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THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
INCLUDING
ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
(BEING A CONTINUATION OF TILE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTI’S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.’ )
CONDUCTED BY
WILLIAM CARRUTHERS,.Ph.D., F.RB.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., ARTHUR E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S.,
AND
WILLIAM FRANCIS, F.L.S.
VOL. XIV.—EIGHTH SERIES.
we q] 45/4
yY
LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS.
SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO., LD. ; BAILLIERE, PARIS: HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO,, DUBLIN; AND ASHER, BERLIN,
1914,
“Omnes res creatx sunt divine sapientix et potentia testes, divitie felicitatis humanx :—ex harum usu Jonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini ; ex ceconomia in) conseryatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper zstimata ;
a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.’”—Linyaxus.
“Quel que soit Ie principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu'elle est le chef-d’ceeuvre-de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.’—Brucxner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 1767.
06 Bis 2 eke > » eLnO Sylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute
Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock
Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush
That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne,
All, all to us unlock their secret stores
And pay their cheerful tribute.
J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818.
~ 0» TRE © Tie “tie me ements lh ae nti
CONTENTS OF VOL, XI.
(EIGHTH SERIES, }
NUMBER 61. :
Page
I. New Species of Heterocera from Costa Rica—XIX. By PAPA IELILS, . (chi terasind da Gist Sutotesacdseres 5 1
IT. New Species of Diploptera in the Collection of the British Museum. By GrorrrEy MeapE-WALDO, M.A. ......00e eee e eee dt
Ill. Descriptions and Records of Bees—XLVIII. By T. D. A. Cocumamnr, University of Colorad0t i f.0.c2die secs tiose areas 54
IV. On some Features of the Structure of the Therocephalian pen eaaay Sere. WW ATHON, MEG... , 35s «te Begs esa om Ep able. 65 ——— _ Y. Two new Australian Mammals. By OLpFIELD THomas.... 79
VI. Raia undulata, Lacep., and its Distribution on the British Coasts. By C. Tate Reaan, M.A. (Plate 1.) .........002.05
VII. Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews.— No. XXXIV. By Prof. M‘Inrosu, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., &e.
Mg OMe e eee eee eee eee ee eee ee ee 83
~~. VIII. On some rare Amazonian Mammals from the Collection of the Para Museum. By OLpFreELD THOMAS ...........s0e.s00-- 130
TX. On small Mammals collected in Jujuy by Sefor E. Budin. EME APR MMEICEEY UENO UEASS 55, cargo Siwy ener et obaactsnires vo Wis ryaracio mare odie tls a bid é 136
— XX. On some Specimens of Glauconycteris from the Cameroons. le CORPSE EOMAS Coo. o tard ato me teen Rata weap ce ee win gla b's 144
XI. A new Oribi from the Galla Country to the North of Lake Semis “Ib y, Ceeee BSC ATWI, os gach nape bnns Visas eWndadas 146
XII. A Revision of the Astlide of Australasia. By GERTRUDE PMMMORe Aki eid dP adss asco eRyaddaar rec asccesssosedaee vob 147
1v CONTENTS.
Page XII. Notes on the Forficularia—XXII. Notes on the Wing- venation in the Dermaptera. By Matcoim Burr, D.S8c., F.E.S., &e. (Pintes S09) 5 isco eee on cee ces Chee cere eee ee eee 78
XII. Pleurosaurus and the Homologies of the Bones of the Temporal Region of the Lizard’s Skull. By D. M.S. Watson, M.Sc., Lecturer on Vertebrate Paleontology, University College, London. (Plate VI) an. .o. cts ba sete a pee cota Gee Seka en 84
XIV. Dicynodon haili, sp. n.,an Anomodont Reptile from South Africa. By D. M. 8S. Watson, M.Sc., Lecturer in Vertebrate Paleontology at University College, London.................. Pee)
XV. On the Nomenclature of the South-African Pariasaurians. By D. M.S. Watson, M.Se., Lecturer on Vertebrate Paleontology in University College, London ................ Sie omen e tee 98
XVI. On a new Species of the Genus Pipa from Northern Brazil. By Lorenz M@txieEr, Curator, Division of Herpetology, Munich MUseUM joict ceiteke os hk Res eee Ete ee eee eee eee ees 102
XVII. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Drepanide and Thyridide. By Sir GroreGE F. Hampson, Bart., F.Z.8., &c... 103
XVIII. Notes ou British Forms of Apodemus. By Martin A.
CPTENTON, «foie 5 oe ete w oom soa 5 de eA ele ee ene ee a! XIX. What is Binary Nomenclature? By Ernar LOnNBERG, HDs EANGZS., dc. sof i athe sate os Gene eae ae 154 New Book :—Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. With an Atlas of Quarto Plates, ) By Henny Sura o . 0). cb ee 138 Proceedings of the Geological Society ............+-..00e 140—142 On the Dates of Publication of C. W. Hahn and C. L. Koch, ‘ Die Arachniden,’ 1831-1849, by C. Davies Sherborn ............ 143
NUMBER 80.
XX. Preliminary Account of Aspidodrilus, a remarkable Epizoic Oligochete. By H.-A. Baws, BOA. ees pee a ete eee onesie 145
XXI. A new African Squirrel presented to the British Museum by Capt. the Hon. R. O. B. Bridgeman, R.N. By Guy Dotrman . 152
XXII. Indian Pyrgotine (Diptera). By Prof. M. Bezzz, Turin,
Dtialyyer woke eset Gael WEe Has ho os rin Sy 355 oe ae eee 153 XXIII. On Stenopylis, a proposed new Genus of Endodontide. By Huew ©. FULTON © «2.2.2... eee eee eee nen meer ee ees 168
XXIV. On a few undescribed Cicadide from California. By OW: Up DrasvAWwe Oh) e wks BBA eS ee eS ek ee 165
CONTENTS, Vv
Page XXV. Some Cretaceous and Tertiary Cirripedes referred to Pollicipes. By Tuomas H. Wiruers, F.G.S. (Plates VIL. & VIIL.). 167
XXVI. Description of a new Species of Terrestrial Isopoda
from India. By Watrer E. Coxurmer, M.Sc, F.LS., F:ES. oy circ ae ss Oe yeti d alg RA I ae io ata ooase nm « 206
New Book :—Animal Life by the Sea-shore. By G. A. and G. L. BoULENGER......... oP ie Pa a OPP ee Ee pi ret 208
NUMBER 81.
XXVIT. On some Oriental Nycteribiide [Diptera Pupipara]. By Hueu Scott, M.A. (Cantab.), F.L.S., F.E.S., Curator in Entomo- logy in the University of Cambridge. (Plates X.-XIL.)..... a ttes 209
XXVIII. New Species of Paralastor, Sauss. (Hymenoptera, Fam. Eumenide), collected by Mr. R, E. Turner in S.W. Australia. By Pewnbace ennie, MEAL. DiSt ELS 5a. cc ce ccc ee maccwestee 235
XXIX. New South-American Rodents. By OLpFIELD THomas. 240
XXX. Notes on Fossorial Hymenopteraa—XII. By Rowianp
MINCE M25 Fei, ok cu Sun felch Sass om vide ot. Owa ct. 24B XXXI. Some Further Notes on Lamellicorn Beetles of the Sub- family Dynastine. By GILBERT J. ARRow. (Plate XIII.) .... 257
NUMBER 82. XXXII. Three new Species of Certagrion from West Africa
(Order Odonata). By HerBert CAMPION .........-..0000e0e: 277 XXXII. A new @netus from New Guinea. By J. J. Joicry,
fee and AS Noses, FE.S..- (Plate XIV.) <0 acs nee ce acwns 282 XXXIV. On new Species of Histeride and Notices of others.
Beir, tewis, F.L.S. (Plate EV.) s0..0.5.ccencs-. 3 ae ee 283
XXXYV. Report on the Annelida Polycheta collected in the North Sea and adjacent parts by the Scotch Fishery Board Vessel ‘ Goldseeker.—Part Ll. Sylade to Eunicide. By Jamrs W. Prypr, M.A., Walker Trust Research Scholar, Gatty Marine Taboratory, St. Andrews.” (Plate MVI.) 22... ec ee cece eee 289
XXXVI. Notes on Coleoptera of the Genus Azarelius, Fairm. ( Tenebrionide), with Descriptions of new Species. By K.G. Biarr. 315
XXXVII. Two new Species of Pyrochroide (Coleoptera) from Serer PEPPER OESEOMER cele Fcc kiniccs esc vvicetSceiabeceureps> 317
vi CONTENTS.
Page XXXVIII. A Key to the Species of the Genus Crypturus, with Descriptions of some new Forms. By Lorp Brasourng, F.ZS.,
M-B.O.U., and Cusnins Couns, 125. MON see co ee 319 XXXIX. Rhynchotal Notes—LV. By W.L. Distant ...... 323
XL. Some new Species of Rhynchota from Mt. Merinjak, Borneo. By W. As. DISTANT } :\205 Gyalee sice Shee he eke © tee eee 333
XLI. Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—XIII. By Row1ianp Hi. TURNER, JB... abso. Realtek eau Pei): ss seas ORE eee a7
XLII. A new Species of Yabanus from Jndia. By GerrrupE RICARDO roe. Gee te rae cove eee eee CoCr eeG keer enn ee 359
Some Further Notes on Lamellicorn Beetles of the Subfamily Diynastine, by Gilbett J_-AtIGW-ps eee Setanta eee 360
NUMBER 83.
XLII. Descriptions and Records of Bees —LXIII. By T. D. A. COGKERELL, University. of Colorado =. 2%; a. a-< oe ee eee eee 361
XLIV. A Note on the Apparent Absence of Sexual Characters in the Shell of Neritina fluviatilis. By A. E. Boycott and J. W. JACKSON (Victona University)... ...\..* -.-<see-ee fee ee eee 369
XLV. Brief Descriptions of new Thysanoptera.—lLV. By Ricnarp S. Baenaty, F.LS., F..S. (Hope Department of Zoology, Uni- wersity Museum, Oxford) < 0.2.0.1. ise soe ene spe eRe ee eee 375
XLVI. A new Genus of Bats allied to Nyctophilus. By OLDFIELD [Defoe SHO OAM oma SMES SSS a POG Sos se So - 381
XLVII. Descriptions of Three new Fishes from South Cameroon. By GA. Bourencen, FESS 2. G8 «eet howe soe ee eee eee 385
XLVIII. Descriptions of Two new Fishes from Northern Rho- desia, @By 'G. A. BOULENGER, FURS: 23 ..ee cee sectukee. frne 385
XLIX. Notes on the Tabanide of the Australian Region. By GERTRUDE RICARDO'. 3. i262 A. ...s VERSE oe eee a LE Oe 387
L. The Devonian Crinoid Cupressocrinus townsend! Konig, sp. By PAS Barare, MCAD Se, RS, |...5. esas eka ee cee eee 397
LI. Notes and Synonymy of Hymenoptera in the Collection of the British Museum, By Grorrrey Mravg-Wa po, M.A., and Crk rp RIDBERT, EUA.D 2 tock ie bees So ode pee eee ocr 402
LIL. Four new Small Mammals from Venezuela. By OLDFIELD TRMBS ners ces seesaw eke Se ear ce Bale hye va sie. * ah 410
Pee”
CONTENTS. vil Page LIL. On Octopetalum, a new Genus of Avian Cestodes. By H. A. Bayiis, B.A. (Plates XVII. & XVUIL.) .....-..-0 0s ... 414 LIV. Notes on the Forficularia.—X XIII. More new Species. By . Matcoim Burr, D.Sce., F.ES., &e. cece eee eee cee er eens 420
LV. Ona new Species of the rare Genus Beamys from Nyasaland. . By Guy DoLLMAN.......ceeeee cere en eeeees Pe aol es eie Si @ <8 428
NUMBER 84.
LVI. Notes on Fossorial Hymenopteraa—XIV. By Rowrianp DUS AALS | el OS ae CREE Ee OEE 429
LVI. Notes on the Hymenoptera in the Collection of the British
Museum, with Descriptions of new Species. By Grorrrry MEapr- Watpo, M.A.
LVIII. Descriptions and Records of Bees—LXIV. By T. D. A. CocKEREL‘«, University of Colorado
LIX. Second List of Small Mammals from Western Yunnan collected by Mr. F, Kingdon Ward. By OLprieLp THomas...... 472
LX. Descriptions of new Mollusca from New Caledonia, Japan,
Philippines, China, and West Africa. By G. B, Sowersy, F.L.S. ON Pict en ida ce aan cee eae el bed tioe case kadecbew’ 475
LXI. Notes on Voluta prevostiana, Crosse, and V. megaspira, Sowerby, with Description of a new Variety, of the Former. By Gye Sowwens, Bis. (Plate XIX) fie, 19)... 0.0... cae ens 481
LXIU. Descriptions of new Species of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. By G. A. Boutenesr, F.R.S. ............ 482
~
LXIII. On the Spiny Mice of British East Africa, with a Descrip- tion of a new Species from Magadi. By Guy Doti~man ........ 485
LXIV. Two new Pigmy Gerbils from British East Africa. By Guy Dotitman
LXV. On a new Anomalurus from the Cameroons. By Guy DoLiMAN,
LXVI. Descriptions of new Species of Cyphogastra ( oe Buprestidae). By Cuas. O. WatEernovtss, LS.0., F.E.S
ab.
LXVII. A new Crab of the Genus Calappa from West Africa. LA ee ee A ee 493 Proceedings of the Geological Society .........cccececeeeeeees 494
OP as ese oes @orreerereerrnes
sGeCoe@creesstevrr cet aervrevuacreene 496
y at “yi
PLATES IN VOL. XIV.
Puatr I. Species of Rhegaster and Poranisca, II. Mollusea from Japan.
EL. 1 Wing-enntion in the Dermaptera. V. VI. Skull of Pleurosaurus goldfussi. ie Cretaceous and Tertiary Cirripedes. IX. Porcellio immsi. a. XI. Oriental Nycteribiide. XII
XII. Lamellicorn beetles of the subfamily Dynastine. XIV. Charagia hampsoni, dg 9. XV. New species of Histeride. XVI. Valves etc. of Annelida Polycheta.~ xXVU. XVIII. XIX. New Mollusca from New Caledonia, Japan, ete.
Octopetalum guttere.
ERRATUM.
Page 258, line 39, for nigrifrons read rugifrons.
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
[EIGHTH SERIES. }
ee rend daspatatsassae per litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, diye, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.” N. Parthenii Giannettasi, Ecl, 1,
No. 79. JULY 1914.
I.—Descriptions and Records of Bees.—LX. By T. D. A. Cockrretx, University of Colorado.
Lithurgus guamensis, sp. 1.
?.—Length 13-144 mm.
Very close to L. albofimbriatus, Sich. (Tahiti), and Z. atra- tiformis, Ckll. (Australia), but differing in various small characters. Vertical supraclypeal ridge not reaching lower margin of supraclypeal area, but leaving a punctured region between end of ridge and top of clypeus (no such punctured region in albofimbriatus) ; hair of cheeks and anterior coxze fulvous ; front and occiput with erect black or dark fuscous hair; hair of pleura black ; scutellum not or barely de- ilies in middle ; first recurrent nervure joining second s.m.; marginal nervure of hind wing not bent or angular near origin (in albofimbriatus it is bent or even slightly appendiculate) ; white abdominal bands as broad as in L. atratiformis ; hair at apex of abdomen entirely black ; sides of abdominal dorsum more strongly punctured than in albofimbriatus, herein like atratiformis.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xiv. 1
2 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and Hab. Island of Guam, 3 2? (D. T. Fullaway). US.
National Museum. This is really nearer to the Australian than to the Tahitian insect.
Megachile fullawayi, sp. ».
? —Length 9-10} mm.
Black, with white hair and entire white abdominal bands ; vertex and dise of mesothorax, and scutellum more or less, with dark fuscous hair ; ventral scopa mainly bright ferru- ginous, but broadly white basally, and black on apical part of last segment. Exactly like M. palmarum, Perk., from the Hawaiian Is., except that the clypeus has a smooth shining band down the middle (wanting in palmarum) ; the meso- thorax has short pale appressed hair anteriorly and poste- riorly ; the tegule are more or less reddish, at least on margin; the ventral scopa is white basally ; and there is black hair at sides of abdominal segments 4 to 6.
6 .—Length about 8 mm.
Like palmarum, but very easily separated by the apical transverse keel of abdomen (sixth segment), which is slightly depressed in middle, with about five little sharp teeth (broadly, deeply, semicircularly incised in palmarum). Tegule rather light reddish; mesothorax with appressed ochraceous hair, broadly in front, narrowly behind ; middle of third and fourth ventral segments of abdomen each with a marginal patch of orange-fulvous hair, quite separate from the white hair-bands.
Hab. Island of Guam, 2 2,1 ¢ (D. T. Fullaway). US. National Museum.
Easily known from M. hedleyi, Rainbow (Funafuti) by the hyaline (faintly dusky) wings and white abdominal bands. The male is the type.
Halictus saffordi, sp. n.
? .—Length 7-8 mm.
Robust, with very little hair on head and body; head broad; clypeus sparsely but distinctly punctured, bluish green, suffused by dark purplish toward lower margin ; mandibles with a bright ferruginous subapical patch ; supra- clypeal area convex, purple-black, sparsely punctured ; sides of face blackish; front dull purplish, shining at sides ; cheeks olive-green above, suffused with crimson below; flagellum rather long and slender, dull red beneath except at base; mesothorax and scutellum shining violet (varying
Records of Bees. 3
to yellowish green suffused with violet), with extremely fine punctures ; tubercles reddish, with a dense fringe of pale hair ; pleura green suffused with red, but there is a violet area just below the wings; metathorax green, mostly dull, but brilliantly shining at sides above ; area of metathorax, except apically, quite dull, and covered with fine but very distinct radiating ruge; tegule dark reddish. Wings dusky; nervures and stigma dark rufo-fuscous ; outer r.n. and t.-c. much weakened; first r.n. joining second s.m, some distance before end; third s.m. short, smaller than second. Legs dark reddish; middle femora with a large tuft of orange hair at base beneath; hind femora strongly arcuate, with a curled scopa on underside ; hind spur with four stout teeth, the two basal ones long. Abdomen broad, shining, scarcely punctured, not banded, dark green, suffused with violet at sides (or very little so) ; the second segment may have a subbasal band of reddish colour; venter with an abundant light reddish curled scopa.
Microscopical characters :—Front longitudinally lineolate and minutely corrugated; vertex transversely lineolate ; mesothorax very delicately tessellate between the punctures ; tegulz anteriorly with very few piliferous punctures ; area of metathorax with about 26 rugze, between which it is trans~ _ versely striated basally, but the golden-tinted apical part beyond the ruge is minutely caucellate ; abdomen very finely transversely lineolate.
Hab. Island of Guam, 3 2? (D. T. Fullaway). U.S. National Museum.
Very close to H. perpessicius, Kohl, from Samoa, but the hind femora are strongly arched beneath, without a secondary subapical swelling. ‘The colour also seems rather different. I have never seen H. perpessicius, and have depended on Kohl’s description and figures. ‘The new species is named after W. E. Safford, who has published a most excellent account of Guam.
It is singular that the above three species from Guam are all very closely related to other species of the Pacific islands, yet distinguishable. How did they reach the island? Could they have been brought with plants by the early settlers before the historic period ? How much time is necessary to bring about the modification observed? Analogous questions are raised with respect to the mammals of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands by G. S. Miller in Proc. U.S. National Museum, xxiy. p. 791.
1*
4 Mr. 'T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
Prosopis guamensis, sp. 0.
? .—Length about 74 mm.
Robust ; head and thorax black ; tubercles, scutellum, and postscutellum yellow (turned red by cyanide in the material before me) ; upper border of prothorax with a small yellow mark on each side; face-marks reduced to a very obscure narrow band along each inner orbit ; head broad and massive ; mandibles thick, bidentate at end; clypeus very high, irre- gularly roughened with striz avd punctures; flagellum dark reddish beneath; front shining, with large punctures, those in the middle crowded, but on each side is a depression with scattered very large punctures; cheeks with rather small punctures ; mesothorax shining, rather sparsely but strongly punctured, the longitudinal grooves distinct ; area of meta- thorax crescentic, well defined, shining, with distinct ridges ; sides of metathorax with white tomentum ; tegule black. Wings clear, with dark fuscous nervures and stigma ; first r.n. meeting first t.-c.; second s.m. very long ; second r.n. with a strong double curve. Legs black, the hind femora reddish. Abdomen shining, dark green, finely subobsoletely punctured, second segment blackened basally.
3$ .—(Head lacking in specimen studied.) Similar to the female, but more slender; anterior tibiz and tarsi ferru- ginous ; abdomen bluer and more distinctly punctured. This was examined by Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, and bears the following label in his handwriting :—‘ Belongs to group with largely developed wings of seventh ventral segment and bifurcate apex to eighth segment, the bifurcations ex- panded, as in Prosopis cressoni ; see Metz’s paper, Tr. Am. Soc. xxxvil. pl. iv. fig. 53 &c. This group is American, Australian, and European, and probably cosmopolitan.” The terminal lobes or divisions of the eighth ventral plate are large and abundantly fringed with very long, coarse, dark branched hairs. The sagittz are turned downward at the end, the downward curve beginning about the level of the ends of the stipites, which are furnished with long dark hairs.
Hab. Island of Guam (D. T. Fullaway). U.S. National -Museum.
Not at all related to the Hawaiian Prosopidide, but close to some of the Australian forms, from which it is readily known by the face-markings.
Lt
Records of Bees.
Paracolletes flavomaculatus, Cockerell.
A female from Kuranda (Dodd; Queens]. Mus. 86) has a patch of light fulvous hair on each side of face.
Paracolletes ceruleotinctus, Cockerell.
Sunnybank, Brisbane, Nov. 19, 1913 (Hacker ; Queensl. Mus. 90).
Paracolletes erythrurus, sp. 0
2 .—Length about 12 mm.
Head and thorax black, abdomen bright but not shining ferruginous ; wings unusually short, strongly dusky ; head large and broad ; hair of cheeks w hite, of sides of face white with fulvous overlapping, of front and vertex pale fulvous ; clypeus convex, pining, with irregularly scattered not very large punctures, its lower margin red ; labrum and mandibles, except apically, bright red ; scape long and curved, red at extreme base ; flagellum dull red beneath, except basally ; mesothorax dull, with small indistinct punctures; hair on tubercles fulvous, on pleura creamy white, on thorax above short aud thin, pale fulvous, more or less tipped with fuscous ; area of metathorax dull; tegule dark red; stigma practi- cally obsolete, nervures fuscous ; b.n. falling just short of t.-m.; second s.m. of good size, receiving first r.n. about or a little beyond middle ; third s.m. elengated, receiving second r.n. a short distance before end. Legs black, with the tarsi and anterior tibiz in front clear ferruginous, middle tibize also reddened at end and in front; hair of legs pale, fulvous on tibiz and tarsi; middle basitarsi broad, concave beneath; hind tibial scopa stained with fuscous above, especially basally. Abdomen dull red, without evident punctures and without hair-bands except on fifth segment (and to some extent at sides of fourth), where there is a greyish-brown band; sides of second segment with a large round black spot ; veuter with hair-bands, golden fulvous in middle, white at sides.
¢ .—The convex subglobular labrum, mandibles (except apical margin), and clypeus cream-colour; face and front densely covered with bright golden-fulvous hair; scape bright red; flagellum long, crenulate, and obscure red beneath ; head and thorax above with bright fulvous hair ; knees (hind ones very broadly), tibiz, and tarsi red, middle tibize largely blackish on outer side ; apical abdominal seg-
6 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
ments without hair-bands; apical plate broadly rounded ; venter with long white hair.
Hab. Yallingup, near Cape Naturaliste, S.W. Australia, Sept. 14-Oct. 31, 1913 (R. #. Turner). British Museum.
Allied to P. bimaculatus, Sm., differing by the dark wings, details of venation, &ce. There is a strong superficial resemblance to P. fimbriatinus, Ckll., but that species differs greatly in the structure and sculpture of the abdomen. The female of P. erythrurus is the type.
All the bees of Turner’s recent collections which I have received from the British Museum have been ascertained by Mr. Meade-Waldo to be distinct from all the species in the Museum, so that after | have compared them with my own materials they have been compared with mest of the types of Australian bees.
Paracolletes nigrocinctus, sp. 0.
6 .—Length 11-12 mm.
Head and thorax black; abdomen dull red, segments 1 to 5 having narrow subapical black bands, the margin beyond subhyaline, and on segments 2 to 5 having a thin fringe of short silvery-white hairs; middle of first segment wholly black ; venter of abdomen dark, with light reddish (tegu- mentary) bands ; clypeus, except the broad dark upper and lateral margins, reddish-cream colour, this light area some- times strongly trilobed; labrum pale, not swollen ; man- dibles red; scape short, black; flagellum long, obscure reddish beneath ; face, front, and cheeks with long pale hair, distinctly fulvous-tinted over clypeus; occiput with long fuscous hair; mesothorax and scutellum somewhat shining, with rather sparse shallow punctures ; area of meta- thorax shining but not polished, not transversely keeled ; dises of mesothorax and scutellum with abundant long dark fuscous hair, but pale greyish hair on thorax anteriorly, between mesothorax and scutellum, and on metathorax ; a large patch of fuscous hair just below tegule ; tegule dark rufous. Wings dusky greyish, nervures and the small stigma -fuscous; b.n. falling a little short of t.-m.; second s.m. small, square, receiving first r.n. about middle ; third s.m. long, receiving second r. n. some distance before end. Knees, tibize, and tarsi red, the tibiz broadly suffused with black. Abdomen feebly punctured on a dull ground ; first segment with much white hair; apical plate rather small; sixth ventral segment with a median erect tuft of pale hair.
Hab. Yallingup, near Cape Naturaliste, S.W. Australia,
Records of Bees. 7
Sept. 14-Oct. 31, 1913 (R. E. Turner). 4 28, British Museum.
A very distinct species, known from all others by the ornamentation of the abdomen. It is related in a general way to P. bimaculatus and erythrurus.
Megachile abdominalis, Smith. Brisbane, Sept. 12, 1913 (Hacker ; Queensl. Mus. 94).
Euryglossina microxantha, sp. ».
2 .—Length about 35 mm.
Light sulphur-yellow ; eyes olive-green; a black line on each side extending from near outer side of lateral ocelli downward near orbital margin to about level of front; an- tenne placed very low down; mesothorax obscurely suffused with pale reddish ; area of metathorax triangular, dark red- brown, with a central triangular yellow mark. Wings clear, stigma and nervures wholly pallid, light yellowish ; b.n. falling far short of t.-m. ; first r.n. joining first s.m. some distance from apex; lower side of first s.m. straight. Abdomen broad, with five broad reddish-brown bands, which end abruptly before the lateral margins ; venter entirely yellow.
Hab. Mackay, Queensland, at flowers of Leplospermum, October 1898 (Turner). British Museum.
Related to E. sulphurella, Ckll., but easily known by the dark abdominal bands. It looks just like a smal]l and pallid Euryglossa furcifera, Ckll., but that differs generically in the venation, the first r.n. entering the second s.m., while the second s.m. is much higher in proportion to its length.
Euryglossa brachycera, sp. n.
? —Length about 5 mm.
Light sulphur-yellow, slightly and variably suffused with pale reddish, especially on the mesothorax; mandibles reddened apically ; a black line on each side passes outward from the lateral ocelli and, abruptly bending, descends parallel with the orbit to about level of middle of front; anteunze normal in position, but extremely short, the thick and very short flagellum dusky above and light ferruginous beneath ; transverse sutures of thorax above all narrowly black ; area of mesothorax cup-shaped in outline, black, with a large transverse yellow mark. Wings clear, nervures and stigma entirely pallid, slightly yellowish ; lower side of
8 Mr. IT. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
first s.m. arched; first r.n. entering the high second s.m. near base; stigma large. Abdomen broad, with dark brown bands ; first segment with a median dark line and an oblique band on each side of basal declivity, and also a broad band along apical margin ; second to fourth segments with basal and apical bands, the basal bands not reaching extreme base, so that the apical band of one segment is separated from the basal of the next by more or less of a yellow line; apex suffused with reddish brown
Hab. Townsville, Queensland (F. P. Dodd, 5.1.03). British Museum.
A very distinct species, not unlike EH. furcifera, but much larger.
Halictus mirandus, sp. 0.
¢ .—Length about 10-10} mm.
Black, with the femora (anterior ones only apically), tibiz, and tarsi bright chestnut-red; front and mesothorax ob- scurely eeneous or greenish; head broad; clypeus shining, strongly punctured; front granular; flagellum very dark reddish beneath ; cheeks with white hair, face, front, and vertex with black, but vertex, front, and sides of face also with pale hair; dise of mesothorax brilliantly shining, with scattered large and minute punctures; mesothorax and scutellum with erect black hair, but pale hair on mesothorax anteriorly and sides of scutellum ; ; postscutellum densel tomentose anteriorly ; tubercles and pleura with pale fulvous- tinted hair; area of metathorax large, finely granular, obscurely minutely lineolate, bounded by a groove, imme- diately beyond which isa ridge ; ; posterior truncation sharply defined at sides; tegulz clear ferruginous. Wings dusky reddish, quite str ongly coloured, stigma and uervures bright ferrugimous ; second s.m. large; first r.n. meeting second t.-c.; outer r.n. and t.-c. weakened. Legs with pale golden- reddish hair; hind spur with two broad teeth. Abdomen black (second segment obscurely greenish basally), shining, very minutely punctured, with coarse black hair at sides and on apical part ; segments 2 to 4 having near their latero- hasal corners rather large, round, clearly defined patches of dense snow-white tomentum ; first segment with a median tubercle.
Hab. Yallingup, near Cape Naturaliste, S.W. Australia, 4 9, Sept. 14-Oct. 31, 1913 (KR: EH. Turner). British Museum.
A beautiful, species, related to H. conspicuus, Sm. Mr.
Tecords of Bees. 9
Meade-Waldo has kindly compared it with Smith’s type of conspicuus, and finds it certainly distinct. He finds that the prominent keel-like tubercle on the first dorsal abdominal segment of mirandus is wholly wanting in conspicuus, which also has the postscutellum transversely striate and the venter with a fulvous scopa. The scanty hair on abdominal venter of mirandus is light fulvous on basal half, black on apical.
Andrena berberidis (Cockerell).
According to Mr. Viereck, this is identical with A. neu- rona, Vier., from Seattle, Wash. A, neuwrona has never been fully described, but in Viereck’s unpublished table of Andrena it is said to have the process of labrum not emar- ginate, whereas in berberidis it is very distinctly emarginate. The two are, however, very much alike, and may represent
races of a single species.
On April 27, 1913, at flowers of Odostemon, at Boulder, Colorado, Mrs. M. D. Ellis took what is evidently the male of A. berberidis. On the same day, at the same flowers, she also took the female. The male berderidis looks at first sight like A. leptanthi, V. & C., which is the male of A. portere, Ckll. It differs from /eptenthi in the much shorter clypeus ; shorter malar space ; black hair behind upper end of eyes ; angulation of the very broad cheeks lower (about level with middle of eye) ; anterior part of mesothorax (except median smooth line) dull and granular, not punctured; second s.m. much narrower; apical plate of avdomen smaller. They are certainly very closely allied.
Andrena ellisie, sp. n.
2 .—Length about 12 mm.
Rather slender, black (tibie, tarsi, and gaia all dark) ; hair of head and thorax rather short and stiff, very pale, with a greyish-ochreous tint ; legs with mostly whitish hair, but light seal-brown on inner side of tarsi, the tuft on hind knees pale reddish; abdomen without conspicuous hair, except the bands and caudal fimbria ; the bands on bands 2 to 4 broad and white, very narrowly interrupted on 2, but scarcely attenuated toward the interruption ; band on fifth segment pale golden, fimbria light golden-ferruginous, Head broader than long, eyes slightly diverging above ; process of labrum broad, rather narrowly truncate (not emarginate) apically ; malar space linear; cheeks rounded, normal ; clypeus prominent, microscopically tessellate, shining in middle, with rather close large punctures, and a
10 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
narrow elevated median line; facial foveze very pale ochrey, rather narrow, separated from eye by a shining line, and going a little below level of antennz ; third antennal joint longer than the next two together, but not so long as the next three; mescthorax dullish, somewhat shining, with rather close punctures, weaker and smaller than those on clypeus ; area of metathorax triangular, with no elevated rim, more than its basal half quite coarsely roughened ; tegule rufo-piceous. Wings dusky reddish, but not very dark ; stigma and nervures light ferruginous; b.n. falling some distance short of t.-m.; second s.m. ordinary, receiving first r.n. in middle. Scopa of hind tibiz pale ochreous, rather short and stiff; spurs pale ferruginous. Abdomen shining, finely but not very densely punctured, the first segment with scattered very minute punctures; second segment depressed less than half, but rather over a third.
Hab. Boulder, Colorado, at flowers of Lepidium medium, Greene, May 26, 1913 (M. D. Ellis).
In various tables this runs rather persistently to the yicinity of A. arabis, Rob., but that is only 10 mm. long and has a fuscous fimbria. In Viereck’s Connecticut table it appears to run to A. hilaris, Sm., which is considerably larger and more robust, with darker wings, and the eyes converging above.
In the following key I record other species of Andrena ( ? ) taken by Mrs. Ellis at Boulder, and contrast them with A. ellisie :— :
Hair at apex of abdomen black or nearly ........ : Hair at apex of abdomen pale or reddish or greyish. 2. 1. Abdomen blue-black, very shiny (May 28-24, fls.
HIGdropliy lll FemAyese) wan ias «mo Via e eas 6 gerani, Rob, Abdomen satiny green or blue (April 26, fls. Salix ; May 11, fls. Taraxacum taravacum) ........ candida, Sm. 2. Tarsi clear red; flagellum red beneath (May 11, fis. Salix and Taraxacum taraxacum; May 18, fis. Bus trilobata) «02s snkh o> thee eRe ee en salicinella, Cll. Basiatel daric. 22. i's «pe nce seo > eee ek re at 3. 3. Flagellum bright red at apex; abdomen strongly punctured ; palpi very long and slender (May [ Rob. B? fis. iola RUELAIAL) +» cuinmuanp ee See (Lomelissa) viola, Flagellum not bright red at apex ............6. 4.
4, Abdomen greenish; thorax with dull purplish tints above; stigma amber (Apri] 26, 28 at tls. Salix). allinoensis, Rob. Otherwise, but all with amber stigma .......... 5. . Abdomen, including first segment, very strongly punctured (April 28, fls. Zaravacum taraxacum) bridwelli, CXll. First abdominal segment feebly or not clearly punc- Saree, -Eh See eres ce ees te teks Sear eee eRe 6,
OU
ai Records of Bees. 11
6. Larger; clypeus strongly punctured and with a
Median raised line ......000ceeeesee cw eetes ellisia, Ckll. Smaller; middle of clypeus shining and broadly [ Cresson. impunctate (May 23, fis. apple)..........046- bipunctata,
The following are new records of Rocky Mountain Andrena :—
Andrena apacheorum, Cockereil.—Females at flowers of Erigeron macranthus, Estes Park, Colorado (Frances Long) ; Rio Ruidoso, New Mexico, at Verbascum thap- Sus, July 23, prox. 6900 ft. alt. (C. ET. Townsend).
A. prunorum, Cockerell.—This species is generally repre- sented in Northern Colorado by forms referable to variety or subspecies gillettei, Cockerell. A series examined showed much variation, and were tabulated as follows :—
NINO arte Pay ha elcid nas oy ae Sk wi BE Hie I ORCS ALT i2 ge PAE ist aod d e-5 geo BS 2. 1. Scape red. (Boulder, July 14; Paul M. Us hoe ie or ae ay Pete ae, Ae eae prunorum. Scape black. (Boulder, July 14; Paul jE CS 8 By eh eee eee prunorum gillettet.
2. Second abdominal segment red, except a black mark on each side. (Colorado Springs, Colorado, at Cymopterus acaulis, April 19; W. P. Cockerell.) prunorum gillettei, form a. Second abdominal segment black, with PELVIC AST PEATE TE 8 ap woe ew ce a ad 3. 8. Hair of thorax above light fulvous; no lateral face-marks. (Florissant, Colo- rado, at Antennaria microphylla, June 20; S. A. Rohwer.).........- prunorum gillettet, form b. Hair of thorax above white; minute lateral face-marks. (Boulder, at Argemone, July 15; W.P. Cockerell.) prunorum gillettei, form e.
A. kwisii, Cockerell.—Female. Half Way (Pike’s Peak), Colorado, at Rubus strigosus (Frances Long).
Colletes punctipennis, Cresson.
Described from the female, from Orizaba, Mexico. From the British Museum I have what | suppose to be the male of the same species, from Guatemala (!. Smith’s collection, 79. 22). Malar space short, more than twice as wide as long; apical half of mandibles reddish ; labrum with a broad and rather shallow central pit ; clypeus depressed ‘in
12 Descripticns and Records of Bees.
middle, with large elongate punctures ; flagellum ferruginous beneath ; mesothorax shining, with large strong punctures ; hair of head and thorax greyish white, a little black or dark fuscous about ocelli and on disc of mesothorax, and much on scutellum ; legs robust ; tegule rufo-piceous. Wings hyaline, with a dark fuscous mark at the lower side of the small stigma, a large triangular fuscous patch in apical field, and both on anterior and posterior wings fuscous suffusion along the veins approaching the margin; second s.m. very broad. Abdomen shining, with narrow white hair-bands ; first two segments strongly and coarsely punctured, third less strongly, the others scarcely punctured ; apical region with dark fusecous hair, and long coarse dark hair at sides except basally.
I have no female punctipennis to compare, but the spotted wings are so remarkable that it is probably safe to assume the identity.
Anthophora cingulata (Fabr.) (gilberti, Cxll.).
Blackwall Range, April 25, 1911 (Wild; Queens]. Mus. 126).
Anthophora rhodoscymna, Cockerell.
? —Like the male, but much larger and more robust ; length 16} mm.; width of abdomen a little over 7 mm.; labrum and greater part of mandibles yellow; clypeus with a reversed yellow T; no supraclypeal or lateral face-marks ; tegument of abdomen above entirely bright ferruginous ; wings strongly brownish.
Brisbane, Jan. 20, 1914 (Hacker ; Queensl. Mus. 125).
Anthophora luzonica, sp. n.
@ .—Length about 16 mm., width of abdomen 6}.
Robust, black; head and thorax with mouse-coloured hair, being yellowish grey, strongly mixed with black above and on upper part of pleura, thin and black on clypeus, mainly black on front and face, but a band of prevailingly light hair across lower part of front ; mandibles with nearly all of basal half cream-colour, the very large labrum the same, but stained with brownish, with the apical and basal margins narrowly, and spots at basal corners, piceous ; clypeus densely punctured, with a narrow raised median line (failing above) and submarginal apical band, expanding at
each lateral corner to a large patch, pale yellow ; a pale
On some Genera and Species of Starfishes. 13
yellow stripe on each side next to clypeus, and a small trian- gular supraclypeal mark ; scape black, flagellum obscurely subcastaneous beneath ; third antennal joint as long as next three combined ; mesothorax and scutellum finely and closely punctured ; tegule red. Wings reddish fuliginous. Legs black, tinged with reddish; outer side of tibiz and tarsi mainly with pale fulvous hair, but anterior tarsi with hair more fuscous, hind basitarsi with fuscous hair apically ; hair on inner side of hind tibiz and tarsi black ; spurs piceous. Abdomen black, with short inconspicuous black hair, and conspicuous but very narrow white hair-bands on apices of segments ] to 4; first segment with fulvous hair at base ; fifth segment with apical band very dark fuscous, but ex- treme sides of basal half with pale hair.
Hab. Mt. Makiling, Luzon (C. F. Baker, 2554).
Quite distinct from all previously known Philippine species. In Bingham’s table of Indian species it falls next to A. confusa, Sm., which it resembles, differing in the colour of the hair on the legs. The marginal cell of A. luzonica is longer than usual, and the b.n. falls some distance short of t.-m.
Apis binghami sladeni, subsp. n.
Worker, with hair of thorax entirely rufo-fulvous ; basal bands of abdomen inconspicuous,
Hab. Kiasia Hills, India (Sladen).
True Apis binghami, Ckll., is from Celebes and the Philip- pines. One from the Philippines (Baker, 2553, marked “ Bho”) has the mesothorax covered with black hair and the light band at base of second abdominal segment very broad and distinct.
Il.—Revision of some Genera and Species of Starfishes, with Descriptions of a few new Genera. By A. E. VERRILL.
[Plate I.] |
Family Asteriide.
The genus Leptasterias (type, L. miiller’), established by me, 1866 (Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. vol. x. p. 350), has been adopted by some writers either as a full genus (Perrier and others) or as a subgenus (Sladen, 1889) ; others have often
14 Mr. A. E. Verrill on some
refused to give it recognition. One peculiar feature of the genus is the fact that the eggs and young are carried attached in clusters to the oral region until the young become genuine little starfishes, furnished with sucker-feet and able to care for themselves, thus skipping the remarkable free-swimming larval stages of Asterias.
This has been observed in the case of many species, among them L. miller’, L. compta, L. littoralis, L. epichlora (Br.) of Alaska and its six-rayed variety (alaskensis, Verrill), and others.
I have recently observed that in all these species the genital openings are on the under side near the mouth, instead of being on the upper interradial area, as in typical Asterias and most other northern genera. The eggs are also larger, with more yolk, and the ovarian lobes have a different form.
These additional characters ought to satisfy everyone that the genus is very distinct from Asterzas, though the external characters are often very much alike.
Leptasierias hyberborea (Daniels. & Koren), 1884, p. 10, pl. iii. figs. 1-7 (as Astertas)—This fine Arctic species has not hitherto been definitely recorded. from America. I dredged several good specimens near Hastport, Maine, as long ago as 1864, and others in later years. The largest were about eight inches in diameter; most were about six inches. It has regularly tapered, stout, terete rays, with a firm dorsal skeleton, due to thick plates and few papular pores ; spines are numerous, subequal, obtuse, not slender.
Other species belonging to this genus are L. @qualis (St.) and L. heractis (St.) of the N. Pacific coast; L. grénlandica (Arctic) ; Z. fascicularis (Per.), W. Indies; and many others.
The same habit of carrying the eggs and young is shared by certain Antarctic genera of this family, otherwise very different. ‘l'o express this feature I have adopted the term pedophoric habit. It appears to be always associated with ventral genital pores.
Podasterias (Perrier, 1896, emended). Type, P. litkeni, Per., non Stimpson.—This is another peedophoric genus, with several Antarctic species. It has ventral genital pores, and carries its young in large clusters. It is diplacanthid and in general structure much like Asterzas.
Fisher (1908, p. 89) was mistaken in making it a synonym of Pisaster, for the latter is monacanthid and, so far as known, is not pedophoric. Therefore the name liitkeni holds
Genera and Species of Starfishes. 15
good in this genus. P. steinentd (Studer), P. loveni (Per.), and P. spinosa, Per., are other Antarctic species.
Pedasterias, Verrill. Type, P. chirophora, Ludwig, 1903, p. 43, pls. v.-vii—This is another remarkable pdophoric genus from Antarctic waters. It is monacanthid with de- generate skeletal plates, covered with a thick dermis and bearing large felipedal pedicellariz. It carries its young in large groups, like miniature clusters of grapes. ‘These have been well described by Ludwig.
Sporasterias, Perrier, 1896. Type, S. rugispina, St— This is a monacanthid pedophorie genus, with a reticulated dorsal skeleton not covered by a thick dermis. ‘lhe species are Antarctic. Besides the type, it includes S. rupicola, Verrill; S. antarctica (Liitk.) ; S. perriert (Smith), 6-rayed ; and various nominal species, mostly referable to S. antarctica.
Anasterias, Perrier (type, A. minuta, Per., 1875). Lysa- sterias, Fisher (1908, p. 88).
This genus includes several pzedophoric, monacanthid, Antarctic species, with a partially abortive dorsal skeleton, covered with a thick dermis. Besides the type, which was very young, it includes A. studeri(Per.) ; A. verrillii (Bell) ; A. lactea (Muud.) ; A. belgicw, Lud., 1903, p. 51; A. tenera (Koehler, 1905); A. lysasteria, Verrill=A. perrier’, Stud., non Smith.
Cryptastertas, Vervill. Type, C. turqueti, Koehler (as Diplasterias, 1905, p. 465).—This Antarctic genus has a reticulated dorsal skeleton, entirely concealed by a_ thick dermis, bearing papille enclosing rudimentary spines. It is diplacanthid, and is thought to be pzedophorice.
Stichaster, Miiller & Troschel, 1840. Type, S. striatus, M. & Tr., 1840 (non Asterias striatus, Lam.) = Asterias aurantiaca, Meyen, 1534 (non Linn.).
This genus, when proposed, was monotypic and based on the well-known Peruvian species usually called S. aurantiacus. The latter name is not tenable, because preoccupied by Linné, and thus striatus becomes the valid name. Stichaster has priority over Tonia, Gray, 1840, applied to the same type. Perrier (1894, p. 121, and 1896, p. 27) was in error as to the restriction of the genus to the type of Asterias rosea of Europe, which was not mentioned when the genus was first established.
Therefore the latter requires a new generic name; for it
16 Mr. A. E. Verrill on some
I have proposed the name Stichastrella, with S. rosea as its type.
Family Pedicellasteride.
Coronaster briareus, Verrill.
Asterias briareus, Verrill, Brief Cont. to Zool., No. 50, Amer. Journal Science, vol. xxiii. p. 220 (1882) ; vol. xlix. p. 209 (1895).
This elegant species is a typical Coronaster. It usually has ten or eleven slender rays. First taken off Cape Hatteras and off Delaware Bay in 57 to 373 fathoms. It has since been taken by the Expedition from Iowa University, off Florida, in 75 to 110 fathoms.
Family Brisingide.
One of the most remarkable and interesting of the American Antarctic and Patagonian starfishes is Labidiaster radiosus, Liitken. It isa large starfish with a small disk and twenty to forty-six rays. The rays increase by budding in between the older ones.
To this genus Sladen added (1889) another Antarctic species (L. annulatus). This, however, differs so much from LL. radiosus that it should be separated as a distinct genus, for which I propose the name Labidiastrella, with L. annu- lata (SI.) as the type. It has the dorsal and superomarginal plates nearly abortive distally beyond the genital region.
Labidiastrella annulata (Sladen) has forty to forty-five long slender rays. It occurred in 75 to 150 fathoms, off Kerguelen I. and off Heard Island.
Family Acanthasteride.
Acanthaster planct (Linn.).
Asterias planci, Linné, Syst. Nat. ed. x., Appendix, 1758, p. 823. Quotes Columna, Phytobasamus, pl. xxxvil. fig, A. (This isa characteristic figure of a fifteen-rayed species from Goa, Asia.)
This long-known large species, widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, is generally called A. echinites (Lam.) or A. echinus (Ellis). The name planci has clearly the priority, and should be adopted.
* ‘Monograph Shallow-water Starfishes North Pacific Coast,’ Smith- sonian Inst. pp. 40, 874 (May 1914).
Genera and Species of Starfishes. 17
Family Poraniide.
Rhegaster, Sladen, 1883, p. 155. Type, R. murray (Sladen).
This generic name has priority over Lasiaster, Slad., 1889, and Poraniomorpha (type P. rosea, Daniels. & Koren, 1884), even if they are all the same genus, as stated by Grieg (1906), and by Sussbach and Breckner (1910, p. 219). Yet the authors last named adopt Las¢aster as the name of the genus. The type of the latter was L. vil/osus, Slad., 1889. These authors consider villosus, rosea, and murray? synonyms of Goniaster hispidus, Sars, 1871, and adopt the latter specific name,
With “ZL. hispidus”’ they also unite the two American species—Rhegaster spinulosus, Verrill, 1879, as Porania ; and R. borealis, Verrill, 1878, as Asterina. Both were later (1895) referred by me to Poraniomorpha, because recognized as closely related to the type, P. rosea, Daniels. & Koren. However, there is no evidence that the two American forms belong to one species, whether either be identical with that of Northern Europe or not. Indeed, they are very distinct in the character and arrangement of their dorsal spinules and plates, and still more so as to the interactinal spines and plates.
Rhegaster borealis, Verrill, 1878 (in part., 1895, p. 139). CEI. FE fix. 1}
This has the entire dorsal surface and superomarginal plates densely covered with uniform, minute, obtuse, erect, miliary spinules, each terminated by a circle of microscopic points, giving the surface a plush-like appearance to the naked eye, and without any visible outlines of plates. In this respect it agrees well with R. murrayi, Sladen, which also has the same sort of thorny-tipped spinules, and similar papular pores and adambulacral spines.
Yet the under surface is quite different, for in R. borealis the interactinal plates are clearly defined, and each one bears a conspicuous group of acute, elongated, erect, and divergent spinelets, much longer than the dorsal ones, about six to ten on a plate. The plates are large, convex, imbricated in four rows parallel to the marginals. The inferomarginal plates are large, terminated by a crowded group of twenty to thirty spinelets, similar to the interactinal ones. As to the under side it is, therefore, more like Lasiaster villosus, but yet quite different in its spinulation, and cannot be considered the same species,
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xiv. 2
18 Mr. A. E. Verrill on some
It differs more from &. murray? in respect to the under surface, which, in the latter, is uniformly covered with small miliary spinelets. Probably P. rosea, Daniels. & Koren, may be identical with A. murrayi, for it agrees closely in spinulation on both sides, but its identity with G. hispidus, Sars, seems to me very questionable. The latter is more like Lasiaster villosus, Sladen, in having large superomarginal plates, spinules segregated on the dorsal plates, &c. ‘These characters can hardly be considered as generic, and therefore it seems that all these forms should be referred to Rhegaster, as the earliest genus established for any of them. Thus LR. hispidus would be the earliest species, with A. villosus a probable synonym, while &. borealis, Verrill (1878), and LR. spinulosus, Verrill (1879), would be the next two in order. ‘hus, either one of these two names would supersede R. murrayi or FR. roseus, should either prove to be identical with the Jatter. In my article of 1895, the descriptive notes added under Jorealis should have been put under spinulosus.
Rhegaster spinulosus, Verrill. (PI. I. fig. 2.) Porania spinulosa, Verrill, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. ii. p. 202 (1879).
Poraniomorpha spinulosa, Verrill, Expl. by the ‘ Albatross,’ p. 542 (1885); Amer. Journ. Sci. vol. xlix. p. 139 (1895).
This is a larger species, ranging from north of Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras in 80 to 640 fathoms. It sometimes has a radius of 80 mm. -
This differs from &. borealis especially in having large flat interactinal plates *, covered with minute miliary spinules or granules, except at the outer end, where there are often two or three small, appressed, acute spinules ina row. The inferomarginal plates have about ten to twelve small marginal spinules in about two rows ; the upper surface is closely covered with erect miliary spinules, as in allied species, and the papular pores are numerous, in clusters, over the whole dorsal surface and between the marginal rows of plates.
Marginaster, Perrier, 1881 ; 1884 (pars). Type, M. pecti- matus, Per.—This genus, when established, included the young of two generic types: Sladen, 1889, designated the first as the type ; the secund (M/. echinulatus) differs, among other ways, in having a regular furrow-comb on the adambu- lacral plates, as in Rhegaster, but the dorsal plates are invisible and have sparse spines, unlike the latter. J/. pectinatus is very
* The term “interactinal plates” is used in place of “ intermediate actinals ” for the sake of brevity.
Genera and Species of Starfishes. 19
young, and probably it is simply the young of Porania or some similar genus. Other similar young forms have since been added to the genus by Sladen, Perrier, and others, none of which can, as yet, be united with adult forms.
Poranisca, Verrill, gen.nov. Type, P. lepidus, Ver.—This name is proposed, as a matter of convenience, for another group of small young forms, belonging to this family, until they can be connected with adults. The type is from off the eastern coast of the United States, in 77 fathoms, No, 18,485, Nat. Mus. The dorsal surface, when dry, is covered with relatively large plates, imbricated by thin edges, The basal interradial and radial plates are larger and conspicuous, and bear one or two small spinules near the adcentral margin, and sometimes several other small spinules. Superomarginal plates are similar, large, usually with one or two spinuies, sometimes none. ‘I'wo definite rows of plates run from each basal interradial to the two interradial marginal plates. ‘These, like the intermediate dorsals, may bear a few granules or spinules and, in life, are covered with a thin dermis that conceals their outlines. Papule stand singly between the radial plates and also between the marginal rows. Radii of the type 455 mm. and 8 mm.
Interomarginals are larger, thickened, and havea marginal comb or fringe of slender spines, and (in the type) granule- like spinules clustered on the upper surface. These plates project beyond the upper ones. Interactinal plates are rather large and few, not concealed by dermis when dry, but hidden in alcoholic specimens. They form rows parallel with the marginals, the largest row being nearest the latter, with a larger unpaired plate in the middle, bearing in the type a single small spine. Other plates may. also bear solitary spines. ‘The other rows are shorter, with all the plates paired. Adambulacral plates have, in the type, two spines, one above the other. In some alcoholic specimens the whole surface, above and below, is covered with a soft dermis, obscuring or concealing the plates. Very young specimens, 6 mm. to 10 mm. in diameter, are more spinulose dorsally, otherwise similar. In life its colour is dark red. (PI. I. fig. 3.)
To this provisional genus may also be referred P. pymea, Verrill (Amer. Journ. Sci. vol. xvi. p. 372, 1878, as Asterina pygmea).
Poraniel/a, Verrill, gen, nov. Type, P. regularis, Ver., sp. nov.—This name is proposed for a small flat starfish with Q¥
20 M.A. E. Verrill on some
shoit rays, not uncommon in the Gulf of Mexico in 25-169 fathoms off W. Florida (coll. ‘Albatross’; type is No. 10,190, Nat. Mus., 67 fathoms).
It is of special interest as a genus more or less connecting this family and the Asterinide. Indeed, it would probably be just as well placed in the latter. It has the form and nearly the plating of Asterinides.
All the genera of this family discussed above have the ventral or interactinal plates arranged either in rows sensibly parallel to the marginal plates or else in oblique rows from marginals to adambulacrals, the two methods being much alike. In Poraniella, as in Asterinide generally, they form chevrons or rows parallel to the adambulacrals, the largest plates or longest row being next the latter. This shows a very different mode of erow th of the plates.
In Poraniella there is an unpaired median plate in each chevron, except the first. All these plates are rounded and imbricated in alternation. They are not entirely concealed by thick dermis in dry specimens, and each usually bears one to several small distal spinules in a fan.
Inferomarginal plates are large, oblong, prominent, with a terminal comb of slender webbed spines, "four or five in the type, and a iow of smaller acute spinules on the upper side. The superomarginals are relatively large, rounded, and have one or two, rarely three, small spinules on the most convex part.
Dorsal plates are nearly flat, imbricated in radial rows, with rounded edges exposed, much as in Asterina. They mostly bear two to five small sharp spinules at or near the edge. The median row is distinct and towards the disk its plates become compressed and sunken, with a row of papular pores each side of it; the basal plate is larger, as are the basal interradials. Papular pores stand singly between five radial rows of plates. Adambulacral plates have a regular furrow- comb of three webbed spines, and two or three larger diver- gent spines on the actinal face, in a transverse row. The dermis, in alcoholic specimens, conceals most of the plates. Radii of the type, 7 mm. and 12 mm. In life it was bright red.
Poraniella echinulata (Perrier, 1881) ; 1884; 1894, p. 169, fuller description (as Marginaster).—This West Indian species should also be referred to Poraniella.
Porania? austera, Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. vol. x p. 221 (1899, as Marginaster)—This does not belong to Marginaster, but is probably a young Porania. ‘The dorsal
Genera and Species of Starfishes. 21
plates are entirely concealed by thick dermis, even in dry specimens, The plates are irregular in size and form, and bear small, rough, spaced spinules, in irregular small rows or curved lines.
Interactinal plates are visible through the dermis, when dry ; they form forked columns, running from the marginals to the adambulacrals—a few of them bear a single, small, central spine, rarely two. It is from the West Indies in deep water.
Culcitopsis, Verrill, gen. nov. Type, C. borealis, Sussb. & Breckner, Seeigel, Seesterne, und Schlangensterne der Nord- und Ostsee, p. 217, pl. i. figs. 4-6 (1910) (as Culcita).
This singular startish does not seem to me to be a Culeita, nor a member of the same family, but rather one of the Poraniide, related to Tylaster and to Chondraster, Verrill, 1895—only in this the reduction of the skeleton has gone farther, and the margin has thus become swollen and puffy. ‘he numerous interactinal grooves are like those of Chon- draster, and the papule are grouped as in Poraniomorpha.
Family Astropectinide.
Sideriaster (?) vestitus (Say). Asterias vestita, Say, Journ. Philad. Acad. vol. v. p. 143 (1825).
This large and peculiar species, described by Say eighty- eight years ago, and said to have been found at Cape May, N. Jersey, has not been seen by any later writer. ‘he original specimen has, apparently, been lost. It has, in more recent times, been referred to Astropecten by Liitken, 1859, and all subsequent writers. However, the original description does not indicate that it is a true Astropecten.
Say stated that it has a large disk; that the entire upper surface is covered with large cylindrical paxille (indicating small superomarginal plates) ; that the marginal plates have four appressed spines in a line; that it was one {oot and three inches in diameter; and that it has a large madreporic
late.
All these characters correspond with those of Sideriaster, Verrill (1899), but not with Astropecten. The genus Sideri- aster lias small spineless superomarginal plates, confined to the lateral surface of the ray, and four appressed spines in a row on the larger inferomarginal plates. Its disk is broad ; size large ; madreporic plate very large. Its type, S. grandis, Ver., from 68 fathoms, in the Gulf of Mexico, does not agree sufficiently well to be identified as the same species, but it
22 Mr. B. F. Cummings on the Head and
seems almost certain that it is congeneric. When more specimens can be obtained it may prove to be the same species. Only one specimen is known.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
Fiy. 1. Rhegaster borealis, Ver. Type. a, dorsal side ; }, actinal side of the same. X 2; (0).
Fig. 2. Rhegaster spinulosus, Ver. Type. { nat. size.
Fig. 8. Poranisca lepidus, Ver. Types. a, one of the larger specimens ; b, c, d, three small ones. xX 1}.
II].—Note on the Characters of the Hecd and Mouth-parts in the Genera Plectrotarsus and Aithaloptera (Trichoptera). By Bruce F. Cummines, British Museum (Natural History).
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
For being able to present an account of the head and mouth- trophi of these two remarkable genera of Trichoptera 1 am indebted first of all to Dr. Georg Ulmer, of Hamburg, who generously sent me spiit-material of dihaloplera, and, secondly, to Mr. James A. Kershaw, Acting Director of the National Museum, Melbourne, who kindly gave me several specimens (dry) of Plectrotarsus gravenhorstit, Kol.
The Head of AXthaloptera dispar, Brauer (Family Hydropsychide).
The first species of Mthaloptera was made known by Kolenati in 1859 under the name Setodes sexpunctata (an East- Indian insect) (1). One of the essential characters of the genus Sefodes is given as “ palporam maxillarium articulo basali brevissimo,” so that when, in 1875, Brauer, in de- scribing asecond species—the one at present under considera- tion (from W. Africa) (2),—observed the complete absence of palpi (maxillary and labial), he decided, on this and other grounds, to found a new genus (Aithaloptera). In subse- quent descriptions of other species of this genus I have been unable to find any detailed reference to the mouth-trophi, with the exception of the general statement ‘“‘ Mundteile feh- lend,” made by Ulmer in 1907 (3).
But, as will be seen from the illustrations given below,
EE
Mouth-parts in Plectrotarsus and Aithaloptera. 23
mouth-parts, including labrum and mandibles, are present in at least one species of thaloptera, though the precise homo- logies of some of the parts are problematical and of great interest.
R. Lucas (4) gave a very careful account of the mouth- parts of the Limnophilid, Anabolia furcata, McLachlan (=A. levis, Zetterstedt), in which he describes a labrum, a pair of first maxilla with palpi and only a single pair of lobes, a large median fleshy haustellum, and a labium with palpi but no lobes. No mandibles were found. Lucas’s description holds good for the Limnophilide, which prove to be the only family of Trichoptera in which mandibles are absent. Genthe (5), in 1897, demonstrated the presence of mandibles in Hydropsyche and Neuriclepsis, tnough he was mistaken in supposing that these two genera possess “ kein eigentliches Haustellum.” IL have found the haustellum present in every family of the Trichoptera. It is absent, so far as | have discovered, in only one genus—Dipseudopsis— of the family Polycentropide. Mandibles exist in all the families as well, if not in every genus (with the exception of the Limnophilide) ; in some they are large and probably functional, e. g., in Rhyacophila and Hydropsyche.
In Athaloptera dispar the head and mouth-parts are as follows :—
Head.—This is rather deep, but short fore and aft. The
Fig. 1.
Epicranial area of head of Athaloptera dispar (enlarged). E, eye; EP, epicranial plate; MP, median plate.
two pillars or endosternites of the tentorium, which run across the head from the base of the occipital foramen to
24 Mr. B. F. Cummings on the Head and
their place of insertion into the front of the head one on each side of the clypeus, are correspondingly short, very broad, and plate-like. Fig. 1 shows the top or epicranial area of
Fig. 2.
a. Head of £thaloptera dispar (seen from in front), Enlarged, semi diagrammatic. b. Lobe, highly magnified. Cl, clypeus; E,eye; G,gena; M, mandible ; Z, labrum ; H, haustellum ; Lb, lobe; SZ, semicircular “ ledge.”
the head. The clypeus in the front of the head bulges out- wards and is very convex. It is distinctly marked off from
SE
Mouth-parts in Plectrotarsus and Aithaloptera. 25
the rest of the head, which is the case in all the IHydro- psychidee and allied families.
Antenne.—Extremely long ani slender. Basal joints stouter than the rest.
Mouth-parts.—These are not easy to see without special preparation, being situated in a small hexagonal area beneath the lower margin of the long clypeus. They are small and insignificant (fig. 2). They consist of :—
(1) Labrum.—This is roughly triangular, and, like the rest of the parts, thinly chitinized.
(2) Mandibles—Of an extraordinary character. Hach consists of a large basal part, which suddenly narrows, to end in a very long, thin, somewhat irregularly shaped splint- like piece of chitin, the extreme tip being sharply pointed and more firmly chitinized than the rest of the mandible or any other of the appendages. No condyles are present and there is no true articulation, as the mandible grows out from the angle on one side of the labrum, and shows no trace of a joint or suture between it and the head. There are two elongate hairs on the basal part of the mandible.
The rest of the mouth-parts consist of :—
(3) A median elongate lobe, with
(4) two small lobes on either side of it, and
(5) two broad flat lobes or semicircular “‘ ledges,” forming a kind of lower lip.
The median lobe [ regard as the haustellum, and the two lateral lobes are almost certainly the lobes of the first pair of maxillee. In all Trichoptera the first maxilla possesses only a single lobe. The two ledges perhaps represent the labium. Labial and maxillary palpi are completely absent. All these parts are delicate and thinly chitinized, so that one is induced to believe them to be the atrophied remnants of moutli-parts now quite functionless.
The Head of Plectrotarsus gravenhorstii (Family Sericostomatide).
Ulmer (6) has given an interesting note on this peculiar Australian insect, in which he shows that the so-called “proboscis”? stands in no relation with the lower lip, but is ‘sicherlich als Anhang oder Fortsatz des Labrum anzusehen.”’ Hagen (7), in 1881, had written that when the mouth-parts of the Phryganeide are spoken of in general as short ones, “ it must not be forgotten that there exist genera with a deve- loped proboscis much longer than the head, and certainly fit to enter flowers; the greatest development I know of among
26 Mr. B. F. Cummings on the Head and
the group occurs in P. gravenhorstii.” McLachlan (8) remarks that the ‘Australian genus Plectrotarsus has the parts of the mouth modified in an extraordinary manner, forming a beak or rostrum....” How inadequate and inaccurate the terms “ beak”? or “ rostrum” are will be seen presently.
Head.—This is of a shape and character unusual in the order. In Phryganea, for example, it is more or less in the shape of a wedge, the base of the wedge being formed by the epicranium and the mouth-parts running down and gradu- ating in size to form the narrow end. In Phryganea, too,
Tentorium of Plectrotarsus gravenhorstit (sides and roof of skuil cut away). E, eye; O, occiput; CB, crossbar; DB, dorsal branch ; GR, gular region,
and in most Trichoptera the whole of the gular region is membranous or very thinly chitinized, so that the base of the skull is incomplete beneath. On either side of this soft gular region the gene extend downwards as two triangular flaps,
ee =e eee
Mouth-parts in Plectrotarsus and Aithaloptera. 27
the apex being ventral; but in Plectrotarsus (and in some Hydrophilidee and in Chimarrha) the gular region is firmly chitinized, the skull is therefore complete, and the triangular flaps are absent. The shape of the skull of Plectrotarsus is unusually long, broad, and flattened dorso-ventrally (fig. 5).
Tentorium (tig. 3).—This is strongly developed in corre- lation with the size of the head. In structure it som what recalls the tentorium of Phryganea, i. e., it consists of a cross- bar at the occiput and two long endosternites running forward from it to the clypeus. Hach of these gives off a branch
a. Mouth-parts of Plectrotarsus gravenhorstti (male), seen from in front. Semi-diagrammatic, greatly enlarged. b. Mandible. Highly magnified. M, mandible; Lab, labrum ; Hyp, hypopharynx; MP, maxillary palpus; MTZ, maxillary lobe; H, haustellum; ZP, labial palpus.
dorsally (asin Phryganea) to the roof of the skull. The two long endosternites have developed broad wings for the attachment of the antennary muscles.
Antenne.—The antenne are thick, about as long as the fore wings, the basal joint about half as long as the head, a little thicker than the succeeding joints.
28 Mr. B. F. Cummings on the Head and
Mouth-parts—The mouth-parts are merely an extreme development of the type shown in Phryganea. Inthe Hydro- psychide and Rhyacophilide and more generalized families of the order the labrum is short, the mandibles powerful, and well chitinized, and the haustellum broader than long, delicate. In Phryganca and its allies the labrum is elongate, the mandibles reduced to small, soft, nipple-like warts, and the haustellum large, long, and fleshy.
Fig. 5.
Head of Plectrotarsus gravenhorstii (male). Side view, semi- diagrammatic, greatly enlarged.
Ant., antenna; E,eye; C,cardo; S,stipes; Lab, labrum; MP, maxillary palpus; D/L, maxillary lobe; LP, labial palpus; H, haustellum.
In Plectrotarsus (figs. 4 & 5) the parts consist of :—
(1) The labrum, which, beginning with a short basal area of fairly firm chitin, is produced into a very long, narrow, delicate organ. ‘This, according to Ulmer, is generally carried raised above the hypopharynx and slightly curled up at the tip—facts which suggest that it may be used as a kind of accessory antenna.
(2) The mandibles (fig. 4b),
Mouth-parts in Plectrotarsus and Aithaloptera. — 29
(3) The hypopharyne, along narrow plate, covering the sta k or peduncle of the haustellum.
(4) The first mavilla, The sides of the elongate peduncle of the haustellum are held in by the cardo and stipes of the first maxilla. The cardo is very long and articulates with the base of the skull in a small niche or angle. The stipes is
a. Mouth-parts of Plectrotarsus gravenhorstit, to show internal structure of the haustellum. Side view, diagrammatic. b. Basal haustellar sclerite, seen from behind.
C, cardo; St, stipes; Hyp, hypopharynx; MP, maxillary palpus; H, haustellum; ZP, labial palpus; S.P., semicircular piece; B.H Sc, basal haustellar sclerite.
shorter and carries the 5-segmented palpus (in the g 3-seg- mented) and the maxillary lobe. The third and fourth segments of the palpus in the 2 each show at their distal ends a circular impression, probably sensory areas, as they are known to occur on the antenne of other insects. The lobes are carried in an abnormal position. In shape long
30 On Plectrotarsus and Aithaloptera.
and rather narrow, instead of sloping transversely across the upper surface of the haustellum, they accompany the haustellum along its lateral margins, and are at first sight apt to be overlooked as part of the haustellum.
(5) The haustellum. A long narrow organ decurved at the tip. Along the whole length of the narrow dorsal surface runs a double series of short, comparatively broad chitin plates, arranged transversely and end to end (figs. 4 & 6). Between these two series is a deep median furrow running longitudinally. Tie upper surface of the haustellum is covered with minute hairs. From the underside of the tip project two small tubes with small hairs on them. I assume that the salivary glands open at the tips of these tubes. In Phry- ganea and others the salivary glands open in the same curious position, @. e. on the lower surface of the haustellum. But in these the opening is single, at the end of a large sausage~ like fold of the integument.
(6) The ldabéum. There are no labial lobes. Palpi 3-segmented.
Supporting Structures of the Haustellum.
In the more specialized groups of Trichoptera with well- d:veloped haustellum the latter is supported by two semi- circular chitinous sclerites which run one on each side dorso- ventrally trom the base of the first maxilla down to the ventral surface, where they end freely and do not meet each other. Along the lower surface of the haustellum, situated longitudinally, there are also present usually two basal haustellar sclerites, longer than broad, flat, and sometimes branched. In Plectrotarsus (fig. 6) both the semicircular sclerites and the basal haustellar sclerites are present, but the two latter are not separate pieces, but become fused at their proximal ends just before bending downwards and then for- wards to the labium. Moreover, they do not lie horizontally as supporting rafters beneath the haustellum, but are inclined at a steep angle within the haustellum.
References.
(1) Kovenati, P. ‘Genera et Species Trichopterorum.” Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, tome xi. 1859, p. 266.
(2) Braver. Verh, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. xxv. p. 71 (1875).
(3) Urmer, G. ‘Genera Insectorum (Wytsman), 1907, p. 156,
(4) Lucas, R. “ Beitraze zur Kenntniss der Mundwerkzeuge der Tricho- ptera.” Archiy fiir Naturgeschichte, 1893, p. 286.
On Fishes from the Condoto River, Colombia, 31
(5) Gentur, K. “Die Mundwerkzeuge der Mikrolepidopteren.” Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 1897-8, p. 372.
(6) Unmer, G. ‘“ Ueber einige Trichopteren mit riisselformigen Kopf- Anhangen.” Zool. Anz. 1905, Bd. xxviii. p. 56.
(7) Hagen. ‘On the Proboscis of Nemognatha.” Proc. Boston Soe. of Nat. Hist. 1881, xx. p. 4380.
(8) McLacutan, R. Trichoptera of the European Fauna, 1874-80, p. 4. London.
(9) Cummines, B. F. “Apropos of the First Maxille in the Genus Dipseudopsis.” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi. p. 809 (1913).
1V.—Fishes from the Condoto River, Colombia, collected by Dr. H. G. F. Spurrell. By C. Tate Reean, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
In 1913 (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xii. pp. 462-473) I gave an account of the fishes of the San Juan River, based chiefly on a collection made in the Condoto by Dr. H. G. F. Spurrell. Three of the fifteen species then described as new had been described by Eigenmann in a paper of prior date (‘ Indiana Univ. Studies,’ 1913, no. 18) ; there can be little doubt that
Xenurocharax spurrellii, Regan, = Argopleura chocoensis, Eigenm. Bryconemericus rubricauda, Regan, = B. ortholepis, Eigenm. 4 juanensis, Regan,=B. scopiferus, Eigenm. The species that I described as Creagrutus leuciscus is the one recorded by Eigenmann as C. affinis, Steind., in the synonymy of which he places C. notropoides, Meek. Without actual comparison with specimens from the Cauca and Chagres Rivers I am unable to accept this identification. In C. leuciscus the depth of the body is 3 to 34 in the length, but in C. notropoides it is said to be 4. C. leuciscus has the interorbital width } the length of head or more, but in C. affinis it is described as less than 2. Eigenmann has given the name Astyanax ruberrimus to the species recorded by me as A. eneus, Giinth. A second collection from the Condoto recently brought home by Dr. Spurrell includes several additions to the fish- fauna of the San Juan System.
32 On Fishes from the Condoto River, Colombia.
Characide.
1. Hoplias microlepis, Giinth.
Anostomide.
2. Leporinus striatus, Kner.
Sternarchide.
3. Sternarchus spurrelliz, sp. n.
Depth of body 7 to 8, length of head 6 to 63 in length to end of anal fin. Width of head 24 to 3 in its length, depth at occiput 12, length of snout 23 to 24, diameter of eye 12 to 15, interorbital width 5 to 5}. Cleft of mouth extending to vertical from anterior margin of eye ; lower jaw included. Vent below vertical limb of preoperculum. Anal 164-178; origin below gill-opening. Pectoral 2 to 4 length of head. 13 to 15 series of scales above lateral line. Brownish; a pale mid-dorsal stripe from snout to origin of dorsal filament.
Four specimens, the largest 180 mm. in total length.
4. Sternopygus macrurus, Schneid.
5. Hypopomus occidentalis, sp. n.
Depth of body 84 to 9, length of head 74 to 8 in length to end of anal fin. Snout 34, diameter of eye 10, inter- orbital width 54 in length of head. Lower jaw included. Vent below middle of operculum. Anal 200-240; origin below extremity of pectoral, or as far from gill-opening as the latter is from eye. Pectoral a little more than 3 length of head. Length of tail, beyond anal fin, 5 to 6 in total length. Olivaceous, with numerous irregular, slightly oblique, narrow, brownish cross-bands, breaking up into spots below.
Six specimens, the largest, on which the above description is principally based, 150 mm. in total length.
Loricariide.
6. Loricaria jubata, Bouleng.
7. Loricaria variegata, Steind.
On new Japanese Marine Mollusca. 33
Pomadasidea.
8. Pomadasys bayanus, Jord. & Everm.
Mugilide.
9. Agonostomus nasutus, Giinth.
Gobiide. 10. Sicydium condotense, sp. n.
Depth of body 63 in the length, length of head 45. Diameter of eye 4 in length of head, interorbital width 5. Teeth of upper jaw bi- or tricuspid ; horizontal teeth of lower jaw concealed. Head naked; nape, an area behind pelvic fins, and a vertical strip connecting these just behind base of pectorals naked ; scales ciliated, 60 in a longitudinal series, 16 or 17 between origins of second dorsal and anal. Dorsal VI, I 10. Anal I 10. Second dorsal and anal highest anteriorly; last rays, when laid back, not nearly reaching caudal. Pectoral as long as head. Caudal sub- truncate. Greenish, with dark cross-bars and an indistinct lateral band ; caudal with two dark cross-bars; soft dorsal with series of small dark spots on the rays; anal with a dark intramarginal line.
A single specimen, 60 mm. in total length.
Soleide.
ll. Achirus panamensis, Steind.
V.—Descriptions of Fifteen new Japanese Marine Mollusca.
By G. B. Sowersy, F.L.S. [Plate II.}
Turbo (Callopoma) excellens, sp. n. (Pl. II. fig. 1.)
Testa globoso-turbinata, imperforata, crassa, pallide carnea, vivide rufo-fusco picta ; spira conica, elatiuscula; anfractus 5, convexi, sutura antuste canaliculata sejuncti, spiraliter lirati, minute plicato-nodulosi; penultimus triliratus; anfractus ultimus in-
Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xiv. 3
34 Mr. G. B. Sowerby on
flatus, subquadrato globosus, supra et infra breviter plicato nodu- losus, ubique liris crassis rotundatis cingulatus ; apertura sub- circularis, intus argentea, peristoma simplex ; columella crassa, levis, alba; operculum subcirculare, extus album, valde con- vexum, ubique minute granulatum, cingulis elevatis 3, valde inequalibus instructum, ad marginem acute carinatum.
Alt. 25, lat. 22 mm.
Hab. Nagashima, Kii, Japan.
Of the subgenus Callopoma, Tryon (Man. of Conch. vol. x. p- 210) admits of only two species (with several synonyms and varieties), viz., 7. fuctuosus, Wood, and savosus, Wood ; a third, 7. shandri, Hutton, being probably misplaced. The present species is much smaller than 7. fluctuwosus, and differs from it in several respects, particularly in the pustulated ridges on the upper part of the whorls. The operculum is different, being destitute of the elaborately crenu-
lated concentric lirge so conspicuous in that species.
Leptothyra levigata, sp.n. (PI. II. fig. 5.)
Testa minuta, imperforata, oblique ovalis, crassa, levis, carneo- albida, rufo-fusco marmorata, ad peripheriam albo balteata ; spira parum elevata; anfractus 3, rotunde convexi; anfractus ultimus latus, rotundatus, infra obscurissime spiraliter striatus ; apertura subcircularis, intus argentea; peristoma leve, crassum ; colu- mella valde callosa.
Alt. 4, diam. 4 mm.
fab. Noto, Hizen, Japan. A little shell of simple character, smooth and shining, silvery within, with a stout peristome.
Gibbula awajiensis, sp. n. (PI. II. fig. 4.)
Testa minuta, globoso-turbinata, crassiuscula, levis, fusca, nigro- fusco flammulata, ad peripheriam zona lutea fusco articulata picta; spira breviter conica; anfractus 3, rotundati; anfractus ultimus leviter inflatus, infra convexus; umbilicus parvus sed profundus; apertura subcircularis, intus argentea; peristoma continuum, vix incrassatum.
Alt, 4, diam. 4 mm.
Hab. Awaji, Japan.
I know of no species very closely resembling this little shell. In form it is rather globular, with a conical spire ; its surface is smooth, umbilicus small, colour principally brown, with an articulated band at the periphery.
ee eS a Se
re) Or
new Japanese Marine Mollusca. 3
Natica ovata, sp. n. ¢Pi: Ek fig. 3.)
Testa oyato-turbinata, ponderosa, breviter umbilicata, pallide luteo- fusca, aliter haud colorata; spira conica, elatiuscula; anfractus 4, convexi, fere leves, irregulariter oblique sculpti, sutura an- guste impressa sejuncti; anfractus ultimus 3 longitudinis teste gequans, ovalis, infra rotundatus ; umbilicus vix profundus, tri- goniformis; apertura elliptica, latiuscula, intus fusco tincta, levis ; peristoma crassiusculum; columella crassicallosa, alba, polita, in regione umbilicali lobata.
Alt. 59, maj. diam. 48 mm, Hab. Hidaka, Japan.
This species is allied to WV. tanthostoma, Desh., but of a much more ovate form; the callosity in the umbilical region is different in form, leaving the umbilicus very nar- rowly open.
Vatica bibalteata, sp.n. (PI. II. fig. 7.)
Testa globosa, crassa, umbilicata, albida, fusco-carneo bibalteata ; spira parva, vix elevata, anfractus 5, primi minuti, leviter con- vexi, oblique tenuissime striati, sutura anguste impressa sejuncti ; anfractus ultimus inflatus, rotundus; apertura semicircularis, intus alba; peristoma acutum; columella oblique rectiuscula, postice valde callosa, in medio effuso ; umbilicus vix profundus, callo columellari semi-obtectus.
Alt. 17, maj. diam. 17 mm.
Hab. Nagasaki.
This double-banded species bears some external resemblance on a small scale to NV. spadicea, Gmel., but the umbilicus is much less open and the columella callus spread in a different
form.
Natica figurata, sp.n. (PI. II. fig. 6.)
Testa globosa, tenuis, griseo-albida, aurantio dense fulgurata; spira parva, levissime elevata; anfractus 4, convexi, leves; an- fractus ultimus inflatus; apertura semicircularis; peristoma acutum ; umbilicus callo columellari obtectus.
Alt. 14, diam. 13 mm.
Hab. Rikuzen, Japan.
A species characterized by elaborate figure-colouring ; its umbilicus is completely covered, as in N. imperforata, Sow., from which species it differs somewhat in form and more in
pattern. 3%
36 Mr. G. B. Sowerby on
Nerita levilirata, sp. n. (PI. II. fig. 2.)
Testa suboblique globosa, pallidula, ferrugineo dense marmorata, maculata, et strigata; spira parva, depresse conica ; anfractus 3, planulati, spiraliter lirati; anfractus ultimus inflatus, liris rotun- datis parum elevatis latis et angustis alternatim instructus, oblique irregulariter striatus ; apertura parviuscula, alba, intus breviter plicato-dentata ; labrum ampliter effusum, leviter con- cavum, ad marginem acutum ; columella late callosa, medio pauci pustulato, margo dextro pauci plicato, sinistro irregulariter ‘rugose plicato.
Alt. 26, lat. 28 mm.
Hah, Oshima.
This Verit« bears some resemblance to J. stella, Ch., and chameleon, Linn., but it differs from both in form, and may be distinguished by its broad somewhat flattened ridges, mostly with narrow ridges intervening.
Solarium acutissimum, sp.n. (PI. II. fig. 9.)
Testa percompressa, tenuis, circularis, late umbilicata, albida, fulvo sparsim radiata; spira complanata; anfractus 7, primi minuti, leeves, deinde leviter concayvi, acute marginati, liris numerosis angustis plus minusve confertis spiraliter sculpti, oblique irregu- lariter striati; anfractus ultimus brevis, concavo planulatus, acutissime carinatus; basis convexa, tenuiter lirata, in regione umbilicali conspicue plicato-lirata ; umbilicus latus, perspectivus, intus valde plicatus; apertura parva, subquadrata; peristoma tenue, acutissime angulatum.
Alt. 11, maj. diam, 45 mm.
Hab. Kai, Japan.
Of this very remarkable species I have only as yet seen one specimen. It seems almost sufficient to say that it is peculiarly flat, with a sharp, very prominent keel at the periphery. A full description cannot yet be given, as the
operculum is unknown, and it may possibly rank as the type, of a new subgenus.
Turritella fortilirata, sp.n. (PI. II. fig. 12.)
Testa turrita, ferruginea, versus apicem albida; anfractus 18, declives, vix convexi, infra angulati, liris 4 spiralibus crassius- culis cingulati; anfractus ultimus j longitudinis teste squans, infra biangulatus; basis leviter convexa, unilirata; apertura
subquadrata ; peristoma tenue; columella leviter arcuata, angusta.
Long. 78, maj. diam, 22 mm. flab. Nemura, Yesso.
|
new Japanese Marine Mollusca, 37
Compared with 7. terebra, Linn., this shell is shorter in proportion to its length, more angular at the base, aud the spiral ridges are much stouter and less numerous.
Eutrochus pulcherrimus, sp.n. (Pl. IL. fig. 13.)
Testa elato-conica, umbilicata, luteo-albida, maculis fuscis minutis liberaliter conspersa; spira acuta, gradata ; anfractus 7, primi 2 lwves, deinde oblique plicati, exinde subquadrati, 2-3 carinati, liris angustis numerosis granulatis spiraliter instructi ; anfractus ultimus brevis, latiusculus, tricariuatus, dense grano-liratus; basis leviter convexa, liris alternatim crassiusculis et angustis cingulata, oblique creberrime striata; umbilicus rotundatus, mediocriter latus, profundus, intus levis; apertura mediocriter lata, intus alba, levissime sulcata; peristoma continuum, tenue.
Alt. 17, maj. diam. 16 mm.
Hab, Oshima.
A pretty shell, quite different from any other species of the genus. The numerous bright brown spots which adorn its surface are characteristic, as also the elaborate cancellation
of the upper whorls. -
Fissuridea elaborata, sp.n. (PI. II. fig. 8.)
Testa ovata, mediocriter elata, antice levissime angustata, postice convexa, albida, nigro-fusco irregulariter sparsim radiata, costis radiantibus cire. 35 nodosis, lateralibus peculiariter denticulatis, interstitiis clathratis profunde et conferte fossulatis instructa ; foramen oblongum, quadri-denticulatum, ante medium situm; interna callo tenui alba induta, ad marginem rugose crenulata.
Long. 20, lat. 12, alt. 8 mm.
Hab. Oshima.
It seems almost impossible to adequately describe the elaborate sculpture of this beautiful shell. The numerous radiating ribs are crossed by nodules or transverse bars, pointed at each end, giving them a scalloped character ; there is here and there a narrow intervening rib, and the interstices throughout are deeply pitted.
Deolium pyriforme, spon. (PI. TI. fig. 14.)
Testa conico-pyriformis, albida, pallide fulvo sparsim maculata et strigata; spira conica, elatiuscula; anfractus 5, apicales fusco tineti, deinde rotunde convexi, spiraliter anguste lirati; an- fractus ultimus leviter inflatus, postice rotundatus, antice attenu- atus ; apertura oblongo-ovata, utrinque attenuata, intus incon- spicue lirata ; labrum mediocriter latum, rugose plicatum ; colu-
38 On new Japanese Marine Mollusca.
mella oblique multiplicatum, postice tenuiter callosa, antice rectiuscula. Long. 46, lat. 31 mm. 1
Hab. Kii, Japan.
This closely ridged Dolium is more pyriform than its con- geners, and its flattened peristome is strongly and closely plicated. I have only seen one specimen of the species.
Lima oshimensis, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 10.)
Testa ovata, leviter inflata, alba, liris radiantibus angustis planu- latis confertissimis interdum confluentibus, interstitiis leviter crenulatis et puncturatis instructa, concentrice irregulariter liratim fasciata; periostracum ferrugineum, scabrosum ; auriculis anticis parviusculis, posticis paulo latioribus; umbones leviter prominentes, incurvati; area cardinalis latiuscula, leviter con- cava; ligamentum trigonum, latiusculum.
Umbono-marg. 45, antero-post. 40 mm.
Fab. Oshima.
Here is an interesting addition to the genus Lima, of which I have only seen a single specimen. It is of a regular ovate form, but little inflated, very closely ribbed, the ribs being narrow and flattened and in some cases confluent, while the scabrous periostracum is formed in thin concentric ridges.
Placunanomia radiata, sp.n. (PI. II. fig. 15.)
Testa orbicularis, plana, tenuis, valva sinistra albida ferrugineo late radiata, subtilissime rugulosa; umbo parvus, acutus, pone marginem dorsali locatus ; valva dextra tenuissima, albo-nitens, foramen oblongum.
Long. 34, lat. 34 mm.
Hab. Vyo.
A flat shell of delicate substance, the left valve being for the most part smooth, but in some places minutely rugose. The only specimen I have seen is characterized by four rather broad rays.
Macoma awajiensis, sp. n. (Pl. I. fig. 11.)
Testa transverse oblonga, tenuissima, compressiuscula, albo- iridescens, concentrice subtiliter striata, postice obtuse angulata ; area postica striis concentricis numerosis tenuissimis sculpta ; umbones parvi, vix elevati, approximati, post medium locati ; ‘margo dorsalis anticus leviter arcuatus, posticus oblique de- scendens ; ventralis suboblique arcuatus, postice leviter sinuatus ;
Descriptions and Records of Bees. 39
dentes cardinales minuti, in utrinque valvulz duo, divergentes, laterales nulli. Diam. antero-post. 18, umbono-marg. 10 mm.
Hab. Awaji. A white iridescent shell of very simple character, concen- trically rather sharply and closely striated.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
%y. 1. Turbo excellens. Tig. 2. Nerita levilirata. Fig. 3. Natica ovata, Fig. 4. Gibbula awajiensis. Fig. 5. Leptothyra levigata. Fig. 6. Natica figurata. ag. 7. bibalteata. Fig. 8. Fissuridea elaborata. Fig. 9. Solarium acutissimum.
Fig. 10, Lima oshimensis.
Fig. 11. Macoma awajiensis. Fig. 12. Turritella fortilirata. Fig. 13. Eutrochus pulcherrimus. Fig. 14. Dolium pyriforme.
Fig. 15. Placunanomia radiata.
VI.— Descriptions and Records of Bees.—LXI. By T. D. A. Cockrre ty, University of Colorado.
Anthoglossa dives, sp. n.
@ .—Length about 16 mm.
Robust, black, the apical margins of the first four abdominal segments broadly handed with golden, thinly beset with short golden hair; head broad; clypeus smooth, with very few scattered punctures, more than its lower half, as well as the labrum and the basal two- thirds of the mandibles, clear ferruginous; cheeks with very long white hair, faintly tinged with fulvous beneath ; front and face with light fulvous hair, more or less tinged with fuscous, the appressed hair at lower corners of face white ; vertex with fuscous hair, but occiput with fulvous ; scape black, flagellum largely dark chestnut-red beneath ; mesothorax dull, seutellum shining in middle, both covered with short moss-like hair, reddish tipped with fuscous ; area of metathorax triangular, dull, with a median sulcus ; metathorax with abundant greyish-white hair ; pleura with greyish-white hair posteriorly, anteriorly with reddish tipped with fuscous; tegule pellucid shining rufous (reddish-amber).
40 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
Wings short, strongly infuscated, stigma obsolete, nervures fuscous ; b. n. falling just short of t.-m.; second s.m. very wide, receiving first r.n. a little before middle; anterior femora black, red above apically, and largely beneath, the posterior fringe of hair orange-fulvous ; middle femora similarly coloured, but posterior fringe snow-white ; bind femora black, with a long curled pale fulvous plumose scopa, and bright red hair at apex; tibiz and tarsi red (anterior and middle tibiz more or less suffused with blackish on outer side), with red hair; scopa of hind tibiz light golden red in front, much darker above; hind basitarsi broad. Abdomen black with four golden bands, the heavy fringe of hair on fifth segment rather dark rich red ; apical plate truncate.
¢ .—Length 16 mm.
Differs from @ thus: face densely covered with very bright golden-fulvous (very red) hair; the prominent clypeus yellowish suffused with reddish, with a dusky spot on each side; hair of cheeks below prclonged on each side into a long pale fulvous beard; hair of vertex and occiput long and red: scape short, red; flagellum long, bright ferruginous beneath, the last jomt enlarged and flattened, discoid, pallid, with a large black spot; third antennal joint deformed, excavated in front and swollen behind ; hair of thorax above longer, long on scutellum, the general effect mouse-grey; hind tibiz and _basitarsi slender and elongated, the tibiz arched basally ; abdomen with five broad golden bands ; apex ferruginous.
Hab. Yallingup, near Cape Naturaliste, S.W. Australia, Sept. 14—Oct. 31, 1913 (R&R. £. Turner). 1 2 (type); 2 g. British Museum.
Close to A. aurevtincta and A. hackeri ; the females of the three are separated as foliows :—
First abdominal segment withouta goldenband.. hackeri, Cill. First abdominal segment with a golden band.... 1.
1. Legs black; size smaller (13 mm.) ............ aureotincta, Ckll. Legs largely red; size larger (16 mm.) ........ dives, Ckil.
Paracolletes callurus, sp. n.
2 —Length 10 mm.
Black, with the last two abdominal segments densely covered with bright ferruginous hair ; hair of face, lower part of front, cheeks, thorax above anteriorly, tubercles, pleura, metathoras, and a tuft at each side of scutellum rather dull white ; vertex and disc of thorax, including scutellum, with biack hair; head broad, eyes converging below ; mandibles with a red subapical spot; clypeus densely and strongly punciured, the lower middle shining and little punctured;
Records of Bees, 41
front closely punctured ; flagellum very short, dull reddish beneath except at base; mesothorax and scutellum closely and finely punctured, but shining between the punctures ; scutellum flattened in middle ; postscutellum with a well- developed median tubercle, more or less hidden by hair ; tegule black, with very fine punctures. Wings strongly dusky, with piceous nervures and small stigma; b. n. meeting t.-m.; second s.m. small, receiving first r. n. about middle ; secoud r. nu. enteriug third s.m. some distance from end. Legs black, with white hair, more or less fulvous-tinted on inner side of tarsi; hind tibial scopa long and black behind, otherwise clear white ; hind spur pectinate with many fine teeth. Abdomen very finely punctured, with thin white hair, thin and reddish on apical part of fourth segmeut, dense and bright red beyond.
Hab. Yallingup, near Cape Naturaliste, S.W. Australia, Sept. 14-Oct. 31, 1913 (KR. EF. Turner). 2 2. British Museum.
Mr. Meade-Waldo notes: “ Nearly allied to P. turneri and P. elegans, but distiuct.” It is readily distinguished from these by the black abdomen.
Paracolletes dentiger, Cockerell.
Described in 1910 from a single female, precise locality unknown. At Yallingup, near Cape Naturaliste, Sept. 14— Oct. 31, 1913, Mr. R. E. Turner collected both sexes. ‘To the description of the female should be added—hind tibize with black hair posteriorly. The male closely resembles the female ; the hind legs are long and slender, with the tibial hair all white; the scape is strongly punctured, and the flagellum is short, like that of a female.
In the descriptions of Paracolletes which follow, the published tables are referred to by numbers, as follows :— Tab. 1 = Tiaus. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxi. (1905) pp. 344-348. Tab. 2= Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1906, pp. 28-29. Tab. 3 = ‘Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxvi. (1910) pp. 206-207.
Paracolletes latifrons, sp. v.
9 —Length about 115 mm.
Black, robust, very broad, with rather thin dull white hair; vertex with long black hair, posterior middle of mesothorax, and disc of scutellum, with short biack hair ; face very broad, eyes slightly converging above, hair of face entirely white ; mandibles rufous except at base and apex; flagellum very obscurely reddish beneath ; cheeks narrow ; mesothorax and scutellum with a dullish, sericeous surface; areca of meta-
42 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
thorax dullish, overlapped by hair; a broad vertical band of black hair on anterior part of pleura, descending from tegule ; tegule piceous, with two dark rufous spots. Wings dilute fuliginous, the rudimentary stigma reddish, the nervures fuscous ; ; b. 0. falling a little short of t.-m. ; second s.m. very broad, receiving first r. n. in middle; second r. n. joining third s.m. some distance before end. Legs black, with black and white hair, light brown on inner side of tarsi; hair on outer face of hind tibie black ; hind spur finely pectinate. Ab- domen broad, dullish, with a sericeous surface, and exceed- ingly minute punctures; third and following segments more shining than the first two, abruptly contrasting ; ; sides and base of abdomen with more or less short silvery hair, which extends to form partial thin bands on sides of second to fourth segments, on fourth quite well developed; fifth segment covered with pale grey hair, white at sides.
‘Hab. Coolangatta, Queensland, 11.9. 13 (Queensl. Mus. 104).
In Tab. 1 runs straight to P. obscurus, Sm., but very distinct by sculpture and pubescence. In Tab. 2 runs to P. rudis, Ckll., but not closely related. In Tab. 3 to lee argentifrons, Sm., which differs in venation &c. Its nearest relatrve is probably P. advena (Sm.), which has a narrower abdomen with more distinct hair-bands.
Paracolletes thornleighensis, Cockerell.
Hitherto known only from the male, but a female from Brisbane, 2.12.13 (Hacker ; Queensl. Mus. 103), is referred here with confidence. It has the stigma and nervures piceous, which may indicate a distinct variety or race. In Tab. 1 it runs near P. nanus,Sm., butismuchlarger. The abdomen is shining black, w ith slight metallic tints on the third segment ; hind margins of segments 2 to 4 broadly rufous, “4 with a band LE reddish- golden hair ; second segment very dis- tinctly punctured ; hind spur long- pectinate ; hind tibial scopa black on basal half on outer side, suffusedly blackish beyond; face broad; clypeus shining, well punctured ; tongue normally colletiform ; hair of face greyish white, of vertex black ; mesothorax shining, sparsely and weakly punctured, with black hair except in front.
Paracolletes tenuicinctus, sp. n.
? —Length 123-13 mm. Very broad a robust; black, with black and white hair; head very broad; mandibles gbscurely reddish
Records of Bees. 43
apically ; clypeus very densely and strongly punctured, covered (but not thickly enough to hide surface) with pale brownish-tinted hair; cheeks, sides of face, and most of front with long white hair, but sides of front above with black hair ; flagellum dark, but ferruginous beneath at apex ; hair of thorax largely white, white also on occiput, but long and black on vertex ; black on mesothorax, except the broad anterior border, and narrow lateral margins, and an admixture of white posteriorly ; long black hair on scutellum, with white intermixed, black below tegule, and a large dark fuscous patch on under side of thorax ; mesothorax and scutellum dull, with rather weak punctures ; area of metathorax tri- angular, dullish ; tegule black. Wings moderately dusky, darker in apical region ; the very small stigma and nervures fuscous ; b. n. falling just short of t.-m.; second s.m. very broad, receiving first r. n. a little before the middle; third s.m. receiving second r.n.a short distance before end. Legs black, the anterior tibize red in front, and the small joints of tarsired ; hair of legs mostly white, but pale yellowish brown on inner edge of tarsi, mainly fuscous on outer side of basi- tarsi and of anterior and middle tibiz, but the loose tibial scopa of hind legs clear white, except at extreme base above ; hind spur with such short and minute pectinations as to appear simple under alens. Abdomen broad, without distinct punctures ; hind margins of first four segments with very narrow white hair-bands; hair at apex black, white hair at sides of fifth segment ; venter with light hair-bands.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia, Sept. 14-Oct. 31, 1913, 3 2 (R. E. Turner). British Museum.
Closely allied to P. advena (Sm.), but larger and broader, with white hind tibial scopa. In Tab.1 it could run near to P. argentifrons, which is quite different, or to P. obscurus, from which it differs by the large size and abdominal bands. In Tab. 2 it runs nearest to P. hobartensis, which has no abdo- minal hair-bands. In Tab. 3 it runs to P. argentifrons.
Paracolletes sexmaculatus, sp. n.
2 .—Length 13-14 mm.
Robust ; head, thorax, and legs black ; abdomen dark but very distinct bluish green, with six very conspicuous though not large transversely elongated patches of pure white hair, on lateral hind margins of segments 2 to4; the heavy apical fimbria black ; head broad; mandibles black, very faintly red- dish subapically, with a single inner tooth; clypeus shining, strongly punctured ; flagellum dull red beneath apically ; face and cheeks with glittering white hair; on lower part
*
dt Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
of front it is long and white, faintly tinged with yellowish, on upper part of front and on vertex it is black ; meso- thorax shining, with shallow punctures, scutellum rougher ; postscutellum with a mammiform median tubercle; area of metathorax brilliantly shining, not carinate, margined by a finely beaded groove; hair of thorax mostly dull white, but black on discs of mesothorax and scutellum, and a black patch beneath the wings, just behind the tubercles; tubercle of postscutellum with hairs partly dark ; tegule black. Wings dusky, nervures and the lan- ceolate stigma dark reddish hrown; b. n. meeting t.-m.; first r. n. joing second s,m. much before middle; second r. n. joining third s.m. near or at end. Hair of legs black or fuscous on outer side of tibiz and tarsi, otherwise white, but yellowish on inuer side of basitarsi (fulvous on anterior pair) ; hind spur with very slender long spines. Abdomen shining, weakly punctured ; venter with white hair.
¢ .—Length 11-12 mm.
Much more slender, with the light hair of head and thorax pale fulvous, brightest on face; flagellum very thick, wiih angular joints, suggesting ibex-horns ; tubercle on post- scutellum small and inconspicuous. Knees, all the tarsi, tibiz at apex, and anterior tibize in front, clear red. Abdo- men only very feebiy metailic, and wholly without the spots of white hair; apical plate broadly rounded, subtruncate.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia, Sept. 14—Oct. 31, 1913. 29,5 6 (RK. E. Turner). British Museum.
The female is the type ; the sexes were sent associated, otherwise I should have hesitated to put them together, as they look very different. They agree, however, in venation, metathorax, &c. The male, by its antenne, resembles the much smaller P. zbex, Ckll. The female in Tab. 1 runs near P. providus, aud may be compared also with P. frontalis ; in Tab. 2 it runs out near P. obscuripennis ; in Tab. 3 it runs to providus. It is very different from all of these. The male in Tab. 1 runs out at 7 if the abdomen is considered metallic ; otherwise it goes near the quite distinct P. chaly- beatus. In Tab. 2 it runs rather near obscuripennis ‘and subfuscus ; and in Tab. 3 near providus.
Paracolletes metallescens, sp. n.
? .—Length about 11 mm.
Rather slender, black, the abdomen very dark bluish green ; head broad ; mandibles black, obscurely red apically ; malar space linear; clypeus shining, with distinct, not very
Records of Bees. 45
dense punctures ; antenne black, with the flagellum bright ferruginous beneath apically; hair of cheeks white, of face white intermixed with black on clypeus, vertex and upper part of front with long black hair; mesothorax and scutellum brilliantly shining, with irregular shallow punctures; post- scutellum without a process ; area of metathorax smooth and shining, with an obtuse transverse ridge; hair of thorax dull white, black on discs of mesothorax and scutellum, and a patch of black under the wings ; tegule piceous. Wings dusky, the lanceolate stigma rufo-piceous, nervures fuscous ; b. n. falling just short of t.-m.; second s.m. receiving first r. n. about middle; third s.m. re- ceiving second r. n. some distance before end. Legs black, tarsi red at extreme apex; hair of legs largely white, but orange-fulvous on inner side of anterior tarsi, yellowish- tinted on inner side of hind tarsi, black or fuscous on outer side of tibize and tarsi; spurs pallid. Abdomen moderately shining, but with a sericeous surface, without distinct punc- tures or hair-bands; apical fimbria black; venter with much white hair.
3 —Length about 9 mm.
Face covered with white hair; mandibles bright red sub- apically ; flagellum dark, rather obscure red at apex, very strongly crenulated beneath; hair of mesothorax long, white in front, posteriorly grey or rather dilute black ; scutellum with black hair. Legs black, tarsi red at extreme apex. Abdomen very dark bluish or blue-black, hind margins of segments obscurely reddish; apical plate broadly rounded, subtruncate.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia, Sept. 14—Oct. 31, 1913, 29,14 (KR. EZ. Turner). British Museum.
Apparently very close to P. versicolor, Sm., but differing by the darker abdomen, with pure white instead of yellow hair beneath. The male is allied to P. iver, Ckll. P. providus has the abdomen bluer and more shining. The type of P. metallescens is a female.
Paracolletes subvigilans, sp. n.
2 .—Length 134-14 mm.
Rather robust, with the abdomen dark yellowish or bluish green, the discs of the segments sometimes almost black, but the broad hind margins always green ; head broad ; mandibles dark ; clypeus shining, strongly punctured ; hair of cheeks and face (abundant in region of antennz) white, but face with some fuscous hairs intermixed ; hair of front and vertex black: antennz dark, flagellum duil red beneath at apex ; hair of
46 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
thorax largely dull white, but black on dises of mesothorax and scutellum, and a large black patch below wings; hair at sides of metathorax stained with fuscous ; mesothorax and scutellum brilliantly shining, with irregularly placed shallow punctures ; scutellum with a median sulcus; postscutellum with a very prominent obtuse tubercle, which is not bifid ; area of metathorax triangular, shining, minutely striate on upper middle, somewhat bulging transversely, but not carinate ; at sides of area the usual beaded impressed line expands, forming a series of elongate pits ; tegule piceous. Wings brownish, nervures and the small lanceolate stigma rufo-piceous ; b. n. meeting t.-m. ; first r. n. joining second s.m. near end of first third ; second r. n. joining third s.m. a short distance from end ; tibiz and tarsi with fuscous hair on outer side ; hair on inner side of hind basitarsi grey ; hind femora with a curled scopa of silvery-white hair. Abdo- men with very little hair, and no bands or spots ; punctures scattered and extremely minute; caudal fimbria black ; venter with white hair.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia, Sept. 14—Oct. 31, 1913, 3 9 (R. E. Turner). British Museum.
Structurally very close to P. seamaculatus, though that has a shorter process on postscutellum and a much more closely distinctly and punctured abdomen, Mr. Meade-Waldo notes: ‘Near P. vigilans, Sm., which we have from same locality.” In P. vigilans the process on postscutellum is bidentate.
Paracolletes rhodopus, sp. n.
9 .—Length a little over 13 mm.
Rather robust, black ; hind tibize bright ferruginous, with hair of the same colour on its outer side, and on inner paler and yellower ; hind tarsi red, end of basitarsus and beyond suffused with dusky ; anterior and middle tibiz and tarsi black, with the last tarsal jot red ; hair of head and thorax abundant, black in the same places as in P. subvigilans, other- wise pale ochreous-tinted; mandibles dark; clypeus shining, strongly punctured ; antennz black, reddish beneath at apex ; scape long, flagellum short; mesothorax and scutellum shining, rather well punctured ; postscutellum with a rather low conical process ; area of metathorax shining, more or less transversely striate, slightly elevated in the middle, but not keeled ; inner surface of basitarsi with bright red hair ; anterior tarsi with fuscous hair on outer side, but middle with red; tegule black anteriorly, red posteriorly. Wings dusky, nervures and the lanceolate stigma dark rufo-fuscous ;
Records of Bees. 47
b. n. meeting t.-m.; first r. n. joining second s.m., much before middle ; second r. n, joming third s.m. very near end. Abdomen shining but rather roughened, especially the second segment, the punctures extremely minute; very thin pale ochreous hair, thicker at lateral apices of segments 2 to 4, forming rudimentary, very inconspicuous bands ; apical fimbria black ; venter with pale ochreous hair.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia, Sept. 14—-Oct. 31, 1913 (R. E. Turner). British Museum.
Structurally allied to P. subvigilans and related species, but unique by the peculiar coloration of the legs.
Paracolletes bicolor (Smith).
This species appears to be variable (see Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxvi. p. 201), and I cannot separate a couple of males taken by Turner at Yallingup, although they have the meso- thorax entirely green, the colour not at all ‘‘ obscure.” The tibize and tarsi are red, the tibiz are more or less suffused with dusky. P. plumosus, Sm., has similar colours, and is very closely allied.
Paracolletes fimbriatinus hillieri, subsp. u.
6 —Like P. fimbriatinus, Ckll., but smaller, length about & mm.; hair of head and thorax cream-colour ; flagellum bright ferruginous above and beneath ; abdomen more shining and less densely punctured, the hair on apical margins of segments wholly pale ; femora black except at apex.
Hab. Hermannsburg, Central Australia (H. J. Hillier). British Museum.
Apparently a desert representative of P. jimbriatinus.
Paracolletes bimaculatus (Smith).
A single small male from Yallingup (R. £. Turner) is referred to this species, which appears to be somewhat variable. The abdominal segments are transversely clouded with dusky, and the round black spots at sides of second segment are small. ‘The second s.m. is remarkably small and narrow. Smith described this species from the female.
Paracolletes castaneipes, sp. n.
6 .—Length about 10 mm. Black, not at all metallic, the tibize and tarsi deep chestnut-
48 Mr. 'l’. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
red, the tarsi more or less stained with black ; mandibles with an obscure red mark subapically; flagellum long, but ordinary in form, dark coffee-brown beneath, redder at apex ; clypeus finely and closely punctured, supraclypeal area elevated, shining; front dull; face and cheeks with shining silvery hair; on front the thin long hair is dull white, but on vertex it is fuscous, contrasting with the shining white of the occiput ; hair of thorax white, except on dise of mesothorax and scu- tellum, where it is fuscous; prothorax shining, but mesothorax and scutellum appearing granular, somewhat glistening ; the mesothorax under the compound microscope shows small punctures as closely placed as possible, the narrow margins between not tessellate; postscutellum without a process ; area of metathorax glistening but minutely sculptured, somewhat bulging transversely in the middle, but not cari- nate; tegule rufo-piceous. Wings dusky, the nervures and the narrowly lanceolate stigma dark rufo-piceous ; b. n. falling a little short of t.-m.; second s.m. narrowed above, with sloping sides, receiving first r.n. much before middle ; third s.m. receiving second r. n. some distance from end. Legs with glistening white hair; hind basitarsus with a pro- jection on anterior side near base. Abdomen with hind margins of second and foliowing segments narrowly reddish ; no hair-bands; hair at apex pale chocolate ; venter with white hair-bands. The abdomen is described as non-metallic, and yet in certain lights it seems to have an elusive, hardly appreciable greyish tint.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia, Sept. 14-Oct. 31, 1913 (R. E. Turner). 2 3. British Museum.
Apparently related to P. rudis, Ckll., but not its male, as the sculpture of the mesothorax is entirely different,
Paracolletes atronitens, sp. 0.
g.—Length 10 mm. or slightly over.
Shining black, not at all metallic, with white hair, long on head and thorax, but on vertex, and dises of mesothorax and scutellum, it is black, and there is a blackish stain just beneath the tegule; head broad ; mandibles rufescent at apex; clypeus shining, with rather close moderate-sized punctures ; sides of vertex brilliantly shining, but front dullish ; flagellum wholly dark, long and thick, the joints of the apical half swollen (but not angular) beneath ; mesothorax brilliantly shining, with sparse feeble punctures ; scutellum shining in front, other- wise rough and punctured ; postscutellum without a process ; _ area of metathorax peculiar, with a basal depressed trans-
Records of Bees. 49
versely striated band, limited by a transverse ridge, below which the (vertical) surface is shining except at sides, but in the middle, at the top of the vertical face, is a large deep tri- angular pit; tegule piceous. Wings slightly dusky, nervures and tle lanceolate stigma rufo-fuscous ; b.n meeting t.-m. ; second s.m. broad, receiving first r. n. at or before middle ; third s.m. receiving second r,n. not very far from end. Legs with glistening white hair, pale reddish on inner side of tarsi. Abdomen shining, the weak punctures not dense ; hind margins of second and following segments very narrowly reddish ; no hair-bands ; hair at apex fuscous ; venter with pure white hair.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia, Sept. 14-Oct. 31, 1913, 23 (Kh. E. Turner). British Museum.
Related to P. chalybeatus and P.obscurus, but differing in various details. The metathorax is peculiar.
VII.—Descriptions and Records of Bees.—LXII. By T. D. A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado.
Parasphecodes excultus, Cockerell.
Mt. Wellington, 8. Tasmania, Jan. 15-Feb. 6, 1913 (R. EZ. Turner). Brit. Museum.
Parasphecodes wellington?, sp. n.
2? .—Length 83-103} mm.
Robust ; head and thorax black ; abdomen bright chestnut- red, first segment black or blackish at base, the limits of the dark patch not sharply defined, apical segments variably suffused with dusky ; clypeus shining, more or less flattened or depressed in middle, very sparsely punctured; face glistening, but not smooth; front dull, more or less glistening at sides; the very scanty pale hair of face and cheeks more or less brownish ; antenne black, flagellum obscurely brown beneath ; vertex, mesothorax, and scutellum with thin dark reddish-fuscous hair; fringe of tubercles pale ochreous ; mesothorax strongly grooved in middle, dull in front, shining on disc, with small punctures of two differeut sizes ; scutellum shining, with scattered minute punctures ;_postscutellum entirely dull, strongly contrasting with scutellum ; area of
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xiv. a
50 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and
metathorax dull, granular in middle, at sides with a weak reticulate sculpture; truncation of metathorax without pro- jecting lateral points above ; tegule dark rufous clouded with fuscous. Wings very red, nervures and stigma ferru- ginous ; first r.n. entering second s.m. near apex, or meeting second t.-c. Legs black, anterior tibize variably red in front, but the colour never very bright ; hind tibiz and tarsi more or less strongly red, especially on inner side; hair of hind tibize pale reddish, sometimes fuscous on posterior margin. Abdomen with short fuscous hair at apex ; venter with shining white hair, long on second segment, more or less fuscous toward the apex.
Hab. Mt. Wellington, 8. Tasmania, Jan. 15—Feb. 6, 1913 (R. E. Turner), 4 9. Brit. Museum.
The specimens come from an altitude of 1300-2300 feet. Among Smith’s species this is nearest to P. lithusca, but differs by the dark legs. It is quite distinct from all the species described in recent years.
Parasphecodes turnert, sp. n.
? .— Length about 8} mm.
Robust ;- head and thorax black; abdomen deep chestnut- red, first segment all red; a blackish stain about caudal margin; hair of head and thorax thin, black on clypeus, vertex, mesothorax, and scutellum, also at sides of front, but otherwise rather dull white; mandibles dark red at apex; clypeus and supraclypeal area brilliantly shining, sparsely punctured ; front dull, glistening at sides ; antennz entirely black ; mesothorax entirely dull and granular, under the compound microscope seen to be extremely densely con- fluently punctured ; scutellum bigibbous, rough, the eleva- tions shining ; area of metathorax strongly longitudinally erooved, sharply truncate behind, the lateral posterior corners forming obtuse angles ; tegule black. Wings dusky, but scarcely at all reddened; nervures and stigma sepia ; first r.n. entering apex of second sm. Legs black, with glittering white hair, but black or fuscous on outer side of tibie. Abdomen with fuscous hair at apex ; hair of venter entirely white.
& —Length about 8 mm.
Similar to the female, but less robust, though not slender ; mandibles with no yellow spot ; labrum dark; clypeus with a broad apical pale yellow band, with a small pointed pro- jection on its upper side in middle; flagellum long, dull red
Records of Bees. * 51
beneath ; abdomen black beyond the third segment, and with a round black spot on each extreme side of third near base ; legs without red or yellow markings.
Hab, Eaglehawk Neck, 8.E. Tasmania, Feb. 12—March 3, 1913 (Rf. EL. Turner). 1 2 (=type), 1%. Brit. Museum.
The male may be compared with P. alttchus, Sm., but it has no black cloud on third abdominal segment, and the disc of thorax is not strongly punctured. The female is not much like any described species.
Parasphecodes recessus, sp. n.
2 .—Length about 9 mm.
Robust ; head, thorax, legs, and antenne black; abdomen shining, dark chestnut-red, first segment dorsally black except the very broad apical margin, apical segments red ; second segment with a small and third with a large black spot on each extreme side near base; mandibles black, with an obseure subapical red band ; elypeus shining, sparsely punctured ; hair of head and thorax scanty, white on sides of thorax, pale ochreous on vertex and dorsum of thorax, mixed with fuscous on scutellum ; mesothorax deeply grooved in middle, dullish, with fine weak punctures which become well separated on dise (under the corapound microscope the punc- tures are seen as minute elevations surrounded by depressions, and the space between them is minutely and weakly tessel- late) ; scutellum somewhat bigibbous, sculptured like meso- thorax ; area of metathorax with irregular fine rnge basally, running into an irregular reticulation and disappearing on tle apical part, which has a microseopical tessellation ; poste- rior truncation sharply defined, with projecting points at upper corners ; tegule black. Wings somewhat dusky, not reddened, stigma and nervures red-brown; second s.m. broad ; first r.n. meeting second t.-c. Hair of legs mostly yellowish white, fulvous on inner side of tarsi, dark fuscous on outer side of hind tibie and basitarsi. Punctures of abdomen excessively fine.
Hab, Mt. Wellington, S. Tasmania, Jan. 15-Feb. 6, 1913 (R. FE. Turner). Brit. Museum.
Among Smith’s species comes closest to P. tilachus, but fourth and fifth abdominal segments not black, &e. The sculpture of mesothorax is quite different from that of P, speculiferus.
52 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and
Parasphecodes perustus, sp. n.
6 .—Lenegth about 8 mm.
Rather slender ; head and thorax black, with thin white hair, tinged with brown dorsally; legs black, with the tibize partly red (anterior ones red, with a dusky patch on outer side) and the long tarsi clear red; abdomen very bright ferruginous, with the apex strongly suffusedly blackened, first segment entirely red ; mandibles red at apex; clypeus with a broad, transverse, lemon-yellow, apical patch, sending a long pointed projection upwards; supraclypeal area minutely roughened; scape very short ; flagellum extremely long, clear ferruginous beneath ; mesothorax and scutellum entirely dull and granular, the microscope showing exces- sively close punctures on a tessellate surface ; area of meta- thorax small, finely longitudinally ridged, with a raised margin; posterior truncation without projections at upper corners ; tegule rufous. Wings dusky hyaline, nervures and stigma rufo-fuscous; first r.n. meeting second t.-c. ; third s.m. much broader above than second (in P. recessus they are about equally broad above). Legs with white hair. Dorsal suture between first and second abdominal seoments depressed.
Hab. Mt. Wellington, 8. Tasmania, Jan. 15-Feb. 6, 1913 (R. HE. Turner). Brit. Museum.
Among Smith’s species this may be compared with P. al- tichus, but it is quite distinct. It is much smaller than
P. froggatti, with a brighter red and much less hairy abdomen.
The following table separates the above species of Para- sphecodes :— Dise of mesothorax brilliantly shining, polished, with punctures of two sizes; scutellum bril- liantly shinine- Sion. sty 2 s<fean ae hee wellingtont, Ckll. Mesothorax and scutellum dull, or, if somewhat shining, punctures of disc of mesothorax not
GF GWG SIZES «5.1 Its, ob bien cee eee etetet o ds 1. Abdomen black beyond the third segment ...... 2. Ad least iourth segment red .. |. .2) ek). elape eyes 3.
2. Disc of mesothorax moderately shining, the punc-
tures well separated and distinct under a lens ;
wings strongly reddened .................. excultus, Ckll, Dise of mesothorax dull, the punctures not sepa-
rately visible under a lens ; wings greyish, not
TOCOUSNEM a Kaeieisis ic ove a eatin Ge oe ates ance turnert, CkIL, d. 3. Red of ubdomen very bright; tegule red ..... . perustus, Ckll. ’ Red of abdomen dark; tegule black .......... 4. 4, Area of metathorax strongly plicate all over .... turneri, Ckll., 9.
Area of metathorax plicate only basally ........ recessus, Ckll,
Records of Bees. 53
Prosopis accipitris, sp. n.
3 .—Length 5 mm.
Black, not very robust, having the form and appearance of the common European species ; mandibles cream-colour, the broad bidentate end slightly reddish; labrum, clypeus, broadly triangular supraclypeal mark, and lateral face-marks (narrow, leaving clypeal margin about middle, extending upwards, gradually narrowing to a point a considerable distance above level of antennz) pale primrose-yellow ; face narrowed below ; clypeus very high, microscopically tessel- late, with sparse very weak punctures; scape yellow in front, flagellum light ferruginous beneath ; third and fourth antennal joints very short, about twice as broad as long; middle of front very densely microscopically punctured, with a honeycomb-like effect, the basins of the cells ridged or wrinkled ; cheeks beneath tufted with white hair; meso- thorax microscopically tessellate and with very minute weak punctures, not visible under a lens, which shows only a dull surface ; tegulz piceous, microscopically tessellate ; tubercles and linear marks on upper edge of prothorax light yellow. Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma sepia ; first r.n. entering second s.m. or meeting first t.-c. Anterior tibie and tarsi light rufo-fulvous, the tibie with a slight black mark be- hind; middle tibiz with a pale yellowish stripe, their tarsi eream-colour, brownish apically ; hind tibiee with the basal third yellow, the rest black; their basitarsi yellowish white, pale reddish apically, but the other tarsal joints dark. Abdo- men dullish, very finely sculptured, with very little hair.
?.—Mandibles dark, the apex rufous; labrum dark; clypeus black, with a very broad, longitudinal, pale yellow band ; lateral face-marks consisting of narrow bands along orbital margins ; no supraclypeal mark ; scape dark.
Hab. Kaglehawk Neck, Tasmania, Feb. 12—March 3, 1913 (R. E£. Turner), 3 g (one being the type), 3 9. Brit. Museum.
Prosopis perhumilis, sp. n.
6 .—Length about 4 mm.
Like P. accipitris, but considerably smaller ; face broader above ; lateral face-marks broad below, filling space between clypeus and eye; supraclypeal mark low and broad, its upper side flattened ; scape with only a narrow light stripe. Wings dusky. Hind basitarsi black, with a little more than the basal third yellow. ‘The sculpture of the front is as in P. accipitris.
54 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell— Descriptions and
9.—Like that of P. aceipitris, but smaller; hind tarsi entirely black.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.W. Australia, Sept. 14—-Oct. 31, 1913 (R. E. Turner), 6 S (que of which is type), 3 ?. Brit. Museum.
There are also two males labelled as collected by Turner on Mt. Wellington, Tasmania: is this, perhaps, an error ?
These species run to 35 in my table of Australian Prosopis, but are distinct from the species there indicated and from allied ones subsequently described. P. ancorata, OkIl., shows many points of resemblance, but is easily separated by the cuneiform black marks on each side of clypeus and much more strongly sculptured mesothorax. P. eburniella, Ckll., has a much broader face than that of P. perhumilis, which it resembles somewhat in the markings.
Prosopis scintilla, Cockerell.
6 .—Length about 35 mm.
Clypeus and long narrow lateral face-marks, ending acutely above level of antenne, pale yellow (the precise tint doubtful, the specimen being altered by cyanide, but certainly not bright yellow) ; no supraclypeal mark ; labrum and mandibles pale yellow; middle and hind tibiz pale apically as well as basally ; tubercles pale reddish.
Hab, Mackay, Queensland, March 1900 (Zurner, 1082).
I had determined this as probably the male of P. scintilla before noticing that the collector had himself indicated it as such. In my table of Australian Prosopis (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1910) this runs to 34, and runs out because of the absence of a supraclypeal mark.
Prosopis sanguinipicta, sp. 0.
3 .—Length about 54 mm.
Rather robust; black, marked with ferruginous (on abdo- men) and deep chrome-yellow ; head round, orbits converging below, but face quite broad; cheeks and anterior coxe tufted with long pure white plumose hairs; mandibles, labrum, entire face below level of antennz, swollen extension of supraclypeal mark between antenne, and very broad upward extension of lateral marks (reaching nearly to level of anterior ocellus) all shining (as if newly painted) rich yellow ; depressed lower part of supraclypeal area appearing as a shining crescent, the concavity upward; clypeus finely
—— eS ee ee eee
_—
Records of Bees. 55
punctured, sides of face more coarsely ; a pale yellow band along posterior orbits ; scape thick, black above, ferruginous below; flagellum light ferruginous, strongly dusky above ; mesothorax dullish, microscopically tessellate and shallowly punctate ; scutellum and postscutellum black ; tubercles and two short lines on upper border of prothorax yellow; coxe and trochanters marked with pale yellow; femora black, the anterior and middle ones yellow in front, and apically above ; anterior tarsi yellow, the others blackish, with light base ; tegule small, rufo-testaceous. Wings dusky hyaline, ner- vures and stigma reddish-sepia ; first r.n. meeting first t.-c., second joining second s.m. near apex. Abdomen broad, shallowly emarginate at apex; first segment red dorsally and along hind margin laterally ; second segment with a reddish median patch.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia, Sept. 14-Oct. 31, 1913 (R, £. Turner). Brit. Museum.
A very distinct species, running in my table of Australian Prosopis to the vicinity of P. rufipes, Sm., but easily known from this and allied species by the deep yellow face-marks.
Gnathoprosopis rowlandi, sp. n.
3 .—Length about 5 mm.
Black, with yellow markings, largely reddened by cyanide in the type ; face much narrower than in G. hackeri, wholly pale (light tan, but probably originally pale yellow) below antennz, the lateral marks extending above with much the form of a hand with index-finger pointed (asin G. euxantha) ; scape very broad, dark above, wholly lemon-yellow below ; cheeks wholly black; flagellum ferruginous beneath; pro- thorax with the thickened upper margin and the tubercles red, but evidently originally bright yellow; no other yellow on thorax; mesothorax extremely finely punctured. Legs yellow, with the coxe and trochanters, the hind femora, and the other femora basally above, black ; hind tarsi blackened apically ; tegule piceous, with a rufous spot. Wings dusky hyaline, stigma and nervures fuscous ; first r.n. meeting first t.-c. Abdomen broad, shining, finely punctured ; third ventral segment with a pair of well-developed tubercles, but no ridge between.
Hab. Yallingup, S.W. Australia, Sept. 14—-Oct. 31, 1913 (R. EL. Turner). Brit. Museum.
Allied to G. bituberculata (Sm.), but differing in various details of coloration. Also allied to G. ewxantha (CkIl.),
56 Descriptions and Records of Bees.
from which it is known by the swollen scape and other characters, The mesothorax is much more finely punctured than in @. hacker’, Ckll.
Prosopis distractus, sp. n.
3 .—Length 6 mm. or slightly over.
Rather robust ; black, with yellow markings (all turned red by cyanide in type); head broad for a Prosopis, the eyes little converging below ; mandibles yellow, rather long, con- spicuously bidentate at end ; labrum yellow ; a short indis- tinct yellow line on posterior orbital margin ; face all yellow to level of antennze, and lateral face-marks extending broadly upwards, then narrowing to a point on orbital margin above middle of front; clypeus broad, not especially high as in species of Gnathoprosopis, finely punctured; supraclypeal area large and long, depressed and shining, at its upper mar- gin slightly elevated and bigibbous; upper extension of lateral face-marks shining and swollen; scape light in front, not swollen; flagellum light ferruginous beneath ; meso- thorax and scutellum dullish, microscopically tessellate and excessively minutely punctured; greater part of tubercles and slender interrupted line on upper border of prothorax yellow ; no other yellow on thorax ; thorax with an obtuse tubercle on each side beneath, in front of middle legs. Legs black, with the following parts yellow :—anterior cox and their trochanters beneath, small marks on hind cox, ante- rior femora beneath and at apex, middle and hind femora at apex, anterior tibize except a stripe behind, longitudinal band and ends of middle tibiw, basal third of hind tibia, anterior tarsi, and basal part of middle and hind basitarsi ; tegule ferruginous, with a yellow spot. Wings dusky hyaline, nervures and stigma dark sepia; first r.n. entering base of second sm. Abdomen thick, moderately shining; third ventral segment with a strong transverse curved ridge, con- vex caudad, the ends not elevated into distinct tubercles.
Hab. Yallingup, Sept. 14-Oct. 81, 1913 (R. £. Turner). Brit. Museum.
Runs in my table nearest to P. bituberculata, which is a Gnathoprosopis. It is a singular species, with some of the characters of Gnathoprosopis, yet certainly to be excluded from that genus.
Euryglossa nubilipennis, sp. n. 9 —Length about 9 mm. Robust ; head, thorax, and legs black; first three abdo-
On new Nasua, Lutra, and Proechimys. 57
minal segments red, clouded with blackish, the first segment broadly dark basally, and dark apically except at sides, leaving on each side a transverse bright ferruginous subapical stripe, second segment with the posterior middle (broadest at centre) dark, third with a dark green band just before the dark fuscous marginal depressed portion ; fourth and following segments dark green, with piceous apical margins, the fourth suffusedly reddish at lateral base; flagellum dull red beneath ; tegule piceous. Wings somewhat dilute reddish fuliginous, nervures and the rather small stigma dark fuscous. Head broad; clypeus shining, with distinct but sparse punctures, the middle almost impunctate ; mesothorax shining, irregularly punctured, very densely at sides, very sparsely on dise; scutellum with strong irregular punctures, and very minute ones between ; area of metathorax shining, with an obtuse transverse ridge; the thin hair of thorax is mostly white, but greyish brown on vertex, and also brown, but very scanty, on mesothorax and scutellum ; lower side of first s.m. strongly arched; second s.m. much broader (longer) than high, receiving the recurrent nervures not far from base and apex. Hind legs without any distinct pollen-collecting hairs; hind spur strongly pectinate. Abdomen _ broad, shining, very sparsely punctured; fifth segment with con- spicuous black hair.
Hab. Mt. Wellington, S. Tasmania, Jan. 15—-Feb. 6, 1913 (Rk. £. Turner). Brit. Museum.
Easily known from the species which it more or less resembles in the colours of the abdomen by the very dark wings.
VIlIl.— New Nasua, Lutra, and Proechimys from South America. By Ouprirtp THomas.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
Nasua judex, sp. n.
NV. dorsalis group. Sides tipped with fulvous, back obscurely dark-lined.
Size and skull-characters about as in N. dorsalis and candace, to the latter of which the new form is most nearly allied. General colour dark greyish, the tips of the longer hairs bright fulvous. Middie line of back darker, the hairs tipped with black, the darker area less marked
58 Mr. O. Thomas on new Nasua, Lutra, and
and broader—covering the whole breadth of the neck— anteriorly, narrowing and becoming a defined blackish line posteriorly. Under surface as in N. candace, the throat and chest dull buffy whitish, the belly mixed brown and buffy. Head grey, the hairs grizzled black and white, the grizzling becoming coarser posteriorly and passing into the grey-ringed, broadly black-tipped hairs of the nape. Eyes with marked black patches. Ears black, their upper edge whitish. Forearms and metacarpus pale buffy, as in N. candace, digits brown. Hind feet brown mixed with pale buffy. Tail with about eight black and whitish rings.
Skull, allowing for differences due to age, apparently quite like that of the type of JV. candace.
Hind foot of type 81 mm.
Skull: greatest length 124; zygomatic breadth 53 ; interorbital breadth 25; breadth of brain-case 45; palatal length 74; palatal foramina 5 ; combined length of p* and two molars 19°3; breadth of p* 5:8.
Hab. Bogota.
Type. Subadult male. B.M. no. 44.1.18.13. Purchased of Parzudaki.
This Nasua is clearly most nearly allied to the Medellin NV. candace, agreeing with that species and differing from N. dorsalis by its buffy forearms. It differs, however, by its grey head and blacker mesial dorsal area.
? Nasua quichua jivaro, subsp. n. 9
Like true guichua, but larger.
Coloration essentially as in guichua, the grey patches on the anterior flanks behind the shoulders similarly developed, and rendered more prominent by the rufous colour of the back extending on to the nape between them. Colours of head rather darker and richer, the crown strong fulvous instead of buffy, divided mesially by black; muzzle darker ; light patches above and below eyes smaller and less con- spicuous. Back and tailrich ferruginous, the latter obscurely ringed with black. Belly darker, the longer hairs mostly tipped with fulvous or buffy instead of whitish.
Skull decidedly larger throughout than in quichua, the muzzle heavier, the forehead higher and more convex, the brain-case larger, rounder, more inflated.
Top of skull more heavily crested in the oldest example than in the type of guichua, though the latter has more worn teeth. Postorbital processes, on the other hand, less deve- loped.
Proechimys from South America. 59
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 5635 mm.; tail 405; hind foot 83 ; ear 32.
Skull: greatest length 121; condylo-basal length 110; zygomatic breadth 64°7; interorbital breadth 25 ; breadth of brain-case 42°7 ; palatal length 71; combined length of p* and the two molars 19; breadth of p* 5:6.
Hab. Oriente of Ecuador. Type from Gualaquiza. Alt. 2500’.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 14. 4. 25.39. Original number 294. Collected 23rd November, 1913, by Gilbert Hammond. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. Four skins with skulls, and two separate skulls.
Closely similar as this animal is externally to WV. qguichua, the uniform difference in the size of the skull indicates that it should have a special name. Three adult skulls measure in condylo-basal length, $115, 110, 2? 110, as compared with 106°5 in a very old male of guichua. The combined length of the three last teeth in the latter is only 17:5, and the breadth of the carnassial 5:1. The type-locality of VV. quichua is Jima, on the other side of the Eastern Cordillera, at an altitude of about 8000’.
A very pale Nasua, obtained by Mr. M.G. Palmer in 1910 at Bajos on the Rio Pastasa, is evidently a semi- albino of this form. Its skull measures 114 mm. in condylo- basal length.
Lutra parilina, sp. n.
L. platensis group. Nose-pad naked, sharply defined, projected backwards above.
Most nearly allied to L. emerita, with which it agrees in having the nose-pad entirely naked, sharply defined above and below, and with the middle part of the upper edge pro- jected backwards. But the projection is much broader and more strongly marked, not a mere small point, but a broad angular prominence, almost recalling the still more strongly triangular point of L. canadensis. Colours and other external characters as in L. emerita, a small yellowish patch on the chest of the type.
Skull with very narrow interorbita] region, much narrower than in an L. emerita of similar age.
Upper carnassial slightly larger than in L. emerita, and its inner lobe broader, extending backwards nearly to touch the front edge of the molar.
60 On new Nasua, Lutra, and Proechimys.
Dimensions of the type (measured in flesh) :—
Head and body 570 mm.; tail 423; hind foot 102; ear 17.
Skull: condylo-basal length 102; zygomatic breadth 64 ; nasals, length on middle line 12°5, least breadth 5°5 ; interorbital breadth 19°7; tip to tip of postorbital pro- cesses 23°5; mastoid breadth 63; combined breadth of incisors 11°3; p*, length on outer edge 13, front angle to back of inner lobe 11.
Hab. Western Ecuador. Type from St. Juan, 15 miles W. of Huigra. Alt. 870’.
Type. Subadult female. B.M. no. 14, 4. 24.15. Original number 210. Collected 12th August, 1913, by Gilbert Hammond. Presented by Oldfield Thomas.
This otter is most nearly allied to the Merida ZL. emerita, but differs by its more angularly projected nose-pad, its narrower interorbital region, and its slightly larger car- nassial.
Proechimys centralis colombianus, subsp. n.
Essential characters of P. centralis; hamular process broadly spatulate as in that species, not narrow as in P. xantheolus.
General colour above dark fulvous chestnut, rather richer and more rufous than in P. ¢. chiriquinus ; quite different from the pale and more sandy colour of P. c. panamensis. Head and back heavily lined with black. Under surface pure sharply defined white. Hands and feet uniformly pale brown. ‘Tail heavily haired, black above, rather paler below, but not strongly contrasted.
Skull most like that of P. c. panamensis, agreeing with it in the tendency to the occasional obsolescence of the middle part of the parietal ridges, and thus resembling P. wanthe- olus. In P. c. chiriquinus, on the other hand, the ridges are heavily developed throughout. Supraorbital ledges broad, but not so thickened as in P. c. panamensis. Hamular processes of pterygoids broadly spatulate.
Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—
Head and body 260 mm.; tail 160; hind foot 51 ;
ear 23.
Skull: greatest length 59°7 ; condylo-incisive length 48°5 ; zygomatic breadth 26°5; nasals 22, tip of nasals to back of premaxillary processes 20°5, interorbital breadth 13:5, greatest breadth on ridges 23; interparietal 8°2x11°8; palatilar length 21:7; breadth of hamular processes 2°2 ; cheek-tooth series 10.
On some undescribed Cicadidee. 61
Hab. Condoto, Choco, W. Colombia. Alt. 300’.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 14. 5. 28. 23. Original number 335. Collected 17th January, 1914, and presented by Dr. H. G. F. Spurrell.
This Proechimys would seem to be referable to P. centralis, and, by the lightness and partial obsolescence of the parietal ridges, to be most nearly allied to P. c. panamensis, from which, however, it differs by its conspicuously richer and stronger colour and its darker tail. In the interruption of its parietal ridges it approaches the Bogota species P. 2anthe- olus, but is readily distinguishable by its broader hamular processes.
1X.—Some undescribed Cicadidee. By W. L. Distant.
Platypleura gowdeyi, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and mesonotum virescent ; front with a convex transverse fascia, vertex with a small spot near each anterior angle, a transverse fascia between the eyes, which is centrally broadened and encloses the ocelli, and some small spots on each side before the eyes, black; pronotum with a central longitudinal fascia—enclosing an ochraceous spot—and the fissures black; mesonotum with four ob- conical spots, the two central ones smallest, and a central lanceolate spot black with interior ochraceous markings, two rounded black spots before each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen above black, greyishly pilose, the apical segment greyishly tomentose ; body beneath and legs thickly greyishly pilose, the ground-colour more or less ochraceous, and the tibiz somewhat castaneous; tegmina opaque, finely pilose, greyish with darker markings and mottlings, a distinct black fascia crossing radial area and fourth ulnar area, and the transverse veins at the bases of apical areas and apical and subapical marginal series of spots black ; wings ochraceous, the apical margins, not entering abdominal area and continued from apex for about half across disk, black, the extreme posterior margin near abdo- minal area greyish; face broadly centrally longitudinally sulcate, the transverse ridges prominent; rostrum passing the posterior cox ; opercula in ¢ short, broad, centrally
slightly overlapping, not passing base of abdomen, their posterior margins rounded.
62 Mr. W. L. Distant on
Long. excl. tegm. 16 mm.; exp. tegm. 53 mm.
Hab. Uganda; Entebbe (C. C. Gowdey) ; Brit. E. Africa, Yala River, S. edge Kakumga Forest, 4800-5300 ft. (S. A. Neave, Brit. Mus.).
Allied to the South African species P. wahlbergi, Stal.
Pycna baxteri, sp. n.
?. Head and pronotum dull ochraceous; a transverse waved line on front, another on vertex between eyes and enclosing the ocelli, a central fascia to pronotum which is widened anteriorly, medially and posteriorly, the fissures, and narrow lateral and posterior margins, black; mesonotum castaneous, the posterior area thickly closely greyishly pilose, a central black longitudinal fascia and a black spot near each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen above black, a broad subapical transverse greyish- white fascia, the anal appendage dull ochraceous with a black spot on each side, an elongate, central, basal casta- neous spot; body beneath and femora ochraceous, central sulcation to face, two basal and two apical spots to clypeus, black ; tibiz and tarsi castaneous, two small black spots on apical segment and linear black markings on abdominal appendage ; tegmina greyish opaque for about basal half, remaining area hyaline, prominently spotted with brownish, two spots near base, crossing costal membrane and radial area, a large spot just beyond apex of radial area, an oblique angulated macular fascia at commencement of hyaline area and extending about half way across tegmen, and a double series of small apical marginal spots; wings black from base to about middle, remaining area hyaline, a greyish spot at apex of abdominal area; head including eyes only about two thirds the width of base of mesonotum ; pronotal lateral margins ampliate and angulate, the angular apices only reaching base of basal cell of tegmina; tegmina with the costal margin prominently arched at base and dilated, broader than costal area; pronotum posteriorly strongly transversely wrinkled; rostrum passing the posterior cox,
Long. excl. tegm., 2, 30 mm.; exp. tegm. 96 mm.
Hab. German East Africa; Mamboya (Dr. E. J. Baxter, Brit. Mus.).
Burbunga aterrima, sp. ni.
?.. Body above black ; anterior lateral margins of vertex of head, posterior margin of pronotum, narrow margins of two obscure obconical spots to mesonotum and cruciform
some undescribed Cicadidee. 63
elevation to same, exposed margins of metanotum and posterior abdominal segmental margins, ochraceous ; head beneath and sternum black, more or less greyishly tomentose; a longitudinal spot at apex of face, anterior lateral margins of vertex, sternal segmental margins and lateral areas to same, base of rostrum, posterior segmental margins to abdomen, and inner lateral areas of anal segment ochra- ceous; legs and rostrum piceous, coxze, trochanters, and apices of femora ochraceous ; ; tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation blackish, in places ochraceous ; teemina with the vein above radial area and the greater part of the veins defining clavus ochraceous, basal cell castaneous ; bead with the front strongly conically projecting, vertex profoundly wrinkled and sulcate between ocelli; pronotum with the fissures profound, posterior area finely transversely wrinkled ; rostrum about reaching the posterior trochanters ; body more or less finely pilose, “and in parts cretaceously tomentose.
Long. excl. tegm., 9, 20 mm.; exp. tegm. 62 mm.
Hab, N.W. Australia; Cue (H.W. Brown, Brit. and Syd- ney Muss.).
Pauropsalta fuscomarginatus, sp. n.
Head black slightly mottled with brownish, ocelli red ; pronotum brown, a central fascia and the margins ochra- ceous, margins of the central fascia, the fissures and a posterior submarginal line black; mesonotum brownish- ochraceous with four black obconical spots, the two central spots very short, the lateral spots long and percurrent, a small black spot near each anterior angle of the basal cruci- form elevation ; abdomen above black, the tympanal orifices and subposterior segmental margins pale castaneous, the extreme posterior margins greyish; body beneath somewhat thickly greyishly pilose, abdomen beneath with a broad central longitudinal black fascia ; tegmina and wings hyaline, the first with the veins and the postcostal area virescent, the costal membrane ochraceous, the base very narrowly pale testaceous, apical margins of the first, second, and fourth ulnar areas, and the apical margins of the apical areas more or less broadly infuscate ; wings with the veins black, mar- gins of the abdominal\ area brownish-ochraceous ; vertex broadly suleate between the ocelli; pronotum moderately, centrally longitudinally impressed ; face centrally sulcate for about two-thirds ite length, rostrum reaching the in- termediate coxe; ope”*gla in g short, broad, somewhat
°
64 On some undescribed Cicadide.
oblique, not passing base of abdomen nor meeting internally, abdominal margins beneath strongly, laminately raised ; wings with five apical areas.
Long. excl. tegm., ¢, 16 mm.; exp. tegm. 44 mm.
Hab. New South Wales; 540 miles west from Sydney ; open scrub country (Walter W. Froggatt, Brit. and Sydney Muss.).
Seo, Cicada, away from the river, living on the roots of scrub trees” (W.W. F.).
Pauropsalta mixta, sp. n.
Head black, ocelli red, at base between the ocelli a small ochraceous spot ; pronotum brownish-ochraceous, the sub- basal margin and two central longitudinal lines black, extreme basal and anterior margins pale ochraceous; meso- notum black, the basal cruciform elevation and a spot in front of each of its anterior angles ochraceous; abdomen above black, greyishly pilose, the tympanal cavities and posterior margins of the segments ochraceous; body beneath black, greyishly pilose ; lateral margins and a central ante- yior spot to face, coxal margins, longitudinal streaks to femora, apices of femora, bases and apices to tibiz, lateral areas of sternum, opercula—excluding bases—and lateral marginal areas of abdomen beneath, ochraceous or greyish ochraceous ; tegmina aud wings hyaline, venation black or fuscous, tegmina with the costal membrane pale ochraceous, the postcostal area fuscous; vertex distinctly sulcate between the ocelli; pronotum about as long as head, the fissures well pronounced ; abdomen attenuated posteriorly ; face centrally broadly suleate, the sulcation scarcely extending beyond middle, transverse striations distinct ; rostrum reach- ing the intermediate cox ; opercula in g small, not passing base of abdomen, inwardly well separated, posteriorly rounded; lateral marginal areas of abdomen beneath lami- nately reflexed ; tegmina only a little more than twice as long as broad; wings with five apica! areas.
Long. excl. tegm., ¢, 10 millim.; exp. tegm. 24 mm.
Hab. N.S. Wales; Breewarrina District (W. W. Frog- gatt, type Brit. Mus.).
Allied to P. dubia, Godd. & Frogg.
«<A scrub Cicada, away from the river, living on the roots of scrub trees” (W. IW. F.).
Pauropsalta signat,,, sp. n. g. Head black, front with a spdvs at apex, base, and on
On Two new Cyprinodont Fishes. 65
each lateral margin ochraceous; pronotum ochraccous, anterior and posterior margins palely ochraceous, a broad central longitudinal fascia and the fissures black; meso- notum black, with two central longitudinal fascie—narrowed anteriorly, medially inwardly widened and posteriorly in- wardly excavated—and a spot on each side of basal cruciform elevation ochraceous; abdomen above black, the tympanal cavities and posterior segmental margins ochraceous ; body beneath and legs black; lateral margins and a central anterior longitudinal fascia to face, coxal streaks, apices of femora and streaks to same, tibize—excluding spots and apices—ochraceous; opercula, lateral and posterior seg- mental margins to abdomen beneath, greyish-ochraceous, the lateral margins with dark spots ; tegmina hyaline, vena- tion black, costal membrane and upper vein to claval area greyish, postcostal area infuscated ; wings hyaline, basal venation greyish, outer venation pale ochraceous ; vertex prominently sulcate between the ocelli ; pronotum about as long as head; face finely, narrowly sulcate for about half its length; rostrum reaching the intermediate cox ; oper- cula in g small, directed inwardly but with their apices well separated, not passing base of abdomen, their bases black ; abdémen beneath with its lateral margins laminately reflexed ; tegmina about two and a half times as long as broad ; wings with five apical areas.
Long. excl. tegm., g, 104 mm. ; exp. tegm. 26 mm.
Hab. N.W. Australia; Cue (H.W. Brown, Brit. and Sydney Muss.).
Allied to P. stigmatica, Dist.
X.—Descriptions of Two new Cyprinodont Fishes from Mexico, presented to the British Museum by Herr A. Rachow. By C. Tare Ree@an, M.A.
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
HETEROPHALLUS, gen. nov.
Closely related to Gambusia, differing only in the some- what different structure of the intromittent organ. The first prolonged ray is shorter than the second and third, and its distal segments have not the characteristic Gambusia struc- ture, but are formed as in Belonesox; the hooks or spines at
Ann. & May. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xiv. 5
66 On Two new Cyprinodont Fishes.
the end of the third and the posterior branch of the second prolonged rays are small, also as in Belonesox, but the ante- rior branch of the second has the “‘ elbow” seen in all the species of Gambusia.
Heterophallus rachovit, sp. n.
Depth of body 3 to 34 in the length, length of head 4. Diameter of eye 3 in the length of head, interorbital width 2. 30 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 7, entirely behind anal; origin twice as distant from snout (@) or eye (?) as from base of caudal; fin rather elevated, in males reaching to within a short distance of the caudal when laid back.
Extremity of intromittent organ of A. Heterophallus rachovit, B, Gambusia yucatana.
The first, second, and third prolonged rays are numbered 1, 2, 3,
Anal 10; free edge straight or a little convex. Pectoral as long as head. Caudal rounded. Olivaceous; a dark line along side of body; dorsal with a dusky intramarginal band,
Vera Cruz.
Six specimens (3 g, 3 2) up to 35 mm. in total length.
On the Local Races of some Canarian Lizards, 67
Gambusia yucatana, sp. n.
Depth of body 22 to 3 in the length, length of head 3} to 35. Diameter of eye 3} to 34 in the length of head, inter- orbital width about 2. 28 scales in a longitudinal series. Dorsal 7-9; origin above posterior end of base of anal ( ? ), equidistant from head and base of caudal (¢) or nearer caudal (2); longest rays 4 length of head. Anal 11; first and second branched rays somewhat produced, free edge emarginate (?). Pectoral ? length of head or more, extending to above origin of anal. Caudal rounded or sub- truneate. Least depth of caudal peduncle ? length of head, A dark bar below eye ; series of small dark spots along rows of scales on upper part of body; dorsal and caudal fins spotted,
Progreso, Yucatan.
Four specimens (2 ¢, 2 2) up to 50 mm. in total length.
This species is closely related to G. nicaraguensts, but has a larger head and the dorsal fin further forward. The intro- mittent organ differs considerably in structure from that of males of G. nicaraguensis from Southern Mexico (ef. P. Z. 8. 19138, p. 983, fig. 168, A) ; males from Lake Nicaragua have not yet been described,
XI. — Preliminary Notes on the Local Races of some Canarian Lizards, By Casar R. Bortreer and LORENZ Mier.
THE material on which the following notes are based was collected by myself in 1913 on the Canary Islands, and was worked out together with Prof. L. Miller. A more detailed account of the Canarian Lizards, containing all described species, accompanied by coloured plates, is in preparation. For the present, it has seemed useful to give a preliminary account of the more noteworthy points, together with dia- gnoses of some new local races of Lacerta galloti, Dum. et Bibr. We have to thank Hofrat Dr. Steindachner, at Vienna, for having sent us for comparison some lizards of O. Simony’s collection, preserved in the Hofmuseum. CasSArR R. BoErtcer.
I.—Lacerra eartorr, Dum. et Breer. In working out the material of ZL. gallott, Dum. et Bibr.,
before us, it became at once apparent that each of the islands 5
68 _ Messrs. C. R. Boettger and L. Miiller on
where this species occurs is inhabited by a well-marked geographical race or subspecies. We first give a rather accurate description of Lacerta galloti galloti, and then differential diagnoses of the new subspecies.
Lacerta galloti gallot’, Dum. et Bibr.
Lacerta galloti, A. M. C. Duméril et G. Bibron, Erpétologie générale, tome v. (Paris, 1839), pp. 238-240.
Type-locality. Island of Tenerife.
Proportions. General body-form stout ; head large, its
length somewhat more than } of the length of head and body, moderately flattened; with the cheeks very broad. Snout slender, rounded in front. Neck slightly constricted in front of shoulders; rump broad, moderately flattened ; limbs strong. Length of fore limb about 3, of hind limb about 3, of tail about twice that of head and body.
Scales. Rostral not in contact with nostril. Only post- nasal in contact with first and second supralabial. 5 of the 8 supralabials in front of subocular. Fronto-nasal as long as broad, usually shorter than prefrontals; preefrontals 14 to 12 as long as broad. Frontal very variable in size and shape, its length- sometimes equal to breadth, but sometimes even 1$ to 12 of it; anterior angle pointed or obtuse, always shorter than its distance from rostral. Fronto-parietals 14 to 12 as long as broad. Parietals 14 to 12 as long as broad, as long or somewhat longer than distance of frontal from snout. §Interparietal generally smail. Occipital very variable in shape and size; in some-specimens it is much larger than the interparietal, in others equal to it, its length being sometimes equal to the breadth, but sometimes much longer. In some specimens the lower margin of occipital is as broad as frontal, in others half its breadth, &c. 4 supra- oculars, the two central ones largest, separated from the supraciliaries by a well-defined series of granules. Orbit surrounded by a ring of small shields, the anterior and inferior ones are very small, whereas the posterior 3 or 4 are large. The uppermost of these four shields, which is the largest, is in contact with the last supraciliary and the last supraocular. Behind these four shields there are three, of which the lowermost, which touches the subocular and the seventh supralabial, is the largest; the uppermost, which sometimes extends to the lower parietal margin, is the smallest. Lower parietal margin bordered by 5 supra- temporals—rarely 4 or 6. Temporal scales small, the upper rounded or polygonal ones usually smaller than the lower
Sa hl CULT TT lU€ee -—
he cae
BEA Clie behets Salvi 6 Were 6) MO a wearers
the Local Races of some Canartan Lizards. 69
oblong ones ; all not keeled. Masseteric usually broad, now and then replaced by two or three smaller shields, rarely entirely absent. <A large, oblong, tympanic, upper margin of ear-opening always present. 7 sublabials. Behind the symphysial 5 pairs of large chin-shields, followed by another pair, which is usually small, but now and then quite well developed. As a rule, only the shields of the two anterior pairs in contact with one another. Collar with very slightly or slightly serrated edge, composed of 9 to 15 shields. Gular fold always visible, generally very distinct. 35 to 45 scales in one line between collar and third pair of chin- shields. Dorsal scales small, roundish-rhomboidal, flat on sides of body, keeled in the middle of back. Between the individual scales there are minute granules, which never form complete rings round the dorsal scales as in Lacerta simonyi, Steind., but are limited to their anterior and_ posterior margins. 87-106 scales across the middle of the body, but usually less than 100. 3 to 4 lateral scales correspond to to the length of one ventral shield. Ventrals in 12 to 14 longitudinal and 29-31 transverse series. Laterally of the ventrals there are always large lateral scales; now and then the lateral scales gradually pass into the ventrals. here- fore, all the shields which are less than 3 of a normal ventral are not counted as such.
Differentiation of ventrals variable. Shields of the first transverseseries decidedly longerthan broad. Pectoral triangle always well developed ; shape of ventrals of the different series different. Shields of the two median series as long as broad, the two following on the right and left distinctly broader than long, the extreme lateral ones longer than broad.
Except the number of the longitudinal series, the differen- tiation of the ventrals appears to be an important character, which separates the races of Lacerta galloti, Dum. et Bibr., from those of Lacerta simonyt, Steind. It would also seem that this character is of special importance with regard to the question which of the two large species of Lacerta in the western group is more primitive.
Preeanal hexagonal, usually broader than long, about 4 of the breadth of anal opening, surrounded by 2 (rarely 3) semicircles of small plates.
Forearm with two, upper arm with one series of broad shields ; anterior surface of thighs and lower legs also with a series of transverse plates. The differentiation of the scales has gone further here than in Lacerta simony?, Steind., in which there are no broad shields at all on the upper arm,
70 Messrs. O. R. Boettger and L. Miiller on
and those on the thigh are less perfectly developed than in Lacerta galloti, Dum. et Bibr. Scales of outer surface of lower leg distinctly keeled and smaller than those of back. 24 to 31 femoral pores.
Caudal shields long and narrow, truncated behind; dis- tinctly keeled on upper side of tail, less so below, especially at base of tail, where it is often scarcely visible.
Colour. Very variable.
Female and young specimens usually with more or less well-defined longitudinal light and dark lines and stripes. In the usually olive-brown or greyish-brown young and female specimens, the dark dorsal zone is generally bordered on each side by a paler dorso-lateral one. ‘There may be or not two dark longitudinal stripes from the posterior parietal margin to base of tail, which are variable as regards breadth and distinetness ; accordingly the pale dorso-lateral zone is more or less sharply set off from the median dark one.
Pale dorso-lateral zone strongly constricted occasionally, especially at neck, where colour becomes lighter and more intense. In this case it forms a pale stripe, which sometimes extends to the hips, but usually becomes, by and by, broader and indistinct on rump. Below pale dorso-lateral zone a well-marked dark lateral band, followed below by another pale zone. Between the last and the ventrals there is a further dark zone. Sometimes the lower pale zone is varrowed to a well-defined stripe. In many young speci- mens there is a short, often interrupted stripe from orbit to upper margin of tympanic.
Transverse bands formed of pale spots and lines, which often fuse to form transverse bars, but are usually separated from one another by the black areas which surround them. ‘These markings are best developed on the flanks, but often reach the middle of the back. By the combination of the transverse and longitudinal markings a great variation in the style of marking is produced, which will be described more fully in a forthcoming paper.
In the females there is a row of blue spots in the upper part of the dark lateral band, and another composed of very pale spots near the margin of the ventrals,
Under side olive-green, yellowish, or reddish grey, some- times darker-clouded. Chin and throat with a number— usually three pairs—of greyish-black stripes, converging forwards. In many specimens tiere are pale round spots on a greyish-black ground on the lower part of the sides of neck.
Old males as variable as old females. The most coimmon
the Local Laces of some Canarian Lizards. ia
colour-phase has a dark rusty-brown rump and bright greenish-yellow or green transverse bands and spots, which are best developed on neck and anterior back. ‘This light green reticulation is developed from the marking of the young animals; the transverse rows of spots fuse and form transverse bars and lines, and their colour changes from pale or yellowish grey to green.
In connection with this process the ground-colour of the body becomes darker and often nearly, or totally, obliterates the light areas. The head, neck, and throat become deep brownish black, chest and belly black, posterior portion of belly strongly clouded with reddish. Cheeks below tympanic lighter or darker bluish grey, this colour only slightly ex- tending to throat. The two rows of blue spots, so strongly developed in the female, only extend to chest or loins. Now and then these spots are very large on the shoulders.
In another colour-phase the transverse bands are little or not developed, the ground-colour being very dark, nearly black, and the two rows of blue spots more or less distinct and often the only marking. ‘This style of marking corre- sponds to that of the local race of Lacerta simony?, Steind., inhabiting the Roques of Salmore.
There are all kinds of intergradations between these two forms, and there are also specimens of a uniform deep brown colour.
Length of head and body in the two largest measured specimens: gf 155 mm., ? 126 mm.
Distribution, Island of ‘Tenerife.
Lacerta galloti palme, subsp. n.
Type-locality. Island of Palma.
Type. Munich Museum (Zool. Samml. Miinchen, no. 241/ 1913).
This form is smaller than the Tenerife race. The largest males measured were about as large as medium-sized males from Tenerife. The structure of the scales is almost exactly as in Lacerta galloti galloti, Dum. et Bibr. ; the colour, how- ever, is constantly different. *
¢. The variation is comparatively limited, not by far so enormous as it is in the typical race. Markings of male comparatively simple. Bright green spots and transverse bands, so characteristic of most of the Tenerife specimens, always entirely absent. Ground-colour of upper side more or less dark brown with a yellowish or bluish hue. Head, sides of neck, and anterior portion of rump, also underside of
12 Messrs. C. R. Boettger and L. Miller on
head, neck, and chest deep black. The black colour gradually becomes lighter posteriorly and, on the sides, passes through bluish grey into brown and, on the lower surface, dissolves into a spotting and clouding on a reddish or bluish-grey ground. Dorsal zone, especially on the posterior third of rump and base of tail, nearly always traces of the two dark longitudinal bands often found in the female of Lacerta galloti galloti, Dum. et Bibr. More or less dis- tinct traces of a transverse striping only on posterior half of rump, whereas in Lacerta galloti galloti, Dum. et Bibr., the strongest striping is always on neck and anterior portion of rump.
These transverse bars are never green as in Lacerta galloti gallott, Dum. et Bibr., but are bluish or brownish grey. ‘l'wo rows of blue spots of variable size and intensity on sides of body, which are largest on anterior portion of rump and often almost disappear posteriorly. The blue spots on the shoulders are always the largest, but never attain the size and irregular shape often found in the Tenerife form. A very distinctive character of the male is an enormous cheek-patch of a bright blue colour, which begins below the masseteric, which has the same blue colour and extends anteriorly to the posterior margin of the third pair of gulars, posteriorly to about midway between collar and gular fold. Below, the two cheek-patches are merely separated by a narrow black zone, but even that may be absent. Limbs lighter or darker brown, hind limbs with generally slightly developed eye-spots. Lower margin ef every second caudal ring with lighter spots.
?. By far most of the females with very distinct longi- tudinal stripes. ‘Transverse stripes only indistinctly developed and only on posterior back. Iemale and young specimens with the same gular markings as in Lacerta galloti gallott, Dum. et Bibr.
Length of head and body in the two largest measured specimens: ¢ 112 mm., ? 98 mm.
Distribution. Island of Palma.
Lacerta gallott gomere, subsp. n.
Type-locality. Island of Gomera.
Type. Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt (M.), no. 6041, 2 a.
Size and scales. Smaller than Lacerta galloté galloti, Dum. et Bibr., and Lacerta galloti palme, C. Bttg. et L. Miill. ; scales slightly different from the typical form. 6 pairs of large chin-shields, the last pair, which is usually rudimentary
|
the Local Races of some Canarian Lizards. 73
in galloti and palme, being well developed; number of ventrals usually less—minimum 10 instead of 12,—galloti and palme, maximum always below 14.
3. Colour of mals dark. Markings, if at all present, reduced to longitudinal stripes. Very small light yellow or grey points, found all over the back, must apparently be regarded as the last traces of transverse bars. Except these points and some blue eye-spots, there are no markings on neck and anterior back ; but there are traces of dark bands on posterior back and root of tail on a slightly paler ground. In very dark specimens head and neck are deep black, as is also lower surface, except that of tail which is reddish grey. Posterior portion of belly sometimes paler. The two lateral rows of ventrals with more or less numerous blue spots. There are also blue spots on the limbs, of which a larger one on upper arm close behind shoulder and one on thigh are especially characteristic for this race.
In the lighter specimens, which are clay-coloured, there are two comparatively narrow dorso-lateral bands from parietals to root of tail, where they fuse on neck and anterior back. ‘They are bordered below by a narrow pale stripe. Lower surface as in the dark specimens.
@. Ground-colour of female greyish to reddish brown. From superciliaries to first third of tail a yellowish-brown stripe, which is light and narrow anteriorly, broader and darker posterior'y, and margined posteriorly on each side by a narrow brownish-black band, both of which fuse on anterior fourth of tail. Laterally follows a broad daik lateral band, margined by a light line, which begins below the auditory meatus and is only distinct on neck and anterior back. A light stripe fiom eye across masseteric and upper margin of auditory meatus, which is broken up into spots in the temporal region. ‘Throat, chest, and anterior portion of belly black as in male. Small, round, whitish spots on sides of neck. Posterior portion of belly lighter, bluish grey. Flanks with occasional light spots, probably the remains of transverse bars. Small blue spots at upper end of limbs as in male,
Young. Colour as in $. Lower surface much lighter, pale reddish yellow. Throat deep black, with some light spots on sides of neck.
Length of head and body in the two largest measured specimens: ¢ 102 mm., 2? 83 mm.
Distribution. Island of Gomera.
74 Messrs. C. R. Boettger and L. Miiller on
Lacerta galloti cesaris, Lehrs *,
Lacerta cesaris, Lehys, Abstract of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, no, 134, p. 41 (1914).
Type-locality. Island of Hierro.
Very small, even the largest specimens not larger than good specimens of Lacerta serpa, Raf. Female and young specimens with very distinct stripes.
The discovery of a pigmy race of ZL. gallot¢ on Hierro Island is very striking, the more so as one was inclined to suppose that it was inhabited by ZL. simonyi, Steind., which, however, was not procured, and obviously does not occur in Hierro in our days. ‘This new race proves to be very closely related to L.g. gomere, from which it has evolved by extreme specialization. ‘The size has been reduced and the markings still more developed. ‘The number of scales has also been reduced, the ventrals being never more than 12, but only 10 in a greater percentage of specimens than in gomere, Maxi- mum number of scales across middle of body 107. ‘There are almost no interspersed granules. 6 pairs of large chin- shields behind symphysial.
As in gomere there are dark males with only small spots on a brownish-black ground. Blue shoulder-spots minute, spots on thigh and upper arm well developed. Lower sur- face, except that of tail, deep black.
Light phase of males also as in gomere, except that the dark dorso-lateral bands are broader and with light spots and intervals upon them. Posterior part of belly sometimes bluish grey.
? much as in gomere; dark bands broader and more pronounced, generally deep dark brown; light stripes very light, narrow and well defined almost for their entire length. Throat and chest always black, belly greyish blue.
Young with light belly, throat always black.
Length of head and body of the two largest measured specimens: ¢ 82 mm., ? 73 mm.
Distribution. Island of Hierro ; one specimen collected on the largest of the Roques del Zalmore.
* After this paper had been finished, I received the Abstract of the Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, May 13th, 1914, where Dr. Lehrs described the Hierro form of gallot? as a new species, Lacerta cesaris. He based his investigations on materials collected by myself at Las Lapas in the Island of Hierro. I do not think it justified to regard this lizard as a distinct species. Dr. Lehrs did not see how nearly his Lacerta cesaris comes to the subspecies of Lacerta galloti, especially to Lac. gall. gomere. I therefore regard c@saris as the Hierro subspecies of Lacerta galloti. The coloration of cesaris is, in my opinion, not a primitive one, but, on the contrary, is highly specialized.—C. R, BoETTGEr.
the Local Races of some Canarian Lizards. 75
IL.—Tue Species oF Czarcrpzs OF THE WESTERN CANARIES.
The specimens of Chalcides from Gran Canaria, of which Steindachner has described a number of colour-varieties, are constantly distinguished from typical C. viridanus, Grav., of Tenerife, Gomera, and Hierro not only by their colour and markings—which may vary in all of them,—but also by the proportions of their body. They have not the formless cylindrical shape and the small head which is not set off from the neck, nor the short thin limbs, but their head is larger and thicker, better set off from the neck ; the neck is longer in proportion to the body and slightly constricted in front of the shoulders, and the limbs are longer and stouter. In addition to these habitual characters, the throat and belly are never black as in typical viridanus. ‘There is, further, a tendency to develop longitudinal stripes, a character never observed in any of the numerous specimens of C. viridanus, Grav., from Tenerife, Gomera, and Hierro.
The Chaleides of Gran Canaria must therefore be regarded as a separate species, for which the oldest name is Chalcides sexlineatus, Steindachner.
Chalcides viridanus, Grav.
Gongylus viridanus, J. L. C. Gravenhorst, Verhandlungen der Kaiser- lichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akademie der Naturforscher, 15. Band (Breslau und Bonn, 1851), 1 Abtheilung, pp. 348-550, Tab, xxxv.
Type-locality. Island of Tenerife.
Proportions. Body regular cylindrical, rather slender. Head small, scarcely set off from neck, moderately high, with slightly broader cheeks in g, which, however, are always distinctly narrower than rump. Distance from snout to auditory meatus 63-7 times contained in that from snout to anus in ¢, 74-73 in 2. Neck relatively short, indistinctly set off from rump. Distance from snout to shoulder con- tained in that trom shoulder to loin twice in ¢, 24 times in 9. Limbs short and weak, lower leg flattened; length of fore limb contained in that of head and body at least 54 times in g, 6 times in 2, of hind limb 33-4 times in @, 4> in 3. Tail usually regenerated in adults, in younger specimens its length is about 14 that of that of head and body.
Scales. Nostril in front of suture between rostral and first supralabial. Rostral twice as broad as high, concave behind ; supranasals in contact with one another. Internasal broader
76 Messrs. C. R. Boettger and L. Miller on
than long. Frontai slightly longer than broad ; interparietal moderately large. Parietals forming a suture behind inter- parietal. Fifth supralabial below the eye. Lower eyelid with transparent disc. 4 supraoculars. Parietal bordered laterally by 2 large supratemporals. Scales in 28-32 longi- tudinal series.
Colour. Fairly constant. Upperside coppery or olive- brown, with metal gloss. Sides of neck, rump, tail, and limbs deep brownish black. Lower surface deep black or bluish erey, with black centres to the individual scales. Brown dorsal zone separated from black sides by a slightly paler
longitudinal stripe which occupies two scales in breadth. A number of small light yellow or metal-greenish spots, with darker margin, usually placed in 8-9 irregular longitudinal lines on back.
Length of head and body in the two largest measured specimens: ¢ 87mm., 2? 89 mm.
Remarks. In most of the specimens from Hierro and Gomera there is a number of small bluish-white points and lines in the dark lateral zone; but there are also specimens without any markings on upper surface and sides, and occa- sionally these markings are found in animals from Tenerife. We are therefore not at present prepared to regard the Chal- cides from Gomera and Hierro as a separate subspecies.
Distribution. Islands of Tenerife, Gomera, Hierro.
Chalcides sexlineatus, Steindachner.
Chaleides viridanus, Grav., var. sealineata, F. Steindachner, Sitzungs- berichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiser- lichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, C. Band, 1 Abtheilung ( Wien, 1891), pp. 302-304,
Type-locality. Caldera de Tirajana, island of Gran Canaria.
Proportions. More like a Mabuia than a Chaletdes. Rump cylindrical, flattened above, with well-differentiated head and neck, in strong contrast to C. viridanus, Grav. Head com- paratively large, well set otf from neck, rather high and broad, with very broad cheeks in @, head therefore much broader than neck and scarcely narrower than rump; head in ? slightly narrower than neck. Distance from snout to auditory meatus contained in that from snout to anus 53-6 times in @, 53-6 times in 2. Neck rather long and distinctly set off from rump. Distance from snout to shoulder contained in that from shoulder to loin 2 timesin ¢, occasionally .a trifle more in 2. Limbs short but stout, lower leg not flattened. Length of fore limb contained in
er ee Co
ees be Oe ee ee ee
the Local Races of some Canarian Lizards. 77
that from snout to anus always less than 5 times in ¢ and 2, of hind limb 34-34 times. Tail at most 4 longer than head and body.
Seales. As a whole, much as in C. viridanus, but the average number of the longitudinal series of scales larger, up to 35.
Colour. The most primitive form as regards colour and markings appears to be the phase called “bistriata” by Steindachner. Back roe-brown, with light whitish-grey spots with black margin, arranged in longitudinal rows. Dorsal zone margined by a narrow light stripe from supra- ciliaries to base of tail, which is margined with black in many specimens. Upper half of lateral zone occupied by blackish- brown band with lighter spots, extending from eye to loin and base of tail; lower half light, with darker and lighter spots, so as to form a “ pepper-and-salt” coloration. Limbs brown, with dark margins to the scales and lighter and darker spots. ‘Tail brown, with darker median and lateral zone and indistinct light spotting. Lower surface yellowish to greenish white, with small grey points on belly. Throat ochraceous yellow.
Steindachner’s ‘‘ var. nigrescens”? is based on melanistic specimens of this type.
The “ var. sewlineatus” of Steindachner is most strikingly marked. Dorso-lateral band deep black, extending from nostril to base of tail, separated from lateral zone, which is also deep black, by a narrow light yellow or greyish-white line. Dorsal zone with 4 narrow yellowish-brown lines.- Lateral zone divided into a broader upper and narrower lower portion by a very narrow greyish-white line, extending from ear across shoulder to loin. A second white line, margined black on border of lateral and ventral zone on anterior portion of rump. Limbs brownish, with narrow blackish margins to the individual seales. Chin and throat ochraceous yellow ; chest and belly bluish, paler anteriorly, darker posteriorly. ‘Tail metal-blue, scales of upper sides margined with black.
Length of head and body in the two largest measured specimens: ¢ 87 mm., ? 81 mm.
Listribution. Island of Gran Canaria.
)
ILl.— Trenrora pecaranveEr, DuM. ET Bier.
The Geckos of Gran Canaria are a well-characterized race which has been separated by Steindachner as Yarentola
78 Dr. M Burr— Notes on the Forficularia.
delalandei boettgert. The Geckos of Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, and Hierro must be included in Tarentola delalandet delalandet, Dum. et Bibr., although there is a good deal of local varia- tion ; specimens from ‘Tenerife and Palma are fully identical, in those from Gomera there occur many in which the dorsal tubercles are whitish grey ; the Geckos from Hierro are, as a rule, more different, and more approach TJ. d. boettgeri, Steind. These differences, however, seem to us to be too slight to be of subspecific importance.
X11.—WNotes on the Forficularia.—X XII. Notes on the Wing- venation in the Dermaptera. By Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S., &c.
[Plates II—-V.]
Tne beauty of the earwig wing has long been a favourite theme of writers on Natural History, but it was only so recently as 1911 that any attempt was made to employ its structure as a taxonomic character. This was in a chapter in Zacher’s important paper on the genitalia in the Protodermaptera (‘Studien iiber das System der Protoder- mapteren,” Zool. Jahrb. xxx. p. 303, 1911), a work which we shall have occasion to discuss in greater detail elsewhere.
The difficulty of opening and mounting this extremely delicate organ has been the chief obstacle, but it must be remembered, too, that very many genera are totally apterous. Still, it is most probable that very useful characters may be found in the venation.
The earwig wing resembles that of the Gryllid genus Tridactylus, and of the Phasmids, in that the anal area is enormously developed at the expense of their other parts. In the earwig wing there are five distinct portions.
The marginal area is a small, narrow, acuminate field at the base of the anterior margin ; it contains no veins.
The sguama is the chitinised portion which usually pro- trudes from beneath the elytra when at rest, and is generally of the same texture and coloration as the elytra themselves. It is narrower at the base and dilated towards the apex.
Beyond the squama, and separated from it by a vertical hinge, is the lanceolate apical area. These three portions between them occupy almost the whole of the costal margin of the wing.
Dr. M. Burr— Notes on the Forficularia. 79
Behind the squama is a clear, almost veinless, field, the ulnar area, bounded anteriorly by the posterior margin of the squama, and elsewhere by the strongly curved and pro- minent ulnar vein.
The whole of the rest of the wing is delicate and mem- branous ; this is the prominent anal area.
From the apex of the ulnar area there radiate seven nervures, which extend to the margin of the wing. These radial nervures are altogether twelve in number, the re- mainder arising from the more basal portion of the ulnar vein. Intercalated within these nervures there are in all nine secondary nervures, which arise midway between the ulnar vein and the margin: all these are connected by a spurious vein which runs a short distance inside the pos- terior margin of the wing, and parallel to it, from the base to the apex. A little distance inside this spurious vein, each nervure, both main and secondary, is slightly dislocated by what may be described as an incipient secondary spurious vein. About this point each secondary nervure is usually somewhat chitinised and inflated. The nervures are nearly all bent at this point.
In the squama there are, according to Zacher, always three chitinised veins which he provisionally discriminates by numbers, the first and third forming the anterior and posterior boundaries of the squama, the third being short, only extending about a quarter of the total length of the squama, and straight. In some instances these are con- nected near the basal portion by a cross-vein. The third vein sometimes has a sector branching from it into the ulnar area.
In the apical portion of the latter, an inner branch arises and is directed towards the base, to meet the apex of the sector. As arule, these two fail to meet, the ends of each being obsolete, but in some instances their junction can be detected under a high power.
The apical area usually has a faint longitudinal vein.
The first eight radial nervures, continuing from the apex backwards towards the axillary angle, are more or less straight : sometimes the ninth, always the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth, are of irregular shape.
When the wing is folded, it shuts like a fan radially about the starting-point of the nervures, arising at the apex of the ulnar area; and then again is folded in a plane at right angles, about the line or hinge which separates the apical area from the squama,
80 Dr. M. Burr—WNotes on the Forficularia.
OF these features, those to which taxonomic importance are attached by Zacher are the following :—
Presence or absence of cross-vein connecting the veins of the squama. :
Presence or absence of sector to third vein of squama.
Presence or absence of internal branch to ulnar vein.
Presence of a “triangular field ’’ (often hairy) at base of ninth or tenth radial nervures.
Shape of the tenth radial nervure.
To which I add :— Shape of the ninth and eleventh radial nervures, and separation or junction at the base of the first and
second radials.
Thus it will be observed that the greater portion of the wing offers, so far as we can see, few characters of value.
It may here be noted that apparently the wing is in- variably weaker and more delicate in the more primitive forms, and stronger in the higher. The veins and nervures themselves are stronger, and the membrane more visible in the Eudermaptera. Indeed, in some genera of the Jatter, the wings are very highly coloured (Plerygida, Allodahlia, Eudohrnia).
As regards the practical question, I have little tosay. I detach the wing as carefully as possible with a fine scapel: all my specimens are mounted for microscopic examination by Lt.-Col. F. Winn Sampson, and it is with pleasure that I acknowledge here my very great indebtedness to this gentleman’s skill and patience, which is rapidly providing me with a rich material for the study of the genital arma- ture of earwigs. Incidentally, Colonel Winn Sampson has prepared for me the few wings, which are the material for this brief paper. I will only say that rather strong staining is advisable, more particularly in the case of the paler and more delicate Protodermaptera, when mounted in Canada balsam. The veins are more visible if the specimens are mounted dry.
Omitting for the time being the Paradermaptera, the wings of which I have not yet studied, the differences in the venation of the wings in the two main groups are thus pro-
posed by Zacher :—
Protodermaptera: veins of squama with no cross-con- nection: third vein usually without sector (except in Labidura) ; ulnar vein usually with inner branch ;
Dr. M. Burr—wNotes on the Forficularia. 81
tenth radial nervure always, ninth usually, with trian- gular field.
Eudermaptera: veins of squama with cross-connection : third vein with sector; ulnar vein without inner branch; triangular field to ninth radial nervure ; the tenth 4-shaped.
‘We may now proceed to a consideration of the wings of a few species, and then see to what extent these observations affect Zacher’s expressions.
PROTODERMAPTERA. Kalocrania picta, Guér. (PI. III. fig. 1.)
The wing is extremely delicate ; my specimen being un- stained, the smaller nervures are very obscure, the whole wing being remarkably transparent and ghost-like.
Both squama and ulnar area are strongly broadened apicad and narrow basad, Veins of squama with no cross- communication.
Third vein with no sector.
The inner branch of the ulnar vein is very strong, more prominent indeed than the ulnar vein itself; soon after its origin it throws off a short, straight subsidiary branch at right angles, and then fuses with the ulnar vein at the origin of the tenth radial nervure, then branching off again to the base of the wing.
Ninth radial nervure straight.
Tenth Y-shaped.
Eleventh looped.
No pubescence.
The first and second nervures are joined at the base.
Allosthetella malayana, Zacher. (PI. ILI. fig. 2.)
The wing is rather long and narrow. Zacher states that the first vein of the squama is strong and hairy, the other two very faint. As I read my specimen, the first is hairy, the first and third faint, and the second strong. Contrary to what Zacher says, the inner branch of the ulnar vein does actually reach, though very indistinctly, the third vein of the squama and so is confused with the sector. The apex of the ulnar area, as well as the triangular field of the tenth nervure, are hairy ; the first and second nervures are joined at the base.
The ninth neryure is straight, the tenth Y-shaped, and eleventh looped.
Ann, & Mag. N. List. Ser. 8. Vol. xiv. 6
32 Dr. M. Burr—WNotes on the Forficularia.
Labidura bengalensis, Dohrn. (Pl. III. fig. 3.)
In the squama I see a fourth vein near the base, very short; no cross-communication. Third vein with faint sector; inner branch of ulnar very strong. The first and second nervures are joined at the base, the eleventh is looped, as in the two preceding species, but I find two characters in common with the Eudermaptera : namely, the ninth radial nervure has a triangular area, 7. e., is strongly angled, and the tenth is 4-shaped, not Y-shaped.
EuDERMAPTERA. Labiide.
Marava wallacei, Dohrn. (PI. IV. fig. 4.) (=grandis, Dubr.)
Here the ulnar area is rather broad, the first and second radials are separate at the base; the ninth is angled, the tenth 4-shaped, but the fourth very narrow and the eleventh has an open loop.
Labia annulata (Beauv.). (Pl. IV. fig. 5.)
The wing is rather long and uarrow ; the first and second radials are separate at the base; the ninth is angled, the tenth is Y-shaped, and the eleventh has a closed loop.
Chetospania australica, Dubr. (Pl. IV. fig. 6.)
The wing is rather narrow ; the first and second radials are separate at the base; the ninth is angled at the base; the tenth is 4-shaped, but the 4 is very narrow, and the eleventh is not looped.
Forficularide. Forficula auricularia, lu. (Pl. V. fig. 7.)
To Zacher’s observations I will add that the tenth nervure is 4-shaped, the eleventh simple, and the ninth angled. That no part is hairy, that the whole wing is short, broader and stronger and darker than in the Protodermaptera.
Eparchus insignis, Haan. (PI. V. fig. 8.)
Scarcely differs from the preceding ; the sector is distinct ; an’ inner branch to ulnar vein is faintly visible in one specimen.
rr
Dr. M. Burr—WNotes on the Forficularia. §3
Doru lineare, Esch. (Pl. V. fig. 9.)
I cannot see any cross-communication in the squama; there is a faint but visible inner branch to the ulnar vein; the ninth nervure is slightly angled, the tenth 4-shaped, and eleventh simple. The wing is somewhat narrower than in the two preceding species.
From the meagre material I deduct the following :—
The presence or absence of cross-communication in the squama is of doubtful constancy and difficult to detect. A fourth yein may be present in the squama.
The sector of the third vein of the squama and inner branch of the ulnar vein are one thing, though often in- distinct in the middle and so divided into two, and that Zacher overrates the value of this feature. The ninth radial nervure may be angled, that is, has a triangular field in the Eudermaptera, but is straight in the Protodermaptera: this seems to me a better expression.
The first and second radial veins have a common base in the Protodermaptera, but not in the Eudermaptera.
The ninth radial is straight in Allostethella and Kailocrania, but angled in Ladidura and in the Eudermaptera.
The tenth radial is Y-shaped in Allostethella and Kalo- crania, but 4-shaped in Labidura and in the Forficulide ; it is of intermediate shape in the Labiide, the 4 being so narrow as to pass insensibly into a Y in some species.
The eleventh radial has a closed loop in the Proto- dermaptera, but is simple in the Forficulide ; it is of inter- mediate form in the Labiidz, the loop being actually closed in Labia annulata.
Thus it will be seen that apparently there is no set of characters provided by the neuration sharply dividing the Protodermaptera from the Eudermaptera, but that Labidura and the Labiidee have some features in common with the Pygidicranide and Allostethine on one hand, and with the Forficulidse on the other.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,
PuatTE III,
Fig. 1. Kalocrania picta, Guér. x 4. Fig. 2. Allostethella malayana, Zacher. x 6. A. Marginal area, B, Squama, C. Apical area. D, Ulnar area.
84 Mr. D. M.S. Watson on Pleurosaurus and
E. Anal area. H. Hinge.
I, II, & IIL. First and second and third veins of squama. U. Ulnar vein.
1-12. Radial nervures. V.S. Vena spuria. T. Triangular area.
Fig. 3. Labidura bengalensis, Dohrn. xX 5.
Puate LV.
Fig. 4. Marava wallacei, Dohrn (= grandis, Dubr.). X 8. Fig. 5. Labia annulata, Beauy. X 10. Fig. 6. Chetospania australica, Dubr. X 8.
IPuATE V;
. Forficula auricularia, lL. X 8. . Eparchus insignis, Haan. xX 6. . Doru lineare, Esch. xX 6.
= SS c coos
X11I.—Pleurosaurus and the Homologies of the Bones of the Temporal Region of the Lizard’s Skull. By D. M.S.
Watson, M.Sc., Lecturer on Vertebrate Paleeontology in
University College, London. [Plate VI.]
In the most primitive known Tetrapod skulls, represented for us by the Amphibian Pteroplax and the Reptile Seymouria, there are three bones in the temporal region. The outer of these is usually much the largest and has the following relationships :—
It covers a large area on the side of the skull, being connected by suture with the quadrato-jugal below, the jugal and postorbital in front, and the intertemporal and ‘ supra- temporal” above. Its posterior border is bent inwards below the otic notch, and covers the back of the quadrate ; finally, this flange unites with the pterygoid in a long suture.
The other two temporal bones lie entirely on the surface, and come into relationship with no cartilage-bone, unless, perhaps, the epipterygoid.
Most palzontologists—Broili, Boulenger, Gadow, v. Huene, Jaekel, for example, amongst those working to-day—call the outer bone the squamosal, and Broom has recently been converted to this view; but Case has consistently called it a prosquamosal, and some other workers object tu its
the Homologies of the Lizard’s Skull. 85
identification with the mammalian bone. I have recently endeavoured to show by direct tracing from a mammal down the Therapsid line to the primitive Varanosaurus that it is really the true mammalian squamosal.
In all the Therapsid reptiles the relations of the squamosal are very constant.
In all it forms a large part of the border of the temporal fossa, sending a long process forward on the anterior face of the parietal which in early types actually meets a similar backward prolongation of the postorbital. Below the fossa it sends forward a similar process above and within the jugal towards the postorbital, which in many early types sends back a similar process lying above and without the jugal to meet it. These two processes meet and form the body of the bone, which has a powerful articulation with the outer end, and in some cases (e. g., Endothiodon and Diademodon) with a small area of the anterior face of the paroccipital ; to the outside of this articulation the bone passes down and out behind the quadrate. In Varanosaurus the part of the squamosal which lies below the articulation with the par- occipital is in contact with the posterior end of the quadrate ramus of the pterygoid, precisely as in Pteroplar and Seymouria. In most types, owing to the reduction of the pterygoid, this no longer happens. When an unreduced quadrato-jugal is present (Deinocephalia, Dimetrodon), it is articulated with the outer edge of the quadrate and the lower edge of the squamosal, and passes forward within and below the posterior end of the jugal.
So far as I have been able to observe, the directions of overlap of bones given above are constant for all Therapsids.
In the great majority of Therapsids a tabular is present. In all cases it lies entirely behind the parietal and squamosal on the posterior surface of the skull, and commonly reaches down outside the post-temporal fossa to touch the posterior upper corner of the end of the paroccipital.
In the skull of Sphenodon (fig. 1 A) there is a single bone in the temporal region ; the work of Swinnerton and Howes has shown conclusively that this is really single in origin.
In the adult animal it has the following relationships :—
It forms a large part of the border of the temporal fosse, sending a long process forward on the anterior face of the parietal and a similar process forward within the corre- sponding backward process of the postorbital. A third ramus passes downwards and forwards along the upper and inner side of the jugal ; this last ramus covers some of the front edge of the quadrato-jugal.
86 Mr. D. M. S. Watson on Pleurosaurus and
These three rami meet and form a cap over the top of the quadrate. The bone in this region has a powerful articula- tion with the end, and particularly the front face of the paroccipital—in fact, it sends a special thick process down the front face of that bone, which (in some specimens at any rate) actually reaches and touches the distal end of the
A
A. Temporal region of the skull of Sphenodon, x B. Temporal region of the skull of Uromastizx, x
bo bo
Jv., jugal; P.O., postorbital; Pr.FR., postfrontal ; Qu., quadrate ; Qu.J., quadrato-jugal ; Sq., squamosal,
pro-otic. This process separates the head of the quadrate from the distal end of the paroccipital. Another special little process runs back along the posterior surface of the pterygoid wing of the quadrate at the top, and its forward end has a distinct suture with the pterygoid.
Comparison of this description with that of the squamosal
> > z t, >
the Homologies of the Lizard’s Skull. 87
of Therapsids given above will show that it is certain that the single temporal bone of Sphenodon is really a squamosal, as, except for the difference due to the presence of a single temporal fossa in one and two in the other type, the relations of the two bones are identical.
The quadrato jugal is applied to the outer side of the quadrate, separated from it largely by the foramen quadrati ; its anterior border is in connection with the squamosal, and a small process runs forward within and below the jugal.
In the lizards, except where lost by reduction, there are two elements in the temporal region. The homologies and names of these bones have been very much disputed.
The inner bone has been called :—mastoidien, by Cuvier ; mastoid, by Owen; squamosum, by Gegenbauer, Baur, and Gaupp; supra-temporal by Parker, Huxley, Cope, and Boulenger ; and tabular, by Williston and Broom.
The outer bone has been called :—temporal, by Cuvier; quadrato-jugal, by Owen, Gegeubaur, and Baur: squamosum, by Parker, Huxley, Cope, Boulenger, Williston, and Broom ; paraguadrate, by Gaupp.
These lists make no pretence to be complete, or even to give the changes of opinion of individual authorities, but give some idea of the conflict of opinion.
The inner bone has the following relations :—
It forms part of the border of the temporal fossa, sending a process forward along the front of the parietal. The body of the bone forms a small cap on the head of the quadrate ; above and within this the bone has a powerful articulation with the end of the paroccipital, and sends a process forward along its front face which in Mosasaurs penetrates between the pro-otic and paroccipital nearly to the labyrinth region. The outer face of the bone is covered by the lateral temporal element.
Jt will be seen that this bone has exactly the same relations to the quadrate, paroccipital, and parietal that the syuamosal of Sphenodon or a Thesapsid has, a fact which establishes a strong presumption that it is really a squamosal. If it isa squamosal, the outer bone must be a quadrato-jugal, for no other bone ever lies outside the squamosal *.
The lateral bone in Uromastiz (fig. 1 B, Qu.J.) has the following relations :—It covers a good deal of the outer
* Except, perhaps, in Ichthyosaurus.
88 Mr. D. M. S. Watson on Pleurosaurus and
surface of the squamosal, overlapping its upper border so as to meet the parietal ; its body is in contact with the head of the quadrate, and it sends a long process forward, which lies below and within the jugal. In some lizards the post- orbital passes backward along the upper edge of the jugal to meet this bone.
A. Right squamosal of Exdothiodon from behind. B. Right squamosal of Sphenodon from behind. C. Right squamosal of Uromastix from behind.
Par., facet for parietal ; Par.Oc., facet for paroccipital; Qu., facet for quadrate ; Qu.J., facet for quadrato-jugal: 8.Oc., facet for supra- occipital.
The lateral bone resembles a quadrato-jugal in the following features :—
Ist. It hes outside the squamosal.
2nd. It connects the quadrate with the jugal.
3rd. Its mode of articulation with the jugal is identical with that of the undoubted gquadrato-jugal of Sphenodon.
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the Homologies of the Lizard’s Skull. 89
That it is not a squamosal is rendered almost certain by the facts :—I1st. That it does not touch the paroccipital as the squamosal does in every known reptile with a skull with a fenestrated temporal region, and in many Cotylosaurs and all Chelonia ; and 2nd. That its method of articulation with the jugal is the exact reverse of that which always occurs between the squamosal and the jugal.
That the upper temporal bone is not a tabular, as Willis- ton and Broom believe, is, I think, shown by the following considerations :—In all reptiles in which a tabular is certainly known (Cotylosaurs and Therapsids) it lies on the extreme back of the skull, in the latter group standing vertically behind the overlapping processes of the squamosal and parietal. No type is known in which it overlaps the front face of the outer wing of the parietal. The close relation- ship of the inner bone of lizards with the end of the par- occipital, which, in the exaggerated state in which it occurs in Mosasaurs, was the origin of Williston and Broom’s view, is of no decisive importance, because of the very close and, in fact, identical form of connection between the squamosal and paroccipital in such diverse types as the Therapsids and Sphenodon. The extension of the squamosal down between the pro-otic and paroccipital in Mosasaurs seems to me to be a specialization produced to meet the necessity of strength- ening the support of the quadrate in very large and powerful carnivorous animals,
It will be noticed that the view of the homologies of these bones which I have supported above will necessitate the belief that the lizards have always had a single temporal fossa, and that their present curious arrangement results from the gradual reduction of a formerly broad temporal arch, the processes culminating in the upward retreat of the quadrato-jugal, to allow of the freeing of the quadrate. Williston, from his study of the skull of the remarkable Early Permian reptile Acroscelis, has expressed his belief in the primitively one-arched nature of the lizards, and this view was also held at one time by Baur. The most im- portant argument against it—the presence in lizards of a ligament connecting the distal end of the quadrate with the jugal, which may be plausibly interpreted as representing a lower arch which has disappeared—may, perhaps, be answered by pointing out that such a connection is almost a mechanical necessity for the support of the quadrate, and is hence quite likely to have been newly formed after the development of the streptostyly.
90 Mr. D. M. S. Watson on Pleurosaurus and
This view has the great virtue of explaining the structure of the skull and the systematic position of the two reptiles from the Lithographic Stone, Sauranodon and Pleurosaurus. The structure of the skull of these types has hitherto only
Fig. 3.
Restored dorsal aspect of the skull of Plewrosaurus goldfussi, X 1.
Ju., jugal; Lac., lachrymal; Mx., maxilla; Na., nasal; P.Mx., pre- maxilla; P.O., postorbital; Pr.Fr., prefrontal; Qu., quadrate ; Qu.J., quadrato-jugal ; Sq., squamosal.
been known from Lortet’s descriptions of the Lyons material ; these are difficult to follow, and rather vitiated by a pre- conceived notion that the animals were like Sphenodon. A
the Homologies of the Lizard’s Skull. os
specimen of Pleurosaurus goldfussi, which has been for many years in the British Museum, has recently been more fully developed, and now shows in perfect preservation the whole structure of the upper and lateral surfaces of the skull err. VI).
The skull is comparatively little crushed for a Solenhofen Slate specimen, and, although the bones are much cracked, the sutures are very easily identified. The specimen is a skeleton lacking the greater part of the tail, and is exposed from the dorsal surface.
The skull is elongated and depressed, the orbits are large, as is usual in lizards, and the single temporal fossa rather small. The length of the head depends on the great pre- orbital extension, which results in the formation of very large bony external nares, looking upwards and outwards, and only separated by narrow processes of the nasals—these lie very far behind the anterior end.
The physiognomy of the preorbital part of the skull is very like Varanus, and its structure is as follows :—
The premaxille (P.Mx.) are massive bones, meeting in a long suture on the dorsal surface, but posteriorly separated by the nasals. Their anterior ends are depressed, and each seems to carry one blunt tooth (the exposure of the speci- men makes this not quite certain). The long outer faces are covered by the maxillz, and the posterior border forms the front edge of the external nares. Each bone has a curious foramen opening into its dorsal surface.
The maxilla (Mx.) is a very large bone. The lower border is nearly straight, and is shown by other specimens to bear a single row of bluntly pointed acrodont teeth, the last of which is exposed in the British Museum specimen. The anterior part of the maxilla overlaps the outer face of the premaxilla with a thin squamous edge; behind this its upper border is slightly depressed and smoothly rounded, forming the outer border of the nostril. It then again becomes squamous and overlaps the prefrontal and lachrymal until it drops down to form part of the lower margin of the orbit ; finally, it is covered above and without by the jugal.
The nasal (Na.) is a large bone which has a long median suture with its fellow ; its anterior edge is in contact with the premaxilla, and the part of the bone between the nares is a very narrow rod ; posteriorly it expands and forms a considerable area of the top of the head, its lateral border being in contact with the prefrontal and its posterior end with the frontal.
The prefrontal (Pr. FR.) is a large bone whoseanterior border
92 Mr. D. M. S. Watson on Pleurosaurus and
enters into the nostril and posterior edge forms a good deal of the margin of the orbit. Its upper edge is suturally connected with the nasal and frontal, and its lower edge is overlapped by the maxilla and has a suture with the lachrymal. A well-marked foramen enters the bone just above the edge of the maxilla.
The lachrymal (Lac.) is a very small bone forming a part of the orbital boundary, and wedged in between the prefrontal and maxilla.
The frontal is a comparatively small bone which forms part of the orbital border and articulates with the prefrontal, nasal, parietal, and postorbital, as well as with its fellow.
The parietal has a long suture with its fellow, interrupted at one point by the small oval pineal foramen ; anteriorly it is in contact with the frontal and postorbital, posteriorly with the squamosal, but I cannot be certain of its exact relationship with the latter bone.
Restored lateral aspect of the skull of Pleurosaurus goldfussi, x 1.
Reference-letters as in fig. 5.
The postorbital (P.O.) is a large bone which forms a large part of the borders of the orbit and temporal fossa. _ Its inner end is in contact with the frontal and parietal, and below it has a very long suture with the jugal, extending backwards along its upper edge to overlap the anterior part of the squamosal and the quadrato-jugal.
The jugal (Jv.) isa bone which forms a small part of the lower border of the orbit, and extends backwards below the postorbital to articulate with the quadrato-jugal.
‘The squamosal (Sq) is an L-shaped bone which forms much of the border of the temporal fossa. Its inner leg is in contact with the parietal, but the details of the attachment are not
the Homologies of the Lizard’s Skull, 93
clear in the specimen. The middle of the bone articulates with the inner part of the head of the quadrate ; its rela- tions (if any) to the paroccipital cannot be made out. The anterior limb of the bone passes forwards below the temporal fossa, to be overlapped by the postorbital.
The quadrato-jugal (Qu.J.) is a small bone covering the whole of the outer edge of the quadrate, but not covering its head at all. Its upper end is covered by the postorbital and part of its front margin by the jugal.
Thequadrate (Qu.) isa remarkable bone; it is very short and broad, nearly square when viewed from behind. Its lower edge has the usual grooved articulating surface. The inner edge of the bone has a strong rounded ridge running verti- cally, outside which there is a deep pocket on the posterior surface. Except for the fact that its outer border is covered by a quadrato-jugal, it very strongly recalls the quadrate of an Agamid.
Of the palate very little can he said; there are obviously large posterior nares and very large suborbital vacuities, and the specimen suggests very strongly that the transverse bones are lost.
Judging from Lortet’s figure and some casts, the skull of Sauranodon (Sapheosaurus) seems to resemble that of Pleuro- saurus described above in the condition of the temporal region. With the exception of Boulenger, all recent authors seem to have regarded these reptiles as Rhynchocephalia closely allied to Sphenodon. Boulenger*, speaking of Lortet’s figures of Pleurosaurus, says:—“ It is, however, quite clear that the cranial characters are not Rhyncho- cephalian. The temporal arch appears to be essentially of a Lacertilian type and to correspond with what is found in the Agamide.” ‘This statement seems to me to be still essentially true. The fact, definitely shown in Lortet’s figures as well as in the British Museum specimen, that there is only a single temporal vacuity, is conclusive that the form is not a Rhynchocephalian. If the temporal bones of a lizard are interpreted as I have done above, the con- dition of the arch is really strikingly similar to that in such an Agamid lizard as Chlamydosaurus, whose arch can be simply derived from it by the reduction of the anterior limb of the squamosal (that which meets the postorbital) and the retreat upwards of the quadrato-jugal in accordance with the
* Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser, 6, vol. xi. p. 208 (1893).
y4 Mr. D. M. 8. Watson on Pleurosaurus.
freeing of the quadrate. The connection of the quadrato- jugal with the parietal is for me a secondary condition demanded for the efficient support of the quadrate.
In the postcranial skeleton there is nothing to prohibit a genetic connection with the Lacertia.
The vertebree are slightly biconcave and their arches and centra correspond well enough with those of lizards. The single rib-facet is carried on a short process at the suture of the neural arch and centra, some way behind the ante- rior edge, exactly as in lizards.
The ribs have a single expanded head, exactly as in lizards.
The limb-girdle and limbs, although modified for an aquatic life, are quite Lacertilian, as is the tail and so much of the squamation as is known.
In fact, the only character which is not thoroughly Lacer- tilian is the presence of a complete plastron composed of very delicate splints. This feature has in the past had a very exaggerated importance attached to it, and the reduced remnants of a plastron known in a recent lizard (Tiliqua) shows that it cannot be held to invalidate the other very striking resemblances.
The oldest definitely known lizard is Euposaurus thiollieri, described by Lortet from the Lithographic Stone of Cirin, and first recognized as a lizard by Boulenger.
The small skull of Paliguana white: from the Procolophon beds (Middle ? Trias) of Donnybrook, Upper Zwort Kei, South Africa, seems to me to be not quite definitely deter- minable. The specimen in its present condition agrees exactly with Broom’s figures, but seems to me to give no satisfactory evidence that the quadrate was really free and that there was not a lower arcade, the anterior end of which is, in fact, actually shown. When I examined the specimen I was impressed by the resemblance of its quadrate to that of Howesia, which is certainly no lizard.
I think, therefore, that it is reasonable to regard Pleuro- saurus (and Sauranodon) as the little modifed descendant of the ancestral lizard stock, and that it may be put ina special suborder of the Squamata, for which H. v. Meyer’s ordinal name Acrosauria may, perhaps, be used, of equal value with the other suborders, Pythonomorpha, Dolicho- sauria, Lacertilia, and Ophidia.
This view does not necessarily conflict with that of Williston, that Acrosceles is an ancestral lizard, although it will necessitate slightly altering his views as to the mode of development of the streptostylic quadrate. Prof. Williston
Mr, D. M. 8. Watson on Dicynodon halli, sp.n. 95
is, however, certainly in error in suggesting that the lizard postfrontal has fused with the postorbital ; in many lizards both bones are present, the former being always very small and obviously disappearing, and, so far as I know, always excluded from the border of the temporal fossa—a strange character in which the lizards resemble the Therapsids.
It is very doubtful if the upper temporal bone in Stego- cephalia and early reptiles, which is usually called supra- temporal, can retain that name. The original use of the term supratemporal was by Bakker im Cuvier and Valen- ciennes’ Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. i, p. 388 (1828), fora bone and the skull of a modern Teleost. The homologies of this bone, and, in fact, of most others in the Teleostean skull, are very doubtful; and it seems inadvisable at present to apply it to any bone in the Tetrapod skull.
Broom has proposed to use for the bone in Stegocephalia Owen’s term supra-squamosal. This term is very suitable in itself, but, unfortunately, was applied by Owen to the squamosal of Archegosaurus.
In Ichthyosaurus the name “ supratemporal” was applied to the inner bone in the temporal region. I am, however, inclined to believe, from its relations as determined by Andrews in Ophthalmosaurus, with which Ichthyosaurus is shown by many specimens to agree, that this bone is really the squamosal.
This view has the great disadvantage of leaving unexplained the outer temporal element.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
Skull with mandible in articulation and anterior part of the body of the British Museum skeleton cf Pleurosaurus goldfussi, v. Meyer (37008). x 1.
XIV.—Dicynodon halli, sp. ., an Anomodont Reptile from South Africa. By D. M. 8. Warson, M.Sc., Lecturer in Vertebrate Paleontology at University College, London.
On the farm Kuils Poort, F.C. Niewveldt II., Dist. Beaufort West, Cape Province, which has already yielded the types of several new species of fossil reptiles from the Cisto- cephalus zone of Upper Permian age, I was so fortunate as to find most of the skeleton of a medium-sized Dicynodon in
96 Mr. D. M. 8. Watson on Dicynodon halli, sp. n.
most perfect preservation, at a horizon about 300 feet above the homestead.
As is clearly shown by the skull, which is represented in the figure with its slight distortion corrected, it is different from any described species. In many ways it is nearest to Dicynodon kolbei, Broom, but differs in the considerably smaller face, which is, indeed, amongst the feeblest known in the genus. One curious feature in which it resembles D. microtrema, Seeley, is the small occipital condyle, a plain cylindrical process showing no trace of the tripartite division
Dicynodon halli, Watson, sp.n. 4 nat. size.
which is nearly always present in the genus, and squarely truncated