very handsome. I remember
how he shut himself in his room, not admitting any of
his family, until he had completed his invention. During
T. Jefferson's administration, he went to Washington
and took out a patent under name of "Webb's patent
suspenders." His store was in front of his house, and
his living room in the rear. His factory was in the
basement. This was in our own house, No. 19 Maiden
Lane. He imported the sewing silk and webbing from
Liverpool, from firm of Rabone Bros., and employed 60
women, some in knitting the sewing silk, for which he
paid $14 per lb., and others in working on the different
parts. This work was prepared for them by Ira Perego,
an apprentice, and they came every Saturday, to bring
their work, to receive their wages, and to get their work
for the following week. He had agents in all the large
cities of the U. S. In Boston it was Win. Little; in
Philadelphia, Andrew Quinn ; in Albany, Paul Hock-
strasser and agents in two or three places in New York
City. He soon paid his creditors, and might have left
a large fortune if he had not been so constantly called
upon for charity. He was very benevolent, gave freely
to the poor, and assisted many of his poorer relations.

Among others of my brother's family who used to
come frequently to our house was his cousin, Susan
Rivington. She was educated in London. Her father
was a tory and a printer. Rivington Street was named
for him. She lived on the northeast corner of Wall and
Pearl Streets, opposite the Tontine Coffee House (north-
west corner). The Phoenix Coffee House was on the
southeast corner. Mr. Evans Bardin kept them both.

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First he kept the Phoenix, and afterwards the Tontine.
I used to go there to visit his granddaughter, Mary Ann
Richardson. The Washington Hotel was on the south-
east corner of Reade Street and Broadway. The City
Hotel was one block above Trinity, and Mechanics' Hall
(a hotel), corner Broadway and Park Place. These
are all the hotels I can remember. There were a great
many boarding houses, well kept and well patronized.
Mrs. Saidler kept one down Broadway, East Side, near
the Battery. It was afterwards kept by Mrs. Reese.
Mrs. Woods, 21 Broadway, on the West Side, also kept
one. Down in Pearl Street Mrs. Mix and Tripp kept
one in partnership ; also a Mrs. Diggins in Pearl Street
and smaller ones about the city. Corner Pearl and John
Streets Mrs. Cotton also kept a large boarding house
and my brother-in-law, James H. Leverich, boarded with
a Mrs. Jones in John Street. The old doctors in New
York were Dr. Wright Post, corner Broadway and Gar-
den Street ; Dr. Hodick, in Vesey Street ; Dr. Haversley,
in Dey Street, and Dr. Handy, in Dey Street; Dr. Van
Solingen, in Cortlandt Street ; Dr. Seaman, in Beekman
Street; Dr. Mott, Dr. Turner and old Dr. Thomas Cock
(Dr. Van Solingen's daughter Jane married Dr. Gun-
ning S. Bedford, Sr.) and old Dr. Moore. (Dr. Van
Solingen and Dr. Post were my father's physicians when
he died.) In Pearl Street, from Maiden Lane to Beek-
man Street, the young people used to call it "The John-
nies" because so many Johns lived there. There lived
John Taylor (grandfather of I. T. Johnston), John
Adams, John Clendening, John Ellis, John Hone. These
were their places of business, and they lived over them.
In those days there were no bookkeepers ; every gentle-
men kept his own books ; consequently there were no

f HO ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

defalcations. I never heard of but one, and that was
old Samuel Swartout, who was in the Custom House.
After that when such occasional cases were heard of,
it was said "So-and-So has been Swartouting."

Facing No. 21 Maiden Lane was a short street, called
Little Green Street, which ran down one block to Lib-
erty Street. On the west side was a large brick build-
ing used as a school for girls, kept by a Mr. Griscom ;
on the northwest corner of Liberty Street was a Quaker
Meeting House and graveyard.

In William Street, opposite Cedar Street, an English
lady, Mrs. Thomas, kept a school which I attended. In
William Street, just a few doors south of this school,
was a fashionable shoe store kept by a Mr. R. Bunn.
The fashionable French shoe store was kept by Mr.
Pardessus on the east side of William Street, between
John and Fair (Fulton) Streets.

At the Post Office, southeast corner of William and
Garden Streets, lived -Thomas Bailey, Postmaster. He
married Mrs. McWhorter of Newark, N. J., and had
two daughters, Ann Eliza who married Arthur Bronson,
and Catherine, who married William W. Woolsey. They
went to school with me at Mrs. Thomas' ; since then
Cedar Street has been cut through and the schoolhouse
destroyed.

Policemen were called constables ; they carried little
square sticks about as big as a broomstick, going up to
a point. The point was painted blue with a little blue
ribbon at the top. The rest of the stick was painted
white.

Somewhere about 1812 three steamers went up the
Hudson River to Albany. They started from the foot
of Cortlandt Street and were called The Paragon, The
Car of Neptune and The Richmond. They were all-

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

night boats and were not larger than an ordinary ferry
boat.

The first event I can remember is the death of my
little sister Eliza, a month old, at Sterling, Long Island
(now Greenport), at my grandfather's, Orange Webb.
She had on a little white slip and red shoes — and I wept
because she had to lie out at night in the rain. I was
then five years old.

My grandfather died in the month of May on Sun-
day, suddenly, in an apoplectic fit. I was off with my
sister at the foot of Hubert Street on the North River,
seeing an immersion, when my parents sent for us to
come to Fletcher Street to my grandfather's. I remem-
ber as if it were yesterday seeing him laid out on a cot
in the second story under the front windows. He was
buried in Mr. Henry Remsen's vault in the New Dutch
church in Nassau Street.

Catherine Lawrence — the daughter of my mother's
half-sister, Catherine Beekman — was a beautiful girl and
was engaged to her own cousin, Nat. Lawrence. He
went on business to China and on his return found her
married to Dr. Hicks. By him she had two children —
Mary, who married Benson Van Zandt, son of Winant
Van Zandt, and Caroline Louise, who married John C.
Clarkson of New York. Her cousin must have loved
her very devotedly, for after Dr. Hicks died he married
her and by him she had six daughters and two sons.
They were : Caroline, who married Nelson Abeel ; Cath-
erine, who married Major Gallagher of Baltimore; Eliza-
beth, who married Charles Clarkson of Flatbush, L. I. ;
Charlotte and Cornelia, who died unmarried, and Julia,
who married Phineas H. Buckley ; Charles and Clarkson,
the sons, were unmarried.

[ 112 ]

Dr. Hastings' old church — the West Presbyterian — Forty-second Street
1876, now site of Aeolian Hall

OF OLD NEW YORK

Edwin Booth Memorial

The memorial of Edwin Booth erected in Gramercy
Park is the first of its kind to an actor in this country.
It is a product of the genius of one of the members of
The Players— the club founded by Mr. Booth in 1888.
Mr. Booth conceived the idea that the intermingling of
players with men of kindred arts — writers, artists, sculp-
tors, architects, musicians — would broaden their vision
and give them a deeper knowledge of human motive and
human action. These others also would derive intel-
lectual and spiritual stimulus from contact with men who
were interpreting the masters of dramatic literature and
song. How excellently the idea has worked out is shown
in the bronze statue of Edwin Booth recently erected in
Gramercy Park and unveiled November 13th, 1918, the
anniversary of Mr. Booth's birth.

The memorial is a fine representation of Booth in
his favorite role of Hamlet when he was about the age
of thirty-five, and to people who remember him in his
incomparable impersonation of this character the statue
has a strangely fascinating interest. Those who saw
him as he rose to speak the famous soliloquy, "To be
or not to be," have the whole scene vividly brought back
to them. The statue is a noble memorial of the great
Shakespearean actor, and will perpetuate his lovable per-
sonality as well as his great achievements to future gen-
erations of New Yorkers. Mr. Edmond T. Quinn, the
sculptor, and Mr. Edwin S. Dodge, the architect, have
accomplished a work of which the people of New York
are justly proud.

The unveiling of the statue was an interesting event
and well worthy of being preserved in the annals of our

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

city. Three generations of Mr. Booth's descendants
were present, Mrs. Edwina Booth Grossman, her son,
Edwin Booth Grossman, and his daughter, Lois Fellows
Grossman; also little Edwin Booth Waterbury, a son of
Mr. Grossman's sister. The invocation was spoken by
Rev. George C. Houghton, rector of the Church of the
Transfiguration, affectionately known by actors and their
friends as "The Little Church Around the Corner." The
presentation of the memorial was made by Mr. Howard
Kyle, secretary of the memorial committee, and the un-
veiling of the statue by Mr. Edwin Booth Grossman
followed. Mr. John Drew, president of The Players,
accepted it in the following words :

Mr. Secretary, Ladies and Gentlemen :

From the poet to whose genius Edwin Booth dedicated his
great powers of interpretation I may well take my cue to-day.
You remember that line in The Merchant of Venice, "Such har-
mony is in immortal souls." Out of the immortal memory of
Edwin Booth there has flowed the harmony to which we owe
this statue, the harmony of many men, working steadily and
devotedly together to do honor to his name. Amongst members
of The Players, the club which he founded and gave not only to
his own Profession but to the other arts, the monument was
planned and made possible. The Players have fashioned it.
The bronze was modelled by the sculptor, Edmond T. Quinn.
The pedestal was designed by the architect Edwin S. Dodge.
And that it stands now amid these trees, upon which Booth loved
to gaze from the windows of his home yonder, is due also to
the courteous co-operation of the Trustees of Gramercy Park,
who from the start have sympathized with our project. An
immense good will, my friends, has. carried the project to its
successful completion. I speak of it with feeling. It is as the
gift of a company of loyal loving hearts that I accept, on behalf
of The Players this statue of the noblest Hamlet the American
stage has ever produced, our leader and our friend.

Mr. John B. Pine made an address on behalf of the

trustees of the park, felicitating The Players on the

accomplishment of their long-cherished wish of erecting

this statue of the great player who for so many years

made Gramercy Park his home and who left here a

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OF OLD NEW YORK

place in which his spirit still dwells. The exercises fin-
ished with a most interesting address by Brander Mat-
thews, appreciative of the character and art of Edwin
Booth. Mr. Matthews said:

We, who take pride in our membership in The Players have
recognized from the hour when the Founder handed us the
deed of gift and lighted the fire which still burns brightly on
our hearth — we have recognized that we owed Edwin Booth a
debt we could never repay, a debt not merely for the house
with its furnishings, its books and its pictures, not merely for
the kindly thought that prompted his liberality, but also and
especially for the wisdom with which he established our pros-
perity upon a sound and solid foundation. He was an actor; he
loved his profession; and he wished to testify to this love. He
meant The Players to be a home for the actor, first of all, for the
dramatist and for the manager, that the men of his own calling
might mingle at ease. But he knew that it is not well for the
members of any one profession to fellowship exclusively with
one another ; and he wanted the men of the theatre to associate
with men of letters and with artists, painters, sculptors and
architects. He held that

"All arts are one, all branches of one tree,
All fingers, as it were, upon one hand."

And he designed The Players to be a haven of rest for the
practitioners of all the allied arts.

Now, at last, more than a score of years since he was taken
from us, we have been enabled to erect this statue, as an out-
ward and visible sign of our gratitude and our affection. It is
placed here in this little park that he loved to look down on, in
full view from the room in which he lived the last years of his
life and in which he died. It has been modelled by one of our
own members, with a fidelity to be appreciated by all who knew
Edwin Booth and with a beauty to be recognized by those who
have had the privilege of beholding him.

In the privacy of our own home, we have a portrait of Edwin
Booth, painted also by one of our own members, a portrait
which shows him as we like to recall him, as one of us, as our
fellow-Player, as a man of most engaging personality, gracious
and courteous, unaffected and unassuming. And here in the
open air, where all the world may gaze on it, we have now this
statue, representing Edwin Booth as the public knew him, as an
actor impersonating "Hamlet" and about to utter the soul-search-
ing soliloquy on life and death. In all this great city of ours
there is only one other statue of an actor — that of Shakespeare
in Central Park; and I make bold to believe that the comrade-
ship is one with which the author of "Hamlet" would not be
displeased.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

We may apply to Edwin Booth the praise which was given to
Shakespeare as an actor by one of his contemporaries : he was
excellent in the quality he professed. He was a born actor, in-
heriting the divine gift from the father whose memory he ever
revered. He was an untiring student of his art, knowing why
and how he got his effects. By his skill and his sincerity he was
able to disguise the artificiality of "Richelieu" and of the "Fool's
Revenge." I can recall the thrill with which — now not so far
from three score years ago — I first heard Richelieu threaten to
launch the curse of Rome; and I shall never forget the shiver
that shook me as I later beheld the demoniac dance of Ber-
tuccio when he believes that he is at last revenged on his enemy.
But like the greatest of his predecessors, with whose achieve-
ments he had admiringly familiarized himself, he liked best to
act the greatest parts, the characters that Shakespeare has filled
with undying fire — Othello and Iago, Brutus and Macbeth, Shy-
lock and Hamlet. Here in New York more than half a century
ago, he acted Hamlet for one hundred consecutive performances,
a longer run than any Shakespearian play has ever had in any
city in the world.

In founding The Players, Edwin Booth erected a monument
more enduring than bronze ; and now we have set up this endur-
ing bronze to bear witness that Hamlet's command has been
obeyed and that The Players are "well bestowed."

The Fortune Teller

Almost where Fourteenth meets Broadway,
The other day,

I came upon an old man, gnarled and gray.

He had a box of printed horoscopes
In little envelopes :

A compact, greasy hoard of threats and hopes.

He had a pair of white and wheezy mice,

A monkey mad with lice,

A parrot ugly as a worn-out vice.

And customers, with dullness on their brows —

The men like cows

At noon, the women angry sows —

Came round him, apprehensive but content
That God had sent

Such things to tell them what the future meant.

— Selected.

[ 118 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

A Beautiful Tribute to the American Soldier

Capt. Daniel Couve, Chaplain in the 59th Division of French
Infantry, who came to New York on a social errand, related
the following simple and touching incident:

"I stood in a Paris street to see your troops go by on the
Fourth of July, and I cheered with the rest, but a little old
woman beside me touched me on the arm. 'You don't cheer
loud enough,' she said. 'These are our saviors.' And that is
the way France feels."

An Appreciation

As we drove along country roads weak old women would come
out and hold flowers to us.

Why should they hold flowers up to strangers from across the
Atlantic? Only because they believed that we were the mes-
sengers of friendship and of hope, and those flowers were their
humble offerings of gratitude that friends from so great a
distance should have brought them so great a hope. — President
Wilson.

John Galsworthy on Americans and English

I do not think that you Americans and we English are any
longer strikingly alike in physical type or general characteristics,
no more than I think there is much resemblance between your-
selves and the Australians. Our link is now but community of
language — and the infinity which this connotes.

James Duane Complains to Gov. Clinton of the
High Cost of Living in 1779

Philad. 27th April 1779.

The extravagance of living here is beyond description and
the burden of public business, intolerable. I am for my own
part worn down and stand in great need of Relaxation. . . .
I must beg your Excellency's Indulgence the more so as I am
here without Summer Clothes, and can not reconcile it to my
feelings to purchase at the immoderate prices which are current.

His Excellency Governor Clinton. James Duane.

The Jury That Tried John Peter Zenger in the
City Hall, Wall Street, 1735

Thomas Hunt, Foreman

Samuel Weaver Harmanus Rutgers

Stanly Holmes Benjamin Hildreth

John Bell Edward Man

Egbert Van Borsom Andries Marschalk

John Goelet Abraham Keteltas
Hercules Wendover

[ 121 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL
Dr. J. G. Holland and Roswell Smith

William Webster Ellsworth

Two men who, with knowledge and sympathy and
money, did much to further the growth of literature and
art in New York in the seventies, were Josiah Gilbert
Holland and Roswell Smith, founders, with the senior
Charles Scribner, of the joint stock company known in
its early years as Scribner & Co. The chief object of
the company at first was the publication of Scribner' s
Monthly, the magazine which on the sale of the Scribner
interests to Roswell Smith in 1881 became The Century
and the company publishing it "The Century Company."
The new name was the suggestion of Dr. Holland's asso-
ciate editor, Richard Watson Gilder, and the thought
came to him from the Century Club, of which he was a
member. The home of the Club was at that time in
Fifteenth Street just off Union Square, next door to the
house occupied by the Gilders, that interesting dwelling
created by Stanford White from a stable which Mr. and
Mrs. Gilder made a center of art and literature and hos-
pitality for many years.

The two men Dr. Holland and Roswell Smith were
singularly alike in many of their traits, both strongly,
almost sternly religious, both desirous of doing good in
the world and of helping along their fellow men by what
used to be known as "precept and example." Dr. Hol-
land had been an associate of the elder Samuel Bowles on
that sterling newspaper, the Springfield Republican, and
he was also a writer of poetry and semi-religious essays
intended for the uplift of young people. His poetry was
written in the days when long poems, whole books of a
single poem, were in order, the days of Mrs. Browning's

[ 122 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

"Aurora Leigh" and not so many years after Byron's
"Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" and ''Don Juan," but a
million years from the latter in their "lesson." His
characters were distinctly good, home-loving people, sweet
women and noble-hearted men.

The present writer never passes the little parsonage of
the Presbyterian Church at Riverdale on the automobile
road to Yonkers, without thinking of Dr. Holland's "The
Mistress of the Manse," the scene of which was laid in
that house. Others of his poems were "Bitter Sweet"
and "Kathrina, Her Life and Mine in a Poem" — great
sellers they were. "The Spoon River Anthology" and
Masefield's "Dauber" of our day cannot touch them in
popularity. His "Plain Talks on Familiar Subjects" and
the works which he wrote under the pseudonym of Tim-
othy Titcomb had a great popular sale. The "Nation"
well said of Dr. Holland: "He had the immense advan-
tage of keeping on a plane of thought just above that of
a vast multitude of readers, each one of whom he could
touch with the hand and raise a little upward." Dr. Hol-
land wrote too a life of Lincoln, and even now, when a
fifty-foot shelf would not take in all the biographies of
the great emancipator, Dr. Holland's book holds its own.

Roswell Smith was a business man of high ideals and
broad vision. His uncle, Roswell C. Smith (after whom
he was called, but in later years he dropped the middle
name), was an author of school books, and "Smith's
Arithmetic" and "Smith's Geography" will be remem-
bered by some older readers. It is said that the sale of
"Smith's Grammar" was surpassed only in sales of text
books by Noah Webster's famous spelling book. The
young Roswell passed his later boyhood years in the
home of his uncle and doubtless bookmaking got into

[ 123 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

his blood then. When he grew up the West called,
as it called so many young men. He went to Lafayette,
Indiana, and into the law office of Henry L. Ellsworth,
retired Commissioner of Patents (he had been the first
Commissioner and was known as "the father of the Pat-
ent Office"). Roswell Smith married Mr. Ellsworth's
daughter, practiced law, bought profitable real estate, and
at forty turned his eyes toward the East and fixed his
mind on buying a newspaper.

But first he would make the "grand tour" with his
family. Knowing Dr. Holland, they decided to go to
Europe together. "I must tell you," said Dr. Holland
before starting, "that one of my idiosyncrasies is always
being exactly on time." "Then," replied his friend, "I
fear we cannot get on together, for I am always half an
hour ahead."

One moonlight night they stopped in a walk and leaned
over the parapet of a bridge at Geneva, and with the
rushing Rhone as an accompaniment. Dr. Holland told
Roswell Smith his plan for a new American magazine,
one which should really develop American Art and Amer-
ican Literature and which should be the vehicle of his own
little preachments to people young and old. It seemed
to Roswell Smith far better than his own idea of buying
a newspaper; yes, he would join in the enterprise, his
time and his money should be dedicated to it. In a few
days he returned to New York with a letter of introduc-
tion to Charles Scribner, who had been Dr. Holland's
publisher, and very soon the new company was launched,
Mr. Smith and Dr. Holland dividing sixty per cent, of
the stock between them, the Scribner book firm taking
the other forty per cent. Mr. Scribner's "Hours at

[ 124 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Home" was merged in the new venture, the first number
of which appeared in November, 1870.

American literature at that time was at a low ebb.
Harper s was the leading magazine and its great success
was built on the fact that it was the acknowledged me-
dium for the appearance of the work of the great Eng-
lish novelists of the day first appearing serially — Dickens,
Thackeray, George Eliot, Trollope, Charles Reade. No
notable fiction was being produced in America. The day
of Poe and Irving and Cooper and Hawthorne had
passed and they had no successors. The new Scribner's
Monthly was forced to turn to the foreign George Mac-
donald and Mrs. Oliphant for its first year's serials, but
its conductors began at once to encourage American fic-
tion writers to produce novels, and American artists to
draw illustrations which were both good art and inter-
esting embellishments. The day of "The Fair Penitent"
and "The Bandit's Bride," engraved on steel was over.
Bret Harte wrote his first novel, "Gabriel Conroy," for
the new magazine; George W. Cable was discovered in
New Orleans by Edward King, going through the South-
ern States gathering material for his "Great South" pa-
pers, discussing the agricultural and economic growth
of the country south of Mason and Dixon's line since
the war. King sent some of the young cotton clerk's
work to Dr. Holland, and presently all the literary world
was reading those exquisite stories of New Orleans
which later became Cable's book, "Old Creole Days."
"Fanny Hodgson" was another early Scribner's Monthly
writer ; the world has known her long as Frances Hodg-
son Burnett. Thomas Nelson Page began to send in his
work to the magazine, and it was soon not only a success
itself but as was said at the time, "it made a success of

[ 127 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Harpers too." Mr. Alclen, editor of Harper s, wrote to
a friend that Scribners Monthly had had the effect on
them of a fast horse driven alongside one's buggy — you
just had to whip up.

Dr. Holland lived on the west side of Park Avenue
near Thirty-eighth Street ; Mr. Roswell Smith at 54 East
54th Street. There were young people in both families,
much entertaining was done, and Dr. Holland's home
became a Mecca for the literary lights of the time. There
were other houses too which attracted them. On Satur-
day nights one went to the home of Miss Mary L. Booth,
editor of Harper's Bazar. It was at the corner of Park
Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street — a barren waste of a dis-
trict it was too — and in that big, simply furnished parlor
at Miss Booth's one met Frank R. Stockton and Mary
Mapes Dodge, Stedman and Stoddard and Edgar Faw-
cett. Sometimes the hostess's cousin, Edwin Booth,
came in — sad and gloomy he was then, given to standing
by himself, with folded arms, in a corner, talking little.

The wife of Professor Botta had frequent "literary"
receptions, as had "Aunt Fanny" Barrow, a writer of
children's books, and Mr. Clapp of E. P. Dutton & Co.,
who lived in these days on Thirty- fourth Street just off
Broadway.

Both Roswell Smith, at the business end of the office,
and Dr. Holland at the literary end, were men of great
squareness in dealing with authors and artists. They
paid well, often more than was asked. When General
Grant wrote his war articles for the Century, he was to
have five hundred dollars each for the four — a good price
at the time — but Mr. Smith sent him an extra check for
$2,000 when the last article came in. He paid George
Kennan for his epoch-making articles on the Siberian

1 128 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

prisons, much more than had been agreed on. And the
founders of "The Century" (and "St. Nicholas" was
added to the enterprise in 1873) were fortunate in some
of their helpers ; especially Richard Watson Gilder and
Alexander W. Drake, who lifted high the banner of good
American art and kept it high for the forty years that
they were privileged to work together.
But that is another story and a later one.

New York City

William F. Kirk

"Oi loike New York," said Pat O'Brien,
"Because so many frinds av moine
Have come here from the dear ould sod
To fale no more the tyrant's rod.
Sure 'tis a blissed town av rist —
Av all great towns Oi luv it bist !"
"Ya, dot iss so," said Adolph Schwenck.
'Ay tenk so, tu !" said Olaf Brenk.

"I likes New York," said Adolph Schwenck,

"I puts dot money in dot benk,

Und effer in dot, understandt,

Dan effer in dot Faderlandt.

Berlin iss great, und back I go,

But only for a visit, so!"

Said Olaf Brenk, "New York ban fine !"

"Faith, and it is !" said Pat O'Brien.

"Ay lak New York," said Olaf Brenk,

"It ban best town in vurld, Ay tenk !

Ef yu skol yomp around and try

Yu got gude chance for going high.

Stockholm ban fine, but Ay skol call

New York the yolliest town of all."

Said Adolph Schwenck, "Dem vords iss fine !"

"Faith and they are !" said Pat O'Brien.

—Selected.

[ 129 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Some Famous American Naval Prints

Henry Collins Brown

In the pages of that delightful repository of antiquarian
lore concerning New York of an older period — Valen-
tine's Manual — one may see an old-time print or two of
exceeding interest, not so much for what they are as for
the tremendous developments which they foreshadowed.
One is dated October 14, 1814; others a little later; and
it required the passing of a full century before their full
significance could be realized.

The first scene is laid in the palace of the Tuilleries.
Napoleon has granted an audience to a young Ameri-
can inventor who is enlarging upon the merits of an
idea which he claims would destroy the British fleets
and lay the shores of Albion prostrate before the soldiers
of the Empire. It is an important matter and the greatest
strategist the world has ever known calls to his aid the
most eminent body of scientists in his dominion, the
French Academy. That august body deliberates at
length and also experiments with the result that they
report that power enough to propel a small toy might
be developed, but to force a vessel "across the Channel
and discharge this strange missile called a "torpedo"
with sufficient force to destroy an enemy ship, was not
to be seriously considered. Napoleon therefore declined
to entertain the matter further. Proceeding to England,
the inventor prevailed upon Lord Chatham to witness a
practical demonstration of his torpedo, and in front of
the Prime Minister's house in the harbor of Deal, and
in the presence of a large number of persons, he launched
one of his torpedoes against the hull of a large derelict

f 130 ]

Jtouqualj 1844

One of the really famous ships
in the China trade. Commanded by
the redoubtable Captain Nathaniel
B. Palmer. She made the run from
New York to Java Head in 72 days
and to Hongkong in 84 — distance
14,272 miles.

This ship was named in honor of
Houquah, a well known merchant of
Canton whose goods were invariably
up to sample. He was much re-
spected by American and English
residents in China no less for his
integrity than for his kindness and
business ability.

She was 706 tons and was built
in New York by Brown & Bell. She
had a great reputation in her day.

Courtesy Mrs. A. A. Low.

OF OLD NEW YORK

provided for the purpose, and destroyed it completely.
The present-day reports of instant destruction were
equalled if not surpassed in this attempt. The vessel was
blown into a thousand pieces and sank immediately.

The idea was rejected upon the ground that England
being mistress of the seas could not afford to encourage
the development of so terrible an engine of destruction,
and no other nation had the means or the inclination
at the time to make the necessary investment, as it could
not be profitable. Such was the original invention of
the torpedo, and the inventor's name, as our readers
may have guessed, was none other than our hero — Rob-
ert Fulton.

His submarine was never tried ; but his iron-clad
"Fulton the First" was safely launched in the Harbor
of New York right opposite the present Battery, and
proved practical. A double page picture of this interest-
ing event forms one of the three old prints in the Manual
to which I have referred.

The absorbing interest with which all Naval prints
pertaining to American history are now regarded, is
largely the result of the present activity of the sub-
marine and the deadly torpedo. And while the immor-
tal skill of a Jeakes, a Tiebout, a Richards, or a Pocock
failed to delineate this epochmaking incident of Fulton's,
there is a very distinct and close connection between the
two. And my references to these half -forgotten prints
may not be amiss.

In the famous collection now possessed by the India
House in New York, is a modest painting that will some
day become famous as the subject of some future aqua-
tint or other art production — the William P. Frye. It
lacks the delicacy of coloring possessed by the etchings

[ 135 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

of a century ago, but as the starting point of the never-
to-be-forgotten ruthlessness of the German submarine it
will some day take high rank among collectors. There
is something pathetic in this peaceful looking merchant-
man when one recalls its tragic end. And its cruel fate
will ever add an interest to the print which it would not
otherwise possess.

Turning however to the Naval prints of long ago, we
find here an entirely different atmosphere. There may
be sights more calculated to stir the blood than the old
time all hands-repel-boarders sea fight, but if such there
be I have failed to find it. And in the mighty combat
between the B on Homme Richard and the Serapis painted
by Paton and engraved by Fittler, published in 1790,
we have a spirited representation that satisfies every
longing of the soul.

A very wonderful ensemble and one which sums up a
whole chapter in Naval history is that curious and little
known folio aquatint under the title of "Sprigs of Lau-
rel." It was drawn and engraved, by that well known
artist, W. S. Strickland, with whose other work, both in
New York and Philadelphia, we are quite familiar. In
this remarkable grouping, however, Strickland has gath-
ered together no less than nine distinct engagements, be-
ginning with Perry's victory at Lake Erie and ending
with the encounter between the Peacock and L'Epervier.

This fascinating aquatint is unknown to Stauffer and
is of the greatest scarcity. It is accordingly of surpass-
ing interest, and though Mr. John Kneass, of 125 Mar-
ket Street, Philadelphia, announced its publication at the
modest sum of $3.00 per copy it brought one of the high-
est prices paid at the late Halsey sale in whose collection
it had reposed for many years. The vessels represented

[ 136 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

are the Constitution and Guerriere, Wasp and Frolic.
United States and Macedonian, Constitution and Java,
Hornet blockading Bonne Citoyenne, sinking of the Pea-
cock and L'Epervier. The battle of Lake Erie forms the
chief vignette across the entire print ; the other scenes
somewhat smaller. It is surprisingly well drawn and
the colors add much to its fascination.

The very scarce original impression of the folio aqua-
tint from a drawing by Birch, showing the loss of the
packet ship Albion, is an item that appeals with rare
force to the collector. The engraving is by Tiebout,
whose view of the Federal Hall in Wall Street has made
him among the best known of early New York engra-
vers. This, however, was published in Philadelphia,
October 25th, 1823, by S. Kennedy at No. 58 Walnut
Street. Stauffer has it recorded as No. 3200. The orig-
inal colored impression was recently disposed of at a
sale in New York and brought an attractive figure.
Robert Havel, another New Yorker, also figures prom-
inently in a spirited rendering of the combat between
the Constitution and Java. The latter is in a set of four,
and very scarce.

Tiebout afterwards entered the publishing business on
his own account as we find a rather ambitious under-
taking by him in the production of a line folio depicting
the "Glorious and Brilliant Victory" obtained by Com-
modore O. H. Perry over the British Fleet on Lake
Erie. It bears the date 1813 and was printed by Riley
and Adams, No. 238 Water Street, New York. In the
margin are printed eight Naval engagements. The en-
tire plate is in colors and is now of greatest scarcity.
Of the many numerous engravings of this interesting

[ 137 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

event this is one that is rarely met with. Its value is
constantly enhancing.

Tiebout also published the same year an excellent plate
of the Constitution and Guerriere from a painting by
T. Birch. This is now very rare and its value is con-
stantly increasing. StaufTer has recorded this as No.
3206. All these old Naval combats seem to have been
great favorites with our early engravers, as we find sev-
eral examples of the Chesapeake and Shannon; the Con-
stitution and Guerriere ; the Constitution and Java ; the
Endymion and President. We are thus fortunate in hav-
ing examples of the best artists — J. T. Lee, Joseph
Jeakes, Thomas Whitecombe, Anna Jeakes, Robert
Dodd, J. C. Schetky, L. Haghe, Garny, Debucourt,
Coqueret, Robert and D. Havell, Montardier Bangean,
P. W. Tompkins and others.

One of the most complete collections of these particular
prints is that possessed by Mr. H. O. Havemeyer, Jr.,
of New York. For many years Mr. Havemeyer has
been an industrious collector of these fascinating sub-
jects, and as several important collections have recently
been dispersed his has naturally been enhanced thereby.

It is quite impossible to describe the charm of these
old time aquatints or the extreme delicacy of their color-
ing. And their reproduction in black fails to convey an
adequate idea of the fascination possessed by the col-
ored originals. It would seem as though a revival of
this lost art would meet with appreciation today. There
is certainly nothing that quite supplies their place in the
market today.

In these prints we have almost a complete history of
the early days of the American Navy, and it is a record
to stir the red blood in a man's veins. In view of what

[ 138 ]

HOUQUAH, A NOTED CHINESE MERCHANT OF HONGKONG CLOSELY IDENTIFIED WITH THE
GREAT BUSINESS OF A. A. LOW & BRO. IN THE DAYS OF THE CLIPPER SHIP
TEA TRADE 1830-40. COURTESY OF MRS. A. A. LOW

OF OLD NEW YORK

we have been obliged to read during the last year or so,
it is refreshing to recall the days of clean fights, of
manly combats and of that ancient chivalry which seems
inseparable from fighters of the sea. The achievements
of the Anglo-Saxon sailors have made many a brilliant
page in naval history from the days of Drake to Far-
ragut.

Let us hope that this glorious record will be kept un-
sullied in the stormy days that are to come. Let us
hope that no matter what the provocation, the American
ideal of manliness, of squareness, of self-respect will
never be lowered. Let those who will, adopt the meth-
ods of the Barbary pirate and the Chinese junk; but let
the Yankee sailor lad be always as he has been — a credit
to the men who go down to the sea in ships and a glory
to the service.

Half a Century Ago

Arthur Winthrop Earle

The Velocipede

In 1869 the craze was for velocipedes — the fore-runner
of the bicycle. All over town there were academies and
rinks for teaching and practicing the art of riding. Be-
tween Grace Church and Tenth Street there was a four-
story building — afterward occupied by the Vienna
Bakery — the top floor of which was used as a Velocipede
Riding Academy, patronized by hundreds of young peo-
ple who crowded it nightly and in the daytime too.
Fancy riding was a feature in the rinks and also on the
stage in variety shows.

[ 141 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

The velocipede was a very crude affair compared with
the modern bicycle. At first it was made with an iron
band around the wheels and the saddle was perfectly
rigid. Riding in the open was therefore practiced only
by those who had the strength and daring to endure its
strenuousness. The idea of riding fifty or sixty miles
and coming home refreshed and still vigorous was out of
the question, but on the smooth floors of the Riding
Academies the sport went fast and furious and perhaps
as many miles were covered within their walls in the
same time as were accomplished later by the bicycle with
its air cushion tires and its ballbearing apparatus.

Skating-Rinks

On Fifth Avenue between Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth
Streets, where the Windsor Hotel afterward stood, there
was an ice-skating rink in the winter time. The lots
were below street grade and we went down steps to the
pond. This was in the early seventies. The building on
Third Avenue used later for the American Institute
Fairs was also a skating-rink, one of the largest and best
patronized in the city.

The Cocktail Route

As the days of prohibition approach, perhaps some Old
New Yorkers will be interested to recall the "Cocktail
Route" up Broadway as it was navigated forty or more
years ago. The first "lighthouse" was Theodore Stew-
art's on John Street — the like of which never existed
elsewhere ; the next tack was laid to the Astor House

[ 142 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

bar, then came Stewart's "uptown place" in Warren
Street — the first place of its kind which had a circular
bar where the inside as well as the outside was exposed
to view. The next "lighthouse" was Dowd's, near
Leonard Street. From there the course was laid to
Ball's near Howard Street. Flere the navigator could
indulge himself to his heart's content in excellent
fish cakes. Ball's was the first place to offer these deli-
cacies as an appetizer. The next leg of the course was
to the New York Flotel at Waverly Place, a fine old hos-
telry with an excellent bar, and then to the Morton
House at the corner of Fourteenth Street. The next
was a long stretch to the Hoffman House and thence to
Phil. Milligan's at Thirty-first Street where the friends
parted and took their several ways home in a more or
less happy frame of mind. The man of affairs of the
present day does not know anything of the zig-zag route
his predecessors took to his home when business closed.
The fastest and straightest line from office to home is
the vogue now, and the "Cocktail Route" has gone the
way of many another old New York custom.

Artists' Quarters

Some of the older artists will remember Martinelli's in
Third Avenue which was frequented by artists forty
years or more ago. This was before he opened his res-
taurant in one of the old mansions on the north side of
Union Square near the Everett House. His place was
in a cellar in Third Avenue fitted up to appeal to the
Bohemian taste of his patrons. It was very comfortable
and inexpensive and was patronized by members of the

[ 143 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

National Academy of Design. There was a long table
in the room and the seat at the head of the table was
reserved at all times for the President of the Academy.
When Martinelli moved to the more pretentious quarters
in Union Square the artistic charm passed and his pa-
trons from the Academy disappeared.

The St. Nicholas Hotel

This was the finest hotel in New York in the seventies.
Its proprietor had been a cook on a North River sloop
and he considered this fact a certificate of excellence.
He was very proud of his cuisine and it was said of him
that he would rather show his kitchen to visitors than
the spacious and handsome parlors.

Voting in 1868

As an illustration of how they did things at the polls
in these days it was not considered an unusual thing to see
a body of purchased or coerced voters marched to the
polls. On election day, at the time of which I speak, the
owners of the large refineries in the eighth ward, nearly
all of whom were prominent in the religious life of the
community, formed their employees in line, placed the
ballots in their hands, marched them off to the polls and
saw them deposit the ballots in the ballot-box.

Passing of the Old Volunteer Fire Department

When the Volunteer Fire Department was disbanded
the formal farewell to the "machine" was made by run-

[ 144 j

THE CELEBRATED

AMERICAN IMPROVED VELOCIPEDE.

iPatorxtecl January 2©? 18Q9.

Many EXPERT RIDERS la
New York have giveu it a trial,
and pronounce it
The Stroitt/eat., Best Constructed,
and Most Perfect Velocipede yet
produced.

The art of riding is very easily
acquired. It has been mastered,
in many instances, in one day
by parties who rode easy and
gracefully.

ITS ADVANTAGES OVER

OTHER VELOCIPEDES:
1st. The driving wheel is from
five to ten inches higher, and still
gg. the. saddle is so low' that the rider
-= can touch the floor with both feet.
2d. We balance the machine on
the kack wheel instead of the
front. In doing this the balance
is more perfectly acquired, and
the rider can not be thrown from
his saddle. Experts pronounce
this the true principle of balanc-
ing and riding a Velocipede.

Sd. The saddle is placed back
of the front wheel, thereby giv-
ing the rider greater power on
the cranks to drive the Veloci-
pede at great speed, or up steep
grades.

4th. We apply the break and
leg bests to the standard, over
front wheel, so that they operate
on the wheel in any position.

5th. By inclining the staniv-
akd, over the front wheel, duck
at air angle of forty degrees, in
turning we tip the wheel and
turn a perfect circle without the
viim Torcinxo mi: leg. We
also avoid the jar to the guiding
arms in going over rough ground
or paverneut.

Cth. Yon will notice, from cut,
the easy and graceful position of
the rider.

As all are ambitions to get as
large a z>bcvik» wheel as they
can use, we give the sizes below,
in proportion to a man's height :
Men from 4 ft. 10 in. to 5 ft 2
in. high, can use a 3S in. wheel
and touch the floor with both
feet. Men from 5 ft. 3 in. to 5 ft.
6 in. high can use a -11 in. wheel
and touch the floor with both
feet. Men from 5 ft. 7 in. to 5 ft.

hitrh can use a 45 in. wheel and touch the floor with both feet. Men from 5 ft. 10 in. to 6 ft. can use a 48
in. wheel and touch the floor with both feet. As all will be desirous of getting the Velocipede that will run
the easiest, go the fastest, and turn the shortest, we invite all to send for "Circular giving fall description,
TOMLINSON, DEMAREST, & CO., Fine Caeeiage BtJiLDEss. 620 BROADWAY. New Yoek.

Out of this came the bicycle, the motor cycle
and the automobile

OF OLD NEW YORK

ning it out of the house, turning it around and running
it back "tongue in." "Harry Howard Hose laid" in
Christopher Street and it was here the above solemn
farewell ceremony was witnessed.

Thackeray and the Bozvery Boy

When visiting New York, Thackeray expressed a wish
to meet a Bowery Boy. A friend took him to the Bow-
ery and suggested that he get into conversation with one
of the boys. Approaching one, Thackeray made an effort
to begin a conversation by saying, "I want to go to the
Bowery." The answer came swiftly back, "Well, sonny,
you can go."

The Gap Between New York and Harlem

The change from the old New York to the newer city
took place when the elevated roads were opened. Pre-
viously there had been a great gap between New York
and Harlem. When people found that they could go to
One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street in less time than
it took to go to Forty-second Street by stage or horse-
car they flocked to the new districts by hundreds of
thousands and "Old New York" as we knew it then fast
disappeared in the great modern city of today.

Greenwich Village Proper

The application of the term Greenwich Village by the
scribes of the present day to territory east of Sixth Ave-

[ 147 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

nue is absolutely wrong. Greenwich Village was west
of Sixth Avenue and southwest of Greenwich Avenue.
My mother as a girl lived in the neighborhood of Jane
Street, and when going to visit an aunt who lived on
McDougal Street walked through open fields.

Washington Parade Ground

Washington Square was Washington Parade Ground
prior to the time when it was cut through for teams and
Lawrence Street widened and called South Fifth Ave-
nue. The drills of the Seventh Regiment took place in
the wide space on the outer edge of the Parade Ground.
It was to provide a better drill ground that Tompkins
Square was opened.

Longacre Square in Its Infancy

In the spring of 1862 my family moved to one of the
newly completed brownstone houses on the east side of
Seventh Avenue, between Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh
streets. At that time there were no houses except squat-
ters' shanties between Forty-eighth Street and Central
Park.

My father kept his driving-horses at the livery stable
opposite the site of the present Hotel Astor, which was
then occupied by a row of houses that had been put up
by the Astor family. Our usual drive in the afternoon
was up through Central Park to 110th Street and Fifth
Avenue, where Harlem Lane began, and thence out to
Bloomington and King's Bridge. My father owned
some lots on West 129th Street which were occupied
by gardeners. The rental he received was his winter's
supply of celery.

[ 148 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Carmansville to New York in 1867

In 1867 my brother lived at Carmansville. In going
to and from his business he took the steamer "Tiger
Lily" between Carmansville and 129th Street and East
River, and from there the famous boats "Sylvan Dell,"
"Sylvan Stream," "Sylvan Grove" and "Sylvan Glen" to
Peck Slip.

Frolics of the Old Fire Department

I remember the final parade of the old Volunteer Fire
Department. Every Engine Company, Hook and Lad-
der and Hose had its own particular pet — we would say
mascot now. One had a live bald eagle called "Uncle
Abe." Hook and Ladder No. 8 had a black bear. In
parading the apparatus was drawn by hand, the tow rope
being extended from curb to curb by the front rank of
men, and the men on the ends would "swipe" the hand-
kerchiefs of the ladies and tie them on to the rope, so
that by the time they reached the place of dismissal the
rope was hung full of them.

Bill Poole

When Bill Poole was shot his last words were, "I die
an American Citizen," and the American Wards — the
eighth, ninth and fifteenth — suspended all business. On
the Sunday afternoon he was buried the Sunday schools
were almost entirely empty of pupils.

[ 149 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL
Chop Houses in the '6o's

There was an English Chop House known as "The
Studio" just above Dr. Muhlenberg's church that was so
very English that I do not remember having seen an
American paper or magazine there at any time. On
Fourth Avenue near 20th Street there was a similar
place but not quite so exclusive. Quiet controlled the
Chop Houses of those days, so very different from the
noise and bustle of the Chop Houses of to-day. And
where are the good old Oyster Houses that used to be
plentiful? What turtle soup we used to get at Fulton
Market !

Pat Gilmore and His Band

Pat Gilmore was at the apex of his fame when he
played at Brighton Beach. He was very proud of his
band, and it was a big one. There were 100 pieces in it.
There was only one other band to compare with it, and
that was Col. Jim Fisk's Ninth Regiment Band, which
also had 100 pieces. Grafula the famous leader of the
Seventh Regiment Band would not have more than 48
pieces. He said that he could make more music or more
noise with 48 pieces than Gilmore could with 100. Gil-
more travelled all over the country giving concerts. He
carried 100 uniforms with him, many of which were
filled by local talent of the places where he played.

[ 150 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Slave Burials in New York

W. L. Calver

Directly on the line of Tenth Avenue near its junction
with 212th Street in the fields of Inwood about thirty
rude stones may be seen projecting a few inches above
the sod. These stones are partly enclosed by a semi-
circle of wild pear trees which have been permitted to
grow and furnish shade for the cattle which represent
Manhattan Island's last herd. The regularity with
which these stones have been placed is not at first appar-
ent, and a careless observer might easily pass them with-
out notice ; indeed, few residents of Inwood know of
their existence ; yet they mark human graves — and real
slave graves at that. Within a stone's throw of this
burial place is another where lie the masters of these
poor blacks. It was a custom, more forcible than law —
though laws there were, too — that the servant could not
be consigned to consecrated ground. For further proof
of this one need only stroll out the Hunt's Point Road to
where that thoroughfare first reaches the Sound, and
there where rest other ancient lords and masters of the
soil in the "Hunt and Legget burial ground" may be seen
the usual adjunct — a slave plot — just across the roadway.

By a singular coincidence these two reminders of slav-
ery days in New York are most inappropriately situated.
The fields of Inwood encircled by the surrounding
heights are like a vast amphitheater in whose arena was
fought one of the most disastrous battles in the struggle
for American Independence. The human chattels in-
terred subsequently in the blood-bought soil were not the
property of Loyalists. There is quite a touch of irony in

[ LSI ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

the fact that in the Hunt's Point burial plot, which ex-
cluded the sable representatives of our race, rests Joseph
Rodman Drake, one of freedom's best friends.

The Hunts and Leggets, for whom the little cemetery
at Hunt's Point is named, were descended from the Jes-
sups and Richardsons, the original patentees of the coun-
try thereabouts. To the present representatives of these
old families one must go to obtain what little informa-
tion of a positive character there is concerning the occu-
pants of the slave plot at Hunt's Point.

Mr. Henry D. Tiffany, who resides at "Foxhurst" at
the junction of the Southern Boulevard and Westchester
Avenue, is the son of Mary L. Fox, whose mother was
Charlotte Legget, who was descended from John Rich-
ardson, the original patentee of Hunt's Point — or the
planting neck of West Farms, as the point was known in
Colonial times. Mr. Tiffany's mother, who died in 1897,
had a clear recollection of the last black interred in the
slave plot. This was an old negress named "Aunt Rose."
She had formerly been a slave in the Legget family, but
she and her children had been manumitted. Aunt Rose
was something of a character in her way and a memory
of her has consequently survived to the present time in
Mr. Tiffany's family. She was buried in the slave plot
some time away back in the forties.

Slavery in New York was the subject of much legis-
lation in old times, and the laws in relation to the burial
of slaves were strictly enforced. Some of these laws
were peculiar. In 1684 the burial of slaves was first
legislated upon. The private burial of a slave by his
master was forbidden, and a citizen of Albany who in-
terred his slave in a "private and suspicious manner" was
fined 12 shillings. The object of this law was of course

[ 154 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

to prevent the concealment of a murder, either by or at
the instigation of his master.

Thirty-eight years later the Corporation of New York
ordered that all Negro and Indian slaves dying within
the city should be buried by daylight. The penalty for
infraction of this law was ten shillings, to be paid by the
masters or owners. Under the laws of 1731 not more
than twelve slaves were to attend a funeral, under pen-
alty of being publicly whipped, unless the master pay a
fine of 12 shillings. No pall, gloves or favors were to be
used. A slave who had held a pall, or wore gloves or
favors, was to be publicly whipped. The object of these
laws was to prevent conspiracy and sedition. The two
things which New Yorkers dreaded most apparently were
tires and slave insurrections. By an ordinance passed
March 10th, 1712, all slaves, whether Negro or Indian,
were forbidden to appear in the streets an hour after
sunset. Statistics prove that from 1698 to the Revolu-
tion the slaves stood to freemen in the proportion of only
one to seven.

The marriage of slaves was made legal in 1813. One
or other of the parties might be free, but the children
followed the condition of the mother. Those familiar
with the dusky "hot corn" vender of the present time will
be interested to know that by an ordinance passed 160
years ago, blacks were forbidden to sell boiled Indian
corn on the streets of New York.

[ 155 ]

[ 156 ]

SOME RECOLLECTIONS OF OLD BROOKLYN

H. C. Brown

HE Brooklyn of which I write is a different city
from the one we know to-day, entirely different.
The buildings have changed, the streets have
changed, and the people have changed, and there are a
great many more families in the village than when I was
a boy playing among its vacant lots and selling water
around the Union grounds at a cent a glass, and when
the water got very warm, dropping the price to "as much
as you could drink for a cent." The people do not seem
to me to be so neighborly nor so approachable as the
people I used to know on our block. On summer nights
we all used to sit out on the front stoop and the young
folks would start some popular song like "Wait Till the
Clouds Roll By, Jennie," or "Juanita, Soft Over the
Mountains," or some other favorite. And all the other
stoops would presently join in the singing, which made
it a very enjoyable and neighborly affair.

Opposite my home on Marcy Avenue, I looked out
upon the smiling acres of the old Wyckoff farm in the
70's, and I consider myself among the few men who
were fortunate enough to witness the harvesting of a

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

wheat crop on land in Brooklyn now covered with apart-
ment houses in endless succession. In my day the city
was seldom called by its real name, but was affectionately
referred to as the "City of Churches" or the "City of
Homes." I think that that appellation is still to a large
extent true of Brooklyn to-day.

It has always been a remarkable city in more ways
than one. A few years ago it gave Taft a majority of
27,000 when all the rest of the country turned him down,
and the next year it gave Hearst 57,000 majority while
the rest of the state did exactly the reverse. The civic
independence of Brookyn passeth all understanding. The
same city that gave us Seth Low also gave us John F.
Hylan, and until Brooklyn makes up its mind, we shall
not know whether a League of Nations is a good thing
or a bad one-
There seem to be two very distinct Brooklyns : the one
forever a butt of ridicule at the hands of newspaper par-
agraphers ; the other a city of intellectual accomplish-
ment, of a cultured society and a home-loving and God-
fearing people. Marshall P. Wilder made a whole lot
of money out of his single reference to the building of a
subway between New York and Brooklyn, which he said
was constructed so that a New York man could go to
Brooklyn without being seen. Chauncey Depew used to
describe Brooklyn as being always between pleasure and
the grave, because it lay between New York and Green-
wood Cemetery.

A writer in the New York Sun on one occasion raised
the question as to whether a Brooklyn man ever blacked
his boots, and another correspondent replied to the effect
that he had recently rode in a Brooklyn street car and
saw a man who had not only his boots blacked, but his

[ 158 ]

Commodore Arthur Curtiss James, owner

Patriotic Spirit of New York Yachtsmen in the Great World
War.

The following letter to Commodore James which accompanied
the return of the U. S. S. Aloha, shown opposite, gives a glimpse
of a fascinating page in recent history.

Headquarters of the Third Naval District
Third Avenue and Twenty-ninth Street
Brooklyn, New York. July 25, 1919

S. W. 158-5
My dear Sir.

It is my privilege and very pleasant duty to express to you
on behalf of the Navy as well as Commandant of the Third
Naval District, the deep appreciation of the loyal and generous
spirit which prompted you to put your Yacht, ALOHA, at the
disposal of the Navy at the nominal charter of one dollar per
month.

This vessel was taken over on April 22nd, 1917, and desig-
nated as S. P. No. 317. After such changes as were required
to fit her for the service intended, it was commissioned on
June 5, 1917, and assigned to duty as flagship of Rear Admiral
Cameron McR. Winslow, U. S. N., Inspector of Naval Dis-
tricts, and upon this detail performed very valuable service.
On the cessation of hostilities it was placed out of commission
and returned to you on January 29, 1919.

The ready and generous response of the yacht owners, at a
time when small vessels were so greatly needed, contributed in
no small way to the successful manner in which the American
Navy met the demands so suddenly made upon it on the dec-
laration of war.

I remain,

Very sincerely,

J. F. GLENNON,

Rear Admiral U. S. N.

Arthur Curtiss James, Esq.,
99 John Street,
New York City.

In sftite of the brief time at our disposal — Naval censorship
preventing release till the Treaty was actually signed, — we have
been enabled to present the Aloha, Corsair and Noma as part
of the fighting forces of the United States Navy, and to quote
brief extracts from the official records in Washington telling
of submarine encounters ; responses to S. O. S. signals and their
valiant service as Convoys. It is all in striking contrast to their
hitherto peaceful lives in summer harbors. Next year we shall
include Sultana, North Star, Kanawha, Vedette, Aphrodite.
Christobel, etc., till the list of New York yachts is complete.

OF OLD NEW YORK

eyes blacked as well. Another observing citizen said he
noticed an old lady coming out of the subway at the City
Hall who stood somewhat bewildered at the crowds at
the Bridge entrance. One of the policemen approached
her sympathetically and asked her if she did not want to
go to Brooklyn and she replied, "No ; I have to go." The
cartoonists find it sufficient to draw a procession of baby
carriages propelled by men along a border of rubber
plants, in order to indicate Brooklyn. And so between
the work of the dramatist who starts a play, "Why a Girl
Leaves Home," and ends it with the next line, "Because
She Lived in Brooklyn," to the artist whose work I have
just described, the city does not begin to get the credit to
which it is entitled.

One has only to recall Brooklyn's pre-eminent position
in the field of educational work, her great and command-
ing influence in the religious world, her magnificent park-
way and her many noble public improvements to appre-
ciate her greatness and importance. I am told, and I
believe it is true, that there exists nowhere in this world
the equal in artistic beauty and magnificent conception to
the Soldiers' Arch at the entrance to Prospect Park.
The genius who created this magnificent memorial also
astounded the world by the brilliance of his work at the
great World's Fair in Chicago, where his fountain in the
Court of Honor challenged the admiration of artists the
world over. It is no small credit to this wonderful city
that it was one of her native sons who created this im-
perishable work of art, and that Frederick MacMonnies
played around the streets of Brooklyn Heights as a boy,
grew up in the city, and found his talents acknowledged
and recognized in the place of his birth before the world
took him up.

[ 163 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

So when one has under consideration such complex
material, and so mysterious a body of men and women as
constitute the great city of Brooklyn, he has a task of no
mean dimensions. It is doubtless true that I am unable to
refer to many two-story houses that have been sup-
planted by a fifty or sixty-story structure, as in the case
of New York. Yet if New York's material progress is
more manifest to the eye, so also is Brooklyn's spiritual
progress to the soul.

I shall therefore content myself with a sketch of
Brooklyn as I knew it in the 70's and 80's, and try to
pass in brief review some of the salient features of the
city as it then appeared to me and more particularly the
^"E. D.," and I will try to analyze the causes which, for
some occult reason, imbued the W. D. with what seemed
to me a sense of superiority.

Nothing I have ever encountered since these early
days will equal the scorn and disdain with which a young
lady from the Heights would remark to me upon learn-
ing of my residence, "Oh, you are from the E. D."
Nothing more was ever added. But it was enough.
There seemed to be nothing left for anybody to do who
came from the E. D. but to dry up and blow away.
There was no use of protesting against this attitude, for
in that case, the young ladies would simply change it to
"You're from Williamsburg," and of course everybody
knew that that was the last word in contempt. Undoubt-
edly, the Heights in those days corresponded to the best
knowledge we now have of heaven. As it was, there-
fore, impossible for a native son of the E. D. to aspire
to residence on the Heights, so he did the next best thing
and moved away. He has lived, however, to see the
mighty fallen; and to observe unfortunately the once

[ 164 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

proud and cultured precincts of Brooklyn Heights
brought to the level of ordinary everyday boarding
houses.

They tell me that in the Park slope some of the glories
of the Heights have been preserved, but I belong to a
past generation — to the generation that was accustomed
to the forest of masts that clustered 'round the docks — -
below the heights — to the clipper ships that bore the
house flags of Brooklyn merchants from Java Head to
New York in a hundred days. When these galleons dis-
appeared there also disappeared a distinct era in the life
of Brooklyn — never to return.

Notwithstanding the superciliousness of society on the
Heights, the young ladies and young gentlemen in the
li. D. contrived to exist and amuse themselves after a
fashion, even if it was perhaps a simpler fashion. In
the circle in which I moved, one of our favorite dissipa-
tions were surprise parties. We met at each other's
houses and from there marched in a body to the home
of one of our mutual friends who was popularly sup-
posed to be in entire ignorance of the intended festivities.
Occasionally this surprise was a great success and our
young friend was caught wholly unprepared. Some-
times she had her hair done up in curl papers just ready
to go to bed, and other times she was helping mother
wash up the dishes after a supper later than usual. But
in the majority of instances, news of our coming leaked
out in some way and the family was carefully prepared
for our reception, and simulated with more or less suc-
cess, unfeigned surprise at the appearance of the party.

The invitations were quite informal, the dignity of
engraving not even being considered. You were cor-
dially invited to meet at the residence of Miss So-and-so

[ 165 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

to attend a surprise party, and there was always a post-
script which read, "P. S. — Please furnish oranges," or
apples, or cake, as the case might be. After a while this
modest request was omitted and the invitations then read
"Gents assessed 25c." This was considered quite an ad-
vance in the social scale and a very distinct improvement
over the plebeian method of bringing your contribution in
a paper bag. With the gradual growth of wealth and
culture in the eastern district, however, this primitive
method of entertainment gradually decreased until it
ceased altogether, and thereafter the hostess provided all
the refreshments and you were simply expected to honor
them with the pleasure of your company. I have been
to many gatherings in many parts of the world since
those green and salad days, but I have yet to recall one
which lingers in my memory with greater fragrance and
with more lovable association than the various nights
that I spent in the old E. D. the guest of a surprise party
where I furnished oranges, or cake, or candy.

The next great popular form of entertainment was
undoubtedly the Sunday parade on Bedford Avenue in
the afternoon. It must be remembered that everybody
who aspired to be anybody, belonged to one of our
churches, and that all of these churches had Sunday
school in the afternoon, which terminated at four o'clock.
At that hour, by common consent, all the young people
gravitated to the Avenue, and as there were about a
dozen churches in the immediate neighborhood the
stream of promenaders grew to quite respectable propor-
tions. By common consent it was given up to the
younger element, and I remember with what pleasure
and excitement I would doff my hat to sundry and va-
rious young ladies whom I had met socially during the

[ 166 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

week or previously. It was a moral certainty almost
that if you were anxious to meet any particular young
lady whom you had not seen recently, you could accom-
plish your purpose quite naturally on Bedford Avenue.
The Avenue ended at the fountain, which marked the
beginning of Fourth Street. Fourth Street, I under-
stand, has since been added to Bedford Avenue, and no
longer enjoys a separate existence.

The residences on both sides of the Avenue were of a
very substantial character, and were occupied by fam-
ilies quite equal, if not superior, from the point of means,
to their more lordly neighbors on the Heights. There
were many famous homes on the Avenue, that of Mrs.
Knapp's being among the better known. Mrs. Knapp's
interest in St. John's Church and in all musical affairs in
the eastern district made her magnificent home the head-
quarters for many delightful receptions and entertain-
ments of this character, and around this home centered
much of the social life in the eastern district.

Upon one occasion, General Grant, then in the very
height of his popularity, was a guest of Mrs. Knapp,
and I remember that the event was chronicled as of the
highest importance. Practically every man of eminence
in the eastern district was invited to meet the General and
in that neighborly way we had all the rest of us consid-
ered that the General was our guest as well as Mrs.
Knapp's, but only Mrs. Knapp had the proper kind of
house and one sufficiently large in which to do proper
honor to so prominent a citizen as the great Union
General.

Anniversary Day was a red letter day in the annals of
the Eastern district. That was another little difference
between the Eastern District and the Western. We al-

[ 167 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

ways had our children's parade a week or two earlier
than the western division. Exactly why this was so I
do not remember ; at all events, we children looked for-
ward to this celebration with an interest that I cannot
possibly describe. Nothing in my life that I can recall,
before or since, ever equalled the anticipation with which
I looked forward to the Anniversary parade. I belonged
to Dr. Edward Eggleston's church on Lee Avenue, corner
of Hewes Street, and I was a member of a small mili-
tary organization which was attached to the Sunday
School, and was known as the "Christian Endeavor
Zouaves." We were gorgeously arrayed in red shirts
and blue trousers, with a red stripe down the sides. We
wore the regulation Grand Army cap, trimmed with gold
braid, and carried a wooden gun. For months before
the parade we were drilled in the manual of arms and on
this day of days a space was cleared for us in front of
the Fountain and there we went through our evolutions
to the delight and amazement of our friends and rela-
tives.

Exactly why we should have had a military organiza-
tion attached to a church I have never been able to ascer-
tain, especially to the Church of Christian Endeavor,
which Dr. Eggleston always wished to have called the
Church of Christ the Carpenter. My own theory was,
however, that it was due to the fact that our Captain,
A. G. Brown, who kept a shoe store on Fourth Street,
was an ex-army officer of the Civil War and felt im-
pelled to keep up the military spirit and to keep alive the
patriotism inculcated by his strenuous experience with
the Boys in Blue. The gallant Captain has long since
gone to his last reward, but I always look back on his
efforts with kindly recollection. He certainly cured me

[ 168 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

of stoop shoulders and a tendency to smoke cigarettes
and imparted to our particular set a truly military air,
which was of vast benefit to us in promenading Bedford
Avenue Sunday afternoons.

I cannot close these recollections of the Anniversary
without trying in some way to express, however feeble,
the anguish and the unmitigated grief which was the por-
tion of every scholar when Anniversary Day turned out
to be a stormy one. No doubt many of the girls and
boys of that day have since then passed through many
of life's disappointments and perhaps the cup of sorrow
has been pressed to their lips more than once. I hope
not, but the common experience is to the contrary, and
yet I make bold to say that I doubt if ever any sorrow or
any disappointment in a sense was keener or more deeply
felt than a rainy morning on Anniversary Day. We
were a tired, foot-sore and weary lot of children when
the parade was over, but the ice cream and cake served
out to us in our Sunday Schools was a rich reward for
all our exertions. As we were all decked out in our
most expensive finery, and looked very pretty, I think
our parents felt fully recompensed for the trouble that
they took as their share of the holiday.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Ambrose Channel

George F. Shrady

When the weary transatlantic traveler hears the lynx-
eyed lookout cry, "Ambrose Light abeam, sir !" he begins
to realize that he is near his journey's end.

"Ambrose Light" marks the entrance to the great
Channel leading from the trackless deep of the Atlantic
Ocean to the harbor of New York City. While "Am-
brose Light" and "Ambrose Channel" may suggest home
to the incoming traveler, it is a question whether he
could tell how this waterway and the sturdy little light-
ship, bobbing about on the waves "outside," came by
their names.

We are living in a busy age, amidst never-ending and
kaleidoscopic changes, when the happenings of to-day
may be forgotten by to-morrow.

Not a few of our better-informed citizens may recall
however, that "Ambrose Channel" was named by Con-
gress in honor of the late John Wolfe Ambrose of New
York City, who devoted the last eighteen years of his
life to securing Federal appropriations amounting to
$8,000,000 for the improvement of New York harbor,
so that vessels of the largest size and deepest draft might
be accommodated at its wharves.

Mr. Ambrose was born January 10th, 1838, at New
Castle, near the city of Limerick, Ireland. He came
to the United States with his parents as a young child,
and, although obliged to earn his living at an early
age, he prepared himself for college by studying far
into the nights, after days of strenuous toil and fa-
tigue. He finally entered New York University, later

[ 172 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

going to Princeton University, with a view to prepar-
ing himself for the ministry. He came of a family that
had produced a long line of clergymen and physicians.
On the completion of his college course in 1860, he
changed his plans, taking up newspaper work as a mem-
ber of the staff of the official organ of the Citizens Asso-
ciation, which in those early days was one of the first
civic organizations devoted to municipal reform. Though
so much of his subsequent life was spent in the engross-
ing activities of a business career, he always found time
to cultivate literature. He was an admirable Greek
scholar, and during the lifetime of Dr. Howard Crosby,
who was his friend and former preceptor, they fre-
quently read together some of the classics in that an-
cient tongue. His natural aptitude and education made
him a lover of books, and his happiest hours were spent
in the quiet of his library, where he had a valuable col-
lection of rare editions of his favorite writers. In the
same year that he left college he married Miss Kath-
arine Weeden Jacobs, a daughter of George Washington
Jacobs, of the well-known family of that name from
Hingham, Mass. Her maternal ancestors were descend-
ed from Jonathan Weeden, a colonial settler of New
York City.

Early in his business career Mr. Ambrose engaged in
construction work on a large scale, and among his many
accomplishments in this line were the building of the
Second Avenue Elevated road, the Sixth Avenue Ele-
vated road from Seventy-second Street to 158th Street,
the laying of the first pneumatic tubes for the Western
Union Telegraph Co., and the making of numerous up-
town streets, particularly in the Harlem section. Dur-
ing the building of the Elevated roads his firm employed

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

as many as 7000 men at one time, establishing a record
for rapidity of construction seldom, if ever, equaled.
He was wont to observe with commendable satisfaction
that he never had a strike on any work in which he was
engaged. The few threatened strikes he had always
been able to avert by a frank and equitable treatment
of the points at issue.

His genius for accomplishing whatever he undertook,
no matter how difficult, soon became universally known,
and on several occasions he was urged to accept public
office. Mayor Hugh J. Grant offered him the Street
Cleaning Commissionership, and although he declined
the position, he drafted, at the suggestion of the Wom-
an's Health Protective Association, a bill for the reor-
ganization of the Street Cleaning Department. It was
so practical and complete in all its phases, that it at once
met with popular favor. The late Colonel Waring was
quick to recognize its merits and was the first to put
into operation many of its features.

In 1880 he became interested in the development of
Brooklyn waterfront properties. He was the organizer
and president of the Brooklyn Wharf and Dry Dock
Company, and the founder of the 39th Street South
Brooklyn Ferry, and president of it until his death.
Soon after the formation of these companies his atten-
tion was directed to the inadequate channels of the port
of New York, especially along the Brooklyn shore. The
long stretch from 28th Street to 65th Street, South
Brooklyn, which to-day is a seething mass of shipping
activity, representing investments of hundreds of mil-
lions of dollars, was an undeveloped, swampy section,
the shore line, a succession of mud flats, with an aver-
age depth of 8 feet of water at high tide.

[ 174 1

The Lightship that marks the entrance to the <jreat channel
of the Port of New York

OF OLD NEW YORK

With prophetic vision, Mr. Ambrose recognized in ad-
vance of his fellows the danger of New York being
handicapped through inability to supply port accommo-
dations to ships which within a few years would surely
be built.

When in 1881 he first went to Washington to ask ap-
propriations for New York harbor, he bent all his ener-
gies to the education and conversion of successive river
and harbor committees, so that they would fully under-
stand the pressing needs of New York in this respect.
He met with stubborn resistance, and at this distance of
time it seems incredible that men elected to enact the
nation's legislation should have shown such partisan bias.
The statement was made by several Congressmen that
New York got $4.50 out of $5.00 appropriated by the
Federal government for river and harbor improvement.
By investigation (representing incalculable labor on his
part) the following year he was able to show that al-
though 66 per cent, of the nation's foreign imports and
47 per cent, of the exports, or an average of 56 per cent,
of the total commerce of the country, passed through the
port of New York and 69 per cent, of the total revenues
were furnished by New York, yet only one dollar out of
every hundred dollars expended for river and harbor
improvements in the five years ending 1896 had been al-
lotted to New York.

With untiring zeal and persistent endeavor he obtained
from 1881 to 1896 successive appropriations amounting to
$1,478,000 for the Bay Ridge and Red Hook Channels,
making them 1,000 feet wide and 40 feet deep, where
formerly there had been 8 feet. To his indefatigable in-
itial efTorts is directly due the great development which
in recent years has taken place on the Bay Ridge water

[ 177 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

front, for without deep channels this shore would have
been useless for commerce. When he had secured the
necessary appropriations for upper New York Bay, he
turned his attention to the ocean approaches to the har-
bor. In 1891 Sandy Hook Channel was dredged to a
depth of 30 feet at low tide, ten feet less than the Brook-
lyn shore channel. He felt that to properly impress Con-
gress with the necessity of granting permission for a real
deep sea channel was a work of such magnitude that no
effort should be spared. He therefore organized a large
delegation composed of prominent and representative
citizens from the Chamber of Commerce, the Produce
and Maritime Exchanges, the Board of Marine Under-
writers, and the Merchants' Association, of which he
was a director and which he represented. On December
22, 1898, the delegation appeared before the River and
Harbor Committee of the House of Representatives
strongly and extensively advocating a channel 2,000 feet
wide and 40 feet deep, Mr. Ambrose making the principal
address of the occasion.

Notwithstanding the intrinsic merits of New York's
claims in this matter, which meant larger vessels and
reduced rates to producer and consumer, the Commit-
tee of the House of Representatives absolutely denied the
plea of the petitioners, and cut the appropriation from
the River and Harbor Bill. In his long fight for a
deeper channel to the sea Mr. Ambrose had met with
discouragements that would have daunted a less deter-
mined man. He never once thought, however, of relin-
quishing a project so dear to his heart. In the face of
the crushing defeat with which the citizens' delegation had
met, he went alone to the Committee on Commerce of the
United States Senate (of which William P. Frye of

[ 178 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Maine was chairman), and by his masterly presentation
of the subject secured the appropriation which gave New
York a suitable approach to its magnificent harbor. On
his return to New Y^ork the great shipping and commer-
cial interests of our entire city acclaimed his splendid
success, and tendered him the compliment of a public
banquet at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel on April 26, 1899.
With characteristic modesty, he declined this attention,
insisting that the guest of honor should be Senator Wil-
liam P. Frye, to whose staunch support he gave much of
the credit for his success. Fifteen hundred of the leading
citizens of our city and nation were guests at the "Frye
Banquet," and the late Theodore Roosevelt, then Gov-
ernor of New York, introduced Mr. Ambrose as "a man
who had worked successfully to make ours the finest har-
bor in the world, and whose crowning achievement was
that he had procured for the port of New York an en-
trance channel 2,000 feet wide and 40 feet deep from
the Narrows to the ocean !"

In less than three weeks after this, on May 15, 1899,
Mr. Ambrose passed away without seeing the fruition of
that for which he had labored so long and unselfishly.
Those who had organized the Frye Banquet of which
the late Gustav H. Schwab was chairman, desiring in
some way to honor the memory of their friend and as-
sociate, presented to his family a finely executed bronze
bust of Mr. Ambrose, by Andrew O'Conor, the sculptor.
In the same year the legislature of New York State
passed resolutions honoring his memory, setting forth in
detail all that he had done to advance the interests of his
well-beloved and adopted city, and in the session of 1901-
1902 Congress passed the bill naming the Channel after
him.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Mr. Ambrose was of commanding presence, standing
over six feet in height, and very erect. He possessed a
keen sense of humor, and was by nature genial and
kindly. His giant intellect, coupled with his remarkable
executive ability and constructive genius, conceived plans
for public improvements so vast and comprehensive that
he occupied a unique position among men in that he was
far ahead of his time. He was one of our most public-
spirited citizens, to whom New York owes an eternal debt
of gratitude.

Old Target Companies and Firemen

W. S. Ludlow

The Target Companies and Firemen are naturally
associated together, as the Target Company was an
outgrowth in the first instance of the Fire Companies,
though later on they were formed by various bodies
of men like employees of factories, or congenial
spirits of some neighborhood. Though I lived in a dis-
tant Western city, yet as a small boy I was frequently
in New York, and I especially have very vivid recollec-
tions of the firemen of the old volunteer days, their beau-
tiful engines and hose carriages, without doubt the most
beautiful objects on wheels that the world has ever seen.
As we always stayed at some hotel on Broadway, there
were daily sights of military companies, the passing of
fire engines, or the marching by of Target Companies.
Every summer morning various companies of these lat-
ter would march down Broadway on the way to Staten
Island, some point down the Bay across to New Jersey
or Brooklyn, then uptown, at the same time, there were

[ 180 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

other companies going to Jones' Woods and other points,
to pass by with the blare of a full military band, or the
inspiring music of drums and fifes.

These companies wore a uniform consisting of a fire-
man's red flannel shirt, dark trousers and glazed leather
cap. Looking up Broadway from the hotel windows I
could often see farther up the street various bright spots
of brilliant red, sometimes blocks apart, showing where
other companies were on their way downtown.

In 1849 Garibaldi, living on Staten Island, and seeing
these Target Companies in their firemen's red shirts, got
the idea of this uniform for future use, and so the New
York Firemen's red flannel shirt became known abroad
as the Garibaldi shirt.

An English lady, Lady Emmeline Stuart Wortley,
daughter of the Duke of Rutland, visited this country
during 1849 and '50, and in her book, Travels in the
United States, published by Harper & Bros, in 1851, in
describing New York, speaks of the military companies.
As you may not have the book at hand, I will give you
extracts from it, and then she says :

"There are a number of target companies, each known by
some particular name — usually, I believe, that of a favorite
leader who is locally popular among them. Others take their
appellation from some celebrated historical character, and others
from anything that happens to occur to them, it would seem.

"A few of them are The Washington Market CHOWDER
Guard' (chowder is a famous dish in the United States), 'Bony
Fusileers,' 'Pea-nut Guard,' 'Sweet's Epicurean Guard' (surely
these must be confectioners), 'George R. Jackson & Company's
Guard,' 'Nobody's Guard,' 'Oregon Blues,' 'Tenth Ward Light
Guard,' 'Carpenter Guard,' 'First Ward Magnetizers,' 'Tompkins'
Butcher Association Guard,' 'Mustache Fusileers,' 'Henry Rose
Light Guard,' 'Atlantic Light Guard,' 'Junior- Independence
Guard,' and multitudes of others.

'/The militia numbers about one hundred companies which com-
prise six thousand men. The Target Companies are said not
to fall short of ten thousand men. I am informed that the

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

passion of arms is beginning to manifest itself very much here,
and the youths are not happy until they are enrolled in some of
those bands. It is said that thousands of the boldest spirits in
the Mexican campaign, who were ever in the van, and at the
post of danger, rushing to the cannon's mouth with fiery valor,
and storming, with irresistible intrepidity, the strongholds of the
enemy, were those who had figured in such 'Target Companies'
as these.

"Generally a target, profusely decorated with flowers, is carried
before the company, borne on the stalwart shoulders of a
herculean specimen of the African race, to be shot at for a prize,
or for glory, and the 'bubble reputation' alone. . . . There are
so many of those enrolled bands, that they and the omnibuses
share the honor of filling, and rousing the echoes of busy
Broadway.

"I hear that some of the best and finest of their organizations
are formed out of the fire companies, who thus take upon them-
selves a twofold responsibility, the protection of the property
and lives of the citizens from a most formidable and merciless
foe, and the rendering themselves capable of discharging the
patriotic duty of crushing any enemy to their institutions that
may threaten the country, either domestic or foreign. Nowhere,
on the earth, I should think, are such numerous and splendid
bodies of firemen ; and in no place under the sun, or moon, I
honestly think, have they such extensive, incessant and unlimited
practice. And what men in the world ought to make such
admirable warriors as firemen? At all times, but especially at
the dead hour of midnight, forced to leave their homes at a
moment's notice, to start from slumber, after, perhaps, a day
of wearying toil and harassing vexations — to confront the direst
extremes of cold and heat — to brave the 'pitiless pelting' of the
storm — to face the raging element, that is their remorseless and
tremendous antagonist — to dare almost every imaginable peril
without the prospect of reward, or of promotion, or even of
renown and glory — they should certainly make heroes, when
fame and victory beckon them proudly onward.

"They are trained too, to strict discipline ; taught to obey
every word of command of their superiors, and to act together
in concert, and it may be imagined they would prove gallant
candidates for glory in the field. Often the lieutenants and cap-
tains of the Target Companies are artisans, laborers, clerks and
mechanics. The companies elect their officers, and constantly
without the least favor — I borrow the expression of an American
writer — shown 'to class, or rank, or wealth.' The man who is
most distinguished by these advantages, frequently shoulders
his musket as a private ; and yet he may most largely subscribe
to the company's expenses for yearly 'excursions,' and other
contingencies and needs."

[ 184 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

In 1861 Charles Dickens was editor of "All the Year
'Round," and in the number of March 16, 1861, is an
article entitled, "American Volunteer Firemen," and it
is so much in his style that one might think it was writ-
ten by him himself from information, perhaps, furnished.
Here are some extracts from this article :

"Now rises to the immaculate blue sky that ever smiles on
New York, a bray of brass, a clamp of cymbals, and the piercing
supplication of fifes, and bomb torn cannonades the drum, with
expostulating groan.

"Ha! there breaks through the black-panted crowd (even the
seediest American wears evening dress) gleams of warm scarlet!
It is the rifle company of one of the New York Volunteer Fire-
men Societies. Here they come, four abreast. 'Fours,' with
no very severe military air of stiff order and mathematical
regularity, but with light, gay, swinging step, jaunty, careless,
rather defiant freemen, a little self-conscious of display, but
braving it out in a manly game-cock way. They are trailing
rifles now, the officers swinging round in the wheels with them,
glittering sword in hand.

"They wear a rude sort of shako covered with oilskin,
red flannel shirts, with black silk handkerchiefs, blowing gaily
(as to the ends), tied round their throats in jaunty sailors'
knots ; they are all young men, some quite boys. It is evidently
the manner with them to affect recklessness, so as not to appear
to be drilled or drummed about to the detriment of their brave
democratic freedom uniform. No, they would as soon wear
flamingo-plush and bell-hanging shoulder-knots.
********

"These street processions are incessant in New York, and
contribute much to the gayness of the street. Whether firemen,
or volunteers, or political torch-bearers, they are very arbitrary
in their march. They allow no omnibus, or van, or barouche,
to break their ranks ; and I have often seen all the immense
traffic of Broadway (a street that is a mixture of Cheapside
and Regent-street) stand still, benumbed, while a band of men,
enclosed in a square of rope, dragged by a shining brass gun
or a bran new gleaming fire-engine.

"But, after all, it is at night-time that the fireman is really
himself, and means something. He lays down the worn-out pen,
and shuts up the red-lined ledger. He hurries home from Lime-
street, slips on his red shirt and black dress-trousers, dons his
solid japanned leather helmet bound with brass, and hurries to
the guard-room, or the station, if he be on duty.

"A gleam of red, just a blush in the sky, eastward — William-
street way — among the warehouses ; and presently the telegraph
begins to work. For, every fire station has its telegraph, and

1 185 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

every street has its line of wires, like metallic washing-lines.
Jig-jag, tat-tat, goes the indicator: 'Fire in William-street, No.
3, Messrs. Hardcastle and Co.'

"Presently the enormous bell, slung for the purpose in a
wooden shed in the City Park just at the end of Broadway,
begins to swing and roll backward.

"In dash the volunteers in their red shirts and helmets — from
oyster cellars and half-finished clam soup, from newly begun
games of billiards, from the theatre, from Boucicault, from
Booth, from the mad drollery of the Christy minstrels, from
stiff quadrille parties, from gin-slings, from bar-rooms, from
sulphurous pistol galleries, from studios, from dissecting rooms,
from half-shuttered shops, from conversazioni and lectures —
from everywhere — north, south, east, and west — breathless, hot,
eager, daring, shouting, mad. Open fly the folding-doors, out
glides the new engine — the special pride of the company — the
engine whose excellence many lives have been lost to maintain ;
'A reg'lar high-bred little stepper' as ever smith's hammer forged.
It shines like a new set of cutlery, and is as light as a 'spider
waggon' or a trotting-gig. It is not the great Juggernaut car
of our Sun and Phcenix offices — the enormous house on wheels,
made as if purposely cumbrous and eternal — but is a mere light
musical snuff-box of steel rods and brass supports, with axes and
coils of leather, brass-socketed tubing fastened beneath, and all
ready for instant and alert use.

"Now, the supernumeraries — the haulers and draggers, who
lend a hand at the ropes — pour in from the neighboring dram-
shops or low dancing-rooms, where they remain waiting to earn
some dimes by such casualties. A shout — a tiger !

" 'Hei! hei ! ! hei ! ! ! hei ! ! ! !' (crescendo), and out at lightning
speed dashes the engine, in the direction of the red gleam now
widening and sending up the fanlike radiance of a volcano.

"Perhaps it is a steam fire-engine. These are entire suc-
cesses, and will soon be universal among a people quick to grasp
onward at all that is new, if it be but better than the old. Then
the fires are lighted, and breathing out ardent smoke, and spit-
ting out trails of fiery cinders; off it dashes.

"Now, a roar and crackle, as the quick-tongued flames leap
out, read and eager, or lick the black blistered beams — now, hot
belches of smoke from shivering windows — now, snaps and
smashes of red-hot beams, as the floors fall in — now, down
burning stairs, like frightened martyrs running from the stake,
rush poor women and children in white trailing nightgowns —
now, the mob, like a great exulting many-headed monster,
shouts with delight and sympathy — now, race up the fire-engines,
the men defying each other in rivalry, as they plant the ladders
and fire-escapes. The fire-trumpets roar out stentorian orders —
the red shirts fall into line — rock, rock, go the steel bars that
force up the water — up leap the men with the hooks and axes —
crash, crash, lop, chop, go the axes at the partitions, where the

[ 186 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

fire smoulders. Now, spurt up in fluid arches the blue white
jets of water, that hiss and splash, and blacken out the spasms
of fire; and as every new engine dashes up, the thousands of
upturned faces turn to some new shade of reflected crimson,
and the half-broken beams give way at the thunder of their
cheers."

Further on the writer describes a fire next to Bar-
num's Museum while he was attending a performance
there. He leaves and goes out to witness the fire :

"In a few minutes I was in the street. The red shirts were
swarming there. The black hose was coiling about all the neigh-
boring streets. Everywhere water was dripping and puddling.
The trim brass engines were shining in the flames, that broke
in puffs from the house next to Barnum's— a tailor's, I think.
Smack ! splash ! went the water, blacking out the red and yellow
wherever' it fell. New engines, strong as steel could make them,
yet light as gigs, dashed up every minute. The police, in their
blue frock-coats and low flat caps, were busy making room for
the firemen in red shirts, and for the last arrival of engines ;
and, over all the shouting and bellowing of the fire-horns sounded
the clamor of the tocsin bells of the neighbouring churches."

If Charles Dickens didn't write this, or revise it for
some other writer, it is very much in his style — but in
either case it is a very good description of the sights in
New York in former days.

[ 187 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt was an Old New Yorker in the
best sense of the word. His family for generations were
New Yorkers, and they were not citizens only but citi-
zens who, in each generation, took an active and impor-
tant part in the affairs of the city and of the state. Go-
ing back to pre-revolutionary times, we find a predecessor
among the City Fathers and later another an officer in
the Continental Army. In the history of our city a
Roosevelt has always figured in some important position
of public service. The father of the ex-President was
an Alderman, an Assemblyman, a Justice of the Sup-
reme Court and represented New York in Congress.

Theodore, the strenuous, came quite naturally by his
fervent patriotism and his burning earnestness of pur-
pose. No other man could approach him in setting forth
the virtue of pure Americanism, or as he graphically
called it 100 per cent Americanism, and no one could
listen to or even read his appeals without being stirred
to a deep and lasting conviction of his duty. Theodore
Roosevelt was a man who never swerved in the slightest
degree either to the right side or to the left. His course
was straight toward the goal and his step was unfalter-
ing. No difficulty affrighted or even disturbed him, and
he went forward with a strenuous confidence and courage
against which nothing could prevail. To the public he
was a man of rugged strength and sound wisdom with
an inspiring personality which drew men instinctively
around him, and in private he was a genial and kindly
friend. New York was proud of her illustrious son and
will cherish his memory as one of her most precious pos-
sessions.

It is gratifying to know that the Roosevelt traditions
have been so splendidly continued and upheld by the four
sons of the "Great American."

[ 188 ]

|L Jfonw, flagship

Lieut. Vincent Astor, U. S. N., owner

A few extracts covering a small part of her distinguished
service as part of the American Forces in European waters under
Admiral Sims. From the official log in Washington. Courtesy
of the Navy Department.

1917

June 4 — Ordered to report to Admiral Gleaves, U. S. N. in French waters.

July 2 — Midnight to midnight July 3. Steaming in company with U. S.
KANAWHA; sighted periscope of submarine; fired rifle shots. Sub-
marine submerged. At 9 p. m. S. O. S. from American merchant
steamer ORLEANS stating she had been torpedoed.

July 4-31 — Escort and Patrol duty.

Aug. 4 — Escorting two Army transports.

Aug. 5-6-7— Escorting S. S. CITY OF SAVANNAH to sea.

Aug. 8— Received S. O. S. from British S. S. DUN RAVEN on fire;
submarine on her port side; at 3:46 p. m. periscope appeared dead
ahead ; headed for submarine and opened fire. Submarine passed close
on port bow ; dropped two depth mines. H. M. S. ATTACK and
H. M. S. CHRISTOPHER reached scene 4:15. Sent surgeon with
medical aid to DUN RAVEN. Party returned with two seriously
injured men. 7:00 p. m. CHRISTOPHER took DUN RAVEN in tow,
NOMA escorting. Proceeded to Brest with wounded men.

Aug. 16 — Sighted submarine; opened fire about 4,000 yards; submarine
fired 3 shots at NOMA and submerged.

Aug. 21 — Escorted American steamer CAROLYN en route Bordeaux.

Sept. 16-17 — Protecting up to Raz de Sein, Convoy of 25 ships coming
from Ouiberon; then escorted paqueboat AFRIOUE. Sighted sub-
marine ; opened fire at 1,000 yards.

Sept. 27 — Ordered to St. Nazaire to escort U. S. Storeships.

Sept. 28-30 — Steaming with Convoy.

Oct. 4— Searching for U. S. S. REHOBOTH from which S. O. S. was
received.

Oct. 17 — Patrolling picked up Ouiberon Convoy.
Oct. 23 — Picked up Convoy of 5 American Transports.
Oct. 29-30-31 — Patrol and escort duty.
Nov. 1-27 — Escort and Patrol duty.

Nov. 28 — Left formation; maneuvered to attack enemy. Fired red star.
Dropped two depth charges. KANAWHA continued with Convoy.
WAK1VA headed toward NOMA. At 7:12 sighted object moving
through the water. Dropped 3 depth charges. Object moving toward
NOMA'S stern. WAKIVA fired; NOMA continued circling. Dropped
two depth charges ; the usual column of water was thrown in the
air, and the surface showed evidences of mud and oil. Submarine
sufficiently injured to put her out of action.

Dec. 4 — Escorted into port U. S. S. MOUNT VERNON.

Dec. 8-9 — Joined French escort to New York Convoy.

Dec. 19 — Piloted troopship HURON to St. Nazaire.

Dec. 23 — Received and read to crew letter of commendation from Admiral

Sims, for duty excellently performed Nov. 28 in escorting storeships.
Dec. 24-27 — Escorted New York Convoy to Rosconvel
1918

Jan. 1-9 — At Bordeaux and St. Nazaire.

Jan. 11-29 — Convoy and Patrol duty.

Jan. 31 — Entered French Navy Yard for overhaul.

As late as July, 1919, the Noma was still in service in
Turkish waters. Her experience in full makes a splendid sea
story and we regret our inability to give more than a suggestion
of her exciting career.

GRAMERCY PARK
1831-1919

John B. Pine

RAMERCY Park can hardly boast antiquity as
one of its charms, but it is interesting to know
that its name dates back to the days of Dutch oc-
cupation, when the "little crooked knife" brook which
meandered from Madison Square to the East River near
18th Street acquired the designation of "Crommessie,"
which has been modernized into "Gramercy." The name,
which is variously spelled Krom Messie, Crummashie and
Crommesshie, certainly can claim a respectable age, for it
appears in a deed made in 1674 by Judith Stuyvesant, the
widow of Governor Peter Stuyvesant, which refers to "a
parcel of land lying beyond the fresh water (Collect
Pond) nigh the Bowery beyond the neighborhood of
Crommessie," and occurs in the Minutes of the Common
Council of September 16, 1692, when it was "Ordered,
that Alderman Kipp and Alderman John Merritt, Capt.
Teunis de Key and Mr. Gerritt Douw do view the high-
ways from the fresh water unto Crummashie hill."

On a map of old farms prepared for Valentine's
Manual in 1853 by Cornelius De Witt, the farm which
included what is now Gramercy Park is designated as

[ 193 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

"Krom Messie," and the recurrence of the name "Crom-
messhie" in the Council Minutes of January 19, 1710-11,
and in a deed to Cornelius Tiebout, dated September 20,
1748, shows that the name was in common usage in 1761,
when James Duane acquired the farm by deed from Ger-
ardus Stuyvesant, a grandson of the Governor, and named
it "Gramercy Seat." In the Manual of 1856, Mr. Valen-
tine says that "Crummashie Hill was an eminence near
Governor Stuyvesant's Farm," adding the explanation
that "Mr. DeWitt in his compilation of the old farms of
New York has written the name Krom Messie and given
a derivation of that name to the shape of the farm upon
which it was situated, as being that of a shoe-maker's
knife." That the name "Crommessie" was a combina-
tion of the Dutch words "Krom," meaning "crooked,"
and "mesje," meaning "little knife," seems probable ; and
the supposition that "Gramercy" is an Anglicized version
of the original name is the most plausible explanation
of its origin which has been offered, but it seems much
more likely that as a local name it was suggested by the
crooked turns of a brook rather than by the boundaries
of a farm.

"Gramercy Seat"

Residence of New York's First Mayor,
James Duane

The story of the men, who if they have not brought
fame to our modest little Park have certainly enriched it
with many associations, may well begin with James
Duane, for he was as fine an example of the patriot of
the Revolution as New York produced. A lawyer of
prominence and of high social standing, having married
the daughter of Colonel Robert Livingston, he was the

[ 194 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

friend of John Jay and Alexander Hamilton, and, like
them, an ardent advocate of civil, and religious freedom.
He seems to have enjoyed to an unusual degree the con-
fidence of his fellow citizens and was chosen to repre-
sent them as a member of the Continental Congress, of the
State Senate when it was first organized, and of the Con-
stitutional Convention of 1788, and it was only the fact
that he was serving in the Provincial Congress of 1776,
called to frame a State Government, which prevented him
from being a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
He was also active in municipal affairs and served for
many years as a warden of Trinity Church and as a Gov-
ernor of Kings College, of which he became a Trustee
when its name was changed to Columbia. At the close of
the Revolution he re-entered the city with Washington on
November 25, 1783, to find his house in King, now Pine
Street, practically destroyed, but his farm, "Gramercie
Seat, in pretty good order, having been occupied by one
of the British generals." At this time the mayoralty of
the city was an appointive office, the selection resting
with the Governor of the State, and the Common Council
promptly petitioned the Governor to appoint Duane as
the first Mayor of the City, "as no one," they say in their
petition, "is better qualified, so none will be more ac-
ceptable to us and our constituents at large than Mr.
Duane. Few have sacrificed more or deserved better
from their country." Accordingly he was appointed
Mayor of the City in 1784, and served for six years,
during which he officially welcomed Congress when it
assembled in New York in 1785 and 1789, and received
Washington as the President of the new republic. On
his retirement as Mayor he was appointed by Washing-
ton Judge of the United States District Court of New

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

York and served in that capacity with the ability and
fidelity which distinguished his whole career. Gramercy
Park has had two other Mayors and many distinguished
residents since Duane's time, but he may well be remem-
bered as being in a literal sense its first citizen.

Samuel B. Ruggles, Founder of Gramercy Park

Next in descent of ownership must be ranked Samuel
B. Ruggles, who in 1831 purchased "Gramercy Seat," or
a large part of it, from the heirs of James Duane, and
the story of his purchase and of the use which he made
of it cannot be told better than by quoting from the ad-
dress of President King on "Progress of the City of
New York During the Last Fifty Years," delivered be-
fore the Mechanics Institute on December 29, 1851 :

"Another citizen who has devoted rare intelligence, precious
years, and large sums of money to the advancement, embellish-
ment, and solid progress of the City, is Samuel B. Ruggles. In
1831, he became possessed of a portion of the old Duane Farm.
This farm had a front of about 400 feet on the Bowery road,
and ran thence easterly almost to the river, with some upland,
but much morass, overgrown with cat-tails, and through which
wandered a stream known as the Crumme-Vly, or Winding
Creek. The heirs, five in number, estimating the value of the
property according to its frontage on the Bowery, divided the
farm by that front, 400 feet, into five equal parcels, and thus
constituted narrow strips of land half a mile, nearly, long, and
80 feet wide. One of these fifths having been acquired by Mr.
Ruggles in the year 1831 he forthwith set himself at work to
make it available. Between him and the actual City was the
Bowery Hill, 20 feet above the level — behind him morass. It
was clear that the latter was of little value without the former.
After incredible difficulties, he succeeded in obtaining both the
Bowery Hill and the morass, covering together more than fifty
acres, and very soon tumbled the one into the other to the amount
of some three millions of loads, at a cost of $180,000 — and
squaring the lines as he went along, and regulating the lots, he
planted on the edge of the morass, in December, 1831, Gramercy
Park, by gratuitously giving the whole of the 66 lots it comprises
— now worth two hundred thousand dollars — and attaching to the
grant a condition that ten dollars a lot should be annually paid

[ 196 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

forever by the residents around the square, as a fund out ot
which to plant, preserve and adorn it. Disdaining, too, the
personal vanity of entailing his own name upon this creation of
his own energy and property, he preserved the name by which
the old Duane estate was known, the Gramercy Seat — corrupted,
probably, from the Crooked Creek, or Crumme-Vly, which
meandered through its meadow.

"Xext came, in 1833, Union Square, made up chiefly of those
'Children of Necessity' to which allusion has heretofore been
made, fragmentary lots, which, after much trouble and labor on
the part of Air. Ruggles and others, and with the aid of the
Legislature, were reduced to the sightly and admirable square,
with its wide open area of streets around which we all now
admire. The assessment for lands for this square was $110,000,
and it was imposed upon lots as far as Gramercy Park, of which
very many belonged to Mr. Ruggles who thus contributed largely
in money as well as personal exertions to this embellishment of
the City. In walking, upon one occasion, round this square with
Rev. Dr. Hawks, Mr. Ruggles was expatiating upon the value,
for all time, of such squares in a great city. 'Come what will,'
said he, 'our open squares will remain forever imperishable.
Buildings, towers, palaces, may moulder and crumble beneath
the touch of time; but space — free, glorious, open space — will
remain to bless the City forever.' 'And do you not perceive
the reason?' was the prompt return of Dr. Hawks, 'Man makes
buildings, but God makes space,' thus stamping as it were, the
signet of the Almighty on the labors of Mr. R. to perpetuate
to his fellow-citizens, for all time to come, Heavens boon of free
air and open space. Mr. Ruggles also cut through his own prop-
erty, two wide streets, parallel with and between the Third and
Fourth Avenues, and being allowed by the Corporation to name
them, he again avoided the temptation of personal feeling, and
called the one Irving Place, after our admirable fellow-towns-
man, whose gentle and genial humor and fine literary taste and
talents have illustrated our City and nation — the other he named,
with the just pride of a New-England man, Lexington Avenue
after that battlefield where the first blood was shed for inde-
pendence."

The man, to whose foresight and liberality we owe the
existence of Gramercy Park, was the son of Philo Rug-
gles, Surrogate and District Attorney of Dutchess Coun-
ty. He was born in New Milford, Conn., April 11, 1800,
and was graduated from Yale in 1814. Subsequently he
studied law, was elected to the Assembly in 1838, and
took an active part in public affairs, particularly in the
development of the Erie Canal. His report on the

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Finances and Internal Improvements of the State of
New York was an epoch-making document in promoting
the commercial prosperity of the State. He was a com-
missioner of the Croton Aqueduct and represented the
United States abroad at several monetary and other
congresses. He also took a keen interest in public edu-
cation, was Mr. Astor's chief advisor in founding the
Astor Library, going abroad to purchase books for its
collection and serving as one of its trustees. He was
also a Trustee of Columbia College for many years ; and
was largely instrumental in broadening its scope and in-
creasing its efficiency. Yale University recognized his
attainments and civic spirit by conferring upon him the
degree of Doctor of Laws, but the Park which he has
left us will best keep his memory green.

After the establishment and beautih* cation of Union
Square as a public park had been secured, he proceeded
in 1831, as narrated by President King, to dedicate the
two acres of trees and verdure which we know as Gram-
ercy Park. It can only be surmised that this act may
have been prompted in part by his familiarity with some
of the many similar oases which add so greatly to the
charm and attractiveness of many parts of London. In
creating Gramercy Park, the only park on Manhattan
Island which has cost the City nothing, and has always
paid taxes indirectly, if not directly, Mr. Ruggles con-
ferred a boon not only upon the residents of the Park but
upon the multitudes who pass it daily, and whose toilsome
way is cheered by the greenness of its sward or a glimpse
of sky and sunshine through its branches. The laying
out of Gramercy Park represents one of the earliest
attempts in this country at "City Planning," and had this
example been followed by other large real estate owners,

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New York would be a vastly more beautiful city than it
is to-day. A bronze medallion portrait of Mr. Ruggles
upon a marble pedestal has recently been erected in the
Park, and his generosity and service in creating the Park
are recorded upon a stone which lies in front of the
westerly park gate and which bears the inscription :
"Gramercy Park, founded by Samuel B. Ruggles, 1831,
commemorated by this tablet imbedded in The Gramercy
Farm by John Ruggles Strong, 1875."

The "Outline of the Title of Samuel B. Ruggles to his
lands between 15th Street on the South, 28th Street on
the North, the Bloomingdale Road and Old Post Road
on the West, and the First Avenue on the East," of which
a printed copy is preserved in the New York Historical
Society, refers to a map made by Edwin Smith, Sur-
veyor, comprising five parcels, one of which is "The
Gramercy Farm, lying between 19th Street on the South,
23rd Street on the North, the Bloomingdale Road on the
West and the Second Avenue on the East, containing
about 22 acres." This document also quotes the tradi-
tion as to the "transport" by Judith Stuyvesant and men-
tions "another conveyance dated in the ninth year of his
Sacred Majesty, King William the Third, Anno Domino,
1697," in which certain lands are described as being "in
the Bowery ward near unto a certain place or rising hil-
lock called Crommessie" and as being bounded "south by
the lands of Antonio, the free negro." From the same
source we learn that "The whole of the land forming 'the
rising hillock of Crommessie' has recently been excavated
to a depth of seventeen feet below the natural surface ;
but a vestige of Judge Duane's possession yet remains in
the lower section of his well, walled up with brick, on

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

the lots purchased by Messrs. Davis and Brooks on the
west side of the Park."

The purpose of Mr. Ruggles to establish the Park was
carried into effect by a deed executed on the seventeenth
of December, 1831, by which he and his wife, Mary R.
Ruggles, conveyed to Charles Augustus Davis, merchant,
Thomas L. Wells, counsellor-at-law, Robert D. Weeks,
gentleman, Thomas R. Mercein, gentleman, and Philo T.
Ruggles, counsellor-at-law, forty-two lots of land lying
between Twentieth and Twenty-first Streets, having an
area of 520 feet by 184 feet. The deed recites that
"Samuel B. Ruggles proposes to devote and appropriate
the said forty-two lots of land to the formation and es-
tablishment of an ornamental private Square or Park
with carriageways and footwalks at the southeastern
and northwestern end thereof for the use, benefit and en-
joyment of the owners and occupants of sixty-six sur-
rounding lots of land belonging to the said Samuel B.
Ruggles and with a view to enhance the value thereof,"
and in order to effectuate these purposes conveys the
property. "Upon Trust, nevertheless, for the uses, in-
tents and purposes hereinafter expressed and declared."
These purposes were to erect "an iron fence with a stone
coping and ornamental gates," enclosing "an ornamental
Park or Square," and "to lay out within such Park or
Square ornamental grounds and walks, and plant and
place therein trees, shrubbery, and appropriate decora-
tions" . . . and to "preserve, maintain and keep the said
Park or Square, and the said plantations and decorations
in proper order and preservation" and also "at all times
thereafter to permit, suffer and allow the owner and
owners of any and every of the said sixty-six lots sur-
rounding the said Park and to the families of such own-

[ 202 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

ers and also to the respective tenants under such owner
or owners and their families, to have ingress and egress
to and from such Park or Square, to frequent, use and
enjoy the same as a place of common resort and recre-
ation under and subject always to such rules and regula-
tions as the owners of two-thirds in number of the said
lots . . . shall from time to time make, establish and
prescribe." The deed also provides that when and as
often as three of the Trustees shall die, or remove from
the City, or resign, the surviving Trustees shall cause
the title to be vested in themselves, and three other
Trustees to be nominated by the owners of the major
part in number of the lots surrounding the Park.

By the same instrument Mr. Ruggles imposed upon
the sixty-six surrounding lots, which were afterwards
reduced to sixty by the opening of Lexington Avenue
and Irving Place, the restriction which has preserved the
character of the Park as a residential neighborhood and
excluded business in a covenant that neither he, nor his
heirs or assigns, would at any time erect within forty
feet of the front of any of the sixty lots any other build-
ings saving brick or stone dwelling houses of at least
three stories in height; this being the first attempt to
limit the height of buildings in New York. The same
covenant also excluded the erection of buildings for
business purposes or for any purpose dangerous or of-
fensive to the neighboring inhabitants and empowered
the Trustees and the owner of any of the adjacent lots
to take legal proceedings to prevent its violation.

Subsequently, on December 24th, 1833, by a confirm-
atory deed, Mr. Ruggles and his wife granted to the own-
ers of lots and all subsequent owners the right and priv-
ilege to frequent, use, and enjoy the said Park or Square

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

as an easement to their respective lots, the owners at
that time being Charles Augustus Davis, Sidney Brooks,
Robert D. Weeks, Seixas Nathan and Charles C. King.

During the first thirteen years after the Park was
deeded to the Trustees slow progress was made toward
realizing the ideals of its founder, but it appears to have
been enclosed with a fence and graded when the first
recorded meeting of the Trustees was held on November
15, 1844, at the residence of James W. Gerard, who
lived at No. 16, which is still owned by his namesake.
In the interval three of the original Trustees died or re-
signed, and Norman White, James W. Gerard, then a
prominent real estate lawyer, and William Samuel John-
son, a grandson of the first president of Columbia Col-
lege, had been chosen to replace them. Under the presi-
dency of Charles Augustus Davis, one of that group of
old New Yorkers whom Philip Hone has commemorated
so delightfully in his Diary, the new trustees proceeded
to develop "an ornamental Square or Park" by awarding
a contract to one James Virtue, whose very name was a
happy omen, to set out "one thousand healthy plants
called Privit or Prim, being considered a quantity suffi-
cient to surround the said Park inside its fence," an order
which has been duplicated by their successors within the
last few years with a promise which would have grati-
fied the original gardener. They also ordered a hun-
dred trees, including Horse Chestnuts, Willows, Lindens,
Helianthus, Maples, Catalpas, Elms, Beech, Ash, Pop-
lars, Sycamores, Walnuts and Mulberries, but of these a
fine old Elm and a Willow tree appear to be the only
survivors. At the same meeting a committee was ap-
pointed to prepare a plan for a fountain, and it is signifi-
cant of the ambition of the first Trustees that the com-

[ 204 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

mittee recommended in favor of "the plan of one of the
fountains erected in front of St. Peter's Church in Rome,
which are acknowledged to be the most beautiful in
Europe." The cost was estimated at $5,300 "to be pro-
vided by the voluntary contributions of lot owners."
Unhappily this enthusiastic effort of the Trustees met
with a cold response, and when the plan was presented
to the lot owners at a meeting held in April, 1846, the
fountain instead of being erected in the Park was laid
on the table. Two years later a fountain of more modest
design was erected and it was apparently surmounted
by a statue, for in 1866 the Treasurer was directed "to
replace it with a new statue." The age of the nymph
who has so long presided over the Park is thus de-
termined, and it may be some consolation to the older
residents, who had grown familiar with her presence and
resented her displacement by the Booth statue, to learn
that she still has a place of honor, even if somewhat less
conspicuous, upon one of the fountains recently erected
by the Trustees.

For many years the annual charge upon each lot was
$10, and the amount was so inadequate as to lead to
almost pathetic appeals to the lot owners on the part
of the Trustees for contributions to maintain the Park,
until about 1877, when the assessment was increased to
$30. During these years meetings of the lot owners
were frequently held in the Gramercy Park House, a
hotel much resorted to by Southerners and Cubans, which
occupied the easterly frontage of the Park from 1860
until about 1880, and which played an important part
in the history of the Park while it was under the man-
agement of Curtis Judson, who was its proprietor for
many years. Here were discussed many burning issues,

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

such as the question of allowing baseball playing in the
Park, and, twenty years later, of allowing croquet and
lawn tennis, and it is evidence that great minds can take
an interest in small affairs when we find Samuel J.
Tilden and Cyrus W. Field uniting with the other
Trustees in an appeal to the lot owners to preserve the
"ornamental" character of the Park and to exclude
"games which will engender disputes and ill feeling." In
this opinion they were supported by a large majority of
the lot owners.

A much more real danger menaced the Park in 1890,
when a bill was passed by the Legislature, permitting the
construction of a cable road through the Park in spite
of the strenuous opposition of the Trustees who ex-
pressed their gratitude to Governor David B. Hill for
refusing to sign the bill by sending him an engrossed
letter of thanks. The Park was again similarly threat-
ened in 1912, when the Board of Aldermen adopted an
ordinance for the condemnation of an easement under
and through its grounds for the construction of a subway,
and the Gramercy Park Association was organized for
the defence of the Park, but this disaster was happily
averted by a change in the route of the subway.

In 1902 the residents of the Park were aroused by
the proposed building of the Irving Hotel, and a suit
for an injunction was brought by Mrs. Gallatin, the
owner of a lot fronting on the Park. Several meetings
of the lot owners were held in the Quaker Meeting Plouse
at which the Hon. John Bigelow presided, at which the
right of the lot owners to the exclusion of business
structures from the Park was warmly discussed, and
about a thousand dollars was subscribed toward the ex-
pense of prosecuting the suit for an injunction. The re-

[ 208 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

suit turned upon the question whether a "hotel" was a
"dwelling house," within the meaning of the term as
used in the covenant in the Ruggles deed, which forbids
the erection of any building in the Park except a "dwell-
ing house." It was decided by the Courts that the build-
ing of a private family hotel, divided into apartments
for residential purposes, was not a violation of the
covenant, but the right of the owners to exclude business
occupation was recognized, and this right was further
assured by the "Zoning Ordinance" adopted by the City
on July 25, 1916, which defines the property surrounding
the Park as a "residential district."

The most serious attack upon the Park, however, oc-
curred in 1903, when the City assessed it for purposes
of taxation at $750,000 subsequently reduced to $500,000.
The Trustees protested that the Park was a public benefit,
and ought not to be taxed, and that the enhanced value
of surrounding property supplied any loss from non-
taxation, but the City authorities refused to remit the
tax and the Trustees thereupon retained counsel to con-
test the claim of the City, and under the able advice of
Mr. Henry B. Anderson proceeded to defend the rights
of the lot owners in the Courts. A memorial to the
Legislature was also prepared and printed, and a bill
was introduced exempting the Park from taxation, but
the attempt to secure relief from the Legislature met
with no success. The Park was again assessed in 1904,
and succeeding years, and proceedings were commenced
to set aside the assessments', the tax being paid under
protest.

After seven years of litigation the assessments were
vacated, and the Park was declared to be exempt from
taxation. The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court

[ 209 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

(139 App. Div. 83), before which the appeal was argued,
held that the title to the Park was vested in the Trustees,
that the lot owners had an easement in the Park, i.e., a
right to use it as a park, and that the Tax Commissioners
had included the full value of the park privileges in their
assessment of the surrounding lots, with the result that
the assessed value of such lots was several hundred
dollars per front foot in excess of the value of other
lots in the same part of the City, the total excess amount-
ing to $660,000. The conclusion of the Appellate Di-
vision was that the City, having added to the market
value of the surrounding lots a sum equal to the esti-
mated value of the easements, which exceeded or equalled
the value of the Park itself, it could not assess the value
of the Park a second time against either the Trustees,
who held the fee, nor by necessary consequence, against
the owners of the land benefited by the easement.

This decision was affirmed by the Court of Appeals
(200 N. Y. 519) and the City was compelled to refund
the taxes which had been paid, pending the controversy.
The sum so refunded amounted with interest to $105,-
067.48, which was distributed among the lot owners after
deducting the expenses of the litigation, except the sum
of about $12,000 which, by the consent of certain of the
owners, the Trustees retained as an Endowment Fund
for the maintenance of the Park. With the aid of the
income afforded by this fund the Trustees have been
and will be able to expend more upon the care of the
Park; considerable improvement has already been ef-
fected, and its future maintenance has been more fully
assured.

So much for the bare facts which comprise the his-
tory of Gramercy Park as an acre or two of ground

[ 210 ]

Irani ercy Park looking north. Metropolitan Tower in the dista

xce

OF OLD NEW YORK

surrounded by an iron fence, but any account of the
Park which should omit its human history would be
sadly inadequate, for while there are many historic sites
on Manhattan Island identified with more stirring events
there are few, if any, which have so continuous a his-
tory or which, in the transformation of the City, have
so long preserved their original character. Here the
spirit which led James Duane to abandon "Gramercy
Seat" to serve with Washington found new expression
when the Park was turned into an encampment during
the Civil War for the militia then protecting the City in
the Draft Riots, and still later when "Pershing House"
was established in the residence of Mrs. SchiefFelin as a
canteen for our troops returning from France. Here have
been decided questions of national and even international
moment, and art and literature have found a congenial
atmosphere, and here three generations have lived to en-
joy the quiet seclusion of the Park.

Peter Cooper's Home

The first to appreciate the advantages which the Park
offered as a place of residence was Peter Cooper, who
purchased the lots at the corner of Lexington Avenue and
22nd Street, and completed the building of No. 9 Lexing-
ton Avenue in 1848, and here he lived until his death in
1883. The house was constructed on piles over a small
stream, which was doubtless the historic "Cromessie"
brook, and is supported on two central walls. The lin-
tels are of cast iron, probably the first ones made, and
were cast in Mr. Cooper's iron foundry. Originally the
house had a high stoop but this was removed in 1884
and the present basement entrance, the first alteration
of the kind, was constructed by Mrs. Abram S. Hewitt

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

with the help of Stanford White, then a rising young
architect. Mr. Cooper had his private entrance to his
stable on 22nd Street, and until he was an old man, in-
variably drove to business in his one horse shay, which
is still preserved in Cooper Union. On Sundays he
habitually walked to All Souls Church to hear the Rev.
Dr. Bellows preach, and his granddaughter, who often
accompanied him, recalls that in these walks they always
found an old Irish woman in a poke bonnet and a plaid
shawl, seated on the steps of 17 Gramercy Park, to whom
Mr. Cooper invariably gave one of the numerous ten
cent pieces with which he always provided himself for
such appeals.

Mr. Cooper was certainly one of the most picturesque
figures associated with the Park, and it is pleasant to
recall the fact that the Trustees presented him with a
key and to imagine his satisfaction in witnessing the be-
ginning of its growth and, as saplings became trees, to
picture his venerable figure seated under their shade. His
career is a remarkable story of unaided ability coupled
with persistence and inventive genius. His industry was
indefatigable and his inventions covered the most ex-
traordinary range, from a contrivance to "rock the
cradle," which also kept off the flies and played a music
box to amuse the baby, to a torpedo boat, which he de-
signed in 1824 to blow up the Turks for their inhuman
cruelties to the Greeks in their struggle for freedom.
He also invented the first lawn-mower, a tide-water
wheel, an endless chain three miles in length to convey
coal from his mines to his furnaces, and finally a loco-
motive, the first which was operated on the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad, which could draw a train of cars
around short curves and over rough country. The de-

[ 214 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

velopment of the manufacture of iron was his special
interest and he established extensive works at Trenton
and also at Ringwood. In 1854 he became the president
of the North American Telegraph Company, when it
controlled more than half of all the lines then in this
country; and also the president of the New York, New
Foundland and London Telegraph Company, thus be-
coming identified with one of the greatest triumphs of
American enterprise, and the accomplishment of a re-
sult vital to modern civilization and epoch making in the
history of the world, the laying of the Atlantic cable.

Where the Atlantic Cable Project Was Born

The leading spirit in this undertaking was Cyrus W.
Field and in the library of his house which stood where
No. 1 Lexington Avenue now stands was born the proj-
ect of connecting Europe and America by telegraph, a
project which at the time was generally regarded as ut-
terly impracticable. Air. Field and Mr. Cooper and a
small group, including Moses Taylor, Marshall O. Rob-
erts and Wilson G. Hunt, however, had the. imagination,
the courage and the perseverance which such an enter-
prise demanded, and after overcoming innumerable dif-
ficulties and meeting repeated failures ; once, when the
cable was lost in mid- Atlantic, once when it parted after
having conveyed the first messages ; after eight years of
effort, they finally achieved success. The story of the
laying of the cable is a thrilling record of foresight, re-
sourcefulness and determination, and as the birthplace
of the Atlantic cable Gramercy Park enjoys a unique
distinction.

Mr. Cooper was a staunch supporter of all of Mr.
Field's efforts and aided him largely by financial support

f 215 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

when a loss seemed more than probable, but with suc-
cess came profits, and Mr. Cooper is quoted as saying
that all the profits which he derived from the Atlantic
Cable were devoted to the foundation of Cooper Insti-
stute. This institution, so named in spite of Mr. Cooper's
modest protest, must be regarded as a great educational
achievement, not only on account of its direct results in
affording a technical education otherwise unobtainable
to thousands of students, but as establishing a type of
institution which has led to the foundation of countless
others to the inestimable benefit of this country and
others ; and no man ever left a nobler monument or one
which has proved more useful to his fellow men.

Cyrus W. Field's Residence

Gramercy Park celebrated the completion of the At-
lantic Cable by a grand illumination and, as the chief
promoter of the undertaking and as the man whose en-
ergy and persistence contributed most largely to its suc-
cess, Cyrus W. Field attained world-wide distinction.
The greatness of the accomplishment was recognized by
Congress, which presented to Mr. Field a gold medal
and the thanks of the nation ; John Bright described him
as the "Columbus of modern times, who, by his cable,
has moored the new world alongside the old" ; and at
the Paris Exposition of 1867 he was awarded the grand
medal, the highest prize which it could bestow. The New
York Chamber of Congress elected Mr. Field an honor-
ary member and presented him with a gold medal, and
subsequently caused to be executed the painting of the
projectors of the Atlantic Cable, which is here repro-
duced.

The house which he occupied subsequently became the
residence of Henry W. Poor, and through the artistic

[ 216 ]

jpL ^ JL Corsair

Commodore J. P. Morgan, owner

A few extracts giving a glimpse of her activities as part of
the United States Naval Forces in European waters under Ad-
miral Sims in the great war, 1917-18. From the official records
in Washington. Courtesy Navy Department.

1917

June 4 — Ordered to report to Admiral Gleaves, U. S. N.
June 14 — Sailed with First Expeditionary Force for France.
July 12 — Operating against enemy submarines off French coast.
July 27 — Ordered to relieve NOMA and join Convoy.

Aug. 1-14 — Convoy duty; testing depth mines; escorting Army Trans-
ports; intercepting and locating Convoys.
Aug. 15 — Under way to escort U. S. S. CELTIC.
Aug. 22 — Escorted CAROLYN to Ouiberon Bay.

Sept. 5 — Joined Convoy and escorted U. S. Supply ships for St. Nazaire.
Received on board 16 survivors of French fishing vessel SADI
CAR NOT.

Sept. 6— Transferred survivors to MONTANAN.

Oct. 2 — Decoyed message — French vessel sunk by submarine, 21 men
adrift; signalled, "We are going to search for survivors." Picked
up 5 men of French fishing vessel ST. PIERRE. Survivors reported
5 large submarines, 100 metres long, mounting 2 guns each. Zig-
zagged for other survivors. Sighted enemy submarine which attacked
French barkentine EUGENE LOUISE; followed wake and let go
English depth charge — 120 lbs. T. N. T. Picked up entire crew, 31
men, badly demoralized and unable to make intelligent replies.

Oct. 3 — Sighted large submarine; fired 1 shot; let go 1 English,
French, 1 American depth charges ; all functioned.

Oct. 17- — Searching for submarine that torpedoed U. S. Army Transport
ANTILLES. Picked up 50 survivors; Commanding officer Lieut. -
Commander D. T. Ghent and Brig.-General W. S. McNair among
them.

Oct. 28 — Searching for submarine which torpedoed FINLAND. COR-
SAIR and SMITH escorted FINLAND to Brest.

Nov. 4 — Shaped course for Penzance, England ; Submarines active.

Nov. 21 — Enemy submarines intercommunicating by radio as follows:
9:38 p. m. received a message from Brest; 10:54 and 10:56 p. m.
enemy submarine called using P. F. B. — same call used at Brest.
10:59 CORSAIR answered go ahead. Sub sent: "3.H.5" and then
his signals died out. 11:04 sub called and told CORSAIR to go
ahead with message; 11:10 same sub called a British convoy. 11:15
sub called CORSAIR "Go ahead with message"; 11:16 CORSAIR
called sub and sent a message, the groups of which were taken from
several intercepted German messages. 11:17 sub acknowledged COR-
SAIR'S message; 11:25 sub called CORSAIR for a repetition.
CORSAIR did not answer. 11:27 sub did same; 11:35 sub again
saying "go ahead." CORSAIR did not answer. 11:39 again, but
CORSAIR sent nothing. The subs continued to intercommunicate
during the night.

Nov. 3Q — Joined French vessels escorting 7 American ships to Brest.

The complete log of the Corsair is intensely interesting and
we regret lack of space to give more of its details.

OF OLD NEW YORK

skill of Stanford White was converted, as to its interior,
into a veritable Italian palace, rich in foreign spoil of
carvings, tapestries and furniture, which has been ap-
preciatively described by the author of "The House Dig-
nified," who incidentally gives us a picture of the Park
too charming to be omitted. "The library," he says,
"overlooks a city square where Magnolias blossom in
the Spring, and flowers under arching trees bloom all the
Summer through. To one who enters here, the quiet
stretches of the square and the sky beyond seem suddenly
and somehow to belong to libraries, so great is the sense
of repose and refreshment they inspire."

David Dudley Field, the brother of Cyrus W. Field,
who was also a resident of the Park, was the legal advisor
of the Cable Company and one of the most prominent
lawyers in New York. He will always be remembered
by the Bar as the author of the Codes of Civil and Crim-
inal Procedure which were adopted by this State and
have greatly influenced the judicial procedure of many
other states, and furnished the basis of the reforms es-
tablished by the Judicature Acts of England and several
of its colonies. As counsel for Jay Gould and James
Fiske in the litigations of the Erie Railroad, and of Wil-
liam M. Tweed in the "Tweed Ring" scandal, and as the
originator of the scheme for the Electoral Commission
in 1876 which defeated the election of his neighbor.
Samuel J. Tilden, to the presidency, Mr. Field gained
notoriety at the expense of popularity.

Among the earliest settlers of the Park was James
Harper, one of the founders of the firm of Harper &
Brothers, which published its first book in 1817 and was
for many years the leading publishing house in this coun-
try. He lived at No. 4 from 1847 until 1869, and was

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the second in our succession of Mayors of the City, hold-
ing that office in 1844 and 1845. In his "Reminiscences
of an Octogenarian" Charles Haswell writes that "Mayor
Harper signalized his administration by active service
in the improvement of Madison Square, and in improving
the organization of the police department. His adminis-
tration partook of the purity of that of his early pred-
ecessors in the office, but without the savoir faire and
pratiques of some of the local politicians who succeeded
him." It seems that in Mayor Harper's time the police
were unorganized and wore no uniform, and that he
succeeded with the vigorous support of his neighbor,
James W. Gerard, in laying the foundation for the pres-
ent police department and in putting the force in uniform.
The traditional Mayor's lamps still stand in front of his
former residence as emblems of his municipal dignity.

Mr. Gerard, already mentioned as a trustee of the
Park, in addition to being an eminent lawyer and an
authority on colonial history, was actively interested in
the public schools of the City and the prevention of
pauperism, and deserves to be remembered, especially as
the originator of the plan for the establishment of the
"House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents," which was
incorporated in 1824, and was the first institution of its
kind in the United States.

"The Great Citizen," Mayor Abram S. Hewitt

Our third Mayor, Abram S. Hewitt, when he married
Miss Cooper in 1855, came to live at No. 9 Lexington
Avenue and made it his home for nearly fifty years. His
brilliant record as a student in Columbia College, from
which he graduated in 1842, gave promise of the great
career which was fully realized in a long life devoted

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OF OLD NEW YORK

largely to public service. As a member of the firm of
Cooper, Hewitt & Co., in which he was associated with
his brother-in-law, Edward Cooper, at one time Mayor
of this City, he had the direction of the Trenton Iron
Works, which had been founded by Peter Cooper, and
became a pioneer in the iron and steel business of the
United States, managing its affairs with conspicuous abil-
ity, and furnishing one of the earliest and most successful
demonstrations of the possibility of harmonizing the in-
terests of capital and labor. He was an earnest advocate
of technical education for wage-earners and took an
active part in the establishment of Cooper Institute,
which was throughout his life one of his most absorbing
interests and the chief object of his liberality. He was
an insatiable reader and profound student of history, and
as a speaker was both eloquent and convincing. During
his twelve years of service in Congress he was one
of the most influential members of the House and
displayed high qualities of statesmanship. His interna-
tional reputation as a scientific student of iron and steel
production was recognized by the Iron & Steel Institute
of England, which presented him with the Bessemer Gold
Medal in 1890. He became prominent in City politics
in 1871, when, upon the downfall of Tweed, he was
made Chairman of a committee of citizens to reorganize
the Democratic party, which had Tilden as its advisor,
but while he was a staunch Democrat, he refused to fol-
low his party on the silver issue and fought against it
with tongue and pen. When nominated as Mayor in
1886, he said :

"No pledges to any party or any set of men have been asked.
Nor under any circumstances would I make any other pledge
than that which I now fully give, that, if elected, I will discharge
the duties according to law to the best of my strength and

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

ability, keeping in view the interest of the whole people without
distinction of party and class, and in strict conformity to the
legislation affecting the Civil Service and the just demands of
the great mass of the people for the removal of abuses which
impose taxation without corresponding benefits."

These pledges were fully redeemed during his two
years of office, but his greatest service to the City was
performed as a member of the Rapid Transit Commis-
sion which projected and secured the construction of the
first underground railroad on Manhattan Island. To
commemorate Mr. Hewitt's services in this connection,
the Chamber of Commerce presented him with a gold
medal and elected him an honorary member.

A philanthropist in the broadest and truest sense of
the word, Mr. Hewitt was especially interested in edu-
cation and rendered invaluable service as Chairman of
the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institution ; as
a Trustee of Columbia University and Barnard College,
of the American Museum of Natural History and other
institutions, and it has been well said of him that :

"Great as were his intellectual qualifications, his heart, more
than his brain, often controlled his conduct. Character was his
standard of success. He was a worker for humanity, and has
rriade the world better worth living in for those who come after
him. He acquired breadth of vision and insight which penetrated
beneath the popular opinions and policies of the hour, and advo-
cated principles which are of universal application in all time.
He adopted as his motto, 'Be just and fear not' It was the
keynote of his character and actions. The example of a long
life of intense activity and usefulness is his legacy to posterity."

Advancing years only added to the earnestness of his
purpose, the keenness of his intellect and the esteem in
which he was held by his fellow men, and the whole city
echoed the sentiment which Richard Watson Gilder so
beautifully expressed in the lines to "The Great Citizen"
which were read at his funeral :

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OF OLD NEW YORK

"Mourn for his death, but for his life rejoice,
Who was the city's heart, the city's voice.

Dauntless in youth, impetuous in age,
Weighty in speech, in civic counsel sage ;

Talents and wealth to him were but a trust
To lift his hapless brother from the dust, —

This his chief aim to wake, in every man,
The soul to do what only courage can.

He saw the evil, as the wise must see,

But firm his faith in what the world shall be.

Following the truth, he led his fellow men, —
Through years and virtues the great citizen.

By being great, he made the city great, —
Serving the city, he upheld the state.

So shall the city win a purer fame
Led by the living splendor of his name."

Samuel J. Tilden

Contemporary with Mr. Hewitt was his neighbor,
Samuel J. Tilden, who, as Governor of the State, and
almost as President of the United States, has given the
Park its greatest political distinction. During that most
critical period in the history of the United States, when
the election of Tilden or Hayes hung in the balance,
when it was even a question whether there might not
be another civil war, Samuel J. Tilden was living in the
house now occupied by the National Arts Club on the
southerly side of Twentieth Street, and the eyes of the
nation were focused upon Gramercy Park. For years
previously Tilden had been conspicuous as a political
power. His public service in breaking up the Tweed
Ring and in bringing many of its members to justice led
to his election as Governor of the State and the reputa-
tion and confidence which he gained as a reform governor

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led to his nomination for the presidency. The Park often
echoed to the strains of political bands and witnessed the
glare of torchlight processions of enthusiastic supporters,
when the headquarters of the presidential campaign of
1876-1877 was at No. 15, but no political excitement ever
disturbed the Sphinx-like calm which was Tilden's most
striking characteristic. When the Electoral Commission
rendered against him a decision which he believed, and
which many, if not a majority of his countrymen be-
lieved, was based upon fraud, he nevertheless accepted it
as conclusive and advised his countrymen to do the same.
Recognizing, as he must have done, the injustice of this
decision as it affected him personally, his action could
only have been inspired by the highest patriotism, and he
should be honored as one of the very few great men of
the Republic who have surrendered their highest ambition
for the good of their country. Such an experience would
have embittered many men, especially one who had led
such a solitary existence as Mr. Tilden, but it is another
evidence of his inherent nobility of character that by his
will he left practically all of his large estate to the people
of the City of New York for the establishment of a pub-
lic library, the form of gift which he believed would be
of the greatest benefit to the greatest number. This be-
quest led to the consolidation of the Astor and Lenox
libraries with the library proposed by Mr. Tilden, which
has given New York City the Public Library, one of
the City's most precious possessions.

Henry Watterson in his recently published "Looking
Backward" describes Tilden as the nearest approach to
an ideal statesman he had ever known, and gives a picture
of him in his home :

"To his familiars Mr. Tilden was a dear old bachelor who
lived in a fine old mansion in Gramercy Park. Though sixty

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OF OLD NEW YORK

years of age he seemed in the prime of his manhood ; a genial
and overflowing scholar ; a trained and earnest doctrinaire ; a
public-spirited, patriotic citizen, well known and highly esteemed,
who had made fame and fortune at the bar and had always been
interested in public affairs. He was a dreamer with a genius
for business, a philosopher yet an organizer."

John Bigelow

Tilden was fortunate in having as his biographer, his
friend and neighbor, John Bigelow, who knew him well,
and appreciated all his fine qualities. Mr. Bigelow was
one of Tilden's executors and was the last survivor of
the group of men who made the Park famous during
the last century. He lived at No. 21 for thirty years
and died there in 1911, but many still recall his venerable
figure and massive gray head, the very embodiment of
the dignity of age, and recall the keen sympathy and
quick intelligence with which to the very last he greeted
his many visitors. Few, however, recall the important
part which he played at a most critical period in the his-
tory of the nation, when in 1865 by appointment of Presi-
dent Lincoln, he represented the United States as Minis-
ter Plenipotentiary at the Court of France. At this time
the issue of the Civil War was uncertain and the sym-
pathies of Napoleon and his government were so strongly
on the side of the South that gun boats for the Southern
Confederacy were built in the imperial shipyards and
equipped from the government ordnance stores. Mr.
Bigelow worked in season and out of season to make it
impossible for these vessels to get to sea without an open
breach between France and the United States, and his
success was a diplomatic triumph of the utmost impor-
tance to his country. Previous to his going abroad Mr.
Bigelow had been associated with his intimate friend,
William Cullen Bryant, on the Evening Post, and while

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abroad he devoted all of his literary skill and ingenuity
to counteracting the propaganda actively conducted on
behalf of the Southern Confederacy. He also aided the
Government in disposing of its securities abroad, and
like his great predecessor, Franklin, he was instrumental
in securing financial aid from Holland, when the "cotton
bonds" of the Confederacy were proving a seductive in-
vestment to the capitalists of other European countries.
Returning to New York after having accomplished his
onerous and difficult diplomatic task with success and dis-
tinction, and resuming his literary labors in the quiet se-
clusion of Gramercy Park, he wrote the "Life of Samuel
J. Tilden" and finally "Retrospections of an Active Life."
He was richly entitled to describe his life as "active,"
for when not engaged in national service he gave the
greater part of his time to matters of public interest and
importance and held numerous public positions, from
that of a member of the Tilden Commission, which broke
up the Canal Ring, to the Presidency of the New York
Public Library. It was a tribute to his remarkable viril-
ity that he was elected President of the Century Club in
his eighty-ninth year and he held that office until his
death. At the memorial meeting which was held in his
honor the appreciation of the club was happily expressed
by one of the speakers who said :

"John Bigelow deserves, and will receive from all who knew
him and from all who come to understand the work that he
did, cordial gratitude and the largest possible measure of ap-
preciation as a sturdy, courageous and able national representa-
tive, a skilled diplomat, a Christian gentleman, and a great
citizen."

But the Park has an architectural as well as a bio-
graphical story, and if we inquire as to the up-building of
the sixty-six lots which Mr. Ruggles laid out on his map

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OF OLD NEW YORK

it appears from the City Directories that it was not until
about 1851 that they were nearly all built upon and oc-
cupied. Even then there were a number of vacant lots
but the growth of population is indicated by the estab-
lishment of churches in the vicinity.

Calvary Church

The first church to be built near the Park was Calvary
Church, at the northeast corner of Fourth Avenue and
21st Street which was erected in 1846, from the designs
of James Renwick, and the rectory was built at the same
time. The Church had previously occupied a site on
Fourth Avenue near 30th Street, having been organized
in 1836. The Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D. D., was the
first rector of the Church in its new edifice and during
his incumbency the Church increased greatly in numbers
and strength. He was succeeded by the Rev. A. Cleve-
land Coxe, D. D., who resigned to accept the Bishopric
of Western New York, and the Rev. Edward A. Wash-
burn, D. D., of Philadelphia, was chosen as Rector.
Upon his death, in 1881, the Rev. Henry Y. Satterlee, D.
D., was called to the Rectorship, which he held until 1896,
when he became Bishop of the Diocese of Washington.
Dr. Satterlee was well described by Theodore Roosevelt
as a "practical idealist ; he preached realizable ideals, and
then practised them. He not only helped in the reform
movement for the City as a whole, but he was a power
for good in his immediate neighborhood." During his
rectorship of fifteen years he infused new life and activ-
ity into the Church, greatly increased the attendance,
which included many of the Park residents, and estab-
lished extensive missionary work on the East side. His
personal charm and fine devotion to his calling made

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

him greatly beloved by his parishioners and a power in
the Church at large. It is one of the distinctions of the
Park that it has produced two Bishops and been the
home of a third, for Bishop Greer was for several years
one of its residents.

The Friends Meeting House

The land for the Friends Meeting House, with a front-
age of 106 feet on the Park was purchased in 1855 for
$24,000 and the edifice, which was completed in 1857,
has a long record of social as well as religious usefulness
to its credit. During the Civil War the members of the
Society took an active interest in the cause of the negroes,
or "Freedmen," as they were then called, and in supply-
ing their needs, and the third floor of the building was
used as a sewing room for making garments. In addi-
tion to its usual meetings the Society has conducted an
Armenian mission and a school for men of the very
poorest class, with an attendance of several hundred,
who are provided with breakfast and given instruction
and amusement. The "annual meeting" is the event of
the year and in former days its occurrence was evidenced
by the throng of gray bonnetted or gray coated figures
which were seen in the Park, but of late years the pic-
turesque and distinctive garb has almost entirely dis-
appeared.

Dr. Bellows and All Souls Church

The Unitarian Church of All Souls was built in 1855,
and architecturally is of exceptional interest as it was
modeled by Wray Mould, an English architect, after the
Basilica of San Giovanni erected in the Fourteenth Cen-
tury at Monza, in Northern Italy, which it closely re-
sembles both in design and color, and in the contrast of

[ 234 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

color afforded by the alternate layers of terra cotta and
Caen stone. The first pastor of the church was the Rev.
Dr. Henry W. Bellows, one of our great citizens. Elo-
quent in the pulpit, and on the platform, he was a power-
ful force in the nation during the Civil War, and as
the president and one of the founders of the United
States Sanitary Commission, he rendered a service of in-
estimable value. Through this great organization, which
was the predecessor of the American Red Cross, and
which Dr. Bellows extended over the entire country and
administered with inspiring enthusiasm and consummate
ability, over fifteen million dollars was contributed for
the relief of our soldiers in food, medical supplies and
comforts, and over five millions in money ; and the great
moral issues' of the war were brought home to every
Northern household. Through his work for the Com-
mission he was closely associated with President Lincoln
and Secretary Stanton and was one of their most trusted
and efficient supporters. He was also actively interested
in City affairs and was one of the founders of the Union
League Club, the Century Club, the Metropolitan
Museum of Art and the Children's Aid Society. He was
also the advisor of his neighbor and parishioner, Peter
Cooper, in the founding of Cooper Institute, and as the
founder and president of the National Conference of
Liberal Churches he was a leading member of the Uni-
tarian Church. As a memorial of Dr. Bellows, a full
length bronze tablet, executed by Saint Gaudens has been
placed in the south transept of the Church.

Among those who were associated with Dr. Bellows
in his work for the Sanitary Commission were George
Templeton Strong and Miss Louisa Lee Schuyler. Mr.
Strong was the treasurer of the Commission. He was a

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

man of broad culture and an author of ability. A gradu-
ate of Columbia College, he became one of its trustees
and was one of the founders of the School of Mines.
He was also the President of the Philharmonic Society
and at one time Controller of Trinity Church. Miss
Schuyler, when a young woman, was one of Dr. Bellows'
most ardent workers and devoted herself to the cause
of the Union with the patriotic spirit of her distinguished
ancestors, General Philip Schuyler and Alexander Hamil-
ton. Throughout the Civil War she gave herself untir-
ingly to further the efforts of the Commission to pro-
vide our troops with medical supplies and care, and dis-
played the ability which she showed in later years in or-
ganizing the Bellevue Training School for Nurses and
the State Charities Aid Association, and in establishing
State Care of the Insane. In recognition of Miss
Schuyler's many and important public services Columbia
University conferred upon her the degree of Doctor of
Laws.

Gramercy Park and the Draft Riots, 1S63

While Dr. Bellows and the Sanitary Commission were
supplying the needs of our troops at the front the quiet
of the Park was shattered by something very like the
din of war, for during the Draft Riots of July, 1863,
when negroes were strung up to lamp-posts and the
negro Orphan Asylum was burned, Gramercy Park was
in the midst of the turmoil. "From the Cooper Institute
to Forty-sixth Street," says the "Memorial History of
New York," "Third Avenue was black with human beings
who hung over the eaves of the building, filled the doors
and windows and packed the street from curb to curb."
Chief of Police George W. Walling, in his "Recollec-

[ 236 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

tions" says : "At Third Avenue and Nineteenth Street,
I learned for the first time, that riotry was in progress.
I was told that the mob had attacked an enrolling office
in Third Avenue, driven off the police and set fire to
the building." Dr. Austin Flint recalls that he made the
acquaintance of Dr. William T. Lusk, when the latter
"was in command of a detachment in Gramercy Park
during the draft riots of 1863" ; and the Minutes of the
Park Trustees show that two years later they applied to
the Government, unsuccessfully, to be reimbursed for
"the expenses incurred by the Trustees of the Park in
consequence of its occupation by a military force during
the July riots in 1863." Augustus Saint Gaudens at this
time lived near the Park and in his autobiography he de-
scribes the riots, and comments that "Later on, as the
storm lessened, it was strange to see two cannons posted
in Twenty-first Street at the northeast corner of Gram-
ercy Park, pointing due East in the direction of the
rioters."

Happily the Park soon resumed its peaceful tenor, and
its home life went on as before, perhaps even more ac-
tively than at present, for, though it is difficult to realize,
it is none the less the fact, that in the early 60's Gramercy
Park was only a little northward of and very near the
social centre of the City, as that was represented by the
Academy of Music, on Irving Place and Fourteenth
Street, then the only opera house which the City pos-
sessed, and the scene of all large social functions. Here
was given the ever famous ball to the Prince of Wales
on his visit in 1860, and at least two generations of old
New Yorkers associate with the Academy all their recol-
lections of Italian Opera, Philharmonics, College Com-
mencements and public receptions. No part of the city, it

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

may be safely asserted, has preserved its original char-
acter so consistently or retained its appearance with so
little change. In 1883 one of the first co-operative apart-
ment houses built in New York displaced several of the
old dwellings at the east end of the Park and in later
years this has been followed by three other apartment
houses but there still remain most of the original houses
built in compliance with the requirement of the trust
deed that they should be of brick or stone and should
be at least "three stories high."

"The Players"

The first of the numerous Clubs which have now cen-
tered about the Park was "The Players," founded in 1888
by Edwin Booth to promote "social intercourse between
the representative members of the Dramatic profession,
and of the kindred professions of Literature, Painting,
Sculpture and Music, and the Patrons of the Arts."
Mr. Booth presented No. 16 to the Club, after the house,
remodeled and decorated by Stanford White with his
consummate skill, had been adapted for use as a Club.
The foremost actor of his time, Edwin Booth was one
of the Park's most famous residents. Representing all
that is best and most inspiring in dramatic art, and pos-
sessing the mysterious power which held his audiences
under a spell, he added the generosity of a large and
noble heart and it was characteristic of him that he dedi-
cated the much loved home in which he spent his declin-
ing years to his fellow Players. The admirable statue
of Booth which now forms the central feature of the
Park is both a tribute to his genius and an expression
of gratitude. The statue, which was executed by Ed-
mond T. Quinn, and which represents Booth in his most

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OF OLD NEW YORK

famous character as "Hamlet" with life-like fidelity, is
generally recognized as a work of art of exceptional
merit, and an account of the interesting ceremony which
took place upon its unveiling will be found on another
page.

The Tilden Mansion — National Arts Club

The next club to recognize the advantages of the Park
as a site was the National Arts Club which acquired the
Tilden Mansion, Nos. 14 and 15, with its garden extend-
ing to 19th Street, upon which has since been erected an
apartment house for the use of members of the Club.
During its occupancy, the Club has not only done much
"to promote the mutual acquaintance of art lovers and
art workers," but also to create a colony of artists around
the Park and in its vicinity. In 1905, the Columbia Uni-
versity Club purchased the house No. 18 Gramercy Park
at the corner of Irving Place, which had been built by
Luther C. Clark in 1853, and upon its removal to larger
quarters in 1917, the house was taken by the Army and
Navy Club which now occupies it. A year or two later
the Princeton Club rented the house on the northerly
side of the Park at the corner of Lexington Avenue,
formerly the home of Stanford White, and was followed
by the United Service Club, made up of officers of all
the allied armies, during the continuance of the war.
The "Tech Club," composed of graduates of the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology, occupies the old Gerard
House, adjoining the Columbia Club. Another of the
group is "De Hollandsche Club" (The Netherland Club)
which purchased No. 4 in 1913 and aims to make it the
center of the activities of the Hollanders in this city.
The sight of the orange, white and blue flag which is

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

occasionally displayed on the Park flag pole should as-
sure its members that their presence is welcome. The
membership of the various clubs represents every phase
of art and literature, and philanthropy has its special
place in the hotel for the women workers of the New
York City Mission and Tract Society, built by Mrs. John
S. Kennedy at the westerly end of the Park. Nor is the
Park without its place in literature, for Arthur B. Maur-
ice in "New York in Fiction" tells us that No. 2 was
the residence of "Mrs. Leroy" in Hopkinson Smith's
"Caleb West," and that the most dramatic scene in the
novel of Edgar Saltus, "The Truth about Tristram
Varick" was laid in the old Field house. Had he been
spared but a little longer, the Park would surely have
found its poet laureate in Richard Watson Gilder, who
for all too brief a stay, looked down from his library
window upon its trees and lawns with a fond enjoyment
which could not have failed to inspire his verse.

So many men and women, well known in their time,
and representing much that was best in the life of the
City, have been Park dwellers that it is impossible to do
more than add a few names to those already mentioned,
but among these should be included Clarkson N. Potter,
a son of Bishop Alonzo Potter, who was an influential
member of Congress for ten years and President of the
American Bar Association ; Henry H. Anderson a prom-
inent lawyer and President for many years of the Uni-
versity Club; Robert G. Ingersoll, who nominated James
G. Blaine at the Republican Convention of 1876 in a
speech which brought him national fame as an orator ;
James A. Scrymser, who was the successor of Cyrus W.
Field as the promoter of ocean cables, and established
cable communications with Central and South America

[ 242 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

and Mexico ; and William Gaston Hamilton, a grandson
of Alexander Hamilton, who as an engineer was associ-
ated with his neighbor, Mr. Scrymser, in his cable under-
takings.

Nor should it be forgotten that at No. 10, as early as
1851, Miss Henrietta B. Haines established her famous
school for girls which for many years was the fashion-
able source of education of the young womanhood of
New York, and was supposed to add the highest finish
to the charms of Nature. Let us hope that some of her
pupils have left descendants among that army of babies,
who have been sunned in their carriages or among the
generations of boys and girls who have played and
romped in the Park, and unconsciously revelled in its air
and sunshine since Dr. Hawks reminded Mr. Ruggles
that "Man makes buildings but God makes space."

Two historic names are so closely associated with the
Park that they cannot be omitted, although they were
not dwellers on the Park; Washington Irving, who lived
for a time at the corner of Seventeenth Street and Irving
Place, which identifies his name with the neighborhood ;
and Theodore Roosevelt, who was born and lived during
his boyhood but one block distant, in Twentieth Street,
at No. 28, which is to be preserved as a memorial of
him. No great stretch of the imagination is needed to
visualise the genial author of the Knickerbocker History
and the youthful President of the United States in the
long procession of old and young which the Park has
welcomed within its gates.

As a park given to the prospective owners of the land
surrounding it and held in trust for those who have made
their homes around it, Gramercy Park is unique in this
City, and perhaps in this country, and represents the
only neighborhood, with possibly one exception, which

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL
has remained comparatively unchanged for more than
eighty years. In a city where the tide of progress has
swept from the Battery, once the center of social life,
almost to the Harlem so relentlessly that but few traces
have been left of the family life of a former century,
the Park is one of the City's land-marks. Walled in by
skyscrapers and looked down upon by the Metropolitan
tower, the Park preserves its quiet seclusion, and its
trees and lawns bring new cheer to its residents and
passers-by with every recurring spring ; rising generations
continue to discover in it a happy playground, and per-
haps a few of the older generation recall the men and
women whose lives are interwoven in its history.

Trustees of Gramercy Park

Appointed

Died or

or Elected

Retired

Charles Augustus Davis

1831

Resigned 1866

Thomas L. Wells

1831

Resigned 1844

Robert D. Weeks

1831

Resigned 1854

Thomas R. Mercein

1831

Died 1844

Philo T. Ruggles

1831

Resigned 1844

1844

Resigned 1854

James W. Gerard

1844

Died 1874

William Samuel Johnson

1844

Resigned 1854

Alexander M. Lawrence

1854

Resigned 1877

Eben B. Crocker

1854

Resigned 1866

Charles P. Kirkland

1854

Resigned 1877

Curtis Judson

1874

Resigned 1885

Samuel J. Tilden

1874

Died 1886

Robert T. Woodward

1874

Resigned 1877

Cyrus W. Field

1877

Died 1892

B. Wesley

1877

Resigned 1885

Jonas H. Lane

1877

Died 1908

1885

Resigned 1894

William G. Hamilton

1885

Resigned 1903

Henry H. Anderson

1893

Died 1896

James W. Pinchot

1893

Died 1908

Stuyvesant Fish

1893

1903

Resigned 1908

1903

Died 1915

George Zabriskie

1908

John E. Cowden

1908

1916

John B. Pine

1916

[ 244 ]

A VOYAGE ON A CLIPPER-SHIP IN THE
SEVENTIES

William Allen Butler

Xwas invited in the Spring of 1872 to go on the
famous yacht "America" to the thousandth anni-
versary of the Island of Iceland. My parents
could not bring their minds to my being many months
away with no possibility of hearing from me. So I re-
fused an invitation, which, to a young man of nineteen,
was a great sacrifice. Apparently the Icelanders only
celebrate but once in a thousand years. So I had no
hopes for a second invitation.

Shortly after, my mother's cousin, Captain Charlie
Marshall, called to say that he was in command of an
Al, wire-rigged Clipper Ship built by Wm. H. Webb,
a famous ship builder of those days. This ship was
named after my mother's father, Captain Charles H.
Marshall, who had died in 1865. He was one of the
founders and owners of the famous Black Ball Line of
packets. Cousin Charlie invited me to go with him ; and
my mother, as a reward for declining the Iceland trip,
out of consideration to her, gladly consented.

On May 20, 1872, we were towed down the harbor.
The crew consisted of Captain Marshall, first and sec-
ond mates, boatswain, cook, steward, and twenty-two

[ 249 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

sailors before the mast, a motley crowd of many colors
and nationalities. There was a doctor, his wife, and
my cousin, Alexander M. Peabody, about my age.

Experiences commenced at once. Just after the tug
had left at Sandy Hook, and the sails were being un-
furled, a North River steam-boat came into collision
with us. Whether the Captain of this boat was ignorant
of the channel, or drunk, we couldn't tell, but he crowded
us so that we were forced either to maintain our course
or possibly go aground on a bar on our port side. Our
Captain kept the course he was entitled to, and the steam-
boat collided on our starboard side, at the point where
the fore-mast shrouds are attached to the ship, called
the fore-chains. A sailor jumped into the chains with a
rope fender, thereby hoping to lessen the shock. The
impact, however, was so great that he lost his hold
and fell between the colliding ships. I was in the shrouds
just above him and dropping to the deck, ran aft and
threw a life preserver, but he had been stunned by the
blow and immediately sank from sight. Our ship was
not damaged, but the steam-boat's rail was badly crushed,
and she was otherwise injured. As the result of this
tragedy, the sailors would not sing during the entire voy-
age. It was their seafaring way of showing respect to
a dead comrade.

The voyage was uneventful for the first eight days,
lovely weather, and I had the interesting experience of
becoming acquainted with a noble ship. My cousin and
myself were soon at home in the rigging. The main-top
may be described as a platform about five feet wide and
eight feet long. At the top of the mainmast, where the
shrouds joined the mast, two coils of heavy rope were
always coiled, and furnished an easy and safe hole to

[ 250 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

lie in, and very comfortable withal. Hours have I read
in that lofty nest. When we felt particularly venture-
some we would go to the crosstrees, a story higher, and
get a magnificent view, Once, but only once, was I
brave enough, — rash enough, would be more correct, —
to go to the top of the Royal Yard. A drop from that
point would clear the deck and land one in the sea.

On the eighth day a dense ice fog came down upon us.
We were on the grand banks of Newfoundland. The
fog froze to the rigging. The sails were stiff and hard,
and the sailors used wooden mallets to handle them. For
four days the sailors took turns on blowing a tin horn,
a feeble warning, compared with the sirens of to-day.

After four days of this misery and chill we struck per-
fect weather, with gentle breeze astern. A sight that
greatly interested us was an enormous school of whales,
between two and three hundred, blowing graceful spouts
of water and apparently enjoying themselves highly.
One, however, directly in our course, was asleep and we
struck him. There was a great splash, much water was
thrown on deck, the jar to the ship was considerable,
blood discolored the waves, and the great fish disap-
peared. For days we had delightful weather. The sea
life held for me and my chum an endless charm. We
built a row boat, which was to be brought back for use
on the Captain's farm in New Jersey, and we painted a
red, white and blue stripe on each side. Alas ! we did
not know that on the return voyage that boat would be
converted into a coffin for our dear Captain.

On June 8th, the 19th day out, when reeling along un-
der all sail, a squall struck us. All three royals, the lof-
tiest sails, were blown away before they could be furled.
The squall blew these sails into ribbons and they made a

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

savage noise as the ribbons snapped like a hundred whips.
Every man was on deck. The Captain shouted through
his trumpet for volunteers to go aloft to take in the
upper topsails. Two of these went with a noise like an
explosion before the sailors could furl them. The sight
of the volunteers going up the rigging with their knives
in their mouths was great. Almost immediately the squall
turned into a gale, the sea ran high. Fortunately it was
astern. Under close reef we were making good time.
The squall having struck us before the daily observation,
the Captain put out a patent revolving log to estimate the
run in miles, but some sea creature mistook it for food
and chewed up the mechanism, and when it was taken in,
it was a wreck. We therefore had no reckoning and no
sun to take an observation. We were rapidly nearing
Cape Clear. For two days and two nights we plunged
along with the gale astern. Early in the morning, the
third day, I rushed on deck half dressed, to answer the
Captain's call for all hands on deck. We had passed
Cape Clear, were apparently driving into a bay on the
east coast of Ireland, about fifty miles northeast of the
Cape, as we afterwards discovered, having completely
lost our reckoning. The breakers were right ahead, but
the Captain put that ship about. The masts fairly
shook under the sudden strain. The excitement was
great. Everyone pulled his best on the ropes and when
the last one was belayed fast we saw the breakers astern.
Our altered course brought us out into the Irish Sea.
We passed Holly Head in the moonlight that night and
reached Liverpool the next day. The voyage took
twenty-three days. It was a unique and never to be
forgotten experience, but I have always maintained that
the Iceland voyage would have been less risky.

[ 252 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Celebration of the 507th Anniversary of the
Birth of Joan of Arc

At a time when the soldiers of France and America
were fighting side by side in a great cause it seems emi-
nently appropriate that the birth of that saintly and
inspiring warrior, Joan of Arc, should be celebrated as
an event of appealing interest. Of all the nations that
have warred in Europe and have garlanded their history
with heroic deeds, it remains to be said of France and
of France alone that her wars have been won, not so
much by the skillful movements of her armies, but rather
by a mysterious influence which takes possession of the
spirits of the soldiers and of their commanders and
makes them invincible. The gentle and pure-hearted
Maid of Orleans led the disorganized and disheartened
soldiers of France to the glorious victories which saved
her country, and the same influence was evidenced in
the marvellous victory of the Marne.

The celebration of the 507th anniversary of the birth
of Joan of Arc took place January 6, 1919, and combined
with it was the naming of the Joan of Arc Park which
extends from 91st to 95th Street. The celebration was
in the evening and a feature of special interest was the
firing of a salute from the U. S. Cruisers Pennsylvania
and Utah by direction of Hon. Josephus Daniels, Secre-
tary of the Navy. The Pennsylvania was anchored off
89th Street and the Utah off 95th Street. As the cere-
monies began the Pennsylvania threw a ray of light
northward at an angle of thirty degrees and the Utah
likewise to the south, so that the two bars of light crossed
over the statue of Joan of Arc. Later in the evening
the rays were deflected so as to form a cross of light

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

directly over the statue. The effect was telling and ex-
pressed very beautifully our conception of the character
of Joan of Arc.

A procession marched around the Park led by Miss
Lillian Barrington as Joan of Arc on her white horse
and followed by the band of the Pelham Bay Naval
Camp, Captain Loyer, officers and men of the French
cruiser Marseillaise, Sons of the American Revolution,
Order of the Founders and Patriots of America, Ameri-
can Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, City His-
tory Club, Jeanne of Arc Home, Children of the Joan of
Arc School, and Boy Scouts of America.

At the statue messages were read from Mr. J. San-
ford Saltus, former Honorary President of the Joan of
Arc Statue Committee, the Louisiana Historical Society,
and Governor Alfred E. Smith. Dr. George F. Kunz,
President of the Joan of Arc Statue Committee, made the
address of welcome and was followed by other speakers,
among whom were Mr. Henry L. Hobart of the Church
Club, Capt. Loyer of the Marseillaise, Mr. Henry Snyder
Kissam of the Founders and Patriots of America, Dr.
Edward Hagaman Hall of the American Scenic and His-
toric Preservation Society, and Miss Charlton, principal
of Joan of Arc Public School.

[ 254 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

How Great Grandmother Took Her Outing
in 1810

(Original contribution to the Manual)

My home was in Maiden Lane. When the summer
came I usually went to Jamaica to visit my relatives.
Jamaica is twelve miles from Brooklyn and it took the
whole afternoon to make the journey.

I took my clothing in a round band box with a muslin
cover that closed up with strings top and bottom. This
held all I needed for a month, for young people had
not as many clothes then as now. My dress was of
calico and I carried a small cotton shawl. I also had a
thin muslin dress with cape to match. Sometimes those
capes were lined with a colored silk, pink or blue.

I would walk down Maiden Lane to the East River
where five or six rowboats were waiting to carry pas-
sengers to Brooklyn. These were rowed by one man
or sometimes two. When we landed we took a stage
to Jamaica. These were stage coaches, but were called
stages. They were driven by Caleb Mills and Johnny
Drawyer. They started at two o'clock and did not reach
Jamaica until dusk. They stopped at a half-way house
to rest and water the horses and to give the passengers
a drink.

There was a famous school in Jamaica then for boys,
kept by a Mr. Eigenbrodt, and many of the residents
took the pupils into their families to board. The Hon.
Rufus King had a country house in Jamaica. I remem-
ber that the Presbyterian Church which I attended stood
directly in the middle of the road and the clergyman
was old Parson Faitoute.

[ 257 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Sometimes I went to Flatbush to visit. I had one sum-
mer a white sprigged muslin dress with lilac ribbons
round my waist, lilac kid shoes and lilac kid gloves to
my elbow and a bag like my dress, drawn up with lilac
ribbons to wear on my visit. I felt very fine, I assure
you, and I can remember that my hostess made me come
in out of the garden lest I should spoil my pretty shoes.

I also occasionally went to Newark for a summer visit,
for Newark was only a country village then. I spent
a winter there with my cousin and went to school, and
while I was there Mr. Jacob Burnett moved out to Cin-
cinnati, which was in the Territory of Ohio. He went
out in a wagon. The journey took six weeks and he
carried his provisions with him. He built the first house
in Cincinnati. This long journey into the Far West
made a great talk. Not long after this steamboats
commenced running, but they were not at all such as
we are used to now. They were very small affairs. To
go to Newark I went from the foot of Cortlandt Street
by the boat to Powles Hook, now Jersey City. At the
Cortlandt Street wharf and at the Hook there were float-
ing docks. They were considered a wonderful inven-
tion and half the town used to gather there to see the
wonderful sight of the dock rising to meet the boat.

[ 258 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

First Woman Suffrage Bill

Fifty years ago the Legislature of the Territory of Wyoming
passed a* bill granting equal civil rights to women — the first leg-
islation of the kind adopted in America.

First White Men Land at Coney Island

On September 3rd, 1609 the first white men to set foot on the
soil of New York landed at Coney Island. Hendrik Hudson
who was just entering on his great discovery of the Hudson
river despatched a boat's crew from the Half Moon for the pur-
pose of getting a haul of fish which were so abundant in the
waters of the bay. The crew landed on the lonely beach at
Coney Island little dreaming of the stirring and exciting scenes
which a later time would witness.

When New York Became New York

When the English took possession of New Amsterdam in 1664
the Dutch form of government was revoked and the name of the
Province and the Burgh changed to New York in honor of the
royal proprietor James, Duke of York who later became James
II. This took place Sept. 8, 1664. The government of the
municipality was placed in the hands of a mayor and five alder-
men appointed by Governor Richard Nicolls who himself had
been appointed first English governor of the colony. Thomas
Willett was the first mayor and took his seat 1665.

The First White Child Born on Manhattan

The first white child born on Manhattan Island was Isaac du
Trieux son of Philip and Susanna du Trieux. The date of his
birth was April 21, 1642. Philip du Trieux was a Walloon hail-
ing from the French section of the Netherlands and was one of
the first company of colonists who came to Manhattan to settle.
He became a respected burgher of the little settlement. After
1664 when the colony was ceded to the English many of the
Dutch names took on an English form. The name of du Trieux
became Truax and has come down to us in this form. It has
been claimed that Isaac Bedlew was the first white child born
in New Amsterdam but the records of the Reformed Dutch
Church in New Amsterdam bear out the facts as given above.
Isaac Bedlew's birth did not take place until the following year,
namely 1643.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

A Fire Incident 1796

This morning (Dec. 9, 1796) about one o'clock a most dreadful
fire broke out near the centre of Murray's Wharf, Coffee-house
slip, which notwithstanding all the exertions of all the engines,
and a vast concourse of the citizens could not be got under,
until it terminated at the Fly Market, consuming nearly fifty
buildings, the property of a number of citizens, some of whom
are reduced from affluence to indigence.

During this dreadful fire a gentleman belonging to the Com-
pany of the Bag-men, returning home with a bag filled with
papers of considerable importance to the owners, in order to
insure their safety met with two "sons of the sea" evidently dis-
interested in the horrors of the night standing idle at the corner
of one of the streets. The gentleman, observing their want of
duty to their fellow citizens in distress, expostulated with them
on the impropriety of their absence, when one of them more
impertinent than the other, retorted with, "Blast the fellow ;
What business is it to you — you've got your booty" ;

Table Customs of Long Ago

Steel knives were used exclusively. The head of the house
cut the bread at the table, usually by holding it under his arm
and carving off the big thick slices, and passing them around.
Bones from the table were thrown on the crumb cloth for the
dogs, who were watching for the crumbs that fell from the
master's table. Coffee or tea was poured out into the saucer and
light breezes blown over it from the puckered up mouth until
it was cool enough to drink. The butter was in a large dish,
usually a pound or two, and each person helped himself, plaster-
ing his portion on the edge of his plate. The plate was large
enough to hold a buckwheat cake six or seven inches in diameter
without hanging over the edges.

A New York Dresser at Palm Beach

I get up and put on llama gray wool socks, brown leather
brogued shoes with heavy soles of rubber, a gray flannel shirt
with cricket collar of the same stuff attached, a deep red sailor's
knot scarf and a loose jacket and bag trousers of woolly gray
flannel and I am dressed and ready for my first meal of the
day and an hour of motor-boating. Later in the morning there
is no humidity with the heat and I find linen is the nicest thing
to wear. A white silk shirt with a slightly starched linen collar,
a plain dark brown silk sailor's knot scarf and polished buck
shoes tipped at heel and toe with varnished brown leather — and
I am ready. I wear no hat — I never wear one here.

[ 260 ]

E Herald office, corner Broadway and Ann Street, 1870. Hudnut's
.Pharmacy and its famous thermometer were on the right

OF OLD NEW YORK

Some Associations of Old Ann Street, 1720-1920

first paper
Aaron Mendoza

Ann Street is one of those strange, irregularly laid-out
thoroughfares commencing at both Broadway and Park
Row, and then running in an easterly direction, crossing
Nassau and William Streets, and terminating at Gold
Street. It is a narrow, cavernous street, only three
blocks in length, strongly remindful of the streets of old
Boston or London, and almost retains the aspect of
sixty years ago from Nassau to Gold Streets. Theatre
Alley divides the north side between Park Row and
Nassau Street, being called "The Mews" in 1797, secur-
ing its present name in 1807. It was used as an approach
to the old Park Theater.

About 1720, the street was laid out and formally named
"Ann Street," although frequently quoted as being orig-
inally called "White Street," probably for Mrs. Anna
White, who, however, did not become a property owner
on the street until years later than James Lyne's survey
of 1728, which shows the name of Ann Street first men-
tioned. It has also been stated that the Beekman family
used their influence with the authorities to have the
thoroughfare named for Ann, daughter of Gov. Gerardus
C. Beekman, but as she was born March 15, 1739, that
theory is also disposed of. Ann Vieltje, a Dutch burgh-
er's wife, is also given credit for being the person for
whom the street was named, and I am inclined to give
credence to this fact. Farm owners, when cutting paths
through their property, generally called them by their
wives' first names ; perhaps this led to the name "Ann
Street." Strange though it may seem, there is no credit-

[ 263 1

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

able information extant as to where the name "Ann
Street" had its origin.

Originally, all that tract called Ann Street was em-
braced in Cornelius Van Tienhoven's farm. A lane ran
through the entire farm from Fulton Street, thence
through Gold Street to where it intersects Ann Street,
where there stood a great tree ; from there it turned west-
ward into Broadway. It had not been carefully laid out,
and was mainly to afford access to the "Commons," be-
ing mainly a track through the underbrush and woodland.
This Van Tienhoven's Lane was the original Ann Street
of 1642. The street between William and Gold on ac-
count of its still being a very narrow block, leads me to
believe it has the same identical width as the original
Lane, and it is the narrowest block in the city with the
sole exception of Thames Street. The city authorities
have never widened it, confining their improvement to the
blocks between Broadway and William Street. After
the death of Van Tienhoven, the farm was sold to one
Jan Smedes, who in turn disposed of the part embracing
the area within the present Maiden Lane, Ann Street,
Broadway, and a line on the east between William and
Gold Streets, to four shoemakers — Coenrad Ten Eyck,
John Harpendinck, Carsten Luersen and Jacob Abra-
hamson, who wished to establish tan-pits in that portion
near Maiden Lane. This tract was called the celebrated
"Shoemakers' Pasture." In 1696 most of the land was
divided into town lots and sold for $100 each.

A part of the street on the northerly side was also in
the Beekman tract, as well as in David Provoost's farm,
in the very early days. Then the "Commons" extended
to the present Nassau Street (formerly Kip Street at this
point) ; that block on Ann Street between Broadway and

[ 264 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Nassau Street not being cut through until about the year
1769. The "Commons" occupied a square lying gener-
ally between Broadway and Nassau Street on the east
and west, and Ann and Chambers Streets on the north
and south, sometimes called by the Dutch "The Vlackte"
or "Flat." It was used to celebrate the public events,
and public bonfires were lighted five times a year.

The "Vineyard" or "Governor's Garden" also included
a part of Ann Street, belonging to Governor Dongan and
conveyed to him by John Knight in 1685. This tract in-
cluded the block bounded by the present Park Row,
Beekman, Nassau and Ann Streets. It was laid out as a
garden, being for half a century a pleasure ground. Not
until 1773 was any of the land disposed of. In that
year, a triangular plot of ground — 49 feet on Park Row
and 81 feet on Ann Street (now No. 1 Park Row) — was
purchased by Andrew Hopper for $1,640, where he kept
a store for many years. In 1796 this property was valued
at $4,000.

The southeast corner of Broadway and Ann Street was
always a famous spot. The block bounded by Broad-
way, Nassau, Fulton and Ann Streets in the early eigh-
teenth century (before 1712) was a public gathering place
known as Spring Garden. A large Public House was
situated directly at the Ann Street corner, known as
Spring Garden House, being occupied in 1739 by Thos.
Scurlock, known as a "vintner" or wine-maker. It was a
well-known landmark. Scurlock died in 1747, and the
establishment was run by his widow Eve for a number
of years. It was advertised for sale in 1759, being de-
scribed as "in Broadway at the corner of Spring Garden,
now in use as a Tavern, Sign of the King of Prussia, and
next door to Dr. Johnson's," President of Kings, now

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Columbia, College. In 1760 the proprietor was John
Elkin, whose advertisement offered "breakfast from 7 to
9, tea in the afternoon from 3 to 6, the best of green tea
and hot French rolls, pies and tarts drawn from 7 to 9,
mead and cakes." It remained a tavern until the early
part of 1770, when it passed into the hands of Henry
Bicker.

About this period, the "Sons of Liberty," that cele-
brated political organization of revolutionary times, had
vacated Montagnie's, and were seeking a meeting-place.
They had determined to support an establishment of their
own, and, approaching Bicker, persuaded him to sell.
Upon purchasing this property they christened it "Hamp-
den Hall," "consecrated to the cause of Liberty," and on
the 19th day of March, 1770, they assembled here for the
first time. It became their headquarters, and was the
scene of many disputes which characterized that era of
our history. Near this building stood the famous "Lib-
erty Pole," and it is said that the first blood of the Revo-
lution was shed here, when the British soldiery attempted
to cut the pole down, that incident provoking a serious
clash of arms.

On this corner the sign pointing the "Road to Bos-
ton" was in plain view ; on the Park Row corner was a
sign-post showing the "Road to Albany."

In 1719 there was a large rope-walk of Dugdale and
Searles which was on Broadway from Ann to Chambers
Streets. It was also in this year that Jacobus Kip was
elected Alderman and Andries Maerschalck was elected
his assistant from the North Ward, this district including
Ann Street. They served jointly until 1727. The popu-
lation of the Ward at this time was about 1,000 persons,
and the entire city numbered but 7,000 inhabitants.

[ 266 ]

Rev. Joseph Pilmore, lay preacher, from John Wesley's school, Kins-
wood, England, first Rector of Christ Church in Ann Street, 1793

OF OLD NEW YORK

In 1729 Ann Street boasted three dwellings, and stead-
ily grew, for in 1742 there were seven houses, in 1744
eight houses and in 1776 at the commencement of the
historic struggle, twenty houses were built, almost all
being on the south side of the street. These houses were
used for residential purposes, but a few years afterward
business enterprise began to invade the street, and though
it might have retained a residential aspect, it was pre-
destined to become a mart of commerce. In those days
also the houses were given street numbers, not the lots,
so that if only three buildings were erected on a block,
there were only three street numbers. This condition of
affairs was corrected about the year 1820. The street was
not all built up until about 1850.

No. 2 Ann Street was a mecca for organizations or
societies who met in this building in the middle of the
eighteenth century. Chief among them was St. John's
Masonic Lodge No. 1 (chartered December 27, 1757).
In 1799 they met at 90 William Street.

The first mention of Ann Street in the New York City
directories is the notice that "The Society of Peruke
Makers and Hair Dressers met at Mr. Ketchum's, 22 Ann
Street in 1785." This is printed in the first directory of
the city, published in 1786 by Longworth.

One of the most important events that Ann Street can
boast of is that of having Washington Irving (1783-1859)
as its young schoolboy and resident. Young Irving in
1786 attended the school of Mrs. Ann Kilmaster at 13
Ann Street (between William and Gold Streets), where
he continued for upwards of two years without, it is said,
making much progress. After William Irving, father of
Washington Irving, died on October 25, 1807, his mother
continued to reside at the northwest corner of William

[ 269 ]

#

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

and (40) Ann Street. Washington Irving also resided
there with his mother, sisters and brothers. In this
house, which was torn down a few years since, was writ-
ten "Salamagundi" (1807) and ''Knickerbocker's History
of New York" (1809). In the spring of 1811 he took up
a residence with Henry Brevoort at Mrs. Ryckman's on
Broadway near Bowling Green. It is quite coincidental
that when Irving died in 1859 the last rites at Tarrytown
should be performed at Christ Church. He was an Epis-
copalian and no doubt frequently attended services at
Christ Church in Ann Street, near his home.

Jonathan Pearsee kept a tavern on Nassau Street,
corner of (No. 16) Ann Street about 1780. On May 12,
1784, he received from the city the sum of £182-13-0
for "victualling British prisoners." His widow resided
at 16 Ann Street in 1816.

Christ Church in Ann Street

There is a certain dignity attached to this street, a
higher regard for its earlier history and traditions, when
we are informed that it possessed the second Episcopal
Church in the city. A reverence for the Almighty was
never more ardently or fervently displayed than in the
year 1793, when one William Post with 172 other fel-
low-worshippers of Trinity became dissatisfied with the
conduct of things. They endeavored to persuade the
church to establish a Sunday evening lecture, presenting
a petition thereof in furtherance of their desires. Fail-
ing to convince the vestry that their petition should be
granted, the signers decided to establish a church of their
own, and shortly thereafter at No. 49 Ann Street, on
the north side, a few doors east of Nassau Street, the
first (and last) "Church in Ann Street" came into ex-

[ 270 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

istence. Articles of incorporation were filed in the Coun-
ty Clerk's office in April, 1793. An edifice of stone was
erected fronting 60 feet on Ann Street and extending
back 80 feet, making a total area of 4,800 square feet,
no inconsiderable building one hundred and twenty-six
years since. The land had been conveyed to the church
by George Warner, one of its earliest benefactors.

The first minister called to the pulpit, and whom the
parishioners wanted as assistant at Trinity, was the Rev.
Jos. Pilmore. He was born at Tadmouth, England, on
October 31, 1739. At John Wesley's school in Kings-
wood, England, he undertook the work of an itinerant
or lay preacher. Seeking broader fields, however, in
1769 he came to America for the purpose of establishing
Methodism, and preached from the steps of the State
House in Philadelphia, this being the first Methodist
meeting in that city, where he also established the first
church. After the Revolutionary War, however, he
sought for orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church,
being ordained deacon by Bishop Seabury, November
27, 1785, and priest a few days later. In 1793 he came
to New York, where he became identified with the John
Street Methodist Church, and from here he was called
to Christ Church, remaining ten years. It was here,
during the yellow fever epidemic in 1798, he "stood like
a son of thunder, preaching every Saturday," defying,
as it were, the terrible consequences the catching of that
dread disease would entail. He resigned the charge on
account of his wife's delicate health, succeeding Dr.
Magaw at St. Paul's in Philadelphia. When he died
there, July 24, 1825, one-half of his fortune was be-
queathed to the Protestant Episcopal Church. During
his rectorship, Christ Church made great progress, and

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

at his leaving numbered 300 in communion. Through
his efforts, too, the parish was admitted into union with
the Convention in 1802, although through a misunder-
standing between the officers of the parish and the ec-
clesiastical authorities of the diocese it had not been so
favored until then.

Rev. Thos. Lyell was Pilmore's successor, who for
18 years conducted affairs with a great measure of suc-
cess, but in March, 1823, a majority of the worshippers
clamored for a removal to more spacious quarters, with
the result that a new church was established at 81 An-
thony (now Worth) Street, near Broadway. A number
of the parishioners, however, objected, as they had thirty
years before, and remained true to the old church, where,
obtaining permission of Trinity, they organized "Christ
Church in Ann Street," with Rev. John Sellon as rector,
who also purchased the building, and had an assemblage
of 120 members. It did not last long, however, for at
the end of two years in 1825 he resigned and the con-
gregation was scattered. This was the final chapter to a
church which had started so valiantly thirty-two years
before, but this was not to end the use of the building as
a house of worship.

The Catholics were in need of an edifice, and the Rev.
Felix Varela, a Cuban who had been assistant at St.
Peter's in Barclay Street, purchased the building partly
with his own funds and means lent to him by a Spanish
merchant. The Church was solemnly dedicated July 15,
1827, where Varela displayed an ardent devotion to his
duties. He had received his education at the Royal
College of San Carlos at Havana, and afterward became
a deputy from the island to the Cortes, but when the
Constitution was overthrown, he was proscribed, came to

f 272 ]

J\. notable group of uutfomgs at ^Broaofoau,
155itf arto 150ilj Streets

The Hispanic Society of America

The Museum of the American Indian,
Heye Foundation

The American Geographical Society

The Numismatic Society

Church of Our Lady of Hope

OF OLD NEW YORK

Philadelphia, and started a periodical called "El Haba-
nera" In 1825 he removed to New York, and having
mastered the English language thoroughly was placed at
St. Peter's, when Bishop DuBois assumed control of
the diocese. From there he was ordained in the Ann
Street Church, living at 45 Ann Street in close prox-
imity to his church. Here the Catholics remained, pros-
pering and spreading their gospel through the neigh-
borhood, until the 12th of August, 1835. On that date a
disastrous conflagration started at 115 Fulton Street, and
before the flames could be effectively checked had burned
both sides of Fulton and Ann Streets for nearly a
block, destroying the house of worship. The Catholics
then constructed another church on James Street, con-
tinuing the name "Christ Church." Another building
was erected at No. 49 Ann Street, but this was again
consumed by fire July 30, 1847.

Meanwhile the members of the church, who had re-
moved uptown to Anthony Street, consecrated and com-
pleted their church, formerly a theater, on June 29, 1849.
It was here they had a great measure of success, re-
maining until 1854. From here they removed to West
18th Street, occupying St. Ann's Church. In 1859 a
church was secured from the Baptists at the southeast
corner of Fifth Avenue and 35th Street, where they
remained for thirty years. A tablet was erected here to
the memory of Dr. Lyell. At this juncture a new build-
ing was erected at 2061 Broadway (71st Street) where
the church still remains. Among the prominent rectors
were F. C. Ewer, Hugh M. Thompson and William
McVickar.

In 1795 the Society for Promoting the Manumission
of Slaves, of which Matthew Clarkson was President,

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

instituted a new school for the education of negro chil-
dren at 60 Ann Street under the direction of Cornelius

Davis.

In the early 1800's, the street was a mecca for a short
while of seafaring men. They swarmed here, after their
ships touched port, and no doubt visited the various
taverns, and after spending their stipends withdrew.
This condition of affairs existed for a short while only,
and the men of the sea frequented other parts of town,
nearer the water-fronts.

In 1803 Andrew Hopper had an attractive residence
where the St. Paul building now stands, amid spacious
grounds on the block which extends from Ann to Ful-
ton streets on Broadway. He afterward had a dry goods
store on this block occupying a building in conjunction
with John Scoles, the engraver and bookseller, about the
year 1805. Their house number was 222 Broadway,
which was the corner of Ann Street. A few years later
Jotham Smith also had a large dry goods store on this
corner, where a majority of the ladies of town did their
purchasing. Smith afterward removed to the Astor
House site.

Ann Street in 1805 became the home of Jonas Hum-
bert's distinguished cracker and cake bakery, having re-
moved to No. 33 Ann Street from the Bowery. Here he
remained for a number of years, baking those justly cele-
brated cakes and crackers, which were prized by the
people of over one hundred years ago.

In 1830 Ann Street was improved and widened from
Broadway to Nassau Street, and on March 26, 1832, it
was widened from Nassau to William Streets at a cost
of $22,697. These improvements provoked much praise,
particularly from the editors of the New York Mirror,

\ 278 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

who had the following notice in their issue of Saturday,
Sept. 14, 1833 : "Improvements of the city — Ann Street
is quite revolutionized. No one who has not seen it for
two years would know it, it is so much improved. It is
now worthy of being in the neighborhood of our august
presence — before it was not — and its friends and owners
perceiving the indecorum of having shabby houses, and
an insignificant street in our vicinity, with becoming
spirit, for which they deserve the public thanks, resolved
on a change. These remarks, be it known, however, do
not apply to every part of Ann Street, for there are cer-
tain little wooden houses just opposite to us, that we are
very anxious to see prostrated, for indeed they are no
ornament at present but afford a first-class site for the
erection of buildings suitable for this part of the town in
general, and its proximity to us in particular." The Nezv
York Mirror was published at the northwest corner of
Ann and Nassau Streets in the new Franklin Building.

In 1867 the authorities again talked of widening the
street; a resolution being passed authorizing the work,
but there was some disagreement, and another resolu-
tion was adopted rescinding the original one.

In the 1850's Ann Street was a gathering place for
many sharpers and gamblers, who came from all over
the country to fleece the unwary countryman. A small
band of Chinamen operated a number of gambling
houses where "fake" games were run night and day.
These were scattered over the block from Park Row to
Nassau Street, particularly being at numbers 1, 11, 13
and 15. Some of these places flourished until recent
years.

The street was a "hang-out" in this period for the
volunteer fireladdies, who also took a turn at the cards

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

and "the wheel." The famous "Honey-Bee" fire-engine
and Company were quartered at 61 Ann Street, as well
as Southwark Engine Co. No. 38 and Humane Hose Co.
No. 20, both at 28 Ann Street. Many races were held
between the rival fire companies ; wagers being laid fre-
quently on the merits of each company, and Ann Street,
Broadway and the adjacent thoroughfares resounded with
their good-natured banterings. These days are gone for-
ever, never to return.

In the late 1840's, the corner of Park Row and Ann
Street was a "standing post" or day station for police-
men of the Second Ward, used one-half hour after sun-
rise until sunset.

Barnum's Museum

Who can realize, that at the southeast corner of Broad-
way and Ann Street, where the St. Paul building (built
1897) rears its 307 feet of masonry skyward, once stood
the celebrated Barnum's Museum, where the famous
showman got that auspicious start in "humbugging" the
public. Before Barnum became proprietor it had gone
through various ownerships. John Pintard, son of the
celebrated New York merchant, was really the originator
of the Museum which afterward bore Barnum's name.
The city authorities granted him the use of a room in
the City Hall to be used for an "American Museum un-
der the patronage of the Tammany Society or Columbian
Order." Pintard was Secretary and Gardner Baker,
Keeper. The last-named became sole owner in 1808. It
was purchased by Dr. Scudder in 1810, who removed to
21 Chatham Street (now Park Row), where it remained
until 1816. The following year the Museum took quar-
ters in the westerly end of the New York Institute

[ 280 ]

Foundry in Ann Street where the first stereotype plates
for a folio Bible were made

OF OLD NEW YORK

building on Chambers Street, subsequently removing
(1830) to Ann Street and Broadway, where a new, hand-
some building was erected. The upper portion of the
building was occupied by the Museum. The ground or
store floor' was occupied by "Schuyler's Exchange Lot-
tery" in 1831. Dr. Scudder was highly successful with
the venture until his death in 1832. His heirs attempted
to manage the undertaking, and Mrs. Scudder gave 400
tickets to the school children of the city, as prizes, to
induce their elders to attend. It steadily lost patronage,
however, and in a few years the heirs determined to sac-
rifice their holdings, pricing them at $15,000. Barnum,
who had been a newspaperman at a meagre stipend, and,
as he said, with "a family to support," determined to
enter the field of purchasers.

The Museum building was owned by Francis W. Olm-
stead. Barnum communicated with him, suggesting that
he be appointed as the manager, which plan however was
not successful. Barnum then arranged with Mr. Heath,
one of the administrators of Scudder's estate, to pur-
chase the Museum for $12,000, and when he had ar-
ranged the sale, was thunderstruck upon being informed
it had been sold to an incorporated concern called
"Peale's Museum," who intended to load the stock on
the public. The scheme being a stock- jobbing affair to
bait the gullible public, was ridiculed in the newspapers
of the day by Barnum, who described the stock as "dead
as a herring." His campaign was successfully engineered,
so much so that "Peale's Museum, Inc.," failed to pay
the balance due on their contract to the estate, and on
December 27, 1841, P. T. Barnum became the full-
fledged proprietor of the American Museum. He had
arranged to pay off the purchase price in yearly install-

[ 283 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

ments, but through perseverance and hard work, the con-
tract was settled long before its allotted time. The
venture was a decided success, almost from its incep-
tion. There was a band playing from the front gallery,
special monstrosities and novelties were introduced from
all parts of the globe, "Tom Thumb," the lilliputian.
made the establishment popular, and as time went on,
the genial proprietor became financially independent.

To show his sagacity and ability to make the most of
a situation, the following incident is related: Barnum
had an altercation with a vestryman of St. Paul's Church,
because flags strung across Broadway were tied to a tree
in the churchyard, they having been put up without per-
mission. On Washington's birthday, a member of the
church wished to haul the flags down, calling on Mr.
Barnum to do so, and, upon the latter refusing, attempted
to perform that task himself. Barnum, perceiving this,
appealed to the patriotism of a large crowd which had
gathered, and the churchman retired, worsted. The peo-
ple then began to stream into the Museum, and they so
filled the building that a way had to be devised to admit
the waiting throngs. Barnum had an employee build an
exit on the Ann Street side with a large sign reading
"This way to the egress." There the people flocked,
thinking it was a new wonder to be exhibited, eventually
finding themselves on the street. This was an ingenious
scheme, and a clever way out of the difficulty.

There was a small theater attached to the Museum,
which opened on June 17, 1850, with "The Drunkard."
Here appeared Alexina Fisher, Kate and Ellen Bate-
man, and many other performers of note. The last
engagement played was that of John B. Studley in the
legitimate drama. It was also about this time that Bar-

[ 284 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

num acquired additional fame by introducing to the pub-
lic that famous singer, Jenny Lind. In 1854 Barnum
published a volume of reminiscences, dated from The
American Museum, November 30, 1854, and dedicated to
the "Universal Yankee Nation." All these years affairs
were prospering, wealth was rolling in, and Barnum felt
secure against all misfortune, but on November 25, 1864,
a fire, started by an incendiary, did serious damage. This
was extinguished, however, without much loss, but on
July 13, 1865, about noon, a second and most disastrous
conflagration broke out, luckily when there were but few
people in the building, and the Museum was a complete
loss to the owner. The press of the day characterized
the escaping of the various exhibits as quite an unique
and humorous scene. It is said that steam fire-engines
were first used here. The fire was so hot that it scorched
St. Paul's across the street. Thus ended Barnum's Mu-
seum at the corner of Ann Street and Broadway, the
venture finally removing further uptown, the persevering
owner starting anew after the fire. James Gordon Ben-
nett then purchased the site for the Herald Building.

Printers and Booksellers

It is a well-established fact that Ann Street has been
a mart for members of the printing craft from the time
that George Borkinbine and William Copp, at numbers
20 and 21 Ann Street respectively, started their modest
printeries in 1789. No thoroughfare enjoyed a better
reputation for the popular literature of the early 40's,
printed in cheap editions, which had a large following,
and in consequence a wide circulation. It was the home
of newspaper printers, being dubbed the Paternoster Row
of America. Here were printed the large blanket sheets

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

as they were humorously and derisively called. W. E.
Dean at No. 2 Ann Street was one of the well-known
publishers of the early 1830's in close proximity to "]\m"
Connor's Type Foundry in the new Franklin Building,
northwest corner of Ann and (107) Nassau Streets.
Connor first saw the light of day in Hyde Park, Dutchess
County, N. Y., on April 22, 1798. Before the age of 21
he entered the printing office of Noah's National Advo-
cate, and, becoming expert at the trade, he was then em-
ployed by one Watts. Eventually he started on his own
account, producing the first stereotype plates for a folio
Bible, which was sold to Silas Andrews, the noted Hart-
ford publisher, for $5,000. He became decidedly popu-
lar, and was elected New York County Clerk in 1844,
holding office for six years. He passed away in May,
1861. Afterward the firm name was Connor & Cooke.

In the same building was published the New York
Mirror, an extremely popular literary publication, with
contributors such as Bryant, Cooper, Halleck, Irving, Poe,
and numerous other Knickerbocker writers of the period.
The editors of the publication were Geo. P. Morris,
Theo. S. Fay and Nathaniel P. Willis. The first number
was issued on August 2, 1823 (printed by Geo. P. Scott
& Co.), under the title New York Mirror and Ladies
Gazette. It became decidedly popular, almost immedi-
ately establishing itself as a literary institution, due to
its columns embracing the best talent of the country. On
December 31, 1842, it was compelled to suspend publica-
tion due to financial reasons, being revived, however, on
April 8, 1843, under the title, New Mirror, but lasted
only for three years, ceasing publication September 28,
1844. The Evening Mirror was then created under
the editorship of Hiram Fuller, and ran successfully un-

[ 286 ]

Burning of Barnum's Museum, July 13, 1865

is doubtful if any building in new york at that time was better
known than barnum's museum. and when it burned down it
furnished a fitting end to the long list of sensations which
it had already created. a dead whale lay in the streets
for two days after the fire, and a marble statue
of Queen Victoria perched blithely among
the blackened ruins for a week

OF OLD NEW YORK

til the commencement of the Rebellion. Fuller eventually
left the country, going to London.

General Jonas Winchester, at No. 30 Ann Street, in
the late 1830's, made a specialty of popular editions, be-
ing the first to introduce in English to the American pub-
lic the works of Eugene Sue. He issued periodicals
called Every Youth's Gazette, Books for the People,
Golden Rule and The New World. This latter paper
was issued every Saturday, edited by Park Benjamin and
Rufus W. Griewold.

Burgess, Stringer & Townsend (afterward Stringer &
Townsend) occupied a corner of the Museum Building
at Broadway and Ann Street, known as 222 Broadway.
They issued a large number of volumes, chief among
which was an early edition of Cooper's novels.

Down the block at No. 18, Garrett & Co. in 1855 em-
barked on a publishing enterprise, issuing many volumes
of popular fiction, games, etc. They were succeeded by
Garrett, Dick & Fitzgerald in 1856, and in 1858 the firm
of Dick & Fitzgerald came into existence, taking over
the lines established by their predecessors. Wm. H. Dick
was the most enterprising member of the firm, and it was
mainly through his efforts that the firm prospered. When
he passed away, his son, H. B. Dick, continued in the
business so successfully laid down by his father, and the
name Dick and Fitzgerald became a power in the book-
trade for a generation, this business continuing until
1917, the year H. B. Dick died. The building was then
sold to the National Park Bank by the estate, who re-
moved the old structure to make way for a modern ad-
dition to their Broadway edifice. The old firm is still
continued by a number of the faithful employees.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

At No. 32, and afterward at No. 43, was located Harry
Long & Bro., publishers. Harry was a dashing fellow,
belonging to an uptown Hose Company, while his brother
gained notoriety through his marriage with Miss Wood-
cock, one of the actresses of Mitchell's Olympic Theater.

Jared W. Bell also had his publishing house at No. 17
Ann Street, long the home of booksellers, publishers and
printers, and he was the printer of that celebrated col-
lection of Poems by the "Mad Poet of Broadway," Mac-
donald Clarke, in 1836. I have thought this event of
sufficient importance to append herewith a short sketch
of this unfortunate character, whom fame never smiled
upon, although his writings were widely read and dis-
cussed among literary circles of the period. Macdonald
Clarke was born in New London, Conn., June 18, 1798,
and came to New York in 1819. While here, he fell in
love with a handsome actress by the name of Brundage,
who performed in numerous productions on Chatham
Street (now Park Row) and the present site of the Park
Row Building. The night she was to play the part of
Ophelia in Hamlet, Clarke eloped with her, and they
were married. He could not support his bride properly,
however, and this fact preyed upon his mind to such an
extent that it made him melancholy. They were subse-
quently divorced. It seems coincidental that Clarke
should marry an actress about to play the part of Ophelia
to the melancholy Dane, and the culmination of his ro-
mance provoked the same disorder of mind that Hamlet
fell heir to. It was through this stress of mind and his
peculiar antics incident thereto, that he was dubbed "The
Mad Poet of Broadway." He died March 5, 1842, aged
44, being buried at Greenwood. Among his works are
"Review of the Eve of Eternity and Other Poems"

[ 290 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

(1820), "Elixir of Moonshine: A Collection of Prose
and Poetry by the Mad Poet" (1822), "The Gossip"
(1825), "Sketches" (1826), "Afara, or the Belles of
Broadway," two series (1836), "Poems" (1836), "A
Cross and A Coronet" (1841).

Akarman & Brady had a publishing house between
Broadway and Nassau Street, issuing a periodical, The
True American.

The street was the birthplace of a great many news-
papers which enjoyed a wide circulation during the 40's.
The Morning Star was a popular sheet of those days,
subsequently purchased by Casper C. Childs, and con-
verted into The True National Democrat in the interest
of Van Buren's candidacy.

Williams Bros, published The Privateer. To its of-
fice was attached a publishing house which, it is said,
first introduced Dumas to the American public.

Frank Bonard, in this eventful period, issued The
Evening Tatler at 27 Ann Street, a two-cent sheet, ed-
ited by John M. Moore, a gifted author who wrote Tom
Stapleton. This newspaper was afterward disposed of
by Bonard, who entered a new undertaking, The Sunday
Times. A great majority of the Sunday newspapers
originated on Ann Street, and Thos. Jenks Smith, editor
of the Sunday Morning News which was at 1^4 also
17 Ann Street, was claimed as the premier, although
strenuously disputed by John Tryon. Smith's paper came
into being through the issuing of a comical story rela-
tive to the owner of a much- frequented road-side tavern,
"Here She Goes and There She Goes." The paper was
eventually purchased by Warren Draper, treasurer of
the Chatham Theater, who in turn transferred it to Con-

[ 291 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

[ 292 )

OF OLD NEW YORK

gressman Whitney and Fred. West, one of the founders
of The Sunday Atlas.

Among other printers of note in the 40's and 50's
might be mentioned Wm. Burnett (17 Ann Street), W.
F. Burgess (22 Ann Street), Carroll & Co. (63 Ann
Street), W. E. Dean (12 Ann Street), D. Fanshawe (35
Ann Street), Geo. Y. Johnson, Robt. Martin (40 Ann
Street), Osborn & Buckingham (29 Ann Street), J. C.
Riker (15 Ann Street), Benj. Trevett (28 Ann Street),
John F. Trow (49 Ann Street), Ward & Co. (30 Ann
Street), J. Wilson (49 Ann Street).

Yet the newspaper publishers, or editors, who prob-
ably made the street more notable on that account, were
James Gordon Bennett and Horace Greeley. The for-
mer being a predecessor, will be treated of initially in this
article. He was Scotch by birth, born at Banffshire in
1795, reaching America in 1819, where he was employed
a short time afterward as reporter and assistant editor of
a few newspapers, which in those times was quite pos-
sible. About 1830 he became associate editor of the
Courier and Enquirer, and in 1833 was chief editor of
The Pennsylvanian in Philadelphia. By far the most
important event in his life, and that which influenced to
a great extent American affairs, was the founding of the
New York Herald. The first number of this newspaper,
which was called The Morning Herald, was issued from
the basement of 20 Wall Street on May 6, 1835, and in
size measured 10% by 14% inches. Ralph Glover, who
was a physician at No. 2 Ann Street, was one of the
advertisers in the first issue. On the 31st it appeared as
The Herald. From the commencement of publication,
Mr. Bennett conducted his sheet independent of party,
and it was entirely different from the papers of the time.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

In 1836 the price of the paper was advanced to two
cents, Bennett predicting that the Herald would eventu-
ally prove the best in the country. The paper eventually
removed to the southwest corner of Ann and Nassau
Streets (No. 21 Ann Street), also having offices at No.
34 Ann Street.

These offices were outgrown, however, and in 1865
the site of Barnum's Museum was purchased for a quar-
ter of a million dollars. An edifice of five stories was
erected, humorously characterized as the "iron-fronted
newspaper office." Here the paper thrived, running with
great success, until the death of Mr. Bennett on June 1,
1872. When the newspaper offices were removed to
Broadway and Ann Streets, the Bennett building was
erected, which was the pioneer of the large iron office
structures. In 1875 it was bright and new, being the
talk of the town and only six stories in height. The
building was eventually enlarged and entirely remodeled
by a Mr. Pettit, who paid much more for the improve-
ments than he had to Mr. Bennett. The newspaper was
continued by James Gordon Bennett, Jr. (born May 10,
1841, died 1918), the publication removing from Ann
Street and Broadway to the present quarters in 1896.
Chief among his exploits was that of sending Henry M.
Stanley to Africa to find Livingstone.

Although Horace Greeley, in this dissertation, is treated
of as following the immortal Bennett, it is not because of
the secondary importance which is attached to his name,
but mainly for the reason of his coming just a little later
on the scene. He was born of poor parents at Amherst,
N. H., studying the printing art at E. Poultney, Vt., be-
ing employed there from 1826 to 1830. In 1831 he came
to New York, having, as the story goes, only $10 in his

[ 296 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

pocket, securing employment as a journeyman printer.
In 1833 he became identified with Francis Story, another
newspaperman, issuing the Morning Post, the first penny
paper, but it was an unsuccessful enterprise, lasting but
two months. The firm of Greeley & Co. being organized,
published the New Yorker, it lasting seven years, not
favoring any political party but being entirely neutral.
It was then suspended as the venture was unsuccessful.
In 1838 the firm published a few things from 29 Ann
Street. On May 2, 1840, Greeley became associated with
Thos. McElrath, issuing The Log Cabin from 30 Ann
Street, it having been a campaign issue in 1839. It en-
joyed an extensive circulation, running over eighty thou-
sand. This gave him a nation-wide reputation as a fear-
less writer and an able politician.

The firm of Greeley & Co. also issued from the same
address The Politicians Register in 1840, the third of
that series of almanacs, which afterward became The
Tribune Almanac. On April 10, 1841, the first num-
ber of The New York Tribune was issued from 30 Ann
Street, with the motto, "I desire you to understand the
true principles of the government. I wish them carried
out — I ask nothing more" ; quoted from Harrison. Since
then it has enjoyed a distinguished reputation. On Feb-
ruary 5, 1845, the building in which the paper was issued
burned, and eventually the site on Nassau Street, corner
of Spruce, was secured. In 1848 Greeley was elected to
Congress ; and he again sought political honors, becoming
a candidate for President in 1872 on the "Liberal" ticket,
but was defeated by Grant. His eventful career came to
a close on November 29, 1872. He had a peculiar style
of handwriting, and it is said that a worker in the print-
ing rooms came to him one day, being unable to decipher

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

the unusual style of penmanship. Greeley, however, was
nonplussed, for he could not read the manuscript him-
self and vexatiously tore up the article, throwing it in
the waste-basket. He wrote a decidedly interesting vol-
ume entitled "Recollections of a Busy Life."

It is impossible to give a complete list of all the news-
papers and periodicals issued in Ann Street, but a few
are here given which were published between 1840 and
1850, a majority of which are not before mentioned in
this article:

. 1 Ann St.

New Yorker

41 "

" Sunday Despatch

Nat'l. Trades

41 "

" The Age

Union

45

" Literary Gazette

m " "

The Planet

61

" Cosmopolite

17 " "

Weekly Messenger

61

" Weekly Universe

17 " "

Evening Star &

4

" New Mirror

Clay Pioneer

28 "

" Am. Tract Soc'y.

17 " "

Paul Pry

28 "

" Sunday School

19 " "

The Organ

Visitor

19 y2 " "

The New Era

28 "

" Journal of Chr.

21

Age of Reason

Educ.

25

Spirit of 76

30 "

" The Republic

27 " "

Am. Mechanic

30 "

** Saturday Em-

27 " "

The Buccaneer

porium

27 " "

Sunday Times

30 "

" Am. Labourer

29 " "

Weekly Register

30 "

" Evening Signal

& Cath. Diary

30 "

New Yorker

31 " "

Sunday Morning

30 "

" The Evergreen

Visitor

34 "

" Jeffersonian

31 " "

Sunday Mercury

34 "

" The Transcript

31 '« "

The Libertine

36 "

" Courier des

31

Nichols Weekly

Etats Unis

Arena

36 M

" La France

35 " "

The Morning

Litteraire

News

44 "

" Gazette of the

39 " "

Legal Observer

Union

The street being the home of printers, would naturally
be a mecca for their brothers-in-trade, the booksellers,
although many of the printers mentioned previously were
printer, publisher and bookseller combined, yet there
were a few individuals who followed exclusively the pro-
fession of bookselling alone. Among these were John
Anderson, Jr., Theo. Berendsohn, Jeremiah Farrell, Wm.
Jackson, Robt. H. Johnson, Stearns & Co., Sabin's Print
and Book Shop, G. B. Teubner, and Thos. E. Keane at

[ 298 ]

Jflytng CUitmh 1850

One of the record breakers in the
old California packet days with a
voyage of 89 days in 1851, New York
to the Golden Gate, to her credit.
Built by Donald McKay for Grinnell
Minturn & Co. she was one of the
crack flyers in the rush to the gold
fields.

The time for the ordinary ship
was seldom less than 300 and fre-
quently 400 days for the same dis-
tance.

OF OLD NEW YORK

No. 28 Ann Street. The latter was quite a character,
Irish by birth, and a thorough business man, clever
enough to overcome his shortcomings in book-lore by
driving a sharp bargain now and again through ingenious
methods. Keane prospered here for a while, but exces-
sive bibulous indulgence eventually led to his downfall.
Jackson & Hovendon succeeded him, but they lasted only
a short while, Jackson finally specializing in law books on
the north side of the street, near Park Row. The only
bookseller left on Ann Street is Mendoza's, at No. 17.
which has been the home of booksellers for a generation.
Capt. Greenwood of the Revolutionary Army once lived
here, his library being on the second floor, where the old
fireplaces are still visible. The Greenwood family owned
the building until recent years. It was here in 1899 that
a rare bookworm was discovered, feasting on a volume of
Jefferson's Works, and the newspapers of the day gave
great prominence to the fact. Speaker Reed, when he
wished to relieve his mind of Government business, gen-
erally forsook official duties at Washington, coming
straight to this book-shop, hunting for rare treasures.
He was "discovered" there in 1911 by a New York re-
porter, poring over an old tome, at the time he was
wanted in Washington on an important affair of state
and the wires of the country were endeavoring to trace
his whereabouts.

Talbot Watts, who was said to be related to Wm. E.
Burton, the celebrated actor, kept a book and print shop
on Ann Street, calling it "The Old Curiosity Shop." His
wife was a popular actress, better known as Mrs. John
Sefton, from a former marriage with the famous "Jimmy
Twicher."

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Curious Items

From Bradford's New York Gazette, 1737
N. York, February 28, 6 O'Clock, P. M. — Just now we received
the melancholy account, That this Morning the Wife of Capt.
Hermanns Rutgers of this city, being in perfect Health, eat her
Breakfast as usual, and about nine or ten o'Clock was taken with
a Fit, and dyed about Four in the Afternoon, without speaking
a word, to the great Surprise of her sorrowful Husband, Family
and Friends.— A'. Y. Gazette, March 1, 1737.

Last week a man who goes by the names of Patrick Butler,
John Lovell, Luce, and several other Names, was taken up here
for passing counterfeit Pistoles and Dollars, he is a Tinker and
in his Budgett was found Tools and some Mettle for making such
false Money. Being tryed he was convicted, and pursuant to his
Sentence, on Thursday last he stood in the Pillory, on Friday he
was whipt throu the Town and banished out of the County.
Some time ago he stole a Horse and a Mare in Connecticut, they
pursued him to Westchester in this Province, and carried him
back, where according to their Law, they Whipt him, then he
came back to Westchester, and their marries a Wife, and has
another in New England. He meets with a poor Widdow in
New York, who had a suit of her Husbands Cloaths to sell, he
pretends to buy them, and asked leave to put them on to try if
they did not fit him, & then ran away with them. Many other
Thefts and Cheats, it's said, he has committed. — N. Y. Gazette,
March 8, 1737.

All Sorts of Garden Seeds, lately Imported from England, by
the Governor's Gardiner, Enquire of the said Gardiner in the
Fort, where you may be Supply'd with the said Seeds at a Rea-
sonable Rate.— N. Y. Gazette, March 8, 1737.

Publick notice is hereby given, That Nicholas Bayard of the
City of New York has erected a Refining House for Refining all
sorts of Sugar and Sugar Candy, and has procured from Europe
an experienced Artist in that Mystery, At which Refining House
all Persons in City and Country may be supplyed by Whole-sale
and Re-tale with both double and single Refined Loaf-Sugar, as
also Powder and Shop Sugar, and Sugar-Candy, at Reasonable
Rates.— N. Y. Gazette, August 17, 1730.

A Scheme by striking Twenty Thousand Pounds (Paper
Money) to encourage the raising of Hemp, and the Manufact-
uring of Iron in the Province of New York, with some observa-
tions, shewing the Necessity and Advantages therefore. Sold by
the Printer hereof. Price 6d.—N. Y. Gazette, March 29, 1737.

[ 304 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

A Fire Engine that will deliver two Hogsheads of Water in a
Minute in a continual stream, is to be sold by William Lindsay
the Maker thereof. Enquire at Fighting Cocks, next door to the
Exchange Coffee-House, New York. — N. Y. Gazette, March 29,
1737.

Moses Slaughter, Stay Maker from London, has brought with
him a Parcel of extraordinary good and Fashionable Stays of
his own making of several Sizes and Prices. The Work of them
he will warrant to be good, and for shape, inferiour to none that
are made.

He lodges at present at the House of William Bradford next
Door but one to the treasurer's near the Fly Market, where he
is ready to suit those that want, with extraordinary good Stays.
Or he is ready to wait upon any Ladys or Gentlewomen that
please to send for him to their Houses. If any desire to be
informed of the Work he has done let them enquire of Mrs.
Elliston in the Broad street, or of Mrs. Nichols in the Broadway,
who have had his work. — N. Y. Gazette, Oct. 3, 1737.

Last week one of the Prize Vessels lately brought into this
Port and condemned; being refitted and very richly loden for
Boston, had the misfortune to be cast away in going through
Hellgate, and it is thought the Ship and Cargo will be intirely

lost. — N. Y. Weekly Post Boy, Oct. 29, 1744.

We have had pretty much blustering, windy Weather, the Week
past which we apprehend has detained both the Eastern and
Western Post Riders, as neither of them are come in this Morn-
ing;— and on Saturday last a Newark Shallop was drove ashore
on Oyster Island, in our Bay, and continued there all Day yes-
terday, very much exposed to the Fury of the Wind, but we
can't tell whether she is damaged or not. — N. Y. Weekly Post
Boy, Dec. 11, 1752.

Last Week arrived here a Company of Comedians from Phil-
adelphia, who, we hear, have taken a convenient Room for their
Purpose in one of the Buildings lately belonging to the Honl.
Rip Van Dam, Esq., deceased, in Nassau street; where they in-
tend to perform as long as the Sason lasts, provided they meet
with suitable Encouragement : For the time of their Beginning,
see the Advertisements. — N. Y. Weekly Post Boy, March 5, 1750.

Wednesday Evening last, departed this Life, Mr. Thomas Tar-
pey, a Native of Ireland, aged upwards of 100 years, formerly a
considerable Merchant in this City; but for many years in the
latter Part of his Life, liv'd retir'd : He was always accounted
a very upright honest Man. — N. Y. Weekly Post Boy, April 23,
1750.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

By his Excellency's Permission

At the Theatre in Nassau Street
On Monday the 5th Day of March next, will be presented
The Historical Tragedy of King Richard III
Wrote originally by Shakespeare, and alter'd by Colly Cibber, Esq ;

In this Play is contain'd The Death of K. Henry VI the artful
Acquisition of the Crown by K. Richard; the Murder of the
Princess in the Tower; the Landing of the Earl of Richmond,
and the Battle of Bosworth Field.

Tickets will be ready to be Deliver'd by Thursday next, and to
be had of the Printer hereof; Pitt, 5s; Gallery, 3s.

To begin precisely at Half an Hour after 6 o'clock, and no
Person to be admitted behind the scenes. — N. Y. Weekly Post
Boy, March 5, 1750.

One day last Week a young Man who is a considerable Trader
on Long Island, found since to be Lunatick, came early in the
Morning to the House of two of the most eminent Merchants in
this City, with whom he had Dealings, and causing them to be
call'd up out of Bed, earnestly requested them to go with him
over the Ferry; where he said he had Matters of the utmost
Importance to impart to them ; and they with much Importunity
were prevailed to go ; — He had no sooner got them alone near
the Ferry, but instantly he held forth to them ; assuring them
that he had brought them over there, out of a particular Regard
he bore them ; That the City of New York would certainly be
destroy'd in three Days Time, and therefore beg'd, as they lov'd
their Souls, not to return again, but go with him, and turn
Quaker; out of which Religion there was no Salvation; with
Abundance more such like Stuff : The Gentlemen kindly thank'd
him for his Good Will, but at that Time, had too much Regard
to their Fellow Citizens, to leave them to perish alone; and so
returned back the same Day they went out. — N. Y. Weekly Post
Boy, March 19, 1750.

Yesterday we had a very refreshing Rain, attended with a
pretty deal of Thunder, one Clapp whereof Struck the Steeple of
the Lutheran Church in this City, tore some of the Shingles off
of it, as also a Strip down the Roof, and set it on Fire; but
what with the rain and timely Help, it did no other Damage. —
N. Y. Weekly Post Boy, Aug. 6, 1750.

This is to inform all Peruke Makers, That there's lately ar-
rived in Town from London, a Person who has brought a large
Assortment of Hair, all prepared to sell; he assures them that
they are as good and fresh as Hair can be, and that they may
depend upon it, they have had particular Care taken of them in
the manufacturing; they need not fear of their wearing well;
Likewise a Parcel of Cauls to be disposed of. The above goods

[ 306 ]

OF OLD NEW-

YORK

are to be seen at Mrs. M. Mullen's in the Square, and will be
sold very reasonable, the Person designing to leave this Place
soon. — N. Y. Weekly Post Boy, Aug. 27, 1750.

Thursday Evening last, The Tragedy of Cato, was play'd at the
Theatre in this City, before a numerous Audience, the greater
part of whom were of Opinion, that it was pretty well per-
form'd: As it was the fullest Assembly that has appeared in
that House, it may serve to prove that the Taste of this Place
is not so much vitiated, or lost to a Sense of Liberty, but that
they can prefer a Representation of Virtue to those of a loose
Character. — TV. Y. Weekly Post Boy, Sept. 24, 1750.

Putting Out a Fire 1794

About the year 1794 the fire-engines were of a very inferior
quality; we had no water, except from wooden-handle pumps.
By a law of the Corporation every owner of a dwelling was
obliged to procure a fire bucket for every fire place in the house
or back kitchen ; these buckets held three gallons, made of sole
leather ; they were hung in the passage near the front door.
When the bell rang for fire, the watchman, firemen and boys
while running to the fire, sung out, "Throw out your buckets."
They were picked up by men, women, and boys running to the
fire. Two lines were formed, from the fire to the nearest
pump ; when the pump gave out, the lines were carried to the
nearest river ; one line passed down the empty, the other passed
up the full buckets ; if a person tried to break through the lines
he was compelled to fall in, or get nearly drowned by buckets
of water thrown over him. The buckets were marked by the
name and number of the owner. Every morning after a fire the
Corporation carmen went to the streets near the fire, picked up
the buckets, and dumped them in the lobby of the old City Hall,
which then stood where now stands the Custom-house; people
then sent their children or servants to bring home the buckets,
when they were hung up in the front entry to await the next fire.
De Voe's Market Book.

The Myriad Marvels of Manhattan

There be who love to sneer and mock
At this, the town of me and you ;

Who say they never get a shock,
Who find no thing unique and new.

They err. The strange, the new shall lurk
Within this town while it endures.

Why, just last night a soda clerk

Asked only once of me "What's yours ?"

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

The Convention of the American Federation of
Arts at the Metropolitan Museum

Viewed in perspective and as an accomplished fact,
the Tenth Annual Convention of the American Federa-
tion of Arts may be regarded as an unqualified suc-
cess : as to attendance, as to choice of subjects taken up,
as to importance of speakers, and as to interest aroused.

The entire first day, May 15, was devoted to the
subject of War Memorials. Charles Moore, Chairman
of the National Commission of Fine Arts, distinguished
between war memorials of ideal significance purely and
those that are to be used as structures for public pur-
poses. This point formed the storm center of discus-
sion throughout the day. Edwin H. Blashfield spoke
from the standpoint of color as a factor in memorials ;
Frederick Law Olmsted considered the park as a me-
morial; Harold S. Buttenheim favored the memorial
community building; and Cass Gilbert advocated renam-
ing landmarks of nature so that these may serve as ever-
lasting monuments to the heroic deeds of the great war.
In a paper by Morris Gray, President of the Boston
Museum of Fine Arts, read by Edward Robinson, Di-
rector of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the ideal
value of the memorial was stanchly upheld. Senator
Root was likewise in favor of the ideal memorial; he
maintained that art alone can carry on in times of peace
that spirit of high idealism which called us into the war.
An interesting feature of the discussion was the sug-
gestion of Dr. George F. Kunz in regard to a memorial
coinage. This later formed the subject of a resolution
of the Federation containing a recommendation to Con-
gress to the effect that the issue of coinage for 1920 or
some succeeding year be designed as a memorial to the

[ 310 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

ideals for which America entered the war. Another
resolution bearing on the subject of war memorials was
that containing the recommendation of the American
Federation of Arts to Congress that in the event that a
national cemetery for American soldiers should be estab-
lished, the National Commission of Fine Arts be given
supervision as to both design and execution in regard
to this cemetery as a whole, and to all landscape, archi-
tectural, and sculptural features in detail.

The morning session on Friday, May 16, was devoted
to the plans and purposes of the American Federation
of Arts, especially with regard to the development of
its work in connection with reconstruction. Robert W.
de Forest, President of the Federation, declared that it
was the intention of the Federation to inaugurate a
nation-wide campaign to make the advantages of
traveling collections, as well as other opportunities
which achieve the same end, available in small communi-
ties that have no museums. Mr. de Forest favored the
establishment of small museums in connection with pub-
lic libraries in all parts of the country. He likewise in-
dicated various public services of the Federation, such
as placing of art on the free list in the tariff, the plac-
ing of control over designs for honor medals in their
hands, etc.

The attendance, larger than ever before, indicated a
greater interest in the work of the Federation.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

"Reveries of a Bachelor" and Lower Fifth Avenue

Albert Ulmann

Ever since 1827 when the old Potter's Field was con-
verted into the Washington Parade Ground a unique and
distinctly interesting character has attached to the neigh-
borhood.

Readers of Henry James will readily recall Dr. Soper
who prescribed for the select members of the community
that were afflicted with real or imaginary ailments. The
Doctor had for a number of years lived in a pretentious
red brick house with granite copings and an enormous
fan-light over the door, standing in a street that was
within five minutes' walk of City Hall. This neighbor-
hood, from the social point of view, saw its best days
about 1820. After this the tide of fashion began to set
steadily northwards. Naturally, the Doctor followed the
tide. In 1835, he built himself a handsome, modern, wide-
fronted house with a balcony before the drawing room
windows and a flight of white marble steps ascending to
a portal which was also faced with white marble. The
location was the north side of Washington Square, which,
as our author remarks, was the ideal of quiet and of gen-
eral retirement. "This structure," he continues, "and
many of its neighbors, which it exactly resembled, were
supposed, forty years ago, to embody the last results of
architectural science, and they remain to this day very
solid and honorable dwellings. In front of them was
the Square, containing a considerable quantity of inex-
pensive vegetation, enclosed by a wooden paling, which
increased its rural appearance ; and round the corner was
the more august precinct of Fifth Avenue, taking its
origin at this point with a spacious and confident air
which already marked it for high destinies. I know not

[ 312 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

if it is owing to the tenderness of early associations, but
this portion of New York appears to many persons the
most delectable. It has a kind of established repose
which is not of frequent occurrence in other quarters of
the long, shrill city ; it has a riper, richer, more honorable
look than any of the upper ramifications of the great
longitudinal thoroughfare — the look of having had some-
thing of a social history. It was here, as you might have
been informed on good authority, that you had come into
a world which appeared to offer a variety of interests ;
it was here that your grandmother lived, in venerable
solitude, and dispensed a hospitality which commended it-
self alike to the infant imagination and the infant palate ;
it was here that you took your first walks abroad, follow-
ing the nursery maid with unequal step, and sniffing up
the strange odor of the ailanthus trees, which at that time
formed the principal umbrage of the Square, enough to
dislike it as it deserved; it was here finally that your
first school, kept by a broad-bosomed, broad-based old
lady with a ferule, who was always having tea in a blue
cup, with a saucer that didn't match, enlarged the circle
both of your observations and your sensations."

Those — and there is now a goodly and growing num-
ber— who count themselves admirers of Edgar Allan Poe
and who resent the indifference and lack of appreciation
of his contemporaries, know that in 1845, while the man
of mystery and of misery was living in Amity, now West
Third Street, the "Raven" was published in the Evening
Mirror. And so the immortal poem will be linked with
the name and the fame and the Washington Square abode
of Poe for evermore.

Likewise the friends of Bayard Taylor are aware that
at the age of 22, he tempted fortune by editing and pub-

[ 315 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

lishing a country newspaper and having recognized the
futility of the enterprise, that he came to New York,
found employment in the office of The Tribune and taught
a class in Miss Lucy Green's School for Young Ladies at
Number 1 Fifth Avenue, receiving the munificent sum
of four dollars a week, which he considered good pay.

Again, the many staunch and loyal admirers of Bunner
love to think of "The Midge" and the Washington Square
atmosphere that so beautifully and realistically character-
izes one of the most charming and touching stories ever
written.

All these traditions, memories, bits of romance and
literary associations are fairly well known, but it is safe
to say that few people are acquainted with the fact that
"The Reveries of a Bachelor," that classic favorite of at
least two generations, was written, in part, in the neigh-
borhood of Washington Square.

The accompanying letter is, without doubt, one of the
most interesting contributions to the literary history of
the city. The letter came in answer to an inquiry re-
garding a paragraph in The New York Sun intimating
that the "Reveries" had been written in the locality men-
tioned.

The text is as follows : —

Mr. Ulmann,
Dear Sir:

During year 1849 to 1851 (when "Reveries"
was brewing) I was for most of winter and •
fall months a lodger at Mrs. Ludlow's
boarding house, Fifth Av. (present site of
Brevoort House) so doubtless wrote there
some of the pages of "Reveries": how much
could not say. The "Sun" paragraph I have
not seen — so cannot speak for its correct-
ness.

Yours truly,
Nov. 24, 1906. Donald G. Mitchell.

F 316 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

The date, it will be noticed, is 1906. At that time,
Ik Marvel, as he chose to call himself when he wrote the
"Reveries" was 84. He died two years later at his
country home, Edgewood, Connecticut.

William Hamlin Childs' Case

The case of William Hamlin Childs, head of the Fusion
Committee that supported Mayor Mitchell, has become
one of great importance as an instance — perhaps the only
one in our history — in which an attempt has been made
to drive out public spirited men from matters of munici-
pal government, and we record it here as an item to in-
terest future New Yorkers as well as ourselves. Mr.
Childs was indicted on the single technical offense of
paying out for speakers a certain sum ''without mention-
ing their names," an offense — if offense it may be called
— committed by subordinates and for which Mr. Childs
was held responsible as Chairman of the Executive Com-
mittee. In a statement to the press, Mr. Childs says :

The present phase of this matter before the courts is to test
the strict legality of the proceedings of a partisan District Attor-
ney and to determine whether, as matter of law and irrespective
of the two facts, the charges made by him constitute any offense
against the statutes. In all this I am, of course, in the hands
of my counsel and must be guided by their judgment.

After the election in November, 1917, and during the winter
of 1918, the District Attorney's office gave out misleading and
distorted statements of the terrible disclosures the Grand Jury
was going to uncover in its exhaustive examination of the Fusion
records.

Now, what are the facts? The Grand Jury found that the
records of the committee were kept with most unusual care and
exactness ; that no money was improperly received or improperly
expended ; that a total of $1,080,000 was expended in a strenuous
effort to continue the best administration New York ever had
(the failure of which efforts many of its opponents now sadly
regret).

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Upon the advice of the District Attorney, the Grand Jury
brought in three indictments, based upon a single doubtful tech-
nical point, viz. : That in making the final report of expendi-
tures two items — $5,000, paid to Mr. Sulzer, and $6,500 paid to
Mr. Appelbaum — were reported as paid out for "speakers and
meetings," without mentioning their names.

As Chairman of the Executive Committee, it was claimed that
I was generally responsible for the actions of subordinates, and
I was indicted for this technical offense.

I am quite alive to the importance of protecting elections with
all proper safeguards, but it must be borne in mind that in re-
spect to this so-called failure to comply with the strict terms of
the statute I not only did not do it, but did not even know that
it was done, until this report was willingly shown to the District
Attorney, and his conscience was so badly shocked that he pub-
lished it.

Note these facts :

I was not an officer of the committee filing this report. I was
not even a member of this committee. I not only did not sign
the report, but I have never even seen it. Neither Sulzer, Appel-
baum nor Newcomb had any knowledge of its form, and I never
had any conversation with either of them about it. There was
no motive in concealing the names of Sulzer and Appelbaum
twenty days after the election. I gave only one instruction about
the report, and that was that it should receive the approval of
our counsel before filing. That was done, and our counsel still
contends the report was filed properly.

The Democratic reports, which were at the same time in the
close possession of the District Attorney, are full not only of
gross technical errors, but show clearly illegal contributions by
corporations, and, upon the same reasoning that has been applied
against me, by individuals concealed under the name "John Doe."
But the Democratic District Attorney has failed to call anyone
to account. The significance of that circumstance, and the atti-
tude he has assumed in my case, is so apparent as to require no
explanation.

I mean to fight this thing out to its conclusion, not only in my
own interest, which, of course, I am bound to do, but in the in-
terests of public-spirited men of affairs whom it is sought to
drive out from participation in matters of municipal government.

I am sustained by the consciousness that I have done no wrong,
by the assurance that those who know me know that I would not
wittingly violate any law, and who, with myself, do not believe
that in this matter I have violated any law, and with the hope
that those who do not know me will appreciate the real purpose
of the vicious attacks made upon me in certain newspapers.

[ 318 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Skating in Old New York

By Irving Brokaw

Winner, American Figure Skating Championship, 1906 — Author,
The Art of Skating, Arden Press, London, 1909

Illustrations from the Author's Collection of Rare Prints of
Old New York

When I read of the winter sports the inhabitants of
New York enjoyed fifty or sixty years ago, I sometimes
wish I had been of the former generation. The idea of
a skating club privileged to have a hundred days of out-
door skating in one season, and that on ponds located in
the heart of the city, makes our skaters of to-day envious
indeed. When one speaks to a skating club of to-day of
such an officer as a meteorologist, charged with the duty
of forecasting the weather and notifying the members
when they might expect skating, he meets with good-
natured banter. Yet this office was filled by one of the
most distinguished citizens of our city fifty years ago
and for a club whose rendezvous was the vicinity of
Fifth Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street!

It is not too much to say that the American skaters of
fifty to sixty years ago, many of whom either learned or
developed their art in New York, really taught the world
to skate ; their skill was the wonder of their day in every
Occidental country where ice forms ; the figures which
they originated or developed are standard movements in
the skating programs of the world. Their athletic prow-
ess is one of the cherished chapters in the history of clean,
wholesome American sport. With regret we have to ad-
mit that our skaters of to-day do not rank with the skaters
of other countries as the skaters of Old New York ranked
with the best foreign skaters of their day. And the only
consolation is that it was the Americans who taught the

[ 321 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

rest of the world the art of skating — even if they them-
selves soon thereafter forgot the art.

Benjamin West, the distinguished American painter,
himself a frequent skater in New York, although a Phil-
adelphian by residence, made one of the sport sensations
of his day when he appeared on the ice of The Serpen-
tine, in Hyde Park, London, in 1772, on skates and exe-
cuted figures which Great Britain had never seen before
and in a graceful and artistic manner never before be-
lieved possible by his observers. It is said that much of
his social and artistic success in England was the result
of his skillful skating and the friends which it brought
him. This was perhaps the first of that long and brilliant
list of conquests which American representatives have
achieved through their leadership in athletics. To be
conspicuously skillful in any difficult branch of athletics
is almost sure entree to the society of the best people any-
where ; when the world ceases to recognize clean living
and trained muscles, which true sport invariably requires,
the race will be headed for extinction.

While the skating of Benjamin West in London is the
first historical mention of unusual American skating, the
early history of New York, back even to the days of its
settlement by the Dutch, finds mention and illustration
that the settlers from Holland brought their skates with
them and used them.

Wooley, in his "Two Years Journal in New York,"
published in 1679, makes reference to the skating of those
days in the following terms : "The City of New York
in my time was as large as some Market Towns with us,
all built the London way ; the Garrison side of a high
situation and a pleasant prospect, the island it stands on
all level and champain. The diversion, especially in the

[ 322 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

winter season, used by the Dutch is Aurigation, i. e., rid-
ing about in Waggons, which is allowed by physicians to
be very healthful exercise by Land. And upon the Ice
it is Admirable to see Men and Women as it were flying
upon Skates from place to place with markets upon their
Heads and Backs."

Another interesting bit of history associated with skat-
ing in old New York is the record found in the "Biblio-
thetica Americana" of William Gowan, published in 1860.
Here he says : "The Kolck or Collect, a sheet of fresh
water which covered the ground now occupied by the
halls of justice in Center Street, and all that neighbor-
hood, connected in ancient times with Lespinard's Pond
and meadows, lying between North Moore and Greene
Streets near the east end of what is now Canal Street.
This was the skating-ground of the last century when
the gallants of the hour displayed, as a quaint wit ex-
pressed it: "their graceful caracoles and pirouettes
and ever and anon skimming at pleasure from one collec-
tion of water to another under the bridge which connected
upper and lower Broadway. There William the Fourth,
late King of England, might be seen when a 'middy/
attached to the flagship of Rear Admiral Digby, attended
by superior officers, trying his tacks on the slippery ice,
in the winter of 1781-2." Tradition has it that a strata-
gem had been planned by certain of Washington's men,
to capture the royal scion of the House of Hanover and
thereby secure a valuable prize, while the youngster was
enjoying himself in his healthful exercise. The plot
failed. That it was seriously planned is attested by the
reports from the New York papers of that day, one of
which says: "The boy, William Henry Guelph, lately
arrived at New York, will perhaps soon be in our power.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

In that event we shall not visit the sins of the father on
the child, but will send him back to his mother."

The first book on skating appeared in London in 1809
and was printed in Latin ; a compliment to the sort of per-
sons who were then interested or assumed to be inter-
ested in the sport! In 1849 the Philadelphia Skating
Club was organized ; first of the long list of skating clubs
in America, although the Edinburgh Skating Club of
Scotland had already been organized several years. In
1850 the all-steel skate appeared, destined to have much
to do with the development of skating in America ; it
was made in Philadelphia and sold for $30 a pair. There
seems to be every indication that New York thought bet-
ter of the new skate than its birthplace did, and this may
account for the superiority of New York skaters from
then on.

The New York Skating Club was founded in 1861 and
organized in 1863. Even before these dates the Philadel-
phia Skating Club and Humane Society had enjoyed
many years of uninterrupted history, having been
founded in 1849. The "humane" portion of the club's
work marks a curious feature of skating history; it was
stated in the articles of organization thus : "to foster the
art of skating and save life on frozen lakes and rivers."
At the beginning, the members appeared with reels of
rope and life preservers to save unfortunates who fell
through the ice! But the paucity of claimants for their
services soon turned the apparatus into a mere badge of
membership.

The New York Skating Club was probably a develop-
ment of the interest in skating shown by frequenters of
several of the skating-ponds of that day. Between 37th
and 38th Streets, on Fifth Avenue, there had been for

[ 324 ]

^kattn^ m Central Park trt % 60s

Central Park was opened for pub-
lic skating in the early winter of
1858-1859 and from that date has
been a popular resort for the people
of New York to enjoy that health-
ful and invigorating sport.

This rare old lithograph gives a
very correct view of the animated
scene on any winter day when the
ice was in good condition; and the
costumes and head gear are faith-
fully portrayed. It is difficult for
us to imagine how these gentlemen
got along under their high " top-
pers. ' '

Private Collection of Mr. Irving Brokaw.

OF OLD NEW YORK

several years a sizeable skating-pond which was the ren-
dezvous of the best skaters. For reasons which do not
appear in the scant records available, but probably chiefly
that old, old reason, "the growth of the city," the skaters
moved "uptown" to what was then known as Beekman's
Pond, between Fifty-ninth and Sixtieth Streets and ex-
tending from Sixth Avenue to Madison Avenue. This
pond had the special attraction of being the "first to
freeze." Here, says the old record, "the ice invariably
lasted to the end of the season !" Lucky skaters of the
long ago !

Beekman's Pond was cut up by the filling in of Fifth
and Madison Avenues. Then Hugh Mitchell took the
southwest corner of Fifth Avenue and Fifty-ninth
Street, now the site of the Plaza Hotel, and made a
skating-pond there ; happy old Major Oatman took the
southeast corner, the site of the present Hotel Savoy, and
Alexander MacMillan afterward took the southeast cor-
ner of Madison Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street, all for
private skating-ponds which were very popular and prof-
itable. The patronage of all of these private skating-
ponds consisted of the most fashionable people in the
city. When the New York Skating Club moved to its
site in Central Park, it was the custom for the elite of the
city to drive their sleighs close to the side of the pond and
watch the work of the experts. Central Park was opened
for public skating in the early winter of 1858-1859, and
from that date, it is recorded by the Pepys of those days,
it was the custom of the best of the society skaters to
occasionally make excursions from their private ponds to
the public ponds in the Park. Here, they invariably at-
tracted much attention and then, even as now, the police
would admonish the expert visitor to "stop his monkey-

[ 329 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

shines" or suffer arrest! The bad habit which ice has
of breaking when crowds gather to see good skating has
held back the sport more than ever has been estimated !

In the winter of 1864 the New York Skating Club
moved to a club house erected on the shore of the small
pond in Central Park, at Fifth Avenue and 72d Street,
now known as Conservatory Pond. This club house was
equipped with "brussels carpets and a Steinway piano,"
says the quaint record, and many successful carnivals and
masquerades were given on the ice here. During the
winters of 1867-1868 and 1868-1869 members of the
club made visits to Montreal, Philadelphia, Poughkeepsie
and other places upon the invitation of the local clubs
and in all the places visited the skill of the New York
skaters won much praise and great newspaper attention.
The club had over a hundred members for several years.

In 1868, McMillan's Pond was opened at Fifth Avenue
and Forty-sixth Street, afterward the site of the Wind-
sor Hotel, which burned to the ground, with frightful
loss of life, many years later.

The New York Skating Club developed many great
skaters. In the membership of the club were a score of
men whose fame remains undimmed through the years.
Mr. Eugene B. Cook, born in Pine Street, later a resi-
dent of Hoboken, was probably the most accomplished
skater of the old timers, a man of broad culture and
remarkable athletic attainments, a great chess expert, and
the meteorologist of the club. Andrew J. Dupignac,
president of the club, like Mr. Cook, lived to a ripe old
age and shared with him the glory of being the club's best
teacher of skating. Charles Waldo Jenkins, a distin-
guished artist of the day, was another leader in the sport,
as also was E. W. Burr, whom I believe is still living,

[ 330 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

as if to prove the fine effects of skating upon duration of
life.

"Callie" Curtis, who afterward toured Europe giving
skating exhibitions, was regarded as the most graceful
skater of that day and was champion of that time in many
local contests. He won the local championship from
William H. Bishop, better known as "Frank Swift," also
a home product and afterward prominent in the manage-
ment of artificial rinks.

E. T. Goodrich was another of the experts of those
days, whose local fame prompted him to join Curtis in
Europe where they skated many exhibitions before im-
mense audiences and the nobility of all the northern
countries. John Engler, who skated long after he
reached seventy; Larry Norton, a famous stock broker of
those times ; William H. Cheesman, and the quaint old
''character" known as "The Old Clam Man," whose name
was Turner and whose business of peddling clams dur-
ing the warm months got him the title. He seems to
have been a very remarkable skater. His independence
is shown by the fact that some of the wealthy New York-
ers of those days contributed to a fund to buy him a pair
of the new all-steel skates on which the best skating was
being done, and the price of which was from $30 up.
The "Old Man" promptly sold the skates with the ex-
planation that he needed the money more than the skates.

But the most remarkable skater New York ever saw,
probably, came from Albany, and after getting his fin-
ishing touches from the inspiration and the instruction
of the New Yorkers, sailed for Europe, there to create
a furor such as has perhaps never been equalled by any
American athlete. Jackson Haines may rightly be called
the founder of the present style of skating. Even the

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

skate which he designed or adopted became and remains
the standard pattern of the world's best skaters, the most
remarkable movements even bear his name, his skill cap-
tivated the best people of all northern Europe, he was
feted and entertained everywhere; skates, shoes, rinks
and babies were named after him, and he lies buried in a
little town, Gamla Karleby, in Finland, under a magnifi-
cent granite monument erected by the natives and bearing
the title "The American Skating King." This monument
is continually kept covered with flowers to this day.

There seems to be no doubt that New York was largely
responsible for the development of the art of this Albany
dancing-teacher who became the world's foremost skater.
Many of the figures which he took with him to Europe
he learned from the New York experts. Their grace and
finish of style unquestionably polished his own amazing
acrobatic ability and the finished product gave him the
undying fame both here and abroad which grows with
the years.

It is pleasant to be able to record that the fine old New
York Skating Club has been again brought to life, since
the Artists Skating Club of New York changed its name
to the new one last winter and promises to duplicate the
success of the earlier club of the same name.

L 332 ]

COMMEMORATING THE DEDICATION OF THE
JOAN OF ARC PARK
The upper medal was presented to Mr. J. Sanford Saltus in recognition
of his work in the erection of the statue
The center one was issued by the American Numismatic Society
to its members

The lower one was issued by the Joan of Arc Statue Committee

OF OLD NEW YORK

Our Migratory Friends

Readers of Old New York delight to hear of the days
when snipe shooting, trout fishing and rabbit hunting
were common in streets now pierced with subways and
submerged with skyscrapers. So recent has this change
occurred that some men still living can speak of such
things from their own personal experience. Yet to most
of us it seems strange and unusual.

How long will it be ere this story of the birds in Fort
Washington Park will seem equally romantic? On be-
half of our readers we return thanks to Mr. W. C. and
Mr. F. L. Starck for this valuable contribution to the
urban delights of our city.

To the Editor of the Sun.

Sir: Never having seen a list
Park, we believe the following list
at various times this spring will be
Belted kingfisher.
Downy woodpecker.
Hairy woodpecker.
Flicker.

Crested flycatcher.
Acadian flycatcher.
Least flycatcher.
Wood pewee.
Blue jay.
Starling.
Crow.

Purple grackle.
Orchard oriole.
Baltimore oriole.
Redpoll.
Goldfinch.
Pine siskin.

White throated sparrow.
Chipping sparrow.
Field sparrow.
Tree sparrow.
Slate colored junco.
Song sparrow.
Chewink.

Rose breasted grosbeak.
Indigo bunting.
Scarlet tanager.
Cedar waxwing.
Red eyed vireo.
Yellow throated vireo.
Solitary vireo.
Black and white warbler.
Worm eating warbler.
Blue winged warbler.
Tennessee warbler.

of birds observed in Fort Washington
of sixty-eight birds which we saw there
interesting to many readers of The Sun :

Parula warbler.

Cape May warbler.

Yellow warbler.

Black throated blue warbler.

Black throated green warbler.

Myrtle warbler.

Magnolia warbler.

Chestnut sided warbler.

Blackburnian warbler.

Black poll warbler.

Pine warbler.

Palm warbler.

Prairie warbler.

Hooded warbler.

Wilson warbler.

Canadian warbler.

Connecticut warbler.

Oven bird.

Northern water thrush.
Maryland yellow throat.
Redstart.
Catbird.

Brown thrasher.

Carolina wren.

House wren.

Brown creeper.

White breasted nuthatch.

Chickadee.

Ruby crowned kinglet.
Wood thrush.

Wilson thrush.
Hermit thrush.
Robin.

335 ]

W. C. STARCK,
F. L. STARCK.

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

New York City's War Activities

Continued from page 322 Valentine's Manual Vol. 3

Aug. 21 — German propaganda books were ordered to be sup-
pressed in all libraries and particularly the libraries in camps.

Aug. 27 — The new City Hall clock, destroyed by fire May 10,
1917, when decorated for the French War Mission was
completed and lighted up for the first time. Capt. Kermit
Roosevelt was awarded the Military Cross by the British
Government for meritorious services in Mesopotamia.

Aug. 30— The drive for the sale of $25,000,000 War Saving
Stamps ended with more than the amount required. Persh-
ing's veterans— 400 strong — back to train soldiers here,
paraded up Fifth Avenue and were given a great reception.

Aug. 31 — The man-power bill drafting men from 18 to 45 was
signed by the President and Sept. 12 was named as regis-
tration day. 189 Draft Boards in the city begin registering
on that day.

Sept. 1 — To save gasoline the Government asked that all motor-
ing be suspended each Sunday until the ban be lifted.

Sept. 2 — Labor Day was celebrated by a great parade of labor
organizations on Fifth Avenue — "Win the war for Free-
dom" its motto. President Wilson's address to Labor was
passed around. Capt. Archie Roosevelt invalided back from
France arrived at an Atlantic port.

Sept. 3 — The great slacker round-up was commenced. Only 300
were found trying to dodge their patriotic duty.

Sept. 5 — The first aerial mail left New York for Chicago, Thurs-
day, 7:09 A. M., reaching Chicago 7:05 P. M. Friday — time,
36 hours and 56 minutes.

Sept. 6 — Fourth anniversary of the Battle of the Marne. Cele-
brations were held in the City Hall, Central Park Mall and
other places. M. Jusserand and Col. Roosevelt addressed
the meeting at City Hall. Lafayette's birthday was also
celebrated at the Statue in Union Square.

Sept. 10 — Prime Minister Massey of New Zealand and the
Bishop of York arrived from England.

Sept. 12 — -Registration Day for all men 18 to 45, inclusive. The
American First Army containing New York and Brooklyn
boys went into action for the first time as an Army at St.
Mihiel. They captured 20 towns and took 10,000 prisoners
with immense booty. Fleets of tanks led the rush.

Sept. 24 — Secretary McAdoo launched the Fourth Liberty Loan
by a great speech at Carnegie Hall. Amount, $6,000,000,000.
Manhattan's quota, $1,236,605,800; Brooklyn's, $79,233,800;
Bronx, $6,634,200; Queens, $9,434,700; Richmond, $2,173,900.

Sept. 27 — President Wilson made his great speech at the Metro-
politan Opera House. The Fourth Liberty Loan began busi-
ness at midnight after the President made his great speech.
Great hilarity ushered it in.

r 336 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Sept. 28 — The Altar of Liberty at Madison Square — an extraor-
dinarily beautiful work of art — was the center of attraction
for the crowds who came out to boost the Liberty Loan.
Fifth Avenue was decorated gorgeously. Such richness and
beauty of color was never seen before. Each block was
decorated with the colors of one particular nation of the
Allies, and the avenue for the time became known as the
Avenue of the Allies. The arrangement was as follows :
Liberty Loan blocks, American flags, 26th to 28th Sts. ;
Siam, 28th to 29th; Serbia, 29th to 30th; Russia, 30th to
31st; Portugal, 31st to 32nd; Panama, 32nd to 33rd ; Nica-
ragua, 33rd to 34th; Montenegro, 34th to 35th; Liberia, 35th
to 36th; Japan, 36th to 37th; Italy, 37th to 38th; Honduras,
38th to 39th; Poland, 39th to 40th; Liberty Loan blocks,
American colors, 40th to 43rd; Hayti, 43rd to 44th; Guate-
mala, 44th to 45th; Greece, 45th to 46th; France, 46th to
47th; Czecho-Slovak, 47th to 48th; Cuba, 48th to 49th;
Liberty Loan blocks, American colors, 49th to 52nd ; China,
52nd to 53rd; British Empire, 53rd to 54th; Brazil, 54th to
55th ; Belgian, 55th to 56th ; Liberty Loan blocks, American
colors, 56th to 58th.

Sept. 30 — British Empire Day at the Altar of Liberty. The
mingling of American and British uniforms was a feature
of the occasion.

Oct. 4 — Military camps about New York were greatly handi-
capped by the epidemic of influenza. The City too was
afflicted.

Oct. 7 — Hayti Day at the Altar of Liberty and parade to the
Waldorf Astoria for the reception to the minister, Solon
Monos.

Oct. 8 — Honduras Day at the Altar of Liberty with a parade up
Fifth Avenue afterwards.

Oct. 9 — Japan Day at the Altar of Liberty with a fine parade
up the Avenue which included a large delegation of Japanese
Red Cross nurses in spotless white.

Oct. 10 — Montenegro Day with a parade to 34th Street where
the Montenegro flag was saluted.

Oct. 11 — President Wilson arrived to take part in the Liberty
Loan Parade to-morrow. In the evening he attended the
New Amsterdam Theater and between the acts over $800,000
was raised for the loan, the President autographing all
bonds for $1,000 or over.

Oct. 12 — Liberty Day was observed by a great parade on Fifth
Avenue in which the President marched. He received a
magnificent and enthusiastic reception all along the way from
72nd Street to Washington Square. All the Allied Nations
took part and all city organizations connected with the war.
In the evening the President attended a great meeting in
the Metropolitan Opera House for the benefit of blinded
soldiers and while there Germany's answer which had just
arrived was handed to him.

[ 337 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Oct. 13 — Gasless Sunday. President Wilson drove to Riverdale
to visit Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge, who welcomed him with
a warm hand-shake and a pleasant "God bless you." Outside
of one of the churches the entire congregation assembled
and gave the President a rousing reception.

Oct. 14 — The President's note to Germany was despatched, re-
fusing to discuss peace propositions until all territory was
evacuated, and referring the armistice proposition to the
Allies.

Oct. 16 — Russia Day at the Altar of Liberty with the usual
parade up Fifth Avenue afterward.

Oct. 18 — Siam Day at the Altar of Liberty. King Rama's rep-
resentative declared that his country had good reason to be
at war with the Kaiser because of a characteristic German
plot to seize the little kingdom. The plot was frustrated
by the smartness of the King himself.

Oct. 19 — United States Day at the Altar of Liberty. Exercises
were followed by a parade up Fifth Avenue headed by a
detachment oi U. S. Infantry and Naval Reserves both
having splendid bands. Last day of the great Liberty Loan
Drive. Open air meetings were held everywhere. Tremen-
dous crowds gathered about the Altar of Liberty, where Julia
Marlowe, just returned from the front, sold bonds all day.
At the Union League Club and at the Public Library enor-
mous crowds gathered. Also in the other boroughs par-
ticularly at Borough Hall, Brooklyn, where great enthusiasm
existed and bonds were going like "hot cakes." Eminent
actors, singers, writers, soldiers and sailors addressed meet-
ings in every part of Greater New York. The people cheered
and sang as they do on election night or New Year's eve.

Oct. 24 — The flags and decorations of the "Avenue of the
Allies" (Fifth Avenue) were removed and taken to Canada
to be exhibited there just as they appeared in Fifth Avenue.
They are to be taken to London next.

Nov. 1 — Official figures for the Fourth Liberty Loan gave total
subscriptions $6,866,416,300, showing a large oversubscrip-
tion. New York City's quota was oversubscribed more than
$200,000,000. There were nearly 21,000,000 individual sub-
scribers.

Nov. 2 — Great excitement was created by the reports that the
Austrian Empire was in a state of complete disintegration.

Nov. 4 — A great meeting was held in Madison Square Garden
to promote the United War Work campaign. Cardinal Gib-
bons, Bishop Greer, and Rabbi Stephen S. Wise sat together
on the platform. All denominations resolved to work to-
gether.

Nov. 7— The "Yanks" captured the town of Sedan. The Metro-
politan Division from N. Y. City were among the first to
enter this famous and historic place. A report was pub-
lished in all the forenoon papers that the armistice was

[ 338 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

signed. Big black headlines announced that "Germany Sur-
renders," "War Ended" and the whole city went wild with
excitement. At 1 P. M. factory whistles, steamboat horns,
automobile signals and everything that could make a noise
and express the pent up feelings of the people were let loose.
Everybody left their places of business and in the twinkling
of an eye the streets were a moving and shouting mass of
humanity. The excitement kept up all the afternoon and
night. Unfortunately the report was premature and was
sent out by the United Press Association on what they con-
sidered official and reliable information. Secretary Lansing
contradicted the report but nothing could stop the enthusi-
asm and joyous excitement of the people. The country had
to wait four days more to get the true report.

Nov. 11 — Monday, Nov. 11, was the most remarkable day New
York ever saw and perhaps to be the most memorable in
human history. The armistice was signed 11 A. M. Paris
time, 5 A. M. New York time, and at this early hour the
joy bells began to sound in every section of the city. The
dawn was breaking on the darkest and longest night the
world had ever known. As the people woke the sun was
just rising and the angel of Peace was hovering over the
habitations of men. What a glorious morning! Immedi-
ately after noon President Wilson appeared before the Con-
gress and announced the signing of the armistice and read
the conditions. The President's speech was received with
tremendous enthusiasm and when he declared that the war
was ended the dignified senators and representatives went
.wild with joy. The people of New York celebrated the
event in their customary way and abandoned themselves to
every form of innocent enjoyment and hilarity. The crowds
though big and noisy were perfectly good-natured. The
celebrating was kept up until daylight did appear. Official
announcement was made of the abdication of the German
Emperor and the Crown Prince. The campaign of the
United War Work for $175,000,000 was begun. When the
fighting ceased on the Western front the Fifteenth New
York Infantrv brigaded with the Seventh French Army held
the town of Thann the most advanced section of that front.

Nov. 14 — Great excitement was created by the report that Presi-
dent Wilson intended to attend the Peace Conference in
Europe.

Nov. 15 — Dock Commissioner Hulbert informed the U. S. and
British Governments that the pier facilities of New York
were wholly inadequate to meet the demands which peace
had brought. Freight movement was enormous.

Nov. 16 — The Lambs and Friars were out in force to help along
the United War Worjc Campaign. The most picturesque
spectacle of all was the Scotch Kilties as they paraded up
and down Fifth Avenue playing their bagpipes.

[ 341 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Nov. 17 — This day, Sunday, was set apart for the celebration of
Victory and all churches of every denomination held serv-
ices. Elihu Root made a notable address at the Cathedral
of St. John the Divine. The Fifth Avenue Presbyterian
Church was crowded to hear the famous Scotch Divine,
Hugh Black; St. Patrick's Cathedral and St. Thomas' were
also crowded to the door. This same was true of churches
in every part of this city.

Nov. 20 — Marshal Haig said in a semi-official statement : "I am
proud to have had you in my command. The deeds of the
27th and the 30th "American Divisions will rank with the
highest achievements of the war."

Nov. 21 — Three Brooklyn regiments, formerly the 23rd, 14th, and
47th, were in the thick of the terrific fighting at the Hinden-
burg line. Accounts of their dash and endurance were read
with great admiration.

Nov. 22 — King Albert entered Brussels this morning at 10:30
o'clock. He was accompanied by Queen Elizabeth, Princes
Leopold and Charles and Princess Marie Jose.

Nov. 23 — The United War Work campaign ended with the total
asked for— $170,000,000.

Nov. 23 — Rodman Wanamaker, chairman of the committee ap-
pointed by the Mayor to undertake the erection of# a Memo-
rial Arch to the soldiers from New York who died in the
war, announced that the arch would be erected through
popular subscription.

Nov. 23 — A transport from France landed 426 wounded and con-
valescent American soldiers and 24 officers at Hoboken.
They were taken in Red Cross ambulances to the new Army
Hospital 8, at Eighteenth Street and Sixth Avenue. Dogs
and men are battling in Petrograd for the flesh of horses
that drop dead in the streets, according to a British busi-
ness man who has just arrived in London.

Nov. 24 — Representatives of twelve freed nations of middle
Europe led in a service of thanksgiving at the Cathedral of
St. John the Divine. A procession entered the cathedral led
by soldiers from each country as standard bearers.

Nov. 26 — The War Department issued orders calling for im-
mediate demobilization of the Student Army Training Corps.

Nov. 27 — President Wilson obtained his passport. It is the first
passport ever issued to a President of the United States.
It is valid for use in France, Great Britain and Italy.

Nov. 28 — New York City celebrated its great Victory Thanks-
giving Day as the time honored American holiday has never
been celebrated before. In fact, from one end of the city
to the other, in all five boroughs, clubs, societies, officials
and individuals banded together in one mighty effort to turn
the day into a patriotic celebration such as Father Knicker-
bocker never saw before. New York City's famous Seventh
Regiment — down in the official records now as the 107th

[ 342 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Infantry — achieved the unique distinction of providing 1,000
officers for the American army in France, over and above
the quota of officers it supplied to the units of the Twenty-
seventh (New York National Guard) Division, of which
it is a unit.

Dec. 1 — Major Willard D. Straight died in Paris from pneu-
monia.

Dec. 3 — President Wilson sailed away to the Peace Conference
yesterday. The Northern Pacific, United States hospital
ship, made port. Also the Mauretania with her freight of
army fliers. Wireless messages from President Wilson be-
gan to reach the Navy Department soon after the George
Washington had got under way.

Dec. 5 — George W. Perkins, Chairman of the Finance Committee
of the War Work Council of the Y. M. C. A., and Mortimer
L. Schiff, Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Jewish
Welfare Board, sailed to-day on the Mauretania. They
went to Europe at the request of the Committee of Eleven
of the seven accredited war work organizations.

Dec. 7 — To-day and to-morrow were "Britain's days," through-
out the whole United States.

Dec. 13 — President Wilson reached the Harbor of Brest on board
the steamer George Washington at 1 o'clock, and precisely
at 3 :24 stepped on shore — the first time an American Presi-
dent had trod European soil. The American forces crossed
the Rhine at 7 o'clock this morning on a thirty mile front
from Sinzing to Nieder, also occupying the great fortress
of Ehrenbreitstein on the eastern heights of the river. The
First, Second and Thirty-second divisions crossed.

Dec. 14— President Wilson arrived in Paris at 10:01 o'clock this
morning. His arrival was heralded by the booming of guns
throughout the city. Vast throngs in the Champs Elysees set
up a tremendous cheer. Crowds lined the entire way from
the railway station to Prince Murat's palace, which will be
the first foreign home of an American President. The
American dreadnought fleet of ten ships which escorted
President Wilson into port yesterday sailed to-day for New
York. The fleet, which includes the battleships Pennsyl-
vania, Wyoming, New York, Arizona, Nevada, Arkansas,
Florida, Utah, Texas and Oklahoma, is expected to reach
its destination before Christmas.

Dec. 15 — Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Vincent Astor,
two of many notable war relief workers returned to New
York to-day on board the French Line steamship Lorraine.

Dec. 18 — The great parade of the Nations in honor of the
"Greatest Mother" (the Red Cross) took place. Fifth Ave-
nue presented a gorgeous spectacle. All the Allied countries
were represented.

Dec. 21 — President Wilson received first honorary degree from
the Sorbonne.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Dec. 22 — Walter Hines Page, former Ambassador near the Court
of St. James's, died at Pinehurst, N. C.

Dec. 25 — President Wilson visited American troops at Chamant.

Dec. 26 — Amid booming of guns and cheers of enormous crowds,
President Wilson was welcomed to London this afternoon.
King George and Queen Mary met him at the train. As he
left his car a band played "The Star-Spangled Banner."
The King quickly stepped forward when President Wilson
appeared, and they shook hands with great cordiality. They
proceeded to Buckingham Palace where the President resided
during his stay in London. In response to the vociferous
cheering and calls of the people the President and Mrs.
Wilson, accompanied by the King and Queen, appeared on
the balcony of the Palace and waved their appreciation of
the extraordinary welcome. America's sea fighters from
overseas returned to New York to-day and were welcomed.

Dec. 27 — A great State banquet was given by King George at
Buckingham Palace to-night in honor of President Wilson.
The banquet hall was a scene of splendor.

Dec. 28 — President Wilson made his last public appearances in
London to-day. Officials of the City of London presented
him with an address of welcome in the ancient Guildhall,
where other famous Americans, including General Grant and
former President Roosevelt, have been received. Afterward
he was the guest at a luncheon in the Egyptian Hall of
Mansion House, where hover the ghosts of decades of civic
oratory and where many Americans have partaken of the
famed aldermanic turtle soup. The drive from Buckingham
Palace and return was witnessed by immense crowds. There
was plenty of enthusiasm abroad, but it hardly reached the
same volume as that which attended the President's entry
into London on Dec. 26. The programme of the Mansion
House luncheon, which followed the Guildhall reception, was
comparatively informal, except for the toasts. When the
aged master of ceremonies, in city livery and standing be-
hind the Lord Mayor's chair, proclaimed, "Your Royal
Highness [addressing the Duke of Connaught], My Lords,
Your Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, I pray silence for
the President of the United States," there was a burst of
hearty, although decorous, enthusiasm, with handclapping,
waving of napkins and beating of tables. President Wilson
at the American Embassy to-day received the delegates of
several societies and leagues, some of which presented memo-
rials and resolutions welcoming him to London. A delega-
tion from the League of Nations Union was headed by the
former Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and it included the
Archbishop of Canterbury and Viscount Brvce, former Brit-
ish Ambassador to the United States. President Wilson con-
cluded his strenuous day of entertainment with a dinner at
the Prime Minister's residence to-night, at which were gath-

[ 344 ]

a characteristic section about 1869 of the region out of which
Automobile Row was formed

OF OLD NEW YORK

ered the members of the War Cabinet and other government
and Dominion officials. President Wilson celebrated to-day
Ins sixty-second birthday anniversary by a round of official
activities. King George, for a birthday gift, presented a
magnificent set of books to the President, and at the same
time gave gifts to every member of the President's official
party. The women of the party received brooches and the
men stick-pins set with diamonds forming the letters "G. R."
The President received gifts as tokens of the day from Mrs.
Wilson and the President's family. He declared he con-
sidered it the greatest birthday period of his life.
Dec. 29 — President Wilson, accompanied by Mrs. Wilson, came
to Carlisle to-day in the rain and a cold penetrating mist
to visit the girlhood home of his mother. But the warmth
of the greeting of the people of the town and of the thou-
sands of strangers from the surrounding country more than
offset the dreariness of the weather. Large crowds lined the
streets and cheered the Presidential party lustily as it drove
from the station, where the President was received by Mayor
Bertram Carr and local notables, to the Crown and Mitre
Hotel, where the President signed the Freeman's roll. The
President visited Annetwell Street, where the site of his late
grandfather's chapel was pointed out to him and the house
in Cavendish Place that was built by his grandfather. Later
he attended services in the Lowther Street Congregational
Church. Here during the services the Rev. Edward Booth,
pastor of the church, requested the President to come into
the pulpit and address the assemblage. This the President
did, delivering a short speech. The name Thomas Woodrow
was inscribed on the church roll ninety-eight years ago.
Paisley has the honour of being the birthplai e of the Presi-
dent's maternal grandfather, the Rev. Tho nas Woodrow,
who was born there in 1793. The Preside i f. left at 1:15
P. M. for Manchester where he arrived at . P. M. Here
he was welcomed by the Lord Mayor and escorted to the
official residence in the Town Hall. The streets were
crowded and the President received an extraordinarily warm
reception.

Dec. 30— -President Wilson was presented with the freedom of
the city of Manchester to-day in Free Trade Hall, and made
his remarkable speech on "World League or none." He also
visited the famous docks and later made a brief appearance
on the balcony of the Royal Exchange. He took luncheon
with 200 prominent business men at the Midland Hotel and
left for London in the evening.

Dec. 31 — President and Mrs. Wilson left Victoria Station at
9:18 o'clock this morning on a special train en route to
France. King George and Queen Mary and the Duke of
Connaught accompanied Mr. and Mrs. Wilson to the station.
Premier Lloyd George was on the platform and saw the

[ 347 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

President and his wife depart. The Scots Guards formed
the guard of honor, and the band of the Irish Guards played.
President Wilson left Paris to-day en route to Rome, where
he will be the guest of King Victor Emmanuel.

1919

Jan. 1 — The American troop transport Northern Pacific, formerly
the great Pacific liner of the same name, went aground otf
Fire Island, with more than 3,000 persons on board. Of
these 2,973 were in the United States service, and with them
was one French officer.

Jan. 3 — President Wilson arrived in Rome at 10:25 this morn-
ing and was greeted at the station by King Victor Em-
manuel and Queen Helena as well as by members of the
Government and representatives of the local authorities.
Representatives of the Italian press were received by Presi-
dent Wilson at the Quirinal in the afternoon. The editors
in chief of thirty leading newspapers of Italy were in the
party. This evening the conferring upon the President of
the citizenship of Rome was the climax of a day in which
both the military and the civilian population of the city
exerted every effort to express their enthusiastic affection
for the American President. President Wilson was the
guest of honor at an official dinner given at the Quirinal
to-night. There were only two addresses, by King Victor
Emmanuel and by Mr. Wilson.

Jan. 4 — President Wilson drove from the Palazzo del Drago,
the residence of Ambassador Page, to the Vatican, accom-
panied by Mgr. Charles O'Hearn, Rector of the American
College. President Wilson was made a member of the
"Reale Accademia de' Lincel," or Royal Academy of Sci-
ence, in the morning.

Jan. 5 — The Presidential party arrived in Genoa. His three
hour stay here was crowded with demonstrations of wild
enthusiasm.

Jan. 6 — President Wilson arrived at Turin to-day, where a great
demonstration awaited him. Theodore Roosevelt died in
his home at Oyster Bay at 4:15 o'clock yesterday morning.
He passed away in his sleep, without suffering pain.

Jan. 8 — The body of Theodore Roosevelt, former President of
the United States, in a coffin wrapped with the American
flag, was lowered this afternoon in Youngs Memorial Ceme-
tery into a grave near the summit of a steep hill which
looks out on Oyster Bay Cove and across the cove to the
Roosevelt home on Sagamore Hill.

Jan. 13 — Mrs. Vincent Astor, who returned to this country re-
cently after seventeen months of active service with the
Y. M. C. A. abroad, will continue her war work as chair-
man of the new "Y Victory Hut" Committee.

[ 348 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Jan. 17 — Citizens of New York met at Madison Square Garden
to protest against the Mayor's appointment of William Ran-
dolph Hearst to the committee of welcome to returning
troops.

Jan. 18 — The peace conference convened for its first official ses-
sion at 3 P. M. to-day in Paris. Delegates representing
twenty-six nations met in the famous Clock Hall of the
Quai d'Orsay. President Poincare made the opening ad-
dress. The peace delegates sat at a huge horseshoe shaped
table, their secretaries at small tables near by.

Jan. 18 — Thomas W. Lamont and Albert Strauss were appointed
as financial expert advisers to the Treasury Department at
the Peace Conference.

Jan. 20 — President Wilson was the guest of the French Senate
at a luncheon in the Luxembourg Palace. He was greeted
by Antonin Dubost, President of the Senate.

Jan. 22 — The Supreme Council of the Peace Conference adopted
the proposal submitted by President Wilson in regard to
conditions in Russia.

Jan. 22 — A delegation representing the League of the Rights of
Man called on President Wilson. The President in the eve-
ning received a deputation of the students of the Sorbonne.
or the Departments of Arts and Science of the University
of Paris.

Jan. 22 — Secretary Robert Lansing gave a dinner in the evening
in honor of John W. Davis, American Ambassador to Great
Britain. President Wilson and all the officials attached to
the American Peace Mission were present.

Jan. 23 — President Wilson received Georges Lecompte, the Pres-
ident, and the Abbe Wetterle and General Malleterre, Vice-
Presidents of the Society of Men of Letters. This aft-
ernoon a reception was tendered by him at the Murat man-
sion to about 300 persons — diplomats, politicians, artists, and
writers — who were introduced to the President and Mrs.
Wilson.

Jan. 25 — The plenary session of the Peace Conference tq-day
unanimously adopted the project to establish a League of
Nations and name a commission to draft the complete plan.

Jan. 28 — Brigadier-General Cornelius Vanderbilt was named by
Governor Alfred E. Smith to head a commission to work
out the amalgamation of the National Guard of the State of
New York in a new Federalized National Guard. General
Vanderbilt served with distinction overseas, as commanding
officer of the 102d Engineers, and was promoted from the
rank of Colonel to Brigadier-General.

Jan. 28 — A contribution of $400,000 to the campaign fund for the
starving Armenians and Syrians, the gift of Cleveland H.
Dodge, was announced at a luncheon at the Bankers' Club.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Jan. 28 — Captain Hamilton Fish, Jr., of the 369th Regiment, re-
ceived the Croix de Guerre from General Petain for val-
orous services.

Jan. 29 — President Wilson extended full recognition to the new-
Polish Government under the Premiership of Ignace Pader-
ewski. Disclosure of the President's action was made by
the State Department to-day.

Tan. 29 — In recognition of his services to the Allies, J. P. Mor-
gan to-day received a grant of "the honorary freedom and
livery" of the Goldsmith Company, London. He is the first
American and the first banker since 1795 to be so honored.
King George and Foreign Secretary Balfour are the only
other honorary freemen at present.

Jan. 30— At a luncheon of workers on the $30,000,000 drive of
the Committee for Relief in the Near East, held in the
Bankers' Club, it was announced that Commodore Arthur
Curtiss James had contributed $200,000 to the fund.

Feb. 1 — The battle deaths, missing, and prisoners for the 27th,
or New York National Guard Division, were published.

Feb. 3 — James M. Beck and Paul D. Cravath were elected
Benchers of Gray's Inn, London.

Feb. 3 — President Wilson this evening delivered an address in
the Chamber of Deputies, Paris, having as auditors Presi-
dent Poincare, the Presidents of the Chamber and the Senate
and large numbers of members of both houses of Parliament
and the personnel of the French Cabinet.

Feb. 5 — Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, with her daughter, Mrs. Rich-
ard Derby, sailed on board La Lorraine to visit the grave of
Lieut. Quentin Roosevelt, who was killed in action.

Feb. 9 — To-day was officially set aside in honor of the memory
of Theodore Roosevelt, and the tribute paid him was world
wide. From London he was proclaimed by Archdeacon Car-
negie in the historic Westminster Abbey as the man who had
done most to unite the British and American peoples. In
Paris President Wilson and Secretary of State Lansing paid
honor to Colonel Roosevelt at a service in the American
church. The American Army of Occupation in Germany
paid its tribute at special services, held in all of the towns
garrisoned by the olive drab men of America. In capitals of
the smaller nations of Europe, whose cause Colonel Roose-
velt had persistently championed, similar services were con-
ducted. Most impressive were the services held in the joint
session of Congress in the House of Representatives at
Washington, where Henry Cabot Lodge, probably Colonel
Roosevelt's most intimate friend in public life, delivered the
eulogy.

Feb. 9 — Fifteen hundred persons attended the Roosevelt memo-
rial service in Westminster Abbey. Canon W. H. Carnegie
preached the sermon. Among the notables present were
Prince Arthur of Connaught, representing the King; Earl
[ 350 ]

mijn* ^rotljers 1357

One of Jacob Westervelt's New
York ships built for Commodore
Vanderbilt and afterward turned
over by him to the Government dur-
ing the Civil War. After the war
it became one of the Pacific Mail
Line and was among the pioneers in
the development of coastwise com-
merce.

From the Private Collection.
Mr. Wm. K. Vanderbilt, Sr.

OF OLD NEW YORK

Howe, representing Queen mother Alexandra; American
Ambassador Davis, Admiral Sims, Viscountess Bryce, Earl
Curzon, Viscountess Curzon, Lord Southward and Austen
Chamberlain.

Feb. 13 — Edward R. Stettinius, former Assistant Secretary of
War and later Special War Department representative
abroad, was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by
Secretary of War Baker.

Feb. 13 — General Vanderbilt in his report on the reorganization
of the National Guard, recommended that former National
Guard officers who return from France should be given pref-
erence in commissions in the New York Guard.

Feb. 14 — President Wilson read the draft of the constitution of
the League of Nations before the plenary session of the
Peace Conference and made a notable address on the subject.

Feb. 14 — President Wilson left the Murat Mansion at 9:05
o'clock this evening for the invalides railway station to take
the train for Brest on the first stage of his journey home.
He was escorted by a detachment of the Republican Guard.

Feb. 15 — President Wilson sailed from Brest for the United
States aboard the liner George Washington at 11:15 A.M.
(French time) to-day.

Feb. 16 — John W. Davis, the new Ambassador of the United
States in England, was elected a Bencher of the Middle
Temple.

Feb. 18 — Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, accompanied by her son,
Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., visited the grave
of Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt near Fere-en-Tardenois and
laid flowers on the simple monument which marks her son's
last resting place. The grave is being carefully tended by
the inhabitants of the locality.

Feb. 19 — Georges Clemenceau, France's aged but vigorous Pre-
mier, was shot at and slightly wounded this morning as he
was entering his automobile for a drive.

Feb. 21 — At a dinner in Paris to-night H. P. Davison, of the
American Red Cross, announced in outline international Red
Cross plans "to formulate and propose to the Red Cross
societies of the world a program of extended Red Cross
activities in the interest of humanity."

Feb. 24 — President Wilson landed at Commonwealth Pier, Bos-
ton, at 11 :42 A. M., from France.

March 2 — President Wilson's approval of a Jewish common-
wealth in Palestine was obtained by a delegation of repre-
sentative Jewish leaders headed by Rabbi Stephen S. Wise,
Louis Marshall and Bernard J. Richards of New York, and
including Judge Julian Mack of Chicago.

March 4— The President left Washington for New York at 2
P. M. Instead of going from the Capitol to his train, the
President drove back to the White House for lunch. The

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

train hearing the Presidential party pulled into the Pennsyl-
vania Station promptly at 8:15 P.M.

March A — President Wilson and former President Taft walked
arm in arm onto the stage of the Metropolitan Opera House
to speak for the League of Nations.

March 5 — President Wilson sailed on the United States naval
transport George Washington to resume his duties at the
Peace Conference. The George Washington departed from
Pier 4, Hoboken, at 8:15 o'clock in the morning.-

March 6 — Nearly fourteen thousand men of New York's own
division, the 27th, came home from France. Of these more
than 10,000 came on the Leviathan. The others arrived in
the afternoon on the Mauretania. Their reception surpassed
in spontaneous enthusiasm any greeting ever given a contin-
gent arriving in this port.

March 11 — Three transports reached Hoboken from France with
11,143 troops on board, including 3,300 officers and men of
the 27th Division.

March 12 — On Board the U. S. George Washington, the Pres-
ident to-day took up active preparations for his Peace Con-
ference labors and exchanged wireless messages with mem-
bers of the American delegation in Paris. The sea is smooth
and the George Washington is making good speed.

March 13 — The steamer George Washington with President Wil-
son on board entered the harbor of Brest, France, at 7:45
o'clock this evening, and the President with his party left
for Paris by special train at 11 o'clock.

March 13 — Seven thousand soldiers, including 1,500 Brooklyn
men, most of them members of the 52d Artillery Brigade of
the 27th Division, commanded by Brigadier-General George
A. Wingate, and comprising the 104th, 105th and 106th Field
Artillery Regiments, arrived in Hoboken on board the trans-
port America.

March 13 — Over 4,000 troops arrived in port on three transports.
The President Wilson, the Panaman and the Espagne all
brought local fighters home from the battlefields. On the
President Wilson came the 305th Brigade, Tank Corps, of
which the 301st Tank Battalion saw heavy fighting and won
much glory.

March 14 — President Wilson, returning to the Peace Conference
after his trip to the United States, arrived in Paris shortly
after noon to-day.

March 15 — The Dutch steamship Hollandia arrived from Brest
with 1,025 American troops, which included 11 officers and
477 enlisted men of the 102d Field Battalion of the U. S. A.
Signal Corps, belonging to the 27th Division.

March 17 — The 304th Brigade Tank Corps, complete, consisting
of 55 officers and 1,456 men, arrived in Brooklyn on the
French liner P atria. The P atria brought back 2,110 officers

[ 356 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

and men. Included in the contingent were six casual com-
panies and 67 casual officers.

March 19- — The last unit of New York's famous 27th Division,
the 104th Machine Gun Battalion, returned home. The 12
officers and 396 enlisted men of the battalion were in every
battle in which the 27th Division took part. Their casualties
were 40 killed and 70 wounded.

March 21 — One year ago to-day the German Army, at the peak
of its power, poured down on the British lines in Picardy,
bent on winning an overwhelming victory before American
troops should reach the front in force.

March 23 — President Wilson, accompanied by Mrs. Wilson, Miss
Benham, Mrs. Wilson's secretary, and Rear Admiral Gray-
son, spent the day visiting Soissons, the Chemin des Dames.
Coucy le Chateau, Chauny, Noyon, Montdidier and the neigh-
boring regions. On his return to Paris the President said :
"The day has been very instructive to me. It has been in
many ways exceedingly painful, because what I saw was
deeply distressing. But it has enabled me to have a fuller
conception than ever of the extraordinary suffering and
hardships of the people of France in the baptism of cruel
fire through which they have passed." At one place a pleas-
ant incident occurred. The President's car stopped to get
oil, and a little group of people of the village with some who
had driven out from Montdidier. gathered around the car
and chatted. Several bouquets of flowers brought by chil-
dren were presented to President and Mrs. Wilson.

March 24 — Brooklyn to-day paid homage to its war heroes — the
brave lads who performed the feat of breaking the Hinden-
burg line. The residents of the borough were delirious with
joy as these heroes of the 27th Division marched between
lanes of countless thousands of cheering persons, marched
with unfaltering steps to the strains of patriotic airs and the
welcome plaudits of their home folks.

March 24 — More than 13,000 troops returned to-day on six trans-
ports, the Antigone, Montana, Lake Gasper, Manchuria,
North Carolina and Matsonia.

March 25 — In one of the greatest demonstrations ever witnessed
in America, New York to-day greeted the homecoming vet-
erans of the 27th Division and in the cheers with which the
metropolis greeted its own helmeted heroes it formally cele-
brated the close of the world's greatest war. Fifth Avenue,
appropriately named the "Avenue of Victory," through
which New York's former militiamen marched to-day in
triumph, was a monster canyon of wildly enthusiastic hu-
manity. Never before has such a crowd sought to gain but
even a glimpse of the passing spectacle. The head of the
parade reached the Arch of Triumph at Madison Square at
10 :24 o'clock, led at a considerable interval by the caisson,

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

draped in honor of the dead. Just as the parade reached
this point the thousands choking the whole square broke
through the lines and threatened to block the avenue. Sol-
diers and sailors on the side lines joined the police to put
back the struggling mob. For a time there was some rough-
ness. The soldiers and sailors tried in vain to hold the
crowd back. The street was finally cleared, however, by a
platoon of mounted police.

March 31 — Three thousand persons cheered the Twenty-second
Engineers, New York National Guard, and Brigadier-General
Cornelius Vanderbilt when he reviewed the unit in its arm-
ory at 168th Street and Fort Washington Avenue.

March 31 — Lieutenant Vincent Astor is on his way to the United
States, second in command on a captured German U-boat —
the U. C. 97.

March 31 — The local draft boards, composed of the men who
constituted that wonderful army making machine, the selec-
tive service system, called by Lord Northcliffe one of the
miracles of the great war, closed their- doors to-day and all
records will be shipped to Washington. With the closing of
the local boards it is interesting to note the varying cost of
inducting New Yorkers into the service. One board re-
ported an average cost of 12 cents a man ; another reported
$2.58, the highest average of any local board. The cost to
another board was 25 cents a man. For their work local
board members were paid at a rate of $1 an hour for each
hour that the member was wholly engaged in the duties
prescribed.

April 2 — Since November 14, 12,533 American soldiers have died
from wounds received in action prior to the armistice, the
War Department announced to-day. Last week there were
477 deaths from battle wounds.

April 3 — One of ten troopships due to-day with more than 26,000
returning American soldiers, the Leviathan had a total of
14,416 souls aboard when she made her pier at Hoboken.
Of these 12,274 were troops. The rest were officers and
members of the crew.

April 8 — The wierd bagpipers of the Scotch Kilties Band stirred
folks on the Cunard pier at the foot of West Fourteenth
Street last evening to barbaric enthusiasm as they skirled
that rousing Bobby Burns melody, "Scots wha hae we' Wal-
lace Bled." There were lots of war veterans of Scotch de-
scent lining the starboard rail of the Mauretania as she
warped in on the northerly side of the pier. There were
2,755 officers and men, near citizens and citizens of the
United States, who were in this country when the war
started and volunteered to help the British in their fight
against the Central Powers. They wore the uniforms of
about fifty different regiments that fought on all the fronts.

[ 358 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

April 11 — The Monroe Doctrine reservation has not been drafted
completely yet. When the President arose to speak on the
Monroe Doctrine amendment it was nearly midnight, at the
end of a long day's work. Standing at the head of the table,
the lines of fatigue on his face accentuated by the blazing
light of the chandeliers, he .delivered what is said to have
been one of the most dramatic and effective speeches since
the conference opened. The President pointed out that the
Monroe Doctrine had its inception at the time when abso-
lutism was supreme in Europe ; that it was promulgated for
the purpose of permitting the free and untrammeled devel-
opment of the peoples of the Americas. These peoples, he
said, had now joined with free Europeans in a final struggle
against absolutism, and that they were able to do so was
directly attributable to the Monroe Doctrine.

April 12 — The League of Nations covenant was finally' approved
by the League Commission.

April 16 — Twenty-five women war workers who will speak for
the Victory Loan were entertained by Mrs. Vincent Astor
at her residence, 840 Fifth Avenue.

April 19 — Greater New York is expected to subscribe $1,000,-
561,500 to the Victory Liberty Loan. The Borough of Man-
hattan is expected to subscribe $927,022,200. The quotas of
the other boroughs are: Brooklyn, $59,857,400; Queens,
$7,076,000; Bronx, $4,975,600; Richmond, $1,630,400.

April 20 — The United States transport Harrisburg, bringing
home the old 69th Regiment, now the 165th Infantry,
steamed through the Narrows this afternoon while New
York roared a welcome.

April 21 — Standing in the Argonne Forest Victory Loan Theatre
at Times Square shortly after 12 o'clock this morning, Gov-
ernor Alfred E. Smith officially opened the Victory Loan
drive in this district by buying the first note of the issue
sold in this city.

April 25 — With Major General Robert Alexander, commanding
officer of the 77th Division, and his staff on board, the
transport Mt. Vernon, carrying 5,773 members of New York's
Own, reached Sandy Hook at 4 :45 o'clock and docked an
hour and a half later at Hoboken.

April 25 — The last of the Fighting 165th is home. It arrived on
the transport Prince Frederick William — the old North Ger-
man Lloyd liner Prinz Friedrich Wilhelm.

April 25 — The 11th Engineers, U. S. A., the first regiment re-
cruited in New York City after the declaration of war in
1917, comes home with a record of twenty-two months' duty
overseas.

April 28 — The Constitution of the League of Nations was
adopted by the Peace Conference in plenary session this aft-
ernoon.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

April 28 — The America, which left Brest on Easter Sunday, ar-
rived in Hoboken to-day with 7,051 officers and men, includ-
ing the 308th Infantry, 77th Division, 95 officers and 3,752
men ; the 154th Infantry Brigade Headquarters, 77th Divi-
sion, 9 officers and 74 men, and the 307 Infantry Field and
Staff Headquarters, Supply and Machine Gun Companies,
Medical Detachments and Company A, B, C, D and E, 56
officers and 1,992 enlisted men.

April 28 — The 165th Infantry, formerly New York's old Sixty-
ninth, but by either name the "Fightin' Irish," marched up
Fifth Avenue through the Arch of Triumph cheered by great
crowds.

May 3 — The mightiest military spectacle ever staged passed down
Fifth Avenue from 110th Street to Washington Square.
The spectacle termed "The Panorama of Victory" was or-
ganized by the War Department to demonstrate to the peo-
ple who invested in Liberty Bonds and war relief contribu-
tions and are now buying Victory notes how their money
has been spent.

May 3 — The battleship Vermont arrived at Newport News, Va.,
with the 53d Pioneer Infantry, the old 47th of Brooklyn.

May 6 — In one of the finest military exhibitions which New
York has ever seen the 77th (Metropolitan) Division, draft
men, marched from Washington Square to 110th Street,
starting at 10 o'clock and reaching 110th Street at 12 :10,
where the commander, General Alexander and his staff re-
viewed them. The division was composed of more than
22,000 combatant troops, some 5,000 casuals and as many
wounded in automobiles. Blocks ahead of the triumphant
columns marched the Companies of the Dead, ten detach-
ments each carrying a banner containing 250 gold stars.
Ahead and at the rear of these companies were strong honor
guards of police. As the companies reached Twenty-third
Street a caisson, bearing a golden Statue of Liberty and
drawn by two black horses, swung in at the head of the
solemn procession, and a 2-inch gun back of the Altar of
Liberty fired a salute. On the Altar of Liberty there were
representatives of the seven great welfare organizations.

May 7 — Germany to-day was told the terms upon which the
Allied and Associated Powers will make peace with her.
These terms were contained in a treaty some 80,000 words
in length, which was handed to the German plenipotentiaries
at a memorable assemblage here, attended by the delegates
of the twenty-seven nations which are parties to the peace
pact.

May 7 — Four years ago to-day the Lusitania went down. About
two years ago the United States waked up. April 6 and
Mav 7 are both dates in our historical calendar that nobody
is likely to forget.

[ 362 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

May 10 — Mrs. E. H. Harriman, President of the American Jugo-
slav Relief for Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 511 Fifth Ave-
nue, announced yesterday that $65,000 has been forwarded
to the American Relief Administration for the debilitated
children of Jugoslavia. The total amount contributed to the
relief fund from December 16, 1918, to May 7, 1919, was
$73,400.

May 10- — The Treasury Department to-night announced officially
that the country's Fifth or Victory Loan, the minimum
quota of which was placed at $4,500,000,000, had been over-
subscribed. Since the United States entered the war $23,-
322,349,250 have been subscribed in the five Liberty Loans in
the United States, of which $7,247,417,250 was subscribed in
the Second Federal Reserve District, New York.

May 12— The old 47th Infantry, N. G. N. Y., of Brooklyn, now
the 53d Pioneer Infantry, arrived home on the old Domin-
ion liner Jamestown, docking at Pier 26, North River, at
11:40 A.M.

May 16 — The three giant seaplanes of the American Navy, NC-1.
NC-2, NC-4, took off from Trepassey Bay, Newfoundland,
at 6 :07 P. M. for the transatlantic flight to the Azores.

May 17 — The seaplane NC-4, Commander A. C. Read, reached
Horta, Azores, 9:25 A.M. The NC-1 and NC-3 had to
make a landing in the water on account of fog and storm.

May 18 — Harry G. Hawker and Lieutenant Commander Mac-
kenzie Grieve started in their Sopwith biplane to cross the
Atlantic to Ireland at 1 :51 P. M., New York time.

May 19 — No tidings of Hawker. Thought to be lost.

May 22 — NC-4 will not leave Ponta Delgada to-day. Sea too
' rough for start.

May 26 — Total subscriptions to the Fifth or Victory Liberty
Loan were announced to-day by the Treasury at $5,249,908,-
300, an oversubscription of $750,000,000. It was estimated
officially to-day that there were 12,000,000 subscribers to the
loan.

May 26 — Harry G. Hawker and Lieutenant Commander Grieve
were rescued in latitude 50 degrees and 20 mintes North and
longitude 29 degrees and 30 minutes West. They alighted
close to a steamer, owing to a defect in the water circula-
tion of their motor. Both men are in perfect health. The
airplane was not saved.

May 27— NC-4 left Ponta Delgada for Lisbon at 10:18 G. M. T.
(6:18 A.M., New York time) to-day. Sent at 10:527, (7:50
A.M., New York time). NC-4 arrived at Lisbon at 20:02
G. M. T. (4:02 P.M., New York time).

May 31— The NC-4 arrived safely at Plymouth at 2:26, British
time, this afternoon, according to a radio message from
Rear Admiral Knapp to London. This is 9 :26 A. M., New
York time. The British Admiralty sent the following mes-

[ 363 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

sage to Rear Admiral Knapp in London : "This morning's
news brings the epoch-making intelligence that the space
between America and Europe has now been successfully
spanned by air by way of the Azores. It is with great pleas-
ure that their Lordships have learned of this success, and
they desire to offer their congratulations to the crew of the
seaplane NC-4 and to the United States Naval Air Service
on the fine achievement." At Plymouth, from which port
the Pilgrim Fathers embarked in the Mayflower for the new
world nearly 300 years ago, a great crowd waited, and when
the airship appeared rushing toward the harbor the whistles
of vessels in the bay set up a great screeching, while a
crescendo of cheers arose from the throngs. Many house-
tops and the streets and the open spaces were all a-flutter
with hankerchiefs and hats and flags waving a greeting to
Read and his men.

June 14 — The Vickers-Vimy biplane started on its transatlantic
flight at 4:13 o'clock this afternoon, Greenwich time, from
St. John's, N. F., to Ireland.

June 15 — The young British officer, Captain John Alcock, and his
American navigator, Lieutenant Arthur W. Brown, landed
at Clifton on the Irish coast. First non-stop flight across the
Atlantic — 1,900 statute miles — in 16 hours and 12 minutes.
Average speed 117 miles an hour. First aerial mail taken
across the Atlantic.

June 28 — The Treaty of Peace was signed. President Wilson's
name was the first to be signed for the Allies.

June 29 — President Wilson sailed from France for New York.

July 2 — The great British airship R-34 left Edinburgh, Scotland,
1:42 A.M. (G.M.T.).

July 6 — The British dirigible R-34 was made fast at Roosevelt
Field, L. L, at 9 :54 A. M., New York time. Distance trav-
eled, 3,130 sea miles.

July 8 — President Wilson arrived from France.

[ 364 ]

__________

\

OF OLD NEW YORK
The Boston Road and Aaron Burr

By Stephen Wray

The Boston Road, northern entrance for land travel
from all New England to New York City, roughly par-
allelled the shores of Long Island Sound, circling the
heads of the inlets, until it reached the village of East-
chester; there it bent westward and, climbing over the
tops of the ridges and dropping into the valleys, crossed
to Manhattan Island at Kingsbridge ; this was the road
of early colonial times.

Shortly after the Revolution ended, a new section of
the Boston Road was proposed, designed to tap the old
road at Eastchester and connect with a new bridge across
the Harlem River (at the present 129th- 133rd Streets)
a road at once direct, of easy grades, providing a short-
cut into New York on its easterly side, one that would
save much time and eliminate many of the troubles of
the tired traveler on his approach to the City. This new
section of the Boston Road owes its location and pro-
motion largely to the efforts of Doctor Joseph Browne,
once of West Farms, and behind the activities of this
Doctor Browne it is not difficult to discern the directing
mind of his brother-in-law, the astute and wily Aaron
Burr.

In July, 1777, the youthful Burr, for meritorious serv-
ice, received from Washington the appointment of Lieu-
tenant-Colonel placed in charge of a regiment stationed
in the valley of the Ramapo River. This regiment had
been so placed in order to prevent a British flank-attack
on West Point by Redcoats from New York crossing
Northern New Jersey and ascending the Ramapo for
access to the Hudson Valley at Newburgh. The soldiers

[ 367 1

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

were little more than raw recruits, but Burr was famed
as a disciplinarian, and soon, with thorough drill, had
his regiment in better shape than were most of the troops
in the Continental forces.

His next step was to look for possible spies, those
who might report his movements to the British or ac-
tively aid a British movement into his territory. He also
wished to know those friendly to the American forces
on whom he could rely for immediate information of
any movement of the British.

This work he had systematized while on the American
lines at White Plains, and applied the same methods to
Northern New Jersey. Families among the farmers un-
doubtedly to be trusted were so marked in the headquar-
ters records ; those of whose Toryism there was no doubt
were also so marked and thereafter constantly watched
by delegated watchers. Between the two classes were
certain families whose status was such that a period of
probation must be passed before it could be definitely
settled as to whether they were friend or foe, and of
these, the family of DeVinne, living at Paramus, in
Northern New Jersey, were of so special a class that
Burr himself determined to watch them.

The reason was, that although a family of Swiss ex-
traction, one daughter had married Colonel Provost of
the British army, and when just prior to the War his
regiment had been ordered to the West Indies, this
Mrs. Theodosia Provost and her two small sons had ar-
rived at Paramus to live with her widowed mother and
her sister Catherine at their home, "The Hermitage."
Although the inquiries among their neighbors led Burr
to believe the family highly esteemed and popular, still
he had doubts whether the wife of a British colonel

[ 368 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

had not left behind her in army circles at New York
many friends whom she would seek to keep advised as
to military movements of the Continental forces.

The best way to watch was to do so as unobtrusively
as possible. So Burr, through some of his friends in
the neighborhood, obtained an introduction to the De-
Yinne family, and as they were fond of entertaining, be-
came a frequent guest. But to his surprise, and pos-
sibly also to his relief, he found the DeVinnes, even Mrs.
Provost, were neutral with a strong leaning to the Ameri-
can point-of-view, and there seemed no reason to doubt
their loyalty to the American cause. Furthermore, he
speedily found that he had met women much superior
in education and accomplishments to the women it had
been his fortune to meet; and further, they possessed a
library filled with the works of the best English and
French authors as well as the classics, in which they were
well versed, and that they could converse in French as
well as in English, so that Burr, famous as a French
scholar, spent many a pleasant hour with them during
his stay in the neighborhood. In the following Novem-
ber, he was ordered to Philadelphia, and thereafter, for
about a year and a half, heard little about them save that
shortly after his departure word had reached Mrs. Pro-
vost of the death at Jamaica of her husband.

The Spring of 1779 found Burr again at White Plains
in charge of the American lines and the Neutral Ground.
In the midst of his military duties, he found time and
way to renew his acquaintance with the widow Provost ;
soon he was known as her accepted lover. Her sister,
Miss Catherine DeVinne, had announced her engagement
to a young physician, Dr. Joseph Browne, then estab-
lishing himself in practice in New York City. Later,

[ 369 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Burr left the army, partly on account of a breakdown
of health, and when sufficiently recovered, he renewed
his study of law, first at Patterson, then at Haverstraw.
In the Spring of 1782, deeming himself proficient in
his profession, he applied at Albany for admission to
the Bar, and after many difficulties, was admitted to
practice.

It probably would have pleased Burr to have gone at
once to New York City, for in that seaport town, among
its merchants, there was opportunity and money; but
this required, as a prerequisite to the practice of law,
an oath of allegiance to the reigning power who, that
City being still in British hands, was King George III.
so Burr was forced to begin his practice at Albany; and
here there was an opening, for from the part of the
State in Continental hands, the old and well-established
Tory lawyers had been disbarred the preceding year,
leaving the way open for young, ambitious American
lawyers.

Then followed the marriage, which in those days in
New Jersey was not so simple an affair as one might
expect, for it was needful that the banns be published
thrice and sundry other long-drawn steps taken, all of
which could be avoided by a trip to the State capitol and
the procuring from the Governor, on paying a goodly
fee, a license dispensing therewith. So on July 4th, 1782,
we find Aaron Burr licensed to wed Theodosia Provost
and Joseph Browne licensed to wed Catherine DeVinne,
all of the County of Bergen ; and then to Albany go the
Burrs, and to New York, to reside at No. 9 Little Queen
(Cedar) Street, go the Brownes.

Burr did not like Albany, and as soon as negotiations
were begun for a peace-treaty and the removal of the

[ 370 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

British troops from New York City, he began to ar-
range for a house there. Within a few days after the
departure of the British soldiery, Burr is again in New
York City, prepared to take up the lucrative practice
of the now disbarred Tory lawyers, located as to resi-
dence and office not far from Dr. Browne on Little
Queen (Cedar) Street at Nassau Street. And here,
through six years of fighting the Schuylers and Hamil-
ton and establishing himself in a legal practice as well
as dipping into local politics, we leave him while we
follow the fortunes of Dr. Joseph Browne.

In those days, New York City was thought to be a
very unhealthy place in the Summer months, "full of
mortal and contageous fevers" as Burr himself wrote.
So as soon as a man earned sufficient money, he tried
to procure a country residence, not too far from the
City, to which he could retire for the heated spell.
When, in 1785, John Embree died and by his Last Will
directed his executors to sell the farm at West Farms
on which he and his father had resided for sixty-seven
years, since 1718, the purchaser was Dr. Joseph Browne.
After tearing down the old Embree farmhouse, stand-
ing behind its twin elms, described by an earlier writer
as two of the most magnificent of their kind in West-
chester County, he erected on its site his homestead, a
two-story frame dwelling with wide verandas overlook-
ing the valley of the Bronx River for several miles. This
house survived in part until 1892 when it was torn down,
having many years before lost its cluster of dependent
buildings of which group it was once the center. In
its time it was the home of Thomas Walker, a wealthy
Quaker merchant and a manufacturer of the 1812 pe-
riod, when he had two mills on the property just north

[ 373 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

of the house, power being supplied by a great overshot
water-wheel (at 178th Street and Bryant Avenue) fed
from a mill-pond called "The Dyke" lying westward on
the farm and near the Southern Boulevard of to-day ;
afterwards, on Walker's death, it became the principal
hotel of the region, "The Adriatic Hotel," so named by
its proprietor, a survivor of the terrible shipwreck of
"The Adriatic" in the '50s, and as such is remembered
by all of the older inhabitants of that region as a cen-
ter of social and civil life.

The house stood at the edge of the rise of ground
bounding the Bronx Valley on its west side and about
sixty feet higher than the river surface; its present lo-
cation is best described as on the north side of Tre-
mont Avenue between Vyse and Bryant Avenues, op-
posite the Public School No. 6, and on an earth terrace
several feet higher than the surface to-day appears.
The farm stretched westward along the north side of
Tremont Avenue from West Farms Square to Prospect
Avenue, that street being in its inception the driveway
leading from the mansion-house down the hill to the
then Queens Road, from Delancey's Bridge down "The
West Farmes" to Hunt's Point. Here, for nearly seven-
teen years, Dr. Joseph Browne, with his family, spent
their Summers, leading the life of a country gentleman
of means, although still active in his profession and
foremost in all public enterprises of the times in that
locality.

It was in the Fall of 1789 that Governor Clinton
named Aaron Burr as Attorney-General of the State of
New York, an act that changed the whole career of both
Burr and Dr. Browne.

[ 374 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Burr would now spend much time at Albany, so he
sold his home at Little Queen and Nassau Streets, rent-
ing a winter home for his family until he could decide
for the future as to the place where it would be advis-
able to locate. Meanwhile, in February, 1790, he se-
lected and bought as his summer residence, a one hun-
dred and fifty-five acre farm at Pelham, meadow and
upland on the shore of the Hutchinson River opposite
the little settlement, of Eastchester, a farm now nearly
divided by the boundary-line of the City of New York,
part lying within Pelham Bay Park. This place soon be-
came a favorite residence of the family, who named it
"The Shrubberies," and Burr is constantly singing its
praises in his letters, while his wife in one of her own
states that she "is fortunate to be there, always plenty
of air, never heat enough to incommode one." In 1794,
Burr deemed it advisable, covering his political and spec-
ulative moves, to put the property out of his hands, pos-
sibly fearing the discovery by some enemy of his con-
nection with the laying out of the "New Road," so he
deeded it to his stepson, Augustine James Frederick
Provost, by whom it was occupied for many years and
in turn, until fire destroyed the house, by others of the
Provost family. But there was one drawback, the place
was rather inaccessible; although just opposite East-
chester, it was over a mile by road to that village, and
then, to New York, the way was across the hills to Wil-
liamsbridge and Kingsbridge and so down the length of
Manhattan Island.

This was the situation while Burr at Albany was fa-
miliarizing himself with his duties as Attorney-General ;
then, one day early in 1790, he heard that a member of
the Morris family was in Albany with a bill for legis-

[ 375 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

lative action to permit Lewis Morris to bridge the Har-
lem River, and, in connection therewith, lay out a new
road from the existing road from Boston at Eastchester
to the new bridge. The idea was to divert travel which,
at the cost of the trifling toll to be charged, would thus
find a more direct and easy entrance into New York ;
incidentally, the Morris family would profit by having
their Manor of Morrisania made accessible at practically
no cost to themselves. The Manor of Morrisania, al-
though on the mainland, had always been found to be
on the wrong side of the Harlem River ; there was no
bridge nearer than Kingsbridge, several miles distant and
that over farm lanes. As all travel started from Man-
hattan Island, the Morris family, their tenants and guests,
must as the first step in any journey, cross the Harlem
River on a scow-ferry. It was a little trip from bank
to bank, much longer then than now appears because the
stream has been bulkheaded and filled in on either side,
rough enough when the wind blew strongly and the tide
ran fast, somewhat dangerous when the scow carried a
top-heavy coach and its four horses ; besides it was costly
to maintain this ferry, as it required the constant atten-
dance of a couple of servants. Many times prior to the
War, the Morris family had sought permission to bridge
the Harlem, but there was a mysterious opposition, pos-
sibly from their enemies the DeLanceys then in power.
With the end of the War and the disappearance of that
vision which they had entertained picturing the Capital
City of the United States located on the Manor of Mor-
risania, they had arrived at the conclusion that a bridge
they must have. The bridge must be self-supporting, so
tolls must be provided. But the Morris family, their
tenants, servants, and guests, must pass toll-free, and
as the bridge would lead to no other land but the

[ 376 ]

JlBag in tl}t life of a fireman
"Jump her, boys, jump her"

Half a century has barely passed
since New York depended entirely
upon Volunteer Firemen for protec-
tion against this great public dan-
ger. She was last among the great
cities to change from the old sys-
tem to the new.

In these old Currier & Ives litho-
graphs the figures shown in the pic-
tures are portraits of well known
members of the various companies,
old Harry Howard showing conspicu-
ously among them. These remark-
able old prints are about all that is
left to remind us of this picturesque
chapter in our development from
village to town and from town to
city.

OF OLD NEW YORK

Morris estates, it was found needful that a road be made
from the bridge to tap the old colonial road at East-
chester and thus bring tolls to the bridge by diverting
thereto the New England travel.

Burr, of course, on hearing of the project, was deeply
interested and was soon in touch with the man in charge
of the bill. A direct road, right from his Pelham resi-
dence to New York, and over easy grades, meant to
him much saving of time and fatigue. On examining
the proposed bill, he pointed out a weak point, possibly
a fatal one to the scheme. It was proposed that the
farmers along the new road be asked to give a right-of-
way across their farms, or that one be bought from them
if they refused to give it. But suppose, argued Burr,
one farmer obstinately refused to give or to sell? He
would block the whole project. The Morris family had
many enemies ; the farmers along the line in many cases
had of old been dependents of the DeLanceys. It might
be better to remodel the bill and insert a provision for
commissioners to be appointed to lay out the road, con-
demn the land taken, if such a course was necessary ;
and that the politicians might not name their friends as
Commissioners, the names of friendly parties to the Mor-
ris family could be inserted in the bill itself.

So the bill was left with Burr for its remodelling,
and he inserted the names. As chairman of the Board of
Commissioners to lay out the "New Boston Road," he
inserted the name of his own brother-in-law Dr. Joseph
Browne ; as his associates, he inserted the names of
George Embree and John Bartow, Jr., worthy farmers
of the vicinity who could be depended on to follow the
lead of the Chairman, thus providing for an active and
two passive members. After minutely prescribing the
width of the bridge and of the /oad, and the various tolls

[ 381 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

to be charged, a provision was inserted for condemning
the required lands and for assessing the costs of ac-
quiring the same through taxation on the lands of the
nearby farmers. This was a proceeding which Burr
must have known to be impracticable, excellent lawyer
that he was, for the Constitution of the United States
had been in force but a short time, and the farmers still
believed that their land could only be condemned for a
public use, and could not be taken even then without clue
compensation, paid from some other source than the
pockets of the man whose land was taken. Then, was
this road a public, or a private enterprise? It certainly
seemed to be a private one when the Morris family took
all of the tolls.

Now, Burr was wise and artful ; he saw, what others
failed to see, that this new road would divide the old
farms in a different way than they had previously been
divided; that places heretofore difficult to reach would
be rendered accessible; that the rich farms of lower
Westchester County, each of a hundred or more acres,
had been left by the War owned by penniless farmers,
without cattle, and now, on the decline of slave-labor,
with little available farm help; the older generation of
farmers, unable to successfully work these big farms,
would gladly sell them at a fraction of their real value ;
the time had arrived for an enterprising man to buy up
these farms, run the new road through them, just where
it would make their several parts most accessible ; then
sub-divide them into smaller farms of from fifteen to
twenty-five acres, and sell them to new arrivals, emigrants
mainly, having some cash and ready to work a small plot
of land in the way the small farms of Europe were
worked; in a word, Burr saw opening a great field of
real-estate speculation, and he, through Dr. Browne, in

[ 382 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

direction of the enterprise ; so why bother with a prac-
ticable system of condemnation? Let the farmers ob-
ject sufficiently, and then, when they were threatened
with a course of expensive litigation to assert their rights
over some land of little value, make them a small but
reasonable offer for their entire farm and buy them out.
And thus Burr modelled the legislative bill which on
March 31st, 1790, became a law.

Burr now devoted his energies to politics and, early
in 1791, defeated General Schuyler in the contest for
the United States Senatorship. His land speculation he
left with Dr. Browne. Dr. Browne proceeded to locate
the new road. Beginning at the site of the proposed
bridge on the Harlem River (129th-133rd Sts.) close to
where he was to place his first brownstone milestone,
marking eight miles from the City, its course was laid
out towards the northeast along what is now Third Ave-
nue, until about 150th Street it reached the line where
the upland met the meadows bordering Mill Brook; pro-
ceeding along this, past the future site of the Ninth Mile-
stone (153rd St.) it reached the end of the meadows
(159th St.) and turning abruptly, descended a steep bank
at the site of the Bronx County Courthouse and crossed
the Mill-brook through an alder thicket, the scene in
later days of a daylight stage-robbery by a lone high-
wayman. Then, mounting the easterly bank, it pro-
ceeded around the foot of Grove Hill, and up the long
slope of Spring Hill (163rd-165th Sts.). skirting the
west side of that giant boulder named the "Pudding
Rock," a landmark close to the site of Morris High
School; the Tenth Milestone was to be located at 168th
Street, where it still remains, last of its kind in this
vicinity; and finally, a few hundred feet beyond Mc-
Kinley Square (169th St.) reached the boundary of the

[ 383 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Morris estate, the line dividing the Manor of Morrisania
from the Royal Patent of West Farms. Heretofore the
way had been entirely through land belonging to Morris ;
beyond lay the small farmer, the independent yeoman.

As Burr had foreseen, trouble at once arose. The
farmers were unanimously against the scheme, save one
man. He was old Thomas Hunt of "The Grange" at the
end of Hunts Point, owner of two northerly, or upper,
farms along the site of the proposed road. One of these,
named the "Gore Farm" was a hundred acre wood-lot
of triangular shape with no access save a wood-road
from its apex on the old road to Hunts Point near the
Bronx River (at 173rd St.). Its sidelines were roughly
at Suburban Place and 174th Street, and to-day much
of it forms Crotona Park, never having ceased from the
earliest time to be a wood-lot. Hunt reasoned that if
the new road crossed it at about the middle of the farm,
the land on each side would be accessible and. could be
used for farming purposes. The other farm, one of fifty
acres along the south side of Tremont Avenue, was at
one place crossed by a ridge of rock (the line of the
present Bryant Avenue) ; it would do no harm to have
the new road go over this ridge of rock; therefore,
Thomas Hunt consented to have the road cross his farms.

Just across the Southern Boulevard, and at the corner
of the present carbarns, was the site where the Eleventh
Milestone was to stand, and where it stood until the
Boston Road was widened.

The consent of Hunt practically located the road
along its present lines until it reached the site of Bryant
Avenue ; there it curved more northerly, and following
the rock ridge, turned at right angles into the driveway
leading from the homestead of Dr. Browne, down the

[ 384 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

hill to West Farms Square, that driveway being now
Tremont Avenue; from the crest of the rock ridge to
the valley road the land fell a vertical fifty feet and the
linear distance along the new roadway was scarcely four
hundred feet, a fall of over twelve feet in every hundred
with a right-angle bend midway between top and bot-
tom, a hill well-named "Breakneck Hill," a hill destruc-
tive of horseflesh on ascending and on breaks and run-
ning-gear on descending, and after 1825, practically
abandoned when a shortcut with an easier grade was
made around it and down its present course into West
Farms Square ; and thus was begun many of the main
thoroughfares of Bronx Borough as they to-day exist.

From West Farms Square northward, the ancient
"Queens Road" from Hunts Point originally ran diago-
nally through the present blocks, and dropping down the
river bank of the Bronx, crossed the stream at the stone
"Arch-Bridge" of the DeLanceys (at 180th St.). Dr.
Browne, through exchanges of lands with some of his
neighbors, caused the old road to be abandoned and
closed, and the new road laid out along the edge of the
high bank west of the stream, up to the present entrance
of Bronx Park, the future site of the "Carters Inn" of
Seth Raymond, later to be known as the tavern of Henry
Plant, and then the stage-change of Landlord John John-
ston; just beyond, the Twelfth Milestone was to stand.

Through Bronx Park, then the land of Oliver De-
Lancey, last of the old race to own it. an old wood-lane
was followed, one that crossed the Bronx River at the
water-lily bar just above the "Island" in Bronx Park,
a ford abandoned in the scheme of the new road in
favor of a wooden bridge at the narrowed banks of the
stream, not far from the upper falls of the Bronx; then

[ 387 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

crossing the Bear Swamp Road and the lane to Lorillard
Brothers snuff-mills on the Bronx, surrounded by their
acres of rose-gardens, the future road proceeded through
the farm of John Hitchcock, past the site of the Thir-
teenth Milestone where the present road and White
Plains Road now diverge, the farms of Israel Under-
lain and Stephen Ward, past the site of the Fourteenth
Milestone (Burke Avenue) until it reached the Wil-
liamsbridge Road, once the celebrated path of the In-
dians called by the early colonists "The Westchester
Path" and developed by them into the cartroad between
the settlements of Westchester and Eastchester. This
it followed for a short distance down the hill, but aban-
doned it at the point where it went westward to circle
the meadowland at the headwaters of Black Dog Brook.
Part of the old cartway still exists, known as Schieffelin's
Lane. The new road took a more direct course over
the meadows, past the site of the Fifteenth Milestone
(near Baychester Avenue), curving down to where it
again met the "Westchester Path" near Rattlesnake
Brook, and from thence past the house of Theodosius
Fowler, on the outskirts of Eastchester, to the Old Mill
Road, and by the latter joined the road from Boston, not
far from old St. Paul's Church.

This was the road as laid out by Dr. Browne, but ow-
ing to the opposition of the farmers, for many years
only opened in parts. The seed of the real-estate specu-
lation was now sown, time must be given for its growth ;
so Dr. Browne contented himself with the management
of his estate, and with building a dam on the lower
Bronx at the end of his lands, and erecting a mill, oper-
ated by the waters therefrom, for the production of lin-
seed oil, a mill one day to be the nucleus of the thriving
Village of West Farms.

[ 388 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

By 1795, the opposition being still formidable, Lewis
Morris no longer cared to be associated with the project
on account of its unpopularity, and having assigned his
interests therein to John B. Coles, the proposed road be-
came known as "Coles Road." The same year, the Leg-
islature enacted a law permitting Coles to build a nar-
rower bridge, exact a higher rate of tolls, and have the
right to collect the same for many years in the future.
Then the bridge was built, and the road completed.

By 1797, all obstacles had been overcome, except that
a few farmers toward Eastchester had failed to receive
pay for their lands, but, so rumor has it, a lottery pro-
vided the needful cash and they were paid ; whereupon
another law made the new road a part of the highway
system of the State; and, in 1798, the matter was en-
tirely ended by a law vesting in Coles the right to man-
age the enterprise and collect tolls, at another increase
of rates, until March 31st, 1858, sixty years, so long as
he kept the bridge and road in repair and paid trifling
fees to the Road Commissioners of the Towns of West-
chester and Eastchester.

How was this farmer opposition so readily overcome?
Simply by Dr. Browne buying, during the year 1796, vir-
tually all the farms, save those owned by Thomas Hunt,
from McKinley Square to Bronx Park ; not merely a
right-of-way for the road but the entire farms from the
Bronx River on the east to the Patent-Line on the west,
an oblong of land about a mile and a half long by three-
quarters of a mile wide.

Then came the land-boom, the re-division of the old
farms along the New Boston Road into smaller farm-
plots, and their sale by Dr. Browne during the next few
years to the newly-arrived small farmer at a goodly profit

[ 389 1

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

to Burr and himself. Thus the old Revolutionary stock
of farmers, growing on the soil from the earliest settle-
ments, left the region and were supplanted by a new
stock, differing in ideas, methods and viewpoints from
the old; this was thoroughly in accord with Burr's po-
litical ideas that the land was for the many and not the
few, the small land-owners to be the real rulers of the
country.

Meanwhile Burr, although occupied with his duties as
Senator, still found time to embark in another land-
scheme. When aid-de-camp to Washington in his head-
quarters on the banks of the Hudson at Richmond Hill
near Greenwich village, Burr had lived in the homestead
which Abraham Mortier, officer in the Royal service,
erected before the War on lands leased from Trinity
Church, and this house he longed to possess as his own.
Now the time approached when this desire could be
realized. So, in 1793, he began buying small plots in
the vicinity, and by 1797 had acquired the mansion,
making a holding of over one hundred and fifty acres.
His wife was dead, but his daughter Theodosia was now
budding into womanhood and the Richmond Hill mansion
and park made a fitting setting for her. For Theodosia
was Burr's pride, on her education he was willing to
spend limitless time, care and money, destined as he
deemed her to shine among the most talented women of
the Court circles of Europe, if not herself to fill a throne.
And here it was that Burr dreamed and schemed for
power and wealth, and royally entertained the titled
notables fleeing from the upheaval of the French Revo-
lution. To him the loss to Schuyler of the Senatorship
meant little, for projects involving far greater power
were now being considered. Richmond Hill was a de-
lightful country-seat and would continue so to be until

[ 390 ]

Possibly the first outdoor photograph taken in New York
Bixby Hotel, N. W. corner Broadway and Park Place, 1853. Also showing
W. & J. Sloane's Carpet Warehouse

Courtesy, N, Y. Historical Society.

OF OLD NEW YORK

the City crowded nearer ; then, divided into lots, it could
be sold at a great advance over its cost; so that Burr, or
his heirs, would profit largely in any event.

The yellow fever came with the Summer of 1798, and
Washington Square became the common graveyard ; the
outbreak was ascribed to contaminated drinking-water,
and the City Fathers appointed a committee to decide
between the rival factions as to whether or not City
water should be piped from the Collect Pond or from
the Teawater Pump district ; to this committee, Dr.
Browne sent his letter advocating the use of water from
the Bronx River, a source of supply then pure and
abundant, a sufficiency for the City's needs for many
years, which suggestion eventually led the City to procure
its water from the watersheds of upper Westchester
County.

It was this agitation for pure drinking-water that sug-
gested to Burr, always scheming, and ready to adapt a
popular demand to his own purposes, to set on foot the
enterprise of The Manhattan Company for the purpose
of supplying water from the Collect Pond to the house-
holders of the City, and of its Bank for the purpose of
collecting the moneys of these householders and supply-
ing it for the use of Burr and his friends in their enter-
prises ; so, in 1799, the Wrater Company and Bank were
launched.

Theodosia Burr, in 1801. married Joseph Alston, and
moving to the South, left Burr alone at Richmond Hill ;
but he had been chosen Vice-President of the United
States, and soon most of his time must be spent in
Washington ; therefore it was fitting that Dr. Browne
sell his farm at West Farms and take up his residence
on the Richmond Hill tract, to have an eye on the slaves

[ 393 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

while Burr was absent, and in general, to manage affairs ;
the Boston Road speculation had enriched both, possibly
both were also to share in that at Richmond Hill.

About this time appear the first signs of the dispersion
of the Richmond Hill lands ; then, in 1802, trouble occurs
in the directorate of the Manhattan Company, and Burr,
with his friends, finds himself ousted, whereupon much
of the Richmond Hill land is transferred to the Bank by
Burr in satisfaction of various claims due; the year 1803
sees more of the tract pass into the hands of others,
until little is left save the mansion and gardens. Mean-
while, Dr. Browne, taking some lots in his own name,
continues to do what he can, watching Burr's interests,
practicing his profession, and aiding with steam-baths
the yellow-fever sufferers at Bellevue.

Then came the Hamilton duel in July, 1804, and the
flight of Burr, a murderer, with loss of hope of a return
to New York for many years. Someone must dispose
of his real-estate that he be able to use the cash in his
enterprises elsewhere, and in whom could he repose trust
if not in Dr. Joseph Browne and his other friend, Mat-
thias S. Davis, the stationer? To them in August, 1804,
was delivered a power-of-attorney from Burr to repre-
sent him, sell his real estate, settle his debts, and adjust
his affairs of business ; at once, they sold to John Jacob
Astor the Richmond Hill mansion, thus ending the dream
of Burr of a great estate on the Hudson during his life,
and vast wealth therefrom for his heirs after his death.

Long before the duel, Burr had laid other plans for
Dr. Browne. Ever since the Spring of 1803 when Na-
poleon had made the treaty ceding to the United States
the vast territory of Louisiana, Burr had been using his
influence with President Jefferson that Dr. Browne might

[ 394 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

receive a governmental position of command in the new
territory. Under date of March 10th, 1804, Burr writes
to Theodosia that he has just received word from the
President that "Dr. Browne may have the office of Sec-
retary of the Government of Louisiana, that is, the Up-
per District, where St. Louis is the capital" ; he further
states that General Wilkinson is to be Governor of the
entire territory, that St. Louis has two hundred houses,
and some people of wealth, mostly French, with the
manners of the last century, gay to dissipation ; he ends
by stating that "Wilkinson and Browne will suit ad-
mirably as eaters, laughers, and in all other particulars."

So, as soon as matters were over at Richmond Hill,
Dr. Browne, with his family, started for his post at
St. Louis, stopping at the Falls of the Ohio with Charles
Loss, the surveyor who had mapped Richmond Hill, to
ascertain the advisability and practicability of a project
of making a canal around the Falls, a project probably
cloaking some of the moves in the great Burr conspiracy.

Then, when settled at his post in St. Louis, practically
Acting-Governor of the entire Upper Mississippi Valley,
in September, 1805, Dr. Browne is visited by Burr, the
object of the visit not being known, but presumably sin-
ister; for here were many meetings in secret by Burr
and his lieutenants in the conspiracy to grasp the reins
of power in the vast Mississippi region, detach it from
the United States, and seat Aaron Burr on its throne as
Emperor ; and here we take leave of Dr. Joseph Browne ;
what bitter thoughts must have been his when the bubble
burst and Aaron Burr no longer aspired to the title of
Emperor Aaron the First, with Theodosia to rule as a
Queen.

But what of the New Boston Road, was it a success?
Not until some years had passed. In 1800, Cornelius

[ 395 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

HUDSON RIVER R.R.

SIMMER RATES OF

COMMUTATION

Persons residing along the line of the Road, may obtain Com-
mutation Tickets for both or either of the quarters commencing
May 1st and Jlugust 1st, at the following Reduced Rates :

PLACES.

Manhattanville.

Yonkers

Hastings

Dobb's Ferry. . .
Dearman ...... .

Tarry town

Sing Sing

Croton

Peekskill

Cold Spring. . . .

Fishkill

New Hamburgh
Poughkeepsie . .

Price per Ticket, if
120 tickets per
quarter are pur.
chased.

Price per Ticket, if
80 Tickets per
quarter are pur-
chased.

Price per Ticket, if
50 tickets per
quarter are pur.
chased.

10 cents.

10 cents.

10 cents.

11 "

14 «

16 "

14 «

17 «

20 «

14 «

18 «

21 «

16 "

20 «

23 «

18 "

22 «

26 «

21 "

27 «

32 «

23 "

29 «

34 «

27 "

34 «

42 «

34 «

43 «

51 «

38 «

48 "

58 *

42 *

53 »

63 "

48 "

60 «

72 «

The Tickets are not transferable, and are good only during the
quarter for which they are issued.

A Ticket is to be surrendered by the Commuter every time he
rides.

For Tickets apply at the office of the Hudson River Railroad
Company, No. 54 Wall Street, New York.
JVew York, Jlpril, 1850.

An early commutation rate card of the Hudson River R. R., 1850

[ 396 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

C. Roosevelt and some associates were incorporated by
law to continue the road from Eastchester "at or near
the house of Theodosius Fowler upon the new road
lately made from Morrisania to Eastchester," and to
end at the Connecticut line at the Byram River ; it was
to be a turnpike road, with proper milestones, some of
which are still in place ; and this led to the bridging of
the Hutchinson River and the laying out of the Boston
Road as it exists to-day, straightening out the curves
and cutting across the corners made by the old colonial
road, eliminating heavy grades, crossing meadows in-
stead of going around them, and creating the main street
of New Rochelle and many another village along its
course.

Still, a great volume of traffic did not pass over the
Boston Road until the Embargo of President Jefferson
became operative in 1808; then, with a rush, all com-
merce toward New England took to the Boston Road,
and stage-villages, with their taverns, stores, post-offices,
and blacksmith shops, made an over-night mushroom
growth along its course ; for the next eight years the
Boston Road realized in full measure the dreams of its
promoters.

To-day, among the press of automobiles thronging the
Boston Road, it is hard to bring imagination back to the
time when little Theodosia Burr, a pretty child of twelve,
cantering on her pony down the road, trailed by her
faithful slave Black Sam, makes her way through sylvan
scenes of almost utter solitude from the home of her
half-brother Frederick at Pelham to attend some party
at Dr. Browne's at West Farms, or the "Union Hill"
home of Mrs. Anne Cox at Fordham, her classical studies
under her old tutor Mr. Leshlie intermitted at the desire

[ 399 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

of her father. Nor is the all-pervading smell of gaso-
lene fumes conducive to the recalling of any picture of
the greyhound coach, with breaks grinding hard, descend-
ing "Breakneck Hill" the guard blowing his horn to warn
Postmaster James Miller at West Farms Square to be
on hand with his mailbag, nor the later pictured stop at
the Carters Inn, where while the active hostlers put in
the new teams, Landlord Raymond passes around among
the passengers glasses of his celebrated egg-cider ; still,
these represent the past and the present of the Boston
Road.

A graceful writer recently hit upon a very happy de-
scription of the Manual. The word itself, he tells us,
is of ancient origin and was used to designate a rather
unusual kind of birthday book — one in which the pages
contained only thoughts and sentiments of the kindliest
nature regarding the recipient. Like the sun dial, it
marked only the shining hours. And he concludes by
congratulating our ancient city on the possession of its
very own birthday book and thinks it a fortunate circum-
stance that each year New York should be greeted by so
loving and delightful a possession as its Manual.

This is the kind of book we want to make of the
Manual. It is not now, nor has it been from the start,
the expression of only one man's enthusiasm and devo-
tion. Numberless friends of old New York have shared
our responsibility and with wise counsel and timely prac-
tical assistance have enabled us to produce three num-
bers that have already, we are told, won an enviable po-
sition in the annals of Old New York.

[ 400 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Old Time Marriage and Death Notices

Compiled by A. J. Wall
Ass't. Librarian, The New York Historical Society

The following marriages and deaths are copied from
the New York Weekly Museum and cover the periods
January 7th to December 30th, 1797, and May 12th to
December 29th, 1798, the latter being a continuation from
the last Manual, page 348. The marriages for the year
1797 were not available at the time the Manual for 1919
went to press and are therefore printed in this issue.
The date at the end of each notice is the date of pub-
lication in the Weekly Museum which appeared always
on Saturday.

The newspapers for February 11th, April 8th, June
17th and September 23rd in the year 1797 are lacking
from the file of the Weekly Museum in possession of The
New York Historical Society, from which these notices
were copied. From September 1st to November 10th,
1798, the paper was not issued owing to the prevailing
Fever Epidemic in this city.

The arrangement of these notices in the following list
has been changed from the chronological sequence of the
preceding installments to an alphabetical classification ;
the names of the wives having a reference to that of the
husband under whose name the marriage notice is given.

As the names of both parties therefore appear in the
list they have been omitted from the index at the end of
this volume.

[ 401 1

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Ackerly, Samuel, died Tuesday, for many years a very respectable and

beneficial character. June 9, 1798.
Affleck, Robert, merchant, aged 49 years, died Sunday last. Sept. 1,

1798.

Alexander, George, and Miss Mary Shimeall, daughter of Valentine

Shimeall, of this city, mar. Saturday last. June 2, 1798.
Alexander, James A., of this city, and Miss Hannah Redman, of Had-

denheld, N. J., mar. Thursday, May 14th, at the Friends' Meeting,

Haddenheld, N. J. June 2, 1798.
Allison, Peter, of Haverstraw, and Mrs. Catharine Earl, of this city,

mar. Sunday last at Haverstraw. Aug. 4, 1798.
Ball, Reuben, of this city, and Miss Lydia Fountaine, of Middlesex,

mar. Friday last. Dec. 29, 1798.
Barber, Col. William, died Sunday, June 17th, at his seat at Crom

Elbow, a few miles north of Poughkeepsie. June 30, 1798.
Baldwin, Enos, of Newark, and Miss Jane Wright, of Orange, mar.

at Orange. May 26, 1798.
Barbarin, Aime, and Mrs. Margaret Remsen, relict of the late Mr. Cor-
nelius Remsen, mar. Sunday last at Brooklyn, L. I. May 19, 1798.
Baring, Alexander, son of Sir Francis Baring, Baronet of Great Britain,

and Miss Bingham, daughter of Hon. William Bingham, mar.

August 23rd at Bell-vue, East Jersey. Sept. 1, 1798.
Bedlow, William, died Thursday last in his 76th year. Nov. 10, 1798.
Belknap, Rev. Jeremy, D.D., author of the History of New Hampshire,

died at Boston, aged 54 years. June 30, 1798.
Bingham, James, guager, of this city, died Sunday in the 46th year of

his age. Aug. 25, 1798.
Bloodgood, Pepperrell, died Sunday last at Flushing, L. I., aged 53

years. July 7, 1798.
Bogert, Gilbert, of this city, and Miss Elizabeth Van Pelt, of Brook-
lyn, L. 1., eldest daughter of Thomas Van Pelt, mar. Saturday last

at Brooklyn, L. I. Dec. 15, 1798.
Boorum, Richard, and Miss Mary Brinkerhoof, daughter of the late

Mr. John Brinkerhoof, both of Fishkill, mar. Wednesday the 21st.

Dec. 8, 1798.

Bruce, William, merchant, died Saturday last. Sept. 1, 1798.

Bryan, Nathan, member of Congress from North Carolina, died on

Monday at Philadelphia. June 9, 1798.
Buliod, Lewis, died at Newport, R. I., on Saturday last, aged 67 years.

Dec. 8, 1798.

Butler, John, and Miss Catharine Fisher, daughter of Leonard Fisher,
all of this city, mar. Thursday last. May 26, 1798.

Campbell, John, late an Alderman of this city, died Tuesday, in the 59th
year of his age. May 26, 1798.

Carl, Solomon, died on Monday, in the bloom of life. Aug. 25, 1798.

Cobral, Jovo Joze, merchant, of North Carolina, and Miss Maria Ann
Lylburn, of this city, mar. last evening. June 9, 1798.

Cochran, James, member of Congress from this state, and Miss Eleanor
P. Barclay, daughter of John Barclay, of Chestnut Hill, near
Christiana Bridge, mar. Saturday the 14th at Wilmington, Delaware.
July 28, 1798.

Cock, Stephen, of this city, and Mrs. Jemimah Titus, relict of Mr. Isaac

Titus, of Hempstead Harbour, L. I., mar. Saturday last in this

city. Dec. 15, 1798.
Creighton, Mrs. Anna Maria, died Friday the 10th in the 44th year of

her age. Aug. 18, 1798.
Crow, Samuel, mate of the brig Difiance, and Miss Izabella Crow,

youngest daughter of Samuel Crow, of Woodbridge, N. J., mar.

July 29th. Aug. 11, 1798.
Crumpton, Mrs., wife of John Crumpton, of this city, died Monday.

Aug. 25, 1798.

Crumpton, Miss Mary, daughter of Mr. John Crumpton, of this city,
died Wednesday last. Aug. 18, 1798.

Culloden, George, Jr., son of George Culloden, of Baltimore, died Fri-
day the 15th. June 23, 1798.

[ 402 ]

(A Jlag in t[}e life of a Jfimnan
''The new era, steam and muscle"

Second in the series of Volunteer
Firemen pictures issued by Currier
& Ives half a century a^o.

OF OLD NEW YORK

Cutting, William, Attorney at Law, and Miss Gitty Livingston,

daughter of Walter Livingston, deceased, mar. July 6th at Trivot-

Dale. July 14, 1798.
Davis, Archibald, of this city, and Miss Margaret Smith, of Parkhead

parish, of Delzeel, N. B., mar. Monday last. May 19, 1798.
Davis, William A., printer, and Miss Elizabeth Santford, daughter of

Capt. John Santford, all of this city, mar. Saturday List. Aug. 25,

1798.

Delamarter, John, of this city, and Mrs. Eliza Caldwell, of Springs-
bury, near Phila., mar. Nov. 29th at Springsbury. Dec. 8, 1798.

Desbrosses, Elias, son of James Desbrosses, of this city, died on Tues-
day the 14th in the 19th year of his age. Aug. 25, 1798.

Devaine, Henry, of Povoshon, and Miss Rachel Mills, of North Farms,
mar. Friday the 6th at Newark. July 21, 1798.

Dickson, William, of this city, and Miss Jennet Maria Helen Compadra,
of the East Indies, mar. Friday the 18th of May. June 2, 1798.

Dill, Capt. Joseph H., of Bermuda, and Miss Ann Brickman, of that
city, mar. Thursday the 5th at Phila. July 14, 1798.

Dixon, Stephen, of Petersfield, and Miss Ann Best, daughter of Mr.
William Best, late of Trinity College, Dublin, mar. Wednesday the
4th. July 14, 1798.

Dobbin, James, merchant, one of the firm of M'Kay and Dobbin, and
Miss Margaret Riddle, both of this city, mar. Wednesday last.
Dec. 29, 1798.

Dominick, James W., and Miss Phebe Cock, both of this city, mar.

Monday last. Dec. 29, 1798.
Dubois, Joseph, died Monday last. Sept. 1, 1798.

Dubell, William, late printer and bookseller of this city, and now
printer of the Mount Pleasant Register, and Miss Sarah Street,
of Mount Pleasant, mar. Wednesday the 16th. May 26, 1798.

Edsall, John, and Miss Polly Thompson, both of this city, mar. by the
Rev. Mr. Roberts. Dec. 29, 1798.

Ellis, John, and Miss Maria Wilcocks, daughter of William Wilcocks.
all of this city, mar. June 5th at Percippany, N. J. June 16, 1798.

Ellison, Francis Harman, and Miss Frances Bleecker, eldest daughter
of Anthony L. Bleecker, all of this city, mar. Mondav last. Aug.
11, 1798.

Elting, Edward, merchant of this city, and Miss Maria Ltgtitburn, of

Haerlem, mar. at Haerlem. Wednesday. Nov. 24, 1798.
Findley, Rev. Mr., minister of the Presbyterian Church at Baskenrige.

and Miss Hetty Caldwell, of Newark, mar. Wednesday the 16th

at Newark. May 26, 1798.
Fish, Maj. W., and Miss Gilbert, daughter of Wm. W. Gilbert, mar.

Saturday last. Sept. 1, 1798.
Forbes, Collin V. Gelder. and Miss Eliza L. Bullock, both of this

city. mar. Thursday last. June 16, 1798.
Ford, Thomas M., of Albany, and Miss Henrietta M. C. Willard, mar.

at Stillwater. July 7, 1798.
Foster, Rev. Dr., pastor of the First Baptist Church in this citv, died

Sunday last. Sept. 1, 1798.
Foster, Martha, wife of the Rev. Dr. Foster, of this citv, died Fridav

the 27th inst. Aug. 4, 1798.
Gauk, James, and Miss Jemima Carmer, both of this city, mar. last

evening. June 9. 1798.
Guion, Elijah, and Miss Eliza Marshall, both of this citv. mar.

Thursday the 17th. May 26, 1798.
Harding, Dr. Charles, an old and respectable physician of this city,

died Thursday last. Nov. 24, 1798.
Havens. Ptolemy, youngest son of Dr. Jonathan Havens, died Saturdav

the 3rd, aged 19 years. Nov. 17, 1798.
Haviland, Caleb, wine merchant, died Wednesday last. Sept. 1, 1798.
Haydock, Henry, died Monday last. Sept. 1. 1798.

Haydock, Jane, daughter of Mr. Henrv Havdock, deceased, died Tuesdav

last. Sept. 1, 1798.
Hazard, Nathaniel, merchant, died Wednesday. June 16, 1798.
Helme, Capt. Arthur, died on Monday last in this city. June 30, 1798.

[ 407 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Henderson, William, and Miss Denning, eldest daughter o.f William

Denning, of this city, mar. Monday last. June 9, 1798.
Hertell, William, and Miss Jane Dover, daughter of John Dover, all

of this city, mar. Sunday last. Nov. 10, 1798.
Hitchcock, Daniel M., and Miss Anne Greswold, both of this city,

mar. .Nov. 29th. Dec. S, 1798.
Hodge, Henry, one of the clerks in the Custom House, son of Ralph

Hodge, of this city, died Sept. 29th, of the fever. i\ov. 10, 1798.
Howe, Brigham, and Miss Sally Meeks, both of this city, mar. May 30th.

June 9, 1798.

Ingraham, Nathaniel Ci., merchant, and Miss Eliza Phoenix, eldest
daughter of Daniel Phoenix, all of this city, mar. Saturday last.
Dec. 8, 1798.

Innes, Col. James, one of the Commissioners in the Spanish treaty, for

settling losses by Spanish captures, died at his lodgings in Phila-
delphia. Aug. 11, 1798.
Jackson, Tredwell, and Miss Couenhoven, daughter of Major John

Couenhoven, all of that place, mar. Saturday last at Brooklyn,

L. 1. Dec. 22. 1798.
Jewel, Daniel, and Miss Lydia Anderson, both of York Town, mar.

June 10th at York Town. June 30, 1798.
Jones, John Norton, minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, died '

at Charleston. Aug. 11, 1798.
Jones, Dr. Thomas, of this city, died Saturday last in the 60th year of his

age. June 23, 1798.
Keith, Mr., sailing master of the Delaware sloop of war, died Friday at

Philadelphia. July 7, 1798.
King, Capt. David, and Miss Nancy Webb, both of Sterling, L. I., mar.

Tuesday the 21st at Sterling, L. I. Nov. 17, 1798.
Laight, Edward, of this city, and Miss Eliza Colden, of Coldenham.

mar. Wednesday last. Dec. 1, 1798.
Largin, Eliza, daughter of M; s. Elizabeth Largin, widow of the late

Michael Largin, Lieutenant in the British legion, died Wednesday

last in the 10th year of her age. July 21, 1798.
Lasher, Matthew, eldest son of Col. John Lasher, Inspector of the

Revenue for the District of New York, died Monday last. May

12, 1798.

Latham, Sarah, wife of John Latham, of this city, died Aug. 31st, at

Brooklyn. Sept. 1, 1798.
Lewis, Robert, died June 17th at Albany, aged 73 years. July 7, 1798.
Littel, Isaac, of Westheld, N. J., and Miss Mary Ludlum, of this city,

mar. Saturday last. Dec. 1, 1798.
Livingston, Materine, Counsellor at Law, and Miss Margaret Lewis,

daughter of Morgan Lewis, mar. at Staatsburgh, May 30th. June 9,

1798.

Livingston, Robert, and Miss Margaret Livingston, daughter of Robert

R. Livingston, mar. Tuesday last at Clermont. July 14, 1798.
Ludlow, Gabriel Verplank, and Miss Elizabeth Hunter, both of this

city, mar. Wednesday last. May 19, 1798.
Major, Thomas, merchant, and Miss Catharine Nixon, daughter of Mr.

Thomas Nixon, of this city, mar. May 14th. June 2, 1798.
M'Clone, Dr. John, professor at Princeton, and Miss Phebe Bainbridge,

daughter of Dr. Bainbridge, of this city, mar. Wednesday last at

Princeton. Nov. 17, 1798.
M'Leod, Roderick, and Miss Sally Lynch, both of this city, mar. Wed- .

nesday last. May 19, 1798.
Minard, Isaac, and Miss Elizabeth Card, both of this city, mar. May 3rd.

May 12, 1798.

Manifold, Capt. Peter, and Miss Suydam, daughter of Hendrick Suy-
dam, mar. Thursday last at New Town, L. I. Aug. 4, 1798.

Miller, Mrs. Sarah, consort of William G. Miller, died Monday last.
Dec. 22, 1798.

Moris, Richard H., and Miss Mary Ford, both of this city, mar. June 3rd.
June 16, 1798.

Mothrel, Robert, merchant, died Saturday last, aged 33. June 16, 1798.
Mott, Benjamin, merchant, and Miss Eliza Ackerly, both of this city,
mar. Thursday last. Dec. 29, 1798.

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OF OLD NEW YORK

Munn, Stephen B., merchant, and Miss Sarah P. Tredwell, daughter

of W illiam Tredwell, all of this city, mar. May 14th. June 2, 1798.
Munson, Amos, aged 20 years, died Tuesady last. Sept. 1, 1798.
Murray, John 1., late of Georgetown, S. C, and Mrs. DeHart, daughter

of Gozen Ryerss, of Staten Island, mar. Sunday last. July 14, 1798.
a ash, Samuel, and Miss Polly Firnhawer, both of this city, mar.

Tuesday the 17th. July 28, 1798.
Pine, Mr., merchant of this city, and Miss Ann TerBoss, daughter of

Isaac TerBoss, mar. at Fishkill. Nov. 17, 1798.
Pinto, Joseph, an aged and respectable citizen, died Sunday last in this

city. May 12, 1798.
Plunket, Patrick, and Miss Mary Robinson, both late from Ireland,

mar. Wednesday last. Dec. 29, 1798.
Quenet, Baesl, and Mrs. Hannah Russell, both of this city, mar.

Tuesday last. Dec. 8, 1798.
Rapelje, George, of West Chester County, and Miss Susanna Eliza

Provoost, daughter of the Rt. Rev. Bishop Provoost, of this city,

mar. Thursday the 19th. July 28, 1798.
Reid, John, died August 15th at Hortensie, Monmouth County, N. J..

in the 21st year of his age. Aug. 25, 1798.
Roach, Capt. Patrick, late from Dublin, and Miss Barry, daughter of

Thomas Barry, merchant of this city, mar. Wednesday last. Aug.

4, 1798.

Ruchel, John, and Mrs. Jane Hilyard, both of this city, mar. Sundav

last. May 19, 1798.
Rudd, Samuel, and Miss Cornelia H. Towt, daughter of Robert Towt.

all of this city, mar. Monday last, Sept. 1, 1798.
Russell, Mrs. Esther, wife of Benjamin Russell, printer and Editor of

the Columbian Centinel, died June 26th at Boston. July 7, 1798.
Saren, Isaac, and Miss Sally Young, both of Newark, mar. Sunday the

17th at Newark. July 7, 1798.
Scudder, Abraham, of Westfield, and Miss Joanna Crane, of North

Farms, mar. Sunday the 24th at Newark. July 7, 1798.
r-EroN, William, merchant, died Saturday last in the 55th year of his

age. June 16, 1798.
Sharpless, Aaron, died Sunday last. Sept. 1, 1798.

Sherman, Mrs. Esther, consort of Capt. William Sherman, aged 54,

died at New Haven. Aug. 11, 1798.
Smith, Capt. J., died Sunday. Aug. 25, 1798.

Smith, Jacob, Jr., and Miss Hannah M'Chesney, both of this city,

mar. Sunday last. May 12, 1798.
Smith, Michael, and Miss Elizabeth Smith, mar. at Smithtown, L. I.

Dec. 8, 1798.

Snowden, Charles, and Miss Frances Malcomb, daughter of the late
Gen. William Malcomb, both of this city, mar. Thursday last.
May 12, 1798.

Stevens, Capt. William, died Sunday, aged 52 years. Aug. 25, 1798.

Stonehouse, Miss Mary, died August 31st. Sept. 1, 1798.

Sparhawk, Samuel, died Monday in this city. June 9, 1798.

Stiles, Isaac, and Miss Nancy Willis, mar. Saturday, the 2nd inst., at
Newton, Sussex County. June 30, 1798.

Temple, Sir John, Baronet, His Britannic Majesty's Consul-General to
the Northern States of America, died Saturday last. Nov. 24, 179S.

Thompson, John H., of the house of Delves and Thompson, died Tuesdav
last. Sept. 1, 1798.

Thompson, Mrs. Mary, wife of James Thompson, of this city, died Mon-
day. Aug. 25, 1798.

Thompson, Robert, merchant, and Miss Elizabeth Carmer, both of this
city, mar. Sunday last. Aug. 11, 1798.

Totten, Peter, and Miss Betsy Wood, both of Florida, Orange Co., mar-
ried . July 14, 1798.

Turnbull, Andrew, died Sunday last, in the 54th year of his age. June
23, 1798.

Valentine, Abraham Odle, and Miss Ellen Post, daughter of Anthonv
Post, all of this citv, mar. Thursday the 12th. July 21, 1798.

Van Bunschoten, Elias E., of Poughkeepsie, and Miss Polly Dubois,
of this city, mar. Thursday the 12th at Poughkeepsie. July 21, 1798.

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VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Van Horne, Cornelius, son of Augustus Van Home, died Monday.
Aug. 25, 1798.

Van Valen, James, and Mrs. Catharine Eaton, both of this city, mar.

May 2nd. May 19, 1798.
Vansinderen, Adrian, merchant of this city, and Miss Maria Lawrence,

of New Town, L. I., mar. Saturday last. Dec. 8, 1798.
Van Wyck, Stephen, watchmaker, and Miss Catharine Brasher, mar.

Monday the 19th. Dec. 8, 1798.
Van Zandt, Thomas, Attorney at Law, aged 26, died Wednesday last.

Sept. 1, 1798.

Van Zandt, Dr. Wynant. of this city, died on Wednesday the 30th, at

Newark. June 9, 1798.
Verplank, William Beekman, of Dutchess, and Miss Malinda Gordon,

only daughter of Hon. James Gordon, of Balston, mar. Thursday

the 12th. July 28, 1798.
Vredenburgh, Mrs. Eliza, wife of William I. Vredenburgh, of this city,

merchant, died Saturday last, in the 35th year of her age. July 21,

1798.

Wagner, Jacob, of Philadelphia, Chief Clerk in the office of the Depart-
ment of State, and Miss Rachel Raborg, daughter of Christopher
Raborg, of Baltimore, mar. at Baltimore, Tuesday last. Aug. 18,
1798.

Walker, Capt. John, died Monday last, aged 81 years. Aug. 4, 1798.
Walter, Lynde, of Boston, and Miss Ann Minsiiull, daughter of John

Minshull, of this city, mar. Tuesday last. June 9, 1798.
Ward, William G., died August 17th, aged 19 years. Aug. 25, 1798.
Warner, Jacob, and Miss Margaret Southwell, both of this city, mar.

some time since at Redding Town, N. J. Dec. 8, 1798.
Warner, Sarah, mother of George Warner, died Wednesday the 25th,

aged 78 years. Aug. 4, 1798.
Washburn, Silas, and Miss Martha Baker, mar. Sunday the 8th at New

Castle. July 21, 1798.
Welch, Hugh, aged 82, and Miss Ann Hill, aged 86, mar. July 30th at

Farnham, in Surrey, after a courtship of forty years. Dec. 8, 1798.
Welsh, George, painter, and Miss Deborah Woodward, both of this

city, mar. a short time since. Dec. 1, 1798.
Wentworth, William G., aged 22 years, died Monday last. Sept. 1, 1798.
Wetmore, Rev. Izrahiah, died suddenly at North Stratford, Conn. Aug.

11, 1798.

White, George, and Miss Sarah Phenix, daughter of Philip Phenix, all

of this city, mar. Thursday last. June 2, 1798.
Winterton, Mrs. Ann, died Friday the 13th, aged 68 years. July 21,

1798.

Zeller, Jacob, stationer of Philadelphia, and Miss Elizabeth Worn, of
Salem, mar. Thursday the 21st inst., at Philadelphia. June 30,
1798.

Abrams, Richard, of Bedford, L. I., and Mrs. Catharine Farrington,
of Blackwell's Island, mar. Sunday last in this city. Oct. 21, 1797.

Ackerman, Lawrence, and Miss Hester Lewis, both of this city, mar.
Saturday last. July 1, 1797.

Adams, Andrew, Chief Justice of the Superior Court, died Nov. 27th at
Litchfield, Conn., aged 61. Dec. 9, 1797.

Adams, John Quincy, Ambassador from the United States of America to
the Court of Berlin, and son of John Adams, President of the United
States, and Miss Louisa Johnson, second daughter of Joshua
Johnson, of Great Tower Hill, mar. at London. Sept. 16, 1797.

Allen, Andrew, and Miss Maria Coxe, mar. Sunday the 5th at the seat
of Charles Coxe, Esq., New Jersey. Aug. 26, 1797.

Allen, James P., and Miss Mary Gordon, daughter of Charles Gordon,
of Middleton, N. J., mar. Sunday last. April 1, 1797.

Anderson, Alexander, and Miss Ann Van Vleck, both of this city, mar.
Sunday last. April 22, 1797.

Angus, James, and Miss Margaret Walker, both of this city, mar. Tues-
day last. March 25, 1797.

[ 410 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Annan, Dr., practising physician, died at Phila. last week. Oct. 14, 1797.
Anthony, Mrs. Catharine, wife of Nicholas Anthony, of this city,

youngest daughter of the late Capt. Daniel Shaw, died Sept. 28th.

Oct. 7. 1797.

Arnet. John, of this city, and Miss Phoebe Martain, of Brunswick.

mar. the 27th. Sept. 2, 1797.
Bainbridge, Edmond, and Mrs. Frances Symington, widow of the late

James Symington, mar. Tuesday last. Dec. 2, 1797.
Baker, William, and Mrs. Lucy Anson, both of this city, mar. Wednes-
day last. Nov. 11, 1797.
Bannerham, John, and Miss Susannah Henderson, both of this citv.

mar. Sept. 3rd. Sept. 16. 1797.
Barkley, George, and Miss Elizabeth Sims, both of this city, mar.

Sunday last. Sept. 30, 1797.
Barnard, Capt. Thomas, of Boston, and Miss Louisa Hinckley, of Konny-

brook. mar. Thursday last. Jan. 7, 1797.
Bay, Dr. William, and Miss Catharine Van Ness, both of Clavarack.

city, mar. Saturday last at Newneld, Ct. Aug. 26, 1797.
Beach, Lazarus, printer of that place, and Miss Polly Hill, of this

mar. Saturday last at Newneld, Ct. Aug. 26, 1797.
Bedford, Gunning, Governor of Delaware, died Saturday last at New

Castle. Oct. 7, 1797.
Beekman, Richard L., of this city, and Miss Catharine Van Beuren,

of New Jersey, mar. Friday the 11th. Aug. 19, 1797.
Bell, Andrew, and Miss Eliza Heyer, daughter of Walter Heyer, all

of this city, mar. Saturday last. July 8, 1797.
Bellows, Abraham, formerly of Schoolies Mountain in New Jersey, an I

Miss Sally Wilkins, of this city. Aug. 26, 1797.
Benezet. Daniel, died at Phila. last week in his 74th year, and the next

day his wife, Mrs. E. Benezet in her 77th year. May 6, 1797.
Bennet. Hermanus, son of John Bennet, Narrows, L. I., and Miss

Elizabeth Larzelere, daughter of Benjamin Larzelere, of Staten

Island. July 8, 1797.
Bennett, James, Sr., died Sunday last, aged 62 years, 6 mos. and 15 days.

He was an old and respectable inhabitant of this city. March 11,

1797.

Boardmax, Daniel, and Miss Hetty Moore, both of this city, mar. Sat-
urday last. Nov. 11, 1797.

Bollmer, Jacob, and Miss Temple Cole, both of this city, mar. Thursdav
last. Aug. 12, 1797.

Bowne, Conover, merchant, and Miss Eliza Bean, both of this city, mar.
Sept. 7th. Sept. 16, 1797.

Brasher, Ephriam, and Mrs. Mary Austin, both of this city, mar. Sat-
urday last. Dec. 2, 1797.

Brevoort. Elias, and Miss Margaret Painter, both of this city, mar.
Feb. 9th. Feb. 18, 1797.

Bristowe, Samuel, and Mrs. Eliza Ann Gilbert, mar. Wednesday the
16th. Aug. 26, 1797.

Brower. John, and Miss Agnes Phoenix, daughter of Philip Phoenix,
all of this city, mar. Tuesday last. Sept. 2, 1797.

Brown, Nehemiah, and Miss Sally Purdy, both of Greenwich, Ct., mar.
the 27th at Greenwich. Sept. 9, 1797.

Buffett, Platt, of Stanwich, and Miss Hannah Lewis, daughter of the
Rev. Dr. Lewis, of the former place, mar. Feb. 8th at West
Greenwich, Conn. Feb. 18, 1797.

Callender, Maj. John, of the American War, died at Alexandria Mon-
day last. Oct. 14, 1797.

Capes, Richard, and Mrs. Elizabeth Gray, both of this city, mar. Nov.
23rd. Dec. 16, 1797.

Cargill. Capt. David, of this city, and Miss Mary Shute, daughter of
Thomas Shute, of that place, mar. Sunday the 15th at East Chester.
Jan. 28, 1797.

Cary, James, son of Robert Cary, died Friday last. Sept. 30, 1797.
Cary, Robert, of Phila., died at Bordentown, N. J. Sept. 30, 1797.
Castagnet, Paul, and Miss Hannah Van Deuzer, daughter of Isaac
Van Deuzer, mar. a few weeks since. Aug. 19, 1797.

[ 413 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Charlott, Samuel, and Miss Elizabeth Craven, both of this city, mar.

Saturday last. Sept. 16, 1797.
Christie, Capt. Thomas, and Miss Margaret Kennedy, mar. Sunday

last. Dec. 9, 1797.
C ii itterdon, Thomas, died lately at his residence in Vermont, Governor

of that state. Sept. 16, 1797.
Choate, Mr., and Mrs. Sarah Young, widow of the late Mr. Ebenezcr

Young, all of this city, mar. Monday the 30th. Feb. 18, 1797.
Clark, Humphrey, and Miss Freelove Wicks, both of that place, mar.

Tuesday the 4th at Troy, N. Y. July 22, 1797.
Clarke, Dr. Peter, and Miss Maria Fisher, both of this city, mar.

Saturday last. July 22, 1797.
Clay, Capt. Steven, and Miss Hester Lewis, both of this city, mar. Sun-
day last. July 1, 1797.
Clayland, Thomas F., one of the proprietors of the Baltimore Telegraph,

died at Baltimore, aged 26. Dec. 16, 1797.
Coats, John, and Miss Wilhelmina Patterson, both of this city, mar.

Thursday the 9th. March 25, 1797.
Codwise, James, and Miss Rebecca Rogers, daughter of John Rogers, of

the Island of St. Croix, deceased, mar. Saturday last at Nicholas

Cruger's. Dec. 2, 1797.
Concklin, James, and Mrs. Jane Stratton, both of this city, mar. Monday

last. May 6, 1797.
Conrey, Michael, of this city, and Miss Sarah Betts, of Coscob, mar.

Dec. 11th at Coscob. Dec. 23, 1797.
Cook, George, and Mrs. Martha Clarke, both of Smith Town, L. I.,

mar. Nov. 19th. Dec. 9, 1797.
Cook, John, and Mrs. Cornelia Brower, widow of the late Henry

Brower, all of this city, mar. Thursday the 22nd inst. July 1, 1797.
Cooper, James, merchant, and Miss Susan Winslow, both of that place,

mar. the 6th at Augusta, Ga. June 3, 1797.
Cornell, John, of Long Island, and Miss Sally Buxton, of this city,

mar. Thursday last. Jan. 14, 1797.
Coster, John G., merchant of this city, and Miss M. Catharine Holsman,

only daughter of John Holsman, deceased, mar. Thursday last.

Oct. 14, 1797.

Cox, William, of North Hempstead, and Miss Anna Baldwin, of that
place, mar. Dec. 24th at South Hempstead. Dec. 30, 1797.

Crab, Mrs. Elizabeth, died at Pokeepsie, aged 102 years. Nov. 11, 1797.

Crawford, James, late Governor of Bermuda, and Mrs. Livingston, widow
of the late Robert C. Livingston, mar. Wednesday last in Green-
wich Street. Sept. 30, 1797.

Crocker, Capt. Joseph, late of the American Army, died at Boston.
Nov. 25, 1797.

Crooker, Jacob, and Miss Elizabeth Weeks, daughter of Richard Weeks.

all of Cedar Swamp, L. I., mar. Thursday the 3rd. Aug. 12, 1797.
Cunningham, John, merchant, and Miss Mary Walker, both of this

city, mar. Saturday last. Nov. 4, 1797.
Curry, John, merchant, of Charleston, S. C, and Miss Catharine Gailer,

of this city, mar. at Musquito Cove, L. I. Aug. 12, 1797.
Curtis, Rev. Philip, died Nov. 22nd at Sharon, aged 81. Dec. 23, 1797.
Cuthbert, Alexander, of Canada, and Miss Susan Stockton, daughter

of the late Richard Stockton, Esq., of N. J.,- mar. Sunday last near

Trenton. Oct. 21, 1797.
Cutler, Peter, and Miss Esther Jacobs, both of this city, mar. Wednes-
day the 11th. Jan. 21, 1797.
Daley, Tames, and Miss Alatha Sitcher, both of this city, mar. Dec.

18~th. Dec. 30, 1797.
Dawson, Henry, Jr., of Brooklyn, L. I., and Miss Mariam Hicks,

daughter of Jacob Hicks, of that place, mar. Sunday last. Jan.

21, 1797.

Dehail, Louis Etienne, Vice-Consul of the French Republic at Boston,
died Oct. 5th. Oct. 21, 1797.

DeLancey, Warren, and Miss Sarah Rebecca Lawrence, both of West-
chester, mar. the 24th at Horse-Neck, Conn. March 4, 1797.

DelaVigne, Casimer, of this city, and Miss Emilia Guibert, late of Port
au Prince, married . June 3, 1797.

[ 414 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

Dennis, Jonathan, and Miss Polly Ketchum, both of this city, mar.

Saturday last. Feb. 25, 1797.
Devay, John, of Albany, N. Y., and Miss Mary Warren, late of England,

Mar. Feb. 24th. March 4, 1797.
Deveaux, Colonel, well known for his military achievements and social

virtues, and Miss Verplank, of Dutchess Countv, mar. Saturday

last. April 29, 1797.
Dobel, Dr. B., one of the physicians appointed to attend the poor, died

at Phila. Oct. 14, 1797.
Dodge, Thomas, an old and respectable citizen, died Monday last. Nov.

11, 1797.

Dominick, John, and Miss Eliza Warner, both of this city, mar. Sunday

last. Sept. 2, 1797.
Doubleday, John, printer, and Mrs. Odell, both of this city, mar. a few

evenings since. Feb. 18, 1797.
Drake, Jonathan, of the firm of Legget and Drake, died Sept. 27th at

his house in Cherry Street. Oct. 7, 1797.
Durell, Mrs. Maria, wife of Mr. William Durell, printer, late of this

city, died Thursday the 4th at Mount Pleasant. May 13, 1797.
Dunn, Christopher, late of Yorkshire, Eng., and Mrs. Nancy Ferris.

of Throgs Neck, mar. Feb. 8th, 1797. Feb. 18, 1797.
Duryee, John T., merchant of this city, and Miss Nancy Mumford,

daughter of David Mumford, merchant, of New London, mar. at

New London. Dec. 23, 1797.
Earle, William, and Miss Patty Pinto, bath of this city, mar. Thurs-
day last. July 8, 1797.
Earle, Capt. William, and Mrs. Fans, widow of Francis Fans, formerly

of this city, mar. the 28th at Charleston, S. C. June 24. 1797.
Eckert, Abraham, of this city, died Sunday last. March 18, 1797.
Ellison, Mrs. Jane, wife of H. Ellison, of this city, died Tuesday last.

March 18, 1797.

Elmendorf, Lucas, of Esopus, and Miss Ann Waddle, of this city, mar.
Monday last. Feb. 4, 1797.

Epps, John, of Chesterfield, and Miss Polly Jefferson, youngest daughter
of Thomas Jefferson, mar. at Monticello, Va. Nov. 11, 1797.

Evertson, Nicholas, and Miss Eliza Howe, both of this city, mar. Wed-
nesday last. Dec. 16, 1797.

Farol, Peter, and Miss Elizabeth Keech, mar. Sunday last. Dec. 23,
1797.

Ferris, Benjamin, and Miss Ann Post, daughter of Henry Post, mar.

Saturday last. April 29, 1797.
Fleet, Simon, and Miss Jane Jenkins, both of this city, mar. Monday

last. Oct. 28. 1797.
Flinn, James, and Miss Peggy Slidell, both of this city. mar. Thursday

last. Feb. 25, 1797.
Flinn, John, aged 87, and Miss Dorcas Minton, a voung widow, aged 23.

Aug. 12, 1797.

Ford, James, house carpenter, a native of Boston, died Sept. 8th at
Savannah in the 58th year of his age. Nov. 25, 1797.

Forman, Gen. David, late of New Jersey, died at sea. Oct. 21, 1797.

Fowler, Pexcel, and Miss Jane Day, both of this city, mar. March 22nd.
April 1, 1797.

Frazier, Andrew, and Miss Cuttea Journeay, both of this city, mar.

the 26th. March 11, 1797.
Freeman, Dr. Mathias, and Miss Polly Langstaff, both of Picataway.

N. J., mar. there Aug. 17th. Sept. 2, 1797.
Frome. Henry, and Miss Nancy Byvanck, both of that place, mar. the 7th

at Staten Island. May 20, 1797.
Gasheri, John, and Miss Margaret Bruyn, both of Shawangunck, Ulster

Co., N. Y., mar. there August 2nd. Aug. 12, 1797.
Gatty, Henry, mathematical instrument maker, and Mrs. Anne Brooks.

married . July 8, 1797.

C.ibbons. Robert, and Miss Hannah Higgins, of Elizabeth Town, mar.

Wednesday the 1st. March 11, 1797.
Gifford, Benjamin, and Miss Sally Anderson, both of this city, mar,

Saturday last. June 3, 1797.

[ 415 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Gobert, Charles, merchant of this city, and Miss Charlotte Ogden,

eldest daughter of Lewis Ogden, mar. Wednesday last. May 6.

1797. '
Godwin, Mr., author of a pamphlet against the Institution of Matrimony.

to Mrs. Mary Wolstonecraft, authoress of "The Rights of Worn

en," mar. in England. July 1, 1797.
Gomez, Abraham, and Miss Riche Hendricks, daughter of Uriah

Hendricks, mar. Wednesday last. Dec. 30. 1797.
Gomez, Benjamin, and Miss Charlotte Hendricks, daughter of Uriah

Hendricks, merchant, all of this city, mar. Tuesday last. Sent 16

1797.

Gorrall, Philip, and Miss Eliza Shreeve, daughter of Rev. Thomas

Shreeve, mar. Saturday the 17th. Jan. 7, 1797.
Gowan, Alexander, printer, and Miss Margaret Ives, both of this citv

mar. Feb. 9th. Feb. 18, 1797.
Gurley, Zebulon, and Miss Mary Moulton, of Mansfield, mar. at Lebe-

non, Exeter Parish. Nov. 4, 1797.
Hagerman, Elbert A., and Miss Catharine Salts, daughter of William

Salts, of Cow Neck, mar. Dec. 12th. Dec. 23, 1797.
Hall, Mrs., mother of his Excellency the President of the United States,

died at Quincey, Mass., aged 85. May 6, 1797.
Hall, Hate Evil, died at Falmouth, Nov. 28th, aged 91. Dec. 30, 1797.
Hamilton, John, and Miss Giffy Heden, both of this city, mar. Saturday

last. April 22, 1797. ■
Hancock, William, printer, and Miss Ann Gaven, both of Phila , mar.

Aug. 2nd at Phila. Aug. 12, 1797.
Harkey, John, of Albany, and Miss Hannah Adamson, of this city, mar.

Saturday last. April 15, 1797.
Harris, Moses, and Abigail Higgins, both of Elizabeth Town, N. J.

mar. Monday last. Oct. 21, 1797.
Hatton, James, and Miss Eliza Lindsay, all of this city, mar. a few

days since. July 22, 1797.
Haskell, Job, aged 75 years, and Mrs. Parsons, aged 81, mar. at New

Gloucester, N. H. Sept. 16, 1797.
Hawes. Peter, and Miss Nancy Post, both of this city, mar. the 11th.

May 20, 1797.

Hawxhurst, Israel, and Miss Sarah Stratton, both of Jericho, L. I.,

mar. Sunday last. Aug. 12, 1797.
Hazard, Capt. John, of this city, and Miss Lydia Blackwell, daughter

of the late Col. Blackwell, of Queens Co., mar. Saturday last.

Oct. 28, 1797.

Henry, Charles, and Miss Elizabeth Robinson, both of this city, mar.

Saturday last. April 22, 1797.
Herrenden, Elisha, aged 83, and Mrs. Elinor Lushure, aged 88, being

only his eighth wife, mar. lately at Glouster, R. I. Dec. 2, 1797.
Hoffman, Mrs. Mary, wife of Josiah Ogden Hoffman, died Sunday last

in the 26th year of her age. Feb. 25, 1797.
Holloway, Tohn, and Miss Catharine Stanton, both of this city, mar.

Thursday 2nd inst. March 11, 1797.
Hopkins, George F., of this city, printer, and Miss Ann Frances Lupp,

of that place, mar. Saturday last at New Brunswick. Dec. 9, 1797.
Hubbell, Walter, merchant of this city, and Miss Ann Law, daughter

of the Hon. Richard Law, District Judge for the State of Conn.,

mar. Sept. 4th. Sept. 16, 1797.
Humphreys. Col. David, minister from the United States to her most

Faithful Majesty, and Miss Bulkely, mar. at Lisbon. After the

marriage they set off for Madrid. Dec. 2, 1797.
Hutu waite, William, and Miss Eliza Ryder, both of this city, mar.

Sunday last. May 20, 1797.
1 sherwood, Benjamin, and Miss Fancy Duclew, both of this city, mar.

Saturday the 22nd. Aug. 5, 1797.
Jarvis, Malancton B., and Miss Mary Smith, both of Norwalk, Conn.,

mar. lately at Norwalk. Oct. 14, 1797.
Touphee, Mr., and Mrs. Frances Brown, mar. a few days since at Flat-
bush, L. I. July 22, 1797.

[ 416 ]

Statue of William Shakespeare in Central Park by J. Q. A. Ward. Erected

BY CITIZENS OF Xe\V YORK ON THE 300TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS BIRTH.

Courtesy of the Art Commission of New York City

OF OLD NEW YORK

Johnson. Davis, and Miss Clara Williams, both of Havestraw, mat.

Sunday last. Dec. 23, 1797.
Johnson, Rev. John B., of Albany, and Miss Betsey Lupton, of this

city, mar. Thursday last. May 13, 1797.
Johnson, John I., editor of the Diary, and Miss Hannah Loudon,

daughter of Samuel Loudon, printer, all of this city. May 27, 1797.
Joline, Rev. John, pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Florida, and

Miss Maria Gale, of Goshen, mar. Sunday the 12th at Goshen.

Feb. 25, 1797.

Jones, William, of Maryland, and Miss Elizabeth Waters, of Newtown.

L. I., mar. Sunday last at Newtown, L. I. Sept. 16, 1797.
Kane, Elias, merchant, and Miss Schelluyne, both of that city, mar. at

Albany. Nov. 11, 1797.
Kennedy, Peter J., of this city, and Miss Hannah Elizabeth Chauncey.

of Connecticut, mar. Saturday, July 29th. Aug. 12, 1797.
Kershaw, John A., lately from England, and Miss Ann Bartow, eldest
daughter of Thomas Bartow, merchant of this city. July 29, 1797.
Kipt, Garret, and Miss Anne Leach, both of this city, mar. Wednesday

last. Sept. 16, 1797.
Kirk, George, of this city, and Miss Mary Norris, of Princeton, mar.

the 13th at Princeton. Feb. 25, 1797.
Larkin, Isaac, Junior Editor of the Independent Chronicle, died at Bos-
ton. Dec. 5th, aged 26. Dec. 16, 1797.
Lasher, Frederic, son of Col. John Lasher, of this city, died Sept. 10th

at Lebanon Springs. Sept. 30, 1797.
Lawrence, Nathaniel, Attorney General of the State, died at Hemp-
stead, July 5th. July 15. 1797.
Lester, Richard, and Mrs. Venables, both of this city, mar. Sunday

last. July 1, 1797.
Lewis, Abel, and Miss Phebe Baker, both of that place, mar. Sunday

last at North Castle. Aug. 26, 1797.
Lockwood, John, and Mrs. Sarah Smith, relict of Stephen Smith, both

of Norwalk, mar. Tuesday last. June 3, 1797.
Long, Lieut. Robert, of the 17th British Reg't., and Miss Jane Byron,

lately from Ireland, mar. Monday the 8th. May 20, 1797.
Loutette, Thomas, and Miss Catharine M'Kenzie, both of this city,

mar. Thursday the 22nd. Jan. 7, 1797.
Lowans, Thomas, and Miss Mary Mildinburger, both of this city, mar.

Dec. 6th. Dec. 16, 1797.
Lyon, David, of Saw-Pit, and Miss Charity Wilson, of Greenwich, ma-.

Sunday last at King Street. Sept. 9, 1797.
M'Camman, William, died Monday last by reason of a fall from the

scaffolding of the New Theatre in this city. Nov. 11, 1797.
M'Dole, Francis, of Brunswick, N. J., and Miss Diana Deas, of Prince-
ton, mar. April 20th. May 6, 1797.
M'Williams, Alexander, of this city, and Miss Nancy Goldsmith, a

native of the Isle of Man. May 13, 1797.
Marschalk, Capt. Andrew, of the United States Army, and Miss Susan

M'Donald, of this city. Aug. 5, 1797.
Marschalk, John, and Miss Sophia Steddiford, both of this city, mar

Thursday last week. Sept. 30, 1797.
Marschalk, Capt. Joseph, and Miss Mary Youle, both of this city,

mar. Saturday the 18th. March 4, 1797.
Maxwell, Robert, Sheriff, died at Charleston, S. C, Dec. 12th. Dec.
23, 1797.

Menhault, Mr., aged 66, and Mrs. Catharine Brickman, aged 82, both

of this city, mar. Saturday last. Aug. 19, 1797.
Merrill, Abraham, and Miss Polly Lake, mar. the 7th at Staten Island.

May 20, 1797.

Mr.RRiTT, John, formerly of Limerick, Ireland, and Miss Elizabeth
Hawxhurst, daughter to Joseph Hawxhurst, of Oyster Bay, L. [.,
mar. Sunday last at Oyster Bay, L. I. May 6, 1797.

Meuise, Leonard, and Miss Dolly Shute, both of this city, mar. Sat
urday last. April 22, 1797.

[ 419 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Miller, Alexander !5., and Miss Mary Rogers, both of this city, mar.

Wednesday. May 27, 1797.
Miller, Mr. Charles, and Miss Ann Patterson, both of this city, mar.

Monday. May 27, 1797.
Mitchell, Alexander, aged 109 years, and Miss Jane Hammond, aged 16

years, mar. at Richmond Dec. 13th. Dec. 30, 1797.
Mix, William, of New Haven, and Miss Eliza Tooker, of this city, mar.

Sunday last. Sept. 2, 1797.
Morton, Washington, of this city, and Miss Cornelia Lynch Schuyler,

daughter of Gen. Schuyler of Albany, mar. Oct. 7th. Oct. 21, 1797.
Munn, Patrick, and Miss Ann Maverick, both of this city, married .

June 3, 1797.

Nisbet, Archibald, grocer, and Mrs. M. Scott, both of this city, mar.

Thursday last. Aug. 26, 1797.
Norton, John B., and Miss Sarah Franklin, daughter of the late Walter

Franklin, both of this city. July 22, 1797.
Norwood, Andrew S., and Miss Abigail Ogilvie, both of this city, mar.

Wednesday last. Sept. 9, 1797.
Nostram, David, of Jericho, L. I., and Miss Patty Titus, daughter of

Jacob Titus, of Wheatly, L. I., mar. the 17th of Aug. Sept. 16,

1797.

Ogden, David, merchant, and Miss Sarah Glover, daughter of Mr. John
G. Glover, all of this city, mar. Thursday last. Feb. 25, 1797.

Ogden, David A., and Miss Rebecca Edwards, both of this city, mar.
Tuesday last. June 3, 1797.

Ogden, William, and Miss Susan Murray, daughter of John Murray, all
of this city, mar. Saturday last. July 8, 1797.

Onderdonk, Andrew, a Senator of the Southern District, died Saturday
last at Brooklyn. Sept. 30, 1797.

Ovelshaw, Mr., of this city, and Mrs. Sarah Nesbit, of Flushing, L. I.,
daughter of John Fowler, mar. Friday last. Nov. 4, 1797.

Palmer, William, Capt. in the 18th Reg't. ot the British Dragoons, and
Miss Augusta Temple, daughter of Sir John Temple, Baronet, Con-
sul General to the U. S. A., mar. Tuesday last at Richmond Hill.
Sept. 16, 1797.

Payne, Benjamin, and Miss Charlotte Brown, both of Flushing, L. I.,

mar. Sunday last at that place. Dec. 30, 1797.
Pearsall, Robert, merchant, and Eliza Collins, both of this city, mar.

Wednesday last at the Friends' Meeting House. Dec. 16, 1797.
Pease, John, and Miss Elizabeth Hurtin, daughter of the late Mr.

Joshua Hurtin, all of this city, mar. Sunday last. Feb. 25, 1797.
Peter, Rev. Christopher Godfrey, minister of the United Brethren's

Church in this city, died Sunday last. Nov. 4, 1797.
Pierson, Josiah G., died Sunday last in this city. Dec. 23, 1797.
Pleasants, Dr., died Sunday last at Phila. Oct. 21, 1797.
Porter, Mr., and Mrs. Mary Higby, both of this city, mar. Nov. 7th.

Nov. 18, 1797.

Post, Israel, and Miss Ann Rich, both of Philipsburgh, West Chester,

mar. April 17th. April 29, 1797.
Powell, Jonah, of Cedar Swamp, and Miss Abigail Stillwell, daughter

of William Stilwell, of Bethpage, L. I., mar. Oct. 7th. Oct. 21,

1797.

Prince, Nathaniel, merchant, and Miss Cornelia Sands, daughter of
Comfort Sands, all of this city, mar. Saturday last. June 10, 1797.

Prince, Capt. Joseph, of this citv, and Miss Eleanor Connor, late of
Ireland, mar. Friday the 28th. Aug. 5, 1797.

Prior. Edward, and Miss Fanny Fisher, both of this city, mar. Saturday
last. April 29. 1797.

Quincy, Josiah, of Boston, Counsellor at Law, and Miss Eliza S. Mor-
ton, daughter of the late Tohn Morton, of this city, merchant,
mar. Tuesday last. June 10, 1797.

Rane, Nathaniel, and Miss Hannah Van Nostrand, both of Brooklyn,
L. I., mar. Sunday last. Aug. 12, 1797.

Remsin, George, of Wolver Hollow, Oyster Bay, and Miss Ruth Pine,
daughter of James Pine, of Jericho, L. I., mar. Oct. 5th. Oct. 21,

OF OLD NEW YORK

Ristle, John, and Miss Peggy M. Baxter, both of this city, mar. Thurs-
day the 13th. July 22, 1797.

Roe, Rev. Abel, of Woodbridge, N. J., and Mrs. Barrat, late of Boston,
mar. Tuesday the 27th. Jan. 7, 1797.

Roe, John, merchant of this citv, and Miss Susannah R. Stevens,
of Perth Amboy, N. J., mar. "Thursday the 12th. Jan 21, 1797.

Rogers, Hezekiah, and Miss Abigail Wade, mar. Saturday last. Oct. 7,
1797.

Rogers, Capt. Mayhew, and Miss Ruth Sayre, daughter of Capt. Abra-
ham Sayre, of that place, mar. Wednesday the 5th inst. at South-
ampton, L. I. July 29, 1797.
Roome, Nicholas, and Miss Jemima Lewis, both of this city, mar. the

21st. June 3, 1797.
Roome, Jacob P., of this city, and Miss Nelly Hoogland, of Fishkill,

mar. March 22nd at Fishkill. April 1, 1797.
Rose, John, and Miss Hannah Mikals, both of New Hurley, Ulster Co.,

mar. there the 29th. June 10, 1797.
Rose, Joseph, Jr., merchant of this city, and Miss Frances Stanton, of

Charlestown, Conn., mar. some time since. Oct. 28, 1797.
Rose, William L., Attorney at Law, and Miss Charlotte C. Smith,

both of this city, mar. Saturday last. March 18, 1797.
Ross, Alexander, and Miss Barbara Smaler, both of this city, mar.

Saturday last. Dec. 2, 1797.
Ross, David, and Mrs. Frances Ann Bogart, both of this city, mar.

Nov. 10th. Nov. 18, 1797.
Roundtree, Rev. Solomon, and Mrs. Susannah Swinburn, both of this

city, mar. Thursday last. Sept. 16, 1797.
Row, Walter, and Miss Sally Valentine, both of Flushing, L. I., mar.

Sunday last at Flushing, L. I. Dec. 16, 1797.
Sands, Comfort, and Miss Cornelia Lott, both of this city, mar. Tuesday

last. Dec. 9, 1797.
Saunders. Robert, of Baltimore, printer, and Elizabeth Bancker, of

this city, mar. Tuesday last. Feb. 25, 1797.
Seaman, Jacob, of this city, and Miss Sally Hewlett, of Hempstead,

L. I., mar. Saturday last. Sept. 9, 1797.
Seymour, Isaac, and Miss Sally Wilson, both of this citv, mar. Sunday

last. April 1, 1797.
Sharp, James, and Miss Catharine Colvlin, both of this city, mar.

Tuesday last. Dec. 2, 1797.
Sills, Phineas, of Cow-Harbout. and Mrs. Rebecca White, of Crab

Meadow, mar. the 27th at Huntington, L. I. Jan. 14. 1797.
Simond, Joseph, and Miss Mary M'Laughlin, both of this city, mar.

Thursday last week. Sept. 30, 1797.
Slote, Peter, printer, and Miss Ann Cook, both of this city, mar. Sat-
urday last. Feb. 18, 1797.
Smith. Samuel Aldwill. and Mrs. Ann Wood, both passengers in the

Belvidere, from London, mar. April 6th. April 15, 1797.
Smith, Mrs. Richard, died Nov. 17th in this city. Nov. 25, 1797.
Smith, Waters, and Miss Maria Allison, both of this city, mar. Tuesday

the 28th. Dec. 9, 1797.
Southwick, Henry C, printer, and Miss Mary Wool, both of this city,

mar. Sunday last. June 24. 1797.
Staples. John J., merchant of this city, and Miss Mary Corsa, daughter

of Col. Corsa. mar. last week at Newtown. L. T. Dec. 16, 1797.
Sullivan, John Langdon. son of Hon. James Sullivan, and Miss Russell.

daughter of the late Hon. Thomas Russell, mar. Oct. 12th at

Boston. Oct. 28. 1797.
Suydam, Samuel, of the house of Suydam and Heyer, merchants, died

Saturday last. Sept. 30, 1797.
Talcott, Col. Elizur, died at fdastenbury, aged 88. Dec. 9, 1797.
Taylor. Benjamin, and Mtss Mary Barker, both of this city, mar.

Wednesday last. April 22, 1797.
Taylor. Mrs. Margaret, wife of John Taylor, merchant of this city, died

Wednesdav last. Dec. 9, 1797.
Taylor. Capt. Moses, and Mtss Margaret Towt, both of this city, mar.

Thursday last. April 15, 1797.

[ 421 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Temple, Grenville, son of the Hon. Sir John Temple, Bart., and Mks.

Russell, widow of the late Thomas Russell, of Boston, mar. last

week at Boston. March 11, 1797.
Terry, Ketchum, merchant of this city, and Miss Polly Snedeker,

daughter of John Snedeker, of Huntington, L. I., mar. Sunday last

at Huntington, L. I. March 11, 1797.
Thompson, Samuel, and Miss Mary Winkfield, both of this city, mar.

Sunday last. May 13, 1797.
Todd, George, of this city, and Miss Sally Isaacs, of Bradford Hill,

Conn., mar. at New Haven. Nov. 4, 1797.
Tortox, James, and Miss Anna Barker, both of this city, mar. Wednes-
day last. April 22, 1797.
Totten, Ephraim, formerly of this city, died at New Providence a few

weeks since in the 30th year of his age. April 29, 1797.
Townsend, Thomas S., merchant, and Miss Peggy Nostrand, both of this

city, mar. the 28th. March 11, 1797.
Townsend, Walter, of this city, and Miss Temima White, of Norwalk,

mar. Saturday last. April 29, 1797.
Tuttle, Mrs. Sarah, wife of Daniel Tuttle, of this city, died Oct. 13th.

Aged 45. Oct. 28, 1797.
Tyson, Mr., of this city, and Miss Letty Rappelye, of Cow Neck. mar.

Sunday last at Jamaica, L. I. May 27, 1797.
Utt, Peter, and Miss Amelia Fairly, both of this city, mar. Saturday

last. Jan. 14, 1797.
Valentine, Smith, merchant, and Miss Mary Almon, both of this city,

mar. Saturday last. Nov. 18, 1797.
Van Allen, Abraham, and Miss Mary Brookman, both of this city, ma-.

Thursday last. Sept. 2, 1797.
Van Duyne, James, of Fresh Meadow, and Mrs. Deborah Allen, of

that place, mar. Saturday last at Jamaica, L. I. March 25, 1797.
Van Kuren, Robert S., and Miss Ann Bomel, both of this city, mar.

Sunday last. July 22, 1797.
Van Rensselaer, Capt. Solomon, and Miss Harriet Van Rensselaer.

second daughter of Philip Van Rensselaer, mar. Jan. 17th at

Cherry Hill. March 11, 1797.
Van Vleck, John, died yesterday in his 88th year. Oct. 14, 1797.
Van Wyck, Mr., of Flushing, L. I., and Miss Thorne, daughter of Capt.

Thorne, of that place, mar. Wednesday the 11th at Hempstead.

Jan. 21, 1797.

Visscher, Sebastian, and Miss Rosannah Shipboy, both of that city, mar.
at Albany. Nov. 11, 1797.

Von Loewenstern, Mr., of this city, and Miss Maria Tribie, of St.
Mare, St. Domingo, mar. Monday last. Aug. 19. 1797.

Vooriiis, Peter, and Mrs. Nancy Smith, widow of Joseph Smith, de-
ceased, all of this city, mar. Wednesday last. March 4, 1797.

Walker, John, alias Sickquoinneyouhee, one of the chiefs of the Chero-
kee nations of Indians, and Miss Ann Jane Durant, of Phila.,
mar. Thursday the 5th at Phila. Jan. 14, 1797.

Ward, Capt. John, late of Phila., and Mrs. Elizabeth Chirnside, of this
c:ty, mar. Oct. 4th. Oct. 14, 1797.

Ward, Stephen, died Friday last at East Chester, aged 88 years. Dec.
16, 1797.

Washington, Laurence, and Miss Polly Wood, daughter of Robert Wood,
of Frederic, mar. in Virginia. Dec. 23, 1797.

Wayne. Anthony, Commander in Chief of the Army of the U. S., died
Wednesday, Dec. 14th at Presqu' Isle. Feb. 4, 1797.

Webb, Thomas, and Miss Patty Hopkins, both of Boston, mar. at Bos-
ton, Oct. 26th. Nov. 11, 1797.

Weli.s. John, Esq., of this city, and Miss Eliza Lawrence, daughter
of Thomas Lawrence, of Newtown, L. I., mar. Wednesday last.
March 18, 1797.

Wheeler. Daniel, of Islip, and Mrs. Hannah Wesler, of Smith Town,
mar. Saturday last at Smith Town, L. I. Dec. 9, 1797.

White, Mrs. Mary, consort of Rt. Rev. Bishop White, died Wednesday
the 13th at Phila. Dec. 23, 1797.

[ 422 ]

Statue of Robert Burns in Central Park by Sir John Steel. Presented to
the city by admirers of scotia's peasant bard on the 121st anni-
versary of his birth. courtesy of the art commission
of New York City

OF OLD NEW YORK

White, Stephen, and Miss Esther Wasson, both of Norwalk, Conn.,

mar. tue at JNorwauc, UOnn. june Z4, 17^/.

Whitfield, ihumas, ana miss l^ttt. \ a.n auun, botn of this city, mar.

the 11th. May 2u, 1/9/.
Whitney, Asa, anu Miss Catharine Legget, both of this city, mar. at

Kanway, JN. J. Oct. 1-4, 1/y/.
Wilkinson, .benjamin, agea 20, and Mrs. Firth, a blooming widow of

ou, mar. buiiuay last at Castle cnurcn, near btartoru. Uec. lo,

1797.

Williams, Elam, and Miss Catharine Bogert, both of this city, mar.
lnursuay last. May 20, 1/97.

Williams, john, and Miss Susan Bowden, both of this city, mar. Sat-
urday last. May 0, 1 / y / .

Williamson, Henry U., and Miss Mary Daniel, both of this city, mar.
last evening. March IS, 1/9/.

Williamson, Robert, ana Miss Barbara Harries, both natives of Scot-
land, mar. Monday last. June Z4, 1797.

Wilson, Kobert, merchant ot this city, died Monday last. Oct. 28, 1797.

Winchester, Kev. Llhanan, died April 18th at Hartford, aged 46 years.
April 29, 1797.

Winter, August, and Miss Rosina Moore, second daughter of Mr.

Blasius Moore, both of this city, mar. Sunday last. Sept. 30, 1797.
W olcott, Oliver, Governor ot Conn., died Dec. 1st at his seat in Litch-

held, aged 71. Dec. 9, 1797.
Woodhull, Capt., and Miss Rebecca Maverick, both of this city, mar-,

ried . June 3, 1797.

Woodhull, Gilbert, merchant, and Miss Ann Cowley, both ot this city,

mar. Thursday last. Dec. 16, 1797.
Woodruff, John, and Miss Sally Young, both of Hanover, N. J., mar.

Saturday last. Oct. 28, 1797.
Woolsey, George M., merchant of this city, and Miss Howland, daughter

ol Mr. Joseph Howland, merchant of .Norwich, mar. Sept. 16th at

Norwich. Oct. 7, 1797.
Wortman, Tunis, Counsellor at Law, and Miss Margaret Loudon, both

of this city, mar. Thursday at Bedford, L. 1. June 10, 1797.
Wurmser, Maj. Gen. Count de, died July 9th at Vienna. Oct. 21, 1797.
W yckoff, Mrs., a widow, died the 26th at her house in Pine Street.

June 3, 1797.

W'yckoff, Henry V., and Miss Xelly Schenck, daughter of Peter
Schenck, of that place, mar. at Bushwick, L. 1. April 29, 1797.

Youle, Timothy, and Miss Nancy Twybell, niece of John Baily, all of
this city, married . Aug. 12, 1797.

1798

Ackerly, Eliza, see Benjamin Mott.
Anderson, Lydia, see Daniel Jewel.
Bai.nbridge, Phebe, see Dr. John McClone.
Baker, Martha, see Selia Washburn.
Barclay, P. Eleanor, see James Cochran.
Barry, Miss, see Capt. Patrick Roach.
Best, Ann, see Stephen Dixon.
Bingham, Miss, see Alexander Baring.
Bleecker, Frances, see Francis Harman Ellison.
Brasher, Catharine, see Stephen Van Wyck.
Brickman, Ann, see Capt. Jos. Dill.
Brinkerhoof, Mary, see Richard Boorum.
Bullock, Eliza L., see Collin V. Gelder Forbes.
Caldwell, Eliza, see John Delamarter.
Caldwell, Hetty, see Rev. M. Findley.
Card, Elizabeth, see Isaac Minard.
Carmer, Elizabeth, see Robert Thompson.
Carmer, Jermima, see James Gauk.
Cock, Phebe, see James W. Dominick.
Colden, Eliza, see Edward Laight.

[ 425 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Compadra, Jennet Maria Helen, see William Dickson.

Co wen haven, Miss, see Tredwell Jackson.

Crane, Joanna, see Abraham Scudder.

Crow, Izabella, see Samuel Crow.

Denning, Miss, see William Henderson.

De Hart, Mrs., see John I. Murray.

Dover, Jane, see William Hertell.

Dubois, Polly, see Elias E. Van Birnschoten.

Earl, Mrs. Catherine, see Peter Allison.

Eaton, Mrs. Catharine, see James Van Valen.

Eirnhawer, Polly, see Samuel Nash.

Fisher, Catharine, see John Butler.

Ford, Mary, see Richard H. Moris.

Fountain e, Lydia, see Reuben Ball.

Gilbert, Miss, see Maj. W. Fish.

Cordon, Malinda, see William Beekman Verplank.

Creswold, Anne, see Daniel M. Hitchcock.

Hunter, Elizabeth, see Gabriel Verplank Ludlow.

Hill, Ann, see Hugh Welch.

Hilyard, Mrs. Jane, see John Ruchel.

Lawrence, Maria, see Adrian Vansinderen.

Lewis, Margaret, see Materine Livingston.

Lightburn, Maria, see Edward Elting.

Livingston, Gitty, see Wilham Cutting.

Livingston, Margaret, see Robert Livingston.

Ludlum, Mary, see Isaac Littel.

Lylburn, Maria Ann, see Jovo Joze Cobral.

Lynch, Sally, see Roderick M'Leod.

M'Chesney, Hannah, see Jacob Smith, Jr.

Malcomb, Frances, see Charles Snowden.

Marshall, Eliza, see Elijah Guion.

Mills, Rachel, see Henry Devaine.

Minshull, Ann, see Lynde Walter.

Nixon, Catharine, see Thomas Major.

Phoenix, Eliza, see Nathaniel Ingraham.

Phenix, Sarah, see George White.

Post, Ellen, see Abraham Odle Valentine.

Provoost, Eliza Susanna, see George Rapelje.

Raborg, Rachel, see Jacob Wagmer.

Redman, Hannah, see James A. Alexander.

Remsen, Mrs. Margaret, see Aime Barbarin.

Riddle, Margaret, see James Doblin.

Robinson, Mary, see Patrick Plunket.

Russell, Hannah, see Baesl Ouenet.

Santford, Elizabeth, see Wiliiam A. Davis.

Shimeall, Mary, see George Alexander.

Smith, Elizabeth, see Michael Smith.

Smith, Margaret, see Archibald Davis.

Southwell, Margaret, see Jacob Warner.

Street, Sarah, see William Durell.

Suvr.AM, Miss, see Capt. Peter Manifold.

Ter Boss, Ann, see Mr. Pine.

Thompson, Polly, see John Edsall.

Titus, Jemimah, see Stephen Cock.

Towt, Cornelia H., see Samuel Rudd.

Tredwell, Sarah P., see Stephen B. Munn.

Van Pelt, Elizabeth, see Gilbert Bogert.

Webb, Nancy, see Capt. David King.

Weeks, Sally, see Grigham Howe.

Wilcocks. Maria, see John Ellis.

Willia, Nancy, see Isaac Stiles.

Williard, M. C. Henrietta, see Thomas M. Ford.

Wood, Betsy, see Peter Totten.

Woodward, Deborah, see Geortre Welsh.

Worn, Elizabeth, see Jacob Zeller.

Wright, Jane, see Enos Baldwin.

Young, Sally, see Isaac Saren.

[ 426 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

1797

Adamson, Hannah, see John Harkey.

Allen, Mrs. Deborah, see J. Van Duyne.

Allison, Maria, see Waters Smith.

Almon, Mary, see Smith Valentine.

Anderson, Sally, see Benj. Gifford.

Anson, Mrs. Lucy, see William Baker.

Austin, Mrs. Mary, see Ephraim Brasher.

Baker, Piiebe, see Abel Lewis.

Baldwin, Anna, see William Cox.

Bancker, Elizabeth, see R. Saunders.

Barker, Anna, see James Torton.

Barker, Mary, see Benj. Taylor.

Barrat, Mrs., see Rev. Abel Roe.

Bartow, Ann, see John A. Kershaw.

Baxter, Peggy M., see John Ristle.

Bean, Eliza, see Conover Bowne.

Betts, Sarah, see Michael Conrey.

Blackwell, Lydia, see Capt. John Hazard.

Bogart, Erances Ann, see D. Ross.

Bogert, Catherine, see Elam Williams.

Bomel, Ann, see R. S. Vankuren.

Bowden, Susan, see John Williams.

Brickman, Catherine, see Mr. Menhault.

Brookman, Mary, see Abram. Van Allen.

Brooks, Mrs. Ann, see Henry Gatty.

Brower, Mrs. Cornelia, see John Cook.

Brown, Charlotte, see Benj. Payne.

Brown, Frances, see Mr. Jouphee.

Bruyn, Margaret, see John Gasheri.

Bulkely, Miss, see Col. David Humphreys.

Buxton, Sally, see John Cornell.

Byron, Jane, see Lieut. Robert Long.

Byvanck, Nancy, see Henry Frome.

Chauncey, Hannah Elizabeth, see Peter J. Kennedy.

Chirnside, Mrs. Elizabeth, see Capt. John Ward.

Clarke, Martha, see George Cook.

Cole, Temple, see Jacob Bollmer.

Collins, Eliza, see Robert Pearsall.

Colvlin, Catherine, see James Sharp.

Connor, Eleanor, see Capt. Joseph Prince.

Cook, Ann, see Peter Slote.

Corsa, Mary, see John J. Staples.

Cowley, Ann, see Gilbert Woodhull.

Coxe, Maria, see Andrew Allen.

Craven, Elizabeth, see Samuel Charlott.

Daniel, Mary, see H. C. Williamson.

Day, Jane, see Pexcel Fowler.

Deas, Diana, see Francis M'Dole.

Duclew, Fancy, see Benj. Isherwood.

Durant, Ann Jane, see John Walker.

Edwards. Rebecca, see David A. Ogden.

Fairly, Amelia, see Peter Ult.

Farrington, Mrs. Catharine, see Richard Abrams.

Ferris, Mrs. Nancy, see Christopher Durm.

Firth, Mrs., see Benj. Wilkinson.

Fisher, Fanny, see Edward Prior.

Fisher, Maria, see Dr. Peter Clarke.

Franklin, Sarah, see John B. Norton.

Gailer, Catherine, see John Curry.

Gale, Maria, see Rev. John Joline.

Gilbert, Mrs. Eliza Ann, see Samuel Bristowe.

Glover, Sarah, see David Ogden.

Goldsmith, Nancy, see Alex. M'Williams.

Gordon, Mary, see James P. Allen.

[ 427 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Gray, Mrs. Elizabeth, see Richard Capes.

Green, Ann, see William Hancock.

Guibert, Emilia, see Casimir Dela Vigne

Harries, Babara, see Robt. Williamson.

Hauxiiurst, Elizabeth, see John Merritt.

Hammond, Jane, see Alexander Mitchell.

Heden, Giffy, see John Hamilton.

Hendricks, Charlotte, see Benj. Gomez.

Hendricks, Riche, see Abraham Gomez.

Henderson, Susannah, see John Bannerham.

Hewlett, Sally, see Jacob Seaman.

Heyer, Eliza, see Andrew Bell.

Hicks, Mariam, see Henry Dawson, Jr.

Higby, Mary, see Mr. Porter.

Higgins, Hannah, see Robert Gibbons.

Hill, Polly, see Lazarus Beach.

Hinchley, Louisa, see Capt. Thos. Barnard.

Holsman, M. Catherine, see John G. Coster.

Hoogland, Nelly, see Jacob P. Roome.

Hopkins, Patty, see Thomas Webb.

Howe, Eliza, see Nichilas Evertson.

Howland, Miss, see Geo. M. Wooley.

Hurtin, Elizabeth, . see John Pease.

Cans, Mrs., see Capt. William Earle.

Isaacs, Sally, see George Todd.

Ives, Margaret, see Alexander Gowan.

Jacobs, Esther, see Peter Cutter.

Jefferson, Polly, see John Epps.

Jenkins, Jane, see Simon Fleet.

Johnson, Louisa, see John Quincy Adams.

Journeay, Cuttea, see Andrew Frazier.

Kennedy, Margaret, see Capt. Thomas Christie.

Ketchum, Polly, see Joathan Dennis.

Kreech, Elizabeth, see Peter Farol.

Lake, Polly, see Abraham Merrill.

Langstaff, Polly, see Dr. Mathias Freeman.

Larzelere, Elizabeth, see Hermanus Bennet.

Law, Ann, see Walter Hubbell.

Lawrence, Eliza, see John Wells.

Lawrence, Sarah Rebecca, see Warren De Lancey.

Leach, Anne, see Garret Kipt.

Leggett, Catherine, see Asa Whitney.

Lewis, Hannah, see Piatt Buffett.

Lewis, Hester, see Lawrence Ackerman.

Lewis, Hester, see Capt. Steven Clay.

Lewis, Jemima, see Nicholas Roome.

Lindsay, Eliza, see James Hatton.

Livingston, Mrs., see James Crawford.

Lott, Cornelia, see Comfort Sands.

Loudon, Hannah, see John J. Johnson.

Loudon, Margaret, see Tunis Wortman.

Lupp, Ann Frances, see G. F. Hopkins.

Lupton, Betsey, see Rev. John B. Johnson.

Lushure, Mrs. Elinor, see Elisha Herrenden.

M'Donald, Susan, see Capt. Andrew Marschalk.

M'Kenzie, Catherine, see T. Loutette.

M'Laughlin, Mary, see Joseph Simond.

Martain, Phoebe, see John Arnet.

Maverick, Ann, see Patrick Munn.

Maverick, Rebecca, see Capt. Woodhull.

Mikals, Hannah, see John Rose.

Mildinburger, Mary, see Thomas Lowans.

Minton, Dorcas, see John Flinn.

Moore, Hetty, see Daniel Boardman.

Moore, Rosina, see August Winter.

Morton, Eliza S., see Joshia Quincy.

Moulton, Mary, see Zebulon Gurley.

[ 428 ]

^Bag m i\\t Wit of a fireman

"Now then with a will, shake
her up, boys"

Third in the series of Volunteer
Firemen pictures issued by Currier
& Ives half a century ago.

OF OLD NEW YORK

Mum ford, Nancy, see John T. Duryee.

Murray, Susannah, see William Ogden.

Xesbit, Mrs. Sarah, see Mr. Ovelshaw.

Xorris, Mary, see George Kirk.

Nostrand, Peggy, see T. S. Townsend.

Odell, Mrs., see John Doubleday.

Ogden, Charlotte, see Chas. Gobert.

Ogilvie, Abigail, see Andrew S. Norwood.

Painter, Margaret, see Elias Brevoort.

Parsons, Mrs., see Job Haskell.

Patterson, Ann, see Charles Miller.

Phoenix, Agnes, see John Brower.

Pine, Ruth, see George Remsin.

Pinto, Patty, see William Earle.

Post, Ann, see Benj. Ferris.

Post, Nancy, see Peter Hawes.

Purdy, Sally, see Nehemiah Brown.

Rappelye, Letty, see Mr. Tyson.

Rich, Ann, see Isreal Post.

Robinson, Elizabeth, see Charles Henry.

Rogers, Mary, see Alex. S. Miller.

Rogers, Rebecca, see James Codwise.

Russell, Miss, see J. Langdon Sullivan.

Ryder, Eliza, see William Huthwaite.

Salts, Catherine, see Elbert A. Hagerman.

Sands, Cornelia, see Nathaniel Prime.

Schelluyne, Miss, see Elias Kane.

Schenck, Nelly, see Henry V. Wyckoff.

Schuyler, Cornelia Lynch, see Washington Morton.

Scott, Mrs. M., see Archibald Nesbit.

Shipboy, Rosannah, see S. Visscher.

Shreeve, Eliza, see Phillip Gorrall.

Shute, Dolly, see Leonard Menise.

Shute, Mary, see Capt. . David Cargill.

Sims, Elizabeth, see George Barkley.

Sitcher, Alatha, see James Daly.

Seidell, Peggy, see James Flinn.

Smaler, Barbara, see Alexander Ross.

Smith, Charlotte C, see William L. Rose.

Smith, Mary, see Malencton B. Jarvis.

Smith, Mrs. Nancy, see P. Voorhis.

Smith, Sarah, see John Lockwood.

Snedeker, Polly, see Ketchum Terry.

Stanton, Catherine, see John Holloway.

Stanton, Frances, see Joseph Rose, Jr.

Steddiford, Sophia, see John Marschalk.

Stevens, Susannah R., see John Roe.

Stillwell, Abigail, see Jonah Powell.

Stockton, Susan, see Alexander Cuthbert.

Stratton, Mrs. Jane, see James Conchlin.

Stratton, Sarah, see Isreal Hawxhurst.

Swimburn, Mrs. Susannah, see Rev. Solomon Roundtree.

Symington, Mrs. Frances, see Edward Bainbridge.

Temple, Augusta, see Capt. W. Palmer.

Thorne, Miss, see Mr. Van Wyck.

Titus, Patty, see David Nostran.

Tooker, Eliza, see William Mix.

Towt, Margaret, see Capt. M. Taylor.

Tribie, Maria, see Mr. Van Loewenstern.

Troybell, Nancy, see Timothy Youle.

Valentine, Sally, see Walter Row.

Van Aulen, Effie, see T. Whitfield.

Van Beuren, Catherine, see Richard L. Beekman.

Van Deuzer, Hannah, see Paul Castagnet.

Van Ness, Catherine, see Dr. William Bay.

Van Nostrand, Hannah, see Nathaniel Rane.

Van Vleck, Ann, see Alexander Anderson.

[ 433 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Venables, Mrs., see Richard Lester.
Verplanck, Miss, see Col. Deveaux.
Walker, Margaret, see James Angus.
Walker, Mary, see John Cunningham.
Waddle, Ann, see Lucas Elmendorf.
Wade, Abigail, see Hezekiah Rogers.
Warner, Eliza, see John Dominick.
Warren, Mary, see John Devay.
Wasson, Esther, see Stephen White.
Waters, Elizabeth, see William Jones.
Weeks, Elizabeth, see Jacob Crooker.
Wesler, Mrs. Hannah, see D. Wheeler.
White, Mrs. Mary, see Bishop White.
White, Jemima, see Walter Townsend.
White, Mrs. Rebecca, see Phineas Sills.
Wicks, Freelove, see Humphrey Clarke.
Wiggins, Abigail, see Moses Harris.
Wilkins, Sally, see Abraham Bellows.
Williams, Clara, see Davis Johnson.
Wilson, Charity, see David Lyon.
Wilson. Sally, see Isaac Seymour.
Winkfield, Mary, see Sam. Thompson.
Winslow, Susan, see James Cooper.
Wood, Mrs. Ann, see S. A. Smith.
Wolstonecraft, Mary, see Mr. Godwin.
Wood, Polly, see Lawrence Washington.
Wool, Mary, see H. C. Southwick.
Youle, Mary, see Capt. Joseph Marschalk.
Young, Sally, see John Woodruff.
Young, Mrs. Sarah, see Mr. Choate.

[ 434 1

OF OLD NEW YORK

Old Mansions of the Bronx

By Randall Comfort
first paper

Many of the old mansions of the Bronx are still extant and
many of them have disappeared, but most of them have an inter-
esting history either politically or socially and we give an account
of some of the more important ones by a writer who was born
and bred in the Bronx and has an intimate knowledge of those
fine old residences.

The Gowuerneur Morris Mansion
The famous Gouverneur Morris Mansion stood on a
finely selected location on the high ground near the foot
of the present Saint Ann's Avenue. Erected about 1798,
and modelled after a stately French chateau, with its win-
dows commanding a truly glorious view of the beautiful
Harlem Kills with Randall's Island in the near fore-
ground, this elegant old structure was the residence of
that diplomat, patriot and statesman, Gouverneur Morris.

Plainly visible on floor and stairway were the imprints
made by Mr. Morris's wooden leg as he trudged up and
down. It seems that one of his hobbies, while residing
in Philadelphia, was the driving without reins of a pair
of spirited horses. This wooden leg, described as merely
a round stick roughly fitted to the limb, was the result
of being thrown from his carriage while unable to con-
trol the runaways. A noted clergyman once sympathized
so deeply with him because of his accident that he re-
plied : "My dear sir, you argue so handsomely and point
out so clearly the advantages of being without legs, that
I am almost tempted to part with the other \"

Gouverneur Morris's devotion to his country when
minister to France was strongly evidenced by his insisting
on remaining on duty in Paris all through the dread
Reign of Terror. "For," said he, "it is not for me to
desert my post in the hour of difficulty."

[ 435 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

His ability to lead the field with his scythe as well as to
recite whole books of Virgil by heart, was shpwn unex-
pectedly when a noted Englishman arrived, after visiting
the Van Rennselaer the Schuylers and the Van Cort-
landts. Scarcely had the carriage entered the grounds
when the guest encountered a man without coat or vest,
his trousers tucked into his boots, a scythe over his shoul-
der, an old straw hat on his head and the perspiration*
streaming down his face. The busy farm hand was none
other than Gouverneur Morris himself.

In the memoirs of John Jay we find: ''On Wednes-
day, when the President was away, Mrs. Washington
called on me, and on Thursday, after an early breakfast
of our own, we went, agreeably to invitation, to break-
fast at General Morris's, Morrisania."

The charming vine-laden mansion of those days is said
to have comprised but one-third of the original structure.
Alorris himself once wrote to a friend: "I have a ter-
race roof 130 feet long, — and, by the bye, I will send
you a receipt how to make one, — from which I enjoy one
of the finest prospects imaginable, while breathing the
most salubrious air."

Many were the distinguished visitors entertained in the
old house. General Moreau, one of Napoleon's famous
officers; Louis Philippe, afterwards King of the French;
and his two brothers, Comte de Beaujolais and Due de
Montpensier. The friendship between Morris and the
renowned General Lafayette was very close. When the
noted Frenchman came to America in 1824, one of the
visits he paid was at the former home of his intimate
friend, where he was most hospitably received by the
young son of the distinguished father.

[ 436 ]

Hunt Mansion, Hunt's Point. Built 1688. For years the residence of Joseph Rodman
Drake. Collection of Mr. Randall Comfort

Casanova Mansion, in its day the finest private residence in the United States

AND KNOWN AS "WhITLOCK'S FOLLY." COLLECTION OF Mr. RANDALL COMFORT

OF OLD NEW YORK

Loud protests arose when it became known that the
famed Gouverneur Morris mansion was to be razed to
the ground and the terraces all leveled to make way for
the enlarging of the adjoining railroad yard. The spa-
cious halls and massive staircases and the walls two feet
thick, were to be doomed at last, to say nothing of the
great library where stood the private desk in whose secret
drawer were once hidden 784 livres entrusted to Morris
by King Louis XIV to aid in his attempted escape from
Paris. Just before its destruction, a high railroad offi-
cial calmly declared that his company would do far more
good to the Bronx than could ever be done by the old
mansion.

The Leivis M orris Mansion

The solid stone homestead built by Lewis Morris al-
most within a stone's throw of that of Gouverneur Mor-
ris is also gone. One of the signers of the Declaration
of Independence in 1776, Lewis Morris knew full well
that a hostile British fleet lay at anchor near his splendid
mansion, ready at any moment to begin the work of de-
struction. But sign he did.

Before the selection on the Potomac of a site for the
nation's capital, Lewis Morris believed his manor to be
an ideal site. "There were more fighting men within a
sweep of thirty miles around Morrisania than around any
other place in America. . . . Persons emaciated by sick-
ness and disease there are speedily reinstated in health
and vigor. . . . Other places contain many negro inhab-
itants who not only do not fight themselves, but by keep-
ing their masters at home, prevent them from fighting
also." Such was . Morris's argument, but the hard-
hearted Congress turned a deaf ear to all these plead-

[ 439 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

ings, and the dream of Morrisania-on-the-Harlem, cap
ital of America, was never realized.

Of Lewis Morris the following anecdote is told: His
tutor, a pious elderly quaker, while engaged in prayer in
the woods heard a voice apparently coming from heaven,
directing him to go and spread the gospel among the
Indians. When on the point of starting, he accidentally
learned that the mysterious words were but those of
young Lewis Morris, who had climbed into a tree under
which he thought his tutor would be likely to pass.

Jonas Bronck's Residence

The first white settler on these shores was Jonas
Bronck, who appeared as early as 1639, having voyaged
from Europe in the staunch ship Fire of Troy. Little
did he think that his name would, centuries afterwards,
be perpetuated in a park, a river and a borough.

Five hundred acres constituted his estate, which he
purchased from two Indian sachems, Ranaqua and
Taekamuck, and to which he gave the name of "Bronx-
land." Mindful of possible fires and flaming darts of the
red men, he judiciously built a stone house with a tiled
roof, barracks, barns and a tobacco house. Two of
Bronck's friends and fellow voyagers leased a portion of
his land for cultivation in order to raise maize and to-
bacco, and to reimburse him for their passage money out
of the produce.

His house, standing near the mouth of Mill Brook, was
not far from the present station of the New Haven Rail-
road. Its living-room is strikingly depicted in a well-
known painting showing the signing of the celebrated
Treaty of Peace with the Indian sagamores in 1642. On
the left of the table stand the two chieftains, one intently

[ 440 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

making his mark on paper at the direction of Cornelius
Van Tienhoven, the Dutch secretary. To the right is
Dominie Bogardus in his ministerial black suit, while
leaning forward in an attitude of marked attention is the
scholarly Dane, Jonas Bronck himself. What a shame
that all these formalities should come to naught and that
war should break out afresh, only to be subdued in 1645
by that intrepid Indian fighter, Captain John Underhill.

The year 1643 witnessed the death of Jonas Bronck.
His estate was administered by friends at Harlem, one
being the Rev. Everardus Bogardus, the husband of the
celebrated Anneke Jans. Bronck's belongings included
bowls, spoons, pictures, tankards, satins, silver cups, fine
bedding, gloves, gros-grain suits and a splendid silver-
mounted gun. He is known to have "used silver and
napkins and table cloths, and to have possessed as many
as six linen shirts !"

The Old Hunt Mansion

A quaint and striking octagonal tower rising like a
lighthouse at the extreme end of Hunt's Point, was the
old Hunt Mansion for centuries a familiar landmark for
all vessels passing through the Sound.

In 1688 Thomas Hunt started the construction of his
"Grange," well knowing there was an exceedingly high
tax on wood for building and therefore wisely selecting
stone. Hardly had he commenced when the tax was re-
moved and the major portion of this "picturesque relic of
bygone days" was of solid hewn oak. It was built in four
sections and could boast of fireplaces constructed of
bricks brought over by the Dutch trading ships as ballast.
Many relics, quaint and curious, were found in the old
"Grange's" interior, including books, swords and a can-

[ 441 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

non-ball that was lodged in the brick wall, a reminder of
those thrilling days when the British frigate-of-war Asia
lay anchored near the spot.

Going further north on Hunt's Point, a small cemetery
may be seen, the last resting-place of many old settlers,
including veterans of the earlier wars. Its chief interest
lies, however, in the fact that it contains the monument
to that celebrated American poet, Joseph Rodman Drake.

Some years ago, when the present system of streets
was planned, it was unexpectedly found that Whittier
Street would not only penetrate this little burying-
ground, but would go directly through the grave of Drake
itself. Plans were therefore immediately made that re-
sulted in perpetuating this small "God's Acre" in the
form of the new Joseph Rodman Drake Park. It is a
sacred spot where even the most exalted personage in the
land could profitably pause in silent meditation, as did
Lafayette when he revisited our country in 1824. The
broad Lafayette Avenue near the Corpus Christi Mon-
astery, formerly the narrow Lafayette Lane, was so styled
because the great Frenchman passed along it while com-
ing to stay overnight at the residence of George Fox,
further up on old Hunt's Point Road.

For years the old Hunt Mansion was the residence of
Drake, who spent hours each day exploring the wooded
glades of the Bronx River, which led to his composing
that beautiful poem describing the wonderful charms of
that stream. In company with Fitz Greene Halleck, he
traversed every nook and corner of this glorious region.
After his death, his friend mournfully declared : "There
will be less sunshine for me hereafter, now that Joe is
gone."

[ 442 ]

Faile Mansion, Hunt's Point. Captain Xatiian Itat.e stopped a night at the Faile
Lodge when the British were crossing at Hell Gate. Collection of
Mr. Randall Comfort

Dennison- White Mansion, Leggett Ave. & Southern Boulevard. Famous for the
forest of great trees surrounding it. Collection of Mr. Randall Comfort

OF OLD NEW YORK

Another person sleeping his last sleep in the new Drake
Park is Thomas Hunt the fourth, the peaceful quaker and
revered patriot. Hunt was the close friend of General
Washington, and upon his strong courage and familiarity
with the neighborhood the father of his country relied.

The Faile Mansion

On the high crest nearer the Hunt's Point station,
"Woodside," the stately Faile Mansion, with its impos-
ing array of Doric columns, never failed to attract atten-
tion. Surrounded by a glorious forest, its sloping lawns
boasted two signal attractions, a flock of beautiful pea-
cocks and a splendid Cedar of Lebanon, the gift of a
United States consul.

Erected in 1832, "Woodside" was the residence of
E. G. Faile, an old time tea merchant of New York City.
As regular as clockwork he would leave his house early
every morning, driving the long distance to his Chambers
Street office in just an hour. Accounts state that each
of his famous horses was imported from Porto Rico and
that the cost for transportation alone was $1,000. Two
solidly built chairs, stated to have been brought over in
the Mayflower, were proudly pointed out as among the
relics in the parlor.

"The Locusts," the ancient Faile lodge, stood near the
Hunt's Point Road and dated from pre-Revolutionary
times. It was the house where the celebrated Captain
Nathan Hale once stopped overnight when the British
troops were crossing at Hell Gate and Washington had
moved his army to Harlem Heights. After Mr. Faile
built his commodious "Woodside," he turned "The Lo-
custs" into a private school, and summoned from Scot-
land a teacher, Walter Chisholm, formerly a tutor in Sir

[ 445 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Walter Scott's family, to take charge. The great plant
of the American Bank Note Company, with its army of
2,000 workers, now occupies the large Faile estate.

The Dennis on-White Mansion

Famous as one of the few remaining old time resi-
dences of the Bronx, the Dennison-White Mansion still
guards what remains of "Longwood Park," just north of
Leggett Avenue and west of the Southern Boulevard.
It is now the home of the Longwood Club. A recent
visit revealed the old rooms almost as they were when
witnessing the scenes of the lavish hospitality of more
than half a century ago. On the outside walls, a coat of
brilliant white has taken the place of the striking checker-
board effect of the old days. This fine mansion was sur-
rounded by a forest of great trees almost equalling the
California redwoods, and a picturesque summer-house on
an immense bowlder near at hand commanded the atten-
tion. This great rock was directly over the grave of a
former Indian sachem of great renown.

Old Leggett's Lane easily took the palm for woodland
seclusion and delightful beauty. Just beyond the en-
trance to "Longwood Park" was the opening, in days of
yore, of a yawning cavern of great depth, in whose dark
recesses once lay a mysterious pile of human bones. Dur-
ing the stirring revolutionary days, a sharp skirmish took
place near here between the Americans and the Brit-
ish. The patriots, being forced to retreat, hastily threw
their dead into this great cave where they successfully
escaped detection.

So constantly did visitors swarm to see the old cavern
and its mysterious relics — and possibly to taste the joys

[ 446 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

of the "Kissing Bridge" just beyond — that the owner was
obliged for his own protection to have the cave filled in.

A lamp-post near the Dennison- White Mansion bears
a postbox with this startling inscription: "Collections
Made from This Box Once a Month !"

The Casanova Mansion
Not far from this famous postbox stood the immense
Casanova Mansion, known far and wide in its day as the
finest private residence in the United States. It was
built by B. M. Whitlock in 1859 and its cost is said to
have been $350,000. The magnificently elaborate decora-
tions of its hundred rooms have never been surpassed
even to this day. Its "blue-and-gold" room may never
have an equal. The 50-acre estate, the winding driveway
with gates that sprang open as the horses touched a con-
cealed spring, the doorknobs of solid gold, and the great
mansion itself with its lofty cupola barely showing above
the immense surrounding trees, all seemed like a veritable
fairyland.

Known far and wide as "Whitlock's Folly," the bronze
doors, with their elegant coat of arms and the inviting
inscription, "Soyez le Bienvenue," were never thrown
open with greater cordiality than when an entire regiment
from Georgia was being entertained, the officers lodged
in the rooms and the men encamped on the lawns.

His fortune ruined by the Civil War, Mr. Whitlock sold
his much prized home to a wealthy Cuban planter, Senor
Yglesias Casanova, the leader of a band of wealthy Cuban
patriots. During that island's early struggles for liberty,
he was an ardent sympathizer and his splendid home was
the great rendezvous for friends of that cause.

[ 447 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

Underneath the mansion there existed a regular net-
work of subterranean chambers, containing three dark
wells that supplied the house, as well as numerous dark
wine cellars. One underground passage led to the wa-
ter's edge, affording a secret entranceway, as well as a
hidden exit. Rifles, supplies and ammunition, it is said,
were stored in these dark vaults for sudden use should
occasion arise. Mysterious vessels under cover of dark-
ness appeared close by like dark spectres, and sailed away
again on their secret errands under the same mantle of
mysteriousness.

Massive wrought-iron chandeliers adorned halls and
chambers. On my visit I found bell-pulls in the immense
apartments, which I vigorously rang, causing mysterious
ringings in distant rooms below with true ghostlike effect
— but never a servant appeared. Chance led us into the
strangest place of all, the secret chamber containing the
great safe, itself as big as a room. The entrance was by
a hidden door. The place was lighted by opaque oval
panels that exactly resembled the surrounding woodwork.
High up beneath the lofty roof was a mysterious place,
but whether it was an elaborate chapel or an immense
ballroom we never learned.

A vast level tract is all that is left of this extensive
estate, with only the adjoining Casanova railroad station
to perpetuate the name.

The Old Fox Mansion
Surrounded and almost obscured by towering apart-
ment houses, the square-built Fox Mansion still holds its
own close to Westchester Avenue and 167th Street, and
is now used for church purposes. In 1848, when its
owner was searching for a site for his house, he was

[ 448 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

told : "Thee can have the old orchard between the
roads."

There William W. Fox built his grand old "Foxhurst"
at a time when most of New York City lay below Four-
teenth Street, and there to-day his residence is as solid
as it was three score and ten years ago. Immense rooms
and a hall as large as many modern apartments charac-
terize this "square mansion of Uncle Billy Fox." Among
the many relics I used to see there I distinctly remember
a strangely shaped Algerian cutlass and a massive carved
chest brought over by the Puritans. Another remem-
brance I have is that on one visit the oil lamps were all
promptly put out at half-past nine, and I was lighted to
the front door by the aid of matches.

Mr. Fox was one of the original Croton Water Com-
missioners, and on the completion of that important work
he insisted on walking inside the aqueduct from Croton
to New York City before signing his name to documents
stating that the improvement had been finished.

Cut up into a thousand and one fragments the vast Fox
estate has disappeared. Gone is the quaint Fox Farm
House, or Hunt Inn, once standing at West Farms Road
and 167th Street, opposite the old "Foxhurst." Built in
1660, this ancient structure was the rendezvous for all
lovers of fox hunting, and British officers were great
votaries of the sport. A disastrous fire on Easter Day,
1892, destroyed this old building, although fortunately a
pane of glass from one of its windows was preserved,
bearing a heart scratched on its surface enclosing the
names of Joseph Rodman Drake and Nancy Leggett with
the single word "Love."

[ 449 ]

VALENTINE'S MANUAL

The Simpson Mansions

Just below the "orchard between the roads," or "Fox
Corners," as the gorgeous tally-ho coaches wore it em-
blazoned on their dazzling sides, lay the beautiful extent
of level meadow and attractive woodland that composed
the 120 acres of the picturesque Simpson estate.

"Ambleside" was the name given to the twin stately
stone structures of immense size and incomparable beauty
that graced the spot. Many of their sumptuous interior
decorations found their way to this country from distant
England. An elaborate pipe-organ was one of the own-
er's prized possessions. When, a few years ago, the
wreckers began their work of demolition, they had to
summon dynamite to their aid as the only means powerful
enough to destroy the castle-like stone walls.

Charming sunken gardens adorned this delightful place.
An elaborate covered track 25 by 1200 feet in size, for
the training of colts during the winter months, was one
of the sights to be seen. The breeding of Shetland
ponies was also one of the owner's favorite fancies, and
also the raising of queen bees. Looking in any direction
from the windows of the elevated trains, as they swing
around a sharp curve near Simpson Street station, only
city flats in massed formation greet the eye to-day.

The Richard M. Hoe Mansion
Directly across the Southern Boulevard from the park-
like Simpson estate were the charming acres forming
"Brightside," the country home of Colonel R. M. Hoe,
known far and wide as the inventor of the rotary print-
ing press. Colonel Hoe could not possibly have selected
a more delightful location for his mansion. Indeed his
charming lodge, which for many years graced the angle

[ 450 ]

OF OLD NEW YORK

of "Fox Corners," was a thing of beauty and a joy while
it lasted.

The Old Vyse Mansion

A short distance above, old Home Street still stretches
out just as it did when its course lay through vast open
fields. A portion was flanked by a wall made of stones
truly leviathan in size, forming the southern boundary of
the great Vyse estate of early days. From the old lodge
at the corner of West Farms Road, a winding and pic-
turesque driveway led up to the high ground once
adorned by the stately Vyse mansion, one of Bronx's
most attractive homes, and a striking example of the true
Southern style of architecture.

Surrounding the house on all sides was a splendid ar-
ray of Corinthian columns, extending from basement to
roof, and forming a setting for a second-story porch as
well as a first-story piazza. An old resident related that
he had seen the immense dining-room on the first floor, a
commodious kitchen below, underneath the kitchen a cel-
lar, and below the cellar a dark sub-cellar.

To the west, just north of Freeman Street, was a most
wonderful aviary. Elaborate grottoes beautified the
grounds, while west of the Southern Boulevard I can
well remember seeing the dainty rustic fence with an in-
side wire enclosure forming a most attractive deer park
well filled with these graceful looking animals.

[ 451 ]

EAST SIDE OF FIFTH AVENUE FROM 3STH TO 42ND STS. BEFORE ITS
TRANSITION TO BUSINESS, ABOUT I8BO

INDEX

A

Abbotsford, 62.
Abeel, Nelson, 112.
Abingdon Sq., 4.
Academy of Music, 4, 239.
Adams, John, 110.
Addison, 55.
Adriatic Hotel, 374.
Aeolian Hall, 113.
Aerial Flights, 363, 364.
Aerial Mail, first, 336.
Akarman & Brady, 291.
Alcock, Capt. John, 364.
Alexander, Gen. Robert, 361.
Alhambra, 62.
All Souls Ch., 214.
Allies' Colors (Block arrangement),
337.

Aloha (Yacht), 160.
Alston, Joseph, 393.
Altar of Liberty, 337.
"Ambleside," 450.
Ambrose "Channel, 172.
Ambrose, John Wolfe, 172, 175.
Ambrose Light, 172.
Ambrose Lightship, 175.
American Bank Note Co., 435.
American Ex. Bank, 92.
American Federation of Arts, 310.
"American, the Great," 188.
American Geographical Society,

275, 313.
American Ins. Fair, 142.
American Mus., 283.
Am. Mus. of Nat. History, 224.
American Notes, 58.
American Numismatic Soc'y, 275,

333.

American Scenic & Hist. Preserva-
tion Soc'y, 254.
American Skating King, 332.
American Volunteer Firemen. 185.
Anderson, Henry H., 242, 244.
Andrews, Silas, 286.
Andrews, William Loring, 29.
Ann St. Booksellers, 298.
Ann St. Newspapers, 298.
Ann St. Publications, 290-298.
Anniversary Day, 167.
Appelbaum, Mr., 318.
Arch-Bridge (Delancey's), 387.
Armistice Day, 341.
Army & Navy Club, 241.
Arnold, Benedict, 81.

Arnold & Constable, 31.
Art Commission, N. Y., 411, 417,
423.

Artists, Naval, 138.
Artists' Skating Club, 332.
Assay Office, 78, 81.
Astor House, 142.
Astor Library, 198.
Astor, Lieut. Vincent, U. S. N.,
191, 358.

Astor, Mrs. Vincent, 343, 348, 361.
Atlantic Cable Project, 215.
Authors, English, 127.
Automobile Row, 1869, 345.
Avenue of the Allies, 337, 338.
Avenue of Victory, 357.

B

Bailey, Thomas, 111.
Ball's, 143.
Bancker, Evert, 85.
Bancroft's History, 70.
Bangean, M., 138.
Bank of America, 87, 91.
Bank of Commerce, 82.
Bank of D. & H. Canal Co., 81.
Bank of New York, 86, 92, 93.
Bank of the N. Y. Man'f'g Co., 93.
Bank of United States, N. Y. Br.,
81.

Bankers' Club, 349, 350.
Bankers' Trust Bldg., 67, 79.
Bardin, Evans, 109.
Barker, Jacob, 86.
Barnard College, 224.
Barnewell, Geo., 82.
Barnum's Museum, 25, 187, 280.
Barnum's Victory, 281.
Barrington, Miss Lilian, 254.
Barrow, Aunt Fanny, 128.
Bartow, John, 381.
Bateman, Kate and Ellen, 284.
Battery Place, 1883, 397.
Bauman, Col. Sebastian, 94.
Baur, John N., 80.
Bay Ridge Channel, 177.
Bayard, Nicholas, 304.
Bayard's Sugar Refinery, 81.
Beck, James M., 350.
Bedford Avenue, 166.
Bedford, Dr. Gunning S., 110.
Bedlew, Isaac, 259.
Beecher, Dr. Lyman, 34.

[ 453 ]

Beekman, Catherine, 112.
Beekman, Gov. Gerardus C, 263.
Beekman's Pond, 329.
Beers, Joseph D. & Co., 93.
Bell, Jared W., 290.
Bell, John, 121.

Bellows, Dr. H. W., 214, 234, 235,
237.

Benefactress, Clipper Ship, 104.
Bennett, James Gordon, 295.
Benson, Silas D., 319.
Benton, T. & W., 80.
Bibliothetica Americana, 323.
Bigelow, Grace, 244.
Bigelow, John, 208, 229.
Bilger, J., 319.
Bininger, Rebecca, 27.
Birds in Ft. Wash. Pk., 335.
Bishop, W. H., 331.
Bixby's Hotel, 1853, 391.
Black Hills Pioneers, 61.
Black, Rev. Hugh, 342.
Blaine, James G., 242.
Blashfield, Edwin H., 310.
Blind Asylum, 4.
Bloomingdale Road, 201.
Bonard, Frank, 291.
Bond's Dry Goods Store, 26.
Bon Homme Richard and Serapis.
136.

Booksellers of Ann St., 285, 298.
Booth, Rev. Edward, 347.
Booth, Edwin, 115, 119, 128, 240.
Booth, J. Wilkes, 225.
Booth, Mrs. Mary L., 128.
Booth's Theatre, 225.
Borkinbine, Geo., 285.
Boston Road, 367.
Botta, Prof., 128.
Boy Scouts of America, 254.
Bradford, William, 305.
Brady's Daguerrean Gallery, 12.
Brady, O. G., 319.
Breakneck Hill, 387-400.
Bret Harte, 127.
Brevoort, Henry, 57, 61, 270.
Brevoort House, 316.
Brick Church, 6, 12, 107.
Bridge Entrance, 100.
Bright, John, 216.
"Brightside," 450.
British Dirigible R-34, 364.
British Empire Day, 337.
Broadway, 1880, 89.
Broadway from Maiden Lane, 1880,
307.

Broadway & Union Sq., 1820, 292.
Brokaw, Irving, 321, 327.
Bronck's, Jonas, Residence, 440.
Bronson, Arthur, 111.
Brooklyn Heights, 163-5.
Brooklyn Institute, 71.
Brooklyn Wharf and Dry Dock Co.,
174.

Brooks, Sidney, 204.

Brown, A. G., 168.
Brown, Lt. Arthur W., 364.
Brown, Ephraim D., 92.
Brown, H. C, 130, 157.
Brown & Bell, 45, 133.
Browne, Dr. Jos., 365, 367.
Browning, Mrs. Barrett, 122.
Bryant, William Cullen, 88, 229,
286.

Buchanans, The, 102.
Buckley, Phineas H., 112.
Bull, William & Son, 79.
Bullock, Capt. Seth, 61.
Bunn, R., 111.

Burgess, Stringer & Townsend,

289.

Burke-Roche, Mrs., 83.

Burnett, Frances Hodgson, 127.

Burnett, Jacob, 258.

Burning of Barnum's Museum, 187,

287

Burns' Coffee House, 98.
Burr, Aaron, 367.
Burr, E. C, 319, 330.
Burrall, Jonathan, 91.
Burton, artist, 64.
Burtsell, Peter, 91.
Butler, Benj., 85.
Butler, Wm. Allen, 249.
Buttenheim, Harold S., 310.
Byron's Poems, 123.

G

Cable, G. W., 127.

Calvary Church, 231, 233.

Calver, W. L., 153.

Canda's, Mme., school, 49.

Cantrell on the Bowery, 6.

Cape Clear, 252.

Capitoline Grounds, 156.

Car of Neptune, 111.

Cardinal Gibbons, 338.

Carew, Miss, 6.

Carmansville, 148.

Carnegie, Andrew, 72.

Carnegie Institute, 224.

Carter's Inn, 400.

Casanova Mansion, 437.

Casanova, Senor Yglesias, 447.

Cataline, steamboat, 18.

Cebra, Alderman J. Y., 41.

Cebra, James, 102.

Central Park, 1860, 326.

Century, The, 122.

Century Club, 122, 230, 235.

Chamber of Commerce, 178, 224.

Charles H. Marshall, Clipper, 246.

Charlton, Miss, 254.

Chart of Voyage of Clipper Ship

C. H. Marshall, 247.
Chatham, Lord, 130.
Cheesman, W. H., 331.
Cheever, Dr., 49.

[ 454 ]

Chegary's, Mme., school, 49.

Chesapeake and Shannon, 138.

Children's Aid Soc'y, 235.

Children's Hymn Book, 32.

Childs, Casper C, 291.

Childs, Wra. Hamlin, 317.

Chisholm, Walter, 445.

Christ Church, 270.

Christian Endeavor Zouaves, 168.

Church of Christian Endeavor, 168.

Church of Our Lady of Hope, 275.

Church of the Puritans, 49.

City of Churches, 158.

City Court, 100.

City Hall, 25.

City Hall Park, 1825, 95, 97.
City History Club, 254.
City Hotel, 110.
Clark, Luther C, 241.
Clarke, Macdonald, 290.
Clarkson, Charles, 112.
Clarkson, John C, 112.
Clarkson, M., 277.
Clemenceau, Georges, 355.
Clendenning, John, 110.
Clews, Henry & Co., 82.
Clinton, Gov., 121.
Clinton Hotel, 21.
Clinton, Mayor DeWitt, 59.
Clipper Ships :

Samuel Russell, 44.

X. B. Palmer, 74.

Benefactress, 104.

Houquah, 132.

Chas. H. Marshall, 246.

Flving Cloud, 300.

Three Brothers, 352.
Cock, Dr. Thomas, 110.
Colden, Cadwallader D., 86.
Coles, John B., 389.
Coles Road, 389.
Collect Pond, 193, 323, 393.
Columbia University, 224.
Columbia University Club, 241.
Comfort, Randall, 435.
Common Council, 72.
Common Lands, 99.
Commons, The, 265.
Company of Comedians, 305.
Comte de Beaujolais, 436.
Connor's Type Foundry, 286.
Conservatory Pond, 330.
Constitution and Guerriere, 137.
Constitution and Java, 137.
Cook, Eugene B., 319, 330.
Cooper Institute. 216, 223, 235.
Cooper, Mayor Edward, 223.
Cooper, Peter, 205, 213, 223.
Copp, Wm, 285.
Coquerette, 138.
Corsair (yacht), 218.
Court House, Brooklyn, 100.
Couve, Capt. Daniel, 121.
Cowden, John E., 244.

Coxe, Rev. A. Cleveland, 231, 233.

Crane, Ichabod, 54.

Cravath, Paul D., 350.

Creighton, John, 319.

Cricket, steamboat, 17.

Crocker, Eben B., 244.

Crommessie, 193.

Crosby, Dr. Howard, 173.

Croton Water, 40.

Cruger, Bertram de, 97.

Culbertson, James, 91.

Cuming, R. H., 87.

Curious Items, 304.

Curious Names, 48.

Curtis, Callie, 331.

Custom House, 67, 80, 81, 102.

Cutting, F. Bayard, 82.

D

Davenport & Camman, 85.
Davis, Ambassador, 349, 355.
Davis, A. J., 64.

Davis, Chas. Aug., 202, 204, 244.

Davis, Cornelius, 278.

Davison, H. P., 355.

Day in the life of a Fireman, 378,

404, 429.
Dean's Candy Store, 26.
Dean, W. E., 286.
Debucourt, 138.
Decoyed Messages, 219.
de Forest, Robert W., 311.
de Key, Capt. Teunis, 193.
Delafield, John, 85.
Delamater, John, 91.
Delancey, Oliver, 387.
Delanceys, The, 376.
Dennison-White Mansion, 443, 446.
Depew, C. M., 83, 158.
DeVinne Family, 369.
DeWitt, Cornelius, 193.
Dick & Fitzgerald, 289.
Dickens, Charles, 58, 185.
Diedrick Knickerbocker, 62.
Dirigible Air Ship R-34, 364.
District Attorney, 317.
Dixon, Dr. J. A., 319.
Doctors, Old Time, 110.
Dodd, Robert, 138.
Dodge, Cleveland H., 338, 349.
Dodge, Edwin S., 115.
Dodge, Mary Mapes, 128.
Dominie, Bogardus, 441.
Dongan, Gov., 265.
Douw, Gerritt, 193.
Dowd's, 143.
Draft Boards, 336.
Draft Riots, 213, 236.
Drake, Alex. W., 129.
Drake, Jos. Rodman, 154, 437, 442,

449.

[ 455 ]

Drew, John, 116.
Duane, James, 80, 121, 194, 213.
Dii Bois, Bishop, 277.
Due de Montpensier, 436.
Duer, William, 82.
Duke of York, 7, 259.
Dunham, Sturges S., 78.
Dupignac. Andrew 1., 319, 330.
Dutton, E. P. & Co., 128.

E

Earle, Arthur Winthrop, 141.
Earle's House, 65.
Eastburn, Kirk & Co., 80.
E. D., Brooklyn, 164, 165.
Eddy, W. S., 77.
Edinburgh Skating Club, 324.
Edwardes, Prof., 47.
Edwards, Robert, 319.
Effray, Felix, 26.
Egbert, Edwin, 319.
Egbert, Jos., 319.
Eggleston, Dr. Edward, 168.
Elevated Roads, 173.
Elevated Road, 1869, 293.
Elliott, Dr. Samuel, 24.
Ellis, John, 110.
Ellsworth, Henry L., 124.
Ellsworth, W. W., 122.
Embree, Geo., 381.
Embree, John, 373.
Emperor's Abdication, 341.
Empress Eugenie, 62.
Endymion and President, 138.
Engler, John, 331.
English Chop Houses, 150.
English Novelists, 127.
English Writers, 55.
Escort and Patrol Duty, 161, 191,
219.

Eugenie Marie de Montijo, 62.
Everett House, 143.
Ewer, F. C, 277.

F

Fade Mansion, 443, 445.

Fair St., 47.

Farnbororgh Hill, 63.

Fawcett, Edgar, 128.

Fay, artist, 64.

Fay, Thos. S., 286.

Federal Hall, 67, 80.

Field, Cyrus W., 199, 205, 208,

216, 242, 244.
Field, David Dudley, 205, 221.
Fifth Ave. Skating Club Members,

319.

Fifth Ave. Skating Pond, 319.

Fire Companies, 180.

First Pres. Meeting House, 79.

Fischer, Alexina, 284.

Fish, Capt. Hamilton, Jr.. 350.

Fish, Col. Nicholas, 91.

Fish, Stuyvesant, 244.

Fisk, Col. Jim, 150.

Fiske, James, 221.

Fletcher St., 4.

Flint, Dr. Austin, 239.

Fly Market, 260.

Flying Cloud. Clipper Ship, 300.

Forbes, W. C, 79.

Fort Washington Park, 335.

Forty-second St. & Mad. Ave., 125.

F'orty-seventh Inf., Brooklyn, 363.

Founders and Patriots of the Am.

Revolution, 254.
Fourth Liberty Loan, 336.
Fowler, Theo., 388.
"Fox Corners," 450.
Fox, George, 442.
Fox Mansion, 448.
Fox, William W., 449.
"Foxhurst," 449.
FYaser, Alex. Garden, 107.
Friends' Meeting House, 234.
Frye, Senator Wm. P., 178, 179.
Frye, William P., ship, 135.
Fuller, Hiram, 286.
Fulton Ferry, 1883. 151.
"Fulton the First," 135.

G

Gallagher, Major, 112.

Gallatin, Mrs., 208.

Gallatin Nat. Bk., 82.

Galsworthy, Tohn, 121.

Garibaldi, 183.

Garnv, 138.

Garrett & Co., 289.

Gasless Sunday, 338.

Geib, Adam, Trinity Ch., 35.

George, Lloyd, 347.

Gerard, James W., 204, 222, 244.

Ghent, Lt.-Com. D. T., 219.

Gibbons, Cardinal, 338.

Gibson's, Misses, school, 49.

Gilbert. Cass, 310.

•Gilder,' Richard Watson, 122, 129,

224 242.
Gilmo're, Pat, 150.
Gleaves, Admiral, 191, 218.
Glennon, Rear Admiral, 161.
Globe Insurance Co., 85.
Glover, Ralph, 295.
Goelet, John, 121.
Goelet, Robert, 359.
Goggeshall, Josiah, 107.
Goldsmith, 55.
Goodrich, E. T., 331.
Gore Farm, 384.
Gould, Banks & Gould, 91.
Gould, Jay, 83, 221.
Gould's Law School, 35.
Gouverneur Morris Mansion. 435.

[ 456 ]

Governor's Garden, 265.

Grace Ch. Sunday School, 72.

Gramercy Farm, 201.

Gramercy Park, 193, 211.

Gramercy Pk. Ass'n, 208.

Gramercy Park House, 199, 207.

"Gramercy Seat," 194.

Grand Jury, 317.

Grand Union Hotel, 17.

"Grange," The, 384, 441.

Grant, Gen., 128, 167, 344.

Grant, Mayor H. J., 174.

Gray, Morris, 310.

"Great American," 188.

Greeley, Horace, 295.

Green, Dr. Horace, 24.

Green, Miss Lucy, 49, 316.

Greenkaf, Mrs. 102.

Greenwich Village, 147.

Greer, Bishop, 234, 338.

Grieve, Lt. Com., 363.

Grinnell Minturn & Co., 301.

Griscom, Mr., 111.

Griswold, George, 81, 102.

Griswold, X. L. & G., 81.

Grossman, Edwin Booth, 116.

Grossman, Mrs. Edwina Booth, 116.

Grossman. Lois F., 116.

Guelph. William Henry, 323.

H

Haghe. L., 138.
Haig. Marshal, 342.
Haines, Miss Henrietta B., 243.
Haines, Jackson. 331.
Hale, Capt. Nathan. 443, 445.
Hall, Dr. E. H., 254.
Halleck, Fitz-Greene, 86, 88, 286,
442.

Hamilton, Alexander, 87, 88, 92,

195, 236, 243.
Hamilton, Dr. Allan McL., 92.
Hamilton Duel, 394.
Hamilton, William Gaston, 243, 244.
Hampden Hall, 266.
Handy, Dr., 110.
Hanover Bank Building, 67.
Harlem Kills, 435.
Harper's Bazaar, 128.
Harper & Bros., 183. 217, 221.
Harper's Magazine, 127.
Harper, Mayor James, 221, 222.
Harper, Mr., 33.
Harriman, Mrs. E. H., 363.
Hasting's Dr., old Church, 113.
Hathorn's Livery. 17, 40.
Havel, Robert, 137.
Havell, R. and D., 138.
Havemeyer, H. O., Jr., 138.
Havens, Mrs. Catherine C, 102.
Havens, Catherine Elizabeth, 1.
Haversley. Dr., 110.
Hawker, Harry G., 363.
Hawks, Rev. Francis L.. 197, 233.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 42.

Hays, High Constable, 91.

Hayti Day, 337.

Hellman, Mr., 57.

Herald Building, 1870, 261.

Hermitage, The, 368.

Hewitt, Mayor Abram S., 222.

Hewitt, Mrs. Abram S., 213.

Heve Foundation, 275.

Hicks, Dr., 112.

Hill, Gov. D. B., 208.

Hiscox, J. S., 319.

Hispanic Society of America, 275.

Hobart, Bishop, 107.

Hobart, Henry L., 254.

Hochstrasser, Paul, 109.

Hodgson, Fannv, 127.

Hodick, Dr., lio.

Hoe, Richard M., Mansion, 450.

Hoffman House, 143.

Hoffman, Josiah O., 88.

Holland, Dr. J. G., 122.

Holland's, Dr., Works, 123.

Holmes, Stanlev, 121.

Holmes, S. & L., 31.

Holyhead, 252.

Honduras Day, 337.

Hone, John, 110, 244.

Hone, Philip, 204.

Honey Bee Fire Engine Co., 280.

Hopper, Andrew, 265. 278.

Hornett and Bonne Citoyenne, 137.

Hosford, Cornelia, 1.

Houghton, Rev. George C, 116.

Houquah, Clipper Ship, 132.

Houquah, Tea Merchant, 139.

House of Refuge, 5.

Howard, Harry, 147, 379.

Howard, Keeler, Scofield & Co., 79.

Howe, James R., 411.

Hudson, Hendrik, 259.

Hudnut's Pharmacy, 261.

Hudson River R. R. Commutation

Rate Card, 396.
Huguenot Hotel, 83.
Hulbert, Dock Commissioner, 341.
Hull, Mr.. 12.
Humane Hose Co., 280.
Humbert, Jonas, 278.
Hume, Prof., 42.
Hunt Mansion. 437, 441.
Hunt's Point Road, 153.
Hunt's Point Slave Plot, 154.
Hunt, Thomas, 121, 384. 441.
Hunt, Wilson G., 205, 215.
Hunts, The, 154.
Huntington, Daniel, Artist, 205.
Hylan, John F., 158.

I

Ik Marvel, 317.
India House, 135.
Tngersoll, Robert G., 242.
Inwood, 153.

[ 457 ]

Irish Famine, 40.

Irvin, William, 92.

Irving and Brevoort Letters, 57.

Irving Hotel, 208.

Irving, John T., 88.

Irving's Life & Letters, 56.

Irving, Dr. Peter, 88.

Irving Place, 4, 243.

Irving, Washington, 53, 62, 88, 243,

269, 270, 286.
Irving, William, 269.
Isaacks, S. M. & Co., 88.

J

Jackson, President, 82.
Jacobs, Miss Katharine Weeden,
173.

Jam at Fulton Ferry, 151.
Jamaica, 257.

James, Commodore Arthur Curtiss,
161, 350.

James, Henry, 312.

Japan Day, 337.

Jauncey, William, 92.

Jay, John, 195, 436.

Jeakes, Anna, 138.

Jeakes, Jos., 138.

Jeanne of Arc Home, 254.

Jenkins, Chas. W., 319, 330.

Jerome Park, 156.

Jersey Bank, 92.

Jessups, The, 154.

Joan of Arc Commemorative Med-
als, 333.

Joan of Arc Park, 253.

Joan of Arc School, 254.

John St. Meth. Church, 271.

Johnson, Dr., 265.

Johnson, Wm. Samuel, 204, 244.

Johnston, Dr., 23.

Johnston Tavern, 371.

Jones, Samuel, Jr., 85.

Judson, Curtis, 199, 207, 244.

Jusserand, M., 336.

K

Kane, Col. Delancey, 83.
Keese, John, 82.
Keese, Widow Rosa, 87.
Kennan, Geo., 128.
Kennedy, Mrs. John S., 242.
Kennedy, S., 137.
Keteltas, Abraham, 121.
Kilmaster, Mrs. Ann, 269.
King, Chas. C, 204.
King, David, 80.
King, Edward, 127.
King Louis XIV, 439.
King, President, 196.
King, Rufus, 257.

King's College, 195.

Kip, Jacobus, 266.

Kipp, Alderman, 193.

Kirk, Wm. F., 129.

Kirkland, C. P., 244.

Kissam, H. S., 254.

"Kissing Bridge," 447.

Knapp, Mrs. Jos. P., 167.

Knapp, Rear Admiral, 363.

Kneass, John, 136.

Knight, John, 265.

"Krom Messie," 194.

Kunz, Dr. George F., 254, 310.

Kyle, Howard, 116.

L

Labor Day Parade, 336.
Lafayette, Gen., 436.
Lafayette PL, 2.
Lamb, Mrs. Martha J., 1.
Lamont, Thos. W., 349.
Lane, Jonas H., 244.
Lansing, Sec'y Robert, 341, 349.
Lawrence, Alex. M., 244.
Lawrence, Catherine, 112.
Lawrence, Nat., 112.
League of Nations, 355, 361.
Lee, Chas., 79.
Lee, T. J., 138.
Leggett's Lane, 446.
Leggett, Nancy, 449.
Leggetts, The, 154.
LeRoy, Jacob & Son, 88.
Lewis, Jos., 88.
Lewis Morris Mansion, 439.
Liberty Boys of 1918, 97, 101.
Liberty Day Parade, 337.
Liberty Pole, 98, 266.
Life of Washington, 54.
Lincoln, President, 229, 235, 237.
Lind, Jenny, 17, 285.
Lion Park, 181.
Lispenard's Pond, 323.
Little Church Around The Corner,
116.

Little Green St., 111.
Little, William, 109.
Livingston, Mayor 37, 91.
Livingston, Col. Robert, 194.
Livingston, Col. William S., 93.
Lloyd-George, Premier, 347.
"The Locusts," 445.
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 350.
London's Roosevelt Tribute, 350.
Long, Harry & Bro., 290.
Longacre Square, 148.
"Longwood Park," 446.
Louis Philippe, 436.
Low, A. A., 45.
Low, A. A. & Bro., 105, 139.
Low, Mrs. A. A., 45, 75, 105, 133,
139.

[ 458 ]

Low, John, 92.
Low, Chas. P., 75.
Low, Seth, 158.
Lover, Capt., 254.
Ludlow Mansion, 92.
Ludlow, Mrs., 316.
Ludlow, W. S., 180.
Lusk, Dr. W. T., 239.
Lyell, Rev. Thomas, 272.

M

Mack, Judge Julian, 355.

MacMillan, Andrew, 319, 329.

MacMonnies, Frederick, 163.

Man, Edward, 121.

Manhattan Company, 82, 85, 393.

Manhattan Ins. Co., 93.

Manhattan Water, 40.

Manor of Morrisania, 376.

Mansfield, Samuel, 82.

Marine Underwriters, 178.

Marschalk, Andries, 121.

Marshall, Chas. H., Clipper, 246.

Marshall, Capt. Chas. H., 249.

Marshall, Louis, 355.

Martinelli's, 143.

Mason & Slidell, 86.

Massey, Prime Minister, 336.

Matthews, Brander, 71, 117.

Maurice, Arthur B., 242.

Maverick, Peter, Jr., 64, 88.

Maxwell, William, 93.

May, Mrs., 4.

McAdoo, Secretary, 336.

McKav, Donald, 301.

McKnight, Dr., 108.

McMillan's Pond, 329, 330.

McNair, Brig.-Gen. W. S., 219.

McVickar, W., 277.

McWhorter, Mrs., of Newark, 111.

Mead, James, 319.

Mechanics' Bank, 92.

Mechanics' Hall, 110.

Mechanics' Institute, 196.

Mecklem, H. C, 319.

Megary, Henry J., 93.

Memorial Arch, 342.

Mendoza, Aaron, 263.

Mendoza's, 303.

Mercein, Thos. R., 202, 244.

Merchants' Association, 178.

Merchants' Bank, 85.

Merrill, Mrs., 47.

Merritt, Alderman John, 193.

Mesier, Peter A., 93.

Met. Mus. of Art, 235, 310.

Metz, Julius, 35.

"The Mews," 263.

Middle Dutch Church, 29.

Milledoller, Dr., 107.

Miller, Dr., 108.

Miller, E., 319.

Milligan's Phil., 143.

Mitchel, Mayor, 97.

Mitchell, Donald G., 316.
Mitchell, Hugh, 319, 329.
Monroe Doctrine, 361.
Montenegro Day, 337.
Moore, Chas., 310.
Moorewood, Edmund, 81.
Moravians, 27.
Moreau, Gen., 436.
Morgan, Commodore J. P., 219, 350.
Morris Familv, 375, 376.
Morris, Geo. P., 286.
Morris, Gouverneur, 435.
Morris High School, 383.
Morris, Lewis, 376, 389, 439.
Morse, Samuel F. B., 205.
Morton House, 143.
Mott, Dr., 110.
Mount Roosevelt, 61.
Mumford, B. M., 94.
Murray's Wharf, 260.
Museum of the American Indian,
275, 313.

N

Najah Taylor Co., 79.

Names of Target Companies, 183.

Nathan, Seixas, 204.

Nat. Acad, of Design, 144.

National Arts Club, 227, 241.

National Bank, 81, 82.

National Block Displays, 337.

National Days, 337.

Naval Artists, 138.

Naval Prints, 130.

N. B. Palmer, Clipper Ship, 74.

NC Seaplanes, 363.

Negro and Indian Slaves, 155.

Netherland Club, 241.

Nevins, Rufus L., 94.

Newcomb, Mr., 318.

Newspapers issued in Ann St., 298.

New Year's Day, 28.

N. Y. C. Mission Society, 242.

New York Hist. Soc'y, 201, 401.

New York Hospital Grounds, 51.

New York Hotel, 143.

N. Y. & H. R. R., 92.

New York Mirror, 278.

N. Y. & N. F. & London Tel.

Co., 215.
N. Y. Post Office, 94, 100.
New York Skating Club, 324.
New York Volunteer Firemen, 185.
New York Weekly Journal, 50.
New York Weeklv Museum, 401.
Niblo's Theater, 20, 94.
Niblo. William. 94.
Nicolls, Gov. Richard, 259.
Ninth Reg. Band, 150.
Noah's Nat. Advocate, 286.
Noma (yacht), 190.
North. American Tel. Co.. 215.
No. Am. Trust & B'k'g Co., 93.
Norton, Larry, 331.

f ^59 ]

o

Oatman, Major, 329.
Ogden, Jonathan, 81.
Okill's, Mme., school, 49.
Old Church, 17, 18, 19.
Old Curiosity Shop, 303.
Old Post Road, 201.
Old Time Boarding Houses, 110.
Old Time Doctors, 110.
Old Time Fire Scene, 378, 404, 430.
Old Time Marriages, &c, 401.
Old Time Publishers, 1830, 285.
Olmstead, Fred. Law, 310.
Olmstead, T. W., 283.
One Hundred and Seventh Infan-
try, 342.
Oswego Market, 107.
Otis, Samuel A., 85.

P

Paderewski, Ignace, 350.

Parr's, M. Gallery, 93.

Page, Mrs., 108.

Page, Thomas Nelson, 127.

Page, Walter Hines, 344.

Paisley, Scotland, 347.

Palmer, Capt. Nat. B., 133.

Panorama of Victory, 362.

Parade Ground, 28.

Parade of the 27th Div., 357.

Parade of the 77th Div., 362.

Parade of the 165th Inf., 362.

Paragon, The, 111.

Pardessus, Mr., 111.

Park Slope, 165.

Parker's, Daniel, 91.

Passport, Pres. Wilson's, 342.

Paulding, 88.

Peabody, A. M., 250.

Peabody, Miss, 42.

Peace Conference, 15.

Peacock and L'Epervier, 136.

Peak's Mus., 283.

Pearl St. Residents, 110.

Pearsee, Jonathan, 270.

Pendleton, Major Nathaniel, 82, 87.

Perego, Ira, 109.

Periodicals issued in Ann St., 298.

Perkins, G. W., 343.

Perry, Com. O. H., 137.

Pershing House, 213.

Peruke Makers, 306.

Peruke Makers' Societv, 269.

Phelps Stokes, I. N., 64.

Phenix Bank, 85, 93.

Philadelphia Skating Club, 324.

Philharmonic Soc'y, 236.

Phoenix Coffee House, 109.

P:ckett's School, Mr., 47.

Pie Alley. 67.

Pierce, Miss, 34.

Pilgrim Fathers, 364.

Pilmore, Rev. Jos., 267, 271.

Pinchot, James W., 244.
Pine, John B., 116, 193, 244.
Pintard, John, 280.
Plant's Inn, 371.
Piatt, Miss, 6.
Players, The, 115, 119, 240.
Plaza Hotel, 329.
Poe, Edgar Allan, 286, 315.
Pool, Charles, 88.
Poole, Bill, 149.
Poor, Henry W., 216, 244.
Post Office, 21, 97, 100.
Post Riders, 305.
Post, Wm., 270.
Post, Dr. Wright, 85, 110.
Potter, Bishop Alonzo, 242.
Potter, Clarkson N., 242.
Potter's Field, 312.
Presbyterian Ch., Riverdale, 123.
President Tackson, 82.
President Lincoln, 229, 235, 237.
President Taft, 158, 356.
President Washington, 94.
President Wilson in Europe, 14,
343-8.

Prince of Wales, 239.

Princeton Club, 241.

Printers of Ann St., 295.

Produce Exchange, 178.

Provoost's, David, Farm, 264.

Provost, Col., 368.

Provost, Theodosia, 368, 370.

Public Library, 228.

Putnam, Major George Haven, 53.

Q

Ouaker Meeting House, 111, 208.

Queen's Road. 387.

Oueen Victoria, 35.

Ouin, Andrew, 109.

Quinn, Edmond T., 115, 240.

R

Rabone Bros., 109.
Radio Messages, 219.
Railton, Dr., 319.
Randolph. Samuel, 80.
Ravels, The, 20.
Raymond's Inn, 371, 387.
Read. Com. A. C, 363.
Red Cross Parade. 343.
Red Hook Channel. 177.
Reed, George R.. 244.
Reed, Speaker, 303.
Registration Day, 336.
Reinagle, 64.
Remsen, Henry, 112.
Restorations, 64.
Rice & Smith, 31.
Rich, T. L., 80.
Richards, Bernard T., 355.
Richardsons, The, 154.

[ 460 ]

Richmond, The, 111.

Riker, Recorder, 82.

Riker, Richard, 92.

Riley and Adams, 137.

Riley, Isaac & Co., 87.

Rivington St., 5, 109.

Rivington, Susan, 109.

Road to Albany, 266.

Road to Boston, 266.

Roberts, Marshall O., 205, 215.

Robertson, Gen., 81.

Robinson, Beverly, 82.

Robinson, Edward, 310.

Rogers, Archibald G., 92.

Rogers, Dr., 108.

Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, 336.

Roosevelt, Cornelius C., 399.

Roosevelt Field, 364.

Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, 336.

Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin, 350, 355.

Roosevelt, Theodore, til, 62, 1/9,

188, 233, 243, 336, 348.
Roosevelt, Lt.-Col. Theodore, 355.
Roosevelt, Mrs. Theo., 350, 355.
Roosevelt Tribute, London's. 350.
R-34 Dirigible Air Ship, 364.
Roosevelt & Joyce, 104.
Root, Sen. Elihu, 310, 342.
Ross, George, 34.
Roth, William, 83.
Ruggles, Philo, 197.
Ruggles, Philo T., 202, 244.
Ruggles, Samuel B., 196, 201.
Russell & Co., 45.
Russia Day, 338.
Rutgers, Hermanus, 121.

s

Saint Gaudens, Augustus, 235, 239.

St. Nicholas Magazine, 129.

St. Paul's Church, 25.

St. Peter's Church, 272.

Saltus, Edgar, 242.

Saltus, J. Sanford, 254, 333.

Saluting Joan of Arc Statue, 255.

Samuel Russell Clipper Ship, 44.

Sandy Hook Channel, 178.

Satterlee, Rev. Henry Y., D.D.,

231, 233.
Savoy Hotel, 329.
Scene at Brooklyn Ferry, 169.
Schetky, J. C, 138.
Schieffelin's Lane, 388.
Schieffelin, Mrs., 213.
Schiff, Mortimer L., 343.
Schools of Old New York, 49.
Schuyler, Miss L. L., 235.
Schuyler, Gen. Philip, 236, 383.
Schuylers, The, 436.
Schwab, Gustav H., 179.
Scoles, John, 278.
Scotch Kilties, 358.
Scotch Seceders Church. 33.
Scott, Geo. P. & Co., 286.

Scott, Sir Walter, 62„ 446.
bcnbner, Cnas., 122, 124.
Scribner's Monthly, 122.
Scrymser, James A., 242.
Scudder, Dr., 280.
Scurlock, Thos., 265.
Seabury, Bishop, 2/1.
Seaman, Dr., 11U.
Seaman, Edmund, 93.
Seaman & Muir, 31.
Sedgwick, Rev. Theodore, 231.
Sellon, Rev. John, 272.
becon, W. M., 82.
beventh Reg. Band, 150.
Seventy-seventh Div., 362.
bnaddle's, Bleecker St., 34.
Shakespearean Characters, 117, 118.
Sharp, Peter, 41.
Sharpe, Peter, 107.
Shelter Island, 1, 5.
Shoemakers' Pasture, 264.
Shrady, George F., 172.
Shrubberies, The, 375.
Siam Day, 338.

Silk Stockings Hose Company, 20.
Simmons', John, Tavern, 80, 81.
Simpson Mansion, 450.
Sims, Admiral, 191, 219.
Sitcher, Andrew, 79.
Skating — Canal St., 41.
Skating Experts, 330, 331.
Slacker Round-up, 336.
Slaves, 5.

Sloane's, W. & J., Carpet Ware-
house, 1853, 391.

Smith, Gov. Alfred E., 254, 361.

Smith, Mrs. Jane, 86.

Smith, Jotham, 278.

Smith, Roswell, 122.

Smith's, R. C, Works, 123.

Smith, Thos. Jenks, 291.

Snuff Mill on the Bronx, 385.

Soldiers' Arch, 163.

Sons of the Am. Revolution, 254.

Sons of Liberty, 98, 266.

Soper, Dr., 312.

S. O. S. Calls, 191.

South Brooklyn Ferry, 174.

Southwark Engine Co., 280.

Speyer, John, 85.

Spingler Institute, 49.

Spring, Dr., 12, 107, 108.

Spring Garden House, 265.

Springfield Republican, 122.

Staffler, Joseph, 92.

Stagg, Abraham, 107.

Stanton, Secretary, 235.

Starck, F. L., 335.

Starck, W. C, 335.

Statue of Robert Burns, 423.

Statue of Shakespeare, 117, 417.

Statue of Gen. Washington at Val-
ley Forge, 411.

Stauffer, 137.

[ 461 ]

Stay Maker, 305.

Stedman, E. C, 128.

Steinway Factory, 339.

Sterling (Greenport, L. I.), 112.

Stettinius, Edward R., 355.

Stewart's, Theo., 142.

Stockton, Frank R., 128.

Stoddard, R. H., 128.

Storm, Garret, 81.

Storm, Stephen, 102.

Stout, John B. & Co., 88.

Straight, Major Willard D., 343

Strang & Adriance, 31.

Strauss, Albert, 349.

Strickland, W. S., 136.

Strong, Geo. Templeton, 235.

Strong, John Ruggles, 201.

Stuart's Candy Store, 26.

Stuart, Kinloch, 26.

Stuart, R. & L., 27.

Studley, John B., 284.

Stuyvesant, Gerardus, 194.

Stuyvesant, Judith, 193, 201.

Submarine Activities, 161, 191, 219.

Submarine Survivors, 219.

Swartout, Samuel, 111.

Sunnyside, 53, 54.

Sulzer, Mr., 318.

T

Taft, President, 158, 3oo.
Tallo Ho Coach, 83.
Target Companies, 180.
Taylor, Bayard, 315.
Tavlor, John, 79, 110.
Tavlor, Moses, 205, 215.
Tea Water Pump, 69, 393.
"Tech Club," 241.
Thackeray, Wm. M., 147.
Theatre Alley, 263.
Theatre in Nassau St., 306.
Thomas, Mrs., 111.
Thompson's, 27.
Thompson, Gabriel, 85.
Thompson, H. M., 277.
Three Brothers, Clipper Ship, 352.
Thurman, Ralph. 93.
Tiebout, Cornelius, 194.
Tiffany, Henry D., 154.
Tilden Mansion, 241.
Tilden, Samuel J., 199, 208, 227.
244.

Tillou, Francis R., 82.
Tom Thumb, 284.
Tombs, 41.

Tombnson, Demerest & Co., 145.
Tompkins, Daniel D., 87.
Tompkins, P. W., 138.
Tontine Coffee House, 4, 85, 109.
Townsend, Miss Amy. 72.
Tragedy of Cato, 309.
Transatlantic Aerial Flights, 363,
364.

Treasury Bldg., 67.
Treaty of Paris, 53.
Treaty of Peace, 364, 440.
Trieux, Philip du, 259.
Trinity Church, 35, 195, 236, 270,
390.

Trinity Church Yard, 5.
Trustees of Gramercy Park, 244.
Turnbull, Col. Geo., 87.
Turner, Dr., 110.
Tweed, Wm. M., 221, 223.
Tyng's, Dr., Chapel, 125.

u

Ulmann, Albert, 312.
Underhill, Capt. John, 441.
Union Bank, 82.
Union League Club, 235, 338.
Union Sq., 28, 198.
Unitarian Ch. of All Souls, 234,
237.

United Service Club, 241.
United States Day, 338.
U. S. and Macedonian, 137.
U. S. Naval Air Service, 364.
United States Pension Office, 92.
U. S. S. Aloha, 160.
U. S. S. Corsair, 218.
U. S. S. George Washington, 14,
356.

U. S. S. Noma, 190.

U. S. Ships (old), 136, 137.

United War Work Campaign, 338.

University PI. Church, 33.

Ursin, Johannah, 85.

V

Van Berckel, Francis P., 85.
Van Borsom, Egbert, 121.
Van Cortlandts, The, 436.
Vanderbilt, Commodore, 353.
Vanderbilt, ' Brig.-Gen. Cornelius,

349, 355, 358.
Vanderbilt, Wm. K., Sr., 353.
Vanderbilt, Mrs. W. K., 343.
Van Hook, William, 92.
Van Horn, Augustus, 108.
Van Rennselaers, The, 436.
Van Solingen, Dr., 110.
Van Tienhoven, Cornelius, 264, 441.
Van Wyck, Pierre C, 87.
Van Zandt, Benson, 112.
Van Zandt, Winant, 112.
Van Zandt, Wynant, 93.
Varela, Rev. Felix, 272.
Varick, Col. Richard, 93.
Vatican, 348.
Vauxhall Gardens, 2.
Velocipede, 1869, 145.
Velocipede R;ding Academy, 141.
Verplanck, Gnlian, 92.
Verplanck, Samuel, 81.

[ 462 ]

Vicar of Wakefield, 55.

Victory Liberty Loan, 363.

Victory Thanksgiving Day, 342.

Victory Way, 339.

Vienna Bakery, 141.

Virtue, James, 204.

Volunteer Firemen, 378, 404, 429.

Vyse Mansion, 451.

w

Waddell's Country Seat, 5.
Wagner's, 27.
Walduck, Mr., 26.
Walker, Thomas, 373.
Wall, A. J., 401.
Wall St., 78.

Walling, Chief G. W., 236.
Wanamaker, Rodman, 342.
War Activities, 336-64.
•'War Ended," 341.
War Memorials, 310.
War Savings Stamps, 336.
Ward, J. Q. A., 417.
Ward, M. & Co., 91.
Ward, William, 319.
Waring, Col., 174.
Warner, Geo., 271.
Washburn, Rev. E. A, 233.
Washington, Dr., 20.
Washington, Gen., 53, 80, 94, 445.
Washington Hotel, 110.
Washington, Mrs. Martha, 436.
Washington Parade Ground, 148,
312.

Wasp and Frolic, 137.
Water Company, 393.
Waterbury, Edwin Booth, 116.
Waters, Eliza Cebra, 107.
"Watt's & Select" Hymns, 33.
Watterson, Henry, 228.
Waverly Hotel, 359.
Weaver, Samuel, 121.
Webb, Orange, 112.
Webb, Wm. H., 249.
Webb & Lamb, 108.
Weeden, Jonathan, 173.
Weeks, Robert D., 202, 204, 244.
Wells, T. L., 202, 244.
Wendover, Hercules, 121.
Wesley, B., 244.

Wesley's, John, school, 267, 271.
West, Benj., 322.

Westchester Path, 388.
Westervelt, Jacob A., 75, 353.
White, Chandler, 205.
White, Norman, 204, 244.
White, Stanford, 122, 214, 221, 240,
241.

Whites, The, 102.
Whitecombe, T., 138.
Whitlock, B. M., 447.
Whitridge, Fred. W., 72.
Wild's Candy Store. 26.
Wilder, Marshall P., 158.
Wiley, Chas. & Co., 88.
Wilkes, Capt. U. S. N., 86.
Wilkes, Charles, 86.
Wilkinson, Gen., 395.
Willett, Mayor Thomas, 259.
William Bros., 291.
Willis, Geo. W., 94.
Willis, Nathaniel P., 286.
Wilson, President, in Europe, 14.
343-8.

Winchester, Gen. Jonas, 289.
Windsor Hotel, 142, 330.
Wingate, Brig.-Gen. G. A., 356.
Winslow, Rear Admiral, 161.
Winthrop, Francis Bayard, 85.
Wise, Rabbi S. S., 338, 355.
Woodrow, Rev. Thomas, 347.
"Woodside," 445.
Woodward, Robert T., 244.
Wooley, Isaac M., 94.
Woolsey, W. W., 111.
Wool worth Tower, 71.
Wortley, Lady Emmeline S., 183.
Wray, Stephen, 367.

Y

Yachts Loaned to Government:

U. S. S. Alaho, 160.

V. S. S. Noma, 190.

U. S. S. Corsair, 218.
York, Duke of, 7, 259.

z

Zabriskee, George, 244.
Zenger, John Peter, 121.
Zenger Jury, 121.

[ 463 ]

EAST SIDE OF FIFTH AVENUE FROM 38TH TO 42ND STS. BEFORE ITS
TRANSITION TO BUSINESS.ABOUT I88O