THE TIME CAPSULE

From the collection of the

n m

o Prelinger h v Jjibrary t P

San Francisco, California 2006

THE ENVELOPE FOR A MESSAGE TO THE FUTURE BEGINS ITS EPIC JOURNEY

THE BOOK OF RECORD OF

THE

TIME CAPSULE

OF CUPALOY

DEEMED CAPABLE OF RESISTING THE EFFECTS OF TIME FOR FIVE THOUSAND YEARS ' PRESERVING AN ACCOUNT OF UNIVERSAL ACHIEVEMENTS ^EMBEDDED IN THE GROUNDS OF THE

NEW YORK WORLD'S FAIR

1939

SEPTEMBER 23 '1938

COPYRIGHT 1938

WESTTNGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURING COMPANY NEW YORK

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

All the. days of my appointed time, will I wait, till my change come.

Thou shah call, and I will answer thee.

— JOB xiv : 14'! 5.

THE TIME CAPSULE

A SEGMENT OF OUR TIME PRESERVED FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS

IHEN WE SURVEY THE PAST

and note how perishable are all human things, we are moved to attempt the preservation of some of the world's present material & intellectual symbols, that knowl edge of them may not disappear from the earth. For there is no way to read the future of the world : peo ples, nations, and cultures move onward into inscrutable time. In our day it is difficult to conceive of a future less happy, less civilised than our own. Yet history teaches us that every culture passes through definite cycles of development, climax, and decay. And so, we must recog- niz;e, ultimately may ours.

By the same reasoning, there will rise again a civilizja- tion of even vaster promise standing upon our shoulders, as we have stood upon the shoulders of ancient Sumer, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The learned among that cul ture of the future may study with pleasure and profit things now in existence which are unique to our time, growing out of our circumstances, needs, and desires.

Five thousand years ago, during a period of invention, development, and science rivaling that of our day, re corded history began. It would be pleasant to believe

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that we might leave records of our own day for five thou sand years hence ; to a day when the peoples of the world will think of us standing at history's midpoint.

Whether we shall be able to transmit such a segment of our time into the future depends not only on our in genuity at selection and preservation, on the excellence of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, and other intellec tual disciplines, but also in large measure on those who come after us, and their willingness to cooperate in such an archaeological venture across the reaches of time.

We pray you therefore, whoever reads this book, to cherish and preserve it through the ages, and translate it from time to time into new languages that may arise after us, in order that knowledge of the Time Capsule of Cupaloy may be handed down to those for whom it is intended. We likewise ask : let the Time Capsule rest in the earth until its time shall come ; let none dig it up for curiosity or for any other reason. It is a message from one age to another, and none should touch it in the years that lie between.

PREPARATION OF THE CAPSULE

HOW long the Time Capsule will remain in the earth, or what experiences await it, we have no way of knowing. But if, as is our hope, it rests untroubled until the year A.D. 69 39, there may be people capable of discovering and raising it, of reading and studying the contents.

We imagine they will be able to reconstruct, through archaeological techniques like those developed in our own time, the hard structures of our culture: our archi tecture, our dams and roads, our houses, and our general

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physical appearance, as indicated by our skeletons. But certainly many of the perishable things of our culture will have been lost in the course of time, unless special efforts are made to preserve them.

In these matters we have taken counsel of archaeolo- gists, historians, metallurgists, engineers, chemists, geo- physicists, and other technical men of our time. We have given much study not only to the selection of the items to be preserved, but also to methods of preserving them for so long a time & of leaving this message about them.

Our first concern was the construction of the Time Capsule itself, a problem of great complexity. Our experi ence with artificial materials is too short to give us certain knowledge of their ability to withstand the corrosive effects of thousands of years, yet the older mineral ma terials, including stone and glass, are too brittle and too difficult to work, are liable to breakage from pressure or earthquake, and are too difficult to detect when buried in the earth.

We have decided that the best possible material is a metallic alloy of high corrosion resistance & considerable hardness, of nonferrous nature, and preferably contain ing a high percentage of copper. Of all the tools used by ancient peoples, those of stone and copper have come down to us from farthest in the past.

It happens that a copper alloy fulfilling these specifi cations has recently been developed. Known as Cupaloy, it is 99.4 per cent copper, .5 per cent chromium, and .1 per cent silver. This material may be tempered to a hard ness similar to that of mild steel, yet has a resistance to corrosion equal to pure copper. In electrolytic reactions

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with ferrous metals in the soil, it becomes the anode and therefore will receive deposits, rather than suffer cor rosion, should such action take place. It is our belief that a properly constructed capsule of Cupaloy will with stand the naturally destructive forces of five thousand years, and by its strength protect the contents from the accidents of time.

The Time Capsule is seven feet, six inches in length, and eight and three-eighths inches in diameter. Its Cup aloy shell consists of seven cast segments, all segments except the last solidly screwed together, sealed with molten asphalt, and burnished. The last section, closed after the placing of the contents in the Capsule, is shrunk- fitted on tapering threads.

The inner crypt of the Capsule is a space six & a half inches in diameter & approximately six feet, nine inches in length. Within it is a Pyrex glass envelope embedded in a petroleum base wax. The objects to be preserved are enclosed in the glass, from which all air has been ex hausted. The spaces left between the objects in the crypt have been filled with an inert gas, nitrogen, the inactive element which makes up four-fifths of our atmosphere.

The materials inside the crypt have been selected for permanence and have been treated, so far as possible, to give them resistance to time. Material which would ordinarily be published in books has been photographed on acetate microfilm ; a method that not only promises permanence but also makes possible the concentration of much information in small space. Where paper was necessarily enclosed, we have used only the finest 100 per cent rag, fulfilling the specifications of the United

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States Bureau of Standards for permanence. Metal parts which might be subject to attack by moisture have been coated with a thin layer of wax. No acids or corrosive substances are included in the crypt's contents or in the materials with which the Time Capsule is sealed, nor are any materials included which are known to decay or dissociate into corrosive liquids or vapors.

The Time Capsule is die-stamped with this message :

TIME CAPSULE OF CUPALOY, DEPOSITED ON THE SITE OF THE NEW YORK WORLD'S FAIR ON SEPTEMBER 23,1938, BY THE WESTTNGHOUSE ELECTRIC &T MANUFACTURING COMPANY. IF ANYONE SHOULD COME UPON THIS CAP- SULE BEFORE THE YEAR A. D. 6939 LET HIM NOT WAN TONLY DISTURB IT, FOR TO DO SO WOULD BE TO DEPRIVE THE PEOPLE OF THAT ERA OF THE LEGACY HERE LEFT THEM. CHERISH IT THEREFORE IN A SAFE PLACE.

The Time Capsule was deposited fifty feet deep in the earth on the site of the building of the Westinghouse Company, on the grounds of the New York World's Fair 1939, by A. W. Robertson, chairman of the Board of Directors of the Westinghouse Electric & Manufactur ing Company, at 12 o'clock noon, September 23, 1938, the exact moment of the autumnal equinox of that year,

RECOVERY OF THE CAPSULE

WHEN the time has come to dig for the Time Capsule, look for it in the area known as the Flushing Meadows, Borough of Queens, New York City, on the site of the New York World's Fair 1939.

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The appointed year will be, according to our common way of reckoning time, the 6,939th year since the birth of Christ. According to the Jewish calendar it will be the year 10699 i according to the Chinese, the 36th year of the i6oth cycle; according to the Mohammedan, the 6,469 thyear since the birth of the Prophet ; according to the Buddist, the 7,50 2 d year since the birth of Buddha; according to the Shinto [Japanese], the 7,599 th year since the birth of the first emperor, JimmuTenno.

If none of these ways of reckoning the years has sur vived, it still may be recognised by calculation from astronomical data. In the year 1939 there will be two eclipses of the moon, falling respectively on May 3 d and October 28th. There will be two eclipses of the sun — an annular eclipse on April i gth, the path of annular eclipse grazing the North Pole of the earth, and a total eclipse on October 1 2th, the total path crossing near the South Pole.

The heliocentric longitudes of the planets on January ist at ^ero-hours Greenwich [midnight] were

Mercury	175°	55'	42"
Venus	124°	43'	3'"
Earth	99°	40'	29"
Mars	192°	4'	2"
Jupiter	339°	12'	22"
Saturn	17°	3°'	45"
Uranus	46°	23'	3i"
Neptune	171°	3''	3"
Pluto	120°	i/

The mean position of the North Star [Polaris or Alpha Ursse Minoris] on January ist will be Right Ascension, i hr. 41 min. 59 sec. ; North Polar distance, 1° i' 3 3 ".8.

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In the opinion of our astronomers, such a combination of astronomical events is unlikely to recur for many thou sands of years. By computing backward from their time, people of the future will therefore be able to determine the number of years that have elapsed since our time.

The Capsule lies buried at exactly the point where the centerline of the Westinghouse plot intersects the center- line of the great halls of the Westinghouse World's Fair building. By A.D. 6939, it is probable, all present-day landmarks, city surveys, and other such aids for locating such an object will have disappeared. The spot may still be discovered, however, by determination of the latitude and longitude. The exact geodetic coordinates j^North American Datum of 1 9 27 J are :

Latitude 40° 44' 34". 089 north of the Equator Longitude 73° 50' 4$". 842 west of Greenwich

These coordinates, surveyed by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and given to the thousandth part of a second of arc, are accurate enough to locate an object one- tenth of a foot or less in diameter at a particular po sition on the surface of the earth.*

It maybe that due to shifts of the earth's poles, differ ences in method, or other causes, this calculation will still not give the exact spot. It may also happen that the Time Capsule will sink or migrate from the point of deposit during the ages. Seekers may nevertheless still find it by the methods of electrical prospecting such as are used in our day for the location of minerals, water, buried metallic objects, and deposits of salt and oil. *See page 43.

If elec5hical instruments similar to those of our time are used to locate the Capsule, it should be indicated by the distortion of a magnetic field, the increased conduc tivity of the soil, or other such indications. Certain steps have been taken to increase the Time Capsule's respon siveness in this respect. The soil in which the Time Cap sule is buried is fairly homogeneous, and though there are scraps of metals, mostly ferrous, buried in it, these should all have disappeared by corrosion before many centuries have passed. On account of the softness of the soil, however, the Capsule may have settled to a greater depth. This possibility should be taken into account.*

When the Capsule at length has been located, a prob lem will still remain, for if the land is swampy &wet, as in our day, adequate methods must be devised to recover it. The Capsule may be raised by sinking a caisson of such a type as to hold back the mud and water during exca vation. Should this prove inexpedient, it may be possible to freeze the soil by cold brine circulating in pipes driven into the earth around the site. When the soil is frozen it may then be dug in the same manner as hard earth.

The Capsule is provided with an eye to which lifting apparatus may be attached. It is likely, however, that this ring may have disappeared through erosion. In this case, the Capsule should be raised gently with a sling.

When it has been brought up out of the ground, let the finders beware, lest in their eagerness they spoil the contents by ill-considered moves. Let the Capsule be transported with the utmost care, at once, to a warm, dry place. Cleanse the outside of mud, slime, or corrosion. *See page 39.

Then cut off the top carefully at the deeply scored groove which has been left to guide the saw.

Should gas rush out when the inner glass is punctured, or when the saw penetrates the crypt, let there be no alarm, for this is a harmless gas enclosed as a preservative.

THE CONTENTS OF THE CAPSULE

WITHIN the limitations imposed by space, the prob lems of preservation, and the difficulty of choosing the truly significant to represent all the enormous variety and vigor of our life, we have sought to deposit in the Time Capsule materials and information touching upon all the principal categories of our thought, activity, and accomplishment ; sparing nothing, neither our wisdom nor our foolishness, our supreme achievements nor our recognised weaknesses.

We have included books and pictures that show where and how we live : some in apartments like dwell ers in cliffs, but comfortably; others in detached houses ; still others moving about the country in homes mount ed on wheels.

We have set forth the story of our architecture, by which we have reared soaring pinnacles into the sky.

We have described the offices and the factories where we 'work, the machines that write, compute, tabulate, re produce manuscript a thousandfold, sort out, and file ; the machines that stamp and fashion metals ; the machines and methods with which metals are knit together by electricity and cut apart by gas; the complex techniques of mass production, with -which articles that consist of scores of different materials, requiring hundreds of oper-

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ations to assemble, can nevertheless be sold among us for a few cents.

We have described in text and picture the arts and entertainment of our day ; the games we play ; the history & development & present attainments of painting, sculp ture, music, the theater, motion pictures, and radio.

We have included copies of representative newspa pers & magazines of this day, containing news, articles, fiction, and advertisements broadly characteristic of our period. We have also included a novel, the most widely read of our time. For good measure we have added spec imens of our cartoons and "comics," such as daily and weekly delight millions in our newspapers and in our moving picture theaters.

Ours is a day of many faiths. We have provided de scriptions of the world's religions, numbered their follow ers, and enclosed the Holy Bible, a book which is the basis of the Christian faith. We have provided outlines of the world's principal philosophies. We have discussed the all-pervading and effective educational systems of our time, and told in text and pictures the story of the training of our young.

We have included a copy of our Constitution, and something about our government, under which we live as free men, ruled by our own elected representatives chosen at regular intervals by the votes of all, both men and women. We have included, also, a history of our country and a chronological history of the -world.

Our scientists have measured the speed of light and compared the distances of the planets, stars, and nebulae ; they have charted the slow evolution of primal proto-

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plasm into man, fathomed the ultimate composition of matter and its relation to energy, transmuted the elements, measured the earth and explored it, harnessed earth quake, electricity, and magnetism to probe what lies be neath our feet ; they have shifted the atoms in their lat tices and created dyes, materials, stuffs that Nature her self forgot to make. The stories of these achievements have been set forth in the Time Capsule.

Our engineers & inventors have harnessed the forces of the earth and skies and the mysteries of nature to make our lives pleasant, swift, safe, and fascinating be yond any previous age. We fly faster, higher, and farther than the birds. On steel rails we rush safely, behind giant horses of metal and fire. Ships large as palaces thrum across our seas. Our roads are alive with self-propelling conveyances so complex the most powerful prince could not have owned one a generation ago ; yet in our day there is hardly a man so poor he cannot afford this form of personal mobility.

Over wires pour cataracts of invisible electric power, tamed and harnessed to light our homes, cook our food, cool and clean our air, operate the machines of our homes & factories, lighten the burdens of our daily labor, reach out and capture the voices and music of the air, & work a major part of all the complex magic of our day.

We have made metals our slaves, and learned to change their characteristics to our needs. We speak to one an other along a network of wires and radiations that en mesh the globe, and hear one another thousands of miles away as clearly as though the distance were only a few feet. We have learned to arrest the processes of decay ; our

foods are preserved in metal or frost and by these means we may have vegetables and fruits in any season, delica cies from foreign lands, and adequate diet anywhere.

All these things, and the secrets of them, and some thing about the men of genius of our time and earlier days who helped bring them about, will be found in the Time Capsule.

How our physicians have healed the sick, controlled pain, and conquered many diseases, has been recounted there ; how we have suppressed epidemics through the enormous undertakings of our system of public health ; how our drugs and biologicals are compounded, and the enormous and varied list of them.

There are included samples and specimens of the new materials of our time, created in the laboratories of our engineers and chemists, on the looms of our mills, and in the forges, furnaces, and vats of our factories.

There are also samples of the products of our farms, where machinery has turned scarcity into abundance ; where research has produced plants never seen in na ture ; where science now is able to produce plants even without soil.

There are also many small articles that we wear or use ; that contribute to the pleasure, comfort, safety, con venience, or healthfulness of our lives ; articles with which we write, play, groom ourselves, correct our vision, re move our beards, illuminate our homes and work-places, tell time, make pictures, calculate sums, exchange values, protect property, train our children, prepare our food.

Believing, as have the people of each age, that our wo men are the most beautiful, most intelligent, and best

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groomed of all the ages, we have enclosed in the Time Capsule specimens of modern cosmetics, and one of the singular clothing creations of our time, a woman's hat.

That the pronunciation of our English tongue may not be lost, a "Key to English" has been prepared and printed in this book. That our vocabulary may not be forgotten, we have included in the Capsule a dictionary, defining more than 140,000 common words and phrase s . That our idiom may be preserved, we have provided also a dictionary of slang and colloquial expressions. Finally, that our method of writing may be recovered, should all other record of it disappear, we have included a book in which the Lord's Prayer is translated into three hundred different tongues ; also the fable "The Story of the North Wind & the Sun" translated into twenty-five languages. These may serve, as did the trilingual Rosetta stone, to help in the translation of our words.

In the Capsule there are only two actual books of our time, in the siz;e and form to which we are accustomed. These are this book and the Holy Bible. All the rest have been photographed page by page on microfilm, which by the small space it requires has permitted us to include on four small reels the contents or equivalent of more than seventy ordinary books — enough in their usual form to fill the Capsule's crypt several times over. A magnifying instrument is included, with which the microfilm may be read.

Should those who recover the Capsule 'wish to know our appearance, and how we dress, act, and talk, there have been provided two reels of significant and typical scenes of our time, in pictures that move and speak, im-

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prisoned on ribbons of cellulose coated with silver. If knowledge of machines for projecting these pictures and voices has disappeared, the machines may nevertheless be recreated, after recovery of the Capsule, from photo graphs and descriptions.

Each age considers itself the pinnacle & final triumph above all eras that have gone before. In our time many believe that the human race has reached the ultimate in material and social development ; others, that humanity shall march onward to achievements splendid beyond the imagination of this day, to new worlds of human wealth, power, life, and happiness. We choose, with the latter, to believe that men will solve the problems of the world, that the human race will triumph over its limita tions and its adversities, that the future will be glorious.

TO THE PEOPLE OF THAT FUTURE WE LEAVE THIS LEGACY

A KEY TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE DR. JOHN P. HARRINGTON

ETHNOLOGIST, BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

WASHINGTON, D C.

Our years are like the shadows

That o'er the meadows fall, Are like the fragile wildflower

That withers by the wall — A dream, a song, a slory,

By others quickly told, An unremaining glory

Of years that soon get old.

ArTER five thousand years all the spoken languages of the present time will have become extinct or so al tered as to require a key for their understanding. The English language spoken in the United States today, if not replaced by some other natural or invented tongue, will have suffered complete reforming many times over through the laws of linguistic evolving — laws which though proceeding in regular paths will, because of their complexity, work the apparent result of radical havoc. Books of the present day, through chemical change, will have disappeared.

Records of the Etruscan language of ancient Italy in Greek letters which are easily readable have amply sur vived to the present time, but no one has been able to un derstand the words and their meaning. We have a whole book in Etruscan, but no one can understand it. The key

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to the deciphering of ancient Egyptian was found in a brief chance inscription, the trilingual Rosetta stone, made for another purpose and never thought of at the time as being useful as a key. If the Etruscans, Egyptians, or other ancient peoples had planned to make a key for us, what would have been their procedure ? If all con necting links had been removed, how could such a peo ple have conveyed to us the pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary of their language ?

This question was propounded to the Smithsonian In stitution with the result that it was decided that a mouth map would be necessary for the transmittal of pronuncia tion, diagrams for the conveying of grammatical catego ries, and the coinage of a list of "high-frequency English" words for the preservation of essential vocabulary.

The Rosetta stone was a key in that it gave a brief sample of translation. The deliberate scientific depicting of English of today for the people five thousand years from now will give adequate clues entirely independent of any furnishing of translation. It shows by a picture of the human mouth where each of the various sounds of speech comes from and with such clarity that the articu lation can be re-enacted. It shows by cartoon-like dia grams the putting together of words. It shows by the de velopment of a "high-frequency" vocabulary the vital constituents of the English of the present time.

THE SOUNDS OF ENGLISH

THE present English has thirty- three sounds. It is plain that the pronunciation cannot be transmitted to the peo ple of the far future by traditional inherited spelling with

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its enormous irregularities. It is equally clear that if pe culiar symbols be given to some of these thirty-three sounds, it will be bothersome for typewriter & news paper equipment which has only the twenty-six letters. The letter j therefore is used instead of the inverted e, which last would require a special type, and digraphs, & in two instances trigraphs, are used instead of special vowel and consonant letters.

English has eight vowels £or sounds whose hemming amounts to mere cavity-shape resonance} and twenty- five consonants jjwhose hemming amounts to closure, violent restriction, or closure followed by restriction}.

The vowels are all pronounced between the k and the y consonant positions, that is, between the back-of-the- tongue and the middle-of-the-tongue positions. The vow el with highest raised back of the tongue, that is, nearest to the k consonant position, is u; the vowel with the highest raised middle of the tongue, that is, nearest to the y consonant position, is i. w is here classified as a lip sound, though it is simultaneously a back-of-the-tongue sound. The other vowels have intermediate positions be tween the extreme u and i, a being the most open and j the most central positioned. The digraph ae. stands for a vowel midway, perhaps, between e and a ; ao, for a vowel midway, perhaps, between a and o. Vowels occur short and long. Since the letter c always stands for k or s, it is not needed for regular consonant duty and is here pressed into service as a long mark, being written as a silent char acter after a vowel where it is necessary to mark it as being long. Many vowels are long in English by simple rules, and in such instances the length sign c is not writ-

ten. In fadl, vowel length needs to be written in English only after u and i, to distinguish the long from the short

varieties.

ILLUSTRATION 1, SHOWING EXACTLY WHERE EACH OF THE 3 3 SOUNDS OF 18 ENGLISH IS FORMED IN THE ORAL CAVITY.

Vowel diphthongs are only four in number: ui {rare}, oi, au, ai.

The complete closure consonants of simple form are fe, t, p. Those which have the closure with the voice go ing simultaneously are g, d, b.

Restriction consonants of simple form are h, sh, s, th, hu>. Those which have the restriction with voice going simul taneously are y, %h, %, dh, 1, r, w.

Consonant diphthong of closure plus restriction of simple form is tsh. The same with the voice going simul taneously is dz,h.

Consonants with the mouth completely hemmed but the nose open are ng, n, m.

The English language, like others, proceeds in sylla bles. Each syllable consists of a vowel or vowel diph thong, plus or minus consonant trimmings.

A word consisting of more than one syllable has one of its syllables, most commonly the next to the last, high and loud. Such a high and loud syllable is said to be ac cented. One-syllable words may or may not be high and loud, but it makes little difference to the understanding, whereas polysyllabic words are distorted if the highness and loudness are placed on the wrong syllable.

All sounds are made in the tract between the larynx and the lips. The points of articulation are the glottis of the larynx, the back of the tongue, the middle of the tongue, the front of the tongue, and the lips. Only h comes from the larynx. Only three consonants £fe, g, ng} come from the back of the tongue. Only^ comes from the mid dle of the tongue. By far the greatest number of conso nants come from the flexible front of the tongue. That

is why "language," derived from the Latin word lingua, "tongue", is frequently called "tongue" in the various id ioms of the world. From the front of the tongue come thirteen consonants [t, d, sh, ^h, s, 3, tH, dh, tsh, d^h, I, r, nj. From the lips come five consonants [p, b, hu>, u;, m.}

Exercise on the Provenience of Vowels and Consonants Vowels Consonants

put	pit	hit	den dhen	pin
not	hui	kit	shin tshin	bin
waotjr	boi	get	aezjhur d^hin	faen
fadhjr	bau	sing	sin letjr	hwen
bjrd	bai	yuc	z;ingk rjn	\ven
maen	mucn	ten	thin nic	men
men	mict

THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH

THE noun shows only two forms : singular, referring to one object, and plural, referring to two or more ob jects. This difference is shown by Illustration 2 which depicts the singular, "bird," as distinguished from the plural, "birds." A possessive case is the only remnant of earlier case formation and is formed like the plural by adding s, but distinguished orthographically by placing an apostrophe ['} before the added s in the singular and after it in the plural : "bird's," "birds'."

Singgyular aend Plucral — Singular and Plural.

The personal pronoun distinguishes three persons, see Illustration 3: The first person is the self of the speaking subject ; the second person is the speaking subject ad dressed ; the third person is the person neither originat ing the speech nor directly addressed. These three per sons also have plurals : "I— we," "you— you," "he, she, it— they." It will be noticed that only in the third per son singular is gender distinguished: "he," masculine animate ; "she," feminine animate ; "it," inanimate, also sometimes used when a lower animal is the object re ferred to, as : the sheep, it graces.

The demonstrative pronouns have only two degrees of remoteness : "this" £hereQ, and "that" [there]. The demonstrative adverbs "here" and "there" correspond.

Pjrsjn — Person

Rjmoctnes — Remoteness

yuc dhaet

Illustration 3

Illustration 4

Adjectives express permanent or acquired attributes of an object. They are often explained by giving the op- posites, as in Illustration 5, where "young" and "old," "black" & "white," "short" & " tall" are contrasted.

ymg

odd

Opjzits — Opposites

0

short taol

Illustration 5

blaek hwait

Adjectives have three degrees of comparison, as in Illustration 6, good being the positive, better indicating that good is excelled as one racer excels another, & best indicating that good is excelled as one racer excels all.

Kompaerisjn — Comparison gud

betjr

best

Illustration 6

Frequent verbs, that is, words denoting action or sta tus, are shown graphically in Illustration 7, which gives : I lie, I sit, I stand, I walk, I run, I kick, I jump, I crawl, I climb, I descend.

f

ai lai ai sit ai staend ai waok ai rjn ai kik

ai dzhjmp ai kraol ai klaim ai djsend

Illustration 7

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Tensez — Tenses

paest prezjnt fyuctyur

Illustration 8

The verb has three main tenses or times, well shown in Illustration 8, where the steamer in mid-water is the present, the port left behind indicates the past, and the port which is the destination is the future of the action.

The verb in 1 9 3 8 English has still another expression : it is principal or subordinate. Illustration 9 shows the sentence: "Running he aimed," in which "aimed" is the principal verb and "running" the subordinate.

Sjbordinecshjn

— Subordination

Rjning hie ecmd

Illustration 9

To illustrate these elements of English grammar, and as an exercise in 1938 English pronunciation, we give next a little story, The Fable of the Northwind and the Sun, written first in neo-phonetic spelling, followed by the ordinary English spelling.

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DHJ FECBJL JV DHJ NORTHWIND AEND DHJ SJN The Fable of the Northwind and the Sun

Dh] Northwind aend dhj Sjn wjr dispyucting whitsh woz dhj stronggjr, hwen j traevjljr kecm jlong raepd in j worm klock. Dhec jgricd dhaet dhj wjn hue fjrst meed dhj traevjljr teck of hiz klock shud bic konsidjrd stronggjr dhaen dhj jdhjr. Dhen dhj Northwind blue widh aol hiz mait, bjt dhj mocr hie blue, dhj mocr klocsli did dhj traevjljr focld hiz klock jraund him, aend aet laest dhj Northwind gecv jp dhj jtempt. Dhen dhj Sjn shocn aut wormli, aend imicdijtli dhj traevjljr tuk of hiz klock; aend soc dhj Northwind woz jblaidzhd tj konfes dhaet dhj Sjn woz dhj stronggjr jv dhj tuc.

The Northwind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first made the traveler take off his cloak should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North- wind blew with all his might, but the more he blew, the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him ; and at last the Northwind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shone out warmly, and immedi ately the traveler took off his cloak; and so the Northwind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.

As a further aid to translation and pronunciation, we have enclosed in the Time Capsule reproductions of this simply worded fable in twenty-five languages. We fol low, here, with the English vocabulary most used in 1938 — the thousand words most essential to our daily speech and thought. Taking a suggestion from the elec trical engineers, we have named the vocabulary "High- frequency English," We attach, also, two more illustra tions, one showing an exterior view of 1 9 3 8 life, the other an interior view, with common terms indicated.

[28]

VOCABULARY OF HIGH-FREQUENCY ENGLISH

THE THOUSAND MOST-USED WORDS OF ENGLISH IN NEO-PHONETIC SPELLING

(Editor's 7v(ote — Dr. Harrington has compiled this list follow ing detailed statistical study of newspapers, magazines, boo\s of varying calibre and purpose, and most especially the silent stream of thought, the words spo\en every day, and the words most frequently used on the radio and recorded by phonograph. The list has been further improved by comparison with vocabu* laries given in the various boo\s used for learning foreign Ian' guages, and especially with the statistical wor\ of Professor Curme in determining the commonest words of German).

Illustration 10

Autdocr Necmz (Outdoor Names)

I smock (smoke) 2 skai (sky) 3 klaud (cloud) 4 barn (barn)

5 hecstaek (haystack) 6 trie (tree) 7 wudz (woods) 8 haus (house)

9 kau (cow) I 0 field (field) I I fens (fence) 1 2 rocd (road)

I 3 hors (horse) 14 aotomobicl (automobile)

Illustration 1 1

Indocr Necmz (Indoor Names)

I pot (pot) 2 tecbjl (table) 3 bocl (bowl) 4 ridzhpocl (ridgepole) 5 tshimni (chimney) 6 fairplecs (fireplace) 7 naif (knife) 8 fair (fire) 9 rJg (rug) ' ° tshaer (chair) I I bed (bed) 1 2 waol (wall) I 3 doer (door) 14 windoc (window) I 5 raeftjr (rafter) 1 6 gjn (gun) 1 7 aeks (axe) I 8 kaet (cat)

aeftjr (after) aeks (axe) ailjnd (island) ais (ice) aem (am) aend (and)

a

ai (I, eye) aidicj (idea) aijrn (iron) aekjmpjni (accompany) aekt (act) aengkjl (ankle) aenimjl (animal)

aenjdhjr (another) aensj'r (answer) aent (aunt) aepjl (apple) aer (air) aesk (ask) aet (at) aez (as) aol (all) aolredi (already) aolwecz (always) aot (ought) ar (are) arm (arm) art (art) aut (out) aur (our) awr (hour)

[3°]

baed (bad) baeg (bag) back (back) baengk (bank) baer (bear) baeth (bath) bai (buy, by) baind (bind) bait (bite) baol (ball) baot (bought) barn (barn) bau (bow) baujlz (bowels) baund (bound) becbi(baby) becdh (bathe) beck (bake) bees (base) bed (bed) beg (beg) bel (bell) beli (belly) beri (bury, berry) best (best) betjr (better) bic (be, bee) bicf (beef) bicnz (beans)

bict (beat, beet), big (big) bilding (building) bin (been) bitjr (bitter) bizi (busy) bizniz (business) bjfocr (before) bjgin (begin) bjhaind (behind) bjkazo (because) bjket (bucket) bjkjm (become) bjlicv (believe) bjloc (below) bjrd (bird) bjrth (birth) bjsaid (beside) bjt (but, butt) bjtjr (butter) bird (beard) bjrn (burn) bjrst (burst) bjtjn (button) bjtwicn (between) black (black) blaenket (blanket) blaind (blind) bleed (blade) blecm (blame) blecz (blaze) bljd (blood) bloc (blow) blue (blue) bocld (bold) bocn (bone) bocr (bore) bocrd (board) boct(boat) bodi(body) boi (boy) bocl(bowl) boks(box) born (born) boroc (borrow) botjl (bottle) botjm (bottom) brait (bright) brau (brow) braun (brown) breck (break, brake) brecn (brain) brecv (brave) bred (bread, bred) brest (breast) breth (breath) bridzh (bridge) brik (brick) bring (bring) brjdhjr (brother) brjsh (brush) brock (broke) brockjn (broken) buk (book) bynctiful (beautiful)

daens (dance) daotjr (daughter) dark (dark) daun (down) daut (doubt) dec (day) ded (dead) def (deaf) det (debt) deth (death) dhaen(than) dhaet(that) dhec(they) d hecr (their, there) d hem (them) dhen (then) dhis (this) dhicz (these) dhj (the) dhoc (though) dhocz (those) dicl (deal) dicp (deep) dicr (dear, deer) did (did) d if jrjnt (different) dig (dig) dim (dim) dish (dish) djl (dull) djn (done, dun) djrt (dirt) djrti (dirty) djst (dust) djz (does) docr(door) dog(dog) doktjr (doctor) doljr(dollar) draeg (drag) drai (dry) draiv (drive) drao (draw) draun (drown) dres(dress) dringk(drink) drjngk(drunk) drop (drop) dzhob (job) dzhoin (join) dzhjdzh (judge) dzhjmp (jump) due (do)

[31 ]

ecbjl (able) eck (ache) ecm (aim) ect (eight, ate) ecti (eighty) ecticn (eighteen) edzh (edge) eg (egg) empti (empty) end (end) enemi (enemy) eni (any) entjr (enter) evjr (ever) evri (every)

fadhjr (father) faekt (fact) faest (fast) fact (fat) fain (fine) faind (find) fair (fire) fait (fight) faiv (five) faol (fall) far (far) farm (farm) fees (face) fedhjr (feather) fel (fell) fens (fence) field (field) ficl (feel) ficr (fear) ficst (feast) fifti (fifty) fifticn (fifteen) fiks (fix) fmggjr (finger) finish (finish) fish (fish) fjrst (first) flaeg(flag) flaet (flat) flai (fly) flaur (flower, flour) fling (fling) flocn (flown) flocr (floor) floct (float) flue (flue, flew, flu) focld (fold) focr (four) focrticn (fourteen) fols (false) for (for) fork (fork) form (form) fors (force) forti (forty) forwjrd (forward) frend (friend) fresh (fresh) fric(free) frjm (from) frjnt (front) fruct (fruit) fucd (food) fuel (fool) fuclish (foolish) ful (full) fut (foot) fyuc (few) fyuctyur (future)

g

gaedhjr (gather) gaes (gas) gaid (guide) gaon (gone) gardjn (garden) get (get) gecv (gave) giv (give) gilti (guilty) gjn (gun) gjrl (girl) gjts (guts) glaed (glad) gljv (glove) glaes (glass) goc (go) gocld (gold) goct (goat) got (got) graes (grass) grec (gray) grecp (grape) greet (great) gricn (green) grip (grip) groc (grow) gud (good) gudbai (good-bye)

haef(half) haemjr (hammer) haend (hand) haendkjrtshif (handkerchief) haeng (hang) haepi (happy) haer( hair) haet (hat) haev (have) haez (has) haed (had) hai (high) haid (hide) hard (hard) hart (heart) hau (how) haus (house) hect (hate) hed (head) held (held) helth (health) hie (he) hicl (heel, heal) hip (hip) hicr (hear, here) hict (heat) hidjn (hidden) hil (hill) him (him) hit (hit) hiz (his) hjndred (hundred) hjnggjr (hunger) hjnggri (hungry) hjnt (hunt) hjr(her) hjrt(hurt) hjzbjnd (husband) hocl (hole, whole) hocld (hold)

hocp (hope) holoc (hollow) hop (hop) horn (horn) hors (horse) hot (hot) hue (who) hucm (whom) hucz (whose) huf(hoof) huk (hook) hwaer (where, wear, ware) hwai (why) hwail (while) hwait (white) hwedhjr (whether) hwen (when) hwicl (wheel) hwiskjrz (whiskers) hwiski (whiskey) hwisjl (whistle) hwip (whip) hwitsh (which) hwjt (what)

i

icr (ear) icst (east) ict (eat) icvn (even) icvning (evening) if (if) il (ill) in (in) ingk ( ink) it (it) its (its) iz (is)

j

j (a) jbjv (above) jdhj'r (other) jfrecd (afraid) jgen (again) jgenst (against) jgoc(ago) jkaunt (account) jksept (except) jkros (across) jlaiv (alive) jlektrik (electric) jlevjn (eleven) jmjng (among) jn (an) jndjr (under) jndjrstaend (understand) jnjf (enough) jnkjl (uncle) jntil (until) jp (up) jpjr (upper) jraund (around) jrli (early) jrn (earn) jrth (earth) js (us) jv (of) jvjn (oven) jwec (away) jweck (awake)

kaebedzh (cabbage) kaef(calf) kaen (can) kaer (care) kaeri (carry) kaet (cat) kaetj I (cattle) kaetsh (catch) kaind (kind) kaof (cough) kaol (call) kaot (caught) kar (car) kard (card) kau (cow) kaunt (count) keck (cake) kecm (came) kept (kept) ketjl (kettle) kic (key) kik (kick) kicp (keep) kil (kill) king (king) kis (kiss) kraek (crack) krai (cry) kreczi (crazy) kraim (crime) krjsh (crush) kruked (crooked) kjmpaenyjn (companion) kjntri (country) kjp (cup) kjt (cut) klaim (climb) klaud (cloud) klicn (clean) klicr (clear) klocs (close) klok (clock) klocz (close) kloth (cloth) kocld (cold) kocm (comb) kocrn (corn) koct (coat) kofi (coffee) koljr (collar) kopi (copy) kopjr (copper) kornjr (corner) kost (cost)

kotjn (cotton) kucl (cool) kud (could) kukd (cooked) kuk (cook) kwaijt (quiet) kwait (quite) kwestshjn (question) kwicn (queen) kwik (quick) kwoliti (quality) kworel (quarrel) kyucr (cure)

[ 33]

I

lee (lay) laef (laugh) laend (land) laengwedzh (language) laemp(lamp) laest (last) lai (lie, lye) laif(life) laijn (lion) laik(like) lain (line) lait (light) lao (law) lecdi (lady) leek (lake) lecm(lame) lect (late) led (lead, led) leczi (lazy) left (left) leg (leg) les(less) let (let) letjr (letter) levjl (level) lied (lead) lief (leaf) lien (lean) licst (least) licv (leave) lift (lift) lip (lip) list (list) litjl (little) liv(live) Ijk(luck) Ijmp(lump) Ijv (love) Ijrn (learn) loc(low) locd (load) locjr (lower) lok(lock) long (long) los (loss) lost (lost) lots (lots) lues (loose) luk(look) lucz(lose)

maed(mad) maen(man) maeri (marry) m act] r( matter) maetsh (match) mai (my) mait (might) mark (mark) mauntjn (mountain) maus (mouse) mauth (mouth) mec (may) mecbic (maybe) meed (made, maid) meek (make) medisin (medicine) melt (melt) men (men) meni (many) mesh (mesh) met (met) metjl (metal) mezhur(measure) mic(me) mjd(mud) mjdhjr (mother) mjni (money) mjnth (month) mjsh (mush) mjshicn (machine) mjst (must) mjtsh (much) micl (meal) mien (mean) mict (meet, meat) midjl (middle) milk (milk) mis (miss) mocr(more) mocst (most) morning (morning) mucn (moon) mucv (move)

n

naif (knife) nain (nine) nainticn (nineteen) nainti (ninety) nais (nice) nait (night) nau (now) necbjr (neighbor) necl (nail) necm (name) necshjn (nation) nefyu (nephew) nek (neck) nektai (necktie) nic(knee) nicd (need) nicdjl (needle) nicr(near) nies(niece) njmbjr(number) njn(none) nj'rv(nerve) njthing(nothing) njt (nut) noc (no) noct (note) nocz (nose) noiz (noise) nok (knock) north (north) not (not, knot) nucn (noon) nyuc (new) nyucz (news)

ocld (old) ocn (own) ocnli (only) ocvjr(over) of (off) ofis (office)

ofjn(often) ofjr(offer) oil(oil) olsoc(also) on(on) opjzit (opposite)

or (or) ordjr (order) ocpjn (open)

[34]

paek (pack) paents (pants) paes (pass) paest (past) pai (pie) part (part) paudjr (powder) paujr (power) paund (pound) pec (pay) pecn (pain) pecnt (paint) pecpjr (paper) pecst (paste) pen (pen) picl (peel, peal) picpjl (people) pics (piece, peace)

pictsh (peach) pig (pig) pin (pin) pjmp (pump) pjrhaeps (perhaps) pjrpjs (purpose) pjrsjn (person) pjtecto (potato) plaent (plant) plau (plow) plec (play) plecn (plain, plane) plecs (place) plect (plate, plait) plezhur (pleasure) plicz (please) point (point) poket (pocket) pot (pot) praud (proud) prec (pray) precz (praise) pres (press) prezjnt (present) print (print) prucf (proof) prucv (prove) pruti (pretty) pucr (poor) pul (pull) push (push) put (put) pyucr (pure)

raebit (rabbit) raen (ran) raer (rare) raet (rat) raid (ride) rais (rice, rise) rait (write, right) raiz (rise) rao (raw) raund (round) rec(ray) reed ioc (radio) recn (rain, reign) recndzh (range) rect (rate) recz (raise) red (red) red! (ready) rent (rent) rest (rest) ricd (read) rictsh (reach) riczijn (reason) ring (ring) rip (rip) ritjn (written) ritsh (rich) rivjr (river) rjb (rub) rjf (rough) rjmecn (remain) rjn (run) rocd (road) rocl (roll, role) rocz (rose) rok (rock) rong (wrong) rot (rot) rotjn (rotten) rucl (rule) ruf(roof) rum (room) rut (root) ryucl (rule)

saed (sad) saek (sack) saend (sand) saet (sat) said (side) sain (sign) sait (sight, site) sao (saw) saujr(sour) saund (sound) sauth (south) sec (say) secf(safe) seem (same) secv (save) sed (said) sekjnd (second) sel (sell) self (self) send (send) sens (sense) sent (cent, sent) set (set) seventicn (seventeen) sevjn (seven) sevjnti (seventy) shaedoc (shadow) shael (shall) shain (shine) sharp (sharp) sheck (shake) shecm (shame) shecv (shave) shel (shell) shic (she) shicp (sheep) shier (shear) shict (sheet )ship (ship) shjrt (shirt) shjt (shut) shoe (show) short (short) shuc (shoe) shucr(sure) shuct (shoot) shud (should) shugjr (sugar) sic (sea, see)

[35]

sicd(seed) sicm(seem) sicn (scene, seen) sict(seat) sik(sick) siks (six) siksti (sixty) si ksticn (sixteen) sili (silly) silvjr (silver) singk(sink) sistjr (sister) sit (sit) siti (city) sizjrz (scissors) sjdjn (sudden) sjfjr (suffer) sjk(suck) sjm (some) (sjmjr (summer)

sjmthing (something) sjn (sun, son) sjrv (serve) sjtsh (such) skai (sky) skecl (scale) skin (skin) skjrt (skirt) skocld (scold) skraetsh (scratch) skruc (screw) skucl (school) skwaer (square) skwicz (squeeze) slaotjr (slaughter) slicp (sleep) slicpi (sleepy) sling (sling) slip (slip) sloe (slow) small (smile) smaol (small) smart (smart) smel (smell) smock (smoke) smucdh (smooth) sneck (snake) snicz (sneeze) snoc (snow) snocr (snore) soc (so) socldzhjr (soldier) socp (soap) soft (soft) soc (sew, sow, so) socl(soul) sok(sock) solti (salty) solt (salt) song (song) sort (sort) spend (spend) spick (speak) spictsh (speech) spil (spill) spin (spin) spit (spit) split (split) spoil (spoil) spraut (sprout) spring (spring) staemp (stamp) staend (stand) staerz (stairs) star(star) start (start) stec (stay) steck (stake, steak) step (step)

sticl (steal, steel) sticm (steam) stif (stiff) stik (stick) stiki (sticky) stil (still) stingk (stink) stitsh (stitch) stjdi (study) stocn (stone) stocr (store) stbcri (story) stocv (stove) stop (stop) storm (storm) straik (strike) straipd (striped) strecn (strain) strecndzh (strange) street (straight, strait) stretsh (stretch) strict (street) string (string) strip (strip) strong (strong) stucpid (stupid) sucp (soup) sun (soon) swel (swell) swet (sweat) swicp (sweep) swict (sweet) swim (swim) swoloc (swallow) swop (swap) syuct (suit)

taeks(tax) taer (tear) taim (time) taird (tired) tait (tight) taok(talk) taol (tall) taot (taught) taun (town) tecbjl (table) teck(take) teckjn (taken) tecl (tail, tale) teem (tame)

tecst (taste) tel (tell) ten (ten) thaot (thought)

thauzjnd (thousand) thief (thief) thik (thick) thin (thin) thing (thing) thingk (think) thjm (thumb) thjndjr (thunder) th red (thread) throe (throw) thric (three) thjrst (thirst) thjrsti (thirsty) thjrti (thirty) thjrticn (thirteen) thorn (thorn) throe (throw) throct (throat) thruc (through) tic (tea) tictsh (teach) til (till) tin (tin) tip (tip) tjb(tub) tjdec (today) tjgedhjr (together) tjmoroc (tomorrow) tjng (tongue) tjrn (turn) tjtsh (touch) toe (toe)

[36 3

tocld (told) top (top) torn (torn) towjrdz (towards) trai (try) trip (trip) true (true) tshaens (chance) tshaer (chair)

tshaild (child) tshecs (chase) tsheindzh (change) tshick (cheek) tshicf (chief) tshicp (cheap) tshimni (chimney) tshin (chin) tshicz (cheese) tshecn (chain) tshock (choke) tshuc(chew) tshucz (choose) tuc(to, two) tucth (tooth) tuk(took) twelv (twelve) twenti (twenty) twenti-faiv (twenty-five) twenti-wjn (twenty-one)

twist (twist)

V

vain (vine) veri (very) vesjl (vessel)

W

waid (wide) waif (wife) waild (wild) wain (wine) waind (wind) waiz (wise) waok (walk) waol (wall) waotjr (water)

wee (way, weigh) wecst (waist) wecdzhez (wages) week (wake) wect (wait, weight) wecv (wave) wed hjr (weather) wel (well) went (went) west (west) wet (wet) wic (we) wick (weak) wicp (weep) widhin (within) widh (with)

widhaut (without) wil (will) windoc (window) wind (wind) wing (wing) wintj'r (winter) wish (wish) wjn (one) wjns (once) wjr (were) wj'rd (word) wjrk(work) wjrld (world)

wjrs (worse) wj'rst (worst) wjrm (worm) wont (want) wo r (war) worm (warm) wosh (wash) watsh (watch) woz (was)

wud (would, wood) wudz (woods) wul (wool) wumen (women)

wumjn (woman)

y

yaon (yawn) ye I (yell) yeloc (yellow) yes (yes)

yestj'rdec (yesterday) yet (yet) yicr(year) yjng(voung)

yocr(your) yuc (you) yucs (use) yucz (use)

UNITS OF LINEAR MEASUREMENT ENGLISH SYSTEM

< 1INCH >

12 inches = i foot

3 feet = i yard

5,280 feet = i mile

i inch — 2.54 centimeters METRIC SYSTEM

1 CENTIMETER

i centimeter = 10 millimeters 100 centimeters = i meter 1000 meters — i kilometer i centimeter = .3937 inch

i meter is equal to 1,553,164.13 wave lengths of red cadmium light

SEEKING METALLIC SUBSTANCES BENEATH THE GROUND

SHERWIN KELLY

CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE ON GEOPHYSICAL METHODS OF

EXPLORATION, AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING

AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS

THOUGH in all probability methods more sensitive than any we have today will be employed in the fu ture to seek for metallic bodies beneath the earth, it is possible, too, that this will become a lost art. It is there fore suggested that the Time Capsule may be discovered by detecting the secondary electromagnetic field induced in it by a strong primary electrical field created at the surface of the ground.

Construct a loop some ten feet in diameter, composed of several turns of well-insulated wire, fashioned in such a manner that it can be moved systematically over the area within which the Capsule is believed to lie. While the loop stands vertically, pass through it an alternating current of 1,000 to 5,000 cycles, using a power source of 200 watts. The primary electromagnetic field thus set up around the loop will intersect any metallic material in the vicinity, such as the Capsule, and will induce in it a secondary current. This current will produce a second ary electromagnetic field such as will distort the pri mary field of the "energising" loop. This distortion, prop erly interpreted, will indicate the location of the Capsule. To investigate this phenomenon, construct a second, smaller coil, approximately a foot in diameter, made up of a large number of turns of insulated wire. To the coil

[39]

should be connected an amplifier which in turn is con nected to some type of current indicator, such as a galva nometer or telephone receiver. Some means should be provided for accurately measuring the strike or direction of the coil in the horizontal plane, as well as its dip or deviation from the vertical position. On level ground, where there is nothing to distort the primary field, the current generated in the small, or pickup coil will be at a minimum jthat is, produce the least deflection of the gal vanometer needle or the least sound in the telephone re ceiver] when its plane is perpendicular to that of the large coil. Conversely, the maximum current will be ob served when the two coils are in the same plane. It is well to take both observations as a checkup before begin ning the search for the Capsule. If the instrument is work ing properly, the positions of minimum and maximum current in the pickup coil should be at right angles to each other.

In exploring for the Capsule, observations may be made with the pickup coil in two ways.

First : Take measurements in the plane of the energiz;- ing loop, moving farther and farther away from it in short stages of five or ten feet. Do not work too close to the energizing loop. If during this survey the pickup coil passes over buried metallic material it will be noted that the positions of the coil do not correspond to those de scribed for an undistorted field. The divergence from the normal dip will be at a maximum over the hidden body, \vhereas the deviation from the normal strike will in crease as the metallic substance is approached, reverse to a maximum in the opposite direction as the spot is passed

[40]

over, and then decrease as the coil moves farther away.

Second : Take readings along lines at right angles to the measurements suggested in the first method above. These readings should be taken approximately five to ten feet apart, extending fifty to one hundred feet each side of the plane of the energizing coil. The lines of ob servation should cross the first line every five feet. Ob' serve the position of maximum current in the pickup coil. In an undisturbed field the coil should stand verti cally. As the metallic body is approached the position of maximum current in the pickup will stand at an angle from the vertical, and its plane will point roughly to the buried metallic mass. When it passes over the Capsule, the plane of maximum current of the pickup coil will again become vertical. As the coil passes beyond, it will reverse & point in the opposite direction. The strike will undergo a maximum deviation from its normal position as the Capsule is passed.

By a combination of these two methods it should be possible to locate the position of the Time Capsule within a few feet. However, if any other metallic objects lie with in the area, they may also give indications. In our day we know of no way to distinguish by geophysical prospect ing between different types of metallic substances when they are concealed beneath the ground.

74°(00'

73°|55' 73°ISO'

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

73145'

40°S5J_

40°50]_

<10°40'

SPRINGFIELD

74eloo'

73°l55'

73°l50'

73°[<I5'

DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

COMMANDER C. L. GARNER

CHIEF, DIVISION OF GEODESY UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY

C. H. SWICK

CHIEF, SECTION OF GRAVITY AND ASTRONOMY, DIVISION OF GEODESY, UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY

HPHE geodetic latitude and longitude of the Time Cap- -L sule has been determined by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey by means of precise triangulation measurements from nearby stations of an extensive rigid Federal net comprising more than fifty thousand stations distributed over the United States. The net extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, across the entire North American continent, and is included between latitudes 25° and 49 ° north of the Equator, and longitudes 6 8° and 125° west from Greenwich, England. The net has been extended into Canada and Mexico by the two countries involved & the datum on which it is based is called the North American Datum of 1 9 27.

The accompanying sketch shows the first-order sta tions of the national net in the general vicinity of the Time Capsule. It should be noted that the latitude and longitude furnished for the Capsule are geodetic & may differ by as much as five seconds or more from the lati tude and longitude determined by astronomical obser vations alone. This is due to deflections of the plumb line from the vertical, which are caused by the attraction of mountain masses or other topographic features & by the

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unequal distribution of mass in the crust of the earth. These deflections can be determined only by compari son of geodetic and astronomic latitudes and longitudes at identical or nearly identical stations. No astronomic observations have been made at the point above the Capsule. However, at station Forest Park, shown on the sketch, observations for astronomical longitude, latitude, and az;imuth have been made and furnish the following comparison :

Geodetic latitude 40° 41' 49". 518

Astronomic latitude 40° 41' 42". 38

Geodetic longitude 73° 51' 43^.966

Astronomic longitude 73° 51' 42^.30

Geodetic azimuth to station School 190° 07' 54". 20

Astronomic azimuth to station School 190° 07' 55" .28

Any operations for locating the Capsule by astronom ical means should be started as nearly as possible at sta tion Forest Park. After this point has been located the measurement of a base line for the determination of dis tances and the extension of triangulation to the position of the Time Capsule can be done without difficulty.

A study of conditions in and around New York City would indicate that there will be no chance five thousand years from now of recovering any of the triangulation stations shown on the sketch except possibly Forest Park. This station is located in Forest Park, Borough of Queens, New York City, six meters north of Park Lane and 70 meters east of the easterly line of Forest Parkway £ex- tendedj. It is marked by a cross in a granite post o.i 5 meter square and 0.6 meter long embedded in a mass of concrete 0.9 meter square and 1.2 meters deep.

[44]

It should be noted that according to the present sys- tern in use in this country, the distance from the Equator to either pole is divided into 90 degrees £°J and each de gree is equal to 60 minutes ['] or 3 600 seconds £"}. The unit of length is the meter £3.28083 feet J . At station For est Park one second of latitude equals 30.846 meters, and one minute equals 1 8 50.77 meters.

A more detailed description of the triangulation net of the United States and of the North American Datum of 1927 will be found in the Capsule.

MESSAGES FOR THE FUTURE FROM NOTED MEN OF OUR TIME

TN ORDER that peoples who live long after us may see J_ our world somewhat as we see it, and understand at least some of the viewpoints of our contemporary world, three men, chosen for their high reputation among us, have summed up in their own words the strengths and weaknesses of our age, pointed out the discernible trends of human history, & envisioned something of the future. The messages follow.

[45]

THE MESSAGE OF DR. ROBERT A. MILLIKAN

AT this moment, August 22, 1938, the principles of representative ballot government, such as are represent ed by the governments of the Anglo-Saxon, French, and Scandinavian countries, are in deadly conflict with the principles of despotism, which up to two centuries ago had controlled the destiny of man throughout practically the whole of recorded history. If the rational, scientific, progressive principles win out in this struggle there is a possibility of a warless, golden age ahead for mankind. If the reactionary principles of despotism triumph now and in the future, the future history of mankind will re peat the sad story of war and oppression as in the past.

ROBERT A. MILLIKAN £1868- }, physicist, isolated and meas ured the ultimate electric unit, the electron; contributed greatly to other fields of research, especially photoelectric phenomena and cosmic rays; awarded Nobel Priz;e in physics, 1923; chair man, Executive Council, California Institute of Technology, Pas adena, California.

[46]

THE MESSAGE OF DR. THOMAS MANN

WE know now that the idea of the future as a "better world" was a fallacy ofthe doctrine of progress.The hopes we center on you, citizens of the future, are in no way exaggerated. In broad outline, you 'will actually resemble us very much as we resemble those who lived a thou sand, or five thousand, years ago. Among you too the spirit will fare badly — it should never fare too well on this earth, otherwise men would need it no longer. That optimistic conception of the future is a projection into time of an endeavor which does not belong to the tem poral world, the endeavor on the part of man to approxi mate to his idea of himself, the humaniz;ation of man. What we, in this year of Our Lord 1938, understand by the term "culture" — a notion held in small esteem today by certain nations ofthe western world — is simply this endeavor. What we call the spirit is identical with it, too. Brothers of the future, united with us in the spirit and in this endeavor, we send our greetings.

°

THOMAS MANN [ 1 875- }, German novelist & essayist ; awarded Nobel Priz;e in literature, 1929. Now living in the United States.

[47]

THE MESSAGE OF DR. ALBERT EINSTEIN

3?n imferer 3eit gibt e3 biele erfinbungfreidje $b'pfe, beren (Srfinbungen unfer £eben in fyofyent SOfaffe erleidjtern fonnten. SBir burdjqueren Me SWeere mit 9#afdjinenfraft unb benutgen bie letjtere audj, urn bte Sftenfdjen bon alter anftrengenben SOfoffel- arbett p befreten. SSir (jabett fliegen gelernt unb fenben un$ be- quem alle ^a^rtc^ten iiber bte ganje @rbe burd^ eleftrif$e SSellen.

5lber bte ^robitftton unb ^Sertetlitng ber ©liter ift toollig ttnorganiftert, fo bafe jeber in ber 5lngft leben mufe, au8 bent f >ber SBirtfc^aft aufgefd^altet su tuerben unb an allent p Ietben» 5lufferbem toten etnanber bte SWcnf^cn, bte in tierfc^tebenen Sftnbern h)o^nen, in unregelma'fetgen 3e^ab- fc^nttten, fo ba^ and) au^ biefent ©runbe alle in ^urcfit unb ©c^recfen leben, toeldje fic^ irgenbrt)ie uber bie ^uteft ©ebanfen macfien. 2llle6 l)angt batnit jufammen, bafe bie Intelligent unb (£l)arafter-33ilbung ber 9^a[(en unt)erglei($li(^ tiefer ftef)t al« bie entfpred^enben ©igenfcfyaften ber luenigen, bie filr bie ®e(amtf)eit SSertbolle^ Ijerborbringen.

^offentlid^ lieft bag fpatere ©efc^lec^t biefe $onftatierun- gen mit bent ©efiiljl ftoljer unb berec^tigter Uberlegenljeit.

"%

ALBERT EINSTEIN [ 1 879- ], theoretical physicist ; discoverer and exponent of the theory of relativity; life member of the Insti tute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.

[48]

AUTHORIZED ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Herewith follows Dr. Einstein's message in authorised English translation :

OUR time is rich in inventive minds, the inventions of which could facilitate our lives considerably. We are crossing the seas by power and utilise power also in or der to relieve humanity from all tiring muscular work. We have learned to fly and we are able to send mes sages and news without any difficulty over the entire world through electric waves.

However, the production and distribution of commod ities is entirely unorganised so that everybody must live in fear of being eliminated from the economic cycle, in this way suffering for the want of everything. Further more, people living in different countries kill each other at irregular time intervals, so that also for this reason any one who thinks about the future must live in fear and terror. This is due to the fact that the intelligence & char acter of the masses are incomparably lower than the in telligence and character of the few who produce some thing valuable for the community.

I trust that posterity will read these statements with a feeling of proud and justified superiority.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

AvfONG the scientists, scholars and other persons of special skills of our time, several hundred have co operated with men of the Westinghouse Electric & Man ufacturing Company to shape the Time Capsule, deter mine its contents, and guide the writing and making of this book. To all of them we give acknowledgment and gratitude, and especially to the following :

JOHN ARCHER, Superintendent of the Printing Office, The New York Public Library.

HOWARD BLAKESLEE, Science Editor, The Associated Press.

ALLYN BUTTERFIELD, Editor, RKO-Pathe News, Inc.

LAURENCE V. COLEMAN, Director, American Museums Association.

L. O. COLBERT, REAR ADMIRAL, Director, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

R. D. W. CONNOR, Archivist of the United States.

ROBERT TREAT CRANE, Director, Social Science Research Council.

WATSON DAVIS, Director, Science Service.

DAVID DIETZ, Science Editor, Scripps-Howard Newspapers.

ALBERT EINSTEIN, Institute for Advanced Study.

ALDEN H. EMERY, American Chemical Society.

MORRIS FISHBEIN, M.D., Editor, Journal of the American Medi cal Association.

LESTER D. GARDNER, Secretary, Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences.

C. L. GARNER, COMMANDER, Chief of Division of Geodesy, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

G. LEONARD GOLD, Prestige Book Company.

FREDERIC W. GOUDY, Typographer, Printer and Type Designer.

JOHN P. HARRINGTON, Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institu tion.

MAURICE A. HECHT, LIEUTENANT, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

J. F. HELLWEG, CAPTAIN [Retired], U. S. N., Director, U. S. Naval Observatory.

[50]

HARRISON E. HOWE, Editor, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry.

E. EASTMAN IRVINE, Editor, World Almanac.

JOTHAM JOHNSON, Classical Weekly, University of Pittsburgh.

SHERWIN KELLY, Chairman, Committee on Geophysical Methods of Exploration, American Institute of Mining and Metallur gical Engineers.

A. V. KIDDER, Chairman, Division of Historical Research, Carne gie Institution of Washington.

A. E. KIMBERLY, Chief, Division of Repair and Preservation, The National Archives.

CUTHBERT LEE, Director, American Documentation Institute.

HARRY M. LYDENBERG, Director, The New York Public Library.

F. D. McHucH, Managing Editor, Scientific American. THOMAS MANN, Novelist and Essayist.

C. E. K. MEES, Director, Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company.

CARL H. MILAM, Secretary, American Library Association.

ROBERT A. MILLIKAN, Chairman, Executive Council, California Institute of Technology.

ROBERT OLESEN, Assistant Surgeon General, U.S. Public Health Service.

THOMAS PARRAN, Surgeon General, U S. Public Health Service.

H. G. PATRICK, COMMANDER, U.S. Navy, Acting Superintendent, U.S. Naval Observatory.

JAMES ROBERTSON, Director, Nautical Almanac Office, U. S. Naval Observatory.

JAMES T. SHOTWELL, Chairman, The American National Commit tee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations.

ARTHUR SNOW, Assistant Director, Nautical Almanac Office, U. S. Naval Observatory.

MATTHEW STERLING, Director, Bureau of Ethnology, Smithson ian Institution.

GEORGE C . VAILLANT, Associate Curator of Mexican Archaeology, American Museum of Natural History.

C. G.WEBER, Paper Technologist, U. S. Bureau of Standards.

CLARK WISSLER, Dean of the Scientific Staff, American Museum of Natural History.

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THIS BOOK and the Time Capsule which it describes have been prepared by the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, as a contribution to the peo ple of a future age. The book has been produced by G. Leonard Gold of the Prestige Book Company; printed by Howard Coggeshall at his Press in Utica, New York, on types* designed & arranged by Frederic W. Goudy at the Village Press in Marlborough, New York. The frontis piece was produced by Charles Furth at the Photogravure & Color Company, and the binding was planned and produced by Randall W. Bergmann of the Russell-Rutter Company, New York, in September, 1938. The paper is Permanent Ivory Wove, manufactured under the di rection of Fred W. Main, especially for this book, by the Hurlbut Paper Company, South Lee, Massachusetts.

* The Vocabulary of High-frequency English, Monotype set, is in Gill sans-serif.