. ,
SMITHSONIAN. MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 72
‘““EVERY MAN IS A VALUABLE MEMBER OF SOCIETY WHO, BY HIS OBSERVATIONS, RESEARCHES, AND EXPERIMENTS, PROCURES KNOWLEDGE FOR MEN ’’—SMITHSON
(PUBLICATION 2706)
CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1922
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BALTIMORE,
The Lord Gal
ADVERTISEMENT
The present series, entitled “ Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec- tions,” is intended to embrace all the octavo publications of the Institution, except the Annual Report. Its scope is not limited, and the volumes thus far issued relate to nearly every branch of science. Among these various subjects zoology, bibliography, geology, mineralogy, and anthropology have predominated.
The Institution also publishes a quarto series entitled “ Smith- sonian Contributions to Knowledge.” It consists of memoirs based on extended original investigations, which have resulted in important additions to knowledge.
CHARLES» De WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
(iii)
CONTENTS
. Explorations and field-work of the Smithsonian Institution in
1919. May 10, 1920. 80 pp., 77 figs. (Publ. no. 2881.)
. Hotiister, N. Two new East African primates. January 22,
1920. 2 pp. (Publ. no. 2582.)
. Dixon, H. N. Reports upon two collections of mosses from
British East Africa. September I, 1920. 19 pp.,2pls. (Publ. no. 2583.)
. Ripaway, Ropert. Diagnoses of some new genera of birds.
December 6, 1920. 4 pp. (Publ. no. 2588.)
. Maxon, Witit1am R. New selaginellas from the western United
States. December 22, 1920. 10 pp.,6 pls. (Publ. no. 2589.)
. Explorations and field-work of the Smithsonian Institution in
1920. May 12,1921. 126 pp., 138 figs. (Publ. no. 2619.)
. CLark, Austin H. Sea lilies and feather stars. April 28, 1921.
43 pp., 16 pls. (Publ. no. 2620.)
. WincE, Hertur. A review of the interrelationships of the
cetacea. July 30,1921. 97 pp. (Publ. no. 2650.)
. Britton, N. L. anp Rose, J. N. Neoabbottia, a new cactus genus
from Hispaniola. June 15, 1921. 6 pp., 4 pls. (Publ. no. 2651.)
. Foote, J. S. The circulatory system in bone. August 20, 1921.
20 pp., 6 pls. (Publ. no. 2652.)
. CyarK, Austin H. The echinoderms as aberrant arthropods.
July 20,1921. 20 pp. (Publ. no. 2653.)
. WETMORE, ALEXANDER. A study of the body temperature of
birds. December 30, 1921. 52 pp. (Publ. no. 2658.)
. AtpricH, L. B. The melikeron—an approximately black-body
pyranometer. January 25, 1922. 11 pp. (Publ. no. 2662.)
. GILMoRE, CHARLES W. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Ojo
Alamo formation of New Mexico. January 31, 1922. 9 pp., 2pls. (Publ. no. 2663.)
. Explorations and field-work of the Smithsonian Institution in
1921. May 26, 1922. 128 pp., 132 figs. (Publ. no. 2669.)
(v)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 72, NUMBER 1
EXPLORATIONS AND FIELD-WORK OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION IN 1919
(PUBLICATION 2581)
CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1920
The Lord Baltimore Press
BALTIMORE, MD., U. 8. 2.
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CONTENTS TLARUEETFCOKGISKCLEIONIS ey rh eo es Rte Un it sen tae Mt Ree nee Soni Wii EM) ee ea I
Geolocicalaxploration. im the Canadtam Iockiesey.s-20--0.0-+40ee oes.
Geological and Paleontological Explorations and Researches.......... 16 Expedition to South America in the Interests of the Astrophysical OD Seiavialt Ot vais teers en mets AS ceewas Mid sts lv PIOUS Orn PCS ore toes: 24 ENS igetll aTMlsexsT © GNTTOME py. vace tes voversl vets. ste ck) shes swt, Stats) ce aun Gs atlas sano occas 28 Wine. ConlltinesGearmaer Cornero, 1 sxbhiotetacooeeasodauopousucocohouscceeess 33 JE SSPOMANCOMS -abols Seuainoy. IDYosni poker icra ais comin woe ntioa ae ean on cone c came eee an Rul Botanical Exploration in Glacier National Park, Montana.............. 30 Explorations and Cerion Studies on the Florida Keys:..--.-.2..-......- 41 Breld Wonk on! the Misa Verde National Park, Colorado...............- 47 MiEGheOlOcGal we xCavAalOns IeATIZONaps saa .e sess yates de a. oe ae 64 A\reneoloencall Imngesineeiarorns sh (When ebael UNietzonel, 656. Gahaeencouueouse 66 Field Work on the Iroquois of New York and Canada.................... 69 Osaveminibalmiitess © allomaneyemecee ne ocee: ee SOUR HOON she same 71 _ Ethnological Studies in Oklahoma, New Mexico, and California........ in MITEKE Oil ne Jeanne, OlbunGiae Saee od ono konk onoae aa eadecooasedd meses 7s Maternal Culture of the Chippewa of Canada.....<:.......% 2.0.56 -. ee atom cs)
EXPLORATIONS AND FIELD-WORK OF THE SMITH- SONTAN INST ITULION IN 1919
INTRODUCTION An important phase of the Institution’s work, in carrying out one
‘
of its fundamental purposes, the “increase of knowledge,” is the scientific exploration by members of the staff of regions in this country and abroad previously imperfectly known to science. The more important of these field researches carried on during 1919 are here described briefly, for the most part by the explorers themselves. Naturally the great war held in abeyance a number of proposed expeditions, some of which it has since been possible to send out on
the resumption of a peace status.
GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES
Geological explorations were continued in the Canadian Rocky Mountains during the field season of 1919 with two objects in view: (1) The discovery of an unmetamorphosed, undisturbed section of the Upper Cambrian formations north of the Canadian Pacific Railway ; and (2) the collection of fossils to determine the various formations and to correlate them with the Upper Cambrian forma- tions elsewhere.
The party going from Washington consisted of Dr. and Mrs. Charles D. Walcott and Arthur Brown, who has accompanied them for a number of years.
Early in July an attempt was made to reach Ghost River northeast of Banff, Alberta, but this failed owing to the extensive outbreak of forest fires in that region.
In August the party proceeded north from Lake Louise over Bow Pass down the Mistaya Creek to the Saskatchewan River, and thence up to the head-waters of the Middle Fork in the area about Glacier Lake, where a wonderfully well preserved Upper Cambrian series of rocks was found that had been cut across in pre-glacial time by a deep east-and-west canyon valley, at the head of which were two beautiful glaciers, which are illustrated by the panoramic view figure I (Frontispiece), and more in detail by figures 5, 7, 8, 9, and ro.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 72, No. 1
‘ott, 1919
to
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
The character of the mountains about the head-waters of the Middle Fork of the Saskatchewan is illustrated by figure 2, where a glacial stream flows out through a deeply eroded valley with high ridges and peaks rising in steep slopes and cliffs. The position of the camp in Glacier Lake canyon is shown in figure 3, and the outlook to the west toward the glacier from the camp by figure 5, and to the
Fic. 2—View looking up the Middle Fork (Howse River) of the Sas- katchewan River to Howse Pass (5,000’) on the Continental Divide.
In the distance beyond Howse Pass the peaks of the Van Horne Range and Mount Vaux of the Ottertail Range, and on the right and above the Pass Mount Conway, and to the extreme right the eastern ridge of Mount Outram.
Locality—View taken from the upper slope of Survey Peak above Glacier Lake, about 48 miles (76.8 km.) northwest of Lake Louise station on the Canadian Pacific Railroad, Alberta, Canada.
Photograph by Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Walcott, 1910.
east by figure 4, where the dark massive bulk of Mount Murchison rises in cliffs above the canyon of the Mistaya River along which the trail from Bow Pass descends.
The measured geological section begins at the foot of the ridge at the extreme left of figure 1, and was measured in the cliffs and slopes, and thus carried to the side of the Mons glacier shown in
NOG I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQIQ 3
the central portion of figure 1, the upper limit of the section being above the narrow vertical F-shaped snow bank directly over the glacier. The evenly bedded rocks sloped at an angle of from 10 to 20 degrees, westward, which accounts for the great thickness mea- sured, although the elevation above the canyon bed was not more than 3,500 feet.
Fie. 3.—Walcott camp located in the brush beside Glacier River, 1 mile (1.6 km.) below the foot of Southeast Lyell Gacier, which 1s shown more distinctly in figure 5. Photograph by Mrs. C. D. Walcott, 1910.
The glaciers—The Southeast Lyell Glacier is beautifully shown in figure 1, and also in figure 5, and more in detail by figure 6, where it is cascading over a high cliff. Figure 1 is a profile view of Lyell Glacier from the Continental Divide on the right to where it abuts against the low cliff on the left. In figure 6 the foot of the glacier is shown, along with large amounts of débris forming the terminal moraine, also the dark mass of broken rock and débris carried on the back of the glacier, which is shown in figures 1 and 6.
A portion of the great snow field from which both Lyell and Mons glaciers flow is shown on the slope of Mons Peak on the left side of figure 5. This snow field extends back of Division Mountain,
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dividing Mons and Lyell glaciers, and continues along the Conti- nental Divide for many miles, contributing to glaciers both on the Pacific and Eastern sides of the Rockies.
Fic. 7.—View of the ice fall of Southeast Lyell Glacier, taken from the surface of the glacier below the fall. The locality is the same as for figure 6. Photograph by Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Walcott, 1910.
Mons Glacier is named from Mons Peak, shown in figures 5 and 8. It flows over the high cliffs (see fig. 8), and creeping down the
8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
slope, spreads out in a fan-like form toward its lower end. Seen in profile, this portion of the glacier resembles a great animal sliding down the sides of the broad canyon. The foot of Mons Glacier with the stream flowing from beneath it is illustrated by figure 11.
Fic. 8—View of Mons Peak (10,114’) and the upper snow fields of Mons Glacier, also the cascade of the glacier over the cliffs below. The summit of the peak is more than 2 miles (3.2 km.) back of the glacier, the intervening space being occupied by-a great snow field from which the glacier flows. The locality is about the same as for figures 2 and 5. Photograph by Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Walcott, 1919.
These views (figs. 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11) illustrate a glacier from its néve at the base of Mons Peak (fig. 8) to its foot (fig. 11), where the retreating ice is making its stand against the force of the summer sun and wind.
Geological section.—The geological section, which is beautifully exposed in the mountain ridge of figure I, is of such interest that it is included in this brief account of the exploration in the vicinity of
9
EXPLORATIONS,
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Fic. 11.—Foot of Mons Glacier from canyon down through which the glacier formerly extended to unite with the south end of Northeast Lyell Glacier. The locality is about the same as for figure 6. Photograph by Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Walcott, roto.
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Fic. 13.—Leaving Glacier Lake camp with the camp outfit and specimens on the pack horses, ready for the four days’ trip to the railway. Photo- graph by Mrs. C. D. Walcott, roto.
Fic. 14—Mount Ball (10,825’) on the Continental Divide from the
southwest slope of the Sawback Range, looking across Bow Valley. Locality About 17 miles (27.2 km.) west of Banff, Alberta, Canada. Photograph by Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Walcott, toro.
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.. 72
Glacier Lake. The rocks exposed in the highest cliffs of Mount Forbes and Mons Peak belong to the great Carboniferous system of rocks of this region. Below this series occur the Devonian rocks, the snow-capped cliffs shown in figure 1 above Mons Glacier, form- ing a belt 1,000 feet or more in thickness, and below these are the strata of the Sarbach formation of the Ordovician system, and
es Se Ae le
Fic. 15.—Mountain sheep in game sanctuary, Rocky Mountains Park, Alberta, Canada. Photograph by Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Walcott, 1919.
beneath the Sarbach the five formations assigned to the Upper Cam- brian series. Attention should be called here to Mount Murchison, figure 4, where there is almost the same series as that exposed in the cliffs on the long mountain slopes of figure 1. To the left of Mount Murchison in figure 4 there is a low ridge formed of strata of Middle Cambrian age which passes beneath the rocks of Mount Murchison.
Fic. 16.—Cirkut camera in use on the south slope of the Sawback Range, looking across Bow Valley, Alberta, Canada. Photograph by Mrs. C. D. Walcott, 1910.
GLACIER LAKE, SECTION, ALBERTA
Thick- Thick: Formation |No. Stratum ness || Formation |No. Stratum | ness feet || | feet | i} S| 1 | Thin-bedded 700 || 1a |Compact gray | 325 “3| sarbach. gray lime- (est.) limestone. | > stone. tt cette 0 a ot NN liar wielllolatatel siete ates store’ jeleivte [eteretet seve . 3 (1120 feet) Befivellveietepcve te ctelerelstelsis 6 Aes ayaa eet | Sullivan. 1b | Shale withinter-| 975 = (341-3 meters). | 2 Argillaceous 420 «|| | bedded layers e) | shale. || | (1440 feet) of limestone. | (Gara mehr) |p cme ectciew oleieisieteiele tiv'eleal|=/=ilel =i 3 | | ra | Calcareous | 235 "Z| 1d stone and shale and lime- \|-2 J shales. stone. VE IE SQnH| (Goons aosodacosKde Saisieisiers sill) | | Mons. 1b| Massive bedded) 740 | 1a | Laminated 520 i gray limestone. si limestones. = (1480 feet) satire lteter siete Sate teeel sae geevallia! ArctOmlys: |a«cclecccceanscvcwces ue slelelatst=reis 5 (467.2 meters) | 1c | Limestone and| 320 |/D | 1b | Purple, green, | 866 &) shale. (1386 feet) and gray shale cs Sekar | xclotsl acs Be aisjelelereiaiatetel | stoisietere’erai||nn|| (42aea meters). with layers of o 1d | Oolitic lime- 185 | laminated 3 stone. | limestone. a a | BEE 2) G q ta | Massive bedded) 1,270 ery oe serve |r |Gray an 220+ | Lyell gray lime- el Murchison. bluish-black | . stones. Canteen) limestone, (1700 feet) [ees eee eee ee pseezene(sieie)||| | (67 meters). | - : 1b Light gray. | 430 || | Base concealed. RG3S-GIREBENS) 15 I thick-bedded I) | | | 1d | limestone. |
Total thickness Cambrian strata......... Eecloraleie Terate orale ale saie! vias aivinessaiwiainie este eiee:t/seleetelals 6,226
16 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
On returning, a camp was made in the Bow Valley below Lake Louise at the foot of the Sawback Range, where a brief examination was made of the up-turned Carboniferous, Devonian, and Cambrian formations, and fossils were collected, many of which are identical with those found in the Glacier Lake section. One of the views across Bow Valley is of Mount Ball (fig. 14), which is one of the massive peaks on the Continental Divide where the Middle Cambrian rocks have a great development.
The preliminary study of the fossils in the several formations cor- relates them with the Upper Cambrian formations of Wisconsin and Minnesota and the Upper Cambrian section in southern Idaho, and to amore limited extent with that of the central belt of Pennsylvania.
GEOLOGICAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS AND ; RESEARCHES
Field-work in the Department of Geology has been considerably restricted by prevailing conditions during the season of 1919. Research work has, however, continued on the collections accumu- lated either in years past or obtained through gift or purchase in more recent times.
One of the most interesting acquisitions to the geological col- lections during the year 1919, was some 15 kilograms of the meteoric stone which fell at Cumberland Falls, Kentucky, in April of this year. The stone, which proved to be a coarse breccia of enstatite fragments and a dark chondritic stone, has been studied by Dr. Mer- rill, and a paper giving his results is now in press.
Owing to the fact that the division of Mineralogy has been without a head for two years, a large amount of work upon the collections has been necessary and hence only a limited amount of field and research work was possible. On his own initiative, two field trips were under- taken by Assistant Curator Foshag, one to the mica mines about Amelia, Virginia, where a considerable amount of study material was collected. This included a large number of specimens of the rare mineral microlite and an exhibition specimen of manganotantalite, the latter species not before represented in the Museum’s exhibition series. The old iron mine at Brewster, N. Y., was also visited and some material for study collected. The work of the division in the Museum’s laboratory consisted in an investigation of the hydro- talcite minerals, resulting in the establishment of the true chemical nature of this group. Shorter researches on miscellaneous minerals
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I919 7
were also carried on. Work is now under way on the study of the mineralogy of serpentine and its relation to the chlorite group, and also the correlation of the chemical composition and the optical properties of rhodonite, the latter in collaboration with Dr. E. S. Larsen of the U. S. Geological Survey.
In October various localities in Connecticut were visited by Assistant Curator Earl V. Shannon, including the vicinity of Long Hill in Trumbull, where tungsten has been mined in years past. Extensive collections comprising much interesting material were
Fic. 17.—Transporting fossil specimens in Southeastern Indiana. Photograph by Bassler.
obtained which will be studied and described. The trap quarries of Meriden, Conn., were also visited and extensive collections of the zeolites and other secondary minerals secured. The pegmatite locali- ties of Collin’s Hill in Portland ; the workings of the old cobalt mine and the old lithia mine in Chatham, and a number of feldspar quar- ries in this region were visited and collections of the representative minerals secured. Much of the material collected as above has been carefully examined and descriptions will appear in forthcoming num- bers of the Proceedings.
3
18 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Explorations for paleontological material were limited during 1919 to two short field trips by Dr. R. S. Bassler, Curator of Paleon- tology, who continued the work of former years in securing certain large showy specimens of fossils and rocks required for the exhibi- tion series. Dr. Bassler spent a portion of June in southeastern Indiana, first proceeding to the locality where at the end of the field season of 1918 he had cached for safe keeping, because of inability to secure help in getting them to a freight station, several large exhibition slabs crowded with brachiopod shells. These slabs were
Fic. 18.—Fossiliferous strata of the Richmond formation in south- eastern Indiana. The slab indicated is now on exhibition at the National Museum. Photograph by Bassler.
found undisturbed, but transportation conditions proved equally bad as in the summer before and it became necessary to employ the primitive method shown in figure 17. By the use of burlap covering and an abundant supply of weeds for padding, each slab was finally slid along the rails for a considerable distance to the nearest station.
The same area in Indiana, namely, the vicinity of Weisburg where the early Silurian rocks are well exposed, was then explored tor fur- ther desirable exhibition specimens. Water worn slabs crowded with animal and seaweed remains are abundant in all the creeks of
NOS 4 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQIQ IQ
this richly fossiliferous region, but large rock specimens with their surfaces unweathered are comparatively rare. Fortunately for the present purposes, heavy freshets in the spring of 1919 had uncovered the richly fossiliferous layers along the creek shown in figure 18, and here several additional well-preserved exhibition slabs were secured and transported to the freight station by the rail route mentioned be- fore. One of these specimens, a slab several feet in length and width, is worthy of special mention, as its surface 1s crowded with impres- sions of the branching fossil seaweed Buthotrephis, and with excel- lent examples of the dumbbell seaweed Arthraria. The discovery of this specimen was most fortunate as a large slab containing an assemblage of these ancient plant remains has long been needed for the exhibition series of fossil plants.
In October, 1919, Dr. Bassler was detailed to proceed to Dayton, Ohio, in order to prepare for shipment to the Museum the largest entire American trilobite so far discovered. This unique specimen (fig. 19) was discovered in the Richmond formation in the excava- tions for the Huffman Conservancy Dam 6 miles east of Dayton, which forms a part of the greatest engineering project ever under- taken for controlling stream flow, with the exception of the Assouan Dam along the Nile. Following the destructive floods in the Miami valley in 1913, the Miami Conservancy District was organized to prevent a repetition of this disaster through the control of the Miami River and its tributaries by dams extending entirely across their valleys. This operation involving an expense of over fifteen million dollars has been under way for three years, and will require three years more for its completion. The view (fig. 20) showing the excavations in which the trilobite was found illustrates only the beginning of one of these dams. This particular dam when com- pleted, will extend a distance of a mile entirely across the river valley. Normally the water will flow in its usual channel, but in flood times it will be retained and allowed to escape gradually.
The trilobite which was found lying on its back in a hard clay bed in the central part of the excavation was unearthed by the pick of a workman, who believed it to be a petrified turtle. Mr. Arthur E. Morgan, Chief Engineer of the Miami Conservancy District, recog- nized the true nature and scientific value of the so-called turtle and presented it to the Smithsonian Institution, where it now forms a most instructive and unique exhibit in the hall of invertebrate paleontology. The value of the specimen is further increased by the fact that it has become the type of the new species /sotelus brachy- cephalus described by Dr. August F. Foerste of Dayton, Ohio.
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
During the summer of 1919, Mr. Frank Springer resumed his field researches upon the fossil echinoderms of the Ohio Valley, which had been interrupted by the war, with the special object of securing additional material from the remarkable crinoidal fauna of the Laurel formation of the Niagaran for use in his monograph on the Silurian crinoids. The principal work was done at St. Paul,
Fic. 19.—The type specimen of /sotelus brachycephalus Foerste, the largest known entire American trilobite. About % natural size. Photograph by Bassler.
in Shelby County, Indiana, where Mr. Springer’s assistant, Dr. Herrick E. Wilson, continued the systematic collecting and detailed study of the strata begun several years ago. Collecting in the beds at this locality is laborious and difficult, and specimens are not abundant, but they exhibit in some respects a strong paral- lelism with those of the Swedish and English Silurian, which renders
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9QIQ 21
their comparative study one of much interest. Important new mate- rial was obtained which is added to the collection of echinoderms deposited in the National Museum. Mr. Springer’s monograph of the Crinoidea Flexibilia, now being published by the Smithsonian Institution, has been printed and only awaits binding to be ready for distribution. It will be in two quarto volumes, one of them con- taining 79 plates.
The Section of Vertebrate Paleontology has been unable to under- take any field explorations during the past year, and the time of the staff has been largely employed in preparing and mounting for exhibition material otherwise obtained. |
Fic. 20——View of small portion of Huffman Conservancy dam near _ Dayton, Ohio, showing excavation in which the largest trilobite was found. Photograph by courtesy of Arthur E. Morgan, chief engineer.
Through the acquisition from the veteran collector of fossils, Mr. Charles H. Sternberg, of an excellent skeleton of the large swimming lizard 7'ylosaurus dyspelor and a skull of the primitive horned dinosaur Monoclonius, an interesting addition to the exhibi- tion collection was made. Figure 21 shows the 7ylosaurus skeleton in process of being mounted for exhibition by Mr. N. H. Boss. It will form a panel, in half relief, and will occupy the wall space in the northeastern part of the main exhibition hall of fossil vertebrates. The diving pose given the skeleton was largely determined by the position of the articulated tail as found in the ground.
22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Tylosaurus was a long, slender-bodied reptile some 25 feet in length, having the limbs modified into short swimming paddles, with a long, powerful, compressed tail. It was predatory in habits, living on fishes and probably also on the smaller individuals of its own kind. One of the unique features of the skeletal structure 1s the presence near the middle of the lower jaw of a joint which permits it to bow outward. This feature in connection with the loose articulation at the extremities allowed the jaws to expand and thus enabled the
Fic. 21—The swimming reptile 7ylosaurus dyspelor in process of preparation for exhibition. Photograph by Bassler.
animal to swallow large objects. In life the body was covered by small horny scales. A study of this specimen is being made by Mr. C. W. Gilmore, and the results of his investigations will be pub- lished in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum.
In figure 22 is shown another of the recently mounted skeletons— that of the large extinct Rhinoceros-like mammal from the Tertiary (Oligocene) deposits of western Nebraska, named by Osborn Bron- totherium hatcheri. The bones of this skeleton were found em-
NOr I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQT9 23
bedded in a fine sandstone. An idea of the amount of painstaking work involved in the collection, preparation and mounting of such a large fossil skeleton may be gained by the fact that after the bones were collected and freed from the enclosing sandstone, 258 working days were spent in restoring the missing parts, posing the skeleton and making and fitting the supporting iron work.
The National Museum has now the distinction of having the larg- est existing collection of Titanothere remains. The specimens were
Fic. 22—The Rhinoceros-like mammal Brontotherium hatcheri mounted in the laboratory of vertebrate paleontology. Photograph by Bassler.
brought together by the late J. B. Hatcher, working under the direc- tion of Prof. O. C. Marsh, at that time United States Paleontologist, and it is peculiarly fitting that the only skeleton complete enough for mounting should pertain to the species named 1n his honor.
Among other important investigations in the mammalian division of the year is a study by Mr. Gidley of the Peccaries of the Cumber- land Cave deposit. This includes the description of three new species, the redefinition of the Pleistocene species hitherto described.
24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS Wks W/Z
and the partial revision of the entire peccary family (Tayassuidae), the latter involving redefinitions of the two living genera of this group, and of the two suilline families Suidae and Tayassuidae. An important outcome of this preliminary investigation has been to emphasize the fact that the entire group, and especially the Pleisto- cene species of American suillines, is in need of thorough revision.
EXPEDITION TO SOUTH AMERICA IN THE INTERESTS OF THE ASLROPHYVSICAE OBSERV ALOR
Dr. and Mrs. C. G. Abbot sailed from New York on May 2, by way of the Panama Canal to Antofagasta, Chile. The expedition had three objects. First, to observe the total eclipse of the sun of May 29 at La Paz, Bolivia; second, to enable Dr. Abbot to confer with the officials of the Argentine Weather Bureau in relation to the use of the observations of the solar radiation for the purpose of forecasting weather conditions; third, in order that a visit might be paid at the observing station of the Smithsonian Institution at Calama, Chile, which is maintained by the Hodgkins Fund under the direction of Mr. A. F. Moore and assisted by Mr. L. H. Abbot.
Landing at Antofagasta, the journey was continued by the English railroad up into Bolivia over that desert which Darwin describes in his “ Voyage of the Beagle.”’ Although the travelers had visited the Sahara Desert in southern Algeria, and the deserts of the southwest of the United States, there was still reserved for them a stronger impression of a void wilderness in the Nitrate Desert of Chile. Neither bird, beast, insect nor crawling thing, nor any vegetation could be seen as far as the eye could reach.
Stopping a day at the observing station at Calama, in order to repack the apparatus required for the eclipse expedition, and joined by Mr. A. F. Moore, director of the observing station, they went on to La Paz. The plateau of Bolivia is eminently the country of mirage. The railroad appeared to rise out of a lake and to run inte a lake at no distant point beyond, and all of the mountains appeared to be islands rising out of the lake. The desolation, while not equal to that of the Nitrate Desert of Chile, was yet very marked. Near La Paz the country becomes cultivated with fields of grain and vegetables, and villages of people are passed by on either side. The mountains take on a new grandeur, especially the great mountain Illimani, which rises to a height of 22,000 feet or more.
However one may have been impressed with the grandeur of the mountains, he is unprepared for the view of the great canyon in
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9QIQ 25
which La Paz lies. In most respects it is comparable with the Grand Canyon in Arizona, but with several added charms. First of all, on the farther side lies the great chain of the Andes, to which [llimani belongs, snow-covered although so far within the tropics, while on the nearer slope of the canyon all is green with vegetation, trickling
Fic. 23.—Total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919.
brooks running down, and the beautiful city lies upon its cluster of hills all surrounded by the colors and broken features which might result by combining the Grand Canyon of the Colorado with the Garden of the Gods near Colorado Springs.
By the kind assistance of the manager of the English railroad the eclipse station was located at El Alto, situated on the rim of the
26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
canyon at about 14,000 feet elevation. There the apparatus was set up, and on the day of the eclipse very satisfactory observations were made, both photographs of the phenomenon and measurements of the brightness of the sky and the nocturnal radiation. The accom- panying photograph shows in but a feeble way how splendid was the eclipse phenomenon on this occasion. ‘The corona extended at least two diameters of the sun in almost all directions, with a great pro- fusion of fine streamers. Underneath the sun, that is to say towards the east, there hung a sickle-shaped solar prominence of hydrogen and calcium gases, extending fully 150,000 miles outwards from the sun and over 300,000 miles long, which cast its crimson glory over all. The background against which this splendid phenomenon was seen was a range of mountains, perhaps 50 miles distant, which raised their snow-covered heads fully 20,000 feet in altitude.
From La Paz, Messrs. Abbot and Moore proceeded at once to La Quiaca, Argentina, where they inspected the meteorological observatory and conferred with Messrs. Wiggin and Clayton, Chief and Chief Forecaster, respectively, of the Argentine Meteorological Service. Under Mr. Clayton’s direction a system of forecasting by the aid of daily telegraphic reports of the intensity of the radiation of the sun as observed at Calama, Chile, has been worked out with encouraging success.
Both Mr. Wiggin and Mr. Clayton were firmly convinced of the great value of solar radiation observations for forecasting. Arrange- ments were tentatively entered into for the transfer of the Smith- sonian observing station at Calama to the Argentine Government, to be located at La Quiaca thereafter. At the present time, however, these arrangements have not yet been completed by the higher officials of the Government of Argentina.
From La Quiaca the travelers returned to the observing station at Calama, Chile, where Dr. and Mrs. Abbot remained about a month before returning to the United States, during which time Dr. Abbot worked over the results obtained with a view to discovering some means of measuring the intensity of the solar radiation without the long and tedious process of observing and computing which has hitherto been necessary. In this he was so fortunate as to discover, with the aid of Mr. Moore, a method by means of which suitable observations taken within a period of 10 minutes may be reduced within a period of 2 or 3 hours. Thus the intensity of the solar radiation outside the atmosphere may be determined with greater accuracy than by the former method which required about 3 hours of observing and about 15 hours of computing.
SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQI1Q
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28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Mt. Wilson observations.—As usual, the station at Mt. Wilson was occupied from May until October by Mr. L. B. Aldrich, who carried on there the usual measurements of the “ solar constant of radiation,” and some others intended to determine the intensity of the nocturnal radiation and the intensity of skylight.
AUSTRALIAN EXPEDITION The zoological work by Mr. H. C. Raven in Borneo and Celebes, which has been made possible through the generosity of Dr. William L. Abbott, came to an end in 1918, as explained in the last Explora-
Fic. 28—A pair of adult duck- bills, the male (at left) showing the spurs on hind feet.
tion Report (p. 35). At the close of the war Mr. Raven did not wish to return immediately to the field. Doctor Abbott therefore arranged to send Mr. Charles M. Hoy to Australia for the purpose of collect- ing vertebrates, especially those which are in danger of extermina- tion. From the point of view of the national collection of mammals there is probably no field-work of similar scope that could approach this in importance. The fact has long been recognized, but the means for putting such a project into execution have hitherto been
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQIQ 29
lacking. The remarkable Australian mammal fauna is now repre- sented in the museum by only about 200 specimens. Very few of these have been collected in accordance with present-day methods, and no species is represented by adequate series of adults and young, of skeletons and material in alcohol. Not only is this true of our collection, but it is equally true as regards other museums in America. So many of the Australian mammals are now rapidly approaching extermination that in future there will be few oppor- tunities for securing the material needed for a proper representation of the fauna.
Mr. Hoy spent about two months in Washington assembling his outfit and preparing for his trip. He left for San Francisco early in
Fic. 29.—Two young duck-bills in their nest.
May and arrived in Sydney about the end of the month. The period from June to November has been passed at various localities in New South Wales. While no specimens have yet been received (December 31, 1919), it is evident that the work has been very suc- cessful. The following passages from Mr. Hoy’s letters and reports will give an idea of the conditions under which it has been car- ried on:
“Travel is rather difficult just now. Each state has its own quarantine restrictions, on account of the ‘flu’ and it is quite difficult to get from one to the other. Then too a seaman’s strike is on, making travel by boat very uncertain. The railroads are run by the state governments and each state has a different gauge road and different rates.
“T have a great chance to get Platypus (duck-bill). A Mr. Burrell, whose hobby is Platypus is going after them on the first of October. As he has
30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
kindly offered to take me with him and is only interested in the-natural history, it will be a great chance for me to get not only the adults but also the young and possibly an egg. Mr. Burrell is after their nesting habits and is taking men along to dig out the burrows. It is safe to say that there is not another man who knows as much as he about the duck-bill.
“Nine weeks were spent in the Wandandian region (19 miles S. W. of Norwra, N. S. W.) with the result of but one hundred and thirty one (131) mammals, and one hundred and twenty-four (124) birds collected. Among the mammals ten genera and twelve species are represented in my collection.
“The greatest agent working toward the extermination of the native animals is the fox, next comes the cattle and sheep men who distribute poison by the
Fic. 30.—An Australian marsupial with parachute membrane like that of the flying squirrel.
cartload in the effort to reduce the rabbits. This has also caused or helped to cause the extermination of some of the ground inhabiting birds. Another great agent is the bush fires which sweep over the country. These are often lit intentionally in order to clear out the undergrowth and thus increase the grass.
“ Owing to the great increase in the price of rabbit skins and the consequent increase in trappers the rabbits are fast ceasing to be a pest, and in some sections have become quite scarce. ‘The foxes, which are everywhere nu- merous, after killing off the native mammals are now turning to the rabbits, which also helps in their reduction. The extermination of the native mam- mals has apparently gone much farther than is generally thought. Many species that were plentiful only a few years ago are now almost, if not alto-
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQIQ 31
gether, extinct. Diseases have also played a great part in the extermination. The native bear died in thousands from a disease which produced a great bony growth on their heads. A mysterious disease also spread through the ranks of the native cat, Dasyurus viverrinus; the domestic cat also played a great part in their extermination. Even adult specimens of Dasyurus were often dragged in by the family cat.
“The only mammals caught in traps were Mus assimilis and Phascologale flavipes. The others were all shot or snared. As the majority of the mam- mals taken were nocturnal and arboreal, the headlight proved to be a valuable
Fic. 31—An Australian marsupial resembling a very large flying squirrel.
and indispensable part of my outfit. The hunting of kangaroos and wallabies was greatly handicapped through the lack of a rifle.
“ Perameles nasuta has been practically exterminated throughout N. S. W., but they are still to be found in Mosman, one of Sydney’s suburbs, so I made a trip out there and was able to get a fine female with two young in her pouch. This was trapped inside the Taronga Park Zoo grounds with the kind per- mission of Mr. A. S. Le Souéf.
“The fact of Perameles nasuta being found at Mosman is probably due to the isolation of that district from the rest of N. S. W. by the city of Sydney, thus keeping out the introduced foxes.
32 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
“The country at Bulliac is a good example of what the cattle men will do in a few years time in killing off and burning the timber and the consequent destruction of animal life. Five years ago Bulliac was a virgin forest but then the railroad was built and now it is devoid of living trees for miles on each side of the track except for small and scattered patches in the more inaccessible gullies which form the last resort of the fast disappearing mam- mals. There are very few game laws in Australia and no one gives any attention to the ones that are in order. The Bulliac trip has clearly shown that the edge of the settlements, and even a short way into the wilds, is no better than the older settled parts and in order to get results one must go into the wilds. It is the killing and burning of the brush, by the cattle men, that does the most to kill off the animals, and they are yearly reaching farther and farther away from the railroads. One thing that was very noticeable was the great abundance of the introduced rats. They seem to have driven out or killed off practically all the native rats and I found them everywhere.
Fic. 32—Skinning a kangaroo.
“A trip was made primarily for the eggs and young of the Platypus. Fifty miles of bank was searched and approximately one hundred burrows were dug out only six of which contained young. These six burrows furnished eleven young of which Mr. Harry Burrell, of Sydney, with whom the trip was made, secured 7 while I secured 4. The intense drought which has scarcely been broken for over twelve months (it is the worst since 1862) has advanced the breeding of the animals somewhat so we were too late for eggs. The Platypus although scarce is not by any means nearing extinction and if they continue to be protected there is every hope that they will never become extinct. Young Hydromys were also looked for but the drought seems to have interfered with their breeding and but two embryos were obtained. The adults themselves were very scarce and but six specimens were obtained.
The accompanying photographs show some of the characteristic
Australian mammals obtained by Mr. Hoy. G. S. MILter, Jr.
INOS LE SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9QIQ 35
THE COLLINS-GARNER CONGO EXPEDITION The Collins-Garner Congo Expedition returned to this country in May, after having spent more than two years in the collecting of natural history material in French Congo. Mr. C. R. Aschemeier,
Fic. 34.
Fics. 33, 34.—Skulls of gorillas collected by Aschemeier in French Congo. Young adult male at left; adult female at right.
who represented the Smithsonian Institution, brought back with him
the bulk of material collected. Among other things Mr. Aschemeier
collected about 2500 birds and mammals, which added invaluable
material to the museum collection.
4
34 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
EXPLORATIONS IN SANTO DOMINGO
Dr. W. L. Abbott continued his investigations at the eastern end of the Island of Haiti, making two visits during the year 1919. His first visit was to the Samana Bay region and to the mountains in the vicinity of Sanchez and Constanza, and covered the interval from February to June. On his second trip (July to October) he stopped at Sosua, on the north side of the island, where he made a search for certain birds needed to fill gaps in the material already collected : thence to the Samana Peninsula, after which he went to the islets Saona and Catalina, off the southeastern corner of Santo Domingo. Before returning to Philadelphia, he spent a few days at Lake Fnri- quillo, where he secured a few water birds of interest.
The material gathered on these two trips was varied in character, embracing the several groups of vertebrates, as well as mollusks, insects, and plants, with a plentiful series of archeological objects from caves in the Samana district. Of birds alone, he obtained 27 study skins, 87 alcoholics and skeletons, and 56 eggs. Four species of birds in this collection represented forms not hitherto possessed by the Museum, and three or four other species were not previously known to occur on the island. Probably the most noteworthy objects in the bird collection were four eggs of the Dulus dominicus, known variously as the Sigura, Palm Slave, or Palm Chat, a bird somewhat larger than an English Sparrow, of sombre colors, but structurally different enough from other birds to occupy a family by itself. It ““apart- ment house” nests are sufficiently noticeable to attract the attention
is common and noisy, and lives in colonies, and its enormous
of the most casual person. The discovery of the Palm Chat was almost coincident with that of America, for Columbus and his men must have seen these birds and their nests when a landing was made on this island at the end of 1492. Oviedo, the official historian of the Indes, early made its acquaintance, and devoted a chapter to it in his ‘‘ Hystoria natural y general de las Indias yslas,” published in 1535. The Sigura was thus one of the earliest, and at that time one of the best-known birds of the new continent. Various authors of later date have described the bird, its habits and nests, but thus far, apparently no correct description of the eggs has been given, although a French writer, in 1851, reported them to be white and unmarked.
The eggs sent by Dr. Abbott are authentic, and will be described in detail elsewhere, but the illustration here given (fig. 35) will convey a general idea of their appearance, and it may be remarked
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQIQ
ios) oni
that the eggs are rather large for the size of the bird, measuring, roughly, about one inch by three-quarters of an inch in diameter. The description of the nest, as furnished to Dr. Abbott by the man who made the actual examination, indicates a radical departure from other known types of birds’ nests, but a careful study of the interior of the mass by a competent observer will be required before the strange arrangement of the individual nests can be considered as
accurately known. Dr. Abbott writes: “ The communal nest was
Fic. 35—Eges of the Palm Chat (Dulus dominicus).
built in a small royal palm, about 25 feet from the ground. The nest was about 44 feet in diameter, and about the same in height. Built of a loose mass of sticks from I to 2 feet long, about the thickness of bone knitting needles. There appeared to be but one entrance, from above.. A local man (John King) climbed the tree and gave me the description of the iternal construction of the nest. The entrance passage was narrow and crooked and led into a large central chamber about the size of a small bucket. The nests were placed around this on shelves of softer materials (fine bark, etc.).
All four eggs were in one nest. The other five nests were still empty.
36 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
‘Tt is difficult to get into these nests, the huge smooth palm trunk (2 feet in diameter) must be climbed, and then it is difficult to crawl over the huge mass of sticks which lie interlaced amongst the crown of leaf stalks.
“Most of the nests are in far larger palms than this one, and the nests are frequently much larger in size, and probably contain much larger colonies.”
Fic. 36.—Dense forest of giant cedar (Thuya plicata) near Lake McDonald, Glacier National Park.
BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK MONTANA
Mr. Paul C. Standley, assistant curator in the division of plants, spent the summer of 1919 in Glacier National Park, Montana, under the authority of the National Park Service, for the purpose of study-
No. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQIQ Sy7.
ing the vegetation of the region. The information thus obtained is to serve as the basis of a popular account of the plants to be published by the National Park Service, and it is expected that a complete and more technical account of the flora will be published by the National Museum. All the portions of the Park usually seen by tourists were explored, and 4,000 specimens of flowering plants and ferns were obtained, representing over 900 species.
Aside from the scenic features of Glacier Park, one of its chief attractions is found in the plant life. Especially striking is the-dis- play of flowers above or near timber line, where the meadows are solid masses of brilliant color, formed by Indian paint-brushes,
Fic. 37—Bearerass, Glacier National Park.
monkey-flowers, fleabane, asters, harebells, heather, larkspur, gen- tians, fireweed, columbine, and a host of other plants. The most characteristic plant, perhaps, is the beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax, fig. 37), which occurs abundantly at middle altitudes and in alpine meadows. It is usually about 3 feet high and bears enormous plume- like racemes of creamy-white flowers. The narrow, tough leaves were used by the northwestern Indians in making baskets, hence the name of Indian basket-grass which is sometimes applied to the plant.
The Continental Divide, which traverses the Park, has a marked influence upon plant distribution. On the east slope, whose drainage is partly into the Missouri River and partly into Hudson Bay, the flora is of the Rocky Mountain type, like that of Wyoming and Colo-
38 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Fic. 38.—Sperry Glacier, Glacier National Park. There are over 60 glaciers in the Park. Photograph by R. E. Marble.
Fic. 39.—St. Mary Lake, Glacier National Park. Photograph by Fred H. Kiser.
NO: I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9QIQ 39
rado ; while on the west slope, whose streams drain into the Colum- bia River, the flora is more obviously related to that of the Pacific Coast. The forests about Lake McDonald are very dense and are
Fic. 40—Gunsight Lake from Gunsight Pass, Glacier National Park. Photograph by R. E. Marble.
composed of unusually large trees. Although not nearly so exten- sive, they are much like those of the humid regions of Oregon and
Washington.
40 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Fic. 41.—Trail to Swiftcurrent Pass, Glacier National Park; Swift- current Glacier in the distance. Photograph by Scenic America Company, Portland, Oregon.
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9QIQ 4!
In the vegetation there are represented four of the life zones recognized by biologists. The Transition Zone is indicated on the west slope by small areas of yellow pine timber, and east of the Park are the prairies of the Blackfoot Indian Reservation, which extend also within the Park boundaries along the stream valleys. The plants here are chiefly herbs, with a few shrubs, and they belong mostly to species which have a wide distribution over the Great Plains. by far the largest portion of the Park is covered with the characteristic vegetation of the Canadian Zone, which is the heavily forested area. Above the Canadian Zone, around timber line (6,000 to 7,500 feet), lies a narrow belt belonging to the Hudsonian Zone. The trees here are mostly low and stunted, and their branches frequently lie pros- trate upon the ground. Above this belt, and occupying the highest, exposed slopes, lies the Arctic-Alpine Zone, whose vegetation is composed chiefly of small herbaceous plants, with a few dwarfed shrubs, mostly willows. Many of the species of this zone are widely distributed in alpine or arctic regions of North America, and some of them occur also in similar situations in Europe and Asia.
EXPLORATIONS AND CERION STUDIES ON THE FLORIDA KEYS
Dr. Paul Bartsch, curator of marine invertebrates, U. S. National Museum, joined Dr. Alfred G. Mayer, the Director of the Tortugas Marine Biological Laboratory, of the Carnegie Institution, in New York on December 28, when they sailed south for Key West to make an examination of the Cerion colonies discussed in previous Smithsonian exploration pamphlets. The breeding experiments presented an entirely new phase, in the crossing, on one of the keys, of the native species, Cerion incanum (Binney) with one of the introduced Bahama species, Cerion viaregis Bartsch. It was this discovery that made it desirable to start an entirely new set of experi- ments. Furthermore, the anatomical differences discovered in the dissections of Cerions also made it desirable to gain material from all the colonies now existing on the Florida Keys, in order that these might be subjected to anatomization, to determine if Certon incanum is really one species, or a complex, shell characters alone being insufficient to determine this point. It was for this double reason that a return was made to Florida on May 2, and an exploration of the keys adjacent to Miami at once undertaken.
On the 3d Capt. Tracy and Dr. Bartsch started in the “ Darwin,” a shallow draught launch of the Carnegie Institution, for an explora- tion of the shores of the mainland of the lower peninsula and the
42 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72 outside keys. This was rendered comparatively easy, since they were fortunate enough to find the mosquito pests practically absent. Between May 3 and 6 they examined every sandspit on the mainland along Key Biscayne Bay, Card Sound, Little Card Sound and Barnes Sound. They then turned the southern portion of Barnes Sound and came up along the outer keys, examining them in turn. They crossed Key Largo at several places and walked long stretches in its interior.
No Cerions were found on the mainland between Miami and the point where the railroad enters the keys, but two colonies were dis-
Fic. 42.—Nest of swallow-tailed kite (Elanoides forficatus forficatus) between Flamingo and Coot Bay, Cape Sable, Florida.
covered on keys a very short distance from the mainland in Barnes Sound. One of these is situated on a sandspit covered with grass and shrubbery on Middle Key, while the other one was found in a clear- ing on the southeastern point of Main Key. No Cerion colonies were discovered on the keys forming the eastern perimeter of Barnes Sound, Little Card Sound, Card Sound and Key Biscayne Sound, excepting Porgee Key, where a goodly quantity were obtained, some of which have been dissected and published upon in the bulletin on “ Experiments in the Breeding of Cerions”’ recently issued by the Carnegie Institution. In addition to Cerions, collections of all the
other species of land mollusks available were made wherever found at
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9IQ 43
all the places visited, especial stress being laid upon the securing of series of the most beautiful of our American landshells, the tree snail Liguus, anatomical material of all of which was preserved in order that this group may also be subjected to a close scrutiny in an ana- tomical way. What is said for Liguus also applies to the equally large, though less brilliantly colored Oxystyla.
On the 7th the ** Anton Dohrn ” left Miami for Indian Key, spend- ing the night off Rodriguez Key, and reaching Indian Key early on the following day. By to o’clock Capt. Tracy, Mclvar, the Assistant Engineer, and Dr. Bartsch were off in the “ Darwin” with the skiff
Fic. 43.—Characteristic vegetation where the prairie and hammock meet, Coot Bay region, Cape Sable, Florida.
in tow for the Cape Sable region. They skirted the outside of the Lower Matecumbe Key, passed through the viaduct and then headed across the extensive flats of Florida Bay. The first stop was made on Sands Key, where a burned out colony of Cerions and a well flourishing colony of Oxystyla and Liguus were found.
The expedition next headed for Flamingo City, which was reached at sundown. On May 9 they explored the region about Flamingo City and the coast for several miles to the east, for Cerions, and other mollusks. Cerions were not found, but large numbers of beautiful Liguus and Oxystylas were noted everywhere. A trip was then made by wagon to Coot Bay.
44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Coot Bay is a fine sheet of water fringed by tall mangroves, show- ing even at this season a sprinkling of water fowl. The evaporation from the lake at night undoubtedly keeps the adjacent region sup- plied with moisture, and is responsible for the large number of epi- phytic plants which render the region a veritable hanging garden. Orchids and tilandsias fairly draped and seemed to almost smother the trees and shrubs. Here we saw quite a number of rare birds, and among them the swallow-tailed kite, of which no less than six specimens were observed in the air at one time.
On the toth an exploration was made of the region between Flamingo and the middle of the bight between Middle Cape and
Fic. 44—Young great white heron (Ardea occidentalis) on the lookout for his parents.
West Cape, but the search was rewarded with only a couple of dead specimens occupied by hermit crabs which probably had been drifted in here by the winds from the Sands Key colony. Liguus were found in many places, and so were Oxystyla and other species.
On the evening of the 1oth the party headed for Indian Key, stop- ping again at Sands Key, where they found a most remarkable flight of Florida yellow throats. Every tree and every shrub seemed to have on every branch one or more of these little fellows. On the morning of the r1th sail was set from Indian Key for the Newfound Harbor group, where the next two days were spent in examining the chain of keys that extends southwest from Big Pine Key, for Cerions
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I919 45
and other mollusks. A very flourishing colony was found on the northeast point of the first key southwest of Big Pine Key, where were gathered no less than 75 specimens in a square foot of beach, covered by grass. Another colony was found on the second key
Fic. 45.—A nest of Ward’s heron (Ardea herodias ward) in gumbo limbo tree.
southwest of Big Pine Key. A colony was discovered likewise on the third key southwest of Big Pine Key. The fourth key is a mere clump of mangroves and did not contain Cerions. On the fifth key southwest of Big Pine Key a colony had been planted in 1912, and it is here that the crossing between the native and Bahama species has
46 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
taken place. On the sixth key no Cerions were found, but there was secured the new clapper rail which has since been described as Rallus longirostris helius, by Dr. Oberholser. Here, also, the pictures of the Ward’s heron (Ardea herodias wardi) nest and young were taken. This key might really be called Rail Key. In the seventh no Cerions were found, but the great white heron (Ardea occidentalis) was found breeding, and it was here that we secured our photographs of this bird and the specimen, which was shipped to the Zoological Park at Washington by parcel post
from Key West. It is believed that this is the first time this species
Fic. 46.—Young great white heron (Ardea occidentalis) in the nest in a mangrove thicket.
has been shown in any zoological garden. The eighth and last key is a mere clump of mangroves without Cerion possibilities.
On the evening of the 12th the expedition headed for Key West. A large collection of Cerions was made near the Bureau of [Fisheries station, to be used for breeding purposes at the Tortugas.
A new set of experiments was started on Loggerhead Key, Yor- tugas. Ninety cages of bronze wire, 2’ x 3’ x 3’ high, were con- structed in which were placed one specimen each of two species. In addition to this nine cages 6’ x 8’ x 2’ high were built, in which 50 each of the two species were placed.
On the 19th opportunity presented itself to return to Key West on
a submarine chaser.
MO, SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1919 47
A summary of the results so far obtained from the breeding experiments has recently been published as a bulletin by the Carnegie Institution. The results are rather startling, and incline one, con- trary to the views previously held by most people, to the belief that Cerions are not easily influenced, if at all, by environmental factors. The cross obtained in the Newfound Harbor colony opens up an entirely new vista in the problem of speciation, and it was this which was responsible for the starting of the new set of breeding experiments.
Incidental to these investigations, which have been conducted since 1912, a list of the birds observed on the various keys has been kept and published annually in the Year Book of the Carnegie Institution.
FIELD WORK ON THE MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK, COLORADO
The field-work of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, at the Mesa Verde National Park, in the sum- mer of 1919, was devoted to the excavation and repair of the pic- turesque cliff dwelling, Square Tower House, known for many years as Peabody House, and two low prehistoric mounds situated among the cedars on top of the plateau. - This work was a continuation of that of previous years and was carried on in cooperation with the National Park Service of the Department of the Interior. As Square Tower House has several unique structural features, the summer’s work has added to the educational attractions of the Park. At least two new types of hitherto unknown small-house ruins were dis- covered, and it is believed that a new page has been added to the history of the Mesa Verde cliff people. Dr. Fewkes was assisted in his field-work by Mr. Ralph Linton, a temporary assistant, who con- tributed much to the success of the work.
The main object was to gather data that may aid one to better com- prehend the Indian civilization that arose, flourished on the Mesa Verde, and disappeared from the plateau over four centuries ago.
Square Tower House is situated in a shallow cave at the head of a spur of Navaho Canyon opposite Echo Cliff, about 2 miles south of Spruce Tree Camp. It has long been considered by tourists one of the most attractive cliff dwellings of the park, but its inaccessibility has deterred all but the most venturesome from descending to it from the rim of the canyon. Part of the old Indian trail (fig. 47) was indi- cated by shallow foot holes cut in the almost perpendicular cliffs, and previous to the past summer this was the only means of access.
48 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Without mutilating the vestiges of this primitive trail another was made in the cliff near it, around which was constructed a balustrade (fig. 48), with ladders conveniently set to aid those who wish to visit the ruin.
Fic. 47.—The Indian trail from the canyon rim to Square Tower House. The cliff below is almost perpendicular for over a hundred feet. <A party of vistors aided by a rope is shown climbing along the trail. Photograph by G. L. Beam. Courtesy of the Denver and Rio Grande R. R.
Square Tower House (fig. 49) measures 140 feet in length and averages three stories high, with seven circular subterranean sanctu- aries or kivas. The floor of the eastern end of the cave is composed
NOP SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9IQ 49
of large boulders fallen from the roof; that of the western end is lower and comparatively level. The original entrance to the build- ing, like that of the Cliff Palace, Far View House, and Sun Temple,
Fic. 48.—The footpath blasted in the cliff at the most difficult part of the ancient trail where the tourists are represented in figure 47. Photograph by Fred Jeep.
is a recess in the front wall. On the western end of the ruin there protrude radiating walls of basal rooms, one story high, suggesting
c
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oO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
on
a terrace. The rear wall of the cliff rises almost perpendicularly from the floor with no recess back of the buildings. The destructive effects of water dripping from the canyon rim are most marked midway in the length of the building where the walls (fig. 50), now reduced to their foundations, were formerly at least two stories high.
The walls of the ruin were in bad condition when the work began:
Fic. 49—Square Tower House before excavation and repair, from Canyon rim.
great gaps in the masonry of the tower having rendered it in danger of falling. The interiors of the rooms were choked with fallen stones and the dust of ages. wo months given to excavation and repair have put the ruin in fine condition, exhibiting a good example of the best type of Pueblo architecture (figs. 51 and 52). The special attractions of Square Tower House are the remains of the roofs of two kivas and the high tower rising midway in its length.
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9QI9Q 5l
The original roof beams (fig. 53) of these two kivas are almost wholly intact. Considering how few kiva roofs on the mesa have survived destruction in the lapse of time, especial care was exercised
Fic. 50—View of Square Tower House from the
west, before excavation and repair. Photograph by Fred Jeep.
to preserve these and to indicate their mode of construction, and a model (fig. 54) has been made, photographs of which, in successive stages of construction, are given (figs. 54, 55). A good understand-
i)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
cn
ing of the construction of a typical kiva is especially important, as it distinguishes cliff houses of the Mesa Verde from those found else- where in the Southwest as well as in foreign lands.
Fic. 51—Square Tower House excavated and repaired as seen from the southwest. Photograph by Fred Jeep.
Fic. 52.—View of the Tower completely repaired. Photograph by Fred Jeep.
The kivas of Square Tower House are circular, subterranean in position, and entered by a hatchway. [Each kiva has a fire hole F, and near it an opening in the floor called the sipapu, L, which is very
NON 1 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQIQ 53
sacred because it symbolizes the entrance to the underworld. Over it in Hopi ceremonies is erected the altar, and through it the priests call to their kin in the underworld. A most instructive feature in the structure of the kiva is the means of ventilation. Between the fire hole and the wall there is an upright slab of stone, H, a wall of masonry, or simply upright sticks covered with clay. The function of this object is to deflect pure air which enters the room trom a shaft opening outside, G; the ventilator is morphologically the survival of the doorway of the earth lodge or prototype of the kiva.
Fic. 53—View from below of one sector of original roof logs of kiva ‘A. Photograph by Gordon Parker.
A characteristic feature of the kiva is the roof, which rests on six mural pilasters, C; the intervals between which are called ban- quettes, B, that (4) over the ventilator being wider and broader than the others. The pilasters support logs, D, D’, D*, laid one above another in the form of cribbing. Short sticks, D*, are placed at right angles to the cribbing to prevent sagging. Upon this cribbing are laid logs over which is spread cedar bark to support the clay covering the roof. The hatchway, which also served for the passage of smoke, is situated in the roof above the fire hole. In the construction of this roof, men of the Stone Age in America were not far from the dis- covery of the principle of the dome.
Fic. 54.—Model of a typical prehistoric kiva of the pure pueblo type. The photograph shows the model from above (a) and from the side (0), with first roof beams in place. Photographs by De Lancey Gill.
A, large banquette. E, pegs for ceremonial paraphernalia. B, small banquettes. F, fire hole.
C, pilasters to support roof cribbing. G, external opening of ventilator.
D. beams of lower level of roof. H. fire screen, or pure air deflector. D1, beams of second level of roof. I, niches for sacred meal.
D2, beams of third level of roof. Kk, floor entrance to ventilator.
D3, logs to prevent sagging of roof. L. ceremonial floor opening or stpapu.
Fic. 55.—Model of typical kiva of the pure pueblo type; a shows construction of roof beams; b, half-covered roof and hatchway. Photo-
graphs by De Lancey Gill.
56 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
The most striking feature of Square Tower House is the tower from which it takes its name. The cave in which it 1s situated hav- ing no recess at its back, there is consequently no refuse heap in the
Fic. 56.—Middle section of Square Tower House from the Crow’s Nest. Photograph by Fred Jeep.
rear, such as was utilized at Spruce Tree House for mortuary pur- poses. ‘The rear wall of the tower is formed by the perpendicular cliff (fig. 56). As shown by windows, doorways, and remnants of
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9QIQ
on a |
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flooring, this tower is four stories high. The inner plastering the lowest story 1s painted white with a dado colored red; its roof is likewise well preserved.
A room near the western end, (fig. 57) of the ruin has doors and windows closed with secondary masonry, and in the rubbish, half
filling the neighboring kivas, human bones were found, indicating
Fic. 57.—Western end of Square Tower House, excavated and repaired. Photograph by Fewkes.
that the western end of the ruin was deserted and used for mortuary purposes before the remainder of the ruin was abandoned.
There is no archeological evidence that the tribes to the east, north, and west of the cliff dwellers and stone house builders of the Pueblo area were stone masons. On the south of the area, in the valley of the Gila, Santa Cruz, and San Pedro, looking toward Mexico, the ancients built their houses of earth and logs, and while the prehistoric
buildings on the southern tributaries of the San Juan resemble those
58 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
on the Mesa Verde they are quite different from the pueblos now inhabited. <A logical interpretation of the geographical distribution of ruins with kivas like those of Square Tower House would not be that the knowledge of stone masonry was introduced from Mexico, but that the craft was acquired after the original inhabitants entered the country, and that the pure pueblo type, or that with kivas like those of Square Tower House, was born, cradied, and reached its highest development in the area where it was found. But we may
Fic. 58.—Wall of Earth Lodge A, showing adobe plastering on earth; the horizontal log is a roof beam.: Photograph by T. G. Lemmon.
take another step, and point out that the prototype of these pre- historic kivas has a morphological likeness to “ earth lodges.”
The discovery of Earth Lodge A in this area by my assistant, Mr. Ralph Linton, was important, considering the light it may throw on the genesis of cliff dwellings. This ancient prototype (fig. 58) of a kiva is a semicircular isolated room with a slightly depressed floor in which is a centrally placed firepit, the surrounding walis being either adobe plastered on the earth or molded into clumps shaped like rolls. In this rude sunken wall were set at an angle posts, now charred at the free ends, all that remains of the supports
of roof and sides.
Z 2 4
SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9QI1Q
9
o1
Earth Lodge A was not only excavated but a shed (fig. 59) was built over it for permanent preservation. While it is interpreted as the prototype of a kiva, it was formerly the dwelling of a family or other social unit dating to an epoch much older than that of the cliff dwellers. On opposite sides of the fire hole at the periphery oi the floor, but within the outer walls, are small square or rectangular cists made of stone slabs set on edge. The indications are that these were covered with sticks and clay, suggesting the so-called slab houses. The pottery found in these cists is very crude, undecorated, and not of the cliff house type.
Fic. 59.—Shed built over Earth Lodge A to protect it from the elements, north end, entrance opposite. Photograph by Fred Jeep.
There are many sites resembling that of Earth Lodge A before excavation awaiting investigation on the top of Mesa Verde. Near it was a mound which when opened proved to be a unit-type house. The crude masonry and rough pottery found in it indicate an advance on the walls of an earth lodge, but the former is inferior to that of a kiva of the highest development, suggesting that it is an intermediate form between Earth Lodge A and Square Tower House. ‘The spade revealed that after this room was first deserted debris had filled the depression a few feet deep on which a new fire hole and a grinding bin had been made of stone slabs on edge in the middle of the depression. Later on it was again abandoned and human bones had been thrown on the débris that formed over the grinding bin,
60 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
indicating that the depression had become a dump place.’ Last of all, these were also covered by accumulated sand and soil, leaving only the top stones of a pilaster projecting above the surface.
Fic. 60—Idol of the germ-god set by author in cement at head of the stairway, near kiva B. Photo- graph by Fred Jeep.
The pottery found in this crudely constructed kiva is more varied, but still an advance on that excavated in Earth Lodge A. It may be classified as black and white, and corrugated, but so inferior to that typical of cliff houses that it can be readily distinguished. From this
Fic. 61—Mat made of sticks found with a skeleton in room west of kiva D. Photograph by De Lancey Gill.
Fic. 62—Pottery rest made of agave fibre core wound with feathered string.
62 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL
ruin was taken a shard with a fine swastika, showing the antiquity of this design so rarely found in Mesa Verde.
The general facies of the collection of artifacts from Square Tower House is the same as in other cliff dwellings on the park, and although a few specimens are different from those already known, the majority corroborate, as far as age is concerned, the testimony of the buildings. A broken fragment of the rim of a vase
Fic. 63.—Stick with carved extremity.
of the sugar bow] pattern, a type peculiar to the upper San Juan area, was obtained from the Unit-Type House. Fragments of food bowls corrugated on the outside, black and white on the interior, belong to a type hitherto rare. No collector has thus far reported a prehistoric pipe from Mesa Verde, but a stumpy straight tube of unburnt clay, more like a “cloud blower ” than a pipe, betrayed the fact that the cliff dwellers, like other Indians, smoked ceremonially.
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQIQ 63
On their altar at the great winter solstice ceremony at Walpi, one object of which is the increase of life by calling back the sun, the Hopi now employ an idol representing the god of germination. This idol is half oval in shape, the surface being painted with symbols of corn. A similar undecorated idol (fig. 60), found at Square Tower House, one of the best ever collected, was cemented by the author in a conspicuous place at the head of the stairway.
An almost perfect reed mat (fig. 61), resembling those often deposited with the dead, was found in a room of Square Tower House. Good specimens of feathered cloth were wrapped around skeletons of infants. A fine pottery rest (fig. 62), and a stick which
a
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ba
Fic. 64—Incised maze on one side of an artificially worked cubical stone found with idol of the germ-god. The dotted line does not exist on the specimen, but was placed there to enable the reader to trace the meander. Photograph by T. G. Lemmon.
shows excellent carving on one end (fig. 63), occur in the collection : there are also many bone needles, basket fragments, and other objects similar to those elsewhere described.
A cubical stone with an incised design (fig. 64) found in the same room as the idol of the germ god, is worthy of special mention as the maze or labyrinth depicted upon it is unlike any pictograph yet described from the Southwest.
Theoretically, Earth Lodge A is supposed to resemble forms of dwellings that have survived to our day among non-pueblo tribes.
64 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
It has, however, an instructive feature they do not possess, viz., cists made of slabs of stone set on edge. Evidences are accumulat- ing of a culture antecedent to the pure pueblo type in which vertical masonry predominates, but we must await more knowledge of the construction of the houses of this epoch before speculating on the early relations of the builders of vertical and horizontal masonry.
eh a ; Whe we a a 3 ts ae)
Fic. 65—Square Tower House repaired, as seen from the west. Photo- graph by T. G. Lemmon.
ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN ARIZONA In continuation of work in Arizona for the Bureau of American Ethnology, Dr. Walter Hough began excavation of an important ruin in Grasshopper Valley, 14 miles west of Cibecue on the White Mountain Apache Reservation, Arizona. The ruin consists of two
_
great mounds covered with brush and showing portions of walls. The inhabitants, as shown by the skeletal remains, were Pueblo Indians. Among the discoveries were a temporary camping place of aclan while their houses were being constructed ; the use of heavy masonry retaining walls to prevent the thrust in the earth covered with the great structure of the pueblo; and the determination that the house plans, sometimes called “ foundations,” and thought to be unfinished structures, are remains of open air sheds, such as those now in use by the Pimas. The presence of two very large debris
NORE SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9QITQ 65
Fic. 66.—Retaining wall of ancient pueblo at Grasshopper Valley, Arizona.
Fic. 67—Outlines of open-air sheds, ancient pueblos at Grasshopper
Valley, Arizona.
6
66 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. -72
lenses, forming low mounds at 300 yards from the pueblo, is con- sidered somewhat remarkable.
The artifacts consist of flint implements, stone axes, bone imple- ments, and the usual variety of small objects. Of pottery, red and gray preponderate ; a!so found are pure yellow (Hopi type) ; black outlined with white on strong red (Chevelon type) ; obscure yellow gray on brown with black designs (Gila type); and green glaze design on white (Rio Grande type). Analysis of the shards from the 20 excavations made show that the great ruin and the neighboring members of the group may be differentiated on the basis of the
pottery fragments.
ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN UTAH AND ARIZONA
Early in May, 1919, provision was made by the Bureau of Ameri- can Ethnology for continuation of an archeological reconnoissance of northwestern Arizona, inaugurated several years ago, but inter- rupted by the recent world war. As in previous years, the work was directly in charge of Neil M. Judd, curator of American archeology, United States National Museum. Plans for an extensive survey of the arid regions immediately north of the Rio Colorado were neces- sarily abandoned because of the exceptionally dry season. Mr. Judd then proceeded to Cottonwood Canyon near Kanab, Utah, where, in 1915, he had hastily examined several shallow caves containing pre- historic remains.
As unforeseen conditions prevented completion of the recon- noissance originally contemplated, so unexpected difficulties also handicapped the Cottonwood Canyon investigations. Work con- tinued during two weeks only, but in this short period twelve or more caves were visited and five of them were examined with considerable care. Most of the standing walls in these caves (fig. 68) were of the customary stone and mortar construction, but others were found in which adobe had been utilized almost exclusively. A third type of architecture was that in which the walls were formed of upright posts, bound together with horizontal willows and plastered over with adobe mud. In such dwellings the heavy roof was ordinarily supported by larger posts, placed as part of the wall or entirely within it. In these ruins (fig. 69) and in the remains of other houses which had preceded them, sandstone slabs were invariably utilized for the inner base of the walls, the remainder being either of stone and mud or wattled construction. Although dwellings of the three types above mentioned
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9QIQ 67
Fic. 68.—Isolated rooms forming part of a small cliff village in Cotton- wood Canyon. Several of the rooms were repaired after excavation; the darker portions show the extent of these restorations.
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Fic. 69.—At the upper left are the broken walls of dwellings built above the remains of a circular room. Fragments of wall posts and one roof support are shown at the right; the fireplace at the left. In the immediate foreground and in the middle of the view will be seen upright slabs which formed part of the lower inner wall.
68 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
seem to indicate different stages in constructional experience, they could be and were found in the same cave. In such cases there was nothing to suggest any considerable lapse of time between the periods represented by the successive years of occupancy ; neither could it be determined from the refuse in and about the dwellings that more than one people had taken part in their construction.
From the minor antiquities collected it does not appear that the de- eree of culture reached by the ancient inhabitants of Cottonwood Can-
Fic. 70—Masonry walls built above the ruins of a circular kiva, previ- ously destroyed by fire. The banquette or bench surrounding the room will be noted in the foreground; also, the charred fragments of several wall posts and one roof support.
yon differed essentially from that of other primitive peoples farther to the north.’ The pottery, generally, is of a type closely related to the pre-Pueblo peoples south and east of the Rio Colorado, and indicates a higher degree of experience than that noted among the ruins at Beaver or Paragonah, for example. Wooden agricultural implements, basketry, cotton cloth and other objects commonly found in cliff ruins of the southwest are likewise of the well-known Pueblo type. The results of these recent excavations tend to confirm, therefore, the belief that in western Utah there is certain evidence of a pre- historic people which originated some place in the northwest and
1 Smith. Misc. Coll., Vol. 66, No. 3, 1915; Vol. 66, No. 17, 1916; Vol. 68, No. 12, 1917.
NO= SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQIQ 69
journeyed southward ; that during the course of their long-continued migrations they changed rather rapidly from a semi-nomadic to a sedentary life as they approached the Rio Colorado. Having gained the “red rock” country and having found, for the first time, natural caves that increased the protection afforded by their small dwellings, they became more closely related, if not identical, in cul- ture to those people commonly recognized as the ancestors of the modern Pueblo Indians.
Fic. 71.—Walls of rectangular dwellings built above the remains of a circular room. The upright slabs in the foreground formed the inner wall base of the latter structure.
FIELD WORK ON THE IROQUOIS OF NEW YORK AND CANADA
Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt left Washington May 12, 1919, on field duty. On the Onondaga reservation near Syracuse, N. Y., he found only fragmentary remnants of the League rituals, laws and chants, aggre- gating less than 2,000 native terms ; but these rituals, laws and chants are so much broken and wasted away, and their several remaining parts are so confused and intermixed the one with the other that with these remains alone it would be quite impossible to obtain even an approximate view of their original content, forms, and settings. The texts which Mr. Hewitt has recorded among the Canadian Iroquois aggregate more than 125,000 native terms. During the twe weeks spent on this reservation Mr. Hewitt recorded in Onondaga
7O SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
text all the doctrines of the great Seneca religious reformer of the close of the 18th century, Skanyodaiyo (the so-called ‘“ Handsome Lake,” but which is literally “ It is a beautiful Lake ”’).
Mr. Hewitt left this Onondaga reservation May 31, 1919, going directly to the Grand River Grant, Ontario, Canada, where the other tribes of the six Iroquois tribes dwell. There he resumed his inten- sive study and analysis of his recorded texts relating to the institu- tions of the League, recording variant passages and terms when encountered. He also obtained in detail the pattern of the wampum strings in beads which are used in the Requickening Address of the League. ‘Twenty-eight strings, at least, are necessary. On each string the blue and the white beads are arranged according to a definite pattern.
An effect of the war of the American revo‘ution on the tribal integ- rity of the Six Nations of Iroquois was that every tribe, except the Mohawk, was sundered into two independent bodies; and one part of each of the divided tribes became resident on a separate reserva- tion in the State of New York, and its public affairs became mea- surably dissociated from those of the parts of the other tribes dwell- ing in New York, while the complementary tribal parts removed to Canada, where they finally settled on the Grand River Grant. So that at first there were two Onondaga tribes, the one in New York and the other in Canada, two Seneca tribal groups, the one in New York and the other in Canada, two Oneida tribes, two Cavuga tribes, and two Tuscarora tribes, similarly dispersed.
This disrupting of tribal integrity resulted in sundering the League Federal Council into two independent units. Since the tribes in New York State severally occupied individual reservations, often far removed one from another, each tribe was thrown more on its own resources than previously ; and the Federal Council composed of the New York tribes was convened only when some matter affecting all these tribes became urgent; and this situation naturally tended to efface the concrete knowledge of the basic federal laws and principles of the League from the minds of the New York tribes, so that within 50 or 60 years after this, the laws and the rituals of the original League had become largely obsolescent, if not wholly forgotten, in New York State.
Conversely, the tribes of the Six Nations of Iroquois who removed to Canada and settling on the Grand River Grant elected to transact their affairs at a semi-federal council composed of all tribal and all federal chiefs (whose titles were not then held in New York State).
oa
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQIQ FAM
This arrangement naturally tended strongly to preserve the tra- ditional and the concrete knowledge of the distinctively federal insti- tutions and laws and rituals. But, even here, a living and con- structive knowledge of the institutions of the League is less definite and is often displaced by dubious modern interpretations. So it has become increasingly difficult, indeed, to obtain from the variant extant versions of laws, traditions, rituals, songs and institutions, their most probable original form.
The Onondaga tribes of New York State, dwelling 8 miles south- ward from Syracuse, occupy the ancient seat of the Federal Council of the League of the Iroquois. In the original structure of the League, and still exercised by both the Canadian and the New York federations, the Onondaga chiefs as a body exercised functions approximating those of the presiding judge of a modern court sitting without a jury, and had power to confirm or to refer back (but not to veto) for constitutional reasons the decisions or votes of the Federal Council.
OSAGE TRIBAL RITES, OKLAHOMA
In the spring of 1919 Mr. Francis LaFlesche, Ethnologist, spent a month among the Osage Indians, gathering further information concerning the ancient rites of that tribe and collected two rituals, one from Wa-tsé-mo"-1", pertaining to the origin of the people of the black bear gens, and one from Mo’-zho"-a-ki-da of the Peace gens of the Ts1’-zhu division, as to the origin of that people.
The ritual obtained from Wa-tsé-mo?-1" contains 582 lines, divided into 29 sections and arranged in groups according to subjects. The first group of five sections describes the descent of the people from the sky to the earth. The second group of four sections tells of the appeal of the people to certain water insects who promise help. The third group of eight sections speak of the Great Elk who brought to light four different colored soils which he gave to the people to use in this riteas symbols. The next group of a single section tells of the wanderings of the people, of their meeting a man whom they learned had descended from the stars and who gave to the people certain sacred gentile names. Although they were warriors whose business it was to destroy, they resolved to make the stranger their chief, saying to one another: “ There shall be in him no anger, no violence and he shall be a man of peace.”
The fifth group of three sections speaks of the parts of the swan that were dedicated for use as a war standard. From this sacred bird were taken personal names. The sixth group of four sections
72 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72 recounts the finding of four different kinds of rock in their consecra- tion for symbolic purposes. The seventh, a single section, speaks of the finding of a female buffalo, the consecration of parts of its body
Fic. 72—Wa-tsé-mo"-i". Member of the Black Bear Gens.
and skin for ceremonial purposes. The eighth group of three sec- tions recounts the search for a suitable kind of stone out of which to make a ceremonial knife. On his third search the man chosen for
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9QIQ 73
the duty returned with a red flint out of which was shaped a round- handled knife and consecrated to ceremonial uses.
The ritual given by Mo?-zho®-a-ki-da contains 248 lines, divided into 20 sections and arranged, according to subjects, into eight groups. In the story told by Mo*-zho-a-ki-da the people of the Peace-maker gens awakened in mid-heaven to a realization that they were a people when a desire came upon them to descend to earth where they might come into bodily existence. The first three sections record the down- ward journey, of the people finding the first and second heavens (counting downward) to be blank, but in the third heaven they met the Man-of-mystery (the god of rain), who promised them aid in their struggles upon the earth. The sixth section tells of the further descent of the people, of their meeting the great Buffalo Bull who, out of pity, gives them certain roots to use in healing their bodily ailments. These medicinal roots are used to this day. The great animal then gave them various kinds of corn and squash. The five sections fo'lowing speak of the journey of the people over the earth, of their coming to certain trees, to the waters of a river where they met the spirit of waters, to water-plants each of which they adopt as life-symbols. The next, a single section, tells of the coming of the people to a dead animal which they adopt as a symbol. The signifi- cance of the incident is not clear. In the next two sections is told of the people coming to the center of the earth, meaning mid-summer, the time greatest in fruitfulness (August), and to a “ beautiful house ” which was to be their sanctuary. The next group 1s a single section and speaks of the encounter of the people with another dead animal (an elk), the meaning of which is not clear. The next two sections speak of the people again coming to the center of the earth, meaning another month (September), which, together with August, makes mid-summer. The people at last reach another “ beautiful house ” with many openings, wherein are to be sent all the children of the people to be given their gentile personal names and assigned to their proper places in the tribal and gentile order.
ETHNOLOGICAL STUDIES IN OKLAHOMA, NEW MEXICO, AND CALIFORNIA The year was spent by Mr. J. P. Harrington, ethnologist, in con- tinuation of his studies of Southwest Indian languages and ethnology. During the first five months of the calendar year he was engaged in the study of the Ventureno and other Chumashan dialects of Cali- fornia. [Especial attention was given to the ethnology as well as to the language, the linguistic studies proving to be the key to the
74 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
unearthing of considerable important ethnological data, notably on subjects pertaining to material culture, sociology, and the little habits of daily life and thought which are really fully as important as the larger and more striking features of ethnology.
Fic. 73.—Ventureno Man.
The months of July, August and September were spent in New Mexico in study of the Tano-Kiowan problem, and with as con- clusive and gratifying results as could be desired. The entire struc-
NO. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQIQ 75
ture and vocabulary of Tanoan and Kiowa is one and the same, and points to genetic unity at no exceedingly remote period in the past. A peculiar series of phonetic shifts and changes occurring in these lan- guages was fully investigated, and interesting studies in comparative vocabulary were made.
Fic. 74—Hoop and pole game of the Ventureno Indians.
MUSIC OF THE PAWNEE, OKLAHOMA
In May, 1919, Miss Frances Densmore went to Pawnee, Okla- homa, to begin a study of the music of the Pawnee Indians who live in that vicinity.
She arrived at the time of the Buffalo ceremony which is held every spring by the Pawnee, having for its original purpose the securing of buffalo for food. The ceremony was held in an earth lodge of the old type (figs. 75 and 76). Only initiates could be present on the first day when the “painting of the buffalo skull” took place, but, through the courtesy of the man in charge of the ceremony, Miss Densmore attended the Buffalo dance and the Lance dance which were held a few days later. These constituted the second and third portions of the ceremony. During the Buffalo dance the buffalo skull with its ceremonial decorations lay in front of the “altar.’”’ Participants in the ceremony were seated in four eroups, men in each group having their bodies similarly decorated with symbolic designs. The principal singer was Wicita Blain, a
76 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL 72
blind man, who at a subsequent time recorded a number of the songs used on this occasion. These were old songs which he had received by inheritance, and the words contain interesting examples of native poetry. Blain also recorded ceremonial songs of the Bear dance, which were his by right of inheritance.
One of the leading participants in the Lance dance was John Luwak, chief of the Chaui band (fig. 77), who recorded numerous old songs of various classes. Some unusually attractive songs were heard during the Lance dance, but it was learned on inquiry that they
had been recently composed by the younger men of the tribe. As old songs were desired these were not recorded. One of the old Lance dance songs was obtained, with the words, “ Father, the band of the dead is coming.” This was sung when the lance bearers danced around the lodge. The study was limited to the music, no study of the ceremonies being undertaken at this time.
Three other gatherings were attended by Miss Densmore, 1. e., a hand game and two victory dances.
The victory dances were of unusual interest as they celebrated the return of young men who had served in the recent war. Forty Pawnee enlisted ; 39 returned without having suffered any casualty, and one died of disease in France. Many of the men had been at the front, several volunteered for a certain duty of special danger, the
No. I SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I9Q19 ig
son of a chief served with the heavy artillery in a responsible position, and wherever opportunity offered, they seemed to have made a creditable record. All appeared to be in the best of health. A mem- ber of the tribe said he “ believed this was because the people had prayed for them, both in private and at all their public gatherings.” The first victory dance was the occasion of the public rejoicing of the women of the tribe, especially those whose relatives had been in the war. This was similar to the scalp dances of the old times, and about 40 women were in the dancing circle. War trophies were car- ried aloft on poles, as scalps were formerly carried. In accordance with old custom the soldiers presented their trophies to their nearest kinswomen. One woman held a pole with a long knife fastened at the end like the head of a spear, while below the knife was hung the metal helmet which, with the knife, was taken from the enemy by her son. As the women danced they lifted their trophies high in the air, and expressed their enthusiasm in shrill cries. It was a scene of free, native rejoicing. Miss Densmore was the only white person present. Many war songs were sung, former deeds of valor were related by the old warriors and the dancing continued for several hours. The Pawnee are an emotional people, and some of the older members of the tribe lamented with sobs and crying the diminution of the tribe and the passing of the old ways.
The second victory dance took place several days later and was entirely different in character. Many spectators attended, and the building was crowded to its utmost capacity. At this dance the returned soldiers were the principal interest, many appearing in native costume and dancing the war dance. One such young man told Miss Densmore that he had been at a government school prac- tically all his life and never before had joined in a native dance. The gathering opened with an impressive native ceremony, then speeches were made by the chiefs of the bands, gifts were given and received in a ceremonial manner, and the son of a chief was adopted by a prominent member of the tribe, receiving an old and honored name. The young man went through the simple ceremony with quiet dignity, wearing the khaki uniform in which he had served in Europe. Once the space around the entrance was cleared and a woman led in a white horse, presenting it to a soldier; later a pair of white horses were similarly presented. An interesting little drama was the “ con- ’ of the parents of the young man who died in France.
’
soling The singing at the victory dances was characterized by songs with words concerning the recent war, including mention of airplanes,
78 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
submarines and the enemies of the allied nations. These words were usually sung to old melodies. One woman advanced alone to a place in front of the chiefs and, without the drum, sang such a song which she had composed for the occasion. 'T'wo similar songs were recorded by Luwak who related the dreams in which he heard them. He said he “ prayed daily to Tirawahat,” saying, “ help our boys over there so they will all come back strong and so I may live to see them again.” One night he fell asleep after such a prayer and in his sleep “ some- one told him that it would not be long before he would see the Pawnee boys again.” In his dream he saw thousands of white people
Fic. 76—Pawnee ceremonial earth lodge, interior, showing location of the “altar.” Photograph by Miss Densmore.
‘
rejoicing and heard them singing this song, “ even the oldest people
A few days later he heard of the
b
were dancing and waving flags.’ signing of the armistice, with its celebration, and accepted it as the fulfilment of his dream. He related the dream and sang the song at a gathering opened with an impressive native ceremony, then speeches
learned by the people.
MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE CHIPPEWA OF CANADA In July, 1919, Miss Densmore visited the Manitou Rapids Reserve in Ontario, Canada, through the courtesy of Mr. J. P. Wright, Indian agent at Fort Frances, Ontario. Chippewa from other localities in Ontario were also interviewed. The purpose of this trip was to
NO.
SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I91Q
re;
Fic. 77—John Luwak, chief of the Chaui band, Pawnee.
8o SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
obtain data on the bead patterns, use of native dyes, medicinal herbs and other phases of material culture among the Canadian Chippewa for comparison with similar data already collected among the Chip- pewa of Minnesota. Numerous old geometrical bead patterns were noted which show an entirely different character from those in use among the Minnesota Chippewa, and only two patterns were dupli- cated. An interesting observation on native dyes consisted in the use of a bright green dye made from four plants. Specimens of three of these plants were obtained, but the fourth grew at a considerable distance. A birchbark article decorated with roots colored with the dye was also obtained. Green vegetable dye is not known among the Minnesota Chippewa, so far as the present inquiry has extended. The simpler medicinal herbs are the same as among the Chippewa of Minnesota, but interesting variants of general customs were observed.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOLUME 72, NUMBER 2
TWO NEW EAST AFRICAN PRIMATES
BY N. HOLLISTER
~oeeleces
=
(PUBLICATION 2582)
GITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION JANUARY 22, 1920
a
sis The Lord pre BALTIMORE, & ; ‘ 4 ‘ a is
TWO NEW EAST AFRICAN PRIMATES By IN. HOLLISTER
All of the East African monkeys and lemurs in the collection of the United States National Museum have now been critically exam- ined, and two forms have been found which require description. One of these was collected by the Smithsonian African Expedition in 1909, and one by the Paul J. Rainey Expedition in 1911.
GALAGO SOTIKZ sp. nov.
Type from Telek River, Sotik, British East Africa. No. 184205, U.S. Nat. Mus. Male, adult, skin and skull. (Basal suture closed.) Collected May 22, 1911, by Edmund Heller (Paul J. Rainey African Expedition) ; Orig. No. 1830.
Allied to Galago braccatus Elliot and Galago albipes Dollman, but larger, with longer tail, larger hind foot, and larger ears. Darker than braccatus and without the brightly colored limbs of that species. General coloration much as in albipes, but legs and feet less buffy cinnamon and toes less whitish, not sharply marked from color of feet.
Color of type specimen.—General color of upperparts mouse gray, washed with buffy; underfur deep mouse gray. Nose light gray; eye rings and ears blackish. Arms and hands buffy gray, much like color of back and sides ; legs slightly lighter than back, with suffusion of buffy yellowish along inner side and extending over top of feet; toes paler gray, with less intermixture of buff. Underparts gray, heavily washed with pale yellowish buff. Tail brownish gray, more brownish over terminal half, and slightly lighter below.
Skull and teeth—Skull averaging larger than in Galago braccatus, with considerably larger auditory-mastoid bulla. Upper tooth row slightly longer but last molar relatively smaller.
Measurements of type specimen.—Head and body, 200 mm. ; tail vertebrz, 295; hind foot, 76; ear, 46. Skull: Greatest length, 49.4: condylobasal length, 43.6; greatest breadth, 32.9; zygomatic breadth, 32.8; mastoid breadth, 26.3; interorbital breadth, 5.4; length of mandible, 28.2 ; upper tooth row, canine to m ° inclusive, 16.8.
Three specimens from the type locality.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 72, No. 2
LS)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
LASIOPYGA PYGERYTHRA CONTIGUA subsp. nov.
Type from Changamwe, six miles inland from Mombasa, British East Africa. No. 163327, U. S. Nat. Mus. Male, adult, skin and skull. (Basal suture closed but not obliterated.) Collected Novem- ber 30, 1909, by Edgar A. Mearns (Smithsonian African Expe- dition) ; Orig. No. 7321.
Nearest to Lastopyga pygerythra tumbili Heller, but larger, with larger skull and actually smaller teeth. Tail more grayish, less yellow, than in tumbili, the longitudinal stripe above much less well-marked, and the underside of tail gray, not tawny yellow.
Color of type specimen.—Face, lips, and chin black ; brow band and cheeks buff, more or less mixed with gray; head, neck, and upper- parts of body yellowish buff, somewhat mixed with gray ; rump and hips more grayish, less buffy; underparts buffy. Arms and legs outside speckled gray and buff, the inner sides clear buff; hands and feet blackish, the fingers and toes clear black. Tail above speckled gray and buff, beneath gray, the median line above not sharply marked as in related forms; a bright chestnut bay spot beneath at base, and the tip black.
Skull and teeth.—Skull larger than that of Lasiopyga pygerythra tumbili; palate longer, extending backward considerably beyond plane of last molars; mandible much longer and heavier. Teeth actually smaller than in twmbili.
Measurement of type specimen.—Head and body, 570; tail, 720; hind foot, 150. Skul! (with measurements of type of L. p. tumbili in parentheses): Greatest length, 110 (104); condylobasal length, &8.5 (81.2) ; zygomatic breadth, 72.6 (70.0) ; postorbital constriction, 46.8 (43.9); mastoid breadth, 59.8 (60.0) ; breadth of braincase, 57.6 (53.2); palatal length, 44.2 (41.2); length of mandible, 77.0 (70.3); upper molar-premolar row, 24.8 (26.4); middle molar, 6.0X 6.0 (6.8 6.8) ; lower molar-premolar row, 33.0 (32.5).
Three specimens from the type locality.
Compared with a series of eight examples of typical tumbili from the Taita Hills, these three specimens from the coast region near Mombasa are easily distinguished by the less sharply bicolored tails ; gray, not yellowish, underside of tail; and the distinctly larger skull with smaller teeth.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 72, NUMBER 3
REPORTS UPON TWO COLLECTIONS OF MOSSES FROM BRITISH EAST AFRICA
(WiTH Two PLatEs)
BY TN. DIXON;: M.A; F. L. S.
(PUBLICATION 2583)
CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SEPTEMBER 1, 1920
i > ‘ The Lord Baltimore Press 2 BALTIMORE, MD., U, S. A. a % <= | , Ns i % ‘ We
REPORTS UPON TWO COLLECTIONS OF MOSSES FROM BRITISH EAST AFRICA
By EN. DIXON, Wi: A. LS.
(Wits Two PLatTes)
I. THE MOSSES OF THE DUMMER-MACLENNAN EXPEDITION TO MOUNT ELGON, 1918
Several sets of the mosses collected on this recent expedition to Mount Elgon have been issued. I have received part of one through Mr. T. R. Sim, of Maritzburg ; and I have also had through my hands the sets belonging to the U. S. National Museum and to the Kew Herbarium. The material in many cases is poor, but in others it is good; and though the whole collection is not large, consisting of about 50 numbers (many of which, however, contained several species), it contains some interesting novelties, notably a species of Holomitrium quite distinct from any of the African species, a fine new Bryum of the Rosulata group, and an interesting new Braunia. The types of these and of the other novelties are in the U. S. National Museum; duplicate types are in my own herbarium.
An unusual feature of this collection is the number of species generally rupestral, which were here epiphytic. This is notably the case with Grimmia ovata Web. & Mohr, Amphidium cyathicarpum (Mont.), Anomobryum robustum (the species of this genus are normally rupestral or terrestrial), Bryum alpinum Huds., Hedwigia albicans (Web.), and Ectropothecium lateriticolum Broth. The suggestion may be hazarded that these mosses formed the ancient flora of the crater, at the time when it was mostly unclothed with vegetation, and that as the phanerogamic vegetation increased and covered the rock surface the mosses were driven to the only sub- stratum left for them, viz, the stems of the tree heaths, and other wood, living or dead.
In the following list the abbreviation c. fr.=fruiting, and st.= sterile.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 72, No. 3.
bo
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
DICRANACEAE CERATODON PURPUREUS (L.) Brid.
Nos. 2391f, 3393b, 3414c. Mostly fruiting. The capsules are frequently subsymmetrical, very little strumose, and only lightly plicate, as I have found also in specimens collected by Scott-Elliot in Central Africa; but these characters are far from constant and may indeed be pathological.
HOLOMITRIUM MACLENNANI Dixon, sp. nov. Cer ie 42.)
Sat robustum; habitu H. crispuli Mart. brasiliensis; laxiuscule caespitosum, pallide olivaceo-viride. Caulis rigidiusculus, densifo- lius, circa 3 cm. altus, parce divisus; folia e basi erecta ovata sub- vaginante squarrosa, siccitate crispula, undulata, suberecta, superne in acumen latiusculum actum sensim angustata, marginibus inferne revolutis, supra dense arguteque et grosse inaequaliterque dentata; costa sat valida, infra apicem desinens; cellulae superiores ovales, dorso papillis nwmerosis dense scaberulae; basin versus sensim elongatae, infimae aurantiacae, laeves, juxtacostales lineares, margi- nem versus latiores, breviter rectangulares, pellucidae, ad alas de- currentes perpaucae paullo dilatatae indistinctae.
Seta I-1.5 cm. alta, foltis perichaetialibus peraltis, circa tertiam partem setae saepe attingentibus, convolutis. Theca subcylindrica, ‘circa 3.5mm. longa. Peristomium e dentibus irregularibus inaequali- bus, in crura plura inaequalia, longa, pallida, brevissime interne nodosa fissis instructum. Annulus multiplex.
Hab.: Heath Zone, 12,000 ft., epiphytic, rare; No. 3445.
A fine species, differing in the coarsely toothed, broadly pointed, squarrose leaves from all the African species except H. acutum Wright, to which it is allied; that species, however, has’ the leaves more narrowly pointed, less sharply serrate, and with the base less widely vaginant, and the perichaetia are much shorter. The peri- stome teeth here are more or less equidistant, but very variable, some- times showing a tendency to approximation in pairs ; they are very ir- regular, but the capsules are overripe and it is difficult to know how much of the irregularity is due to wear. Each tooth is made up of two, three, or more vertical, filiform, red laminae, more or less coherent, without transverse bars below, and without striolations ; above they are pale, and closely articulate with shortly protuberant internal nodules.
NO, 3 BRITISH EAST AFRICAN MOSSES—DIXON 5
DICRANOWEISIA AFRICANA Dixon, sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 1.)
Corticola; densissime caespitulosa, circa I cm. alta, flavo-viridis. Folia conferta, madida erecta, sicca crispata, e basi anguste oblonga sensim acuminata, carinata, acuta; marginibus inferne vel medio leniter revolutis, supra planis, integris; costa latiuscula, variabilis, tenuis, indistincte definita. Cellulae superiores majusculae, 6-8 » latae, breviter rectangulares vel isodiametricae, angulis rotundatis, laeves ; basilares omnes laxiores, lineares vel rectangulares, angulos versus saepius dilatatae, numerosae, partem basilarem maximam occupantes.
Autoica. Bracteae masculae internae perconcavae convolutae, obtusae. - Perichaetium parvum, e foliis externis paullo brevioribus, latius acuminatis, minus acutis, internis brevibus, late vaginantibus, obtusis instructum. Seta brevis, 5-6 mm. longa, theca (vetusta) parva, anguste elliptica, microstoma. Operculum et peristomium non visa.
Hapb.: On tree heaths, in crater, 13,000 ft.; No. 3396.
The only two species of the genus hitherto found in Africa are the widely distributed D. cirrata and D. crispula. The latter differs in the plane margins of the leaves. The present species is very near D. cirrata, but appears to be distinct in the denser tufts, smaller size of all its parts, shorter capsule, and distinctly weaker nerve.
CAMPYLOPUS ACROCAULON (C. M.) Par.
Heath Zone and moorland, 12,000-14,000 ft.; Nos. 3412d, 239Ie, 3398b, 3407d, 3762. I determine these from the description alone, having seen no specimens of the original plant from Kilimanjaro. Sterile only. The color of the plant, length of stem, and evolution of auricles vary considerably.
CAMPYLOPUS CAGNII Negri
Moorland in crater, 13,500 ft.; No. 3425, c. fr. I determine this with some hesitation from Negri’s description of the sterile plant from Ruwenzori. It appears to agree with that in every respect but one: the leaves are given as 7.2 mm. in length, while here they are only 4 to 5mm. long. The crowded, rigid, almost entire leaves, only the comal (fructiferous) ones finely setaceous, ate rather character- istic; the nerve is smooth at back. Capsules aggregate; calyptra smooth at base.
4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLE 72
POTTIACEAE ? TRICHOSTOMUM sp.
No. 3444c. A rather distinct, sterile plant, with somewhat sheath- ing, flexuose, suberect, fragile leaves, and trichostomoid areolation, may belong here, but its generic position is somewhat doubtful. The description of T. usambaricum (Broth.) Broth. reads much like tt, but I have not seen specimens.
LEPTODONTIOPSIS FRAGILIFOLIA Broth.
Heath Zone, epiphytic, 12,000 ft.; Nos. 3447g, 3772c; also No. 37506 in the Kew set. St. A very distinct plant.
TORTULA CAVALLII Negri Nos. 3406, 3410, 3424, 3430b; mostly c. fr.
TORTULA EU-BRYUM (C. M.) Dixon
Tree heaths in crater, 13,500 ft.; No. 3426. With numerous setae and a few old capsules, apparently small for the size of the plant. It has not been found before in fruit. (Some of Dimmer’s specimens issued under this number do not belong here but to T. Cavalli.)
GRIMMIACEAE GRIMMIA OVATA Web. & Mohr.
Nos. 3403, 3403b, 3409d, 3412c, 3418; mostly c. fr. Most or all of these gatherings were epiphytic, on bark of trees, a very curious condition.
ORTHOTRICHACEAE ANOECTANGIUM sp.
Heath Zone, epiphytic, 12,000 ft.; No. 3759d. A small, delicate species, with numerous setae and a few capsules in very old, poor condition. It has the appearance of A. Wilmsianum (C. M.), but shows larger, more pellucid cells, more tapering, short-acuminate leaves, etc.
AMPHIDIUM CYATHICARPUM (Mont.) Broth.
On tree heaths; No. 3422b, c. fr.; No» 3444c¢ (p. p.),. st.
ZYGODON EROSUS Mitt.
No. 3412b, st. I have seen no specimens of Mitten’s plant, but from the description there can be hardly a doubt that this belongs there.
NOS, 3 BRITISH EAST AFRICAN MOSSES—DIXON 5
ORTHOTRICHUM UNDULATIFOLIUM C. M.
Tree heaths, western crater lip, 13,000 ft.; No. 3407c, c. fr. jun. From the description there can be no doubt, I think, that this is C. Miuiller’s plant.
ORTHOTRICHUM LEIKIPIAE C. M.
firee heathsin crater, 13,000 it.; No. 3417b (p.p.), c. fr.. A fertile stem mixed with Braunia. The endostome segments are as described by C. Miller, unusually broad, almost, in fact, connivent at base. The plant is no doubt nearly allied to O. speciosum.
MACROMITRIUM HYALINUM Broth. No. 3766, c. fr.
MACROMITRIUM ABYSSINICUM C. M.
Tree heaths, 12,000-13,000 ft.; No. 3413, c. fr.; No. 3756b, forma laxiramea, c. fr.
After careful comparison of M. hyalinum Broth. with M. abys- sinicum I feel very doubtful whether the two can be kept separate. Brotherus rests his species on the smaller size and the very acute leaves, often with hyaline tip. Comparison of Holst’s Usambara plant, however, with W/. abyssinicum (No. 431, Schimp. Iter Abyssin., in Schimper’s herbarium) shows no difference, or at any rate no constant difference, in leaf. The Central African plant appears as a rule to run rather smaller than the Abyssinian specimens, but this is by no means constantly the case and Dummer’s No. 3413 is as robust as any of these. No. 3766 is smaller and agrees in dimensions with Holst’s plant, and I have retained it provisionally under M. hyalinum.
No. 3756b is a very peculiar plant. The stems are elongate, robust, distantly and fairly regularly pinnate, apparently pendulous, with none of the habit of a Macromitrium, but closely resembling some forms of Papillaria. The leaves are very acutely long-acuminate, often with the apex half-twisted, and when dry somewhat recurved. I do not think, however, that the leaf form must be considered as of any importance in comparing it with M/. abyssinicum (type), as the leaves with which one is familiar there are the branch leaves, while owing to the peculiar growth of this plant the bulk of the leaves probably, and of course those of the primary stem, are of the nature of stem leaves. A seta and capsule in my specimen are identical with those of M. abyssinicum, while the specimen of No, 3413 in the Wash-
6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.572
ington set indicates a distinct transition between this form and ordinary MW. abyssinicum. It is, therefore, probably only a remarkable form of that.
FUNARIACEAE FUNARIA VOLKENSII Broth. Moorland, 13,500-14,000 ft.; Nos. 2391b, 3414b, both c. fr.
BRYACEAE BRACHYMENIUM FLEXIFOLIUM B. & S.
Tree trunks in crater, 13,000 ft.; No. 3423, c. fr. This agrees with the Abyssinian specimens of Schimper’s at Kew, especially with No. 452. No. 29 has the outer teeth more strongly bordered, the endo- stomial membrane paler and more pellucid, and the leaves with rather smaller cells, and wider border. No. 452, however, agrees quite well with Dummer’s plant in the peristome and cells, though the border is somewhat wider, showing that these characters are variable and not correlated, while here and there a leaf on Dtimmer’s No. 3423 has the border exactly asin the Abyssinian plant. - More- over, another specimen of Schimper’s (No. 552) has the leaves exactly as here.
The outer teeth are densely barred, trabeculate within; the inner membrane is rather low, the processes linear, distant.
BRACHYMENIUM STENOTHECUM Dixon, sp. nov. (Pl. I, fig. 3.)
§ OrtTHocARPUS. Robustum, infra densissime tomentosum. Folia confertissime interrupteque comosa, sicca erecta, haud torquescentia, paullo flexuosa, inferne rubella, anguste oblonga, infra haud angu- stata, supra parum dilatata non spathulata, breviter et acute acumi- nata, marginibus inferioribus anguste recurvatis, superne dentibus argutis tenuibus sat distincte dentatis, limbo lato flavido e cellulis 6-8-seriatis angustissimis incrassatis circumdata ; cellulae superiores breviter hexagonae, 40-50 p longae; circa 3-41. Costa infra valida, supra sensim angustata, in cuspidem perangustam flexuosam brevius- culam integram excurrens.
Synoicum. Seta 3-4 cm. alta, flexuosa ; theca elongata, sat angusta, cum collo ad 6-7 mm. longa, inclinans vel subpendula, e collo praelongo in setam sensim attenuato anguste elliptica vel fusiformis, micro- stoma, castanea, operculo brevi, conico, obtuso; exothecium e cellulis
INO lS BRITISH EAST AFRICAN MOSSES—DIXON a
parvis, valde irregularibus, inaequalibus, parietibus flexuosis instruc- tum. Peristomii dentes fusco-aurantiaci, apicibus peracutis pallidis ; opaci, plus minusve pallide marginati, dense lamellati, intus alte trabeculati; endostomii membrana sat alta, aurantiaca, processubus brevibus, inperfectis, irregularibus. Spori 25-30 p.
Hab.: Moorland in crater, 13,000 ft.; Nos. 3399, 3421, 3768.
The densely imbricate leaves, erect’ and little altered when dry, little broader above and not narrowed to base, with broad border and the long, narrow, subpendulous capsule, with very distinct collum, distinguish this from the allied synoicous species, most of which have the leaves twisted, or at least highly flexuose, when dry. B. abys- sinicum C. M. has the leaves much narrowed to base and entire above, the capsule smaller, etc.
I have figured the peristome, showing a process in the most perfect condition, but they are mostly fragmentary and more or less adherent to the outer teeth.
ANOMOBRYUM ROBUSTUM Dixon, sp. nov. CE etion 74m)
E robustioribus generis. Stirps circa 2-2.5 cm. alta, pallide viridis, subnitida. Caules julacei, foliis dense confertis ad 1.25 mm. longis, suborbicularibus, cochleariformibus, obtusis vel obtusissime apicu- latis, marginibus superioribus indistincte sinuolatis ; costa apud basin 60-70 p lata, rubella, medium folium versus multo tenuior, sed parum angustata, circa tertiam quartam folii attingens. Areolatio superior e cellulis angustissimis, vermicularibus, parietibus firmis nec incrassa- tis instructa, inferior per tertiam partem folii laxissima.
Seta circa I.5 cm. alta; theca e collo longo, infra in setam sensim angustato atque illic curvato, oblongo-elliptica, leniter curvata, infra orificium paullo contracta, badia, operculo purpureo, obtuso, nitido. Peristomium externum e dentibus aurantiacis, dense trabeculatis, externe striolatis instructum, internum membrana praealta, hyalina, laevi, circa 3-2 dentium altitudinem aequante; processubus brevibus, inferne latis, superne raptim angustatis, filiformibus, subintegris, vel angustissime rimatis; ciliis plerumque binis, swbaequilongis, articu- latis nec nodosis, superne tenerrime papillosis. Spori parvi.
Hab.: Bamboo Zone, 9,000 ft., epiphytic; No. 3764.
The comparatively large densely crowded leaves give the stems a robust appearance, and in this as well as in structural details it is a markedly distinct species. A. promontorii (C. M.) Dixon has much narrower, smaller leaves, a longer nerve, acute lid. etc.
8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
BRYUM ARGENTEUM L.
Nos. 3752, 3752b, c. fr. These plants afford rather more interest than it usually falls to the lot of this ubiquitous species to present. They show in the same gathering a form with the leaves widely rounded at summit and obtuse, without any trace of apiculus or hair-point, and others with long hyaline hair-points, practically identi- cal with var. lanatum B. & S.; and all transitions between these extreme forms occur, even (with the exception of the form with the longest hair-points) within the limits of a single tuft.
It was gathered at an elevation of 12,000 ft., on the roofs of the mud huts of the Ratmen. The Ratmen or Molemen—as their name “Mese” signifies—are a small tribe of very primitive savages inhabiting the extinct crater of this mountain.
BRYUM ALPINUM Huds.
Nos. 2391d, 3422, 3444b; No. 3422b (sparingly fruiting). These plants were—a very unusual thing for this species—epiphytic, on tree heaths. They differ somewhat from our northern B. alpinum in being robust, with the nerve very stout, excurrent in a short, acute or obtuse point, the leaves usually acute, subdenticulate at apex; these characters however are not constant and are not correlated, while some of the tufts are quite ordinary B. alpinum. The fruit also agrees exactly. I have no hesitation, therefore, in placing them under B. alpinum, which occurs also in South Africa, where, as in the Northern Hemisphere, it shows considerable variation.
BRYUM BREVINERVE Dixon, sp. nov. (CEN Ae snes fh)
§ Rosutata. E robustioribus generis, habitu B. spinidentis Ren. & Card., vel B. perspinidentis Broth. Caulis validus, usque ad 10-12 cm altus, inferne tomentosus, sat dense regulariter foliosus, vix, nist sub tloribus, comosus; flexuosus vel hic illic geniculatus; folia erecto- patentia, sicca flexuosa, contracta; 6-7 mm. longa, e basi angusta decurrente, late obovata, obtusa, apiculo perbrevi plerumque reflexo ; marginibus inferne anguste reflexis, superne sat conferte inter- rupteque et breviter acuteque dentata; costa ad basin valida, rubra, raptim angustata, supra perangusta, infra apicem sat longe desinens, rarissime percurrens. Areolatio densa, e cellulis superioribus anguste hexagonis circa 60 p longis instructa, infimis elongatis, angustis. hexagono-rectangularibus, nec valde laxis ; marginalibus supra serie-
NO. 3 BRITISH EAST AFRICAN MOSSES—DIXON 9
bus 3-4 perangustis, incrassatis, limbum bene notatum, aliquando rufescentem, inferne evanescentem, instruentibus. Fructus ignotus. No. 3408b. Cliff base in thicket, western side of crater, alt. 13,500 ft. A very fine species, quite distinct in leaf form and structure, and especially in the short nerve, from any of its allies.
BARTRAMIACEAE BARTRAMIA RUVENZORENSIS Broth.
Tree heaths in crater, 13,000 ft.; No. 3422c. Bamboo heath zone, 10,000 ft., No. 3444, c. fr.
BARTRAMIA STRICTULA C. M.
Moorland, 14,000 ft.; No. 2391c, st. This seems to agree with C. Muller’s description of the above species. It is probably not dis- tinct from the South African B. substricta Schimp.
BREUTELIA STRICTICAULIS Dixon, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 692: 21. 1918 Cliff base in thicket, 13,500 ft.; No. 3408, st.
BREUTELIA SUBGNAPHALEA (C. M.) Par.
Cliff base in thicket, 13,500 ft.; No. 3415, c. fr. This agrees per- fectly in the vegetative characters; the seta is about I cm. long. C. Muller says only, “seta perbrevi,’ which would seem to apply; the seta in the Kew specimen of the original plant is perhaps slightly shorter.
The peristome, not described by C. Miiller, is double, the outer teeth well developed, red-brown, the inner fragmentary, pale orange- brown.
POLY TRICHACEAE POLYTRICHUM PILIFERUM Schreb. Polytrichum nano-globulus C. M, Flora, 71: 408. 1888. Nos. 2391, 3407e, 3414; all c. fr.
POLYTRICHUM HOEHNELII C. M.
Nos. 3409, 3776 (Kew set) ; both c. fr. This species, while closely allied to P. commune, seems really distinct in the marginal toothing of the leaves and in their position when dry, more or less spirally con- torted with the points rigidly spreading— horride patentia.’’
ie) SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL Ie 72
POLYTRICHUM KENIAE Dixon, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 697: 21. 1918
Moorland, 13,000 ft.; No. 3411, st. The present specimen agrees well with the plant from Mt. Kenia, except that the sheathing leaf base is not so elongated as in that; I have perhaps overrated the importance of that character in the description.
HEDWIGIACEAE HEDWIGIA ALBICANS (Web.) Lindb.
Nos. 3407, 3409b, 3419; all c. fr. These were growing on tree heaths, an unusual station for what is commonly so rupestral a species.
BRAUNIA BRACHYTHECA Dixon, subsp. nov. — (Pl. I, fig. 5.)
Habitus, folia etc., omnino B. diaphanae, capensis, et B. secundae, americanae. Differt solum thecae forma, Jatissime elliptica vel sub- globosa, submicrostoma, ommnino fere sine collo, sicca vetusta sub- plicata, ore latiore, suburceolata.
Hab.: On tree trunks in crater, 13,000-13,500 ft.; Nos. 3398, 2A 13h, 2403c; alc. fr. INOS. 3407, 34070; 2417 b-(p: pr) jest:
The vegetative characters, perichaetial leaves, and seta are so exactly similar to B. diaphana, that I thought at first, in view of the paucity of the capsules on my specimens, that it was possibly a case of malformation of fruit. However, further material from the U. S. National Museum and from Kew entirely confirmed the nor- mality of the structure, and Mr. Sim writes to me that the capsules on his three specimens—eight in all—are identical in the subglobose form, scarcely tapering at neck, all except one being more or less striate when old. In B. diaphana the capsule is narrowly elliptic, or fusiform, being narrowed to the mouth, and with a well-defined very gradually tapering neck (cf. pl. I, fig. 5b). Though often somewhat wrinkled when old, moreover, it has no sign of regular striae.
Mitten, in describing the mosses collected in Central Africa by Bishop Hannington, refers a Kilimanjaro plant “ perfectly fruited ” to Hedwigia (§Braunia) secunda Hook., and raises the question, “ Are the B. sciuroides of Europe, the B. indica so luxuriant in the Nilgiri Mts., and the Abyssinian B. Schimperi, really different, or are they not most probably slight variations of one wide-spread
*Journ., Linn. Soc. Bot. 22: 310. 1886.
NO. 3 BRITISH EAST AFRICAN MOSSES—DIXON LEAL
species?” So far as my observation goes, B. sciuroides and B. Schimperi stand on a somewhat different footing from the others; but the Indian plant is most certainly identical with that which occurs in several parts of Africa, and which has generally been known as B. diaphana. It is éspecially frequent in South Africa, where it fruits commonly. The fruit is described by Thériot ;* and Brotherus ’ says of it, “ Kapsel unbekannt.” I have several fruiting specimens from South Africa, however, and the fruit occurs on several speci- mens in the British Museum and Kew collections. Both vegetatively and in the fruit the Indian plant is exactly identical with the African, and as Mitten finds the Kilimanjaro plant identical with the Mexican there can be no doubt that they must all fall under the name B. ‘secunda, As regards the Indian and African plants at least, I do not find even the “ slight variations ’”’ which Mitten allows them. The leaves vary in the degree of plication. They may be quite without a hyaline point, or they may have a short hyaline tip, even occasion- ally a quite long, flexuose hair-point, and the perichaetial leaves vary much in length; but none of these characters shows any constancy, nor are they correlated in any way with geographical distribution.
In the course of studying the Indian plant, however, I stumbled upon a very unexpected thing: In the British Museum collection. in Herb. Wilson, there are two specimens of an undetermined moss, labelled “Indies, Winterbotham,” which are identical with my B. brachytheca. I find no reference to it in any bryological works, and it appears to have remained, otherwise than in Wilson’s herbarium, quite undetected. It can scarcely be supposed that two independent species, B. secunda and B. brachytheca, would exist side by side both in Africa and in India, especially with the very restricted range that appears to appertain to B. brachytheca; and I have therefore thought it best to consider the latter as a subspecies of B. secunda.’
*Bull. Soc. Bot. Genéve IT. g: 135. 10917.
*Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 1°: 718. 10905.
“Tt may be as well to give here the more important part of the synonymy of B. secunda, so far as it bears on our African plant:
BRAUNIA SECUNDA (Hook.) B.S. G. Bryol. Eur, (29-30:) Braunia 3, 1846. Hedwigia secunda Hook. Muse. Fxot. pi. 46. 1818-1820. Neckera macropelma C. M. Syn. 2: 104. 1851. Braunia macropelma Jaeg. Adumbr. 2: 87. 1869-1870. Hedwigia indica Mitt. Journ. inn. Soc., Bot.3: Suppl. 123. 1859. Braunia indica Par. Ind. 149. 1894. Neckera diaphana C. M. Syn. 2: 105. 1851. Braunia diaphana Jaeg. Adumbr. 2: 87. 1874-1875.
I2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
LEUCODONTACEAE ANTITRICHIA KILIMANDSCHARICA Broth.
Heath Zone; Nos. 3413d, 3756, 3758b, 3772: No. 3756.acqum good fruit, which has not been described, but I do not find any differ- ence from that of A. curtipendula. The others are sterile.
NECKRERACEHE AE NECKERA PLATYANTHA (C. M.) Par.
Heath Zone, principally; Nos. 3443, 3449, 3754, 3756f, 3759; mostly c. fr. The perichaetial bracts may be three times as long as the capsule, which, however, is not always concealed, as it may pro- trude laterally from the perichaetium (Cf. pl. I, fig. 6).
NECKERA SUBMACROCARPA Dixon, sp. nov. (Pl. I, fig. 7.)
Habitu foliisque N. platyanthae (C. M.) et N. macrocarpae Broth. simillima, huic quoque speciei cauli paraphylliis numerosis praedito similis et affinis, fructu tamen longe aliena. Perichaetium 8-10 mm. longum, bracteis externis thecam longe superantibus. Theca im- mersa, vel saepe e perichaetio lateraliter emergens, e seta pro more praclonga, 2-2.5 mm. ; theca 2-3 mm., aurantiaca ; operculum conicum breviter curvirostratum. Peristomii dentes longi, angusti, supra dense tenereque infra grossius papillosi, non striolati, intus trabecu- lati; endostomii membrana perbrevis, pallida, laevis; processus anguste lineares, circa dimidiam partem dentium longitudinis aequantes, pallidi laeves, carinati, haud rimosi, plus minusve nodosi. Spori 25-30 wp.
Hab.: Heath Zone, 12,000 ft., epiphytic; No. 3443b.
Dummer writes on the label “ Frequent” ; but this is by confusion with NV. platyantha, which in habit is identical or nearly so; the two were growing intermixed, and the Washington specimen under this number was entirely N. platyantha, which is evidently a frequent moss on Mount Elgon, in the Heath Zone.
At first sight the fruit of the two species does not show any great difference, but on examination it will be seen that in N. platyantha the capsule is almost sessile and is hidden at the base of the peri- chaetium, with the bracts two or three times its length; in N. sub- macrocarpa the capsule itself is about the same length, but both
* Wissensch. Ergebn. Deutsch. Zentral Afrika Exped., 1907-1908, 2: 162. IQT4.
NO. 3 BRITISH EAST AFRICAN MOSSES—DIXON 1
vaginula and seta being extremely long, together about equalling the capsule length, it is much less immersed, often not even hidden. The differences from N. macrocarpa Broth. may be tabulated thus: Seta Theca Teeth Processes N. macrocarpa Imm. 3-5mm. striolateatbase equalling teeth N. submacrocarpa 2-2.5mm. 2-3mm. papillosetobase half length of teeth Brotherus gives for his species certain characters derived from form of leaf, and branching, which do not quite agree with the present plant. I am not inclined, however, to lay much stress on these differ- ences, as the branching and form of leaf apex appear to vary con- siderably within the limits of the same species in this group; they certainly do in N. platyantha. In fact the whole group of African species, NV. Hoehneliana, N. Valentiniana, and the above mentioned plants, are in my opinion quite inseparable from one another by vegetative characters alone. For this reason I feel some doubt as to the validity of N. subplatyantha Broth., which appears to be separated from N. platyantha on vegetative characters alone. I have not, however, seen the plant itself.
ENTODONTACEAE LEVIERELLA FABRONIACEA ABYSSINICA (Broth.) Dixon Fleath: Zone, epiphytic, 12,000 ft.; No; 3765, c.: fr.
FABRONIACEAE FABRONIA sp.
Tree heaths in crater, 13,000 ft.; No. 3420. The quantity is too - small for determination; it appears near F. Leikipiae C. M., but has a very unusual range of denticulation, as among the leaves even of a single plant.
HOOKERIACEAE
DALTONIA MILDREADII Broth. in Wissensch. Ergebn. Deutsch. Zentral Afrika Exped., 1907-1908, 2: 164. 1914
No: 3423b; c. iri
HOOKERIOPSIS VERSICOLOR (Mitt.) Broth.
Without number. In quantity, and fruiting well.
= Op mcit. Lon.
T4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
THUIDIACEAE THUIDIUM PALLIDISETUM Dixon, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 695: 8. 1918
Without number. The material agrees perfectly with Dimmer’s original plant from Kipayo. The leaf cells are perhaps a little more distinct and pellucid.
EYE NAC EAL STEREODON CUPRESSIFORMIS (L.) Brid.
Nearly a dozen numbers contained this cosmopolitan species, in - very varying forms. Three of them (Nos. 3445b, 3756g, 3756h) represent a slender form, with narrow leaves and slender tapering branches, which I have no doubt is the Hypnum Hoehneli: of C. Miller; but they cannot be separated from the species, though perhaps quite deserving of varietal rank, and I should call it Stereodon cupressiformis (L.) var. Hoehnelii (C. M.) Dixon, comb. nov.
ECTROPOTHECIUM LATERITICOLUM Broth.
Without number. In good though somewhat old fruit. I have not seen a specimen of the original plant, but the present specimen agrees perfectly with the description. The only point of doubt would be in the habitat, since the specific name of Brotherus implies a station on stonework or brickwork; but this is not of great importance, and it becomes still less so in view of the prevailing tendency towards an arboreal habitat shown by the mosses of this locality.
RHAPHIDOSTEGIUM ELGONENSE Dixon, sp. nov. (IPL 2 winter ayy)
§ AptycHus. Stirps, quoad species africanae spectantur, JK. brachythecuformi (C. M.) et R. rivuletorum (C. M.) proxima. Sat robustum, flavo-aureum, ramis turgidis, brevissime cuspidatis; folia dense imbricata, saepius vix secunda, rarius paullo assurgentia, apici- bus falcatis, 1.25-1.5 mm. longa, ovato-oblonga, supra cito angustata, breviter acute acuminata, saepe semitorta, concava, marginibus anguste explanatis, planis, vel angustissime recurvis, integerrimis ; areolatio perangusta, pellucida, cellulis basilaribus aurantiacis, alari- bus trinis magnis inflatis, supra-alaribus nonnullis majusculis pellu- cidis.
Autoicum. Folia perichaetialia foltis caulinibus subsimilia, paullo latiora, magis sensim acuminata, acumine latiore, swbintegro, interna
NO. 3 BRITISH EAST AFRICAN MOSSES—DIXON T5
erecta. Seta 1.25-1.5 cm. longa, laevis. Theca suberecta, cylindrica, vix curvata, operculo curvirostro, subaequilongo.
Hab.: Heath Zone, 12,000 ft., epiphytic ; Nos. 3447, 3770.
It is rather difficult to diagnose the somewhat numerous species of this section; but if habit, length of seta, form of capsule, and leaf outline are taken into account, it will be found that there are no African species very near this plant. FR. brachytheciiforme (C. M.) is more robust, with a foliation strikingly like that of Brachythecium albicans, and a different coloring. RR. rivuletorum is smaller, of different habit, greener, with less crowded leaves, and horizontal or subpendulous capsule.
BRACHYTHECIACEAE PLEUROPUS SERICEUS (Hornsch.) Broth. Heath Zone, 12,000 ft., epiphytic; Nos. 3759b, 3759c; st.
BRACHYTHECIUM VELLEREUM (Mitt.) Par.
Heath Zone, 12,000 ft.; No. 3756c. On tree heaths in crater, 13,000 ft.; No. 3441. Both fruiting. I have compared this with Mitten’s plant, and there is no doubt of its identity. It is a very striking species, but it is certainly autoicous. Mitten describes his plant as dioicous, and I have found fruiting stems on which I have been unable to detect male flowers, but there is no question that it is normally autoicous.
I suspect B. gloriosum (C. M.) Par., of which the sterile plant only was described, to be the same thing.
BRACHYTHECIUM UGANDAE Dixon, sp. nov.
Subgen. SALEBROSIUM. Robustum; luteo-aurewm, nitidum, habitu B. salebrosi. Caules suberecti, irregulariter distanter ramosi, flexuosi, subteretes, acutiusculi. Folia e basi subcordata late ovato-lanceolata, in acumen anguste nec longe tenuiter acuminatum sat cito attenuata, integerrima, profunde plicata, marginibus planis vel superne anguste recurvis ; costa basin versus sat valida, cito multo attenuata, circa dimidian partem folii attingens. Cellulae angustissimae, pellucidae, alares multae, majusculae, subquadratae, inanes vel obscuriusculae, bene notatae. Flores masculi majusculi, turgidi.
Autoicum. Perichaetia magna, foliis erectis, in acumen filiforme flexuoso-recurvum integrum attenuata. Seta 1.5-1.75 cm. longa, laevis; theca badia, suberecta, leniter curvata, oblonga, operculo brevi, obtuso.
16 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Hab.: Tree heaths, 13,500 ft.; No. 3430. Bamboo Zone, 7,000 ft. ; No. 3763. Heath Zone, 12,000 ft.; Nos. 3768b, 3775. All c. fr.
Very near to B. salebrosum (Hoffm.) and perhaps not specifically distinct; but as that species has not been recorded from tropical Africa, and as the present plant exhibits certain characters of dis- tinction, notably the golden, glossy coloring, the terete branches, and a suberect, only slightly curved, narrower capsule, I have pro- visionally treated it as distinct.
BRACHYTHECIUM DUMMERI Dixon, sp. nov. (El 2s ies, 110)
Subgen. CrrripHyLiopsis. Habitu B. stricto-patentis C. M. capensis vel formarum gracillimarum B. implicati (Hornsch.). Gracile, laete viride, vix nitidum, dense pinnatum, ramis circa I cm. longis. Folia madida rigidiuscule erecto-patentia, e basi cordato vel hastato triangularia, sensim longe acuminata, ubique denticulata ; ramea brevius latiusque acuminata, dense et argute denticulata, con- caviuscula, vix striata, nec plicata ; marginibus planis vel basin versus angustissime recurvis; costa basi sat valida, superne foliis caulinis multo, rameis paullo attenuata, circa secundam tertiam partem folu attingens. Cellulae superiores perangustae, inferne seriebus pluribus multo breviores, laxiores, pellucidae, alares sat numerosae, parvae, subquadratae.
Autoicum. Perichaetia majuscula, archegoniis numerosis, foliis erectis, latis, in acumen subfiliforme reflexum, denticulatum raptim angustatis. Seta I-1.5 cm. longa papillosa. Theca horizontalis, fusca, brevis, vetustate sub ore contracta, operculo conico, obtuso.
Hab.: Heath Forest Zone, 12,000 ft.; epiphytic; Nos. 3, 3425b, B447e; 3700 3 7Omesa lic 2a.
Brachythecium stricto-patens C. M., which this resembles in having the leaves rigidly subpatent when dry, differs in its smooth seta and dioicous inflorescence; B. implicatum in its larger size and strongly striate-plicate leaves. B. atrotheca Duby is more robust, with wider, less rigid leaves and wider cells.
RHYNCHOSTEGIELLA ALGIRIANA (Brid.) Broth.
Epiphytic, on wood, Heath Zone, 12,000 ft.; No. 3447b; c. fr. Also No. 3773 in the Kew set. This plant is exactly our European and Northern African form, golden green. The epiphytic habit is unusual, but is not unknown with us (the var. scabrellum, indeed, is usually so). FR. Holstit Broth., from Usambara, ete., is a green plant
NO. 3 BRITISH EAST AFRICAN MOSSES—DIXON 17
. of a slightly different habit ; but I can find no structural differences, and I am strongly disposed to consider it only a slight form of the same thing.
II. A SMALL COLLECTION OF MOSSES FROM THE ABERDARE MOUNTAINS
The mosses in the following list were collected near Mount Kenia
by Mr. A. Y. Allan in 1910, and were sent me for determination
by Rev. D. Lillie. Although the collection is small it is of unusual interest, containing as it does the type of a new genus.
CAMPYLOPODIUM EUPHOROCLADUM (C. M.) Besch.
Nos. 395b, 398. This species has not previously been found in Africa. It is known otherwise from Java, Tahiti, New Caledonia, New Zealand. The second specimen above cited has very young fruit and old setae.
[Campylopodium khasianum (Mitt.), a very closely allied species, indeed doubtfully distinct, differs in its fruit only, so far as I have been able to observe ; the vegetative characters described by Mitten do not appear to hold good. There is the possibility, therefore, that the African plant may belong there; but C. euphorocladum being a plant of much wider distribution (and not improbably including C. khasia- num) I have thought it best to refer this plant to the former. |
DICRANUM JOHNSTONI Mitt. Dicranum Stuhlmannii Broth. Bot. Jahrb. Engler 20: 177. 18094.
No. 400, c. fr. I have compared this with the original of D. Johnstoni (Kilimanjaro, H. H. Johnston 52), and it agrees perfectly. It is also identical with D. Stuhlmannii (Stuhlmann 3290b, and Volkens 1166, det. Brotherus). Mitten’s description of the leaves of his species as “ linearia, sensim loriformi-angustata,” and “ unlike any form of D. scopariwm from the narrower lower portions of the leaf,’ is very misleading, and is no doubt the cause of Brotherus having redescribed the plant. As a matter of fact, in Johnston’s specimen the leaves, though occasionally (abnormally) narrow at the base, are usually dilated there quite as in D. Stuhlmannii and other species.
The fruit has not hitherto been described. Perichaetium about 6 mm. long, tubular, the bracts convolute with spreading points; seta about 2 cm. long; capsule erect, symmetrical, cylindric, with very
18 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
gradually tapering neck and no struma, dark chestnut-brown, lightly plicate when dry and old; lid finely subulate, erect or suberect; deoperculate capsule about 4 mm. long.
CAMPYLOPUS JOANNIS-MEYERI (C. M.) Par. Nan 207 ach arn:
FISSIDENS LINEARI-LIMBATUS C. M.
No. 403; st. From the description this would seem to agree exactly with the original plant, collected in the same district.
KLEIOWEISIOPSIS Dixon, gen. nov.
Stirps habitu Astomi Hampe, sed cellulae superiores majusculae, et folia superne distincte denticulata. Paroica; antheridia 3-4, infra fructum, in folii perichaetialis axilla. Theca fere sessilis, in seta brevissime sita, immersa, minima, globosa, microstoma, operculo rostellato, annulo male evoluto persistente, calyptra parva, cucullata ; peristomium nullum. Spori majusculi.
KLEIOWEISIOPSIS DENTICULATA Dixon, sp. nov. (ei 2), inks 10)
Caespitosa seu dense gregaria; minuta. Stirps (vetusta) sordide pallideque luteo-viridis ; circa 5 mm. alta, plerumque ad caulis basin divisa. Folia erecto-patentia, sicca subcrispata, inferiora brevissima, supra sensim longiora, superiora (fructifera) 3-4 mm. longa, e basi concava latiore linearia, latiuscule breviterque acuminata, obtuse acutata, carinata, marginibus planis, superne plus minusve grosse et sat distanter denticulata, Costa infra circa 60 » lata tenuis, superne angustata, sat pellucida, percurrens. Cellulae superiores 9-13 p, isodi- ametricae et subquadratae vel breviter rectangulares, seriebus longi- tudinalibus regularibus dispositae, pellucidae, perdistinctae, laeves, basilares omnes perlaxae, rectangulares, hyalinae.
Theca profunde immersa; vaginula circa 200 p, seta 60-100 p, theca 400 » longa. Operculum subaequilongum, conico-rostellatum, curva- tum, acutum. Calyptra parva, late cucullata. Spori 18-22 p, fusci, conferte non alte papillosi. Exothecium e cellulis tenerrimis instruc- tum ; infra orificium series 1-2 cellularum pellucidarum persistentium quasi annulum imperfectum sistentes.
No. 395. With Campylopodium euphorocladum.
A remarkable little plant, the position of which is somewhat doubtful. In areolation and denticulation the leaves are very similar
NO.. 3 BRITISH EAST AFRICAN MOSSES—-DIXON 19
to those of some species of Rhabdoweisia, and on this account it, might be placed in the Dicranaceae. On the whole, however, it seems to be best placed in the Pottiaceae, near Astomum and the subgenus Kleiowetsia of Hymenostomum.
The plant is paroicous; but I suspect it may be heteroicous, as [| have seen what seems to be a male flower below the fertile flower.
The capsule is, accurately speaking, neither cleistocarpous nor stegocarpous. The lid is perfectly differentiated, and there is a distinct row of subannular cells at the orifice; these may be in more than one series. On the other hand, the lid is probably not normally functional ; the capsule wall is of extremely delicate texture and under pressure breaks up without the lid being detached, and this appears to be the case also under normal conditions.
It is unfortunate that the altitude is not recorded. The association of the plant with Campylopodium would seem to indicate a compara- tively low level.
TORTULA ERUBESCENS (C. M.) Broth. No. 399; st.
POLYTRICHUM COMMUNE L. ING. 304:; St.
BRAUNIA SECUNDA (Hook.) B. S. G.
Nos. 401, 404; st. Presumably this species.
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS - VOL. 72
EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLaTE I[
Fic. 1. Dicranoweisia africana. a, Leaf, < 20; bb’, apex, X 50; c, cap- sule, X 6.
Fic. 2. Holomitrium Maclennani. a, Plant, X 1, (left moist, right dry) ; b, leaf, X 20; c, cells, X 200; d, peristome teeth, X 50.
Fic. 3. Brachymenium stenothecum. a, Stem, dry, X 1; a’, do., moist, X 1; b, leaves, X 10; c, apex, X 40; d, part of peristome, XX 50.
Fic. 4. Anomobryum robustum. a, a’, leaves, X 20.
Fic. 5. Braunia. a, B. secunda, b, B. brachytheca; capsules, X 3. Fic. 6. Neckera platyantha. a, a’, Capsule with perichaetium, X 2. Fic. 7. Neckera submacrocarpa. a, Capsule with perichaetium, X 2.
PiateE II
Fic. 8. Bryum brevinerve. a, Stem, X 1; b, leaf, X. 10; c, cells in upper part; X 50.
Fic. 9. Rhaphidostegium elgonense. a, Stem, X 1; 0, leaf, X 20; c, cap- sule, X 5.
Fic. 10. Brachythecium Diimmeri. a, Stem, X 1; b, stem leaves, X 20; c,'cells, X 200; d, perichaetium, X 5.
Fic. 11. Kletoweisiopsis denticulata. a, Plant (moist), X 1; a’, do. dry, x 1; b, plant, X 8; c, leaf, X 20; d, leaf apex, X 40; e, upper cells, X 200; f, basal cells, X 200; g, cells at orifice of capsule, 200.
VOL. 72; NO. 8, PL. 1
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
BRITISH EAST AFRICAN MOSSES
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72, NO. 3, PL. 2
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BRITISH EAST AFRICAN MOSSES
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 72 NUMBER 4
DIAGNOSES OF SOME NEW GENERA OF BIRDS
BY ROBERT RIDGWAY Curator, Division of Birds, U. S. National Museum
(PUBLICATION 2588)
CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DECEMBER 6, 1920
The Lord Waltimore Mress BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. 4. ? a ‘' ' - “ ; “ t ®
DIAGNOSES OF SOME NEW GENERA OF BIRDS
By ROBERT RIDGWAY CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
OROAETUS gen. nov. (Buteonide) Type: Falco isidori Des Murs.
Similar to Spizaétus Vieillot,” but rectrices much broader, the width of middle pair equal to about one-fourth their length (from point of insertion) ; feathers of legs longer, those of thighs plume- like ; wing-tip relatively longer, the longest primary exceeding outer- most (distal) secondary by more than one-fourth the length of wing; tip of tail truncate; occipital plumes shorter, subcuneate; adults with under parts striped, upper parts uniform black, and tail mottled grayish with a broad terminal band of black ; size larger (wing more than 500 mm.).
(“Opos, mountain; derds, eagle.)
SPECIES: Oroaétus isidori (Des Murs).
The type and only known species of this genus has been referred by Sharpe and others to Lophotriorchis Sharpe (type, Astur kienerii Geoffroy-St. Hilaire), but it would be difficult to find two forms of this group (Spizaeti) more conspicuously different in structural details or even in appearance. Lophotriorchis differs in (1) the very broad cere, its width on top nearly if not quite equal to its length; (2) relatively very much smaller bill; (3) densely bristled loral region; (4) five outer primaries with inner webs deeply and abruptly emarginated (instead of six obliquely sinuated) ; (5) very different relative length of anterior toes, the inner (without claw) not extending beyond the penultimate articulation of the middle toe,_ the outer very little longer, the middle toe (without claw) three- fourths as long as tarsus instead of only about two-thirds as long; (6) tip of tail distinctly rounded instead of truncate. In short, practically the only character, apart from those common to the whole group, possessed by the two genera consists in the unim- portant ones of a similar crest and striped under parts of adults.
*With “ Falco mauduyti Daudin” =F. ornatus Daudin as type (subsequent designation by Gray, 1840).
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VoL. 72, No. 4
2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
PHAOAETUS gen. nov. (Buteonidz) Type: Falco limnaetus Horsfield.*
Similar to Lophotriorchis in abrupt emargination of five outer primaries and densely bristled loral region, but differing conspicu- ously in having the cere much narrower (across top); relatively much larger and more produced bill; in very different proportionate length of toes, the inner (without claw) extending to decidedly beyond penultimate articulation of middle toe; tail about three- fourths (instead of less than two-thirds) as long as wing; wing-tip shorter, the longest primary exceeding outermost (distal) secondary by less than one-third the length of wing ; middle toe (without claw) less than half (instead of three-fourths) as long as tarsus; toes and claws much stouter, the latter relatively shorter and less acute, and uniform dusky coloration.
(aids, brown, dusky; deros, eagle.) Species: Pheoaétus limnaetus (Horsfield).
MORPHNARCHUS gen. nov. (Buteonide)
Type: Leucopternis princeps Sclater.
Similar to Leucopternis Kaup but differing in relatively shorter and stouter tarsus (less than twice as long as middle toe without claw), circular nostril, cuneate feathers of head and neck, and very different coloration, the head, neck, chest and upper parts plain black, the under parts (posterior to chest) white narrowly barred with black; loral and orbital regions nearly nude.
(Mopdvos, dusky, dark; apyxés, a leader or chief.)
Species: Morphnarchus princeps (Sclater).
PERCNOHIERAX gen. nov. (Buteonide)
Type: Falco leucorrhous Quoy and Gaimard.
Somewhat like Rupornis Kaup, but relative length of anterior toes very different, the outer toe (without claw) not longer than the inner and extending to barely beyond penultimate articulation of middle toe (instead of to beyond middle of penultimate phalanx) ; middle toe relatively longer (more, instead of less, than half as long as tarsus); tarsus less (instead of more) than one-fourth as
"This species is the type of Limnaétus Vigors, which name is antedated by Limnetus Bowdich, the latter a synonym of Buteo.
NO. 4 DIAGNOSES OF SOME NEW GENERA OF BIRDS—RIDGWAY 3
long as wing, its upper portion more extensively feathered in front (for one-half instead of only one-third, or less, the length of tarsus), the naked portion of acrotarstum with much fewer (about 7 instead of 12-13) transverse scutellae; cere much narrower across top, and coloration radically different, the adults and young being conspicu- ously different, the former mostly plain brownish black or blackish brown, the latter with under parts buff or light ochraceous conspicu- ously striped with dusky.
Also resembling somewhat the smaller species of Buteo, especially B. brachyurus (which it resembles more in coloration than in struc- tural details), but these differ in (1) having the wing-tip (distance from tip of distal secondary to that of longest primary) equal to much more than one-third the length of wing; (2) only three outer primaries with inner webs emarginated ; (3) first (outermost) pri- mary equal to eighth (instead of equal to tenth) ; (4) tarsus less than one-fourth as long as wing (instead of more than one-fourth as long), and also in possessing several of the characters distinguish- ing Rupornis from Percnohierax.
_ (Ilepxvos, dark-colored, dusky ; ‘Tépaé, a hawk.
Species: Percnohierax leucorrhous (Quoy and Gaimard). (Monotypic.)
HAPALOCREX gen. nov. (Rallide)
Type: Rallus flaviventris Boddaert.
Very small Rallee (wing about 66-69 mm.) with longest feather of alula falling short of tips of longest primary coverts; bill nearly as long as head; toes very long (the combined length of first two phalanges of middle toe as long as tarsus, the hallux, without claw, half as long as tarsus), and with a white superciliary stripe and black loral stripe.
(‘A7rados, delicate; xpeé, a crake.)
Species: Hapalocrex flaviventris (Boddaert). (Monotypic.)
LIMNOCREX gen. nov. (Rallide)
Type: Porgana cinereiceps Lawrence.
Small Rallee (wing about 70-78 mm.) with longest feather of alula extending decidedly beyond tips of longest primary coverts ; nostril narrowly elliptical; tarsus shorter than middle toe without claw (but longer than combined length of first two phalanges of middle toe) ; outermost primary as long as (sometimes longer than)
4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
distal secondary; bill subcuneate (tapering) in lateral profile, the culmen elevated and more or less arched basally; and with sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts conspicuously barred black and white.
(Aiuvyn, a pool, marsh; x«pé€, a crake.)
Species: Limnocrex cinereiceps (Lawrence) ; Limnocrex albigu- laris (Lawrence) ; Limnocrex exilis (Temminck).
(Possibly the following species, which I have not seen, may also be referable to this genus: Porgana enops Sclater and Salvin; P. levraudi Sclater and Salvin, and Rallus leucopyrrhus Vieillot.)
THRYOCREX gen. nov. (Rallidz)
Type: Corethrura rubra Sclater and Salvin.
Small Ralleze (wing about 81-85 mm.) with bill not conspicuously deeper. at base than at gonydeal angle, its width at posterior end of nostril equal to decidedly more than half its depth at same point; malar antia slightly anterior to the broadly rounded (convex) loral antia ; longest feather of alula extending beyond tips of longest pri- mary coverts ; outermost primary not projecting beyond tip of distal secondary ; tarsus longer than middle toe without claw, and under parts plain cinnamon-rufous.
(@pvov, a rush; xpégé, a crake.)
Species: Thryocrex rubra (Sclater and Salvin). (Monotypic.)
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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 72, NUMBER 5
NEW SELAGINELLAS FROM THE: WESTERN UNITED STATES
(With Six PLATEs) ©
BY WILLIAM R. MAXON
(PUBLICATION 2589)
CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEGEMBER 22, 1920
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NEW SELAGINELLAS FROM THE WESTERN UNITED SEATES By WILLIAM R. MAXON (With Srx PLates)
Within the past twenty years a considerable number of species have been proposed in the group of Selaginella rupestris, nearly all of which, judged by a critical comparison of their essential though minute characters, are undoubtedly well founded. In all, about twenty-five species have been described from the United States. These are so various in gross form and habit, and under a dissecting microscope or even by use of a good hand lens show such remark- ably diverse and constant leaf and sporophyll characters, that it is hard to conceive of their ever having been regarded as, for the most part, “ forms” of a single species. Extensive collecting, especially in the Rocky Mountain region, is still necessary in order to clear up the relationship of a few doubtful forms, and it is likely that explora- tion in the Southwest will yield additional new species, since the plants as a group are decidedly xerophilous or, at least, are able to withstand long periods of drought, and so may be sought in those arid out-of-the-way places that appeal chiefly to the natural history collector. Specimens from any part of the southern and western United States will, indeed, be gratefully received by the writer.
Of the six species here described the first is one of the interesting assemblage of species growing together, often intimately associated, in the Organ Mountains of New Mexico; the second is a plant of the desert region of southern California, confused by Underwood with a similar species from Zacatecas, Mexico; the third, long known to the writer as distinct, is a related plant from Arizona; the fourth and fifth are species of southern California, brought to light by the _ energetic field work of a small group of enthusiastic botanists ; and the sixth is a strongly marked plant, not uncommon in the Glacier National Park, recently discovered during the course of intensive botanical collecting in that region. In the lack of a monograph or a synoptical account of the group as represented in the United States, it has seemed especially desirable to accompany the descriptions by illustrations. These, besides assisting in identification, will serve to
SMITHSONIAN MISGELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 72, No. 5
Z SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
show very well some of the more diverse forms assumed by members of this group. All the illustrations are at natural size and represent the type specimens in each instance, excepting only that of S. arizonica which is of Thornber 315.
SELAGINELLA NEOMEXICANA Maxon, sp. nov.
(Pl. 1)
Plants strongly assurgent, 10 to 20 cm. long, the main stem rooting sparingly at the extreme base, freely ramose, all the branches erect or ascending, several times pinnate, subequal; stems (leaves ex- cluded) mostly 0.2 to 0.5 mm. in diameter, the older ones readily defoliate. Leaves uniform, rigidly ascending on all sides, subdistant in attachment, imbricate but not wholly concealing the axis, 2 to 2.75 mm. long (seta included), the blades subulate-attenuate, 1.7 to 2.5 mm. long, 0.37 to 0.5 mm. broad at the base, setigerous (the seta 0.3 to 0.47 mm. long, whitish-hyaline from a greenish-lutescent base, straight, sparingly serrulate), thin-herbaceous, spongiose at the base, subglaucous, flat above, dorsally convex toward the narrowly obtuse apex, sparingly pilose at the base of the deep narrow median groove, ciliate, the cilia 12 to 20 on each side, slender, rigid, nearly straight, mostly 0.06 to 0.125 mm. long, spreading or slightly ascending, the apical ones reduced and more oblique. Spikes numerous, terminating the main branches, 1 to 2 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. thick, recurved, sharply quadrangular; sporophylls glaucous, yellowish brown with age, readily detached, 2.4 to 2.7 mm. long (seta included), the blade 2.2 to 2.4 mm. long, 0.9 to 1.2 mm. broad, ovate, evenly long- acuminate, setigerous (the seta 0.2 to 0.47 mm. long, greenish- lutescent with a white tip, slightly scabrous), strongly concave, with a deep dorsal groove throughout, freely short-ciliate, the cilia 25 to 32 on each side, close, stout, rigidly ascending, mostly 0.045 to 0.075 mm. long, the upper ones reduced. Megasporangia abortive or wanting. Microsporangia very numerous; microspores yellow, about 0.022 mm. in diameter.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, No. 591262, collected in the Organ Mountains, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, at an altitude of about 1,800 meters, January 9, 1909, by E. O. Wooton. There are at hand three additional sheets of specimens collected in the same range of mountains by Mr. Wooton on September 28, 1902, Septem- ber 11, 1904, and March 3, 1907, the last mentioned associated with S. rupincola Underw.
The present species has hitherto been referred doubtfully to S. bigelovu Underw., of southern California, and this is clearly its
NO. 5 NEW SELAGINELLAS—MAXON 3
relationship. Selaginella bigelovii differs, however, in its more com- pact habit and rigid, funiform branches, and more particularly in details of leaf structure, the cilia being strongly oblique, very rigid, short (mostly 0.03 to 0.04 mm. long), and pointed, often incurved ; also, the setae are strongly scabrous throughout. Similar differences are found in the sporophylls, those of S. bigelovu being coriaceous, distinctly carinate, and tipped with a strongly scabrous seta.
SELAGINELLA EREMOPHILA Maxon, sp. nov. (Pl. 2)
Plants wholly prostrate, the main stems up to Io or 12 cm. long, coarsely radicose at intervals throughout, freely branched, forming a close mat, the principal basal divisions subequal, divaricate, 2 or 3 times pinnate, the ultimate sterile branches very short, mostly 2 to 4 mm. long, about 2 mm. broad, involute upon drying; stems, branches, and minor divisions all densely leafy, of pronounced dorso- ventral aspect. Leaves crowded, in six ranks, those of the under side the largest, about 2 mm. long, 0.5 mm. broad, exactly lanceolate, acutish, not setigerous, ciliate (the cilia about 25 on each side, white, spreading, mostly 0.075 to 0.125 mm. long), yellowish brown, im- bricate, oblique-spreading, strongly secund upon drying ; leaves of the upper side close-set, subimbricate, nearly vertical, straight or slightly curved, deltoid-subulate, acutish, not setigerous, I to I.4 mm. long, 0.4 to 0.47 mm. broad at the base, at first bright green and sub- glaucous, soon turning yellowish brown, flat above, broadly convex beneath and sulcate in a median line nearly or quite to the tip, ciliate, the cilia 6 to 12 on each side, weak, mostly spreading, about 0.1 mm. long, similar minute hairs tufted at the base of the midrib and extend- ing sparingly along the dorsal groove. Spikes numerous, arcuately ascending, 6 to 10 mm. long, I mm. thick or less; sporophylls deltoid, acute or acutish, not setigerous, mostly 1.2 to 1.4 mm. long, 0.9 to I mm. broad, convex, subcarinate and sulcate dorsally, ciliate, the cilia 12 to 18 on each side, spreading or weakly ascending, mostly 0.09 to 0.125 mm. long, rarely reaching the apex. Megasporangia few, inferior, mostly basal; megaspores light yellow, 0.36 to 0.4 mm. in greatest diameter, the commissural faces finely and deeply reticulate, the outer face coarsely but sharply and deeply reticulate, the ridges about 0.016 mm. broad ; commissural costae prominent, long. Micro- sporangia numerous; microspores dull yellow, about 0.039 mm. in diameter, long remaining associated in tetrads.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, No. 867484, collected in Palm Canyon, Riverside County, California, April 4, 1917, by Ivan M. Johnston (No. 1047) ; distributed as Selaginella parishii Underw.
4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Mr. Johnston’s notes accompanying the specimen read, “ Very common in rock crevices and in their shade; Lower Sonoran Zone. It is very hard to find a rock which hasn’t a large colony of this at its foot. It grows with Selaginella bigelovu.”
The following additional specimens of S. eremophila, all from the Colorado Desert region, are in the National Herbarium:
CALIFORNIA: Mountain Spring, San Diego County, alt. goo meters, May 14, 1894, Mearns 3162. Top of Granite Mountain, seven miles east of Julian, April 17, 1918, Bethel. Base of San Jacinto Mountain, March, 1908, Saunders. Palm Canyon, eastern base of San Jacinto Mountain, March, 1919, Hall. West Canyon, Riverside County, alt. 200 meters, April 18, 1907, Parish 6111.- Tahquitz, near Palm Springs, December 25, 1903, Dudley.
Selaginella eremophila is the plant of southern California (rare in herbaria) which has been called S. parishii. Underwoad in describ- ing S. parishit,, however, cited three collections, two of these from the Colorado Desert (Parish 1200; Saunders), and the third from Zacatecas, Mexico (Palmer 306). The California plant is specifically distinct from the Mexican element, which, having been designated by Underwood as the type, must bear the name S. parishti. The dissociation of Mr. Parish’s name from so characteristic a species of the Colorado Desert flora is especially regrettable.
Of the species hitherto described, S. eremophila is closely related
~only to S. parishu, of Zacatecas, and S. landu Greenm. & Pfeiffer,” of Jalisco, both of which have a very similar dorso-ventral aspect. Selaginella parishii is a more lax plant, with the ultimate branches 2 to 3 mm. broad, and larger, narrower leaves, whose characters may be summarized as follows: Leaves of the under side 2.2 to 2.5 mm. long, with about 18 cilia upon each side, these oblique, 0.078 to 0.125 mm. long; leaves of the upper side 1.3 to 1.6 mm. long, 0.35 to 0.43 mm. broad, with 4 to 8 cilia on each side, these oblique, 0.06 to 0.09 mm. long. The sporophylls, moreover, are broadly cordate- deltoid, 1.5 to 1.7 mm. long, 1.3 to 1.4 mm. broad, with 25 to 30 “very oblique, close-set cilia on each side, those of the lower two-thirds 0.1 to 0.17 mm. long, forming a conspicuous fimbriate border. The megaspores are pale yellow, about 0.42 mm. in diameter, and delicately reticulate.
Selaginella landui is represented in the National Herbarium by a portion of the type, Barnes & Land 2024 (San Esteban Mountains,
32 kilometers from Guadalajara, Jalisco) and by another collection
* Bull. Torrey Club 33: 202. 1906. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5: 205. pl. 11, 12. 1918.
NO. 5 NEW SELAGINELLAS—MAXON 5
(Rose & Painter 7499) from the same locality. The essential char- acters are as follows: Stems very firm, stiff, the branches rigid, not intricate; leaves of lower side closely appressed-imbricate, lance- attenuate, 2.7 to 3.2 mm. long, 0.6 to 0.7 mm. broad, with about 15 to 20 slender, mostly ascending cilia on each side in the lower half or two-thirds (these 0.06 to 0.12 mm. long), the apical third with pungent serratures ; leaves of the upper side crowded, rigidly vertical or recurved, narrowly deltoid, evenly acuminate, I to 1.2 mm. long, 0.4 to 0.5 mm. broad, with about 13 to 16 cilia on each side, these mostly oblique and incurved, 0.055 to 0.085 mm. long, the upper ones passing into broad pungent serratures; sporophylls deltoid-ovate, narrowly long-acuminate, 1.7 to 2 mm. long, 0.85 to I mm. broad, variable in ciliation, sometimes with as many as 20 stiff, rigidly ascending, mostly incurved cilia in the basal half (these 0.03 to 0.06 mm. long) and elsewhere serrate, or with short ascending teeth along the whole margin above the extreme base (here with a few cilia). Megaspores yellow, subglobose, about 0.33 mm. in diameter, rugulose-reticulate, the ridges projecting sharply, less than 0.008 mm. broad.
These three species, S. eremophila, S. parishui, and S. landi, while readily distinguished specifically, are by no means typical members of the group of S. rupestris, and together with the next species (S. arizonica) forma fairly well-defined subgroup. The pronounced dorso-ventral habit and subdimorphous leaves are doubtless to be associated with their strongly xerophilous habitat.
SELAGINELLA ARIZCNICA Maxon, sp. nov. (PIs)
Plants wholly prostrate, the main stems up to 20 cm. long, rooting at intervals throughout, pinnately branched, the branches I to 1.5 cm. apart on each side, the lower and middle ones 2.5 to 6 cm. long, twice pinnate, the ultimate branches broadly subclavate, short, subdistant, all the parts densely leafy, dorso-ventral, involute. Leaves crowded, in six ranks, those of the under side the largest, appressed-imbricate, oblique laterally, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, not setigerous, 2.5 to 2.8 mm. long, 0.5 to 0.6 mm. broad, thin-herbaceous, yellowish brown, evenly ciliate, the cilia 18 to 22 on each side, oblique, up to 0.11 mm. long, the apical ones reduced ; leaves of the upper side subulate, 1.8 to 2.2 mm. long, 0.3 to 0.44 mm. broad, evenly attenuate to the acutish, whitish-marginate, short-setigerous apex (the seta dirty white, stout, 0.15 to 0.28 mm. long, serrate, often reflexed, present only in the
6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
young leaves, caducous), ciliate (the cilia 4 to 8 on each side, ascend- ing, pungent, 0.04 to 0.09 mm. long, passing into short serratures at the apex), at first bright green, grayish with age, rigidly herbaceous from a thick spongiose base, rigidly ascending, with age nearly vertical in the older branches, flat above, slightly convex dorsally and deeply sulcate nearly to the tip. Spikes ascending, terminating the short ultimate divisions of the larger branches (or the divisions wholly fertile), sometimes numerous, 2 to 5 mm. long; sporophylls iarrowly ovate-deltoid, 1.5 to 1.95 mm. long, 0.75 to 0.85 mm. broad, evenly long-acuminate, at first barely setigerous (the seta 0.15 to 0.25 mm. long, broad, pointed, serrulate, dirty white), subcarinate, ciliate, the cilia 18 to 22 on each side, stout, rigidly ascending, mostly 0.03 to 0.06 mm. long, the upper ones greatly reduced, dentiform. Megasporangia numerous, basal, or sometimes interspersed among the microsporangia ; megaspores pale yellow, subglobose, 0.36 mm. in greatest diameter, coarsely reticulate on the outer face (the ridges sharp and narrow), finely reticulate on the commissural faces ; com- missural costae long, delicate. Microsporangia numerous; micro- spores orange, about 0.035 mm. in diameter.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 694327, collected at the foot of Soldier Trail, Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, altitude about 960 meters, July 28, 1914, by Forrest Shreve. Other specimens in the National Herbarium are as follows:
ArIzoNA: Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mountains, alt. 870 meters, June 15, 1903, Thornber 315. Ventana Canyon, near Tucson, 1913, Cook. Pimo Canyon, near Tucson, February, 1913, Parish 8513. Arivipa Canyon, April, 1873, P. F. Mohr. Santa Catalina Mountains, April 3, 1894, Toumey. Roosevelt Dam, on steep rocky slopes, August 3, 1910, Goodding 722. Salt River Mountains, alt. 600 meters, November 9, 1913, Bailey. Ray, 1913, Bailey.
Selaginella arizonica is related to S. eremophila, and to S. land and S. parishii, whose characters are given in detail under the last preceding species. The disparity in size between the leaves of the under and upper sides is far less in S. arizonica than in the others, and it alone of the four species has the leaves and sporophylls at all setigerous. Jt is a much larger and coarser plant than S. eremophila and differs in nearly all technical leaf characters.
SELAGINELLA ASPRELLA Maxon, sp. nov.
(PI. 4) Plants forming a loose mat, the main stems 3 to 6 cm. long, creep- ing but not prostrate, rooting at intervals throughout, with a few
NO. 5 NEW SELAGINELLAS—MAXON 7
laxly ascending branches, these close, usually intricate, 1 to 2.5 cm. long, twice pinnate, the ultimate divisions 3 to 7 mm. long, oblique, slender, all the parts scantily leafy ; main branches (leaves excluded) about 0.6 mm. thick, tardily defoliate. Leaves uniform, rigidly as- cending on all sides, subdistant, decurrent, subimbricate, 2.75 to 3.2 mm. long (seta included), the blades narrowly deltoid-subulate, 1.85 to 2.3 mm. long, 0.55 to 0.7 mm. broad at the base, long-setigerous (the seta 0.7 to 0.9 mm. long, white-hyaline, slender, subflexuous, serrulate-ciliate throughout, the cilia up to 0.04 mm. long), charta- ceous, inflated, concave above, broadly convex beneath, with a deep median groove, very strongly glaucous, with a more or less well- defined whitish-hyaline border (0.045 to 0.075 mm. broad at the middle of the leaf), ciliate, the cilia 16 to 23 on each side, spreading, straight or often curved, mostly 0.05 to 0.09 mm. long, the upper ones distant, shorter, oblique. Spikes numerous, loosely aggregate at the ends of the short apical branches, I to 2 cm. long, 1.5 to 2 mm. broad, arcuate, sharply quadrangular; sporophylls laxly imbricate, strongly glaucous, yellowish brown with age, 2.5 to 3 mm. long (seta included), the blade narrowly ovate-deltoid, evenly long-acuminate, 1.9 to 2.2 mm. long, 0.85 to I mm. broad at the base, long-setigerous (the seta stiff, straight, 0.6 to 0.8 mm. long, whitish, strongly scabrous), carinate, with a deep dorsal groove, strongly whitish- marginate, ciliate, the cilia 25 to 35 on each side, slightly oblique, mostly 0.03 to 0.06 mm. long, the apical ones few and reduced. Megasporangia few, mostly basal; megaspores pale to bright yellow, subglobose, about 0.375 mm. in diameter, lightly reticulate on all faces, the meshes broad, with low ridges; commissural costae prominent. Microsporangia very numerous; microspores bright ’ orange, about 0.033 mm. in diameter.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, No. 867507, collected at the west end of Ontario Peak, San Antonio Mountains, southern California, altitude about 1,800 meters, in rocky ground, March 25, 1918, by Ivan T. Johnston (No. 1815). Other material, all from the same range of mountains, has been examined, as follows: San Antonio Canyon, in shelter of rock on the dry, open canyon floor, alt. 1,725 meters, July 28, 1917, Johnston 1595; Ontario Peak, in crevices of a sunny, exposed granite cliff, alt. 2,475 meters, December 22, 1917, Johnston 1807. The last-mentioned specimen is dwarfed, and the leaf parts scarcely attain the size given in the description.
Selaginella asprella is a strongly marked species, without any very close relatives. Of western United States species it is related only to S. bigelovii Underw., S. rupincola Underw., and S. neo-
8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
mexicana Maxon, all of which are much larger plants of essentially erect growth and differ, besides, in numerous technical characters. The very slender, rigid branches and spaced, half-appressed, strongly setigerous leaves give the plant a scant, harsh aspect, which has sug- gested the specific name.
SELAGINELLA LEUCOBRYOIDES Maxon, sp. nov. (Pl. 5)
Plants very closely prostrate, the stems short-creeping, 1 to 2 cm. long or less, closely aggregate, simply pinnate, the divisions thick, strongly cespitose, erect, only 2 to 7 mm. long, or the terminal ones bearing erect elongate spikes, all the parts densely leafy. Leaves crowded, closely appressed-imbricate, mostly incurved, glaucous, linear-subulate, uniform as to shape, variable in size, the basal ones 2.8 to 3.25 mm. long (seta included), 0.44 to 0.53 mm. broad, the upper ones mostly 2 to 2.8 mm. long (seta included), 0.42 to 0.5 mm. broad, all short-setigerous at the acutish whitish thickened apex (the seta stout, white, not translucent, subflexuous, 0.125 to 0.28 mm. long, strongly scabrous, often reflexed), ciliate (the cilia 8 to 16 on each side, those of the basal half spreading, 0.6 to 0.13 mm. long, the upper ones shorter, distant, ascending), thick, rigidly herbaceous, flat or broadly concave above, convex beneath (strongly so toward the apex), the median groove deep, broad, nearly percurrent. Spikes relatively numerous, aggregate, 5 to 10 mm. long, about I.5 mm. thick, erect, nearly straight ; sporophylls rigidly appressed-imbricate, deeply concave, narrowly to broadly deltoid-ovate, evenly long- acuminate, about 2 mm. long, 0.8 to I mm. broad, short-setigerous (the seta white, rigid, pointed, subentire, about 0.15 mm. long or less), ciliate-serrulate ; cilia or teeth 20 to 25 on each side, the basal cilia not more than 0.046 mm. long, pungent, oblique, passing grad- ually into oblique hyaline teeth toward the apex. Megasporangia few, basal; megaspores subglobose, bright yellow, about 0.47 mm. in diameter, the outer face obscurely reticulate, the commissural faces manifestly so; commissural costae short, elevated. Microsporangia numerous ; microspores orange, about 0.039 mm. in diameter.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, No. 982453, collected at Bonanza Mine, Providence Mountains, southeastern California, alt. 840 meters, in crevices, rocky mountain side, March 30, 1920, by P. A. Munz and R. D. Harwood (No. 3789). The following addi- tional material is at hand:
NO. 5 NEW SELAGINELLAS—MAXON 9 ®
CALIFORNIA: Surprise Canyon, Panamint Mountains, Inyo County, alt. 1,400 meters, April 14, 1891, Coville & Funston 628. Vicinity of Bonanza King Mine, east slope of Providence Mountains, Mojave Desert, alt. g60 meters, May 11-24, 1920, Munz, Johnston & Harwood 42206.
The relationship of Selaginella leucobryoides is difficult to deter- mine, since the plant differs not only in megaspores but in most foliage characters from all other species of the Pacific Coast region. The most striking characteristics are the extremely short, pure white but opaque seta of the leaves and the condensed, rosette-like arrange- ment of the very short branches. In habit and color there is a strong suggestion of the tufted growth of some of the smaller species of Leucobryum.
The Panamint Mountains plant collected by Coville and Funston (No. 628) was mentioned as a critical form by Underwood in his initial work upon the United States species allied to S. rupestris It is clearly a reduced state of the present species, differing from the type only in its lesser size. The leaves are only 1.65 to 2 mm. long and 0.35 to 0.44 mm. broad; the seta and cilia characters are identical. The plant collected by Munz, Johnston, and Harwood (No. 4226) also comes from a higher elevation than the type collection and is somewhat smaller.
SELAGINELLA STANDLEYI Maxon, sp. nov. (Pl. 6)
Plants closely prostrate, the main stems up to 6 cm. long, finely radicose, pinnately branched, the larger basal branches up to 2.5 cm. long and with a few short alternate divisions, the upper branches -simple or once dichotomous, all the divisions cespitose, rigidly arcuate-ascending. Leaves crowded, imbricate, rigidly appressed, those of the older stems of a characteristic bronze color, relatively large, the blades broadly acicular, acutish, up to 2.5 mm. long and 0.6 mm. broad, with a short lutescent seta; leaves of the branches mostly dull green, oblong-linear, 2.1 to 2.5 mm. long (seta included), 0.35 to 0.45 mm. broad, setigerous at the narrowly obtuse apex (the seta 0.6 to 0.78 mm. long, lutescent throughout, coarsely serrulate- scabrous), ciliate (the cilia I0 to 14 on each side, hyaline, stiff, oblique, mostly 0.05 to 0.06 mm. long, passing into pungent serratures toward the apex), rigidly herbaceous, flat above, convex beneath and reddish along the deep median groove, especially toward the cymbi- form apex. Spikes numerous, mostly geminate, erect from a curved base, 7 to 11 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. thick; sporophylls deltoid to
ie) SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. . 72
ovate-deltoid, 1.8 to 2 mm. long, 0.9 to I mm. broad, acuminate, setigerous at the acutish tip (the seta 0.2 to,o.4 mm. long, stout, rigid, scabrous, lutescent from a darker base), ciliate, the cilia close, 16 to 21 on each side, stiff, rigidly ascending, up to 0.08 mm. long. Megasporangia few, basal; megaspores orange-yellow, 0.46 to 0.5 mm. in diameter, oblate-spheroidal, rugose in all aspects, the com- missural costae short and prominent. Microsporangia very numer- ous; microspores dull orange, about 0.032 mm. in diameter.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, No. 1028638, collected in the vicinity of Sexton Glacier, Glacier National Park, Montana, altitude 1,950 to 2,220 meters, on a moist rocky slope, August 7, 1919, by Paul C. Standley (No. 17228). Other material studied is as follows:
Montana (Glacier National Park): Gunsight Pass and vicinity, alt. 1,775 to 2,100 meters, August 25, 1919, Standley 18136; August 25, 1917, Ulke. Along the trail from Many Glacier Hotel to Piegan Pass, alt. 1,500 to 2,160 meters, August I1, 1919, Standley 17483. Vicinity of Iceberg Lake, alt. 1,740 to 1,950 meters, July I1, 1919, Standley 15363. Ptarmigan Lake, alt. 1,800 to 1,900 meters, August 3, 1919, Standley 16970.
ALBERTA: Tunnel Mountain, alt. 1,650 meters, June I1, 1906, Brown 95. :
The writer takes pleasure in dedicating this excellent species to Mr. Paul C. Standley, who, in the course of his botanical exploration of Glacier National Park, assembled an extraordinarily rich collec- tion of material in this group, the specimens comprising (besides S. standleyt) S. montanensis Hieron., S. densa Rydb., and S. wallacei Hieron., all in ample series.
Superficially S. standleyi most resembles S. watsoni Underw., of the high mountains of Utah, Nevada, and California, in which also the leaves have lutescent setae. It is at once distinguished from S. watsoni, however, by the fact that the setae (which are even darker) are not only 2 to 3 times as long but are strongly serrulate- scabrous nearly throughout, those of S. watsont being smooth or nearly so. The sporophylls also have longer and scabrous setae, and the blades are much more freely ciliate, the cilia being stiff, very oblique, and subpersistent nearly to the apex, in marked contrast to S. watson.
VOL. 72, NO. 5, ‘Pl. 1
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
SELAGINELLA NEOMEXICANA Maxon
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72, NO-'5, PL.
SELAGINELLA EREMOPHILA Maxon
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72, NO. 5, PL.
SELAGINELLA ARIZONICA Maxon
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72, NO. 5, PL.
SELAGINELLA ASPRELLA Maxon
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
SELAGINELLA LEUCOBRYOIDES Maxon
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72, NO. 5, PL.
SELAGINELLA STANDLEYI Maxon
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 72, NUMBER 6
EXPLORATIONS AND FIELD-WORK OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION IN 1920
(PUBLICATION 2619)
CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1921
The Lord Baltimore Press
BALTIMORE, MD., U. 8. A.
CONTENTS
PAGE MGI HIs AGIAN era seyere gi tceeiny< SEKI viens «nies egoions aid Wei Me Seo hes REE eS Ss I Geological Explorations in the Canadian Rockies. .. 2.2.02. ehe0ee. een es I Geolocicalebield=VWorke in the! United Statesn 44-55 saeccaeceeeaer secre: 10 IFIIGEWWor eatin: WANS WE) O NGHCS) So gm Guin POO e eno puonomegouUEOOUn SoU as OUD 13 ACOORICA lesson sin AGGIES oooagocan0 b4docc0cKdobnne oon bbobooOnUauE Pye Botanicale Collectio tmmeAhis Ca-mace ie sesee ee sene eereeie ciaine emia s ai PNAS Urpallit Ati eRe pNE GE OM Ih se ce pcv ches si aleste tonas'atiear ot esa ses cave sich, Shane oka oem ees av doe lees aut « 39 Fiolosicalmixplorationmeine Elaine soca aco necro oe ae eceite es 43 Malacological Field-Work in California and the Hawaiian Islands....... ny) lByoyeimicall IB Sqo lovreiniormatnl, |ekenteh\eHln waacoocaodag cones oude.e5 bn oc URS onGoeN oe 49 Botanical Easplonamon cineebritishn Giana ears oteecenieeces nae niace 54 Collections of Living Animals for the National Zoological Park......... 50 FAMiGO POLOcicalm xa editiOnmtOntdcmhatmMaSteea area ciae ae ca seacieiae cise 63 MM ee@ iby waste Viti eso beacermeyss «ta eerie ravers oe eee ache ise onn 8 ake cane ecko 75 Pield-Work onthe Mesa’ Verde National. Park. 22.05. s0046< cscs caste os 75 Picid-\onks Amons the bMiopiclndians: <<... 3... acess s.cee es vce oe ene oe 94 Archeological Investigations in Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico........ 06 aVinisiGuoiethnerbapacorand seawneeayaar hae aa ee oeecien oad oeerceecmanecn 102 OzankaCGavesrandsMoundsmne Missounlsoseeneeeenae seen one non ee: 107 mecheological Recounoissance in Hawai. «..<2..0.. sess 1s. bes we aas aes 110 Field-Work Among the Fox and Plains Cree Indians.................... III mrcheological, explorations. im “Menmessees «havc oseccs-cu 2 se eariawdieness i) Archeological Explorations in New Mexico «2. o:: s.c.¢ eon ac cece csccece: 120
Archeological Explorations in Eastern Texas
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EXPLORATIONS AND FIELD-WORK OF THE- SMITH- SONEAN INSTITUTION IN) 1920
INTRODUCTION
Investigation of the unexplored regions of the earth and extending scientific knowledge of imperfectly known localities have from the beginning been an important phase of the Institution’s activity in the “increase of knowledge.” This pamphlet serves as an announcement of the more important expeditions sent out during the calendar year 1920, and more detailed accounts of the scientific results are later published in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Bul- letins of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and other series of publications issued under the direction of the Institution.
Not only has our knowledge of little known regions been increased through the numerous expeditions sent out by the Institution during the 75 years of its existence, but also the collections in natural his- tory and anthropology in the Museum have been greatly enriched thereby. The urgency of some of the field-work is illustrated by the Australian expedition herein briefly described. The remarkable Australian mammal life has been but meagerly represented in the National Museum and the rapid extermination of the native animals through various agencies renders increasingly difficult the securing of an adequate collection. However very satisfactory shipments are being received from the present expedition and it is hoped that a good representation will be secured for the Museum before it is too late.
GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS: IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES
During the field season of 1920, geological exploration was con- tinued by Secretary Charles D. Walcott in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, with two main points in view, (1) the determination of the character and extent of the great interval of non-deposition of sedimentary rock-forming material along the Front Range of the Rockies west of Calgary, Alberta; (2) the clearing up of the rela- tions of the summit and base of the great Glacier Lake section of 1919° to the geological formations above and below. The party going from Washington consisted of Dr. and Mrs. Walcott and Arthur Brown.
*Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. 72, No. I, 1920, p. 15.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 72, No. 6.
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NO. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1920 5
Early in July work was begun along Ghost River northeast of Banff and about 53 miles (85 km.) west of Calgary, Alberta. The route taken was along the north shore of Lake Minnewanka (fig. 1, Frontispiece) and through the Devils Gap to Ghost River, which here runs north and south at the foot of high eastward-facing cliffs of Cambrian limestone, capped by limestones of Devonian age. Lake Minnewanka is a beautiful sheet of water (fig. 2) in the broad bottom of a pre-glacial river channel, the eastward extension of which forms the Devils Gap.
The Rocky Mountain front (fig. 3) is formed of masses of evenly bedded limestone that have been pushed eastward over the softer rocks of the Cretaceous plains-forming rocks. This overthrust is many miles in extent and occurred long ago before the Devils Gap,
Fic. 5.—Devils Head (9,204 ft.), a butte rising above the cliffs of Fig. 3 on the north side of Ghost River Gap. Photograph by C. D..Walcott, 1920.
Ghost River Gap and other openings were cut through the cliffs by running water and rivers of ice. Great headlands (fig. 4) and high buttes (fig. 5) have been formed by the silent forces of water and frost, many of which stand out against the western sky as seen from the distant foothills and plains.
It was among these cliffs that we found that the first great cliff (figs. 3 and 4) was of lower Middle Cambrian age, and that resting on its upper surface there were 285 feet (86 m.) of a yellowish weathering magnesian limestone, here named the Ghost River forma- tion, which represents the great lost interval between the Cambrian below and the Devonian above. Sixty miles to the west, over four miles in thickness of limestone, shales and sandstones (22,670 feet (6,890 m.) ), occur in the lost interval of the Ghost River cliffs.
VOL. 72
MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
SMITHSONIAN
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NO. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1920 7
es} ey ‘ b - eo 3 Ea ah ; % Se Fic. 7.—A contented outfit on a Sunday afternoon near the head of the Clearwater River. Photograph by C. D. Walcott, 1920.
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aber line (9,400 ft.) over Pipestone Pass. Photograph by Mrs. Mary V. Walcott, 1920.
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Fic. 9.—Result of an hour’s fishing in Lake Minnewanka near Banff. Photograph by Mrs. Mary V. Walcott, 1920.
Fic. 10.—The avalanche lily forces its way up through the hard snow, and its beautiful slender green leaves and yellow flowers fairly cover the thin outlying margins of the winter's snow. Photograph by Mrs. Mary V. Walcott, 1920.
No. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1920 8)
Fic. 11.—Our pack horse “ Pinto” preferred to take a short cut at the ford and went down in deep water and was dragged out. Getting ready to get her up. Photograph by Mrs. Mary V. Walcott, 1920.
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Fic. 12.—Getting “ Pinto” up on her feet in shallow water. Photograph by Mrs. Mary V. Walcott, 1920.
iz) SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Returning to the Bow Valley, the party left the Canadian Pacific Railroad at Lake Louise and went north over Pipestone Pass to the Siffleur River, which is tributary to the Saskatchewan. In the north- ward-facing cliffs 25 miles (40 km.) east of the Glacier Lake section of 1919, and 4o miles (64 km.) north of Lake Louise, a geological section was studied that tied in the base of the Glacier Lake section of 1919 with the Middle and Lower Cambrian formations. Return- ing up the canyon valley of the Siffleur River to the wide upper valley of the Clearwater River, a most perfectly exposed series of lime- stones, shales, and sandstones of Upper Cambrian and later forma- tions was found (fig. 6) which cleared up the relations of the upper portion of the Glacier Lake section to the Ordovician formations above.
The field season was marred by forest fire smoke in July and August, and almost continuously stormy weather in September. Some of the incidents of the trail are illustrated by figures 7-12. The trout of Lake Minnewanka (fig. 9) increased our food supply for days while on Ghost River, and the camp on the Clearwater was a paradise for man and beast (fig. 7). On Pipestone Pass the avalanch lily was found forcing its way up through the hard snow (fig. 10), and in a treacherous ford of the Pipestone River, Arthur’s war bag and the sugar and flour got a soaking.
The party is indebted in many ways to the officials of the Rocky Mountains Park, and to the officials of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, all of whom gave assistance whenever it was possible to do so.
GEOLOGICAL FIELD-WORK IN-THE UNITED STATES
Dr. R. S. Bassler, Curator of Paleontology, U. S. National Museum, was engaged in field-work in Ohio and Illinois during the latter half of June and the first part of July, with the result that two large, instructive exhibits and important additions to the study series of fossil invertebrates were obtained. Proceeding first to Northside, Ohio, Dr. Bassler made arrangements for the shipment to Washing- ton of a large, well-preserved fossil elephant skull which had been purchased by the Museum through the efforts of Dr. E. O. Ulrich, Associate in Paleontology. This specimen, discovered in glacial gravels near Cincinnati some years ago, was long the prize exhibit of a local saloon; in fact, it was so highly regarded for advertising purposes that repeated offers of a considerable sum for its purchase were invariably refused. With the coming of prohibition, its former usefulness departed and the Museum was able to secure it for a
NO. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1920 eit
nominal amount. Teeth of this species (Elephas columbi Falconer) are contained in our collections, but such a complete skull is of rare occurrence, there being only one or two others in North American museums. The specimen is further valuable in giving evidence as to the proper position of the tusks in the skull, a subject of long controversy.
The second important exhibit secured during the trip was a slab, measuring four by eight feet, of highly fossiliferous limestone from the Richmond formation of Early Silurian age as exposed near
Fic. 13.—Beginning of excavation for exhibition slab of Richmond limestone near Oxford, Ohio. Photograph by Bassler.
Oxford, Ohio. Such a specimen had long been desired for the exhibition halls to show the advancement in life from the primitive Cambrian forms, represented in the large Cambrian sea-beach sand- stone exhibit, to the higher and more complex species of succeeding geological periods, but notwithstanding the numerous occurrences of fossiliferous limestone of Ordovician and Silurian age, it was not until 1920 that a layer affording slabs of suitable size and sufficient perfection of preservation was brought to the attention of the Museum. This was discovered by Dr. W. H. Shideler, Professor
I2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
of Geology at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, who most generously assisted in quarrying out the specimen. As shown in the accompany- ing photograph (fig. 13) representing the begining of the excavation for the thin bedded, fossiliferous layer desired (marked -r), numerous large blocks of stone had to be removed before the real task of quarrying the slab was begun. The work was completed successfully and the exhibit is now being installed in the hall of invertebrate paleontology. The perfection of the fossil shell remains on this slab
iS i *
Fic. 14.—Surface of fossiliferous limestone slab, one twenty-fifth natural size. Photograph by Bassler.
is evidenced in figure 14, which, however, shows only in a small degree the distinctness of the shells upon the rock background.
Upon the completion of the quarrying operations at Oxford, Dr. Bassler proceeded to Chicago, Illinois, where he was engaged in the preparation of casts of type specimens of fossils contained in the collections of the Walker Museum, University of Chicago. The paleontological collection of the National Museum, which includes the celebrated Walcott, Ulrich, Springer, Harris, Nettelroth, and Rominger collections, is especially rich in type specimens of Early Paleozoic fossils, but nevertheless the Walker Museum possesses
No. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1920 13
many unique types not represented at all in Washington. Permission to prepare casts of these and thus advance our study series toward the completeness which the National collections should attain, was generously granted by Dr. Stuart Weller, Director of the Walker Museum. In two weeks time Dr. Bassler was enabled to finish cast- ing all of the Ordovician and Silurian types, leaving the remaining Paleozoic species for a future trip. The work was done quickly by using the modeling compound (plastocene) to make the mold from which the cast is prepared. After dusting the fossil with talcum powder the modeling compound is carefully pressed upon it and then withdrawn, thus securing a clear-cut impression into which the plaster is poured. Bubbles can be avoided by first pouring thin plaster of Paris into the mold and distributing it uniformly with a camel’s hair brush. The thicker plaster is then introduced as usual to fill the cavity. When dry the modeling compound is torn away, thus leaving the complete cast but also, unfortunately, destroying the mold.
Field-work in vertebrate paleontology was limited to a short trip made by Mr. J. W. Gidley, Assistant Curator, in the latter part of August to Williamsburg, Virginia, where scattered remains of a fossil whale had been found in the Miocene strata outcropping nearby. It was at first hoped that an entire skeleton could be secured here, but careful search proved the bones to be so scattered and fragmentary that no exhibition material was available although some interesting additions to the collection of fossil vertebrates and some excellent Miocene shells for the exhibition series were obtained.
Mr. William F. Foshag, of the Division of Mineralogy, at his own expense made sundry trips into interesting mineral localities in Cali- fornia and secured a considerable quantity of desirable material for ‘ the Museum’s collections, including an excellent series of borax minerals.
FIELD-WORK IN ASTROPHYSICS
In astrophysical research the Institution was unusually active. Early in 1920, Dr. Abbot had a long discussion and correspondence with Professor Marvin, Chief of the United States Weather Bureau, on the applications of solar radiation measurements to meteorology now being officially practised in Argentina and Brazil on a basis of daily telegraphic reports from the Smithsonian observatory near Calama, Chile. Professor Marvin felt strongly the inadequacy of existing solar radiation observations as a basis for studies of the dependence of temperature on the solar variation. While the Chilean results might be excellent, still they were for the most part not
2
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
checked by independent observations. The Mount Wilson work yielded results on less than a third of the days, and might well be affected by variations of atmospheric humidity incident to the site so near the Pacific Ocean and the cities about Los Angeles. These objections could not but be admitted by Dr. Abbot, and led him to make a great effort to strengthen the observations of solar variation.
Mr. John A. Roebling, of New Jersey, had indicated a strong interest in the work. In conference with Dr. Abbot in May, 1920, he generously gave the sum of eleven thousand dollars for the purposes
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first, of removing the station theretofore on the plateau near Calama, Chile, to a nearby mountain high enough above the plain to avoid dust and smoke; second, of removing the “solar constant” outfit from Mt. Wilson to the best mountain site available in the United States; third, the balance for any other objects closely associated with these investigations.
Under the zealous and able management of Director A. F. Moore, a new observing station was selected and prepared at a place called Montezuma, about 8 miles south of Calama on a mountain rising about 2,000 feet above the local level, and about 9,500 feet above sea
SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1920 15
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16 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
ae ie
Fic. 21.—Town of Wenden, Arizona. Mt. Harqua Hala in the background.
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Fic. 22.—Packing apparatus to Mt. Harqua Hala.
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NO. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1920 17
level. The instruments are arranged in a tunnel excavated hori- zontally in solid rock near the summit of the mountain. Observers’ quarters, computing rooms, garage and shop are located some three hundred feet lower in a sheltered ravine. These quarters can be reached by the auto truck in 50 minutes drive from Calama. No road had to be constructed, as there are no trees in the region, and a way was found smooth enough, and of sufficiently easy grade, without working. Within about two months of receipt of the Institution’s telegram, Mr. Moore completed these arrangements, removed the
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Fig. 23.—Observatory on Mt. Harqua Hala.
outfit from its former location and recommenced observing August 5, 1920, at Montezuma with the loss of but ten days for the removal. He regards the new site as excellent, and expresses doubt if a better one could be found in the whole world.
In December, Mr. Moore returned to the United States, turning over the Directorship of the Chile Station to Mr. Leonard H. Abbot, formerly assistant, who is now assisted by Mr. Paul Greeley. Tele- grams giving the values of solar radiation observed are sent as heretofore to Buenos Aires and forwarded from there to Rio de
18 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Janeiro. Both the Argentine and Brazilian Weather: Bureaus employ them with approval for forecasting purposes.
Dr. Abbot, with the advice and assistance of the U. S. Weather Bureau, which carried on special observations in several localities for the purpose, selected a site on Mount Harqua Hala, near Wenden, Arizona, as the best place to relocate the Mount Wilson outfit. A building, partly underground, was erected there in July and August by local contractors. Messrs. Abbot and Aldrich occupied the Mount Wilson Station as usual from July 1 to September 15, when the outfit
Maes ‘ o ae its SEL ae at hall =
Fic. 24.—Coelostat and pyrheliometer, Mt. Harqua Hala.
was removed to Mount Harqua Hala, where observations were begun on October 2, 1920. Dr. Abbot took charge and continued observing until January 25, 1921, assisted by Mr. Fred A. Greeley. Mr. Aldrich then relieved Dr. Abbot, and it is expected will himself be succeeded about’ May 1, 1921, by Mr. A. F. Moore, formerly at Calama.
Thus the Institution has now in charge two first-class solar radia- tion observatories, which are to be operated continuously hereafter until the question of the value of the solar variation as a meteoro- logical datum is definitely settled. Heretofore the measurements have
NO. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1920 19
been secured on nearly 70 per cent of the days at Harqua Hala and on nearly 80 per cent at Montezuma. The agreement of results on days in common has hitherto been remarkably close and leads to the hope of surely detecting solar variations as small as 1 per cent.
The conditions of living at Montezuma, while lonely, are not excessively so. Frequent motor trips to the city of Calama for supplies, and occasional visits to the copper mine at Chuquicamata, where great kindness is experienced, help to break the monotony. At Mount Harqua Hala, however, the isolation is excessive. There
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Fic. 25—Top of Mt. Harqua Hala after a snowstorm, showing fog-bank in the background.
is a single neighbor, Mr. Ellison, a mining prospector located a mile away, on whose three burros depends the transportation for the observatory. It is 11 miles from Wenden to the foot of the mountain trail, which is 5 miles more in rising about 3,000 feet. Mail 1s received only about once in two weeks, when supplies are ordered by heliograph signaling with Morse code to the merchants in Wenden, at the cost of several hours hard work with the lights. Water must be hauled from Mr. Ellison’s camp, over a mile distant and 850 feet below, except when at rare intervals rain falls. The two observers
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
cook, wash, cut firewood from the small oak bushes and dwarf yuccas about, and repair or alter the building or the apparatus as occasion requires, besides carrying on the solar investigation.
During the occupation of Mount Wilson in 1920, many pieces of research were successfully carried through by Messrs. Abbot and Aldrich besides the measurements of solar variation. One of the most interesting was the perfecting of the solar cooker begun several years ago. A parabolic cylindrical mirror with polished aluminum surface of about 100 square feet focuses the sun’s rays upon a blackened tube filled with mineral oil communicating to an iron
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Wilson.
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Fic. 26.—Solar cooker on Mt.
>
reservoir of oil in which are two baking ovens. A continuous circu- lation of the heated oil keeps the ovens hot enough to perform all cooking operations except frying. Excellent bread, meat dishes, vegetables, cereals, canned fruits and vegetables and preserves were cooked there by Mrs. Abbot, who had charge of this part of the experiments and who was much envied for her cool kitchen and novel appliance by the ladies of the mountain. This solar cooker was con- structed on Dr. Abbot’s plans largely at the cost of grants from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boston, and the National Academy of Sciences. It has proved successful, but must be regarded
No. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I920 2.
at least for the present as rather a luxury for rural and relatively cloudless regions, than as a generally useful appliance.
ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATION IN AFRICA
The generosity of friends of the Smithsonian Institution made it possible to engage Mr. H. C. Raven, well known for his previous
Fic. 27,—The Chimpanzee was one of the most inter- esting animals in the forest. Their calling and shouting could frequently be heard early in the mornings and on moonlight nights. Adult female, Uganda, July, 1920.
work in Borneo and Celebes, to accompany the ‘‘ Smithsonian African Expedition, under the direction of Edmund Heller in conjunction with the Universal Film Manufacturing Co.,” which sailed from Brooklyn, July 16, 1919, on the steamship City of Benares, and arrived in Cape
Town, August 13.
22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
i BOR ee ecured at Masindi, in Uganda, by jacking, June, 1920.
ig be y NP es 8 F)
Ps
Fic. 28.—A fine leopard s
seldom seen owing to its nocturnal habits. Budongo Forest, June, 1920.
SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1920
were encamped on the Kafue River about sixty miles above its confluence with the Zambesi, in Northern Rhodesia, December, r1g1o.
Fic. 31.—The “ standard-wing night jar.” Masindi, Uganda, June, 1920.
24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Le. Loe tie < Stee Fic. 32.—Lates, a large perch of Lake Tanganyika.
wey
Fic. 33.—Kaffirs cleaning elephant skeletons at the camp of Major Pretorius, in the Addo Bush. The South African Government has ordered the destruction of these animals—the only herd of the kind in the world today, living so far beyond the confines of the tropics, with the exception of the few in the Knysna Forest. Kenkel Bosch, Cape Colony, September,
IQI0.
No. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I920 25
Fic. 34—Wahutu men dancing at Nyanza on the shore of Lake Tan-
ganyika. Their voices, jingling bells on the ankles and stamping feet add excitement to the scene.
Fic. 35.—Among the Wahutu who live on the coast of the lake and the Watuzi of the mountains it is customary for a few of the best dancers to come forward that their skill in jumping and whirling may be demonstrated to better advantage.
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
In the vicinity of Cape Town, Mr. Raven was able to collect only insects and invertebrates, and from there he went to the Addo Bush, where 19 days were spent in collecting small mammals and _ birds. Going through Durban and Johannesburg, Mr. Raven spent two weeks collecting at Ottoshoop in the Transvaal, after which he pro- ceeded to Victoria Falls, and from there he left for the Kafue River
Fic. 36—A young chief of the Wahutu ready to lead his men in the dance. Nyanza, Lake Tangan- yika, February, 1920.
region, where he camped for several weeks. After spending some weeks along the Congo, he reached Lake Tanganyika, where camp was made for about a month. The next stop of any length was in Uganda, where a few days over a month were spent in collecting in the Budongo Forest. As the whole forest was in the sleeping-sick- ness area, it was necessary to get a special permit from the district commissioner to enter it, and the native boys had to be examined by a
NO. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1920 27
ata el ad ed 20 beet ti
Fic. 37.—The Watuzi of the mountainous region northeast of Lake Tan- ganyika in one of their very picturesque dances. Each man carries a long lance or two, and a bow with one or more arrows.
Fic. 38.—W epairing the wall of a hut with mud. The walls are made with wooden supports and between these are placed rows of stalks of elephant grass partly buried in the ground and fastened together with grass. The whole is then covered with mud and a
roof built so that it overhangs and protects the walls from the erosive effect of rain.
28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
doctor before entering the area and again on leaving it. Work here was finished on July 14, 1920, after which Mr. Raven returned to the United States, sailing from Cairo, September 2, and arriving in New York, September 17.
Fic. 39.—A Dinka woman and her child at Shambe on the upper Nile. It is a rather common sight to see the natives cleaning their teeth with a bit of stick. Sometimes they pound the end or split it with a knife so that it becomes brushlike.
Though not numerically large the collections are of unusual interest on account of the manner in which they supplement those obtained by other expeditions in which the Smithsonian Institution has been interested. Among the most important material may be mentioned 697 mammals (including 272 specimens from South Africa, a region hitherto very imperfectly represented in our collections; 152 from
NO. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1920 29
Fic. 40.—The Victoria Falls of the Zambesi River. Above the falls the river is about a mile wide but drops over a cliff nearly four hundred feet into a narrow gorge which in some places is less than one hundred and fifty yards in width.
Fic. 41—A native village at Port Bell in Uganda, with Lake Victoria Nyanza in the distance and to the right an acacia tree in which a colony of weaver birds have made their nests.
3
30 SMITHSONTAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 72
Fic. 42.—Primitive irrigating machinery, on the Blue Nile at Khartoum, August, 1920. Oxen, donkeys or camels are used to turn such water wheels.
*
Fic. 43.—Sheep grazing near the temple of Medina Habu in Upper Egypt.
‘No. 6 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1920 31
Lake Tanganyika; the chimpanzee of Uganda), 567 birds, 206 rep- tiles, and 193 fishes. The photographs here reproduced were all taken by Mr. Raven, who has also prepared the legends which accompany them.
BOTANICAL COLLECTING IN AFRICA
Dr. H. L. Shantz, Botanist, Office of Seed and Plant Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, was also a member of the Smithsonian African Expedition, and his chief objects were to secure live plants of agricultural value for intro- duction into the United States, to study the agricultural methods of both natives and Europeans, and to collect plants for the National Herbarium of the United States National Museum. This work began at Cape Town, August 13, 1919, and terminated at Port Said, Sep- tember 2, 1920.
The vegetation of the Cape region has long been known to Euro- pean botanists, and has received more attention than that of any other portion of Africa. It is difficult to imagine a region which has so many striking features. The wealth of Proteas and Ericas