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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
VOL. VI.
=>
Se SA ss Sy <N
DUBLIN: PRINTED BY M. H. GILL, —
PRINTER TO THE ACADEMY. :
MDCCCLYIII.
oe healt:
Ary
CONTENTS.
VOLUME VI.
1853-1857.
On the Solution of Linear en bt fi stak the Rev. Charles Graves, D.D. .
On the Fresco Painting in ‘ite Abbey of Kaosaney By the Rev. I. HL.
Todd, D.D. - - - i On the Construction of Ae Cassin Telescope. By a het T. R. Robin- sonn,D.D.. - «+ > afer?
On the Miaemotic Influence of the ‘Moon, By the Rev. i. Lloyd, D. D. . 28,
On the Meteorology of Ireland (second part), as deduced from the R. I. A. Observations made in 1851. By the Rev. H. Lloyd, D. D..
On the Structure of the Starch enn obtained from the Potato. By G J. Allman,M.D. . .. . ier
On the Method of solving a large ‘saw of Linear Differential guatiins by the application of certain Theorems in the Calculus of Operations. By the Rev. Charles Graves, D.D. - « «© © © © e © apolar
On the results of a Series of Experiments on the Decomposition of Water by
the Iron Galvanic Battery. By the Rev. Professor Callan. .
On a new method of Measuring the Angular Aperture of the Diets of Mi croscopes. By the Rev. T. R. Robinson, D.D.
On an ancient terraced Gravel Hill near out pong County of Galway. By D. H. Kelly, Esq. - - -
On a remarkable Lunar Halo seen on Feb. 10, 1854, By R. Mallet, Esq, On the British Earthquake of 9th Nov. 1852. By R. Mallet, Esq. . On the Transmutation of Metals. By Geo. J. Knox, Esq.
On a new method of determining approximately the Spherical Aberration of a, Combination of Lenses for Microscopic purposes. By Thomas Grubb, Esq.
On the Integrations of certain Equations. By Sir. Wm. R. Hamilton.
On the Laws of Diurnal Tide at Donaghadee, County of Down, and at Bun- owen, County of Galway. By the Rev. S. Haughton.
A notice of some anomalous facts respecting the Tides in fase George s anti Australia. By W.H. Harvey, M.D. : ‘
On Assyrian Weights. By the Rev. Edward Hincks, D. D. ; On the Inscribed Stones in the Isle of Man. By the Rev. J. G. Gusta:
a
PAGE:
1
3
20
194 ~
31
31
34
37
38
vi
PAGE,
On the importance of making a Collection of pi tt, of the Inscribed Stones of Ireland. By J. O. Westwood, Esq. . 3
On the last bright Comet. By Andrew Graham, Esq. Pic On the Comparison of Adjectives in the ancient Irish i ac By the
IRevuCnarles' Graves, D.'D.-. ct suas «© eh ace aks we On, Experiments to determine the Velocities of me Bullets. By the Rev. S. ape ntON. =) os se boae (owe. he ae aes Ns
The Calculus of Quaternions in connexion with xt taal Theorem of Dupin. By Sir W. R. Hamilton, LL.D. . .
On the Barometrical Measurement of the Peak of Teneriffe. By J. Beete Jukes, Esq. . . «= » Biers ays Pease oat ea
On the Ancient Name of the City of Dublin. one Charles Haliday, Esq.
On the MSS. of John Colgan, ess at St. Isidore’s, Rome. as Charles Mac Donnell, Esq. . . . sits Se .
On the Monastic Foundations a the Irish on dia Tee By hate ea Mac Donnell, Esq.
On the same. By the Rev. Charles iia D. Dz.
On the Properties of Electro- eee (second part): sf the Rey. D. R. Robinson, D.D. . Sayed! GAs
On the Personal Peaniton e the Assyrian and palit Language, ‘especialy Hebrew. By the Rev. Edward Hincks, D. D. é
On the Principles which regulate interchange of Symbols in certain Symbolic Equations. By the Rev. Charles Graves, D.D. . . . - . « «114
On some Extensions of Quaternions. By Sir W. R. Hamilton, LL.D. . . On Aphanizomenon Flos-aque. By G. J. Allman, M.D.
On a species of Peridinea. By G. J. Allman, M. D.
On the Meteorology of Ireland. By the Rey. H. Lloyd, D.D. . On the Vine Disease in Ireland. By D. Moore, Esq.
On the Chronology of the er ae iris bo “ieniek By the Rey. Edward Hincks, D. D. - 4
On Assyrian Mythology. By the Rev. Edward Hincks, D. D.
On the Reflexion of Plane Polarized Light from the surface of Transparent Bodies. By the Rev. Samuel Haughton, . .
On the relative quantities of Potash and Soda in the Felpa of the Dublin aad Wicklow Granites. By the Rev. J. A. Galbraith. . .
Onithe;same. By the Rey. 8S. Hanehton%.5 2) a wee es oe ones On the Marine Botany of Western Australia. By W. H. Harvey, M. D. On the Dying Gladiator. By Robert Ball, LL.D... . . . ...
On the use of the Hygrometer in Barometric Measurements of Heights. By Capt. H. L. Renny, C. E. PO epee eit
On the existence of a true Medusoid Structure in the Male Gemme of ee By Gi. Allman, MD assist er clams
A Plan for ascertaining the Deviation of Ships’ ee so tei Loaal Attraction, By T: A. Dillon; Esq. “7.055. . @ % nck gia
On the Solution of the Equation of nee 's Functions. aa the Rev. Charles Graves, DOB. 2 +). . ey Ge ck
On the Draining of the Haarlem Lake. By per iat LL. D.
. . . . . .
. .
77 80
84
85
86
89 95
95
103 112
113
113
, 144
114 115 118 120 120
125 128
129
134 143 152 152
155
Vil
PaGE.
On the Chemical Composition and Optical Properties of the Mica of the Dub- lin, Wicklow, and Carlow Granites. By the Rev. Samuel Haughton.
On the Solution of the Equation of Laplace’s Functions. By Sir W. R. EfanuitonseilanDeumcevenh cit sOhd iis a tases se bis. ey bars
On Ecliptic Catalogues. By Edward J. Cooper, Esq... . - . ws On certain Notes in the Ogham Character on the margin of an ancient MS. of
Priscian. By the Rey. Charles Graves, D.D. . . . « «. . . 199,
On Laplace’s Equation and the Calculus of Quaternions. By the Rev. Robert
AU enICHie ene reese atime tis cc aG te eect a esi a og NEL Brn On the same. By the Rev. Charles Graves, D.D. . .... 2... On an Inscription in the Church of Galway. By the Rev. J. H. Todd, D.D. On the Inscription found on the base of the Cross which stands in the princi-
pal street in Cong. By the Rev. J. H. Todd, D.D. . . . Address to the Earl of Carlisle, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. . pammwer. to thayNddresss eit sili cilc paMite,) sepa ye onl UPON Le On the Granites of Leinster. By the Rev. Samuel Haughton. . . . . . On the same. By Richard Grifith,LL.D: . . .......44
On the Molecular Formation of Crystals. By Robt. T. Forster, Esq. On the Precipitate formed in the eae of Alkaline Ee By
John Aldridge, M.D. . . . si eee aioe SA eG a) tea On the subject of Dreams. By the Rev. jie Walls DeDro fe ant Os On the Ogham Inscriptions found on a Monument at Bressay, in Shetland.
By the Rev. Charles CHESTER TOE IDE pitty ethane ee ia So i nD tes a RS
On some Symbolical Extensions of Quaternions, and on a Theory of Associ- ative Quines, and on some Geometrical panne of his Theories. By
Sir W. R. Hamilton, LL.D. . . . aan he fe oe be On a peculiar Organic Production forwarded ie W. H. Prey M. D., from Western Australia. By G.J. Allman, M.D. . . Shires wae
On the Cover of the Gospels of St. Molaise. By George Petrie, LL. D. 5
On the Revival of Jtalian Literature in the Fourteenth Century. By J. F. Weallers UT, Divi a Uist cae wl 2 ey (cae hemrinerceg jatties On the Bursting of Ordnance when firing Heated Shot. By Robt. Mallet, Esq. On certain Animals mentioned in the Assyrian erp a3 the Rev. Hdward Hincks, D. De .- 2. eh et wk ore
On some new Geometrical Applications of Quaternions. By Sir W. R. Ha- MUtON ME Diemer ge Wakes re kc iouei nee) eae iusaee
On the early Discovery and extensive Adoption of the Bissextile Intercalation. By the Rey. F. Nolan, LL.D, F.R.S. 2. . 2... 1
On a Babylonian Tablet in the British Museum. e the Rey. Edward Hincks, D.D. . . satiate yao Tee
On aremarkable ita wine sia on Lough Bisel e John Tews Esq, On Reciprocal Surfaces. By the Rev. George Salmon. . . :
On the Barometric Measurement of Mountain a Rey By the Rey. J cep MCG AIDLALEAY, Ors > coh oS Mat RMM MS cot ee cece :
On the Causes of certain Phenomena observed on Lough aie By Henry Hennessy, Esq. . . . . Birch sear
On the Luminous Phenomena mown by the dieters of Ruhmkorff g In. duction Apparatus in Vacuo. By the Rev. T. R. Robinson, D. D. 283,
176
181 194
209
216 220 223
225 226 229 230 230 240
244 247
248
250
250 251
251 251
251
260
261
270 271 273
276
279
426
vill
On certain Formulz which occur in the Works of Marcellus. By Dr. Jacob Grimm, H.M.R.EA . . - slate water oe wel teense
On the same. By the Rev. J. H., Todd, D. D. Beech erd shes Be aetewe
On the Name said to have been given to St. Patrick when a Captive in Ire- land. By the Rev. J.H. Todd, D.D. . . . - - + © © ee
On Meteorology. By Henry Hennessy, Esq. - - - + - A
On an Optical Phenomenon observed in July, 1856, while on ets to Havre. By Henry Hennessy, Esq. . . - - -
On the Extension of Taylor’s Theorem to Non-Commnniatv Symbols By the Rey. Charles Graves, D. D. ete ric
On the Locality where the ancient Gold Fibula, ‘called the Dalriada Brooch, was found. By James Gilmour, Esq.. - - + + + + + + +
On the Action of the Wind in quae Waves in a ate Vivarium. By 19:50, Compan, MoD eecaye) te. = htat tobe
On the Castle and Manor of Pee, By J. "Hiatiend ‘Smith, Esq.
On a new Experimental Hydraulic Formula for finding the pes of Water in Water-Channels. By John Neyille, Esq. . :
On a Geometrical Extension of the Calculus of Quaternons. By Sir William R. Hamilton, LL. D.
Inaugural Address of the President, hes: J. m" Toad, D. D.
On some Properties of Solid Figures revolving on Axes in Sree, at the Surfaces of Fluids. By Gilbert Sanders, Esq. 5
On the Identity of the Chronological System of the Egyptian Priests, as ex- plained by Herodotus, and that of Manetho. By Edward Clibborn, Esq.
On the Stomach of the Zebu. By John B. Barker, M. B. On the Solution of Cubic Equations. By Thomas J. Campbell, Esq.
On the Depth of the Ocean deducible from Tidal Observations. bes the Rev. Samuel Haughton.
On the Introduction and Period . fhe general use of the , Potato in Teenie By W. R. Wilde, Esq. =e Pe aon
On the Effect of the Internal Fluidity of the Earth on the Length of the e Day By the Rey. J. H. Jellett. :
On the Solution of the Equation of Contin iti an Tncompresible F laid. By George Boole, LL.D. . - - ab cog :
On the same. By the Rey. Charles Becai D. D. nie On the Scandinavian Antiquities of Dublin. By Charles Haliday, Pew
Letter from F. M. Jennings, Esq., relating to Silver Ornaments collected by himself in Morocco, and presented to the Royal Irish Academy. °
On the Influence of the Earth’s Internal Structure on the ginem of the Be By Henry Hennessy, Esq.
On Inscriptions from the Market rcidies at ¢ Campbellton, in pare ia Inverary. By J. Huband Smith, Esq. cate ang
On an ancient Missal, described by Dr. O’Conor in his 5 Catalogue of the Stowe MSS. By the Rey. J. H. Todd, D. D. °
On a MS. of Dr. Willoughby’s, written in 1690, ‘‘ On the 2 Climat and Dis- ases of Ireland.” By W. R. Wilde, Esq. ;
On a new System of Roots of Unity. By Sir W. R. Hamilton, LL. D.
PaGe. ~
290 291
292 299
301 302 302
303 304
311
311 319
338
347 351 352
354 356 372
375 385 386
386 388 390 393
399 415
An Autograph Letter of the late Dr. sii vib Lira by Edward Bewley, M.D. . . =... ashe, outa ates
On some Experiments on the Poisonous Properties of Stryhnin and Nicotine. By the Rev. Samuel Haughton. . . SU GOR hecgce At a tbaee
On an Ogham Inscription. By Richard Hitchcock, ‘ihe Sia aalo gee bs On some Roman Coins found near Rathfarnham. By George Petrie, LL. D. A Biographical Notice of Colonel Jules Terence O’Reilly. By A. O’Reilly, Esq.
On the early System of Abbatial Succession in the Irish Monasteries. a the Rev. W. Reeves, D.D. . . . . Mw OLSh oad
On the Irish Abbey of Honau, on the Rhine. By dl the Rev. W. ands D. D. On the Icosian Calculus. By Sir William R. Hamilton, LL.D. . . . .
Address on the Utility of Antiquarian Collections in relation to the Pre- Historic Annals of Europe. By the late J. M. Kemble, Esq. . . . .
On Professor Mac Cullagh’s Theorem of the Polar Plane. By A. Cayley, Esq. On a movable Horizontal Sun-dial. By M. Donovan, Esq. . . . .. . On a new and singular Acoustic Phenomenon. By M. Donovan, Esq. . . On a new Arrangement of Grove’s Galvanic Battery. By G. J. Stoney, Esq. On the Expedition to the Neighbourhoot of the Magnetic Pole about to leave
England. By the Rev. Samuel Haughton. . . . . oGthe Abas On the Distribution of Heat over the Island of Great Britain, By iy
Hennessy, Esq. . . . «= aOR al tivetitisw: ftallnt biapcetai tics Verda On the General Expression by Quaternions oi Cones of the Third Order. By
Sir W. R. Hamilton, LL. D. Re! Ws Fe tr mh CORA
Memorial to the Rt. Hon. Lord ‘eaeccetian, Praying the ‘‘ Resolute” to be fitted for another Arctic Exploration. . . . Aes my ton Meta
On the Foundation of Archbishop Marsh’s Library. By J. Huband Smith, Esq.
On the General Equation in Quaternions for Cones of the Third Order. By Sir W. R. Hamilton, LL.D. . . . . . . Je saute mies harika eens
Letter from the Rey. J. H. Todd, D. D., to the Ci ibeieate proposing to have the Materials collected for the Ordnance Survey deposited i in the Academy.
Answer from Lieut.-Col. Larcom. . . . . . 2 © © «
meercttertromG@aptain meses 6s bevy se. 8 ee be te ats
On the Personal Pronouns in their most ancient form. By the Rev. Edward Pian. DSP RR z
On a certain Harmonic Property of the Envelope of the Chord connecting two corresponding points of the Hessian of a Cubic Cone. By Sir Wm. R. Hamilton, BID Sele as) he he
. On a Fundamental Theorem respecting Congruences, affecting a class of Com- plex Integers, which involve the Imaginary Cube Roots of Unity. By J. FES iGIAyCs, Bist. awe: sae Bi <a ie rachis ej hers Zils Wietd sul
ANTIQUITIES BOUGHT,—pp. 203, 315.
99 EXCHANGED,—p. 155. By-Laws,—pp. 17, 31, 38, 71, 319, 499. Derosir or ANTIQUITIES,—p. 526.
Page,
416
420 439 441 445
447 452 462
462 481 491 499 499
499 506 506
506 512
512
515 516 516
518 524
625
x
Donations of Antiquities,—pp. 19, 48, 58, 71, 88, 130, 131, 160, 161, 171, 172, 179, 250, 275, 277, 300, 419, 424, 451, 511, 512, 525,°528; Books,—pp. 1, 63, 154, 261, 346, 451; MSS.,—pp. 1, 181, 416, 525; Maps,—pp. 1, 510; Miscellaneous Articles,—pp. 47, 88, 386, 419, 445, 451, 525, 528; Models, &c.,—pp. 17, 31, 94, 123, 311; Photographs, &c.,—pp. 58, 223, 225, 300, 419, 451, 528; Coins, &c.,—pp. 277, 351, 445, 525; Pictures, &c.,—pp. 1, 345, 416.
Exxorions of Members,—pp. 31, 49, 71, 73, 155, 173, 209, 229, 261, 301, 319, 352, 375, 388, 447, 462, 498, 506, 513, 527; Honorary Members,—p. 645 President and Council,—pp. 69 (1854), 207 (1855), 317 (1856), 497 (1857), 505.
Exurpitions of Antiquities,—pp. 19, 94, 112, 113, 303, 388, 526; Coins,—p. 224; Miscellaneous Articles,—pp. 180, 311, 388; Photographs, §¢.,—pp. 71, 390, 391.
Grants for Antiquities,—pp. 95, 155, 251, 304; Books,—p. 304; Catalogue of Museum,—p. 497; Payments,—pp. 209, 513; Photographs,—p. 17.
GRANTS WITHDRAWN,—P. 513. Oxzrruary Nortices,—pp. 68, 204, 314, 495, 498. _ PARLIAMENTARY Grants, —pp. 261, 279.
RECOMMENDATIONS oF CouNcIL,—pp. 70, 183, 209, 261, 374, 420, 425 (447), 513, 526, 527.
RESOLUTIONS OF THE ACADEMY,—273, 279, 304, 315, 346, 374, 497, 498, 504, 510, 528.
VICE-PRESIDENTS NOMINATED,—pp. 70, 208, 318, 497.
APPENDICES. PAGE. J.—Account of the Royal Irish Academy, from 1st April, 1853, to 31st March, 1804 vars othe (skate h ab seta hae irs biel Ait hoi g Savage ae OE IIl.—Account of the Royal Irish Academy, from ist April, 1854, to 31st MaNCh: TED DA rey cetere. cco Wheel actat tic’ feiatlien .S eitelne: kate ak nn
III.—Catalogue of Books presented by Mrs. Thomas Moore, . . . . . . xix IV.—Account of the Royal Irish Academy, from 1st April, 1855, to 31st March, 1856, AP eo ee eC oe ee V.—Account of the Royal Irish Academy, from 1st April, 1856, to 31st
March, 1857, Ascites coke cy rt ote oe . Lxvii
lvii
INDEX
OF
CONTRIBUTORS’ NAMES TO PROCEEDINGS.
VOLUME VI.
Aldridge, 244.—Allman, 31, 115, 118, 155, 250. Ball, R., 152.—Barker, J.'B., 351.—Barton, 271.—Bewley, 416.—Boole, 375.
Callan, 37.—Campbell, 352.—Carmichael, 216, Cayley, 481 -—Clibborn, 347.— Cooper, 194.—Corrigan, 303.—Cumming, 73.
Dillon, 157.—Donovan, 491, 499.—Downing, 173. Forster, 240.4
Galbraith, 134, 276.—Gilmour, 302.—Graham, 80.—Graves, C., 1, 34, 84, 112, 114, 144, 162, 186, 199, 209, 220, 221, 248, 302, 385.—Graves, J. T., 525.— Griffith, 230.—Grimm, 290.—Grubb, 59.
Haliday, C., 95, 386.—Hamilton, Sir W. R., 62, 86, 114, 181, 250, 260, 311, 415, 462, 506, 512, 524.—Harvey, 72, 152.—Haughton, 72, 85, 129, 143, 176, 230, 354, 420, 499.—Hennessy, 279, 299, 301, 388, 506.—Hincks, 72, 113, 125, 128, 251, 270, 518.—Hitchcock, 439.
Jellett, 372.—Jennings, 386.—Jukes, 89.
Kelly, D. H., 49.—Kemble, 462.—Knox, G. J., 59.
Larcom, 516.—Leach, 516.—Lloyd, H., 28, 31, 120, 194.
Mac Donnell, C. P., 95, 103.—Mallet, 55, 58, 251.—Moore, D., 120. Neville, 311.—Nolan, 261.
O'Reilly, 445.
Petrie, 251, 441.
Reeves, 447, 452.—Renny, 155.— Robinson, 20, 38, 113, 283, 426. Salmon, 273.—Sanders, 338.—{mith, J. H., 304, 390, 512.—Stoney, G. J., 499. Todd, 3, 223, 225, 291, 292, 319, 393, 515.
Waller, 251.—Westwood, 77.—Wilde, 356, 399.— Wills, 247.
THE
ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY.
Marcu 16, 1855.
Putroness. :
HER MOST SACRED MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
Visitor.
HIS EXCELLENCY THE LORD LIEUTENANT
OF IRELAND.
President.
REV. THOMAS ROMNEY ROBINSON, D.D.
March 16, 1852. March 16, 1853. March 16, 1854. March 16, 1855.
Elected.
March 16, 1838. March 16, 1840. March 16, 1844. March 16, 1846. 30, 1847. March 15, 1851. March 16, 1855.
Nov.
VOL. VI.
Elected 16th March, 1851.
Vice- Presidents. (Nominated by the President.)
CotoneL Taomas A, Larcom, R.E., F.R.S. Grorce Perrin, LL. D.
Rev. Cuar.tes Graves, D.D.
Sir Ropert Kang, M. D., F. B.S.
COUNCIL.
Committee of Science.
Rosert Batt, LL. D.
Sir Ropert Kane, M. D., F.R.S. Grorce J. Atuman, M.D., F. B.S.
Sir Witu1am R. Hamitton, LL. D. Rev. SAMUEL Haveuton, A. M.
Rev. Humpurey Luoyp, D.D., F.R.S.
Rev. GrorcE Saumon, A. M. a *
Committee of Polite WPiteratare. Elected.
March 16, 1821. Rev. Wim H. Drummonn, D. D. March 16, 1843. JOHN Anster, LL. D.
Feb. 12, 1844. Rev. Cuaries Graves, D. D. March 16, 1844. Rey. SAMUEL Burcuer, D. D. March 15, 1851. Rev. Joun H. Jevzett, A.M. March 15, 1851. DicBy P. SraRKEY, Esq.
March 16, 1855. Joun F. WALLER, LL. D.
Committee of Antiquities.
March 16, 1829. GEorcE PETRIE, LL. D.
March 16, 1837. Rev. JAMES H. Topp, D. D.
March 16, 1849. AQUILLA Smiru, M. D.
March 15, 1851. EARL OF Dunraven, F.R.S.
March 16, 1852. CoLoneL THoMAs A. Larcom, R. E., F.R.S.
March 16, 1853. Lorp TaLBoT DE MALAHIDE.
March 16, 1855. WILLIAM R. Wixpe, Ese. =
——
Officers.
Treasurer—Ropert Bat, LL. D.
Secretary of the Academy—Rev. James H. Topp, D. D.
Secretary of Council—Rry. JouN H Jeviert, A. M.
Secretary of Foreign Correspondence—Rerv. SAMUEL Burtcner, D. D. Librarian—Rev. Witu1aM H. DruMMonND, D. D.
Clerk and Assistant Librarian—EDWaRD CLIBBORN.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Elected.
Aug. 2, 1849.
Nov.
Nov. Nov.
Nov.
Oct.
Jan.
Mar. ~ Mar.
Jan.
June 27, 1825. 30, 1849. June 26, 1837. 25, 1836.
Nov.
Jan.
25, 1836. 22, 1826.
. 80, 1852. , 25, 1836.
30, 1832.
30, 1826. 30, 1850.
30, 1852. 28, 1822.
16, 1841. 16, 1820. June 27, 1825. 23, 1826.
His Royat Hieguness Prince ALBERT.
SECTION OF SCIENCE.
Airy, George Biddell, M. A., F. R.S., &e., Astro- nomer Royal. Greenwich.
Babbage, Charles, M. A., F.R.5., &c. London.
Bache, Alexander D. Washington, D.C., United States.
Beaumont, Elie de. Paris.
Brewster, Sir David, K. H., LL. D., F.R.5., &e. St. Andrews.
Brisbane, Lieut-General Sir Thomas Mac Dougal, K.C.B., F.R.S., Pres. R.S.E., &. Kelso.
Brown, Robert, D.C. L., F.R.S., &. British Museum, London.
Cauchy, Augustin Louis. Paris.
Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle, M. D., F. BR. S., &. Oxford.
Dumas, Jean Baptiste. Paris.
Dupin, Charles. Paris.
Greville, R. K., LL. D. Edinturgh:
Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, Bart. D.C.L., F.R.S., &. Hawkhurst.
Hooker, Sir William Jackson, K.H., LL.D., E.R.S.
Humboldt, Alexander Von. Berlin.
Liebig, Justus. Gressen.
Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, Knt., F.R.5., &e,
London. a2
Elected.
Nov.
Mar. Nov.
Mar.
29, 1828.
16, 1841. 30, 1852. . 25, 1836. . 25, 1835.
26, 1834. 16, 1827. Jan. 25, 1836.
. 16, 1854. . 16, 1842. . 25, 1836.
. 30, 1850. . 30, 1849. . 16, 1835, . 30, 1850. . 30, 1849. . 30, 1849. . 25, 1836.
. 30, 1835. . 80, 1850.
. 80, 1849. - 30, 1852. 25, 1830. 30, 1852. - 30, 1849. . 80, 1850.
4
Parry, Sir William Edward, Knt., D.C. L., Rear- Admiral, F.R.8., &c. London.
Quetelet, Adolphe Jacques. Brussels.
Regnault, Victor. Paris.
Rennie, George, Esq., F. R.S., &. London.
Sedgwick, Rev. Adam, M.A., F.R.S., &. Cam- bridge.
Somerville, Mrs. Mary. Chelsea.
South, Sir James, Knt., F.R.S., &c. Kensington.
Sykes, Lieut-Col. William Henry, F.R.S., &e. London.
Vrolik, Wm. Amsterdam.
Wheatstone, Charles, Esq., F. R.S., &c. London.
Whewell, Rev. William, D. D., F. R.S., &c., Mas- ter of Trinity College, Cambridge. Cambridge.
SEcTION oF Potite LITERATURE.
Boeck, Augustus. Berlin.
Bopp, Franz. Berlin.
Combe, George, Esq. Edinburgh.
Cousin, Victor. Paris.
Grimm, Jacob. Berlin.
Guizot, Francoise Pierre Guillaume. Paris.
Harcourt, Rev. William Vernon, M. A., F.R.S. &e. York.
Hobhouse, Right Hon. Henry. Hadspur House, Somersetshire.
Irving, Washington. Sunnyside, Dobb’s-Ferry, New York.
Lepsius, Richard. Berlin.
Macaulay, Right Hon. Thomas B. London.
Macloughlin, David, M.D. Paris.
Prescott, William H., Esq. United States.
Ranke, Leopold. Berlin.
Thiers, A. Paris.
Nov.
Elected.
. 30, 1848. . 24, 1826. . 80, 1848.
27, 1833.
15, 1835. . 30, 1832.
. 30, 1832. . 16, 1841. . 380, 1832.
. 16, 1854. . 30, 1850.
10, 1827.
, 13; 1837.
30, 1848.
SECTION OF ANTIQUITIES.
Botta, P.E. Paris.
Brewer, James N., Esq.
Bunsen, Chevalier C.C.J. Berlin.
Cooper, Charles Purton, LL, D., F. R.S., F. S. A., &c. London.
Donop, Baron. Saxe Meiningen.
Ellis, Rt. Hon. Sir Henry, K.H., Sec. S.A., F.R.S., | &c. London.
Forshall, Rev. Josiah, M.A., F.R.S., F.S. A., &e. London.
Halliwell, James Orchard, Esq., F. R.S., F.S. A,, &e. Brixton Hill, Surrey.
Madden, Sir Frederick, K.H., F.R.S., F. S. A., &e. London.
Mauray, M. Alfred de. Paris.
Petit-Radel, L.C.F. Parts.
Rafn, C.C. Copenhagen.
Smyth, William Henry, Rear-Admiral, F. R.S., D.C.L., F.S. A. &. St. John’s Lodge, near Aylesbury, and Atheneum Club.
Thomsen, C. J. Copenhagen.
MEMBERS.
The Names of Life Members are marked with an Asterisk.
Elected.
Apr. 10, 1843. Jan. 14, 1839.
Apr. 28, 1828.
Mar. 16, 1815.
May 8, 1843.
Apr. 9, 1838. Apr. 13, 1846. May 11, 1846. Jan. 10, 1842. Apr. 8, 1850.
Feb. 12, 1888.
Apr. 10, 1837.
Jan, 26, 1818
Jan. 28, 1822.
.
*Allman, George James, M.D. T.C.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany, T.C.D. Blackrock. * Andrews, Thomas, M. D., F. R.S., Vice-President and Professor of Chemistry, Q. C., Belfast. *Apjohn, James, M.D, T.C. D., F. R.S., Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy, T.C.D. 32, Bag- got-street, Lower.
*Ashburner, John, M.D. 7, Hyde Park Place, London.
Abeltshauser, Rev. I. George, LL. D., Queen's Pro- fessor of French and German, T.C. D. 32, Rutland-square, West.
Adams, Robert, M.D. T. C.D. 22, Stephen’s-green, North.
Alcorn, Rev. John, A.M. Marlfield, Clonmel.
Aldridge, John, M.D. 3, Sackville-street, Lower.
Andrews, William, Esq. 21, Mountpleasant-square, West.
Angeli, Signor Basilio, Queen’s Professor of Italian and Spanish, T.C. D. 17, College.
Anster, John, LL. D., Regius Professor of Civil Law, T.C.D. 5, Lower Gloucester-street.
Armstrong, William, Esq.,C. E. 25, Henry-street.
*Baillie, Rev. J. Kennedy, D.D. Stewartstown. *Bald, William, Esq., F. R.S. E.
——
Elected.
Feb.
Apr.
Jan.
Apr. Apr.
Oct.
Nov.
Nov.
Jan.
Jan.
Nov. Apr. Feb.
Feb.
Nov.
Jan.
Apr.
Jan.
23, 1834.
13, 1840. 10, 1842.
14, 1851. 24, 1809. 22, 1882.
30, 1825.
30, 1836.
8, 1849.
9, 1843. 30, 1836.
12, 1841. 12, 1838.
27, 1832.
12, 1838. 10, 1842.
12, 1847. 9, 1837.
7
*Ball, Robert, LL. D., Director of the Museum, T.C.D.; Secretary to the Queen’s University ; Se- cretary of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland ; President of the Zoological Association, T.C.D. ; V. P. Geological Society of Dublin; Local Sec. Botanical Society of Edinburgh, and of the Ray Society, &.—TREASURER. 3, Granby-row.
*Ball, John, Esq., M. P. 85, Stephen’s green, South.
*Banks, John T., M.D. T.C.D., King’s Professor of the Practice of Medicine, T.C.D. 29, Merrion- street, Upper.
*Barker, John B., M.B.T.C.D. 48, Waterloo-road,
*Bateson, Sir Robert, Bart. Belvoir Park, Belfast.
*Beaufort, Sir Francis, Admiral, K.C.B., D.C. L., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Corr. Inst., France, &c. 11,
Gloucester-place, Portman-square, London.
*Benson, Charles, A.M., M.D. T.C.D. President, Royal College of Surgeons. 12, Fitzwilliam- square, West.
*Bergin, Thomas F., Esq. 49, Westland-row.
*Bewglass, Rev. James, LL.D. Wakefield, York- shire.
*Blacker, Stewart, Esq. 20, Gardiner’s-place.
*Bolton, William Edward, Esq. 3, James’s-terrace, Malahide.
*Botfield, Beriah, Esq., F.R.S. 9, Strattan-street, London.
*Boyle, Alexander, Esq. Belvue Park, Dalkey.
*Brady, Right Hon. Maziere, A. B., Lord High Chancellor of Ireland. Hazelbrook, Roundtown, and 26, Pembroke-street, Upper.
*Bruce, Halliday, Esq. Glenageary House, Dalkey.
*Butcher, Rev. Samuel, D. D., Regius Professor of Divinity, T.C. D.—Sercrerary or ForEIGN Cor- RESPONDENCE. College, and 13, Fitzwilliam- square, West.
Baker, A. Whyte, Esq. Ballaghtobin House, Callan. Barker, Francis, M.D.T.C.D. 26, Baggot-st., Lr.
Jan.
Feb. 10, 1851.
Elected.
25, 1836.
May 10, 1847.
Jan. 9, 1837. Apr. 10, 1848. June 8, 1846.
June 24, 1833.
Jan.
Apr.
Jan.
Feb.
Jan. Apr.
11, 1841.
8, 1849. . 13, 1846.
welt; 1843:
8, 1855.
. 11, 1850.
. 10, 1854. 9, 1849.
. 14, 18538.
. 13, 1851.
10, 1842. 10, 1840.
8, 1855.
. 11, 1842.
10, 1854.
8
Barker, William, M. D. T. C. D., Vice-President, King and Queen’s College. 21, Hatch-street. Barker, William Oliver, M.D. T.C.D. 6, Gar- diner’s-row.
Barnes, Edward, Esq., C. E. Ballymurtagh Lodge, Ovoca.
Barrington, Sir Matthew, Bart. 50, Stephen’s- green, East.
Barry, Michael, Esq., Professor of English Law, Q. C., Cork. 75, Gardiner-street, Lower.
Beasley, Thomas John, Esq., A.M. 11, Stephen’s- green, North, and Brighton Cottage, Rathgar.
Beatty, Thomas E., M. D., Professor of Midwifery, R.C.S. 18, Merrion-square, North.
Beauchamp, Henry C., M. B. T. C.D. 115, Baggot- street, Lower.
Bell, John, Esq., F.S.A.E. Dungannon.
Bevan, Philip, M.D. T.C.D., F.R.C.S.L. 21, Baggot-street, Lower.
Bewley, Edward, M.D. Leighsbrook, Navan.
Blackburne, Right Hon. Francis, LL.D. The Castle, Rathfarnham, and 34, Merrion-square, S.
Booth, Sir Robert Gore, Bart., M.P. Lissadill, Co. Sligo.
Brady, Cheyne, Esq. 46, Waterloo-road.
Brady, D. F., M.D., F.R.C.S.1 14, Frederick- street, North.
Brereton, David, A. M., Fellow K.&Q. C.P., M.D. 12, York-street.
Browne, Robert Clayton, Esq. Brown’s-hill, Carlow.
Burke, Sir Bernard, Knt., Ulster King-of-Arms. Record Tower, Castle, and 2, Pembroke-place.
Burrowes, John, Esq. 1, Herbert-street.
Burton, Frederick W., Esq., RLH.A. Nuremberg.
Butcher, Richard G.H., F.R.C.S. 21, Herbert-place.
Butler, Very Rev. Richard, Dean of Clonmacnoise. Trim.
Elected. Feb. 10, 1838. Mar. 16, 18381. Feb. 12, 1855. July 30, 1821. Feb. 12, 1888. . 27, 1798. - 25, 1819. . 28, 1793.
Nov. 30, 1835. Jan. 11, 1841.
June 23, 1846. May 13, 1839.
Feb. 27, 1832. Nov. 380, 1825. Oct. 28, 1822. Nov. 30, 1835.
June 23, 1828. Oct. 27, 1834.
Nov. 30, 1833. Mar. 16,1829. June 13, 1842,
Feb. 22, 1836. May 13, 1850.
Feb. 12, 1855.
9
*Callwell, Robert, Esq. 25, Herbert-place.
*Campbell, W. W., M.D. Portstewart, Coleraine.
*Carmichael, Rev. Robert, M.A., F.T.C.D. College.
*Carne, Joseph, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S. Penzance.
*Carson, Rev. Jos., D. D., F.T.C.D. 18, Fitzwil- liam-place.
*Caulfield, Hon. Henry. Hockley, Armagh.
*Chamley, George, Esq. 6, Belvidere-place.
*Charlemont, Francis W., Earl of. Charlemont House.
*Clarke, Thomas, Esq.
*Clermont, Thomas, Baron. Flurry Bridge.
*Connolly, Daniel, LL.D. 36, Fitzwilliam-place.
*Conroy, Sir Edward, Bart. <Aborfield, near Read- ing, Berks.
*Cooper, Edward J., Esq., F.R.S. Markree Castle, Collooney.
*Corballis, John R., LL. D., Q.C. 19, Lower Bag- got-street, and Roebuck.
*Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, Rt. Rev. James Wilson, D.D., Lord Bishop of. Cork.
*Courtney, Henry, Esq., A.M. 24, Fitzwilliam- place.
*Crampton, Hon. Justice, LL.D. 3, Kildare-place,
*Croker, Charles P., M.D., Fellow K. & Q.C.P. f2 Merrion-square, West.
*Cubitt, William, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Great George’s-street, Westminster, London.
*Cusack, James W., M. D. T. C. D., Professor of Surgery, T.C.D. 3, Kildare-street.
Cane, Arthur B., Esq. Collingstown House, Clon- dalkin. Cane, Edward, Esq. 60, Dawson-street.
Carlile, Hugh, M.D. T. C. D., Professor of Ana- tomy, Q.C., Belfast. Prospect-terrace, Belfast. Carte, Alex., M. D., Director of the Museum,
R.D.S8. 54, Waterloo-road.
124, Baggot-street, Lower. Ravensdale Park,
8,
Elected.
Dec. 11, 1837.
Jan.
Jan.
Feb. 12, 1844.
Feb. 14, 1848.
June 9, 1845.
Jan. 9, 1837. May 12, 1851. Jan. 9, 1854.
June 9, 1845.
Jan. 11, 1847. Jan. 12, 1846. Jan. 138, 1840.
June 13, 1853.
Apr. 11, 1853.
Mar. 16, 1830.
Oct. 22, 1827. June 9, 1851. Jan. 12, 1852.
8, 1848. June 13, 1842.
10, 1842.
10
Carter, Samson, Esq., C. E. St. John’s-quay, Kil-
kenny.
Cather, Thomas, Esq. Newtownlimavady.
Chapman, Sir Benj. I., Bart. Kilwa Castle, Clon-
mellan.
Churchill, Fleetwood, M.D. T.C.D., F. K. &Q.C.P.
137, Stephen’s-green, West. Clare, Henry, Esq. 14, Warrington-place. Clarendon, Frederick Villiers, Esq., A.B., C. E. 11, Blessington-street.
Claridge, James, Esq. 23, Waltham Terrace, Blackrock.
Clarke, Edward 8., M.D. Marlborough-street.
Codd, Francis, Esq. Strickland House, Blackrock.
Colclough, J. T. Rosborough, Esq. Myers’ Villa, Blackrock.
Cooke, Adolphus, Esq. Cooksborough, Mullingar.
Corrigan, Dominick J.. M.D.T.C.D. 4, Mer- rion-square, West.
Cotton, Ven. Henry, LL. D., D. C. L., Archdeacon of Cashel. Thurles.
Crampton, Sir Philip, Bart., F. R.S., President, Royal College of Surgeons. 14, Merrion-square, North.
Curry, Eugene, Esq., Professor of Irish Archzo- logy and Literature, R.C.U.D. 2, Portland- street, North.
*Davies, Francis Robert, Esq. 10, Mountpelier Pa- rade, Kingstown.
*Davis, Charles, M.D., M.R.C.S.1. 33, York-st.
*Davy, Edmund, Esq., F.R.S., Professor of Che- mistry, Royal Dublin Society. Kimmage.
*De la Ponce, Amadie. Paris.
*Dickinson, Joseph, A. M., M. D., F.R.S., F.L.S., President of the Lit. and Phil. Soc., and of the Royal Institution of Liverpool; President of the Lancashire and Cheshire Medical and Surgical
Association. Great George-square, Liverpool.
Elected.
Jan. Jan. Apr. Novy.
Jan.
Jan.
11, 1847, 13, 1851. 27, 1835. 29, 1817.
9, 1843.
27, 1834.
. 25, 1830.
. 13, 1846. . 14, 1853.
11, 1840. 14, 1855.
. 12, 1846. . 11, 1839.
12, 1845. 13, 1854.
. 11, 1847. 26, 1834. 11, 1838.
8, 1849. . 10, 1842. . 12, 1847.
14, 1847. . 11, 1843.
. 12, 1846.
. 13, 1854 . 28, 1828.
-
11
*Dobbin, Leonard, Esq. 27, Gardiner’s-place.
*Dobbin, Rev. Orlando T., LL.D. Navan.
*D’Olier, Isaac M., Esq. Colignes, Booterstown.
*Drummond, Rev. William Hamilton, D. D.—Li- BRARIAN. 27, Gardiner-street, Lower.
*Drury, William Vallancey, M.D. 5, The Crescent, Camden-road, Regent’s Park, London.
*Dublin, Most Rev. Richard Whately, D.D., Arch- bishop of, V. P. Royal Zoological Society of Ireland. Palace, Stephen’s-green.
*Dunraven, Right Hon. Edwin Richard, Earl of, F.R.S., F. A. 8. Adare Manor, Adare.
D’Arcy, Matthew P., Esq. 49, Mount-st., Upper. Dargan, William, Esq. Mount-Annville House, Dundrum.
Davidson, John, Esq., M.E.C. Armagh.
Davy, Edmund William, A. B., M. B. T. C. D. Kimmage.
Deasy, Rickard, Esq., M.P. 184, Brunswick-st., Gt.
Dixon, Rev. Robert Vickers, A.M. Clogherny Rectory, Dungannon.
Dobbs, William Carey, Esq. 21, Pitzwilliam-place.
Domville, Charles C. W., Esq. 41, Gardiner-street, Lower.
Donovan, Michael, Esq. 11, Clare-street.
Doyne, Charles, Esq. Newtownpark, Blackrock.
Drennan, William, Esq. 35, Cumberland-st., North.
Dungannon, Viscount. Brynkinalt, Denbighshire.
Dunlop, Durham, Esq. 76, Mount-street, Lower.
-*Esmonde, Right Hon. Sir Thomas, Bart. 9, Den-
mark-street, Great. Egan, John C., M.D. London. Eiffe, James S., Esq. Plantation House, Amersham, Bucks. Enniskillen, William Willoughby, Earl of, F.R.S., F.G.S. L., &e. Florence Court. *Ferguson, Rev. Robert, LL.D., F.S.A.L. Ryde. *Foot, Simon, Esq. 4, Avoca-terrace, Blackrock.
Elected.
Noy. 11, 1844.
Mar. Jan. Dec.
15, 10, We
Apr. 11,
Jan. 14, 1850. Nov. 12, 1838.
May 10, 1847.
June 12,
Apr. 24, 1837
Mar. 16, Apr. 26,
Apr. 9,
1834. 1842. 1837. Nov. 12, 1850. 1853.
1841. 1851.
1852.
1850.
1855. May 25, 1836.
1848. Apr. 10, 1848.
1824. 1819.
1849.
12
Farnham, Henry, Lord, D.L., K.St.P. Farn- ham, Co. Cavan.
Ferguson, Samuel, Esq. 20, George’s-st., North.
Ferrier, Alexander, Esq., A. M. Knockmaroon.
Finlay, John, LL. D. 31, Cumberland-st. North.
Fitzgerald, Lord William. 20, Fitzwilliam-place.
Fitzgerald, Ven. William, D. D., Archdeacon of Kildare, Professor of Ecclesiastical History, T.C.D. The Glebe, Monkstown, and the Palace, Stephen’s- green.
Fitzgibbon, Gerald, Esq. 10, Merrion-sg., North.
Fleming, Christopher, M.D. T.C. D. 31, Moles- worth-street.
Foot, Lundy Edward, Esq., Hon. Sec., R.D.S. 14, Fitezwilliam-street, Upper.
Fowler, Robert, Esq., D. L. 23, Rutland-square, North.
Fox, Sir Charles, C. E. Gardens, London.
Frazer, G. A., Esq., Captain R.N. 2, Durham- place, Kingstown.
Freke, Henry, M.D. T.C.D., F.G.8., &, 28, Holles-street.
*Gilbert, John T., Esq. Villa Nova, Blackrock. *Gough, Hon. George Stephens, A. M., F. L. S.,
F.G.8. L., D. L. Rathronan House, Clonmel.
8, New-street, Spring
*Graham, Andrew, Esq. Markree Observatory.
*Graham, Rev. William.
*Graves, Rev. Charles, D. D., Fellow and Professor of Mathematics, and Erasmus Smith’s Profes- sor of Mathematics, T. C. D.— Vic8-PResIpENT. College.
*Grierson, George A., Esq. 93, Leeson-st., Lower.
*Griffith, Richard, LL. D., F.R.S.E., F.G.S., V.P. Geological Society, President of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland. 2, Fi%tzwilliam- place.
* Guinness, Benjamin Lee, Esq. St. Anne’s, Clontarf.
Elected. Apr. 14, 1845.
Jan. 13, 1845. Jan. 13, 1851. Jan. 13, 1851. Jan. 9, 1837. Dec. 11, 1837.
Jan. 13, 1851. Jan. 10, 1842. Jan. 14, 1839. Jan. 10, 1848.
Jan. 11, 1847. Oct. 22, 1827.
Apr. 13, 1840.
Apr. 24, 1820. Noy. 380, 1829.
Jan. 25, 1880.
Feb. 13, 1837.
Apr. 28, 1828. May 13, 1844.
Apr. 12, 1852. June 8, 1840.
Jan. 13, 1851.
Mar. 16, 1831.
13
Galbraith, Rev. Joseph, A. M., F. T. C. D., Eras- mus Smith’s Professor of Natural and Experi- mental Philosophy, T. C.D. College.
Getty, Edmund, Esq. Belfast.
Gibson, James, Esq. 18, Mountjoy-square, South.
Gordon, Samuel, M. B., F.R.C.S.L. 11, Hume-st.
Gregory, William, M. D., F.R.S.E. Edinburgh.
Gregory, Very Rev. James, A M., Dean of Kil- dare. 17, Fitzwilliam-street, Upper.
Griffin, Daniel, M.D., M.R.C.S.L. Limerick.
Grimshaw, Wrigley, Esq. 13, Molesworth-street.
Grubb, Thos., Esq. 14, Leinster-terrace, Rathmines.
*Haliday, Alexander Henry, Esq., A.M. 23, Har- court-street.
*Haliday, Charles, Esq. Monkstown Park.
*Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, Knt., LL. D., F.R. A.S., Astronomer Royal of Ireland, and Andrews’ Professor of Astronomy, T. C. D.— Ex-Presipent. Observatory, Dunsink.
*Hanna, Samuel, A.M., M.B., F.K. & QC. P. 42, Leinster-road, Rathmines.
*Hardiman, James, Esq. Galway.
*Hardy, Philip Dixon, Esq. Greenfield Lodge, Don- nybrook.
*Harrison, Robert, M.D. T.C.D., Professor of Ana- tomy, T.C.D.; Hon. Sec, R.D.S. 1, Hume-. street.
*Hart, Andrew Searle, LL. D., F.T.C.D. Killester, Raheny.
*Hart, John, M.D. 77, Charlemont-street.
*Harvey, William H., M.D.T.C.D., Keeper of Botanical Museum, T C.D. 40, College.
*Head, Henry H., M.D., F.C.S. 28, Mownt-st., Up.
*Hemans, George Willoughby, Esq., C.E. 10, Rutland-square, East.
*Hennessy, Henry, Esq., Professor of Natural Phi- losophy, R.C.U.D. Stephen’s-green, South.
*Hill, Lord George A. Guydore, Dunfanaghy.
Elected. Nov. 28, 1803.
Noy. 30, 1847.
Apr. 12, 1847.
1851. 1825.
June 9, Feb. 28, June 24, 1816. Feb. 10, 1840.
Jan. 9, 1843. Apr. 25, 1836.
Jan. 13, 1845. Jan. 11, 1847.
June 10, 1844. Apr. 8, 1850.
Feb. 24, 1845. May 13, 1845. June 23, 1851. June 10, 1842. Apr. 27, 1835.
Jan. 11, 1847.
Apr. 12, 1852.
14
*Hincks, Rev. Thomas Dix, LL. D., First Sec. Royal Cork Institution. Belfast.
*Hodgkinson, Eaton, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., &e., Professor of the Mechanical Principles of Engi- neering, University College, London. 44, Dray- ton Grove, Brompton, London.
*Hone, Nathaniel, Esq. St. Doulough’s, County Dublin.
*Hone, Thomas, Esq. Yapton, Monkstown.
*Hudson, Henry, M.D., F.K. & Q.C.P. 23, Stephen’s-green, North. *Hutton, Robert, Esq., F.G.S. Putney-park,
Surrey. *Hutton, Thomas, Esq., D. L., F.G.S. Eilm-park, and 118, Summer-hill. *Hutton, Henry, Esq. 18, Gardiner’s-place.
Hamilton, Charles William, Esq., F.G.S. Dominick-street, Lower.
Hamilton, George Alexander, LL. D., M. P., Vice- President R.D.S. Hampton Hall, Balbriggan.
Hancock, William Neilson, LL.D. 74, Gardiner- street, Lower.
Hanlon, Charles H., Esq. Bedford House, Rathgar.
Hardinge, William Henry, Esq. 16, Buckingham- street, Upper.
Haughton, Rev. Samuel, A. M., F. T. C. D., Pro- fessor of Geology, T.C.D. 17, Heyteshury-terrace.
Henn, William, Esq., Master in Chancery. 17, Merrion-square, South.
Higgins, Joseph Napier, Esq. Old Square, Lin- coln’s Inn, London.
Hogan, William, Esq., A.M. 9, Haddington-ter- race, Kingstown.
Hutton, Edward, M.D. T. C.D. 29, Gardiner’s- place.
Ingram, John Kells, LL. D., F. T. C. D., Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Oratory, T.C.D. 40, College.
Irwin, William Nelson, Esq. Crimea.
40,
Elected.
Nov.
J an.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Noy.
30, 1835.
14, 1839. 12, 1852.
13, 1845.
9, 1837. 8, 1841.
June 13, 1842.
Apr.
Jan.
Nov.
12, 1847. 25, 1836.
30, 1831.
June 24, 1833.
Feb. Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Jan.
. 13, 1846. 8, 1844.
. 10, 1849.
13, 1837.
13, 1837.
11, 1841.
30, 1835. 25, 1836.
15
*Jessop, Frederick Thomas, Esq. Doory Hall, Longford.
*Jones, Major-General Harry D., R.E. Crimea.
*Jukes, Joseph Beete, Esq., A.M., F.R.S., Vice- President of Geological Society of Dublin, Local Director of the Geological Survey of Ire- land, and Lecturer on Geology in the Museum of Irish Industry. 72, Leeson-street, Upper.
James, Henry, Lieut.-Col. R.E., F.R.S. Ports- mouth.
James, Sir John Kingston, Bart. 9, Cavendish-row.
Jellett, Rev. John H., A.M., F.T.C.D., Profes- sor of Natural Philosophy, T.C.D.—Srcretary OF THE CounciL. 18, Heytesbury-terrace.
Jennings, Francis M., Esq. Brown-street, Cork.
Jones, Philip, Esq. Nutgrove, Rathfarnham.
Joy, Henry Holmes, Esq., A.M. 17, Mountjoy- square, East.
*Kane, Sir Robert, M.D., F.R. S., President of Q. C., Cork; F. K. & Q.C.P., and Director of the Economic Museum, Dublin.—Vicr-Prest- DENT.
*Kelly, Denis Henry, Esq. Castle Kelly, Mount Tal- bot, Roscommon.
*Kennedy, James Birch, Esq. 50, Dame-strect.
*Kildare, Marquis of, Vice-President R. D. S. Kilkea Castle, Maganey.
*King, Rev. Henry, LL.D. Ballylin, Firbane.
*Knox, Rev. Thomas. Lurgan.
*Knox, George J., Esq. 2, Finchley, New Road; London.
*Knox, Very Rev. H. Barry. Deanery House, Hadleigh.
*Kyle, William Cotter, LL.D. 8, Clare-strect.
Kelly, Thomas F., LL.D. Howth.
Apr. 14, 1851. Kelly, William, M.D. 18, Leinster-road, Rathmines.
Nov
- 30, 1835. Kennedy, George A., M. D. T. C. D. 15, Talbot-
street.
Elected. Apr. 9, 1849.
Apr. 10, 1848. May 14, 1838.
June 9, 1851.
June 8, 1845.
Nov. 30, 1833.
Mar. 16, 1820. Feb. 23, 1835, Jan. 25, 1836. May 13, 1839. Apr. 10, 1843.
Apr. 28, 1828, Feb. 27, 1832.
Jan. 12, 1846. Feb. 25, 1833. Jan. 13, 1845.
Apr. 11, 1842.
May 10, 1852.
16
Kennedy, Henry, M. B., F. K. & QC. P. 17, Frederick-street, North.
Kenny, James Christopher Fitzgerald, Esq., J. P. Kilclogher, Co. Galway, and 2, Merrion-sq., S. Kent, William T., Esq. 51, Rutland-square,
West.
Kilmore, Elphin, and Ardagh, Right Rev. Marcus Gervais Beresford, D. D., Lord Bishop of. Kilmore House, Cavan.
King, Charles Croker, M.D., Professorof Anatomy and Physiology, Q.C., Galway. Galway.
*Larcom, Thomas A., Lieut. Col. R. E., LL. D., F.R.S., Under Secretary for Ireland.—Vick- PrestDENT. Dublin Castle.
*Lardner, Rev. Dionysius, LL. D., F.R.S. L.E., F.R.A.S., &. Paris.
*La Touche, David Charles, Esq. Marlay, Rath- farnham.
*La Touche, Wm. Digges, Esq. 34, Stephen’s-green, North.
*Leader, Nicholas P., Esq. Dromagh Castle, Uastle- mills, Cork.
*Leinster, His Grace the Duke of, President of the, Trish Archeological and Celtic Society. Carton, Maynooth, and 13, Dominick-street, Lower.
*Lenigan, James, Esq. Castle Fogarty, Thurles.
*Lloyd, Rev. H., D. D., F.R.S., Hon. F. R.S. E., 8. F.T.C.D. Trinity College, and Kilcroney, Bray.
*Lloyd, William, M.D. London.
*Luby, Rev. Thomas, D.D., 8.F.T.C.D., Regius Pro- fessor of Greek, T.C.D. 43, Leeson-street.
*Lucas, Right Hon. Edward. Castle Shane, Co. Monaghan.
Law, Robert, M. D., King’s Professor of the Insti- tutes of Medicine, T.C.D. 54, Rutland-square, West.
Leared, Arthur, M.B. New Civil Hospital, Smyrna.
Elected. Feb. 14, 1853. Jan. 13, 1845. Feb. 10, 1845.
May 11, 1846. Apr. 11, 1853.
Jan. 13, 1840. Feb. 10, 1845. Feb. 12, 1838. June 24, 1839. Jan. 8, 1849. Mar. 16, 1836, May 12, 1851. Jan. 9, 1812. Mar. 16, 1827. Oct. 23, 1820. June 25, 1821. Feb. 10, 1840.
May 8, 1837.
Feb. 28, 1831.
Jan. 23, 1826.
Oct. 22, 1832.
VOL VI.
17
Leeper, Rev. Alexander, A.M. 10, Kildavre-street.
L’Estrange, Francis, Esq., A.M., F.R.C.S.1. 39,
Dawson-street.
Le Fanu, William, Esq., C.E. 7, Fitzwilliam- square, North.
Lefroy, George, Esq. 18, Leeson-street.
Lentaigne, John, M.D., D.L. 1, Denmark-street, Great, and Tallaght House.
Lloyd, William T., Esq. 10, Crescent, Mount-street, Upper.
Longfield, Rev. George, A.M., F.T.C.D. College.
Longtield, Mountiford, LL. D., Regius Professor of Feudal and English Law, T.C.D. 6, Fitzwilliam- square, West.
Longfield, William, Esq. 19, Harcourt-street.
Luscombe, William Hill, Esq., C. E. Adelaide- terrace, Upper Leeson-street.
Lyle, Acheson, Esq., A. M., Chief Remembrancer. 19, Merrion-square, South.
Lyons, Robert D., M. B. Crimea.
*Mac Carthy, Viscount de. Toulouse.
*Mac Donnell, John, M.D. 4, Gardiner’s-row.
*Mac Donnell, Rev. Richard, D.D., Provost, T.C.D. Provost's House, and Dalkey.
*Mackay, James Townsend, LL.D., Director of Trin, College Botanic Garden. Ball’s-bridge. *M‘Kay, Rev. Maurice, LL.D. Magheragail,
Lisburn.
*M‘Neece, Rev. Thomas, D. D., Archbishop King’s Lecturer in Divinity, T.C.D. College.
*Mac Neill, Sir John, LL. D., F.R.S., F. B.S. A, Extraordinary Professor of Civil Engineering, T.C.D. Newry.
*Magrath, Sir George, K.H., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. Plymouth.
*Mallet, Robert, Esq., C.E., F.R.S., V. P. Geologi- eal Society of Dublin. Delville, Glasnevin, and 9, yeaa nak
Elected.
June 22, 1826.
Mar. 15, 1828.
June 22, 1812. Mar. 15, 1817.
Mar. 16, 1813.
Apr. 28, 1828.
. 14, 1853.
. 24, 1845.
June 8, 1846. Feb. 23, 1846.
Feb. 13, 1843. Jan. 13, 1851. Oct. 24, 1836. Jan. 14, 1850.
. 10, 1848.
13,
Apr. 12, 1841,
Jan. 14, 1850.
June 23, 1845.
Feb. 12, 1855.
Sule F833.
11, 1843.
1840.
18
*Marsh, Sir H., Bart., M.D. T.C. D., F.K.& Q.C.P. 9, Merrion-square, North.
*Martin, Very Rev. John C., D.D., Dean of Ardagh Killeshandra.
*Mason, Henry Joseph Monck, LL.D. Bray.
*Mayne, Rev. Charles. Kilalloe.
*Meath, Lord Bishop of, Right Hon. and Most Rev. Joseph Henderson Singer, D.D. Ardbraccan House, Navan, and 40, Fitewilliam-place.
*Montgomery, William F., M. D., Professor of Mid- wifery to the College of Physicians. 8, Merrion- square, North.
Mac Carthy, James Joseph, Esq. 7, Leinster-road, Rathmines.
M‘Clintock, Alfred H., M.D., Master of the Lying- in Hospital. Rutland square.
Macdonnell, James S., Esq., C. E. Summer-hill.
Mac Dougall, William, Esq. Howth.
M‘Ghee, R. J. Holywell, St. Ives, Hants.
Madden, Richard Robert, Esq. Leitrim Lodge, Castlewood-avenue, Rathmines.
Magee, James, Esq. 39, Leeson-street, Lower.
Maley, Andrew John, Esq. 7, Merrion-square, S.
Marks, Rev. Edward, D.D. 2, Heytesbury street.
Melville, Alexander Gordon, M.D., M.R.C.S. Eng., and F. B. S., Professor of Natural History, Q.C., Galway. Galway.
Miller, George Mackay, Esq., C. E. Susan Vale, Inchicore-road.
Mollan, John, M.D. T.C.D., F.K. & Q.C.P. 8, Fitzwilliam-square, North.
Monsell, William, Esq., M.P. Tervoe, Limerick.
Moore, Christopher, Esq. 22, Howland-street, Fitz- roy-square, London.
Moore, David, Esq.
Moore, Rev. Wicklow.
Drumleek House,
Glasnevin.
Ogle William.
Blessington, Co.
Elected.
Apr. 12, 1841. Apr. 12, 1852.
Feb. 10, 1840.
Jan.
May 8, 1854. Jan. 12, 1846.
May, 27; 1833.
Noy. 30, 1832. Feb. 12, 1849.
Feb. 25, 1833. Dec. 10, 1838.
Apr. Feb.
Feb. 10, 1845. Feb. 13, 1854.
Feb. 10, 1845. May 23, 1836. June 10, 1844. June 10, 1839.
Apr. Jan.
Apr. 12, 1841.
8, 1844. Nov. 30, 1835. Feb. 10, 1845.
8, 1839. 8, 1847.
9, 1838. 8, 1855. June 10, 1839. Feb. 25, 1828.
19
Mulvany, William Thomas, Esq. Prussia. Muspratt, Sheridan, Esq., Ph. D., F.R.S. Royal College of Chemistry, Liverpool. *Napier, Right Hon. Joseph, LL. D., M. P. Mountjoy-square, South. *Neville, John, Esq., C.E. Jocelyn-street, Dundalk. *Nicholson, John A., A.M. Balrath House, Kells. Neligan, J. Moore, M.D.T.C.D., F.K. & Q.C. P. 17, Merrion-square, East. Neville, Parke, Esq., C.E. 79, Eien st., Lower. Nugent, Arthur R., Esq. Portaferry House, Por- taferry. *QOdell, Edward S., Esq. Carriglea House, Dun- garvan. *O’Ferrall, Joseph M., M.D. 15, Merrion-sg., N. *Ogilby, William L., Esq. Lisclean House, Duna- managh. *O’Reilly, Miles John, Esq. Parvs. *Orpen, John Herbert, LL.D. 18, Frederick-street, South. *Owen, John Underhill, M.D. London. O’ Donovan, John, LL. D., Professor of Celtic Lan- guages, Q.C., Belfast. 36, Buckingham-st., Up. O’Driscoll, W. Justin, Esq. 30, Gardiner’s-place. Elm Cliff House,
Dusseldorf,
17,
O’Flanagan, James R., Esq. Blackrock. O’Gorman, N. Purcell, Esq. 45, Blessington-street. O’Grady, Michael Martin, M.D. Malahide. Oldham, Thomas, A.M., F.R.S., F.G.8. India. Osborne, Jonathan, M. D. T. C. D., King’s Profes- sor of Materia Medica, T.C.D. 26, Harcourt-st. Owen, Jacob, Esq. 2, Mountjoy-square, West. Owen, James Higgins, Esq. 29, Gloucester-st., Lr. *Parker, Alexander, Esq. 46, Rathmines. *Petrie, George, LL. D., R. H. A.—Vicre-PRESIDENT. 67, Rathmines. *Phibbs, William, Esq. Seajield, Sligo.
Elected.
Dec. 11, Feb. 12, Nov. 30, Jans 8,
Jan. &,
June 14, Feb. 10,
June 9, June 23, ‘Apr. 12, Jan. «9, Feb. 10, Dec. 14, Feb. 24,
June 10, June 27,
Oct. 22, May 28,
Apr. 11, Jan.
1843. 1838. 1833. 1849. 1851. 1836.
1830.
1830.
1849. 1843.
1841. 1845.
1851. 1845. 1852. 1854. 1845. 1846. 1834.
1843. 1839. 1816.
1844. 1825.
1832. 1832.
1853. 8, 1849.
20
*Pickford, James H., M.D. Brighton. *Pim, Geo., Esq. Brennan’s-town, Cabinteely. *Pim, James, Esq. 15, Mouwnt-street, Upper. *Pim, Jonathan, Esq. Greenbank, Monkstown. *Pim, William Harvey, Esq. Monkstown House. *Porter, Rev. Thomas H., D.D. Tullahogue, Dun- gannon. *Portlock, Joseph Ellison, Lieut.-Col. R.E., F.R.S., F.G.S. Woolwich. *Prior, James, Esq. 20, Norfolk-crescent, Hyde- Park, London. *Purser, John, Esq. he Castle, Rathmines. Pakenham, Hon. and Very Rev. Henry, Dean of St. Patrick’s. 40, Harcourt-stree. Patten, James, A.M., M.D. Belfast. Pigot, Right Honourable David R., Chief Baron. 52, Stephen’s-green, East. Pigot, John Edward, Esq. 96, Leeson-street, Lower. Porter, Rev. Classon. Larne. Porter, Henry John, Esq. New Zealand Pratt, James Butler, Esq. Blackrock. Preston, Algernon, Esq. 14, Gloucester-street. *Reeves, Rev. William, D.D. Ballymena. *Reid; Robert MoD, P..C.:D.,-F. K. &.Q..C. P. Corrig-avenue, Kingstown. *Renny, Henry L., Esq. London. *Rhodes, Thomas, Esq., C.E. Alderney. *Robinson, Rev. Thomas Romney, D. D.—PReEs1- DENT. Observatory, Armagh. *Roe, Henry, Esq., A.M. 2, Fitzwilliam-square, E. *Rossmore, Henry Robert, Lord. Rossmore Park, and The Dell, Windsor. *Rosse, Right Hon. William, Earl of, F. R.S%., F.R.A.S., &. Birr Castle, Parsonstown. *Rowan, Rev. Arthur B., D.D. Belmount, Tralee. Read, Alexander, M.D. 13, Hume-street. Rickards, John L., Esq., C.E. 2, Gloucester-terrace, Regent Park, London.
Elected. Apr. 9, 1855. Jan. 12, 1852. Apr. 27, 1835.
Jan. 9, 1843. Jan. 8, 1855. Feb. 9, 1846.
July 27, 1829. June 23, 1834.
Apr. 22, 1833. May 30, 1785. June 25, 1819.
Feb. 24, 1845. 10, 1853. 24, 1845. 12, 1851. 12, 18651.
Jan. Feb.
. 14, 1848. 11, 1847.
Jan.
Feb. 23, 1835.
June 9, 1851.
Apr. 10, 1837.
Jan. 8, 1849. June 13, 1842.
Apr. 13, 1846.
21
Ringland, John, M.B.T.C.D. 14, Harcourt-st.
Roe, George, Esq. Nutley, Donnybrook.
*Sadleir, Rev. William Digby, D. D.,S. F. T. C. D.
43, Fitzwilliam-place.
*Salmon, Rev. George, A.M., F.T.C.D. 2, Heytes-
bury-terrace, Wellington-road.
*Senior, Edward, Esq. Ashton, Phenix Park.
*Sherrard, James Corry, Esq. Kinnersley Manor,
Reigate, Surrey.
*Sirr, Rev. Joseph D’Arcy, D.D. 8, Warwick-ter-
race, Belgrave-road, London.
*Smith, Rev. George Sydney, D.D., Professor of
Biblical Greek, T.C.D. 9, College.
*Smith, J. Huband, Esq., A.M. 1, Holles-street.
*Stewart, Hon. Alexander.
*Strong, Ven. Charles, A. M., Archdeacon of Glen-
dalough. 6, Cavendish-row.
*Sweetman, Walter, Esq. 4, Mountjoy-square, North. Sanders, Gilbert, Esq. 10, Heytesbury-terrace. Sausse, M.R., Esq. 5, Hume-street.
Sayers, Rev. Johnston Bridges, LL.D. Madras.
Scully, Vincent, Esq., M. P. South.
Segrave, O’Neal, Esq., D. L. Kiltemon, Newtown- mountkennedy.
Sidney, Frederick John, LL. D., Sec. Geol. Soc. of Dublin. 19, Herbert-street.
Smith, Aquilla,M.D.T.C.D., F.K.&Q.C.P., Trea- surer Irish Archeological and Celtic Society. 121, Lower Baggot-street.
Smith, Catterson, Esq., R.H.A. 42, Stephen’s- green, East.
Smith, Robert William, M. D., Professor of Sur- gery, T.C.D. 68, Hecles-street.
Smyth, Henry, Esq., C.E. Downpatrick.
Staples, Sir Thomas, Bart., D.L. Sissane, Co. Tyrone, and 11, Merrion-square, East.
Stapleton, Michael H., M. B.
13, Merrion-square,
1, Mountjoy-place.
Elected.
May 12,
Apr. 11, Nov. 29,
Feb. 14, June 23,
Feb. 14, Feb. 14, Apr. 12, Feb. 24, Feb. 9, May 26, Apr. 9, Jan. 25, Apr. 10, Apr. 28, Feb. 25, Jan. 29, Mar. 15,
Jan. 13,
1845. 1853. 1834. 1848. 1846. 1847.
1833.
1816. 1845.
1848, 1848. 1841. 1845. 1846. 1834. 1849. 1836. 1837. 1823. 1822. 1816.
1800.
1851,
22
Starkey, Digby Pilot, Esq., A.M. Bayswater, Dalkey.
Stewart, Henry H., M.D. 71, Eccles-street.
Stokes, William, M.D., Regius Professor of Phy- sic in the University of Dublin. 5, Merrion- square, North.
*Tarrant, Charles, Esq., C. E.
*Tenison, Edward King, Esq. Kilronan, Keadue, Carrick-on- Shannon.
*Tibbs, Rev. Henry, A.M. Nottingham.
*Todd, Rev. James Henthorn, D. D., S. F. T. C. D.; Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Hebrew, T. C. D. —Secretary. 35, College.
*Turner, William, Esq.
Talbot de Malahide, Lord, President, Royal Zoolo- gical Society; Vice-President, R.D.S. Mala- hide Castle.
Talbot, Matthew E., Esq. Ferry Bank, Weaford.
Taylor, Very Rev. J.J., D.D. Rathvilly, Co. Wicklow.
Tighe, Robert, Esq. 14, Fitzwilliam-square, North.
Townsend, R. William, Esq., C. E.
Tufnell, Thomas Jolliffe, F.R.C.S.I. 58, Lower Mount-street.
*Vandeleur, Crofton Moore, Colonel. Kilrush.
Vesey, Hon. Thomas, M.P. <Adbeyleiz.
Vignoles, Charles, Esq., F.R.S. Trafalgar-square, London.
*Wall, Rev. Charles William, D. D., Vice-Provost, T.C.D. 20, College.
*Wall, Rev. Richard H., D. D. 6, Hume-street.
*Walshe, Francis Weldon, Esq. Limerick.
*Weaver, Thomas, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S. 16, Staf- Jord-row, Pimlico, London.
*Weld, Isaac, Esq., F.G.S., Vice-President, R. D. S. Ravenswell, Bray.
* Whittle, Ewing, M.D. 1, Parliament-terrace, Liverpool.
Elected.
June 10, 1839. Jan. 9, 1837.
Jan. 14, 1839.
Mar. 16, 1824.
June 10, 1844. Apr. 12, 1841.
Apr. 13, 1840.
Apr. 14, 1845. Jan. 11, 1841.
Feb. 23, 1845.
Jan. 14, 1839. Apr. 13, 1846. Apr. 10, 1843. Feb. 24, 1845.
23
*Wilde, William R., Esq. 21, Westland-row.
*Williams, Thomas, Esq. 71, Stephen’s-green.
* Williams, Richard Palmer, Esq. Drumcondra Castle.
*Wilmot-Chetwode, Edward, Esq. Woodbrook, Portarlington.
* Wilson, Robert, Esq. Ricbuond Monkstown.
*Wilson, Thomas, Esq. Westbury, and 15, Upper Temple-street.
Wallace, Robert Alexander, Esq., A.M. 26,
* Molesworth-street.
Waller, John Francis, LL.D. 4, Herbert-street.
West, Ven. John, D. D., Archdeacon of Dublin. 6, Wilton-square.
Williams, Robert C., M. D. T. C. D., Vice-Presi- dent of the College of Surgeons. Fttzwilliam- streel, Lower.
Wills, Rev. James, B.D. Kilmacow, Waterford.
Wingfield, Hon. and Rev. William. Adbeyleix.
Wynne, John, Right Hon. Hazlewood, Co. Sligo.
Yeates, George, Esq. 2, Grafton-street.
Nortse.—The names of parties whose subscriptions are in arrear, two years and upwards, are not printed in this list, which is cor- rected to the 7th July, 1855.
PROCEEDINGS
OF
THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY.
NovemsBer 1417, 1853.
HUMPHREY LLOYD, D.D., Vice-PRresipEnrT, in the Chair.
Tue Secretary announced the bequest of books and manu- scripts made to the Academy by the late William Elliott Hudson, Esq., M. R. I. A.; and also the donation of his Bust by Moore, presented by his Executors.
Resotvep,—That the thanks of the Academy be pre- sented to the Executors of the late William E, Hudson, Esq, for their donation of his Bust, and that the Academy enter- tain the highest sense of the value of the bequest left by Mr. Hudson to the Academy.
Resotvep,—That the bust of the late W. E. Hudson, Esq., be placed in the Library, as a mark of respect to his memory, and of gratitude for the bequest with which he has enriched the Library of the Academy.
The Rev. Charles Graves, D. D., read a paper on the so- lution of linear differential equations.
The object of the present paper is to contribute to our knowledge of the soluble forms of linear differential equations. The left-hand member of the equation
Dry + AD y+ By..= X VOL. VI. B
2
in which A, B, &c., are any functions of z, being regarded as the result of the operation of
D+, AIP 1+... B upon y, all attempts to solve it by the method of the separa- tion of symbols must be directed to the transformation of this operator into a form in which it appears as the product ofa series of operations, each of which admits of being inverted; and, conversely, if the result of a series of such operations be to produce a complex operation of the preceding form, we may apply it to the construction of soluble forms of differen- tial equations.
Thus the operation
(D+ ¢) (D+), in which ¢ and y denote any functions of x, will be found on development to be equal to
D+ (¢+$) D+ (ob + ¥);
consequently, we may identify the general linear differential equation of the second order,
Dy + ADy + By = X (1) with Dy + (9 +) Dy + (gb + Py = X. (2) And if we could succeed in solving the equations
o+ v=, += B, (3)
and so obtaining finite values of and y in terms of A and B, we should be able to effect the solution of the general linear differential equation of the second order, at least in a symbolic form; for as (D'+ gy? = estate soar and (D + Wb)? = el¥azfeSvax, we should have yes | eerie x.
Unfortunately it happens that, in trying to determine @ and y from the equations (3), we either obtain a differential equation of the first order and second degree, or are led back again to the solution of the equation (1).
3
We may, however, make most advantageous use of the equation (2) by assigning arbitrary forms to the functions and ~ contained in it, and so construct soluble forms ad libi- tum. When the equation (1) wants the term involving Dy, we have
¢+W=O0and gf + yp = B. :
Hence —¢?-g=B. (4) Now, as the second term of the equation (1) can always be banished by a change of the dependent variable, we have ar- rived at the remarkable result that the solution of the general linear differential equation of the second order depends upon that of the equation (4), whose form is particular and un- changing: and this result is practically important; for if we tabulate the values of ¢? + ¢’ for all values of ¢, we should have the solutions themselves of linear differential equations of the second order tabulated at the same time.
By interchanging the symbols x and D in the preceding formule, according to the method pointed out by Dr. Har- greaye, we are led to a series of general and interesting results,
Dr. Todd made some remarks on the fresco painting in the Abbey of Knockmoy, in the county Galway, of which a fac-simile copy, the exact size of the original, was exhibited in the Antiquarian Court of the Dublin Exhibition.
The public are indebted for the preservation and exhibi- tion of this ancient monument of Irish art to the zeal of Dr. John Lentaigne, at whose instance, and by whose personal exertions, the fac-simile was obtained for the Committee of the Exhibition. The following account of the manner in which the inscriptions were deciphered is given in a letter dated 13th June, 1853, addressed to Dr. Todd by Mr. Eugene Curry :
“John Lentaigne, Esq., on the part of the Committee of the Great Industrial Exhibition, having done me the honour to request me to accompany him to the ruins of the once
B2
4
noble Abbey of Cnoe m-Buaidh, now Knockmoy, in the County of Galway, I proceeded there with him, accompanied by my son, Henry B. Curry, on Saturday evening, 11th [of June] in- stant. Having reached Athenree in due time, and rested for the night, we proceeded, on Sunday morning, yesterday, to the Abbey, where we arrived after a smart drive of about two hours. We found the inscription ma very hopeless state of decay, having suffered almost total extinction in several places, only three perfect words remaining on the lower line. I examined the faint traces that remained, from the first that presents itself to the last; but with little satisfaction, until I came to the words, ‘ eddichan qui fieri fecit,’ which I read with ease, and I may indeed say with delight, as I thought I had found a key to the whole, and I knew that it had never been read, although attempted by Charles O’Conor, of Belana- gare, Theophilus O’Flanagan, Ledwich, Petrie, O’Donovan, and others. Dr. Lentaigne and my son then made separate drawings of the whole, as far as they could trace it, and, having got this, we recovered the leading words, ‘Ora pro animabus Malachie,’ and then the name Finola, which clearly settled the chief part of the inscription and its proximate date. It was not until after my return this morning that I suc- ceeded, by the assistance of my friend, Dr. John O'Donovan, in settling the Christian name of the artist, which is Con- chubhar, and the inscription therefore reads :—
¢ Ora pro animabus malachie, inollain, et chonchubbhuir hi Lodi- chan qui fiert fecet’ [sic].
** Our next attempt was at the top line, from which, by the aid of a ladder, my son, without any assistance from me, traced the words, contracted, man3. mur. mur., which will be immediately read by any Irish scholar as Manus, Muir- chertach Muirchertach ; that is, Manus and two Murtoghs. These names are placed under the three skeleton figures respectively, and yery faint traces of another short word
5
remain, extending to the nearest of the living or clothed figures.
‘** The whole of the inscription is in the black letter of the close of the fourteenth century.
‘‘ There stood, until lately, an altar tomb in the niche adjoining this, further on from the great altar, with the following Irish inscription (also in black letter), which I quote from the ‘Tribes and Customs of Hy-Many,’ edited by Dr. O'Donovan for the Irish Archeological Society
(page 105).
Oo muleachlamno 6 ceallats, For Malachy O’Kelly, for the vO J O Maini, ocup 0’? mbua- King of O’Many (or Hy-Many), lamoimsenichonchuip,oo pint and for Inbualai (Finola), the macha o anli im leachoaig- daughter of O’Conor, Matthew reo. O’Hanly made this monument.
“Over the place occupied by this tomb of O’Kelly and his wife may still be seen, distinctly enough, traces of the same kind and style of painting as that of the O’Conors, in its neighbourhood, and it is more than probable that both were put up at the same time by O’Eddichan, who seems to have been a painter, whilst O’Hanly appears to have been nothing but a mason. It would also appear, that the O’Kelly tomb, not having the universal op vo, &c., on it, was set up during his and his wife’s lifetime, and decorated, as well as the tomb of the O’Conors, the royal ancestors of Mrs. O'Kelly, by O’Eddichan. The erection and decorations must be very close to the year 1400, as O’Kelly was slain in 1401, and his wife died in 1403, according to the following entry in the Annals of the Four Masters of that year :—
“« A, D. 1403. Fionnghuala (Finola), the daughter of Turlogh, son of Hugh O’Conor, and wife of Melaghlin O’Kelly, Lord of Hy-Many, died, after a virtuous life.’ ”
6
‘* How the lady descended from the three whose names are in the upper line, I have not at present time to inquire, but that she was of their line is, I think, implied in the fact of her decorating theirtomb. In all the lines of the O’Conor family I can find but one set of names to agree in succession with the inscription; and they were apparently successors in the same line; here they are from the Annals of the Four Mas- ters:
*** A.D, 1293. Manus O’Conor, King of Connaught, a warlike and valiant man, the most victorious, puissant, and hospitable, of the Irish of his time, died, having been ill a quarter of a year.’
«A, D, 1294. Murtogh, the son of Manus O’Conor, the best materies of a provincial king of all his tribe, was slain by Teige (O’Conor), and Donell, the son of Teige.’
“« A.D. 1368. Murtogh, son of Murtogh O’Conor, died.”
The two monuments here described by Mr. Curry had been, one perfectly, the other partially, deciphered fifteen years ago by Dr. O’Donovan, then engaged in the historical department of the Irish Survey. His letter, dated 13th Sep- tember, 1838, is preserved in the singularly interesting collec- tion of letters now at Mountjoy Barracks, in the Phcenix Park. Through the kindness of Major Larcom, Dr. Todd was per- mitted to peruse the volume containing the letter alluded to, and has extracted the following account of the inscriptions in question :—
‘“‘T made every search for inscriptions in this Abbey, but found only four, two painted in fresco on the wall, and two inscribed on stones. On a stone inserted in the wall, at the right-hand side of a tomb, which looks like a small place for an altar, in the choir of the Abbey, is the following inscrip- tion :-—
Oo Mhuleachlamd O’Ceallaio Do | muleachlaind | okeallaid
Oo WR omMan agup do’ mohualamo do | rf | omant | agas | dmdbua
7
igen 1-chonchtip do pine laind | inge | ichonchuir | do rine
Macha O’Cosun m leabais rea matha | ocoqu | in leabatg | sea
_ «© ¢ ForMuleachlaind O’Keallaid, for the King of Hy-Mani, and for Finola, the daughter of O’Conchuir, Mathew O’Cogi made this bed.’
«« The two inscriptions in fresco on the wallare so obliterated that I could not make sense of them. ‘The wall is damp and very much stained, and there is a black scum raised on it by the dropping down of the rain. Mr. Petrie has copied the figures on this wall; perhaps he has also attempted to deci- pher the inscriptions at their feet. If the wall were carefully washed on a summer’s day, and then permitted to dry, a per- son skilled in inscriptions of the age to which these belong, could certainly read a great part of these inscriptions, but without washing the wall it would be impossible to make any sense of them.
«<I cleaned a part of the wall, and deciphered a part of the inscription under the hostage pierced with arrows.
: pro aia Malachie
Cad p aia Malachie
I think it refers to Malachy O’Kelly, for whom the other mo- nument was inscribed. Has Mr. Petrie deciphered this in- seription ?
«IT cannot forget O’Brien’s notice of the figures on this wall. He makes the building a ruin of a pagan temple re- paired into a monastery in the twelfth century by Charles the Redhanded, King of Connaught, and the archers represent the longé jaculans Apollo !”
Having quoted this account of the inscriptions from Dr. O’Donovan’s letter, Dr. Todd proceeded to speak, first, of that on the tomb of Muleachlaind O’Kelly, and his wife Finola. It appeared that Dr. O'Donovan, in his Tribes and Customs of Hy-Many, gaye a different reading of the inscription from
8
that which he had previously made out from the stone itself in his letter to the heads of the Ordnance Survey. In the former he reads o anu as the name of the artist; in the latter, ocogu, or O’ Cogan; in the former he reads leachoarg pea, this stone ; in the latter, leabaig pea, this tomb or sepulchre.
Fortunately, the stone itself had been sent up tg the Exhi- bition, and Dr. Todd was enabled to present to the Academy an accurate rubbing of it, made by Mr. Joseph Huband Smith. From this it appears that, as far as the name of the artist is concerned, both readings are wrong, and that the name is really O’Cogli, or O’Cogley. It is evident, also, that the three concluding words of the inscription are not, in leach- daig sea; but, in leabaig sea, and that Dr.O’ Donovanhad deci- phered them correctly in his letter just quoted, although, in his work on the Tribes and Customs of Hy-Many, he adopts the erroneous reading, in leachdaig sea.
It may be mentioned incidentally that this unquestionable instance of the use of the word leabarg (it. a bed), to signify a tomb, or monumental gravestone, is interesting in reference to another antiquarian controversy. It is known to many of the Academy that this word leabaig, or the synonymous lige, is the name given by the peasantry in every part of Ireland to the monuments which have been called Druids’ altars, proving evidently they were regarded in our national tradi- tion, not as altars, but as tombs, and thus confirming the opi- nion so ably maintained before this Academy by Dr. Petrie (in a Paper which, it is to be regretted, has never been pub- lished),—an opinion which is now adopted generally by Eng- lish and European antiquarians, although some of our learned brethren in Wales still cling to the altar hypothesis.
The Muleachlaind or Maelseachlainn O’ Kelly, mentioned in the inscription, was the twenty-ninth in descent from his great ancestor Maine Mor, and became what was called king or chief of Hy-Many, in 1375. He married, first the daugh- ter of Walter Burke, by whom he had three sons, Rory, Brian, and Conor ; and, after her death, Fianguala, or Finola,
9
daughter of Turlogh O’Conor, by whom he had seven sons. The inscription, now before the Academy, seems to settle the question raised by O’Farrell in his Linea Antiqua, as to whe- ther Finola, or the daughter of Walter Bourke, was his first wife. And it is confirmed by the testimony of the Book of Lecan, and by the fact recorded by the Four Masters, that Finola survived her husband two years, Melachlin having died in 1401, and Finola in 1403.*
These dates, as Mr. Curry has observed, fix the date of the inscription, as well as of the fresco painting; and this conclusion is fully established by the form of the characters in which the inscriptions on both monuments are written ; they are manifestly the black-letter characters ‘of the end of the fourteenth and beginning of the fifteenth century.
It is a singular proof of the ignorance or carelessness of the antiquaries of the last century that Ledwich should have ascribed this inscription to the thirteenth, and that on the fresco painting to the seventeenth century, although they are manifestly incharacters of thesame date. One may indeed fairly doubt whether he had ever seen either inscription, although he did not scruple to dogmatize as to their date. With re- spect to the inscription on the fresco, he makes no attempt to read it, either in the text of his work or in the very inaccurate engraving which he gives of the whole painting, where, though he marks the position of the inscription, he evidently represents it as illegible. |
But Mr. Curry infers from the omission of the usual form: «Pray for Mealachlain, &c.,” at the beginning of the inscrip- tion, and from its being only said that the stone was erected to, or to the honour of, the chieftain and his wife, that they were living when it was put up. Of the erection of monu- mental inscriptions, during the life of the parties mentioned in them, there are many examples; and, in the present in-
* O’Donovan’s Hy-Many, p. 107.
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stance, it is rendered the more probable that such was the case from the space left at the end of the inscription, appa- rently for the insertion of the date of their deaths. If this conjecture be correct, it will follow that the monument must be older than the year 1401, and the troubled state of the country at that period will sufficiently account for the fact that the inscription after the death of the parties to whom it relates was never completed.
Dr. Todd next directed the attention of the Academy to the fresco painting, where the principal inscription, imper- fectly read by Dr. O’Donoyan in 1838, but now completely restored by Mr. Curry, asks the reader to pray for the souls of Malachy, of Finola, and of Conor O’Eddichan, who caused the monumental fresco to be made. The last word is somewhat doubtful ; it may be either jécit, in which case Co- nor O’Eddichan would appear to haye been the artist, ora contraction for fecerunt, in which case we must infer that Ma- lachy, Finola, and O’Eddichan united in getting the fresco executed. The former is probably the true reading.
The fac-simile of the fresco which had been executed for the Committee of the Great Exhibition was hung up upon the wall of the meeting-room of the Academy, and Dr. Todd proceeded to make the following remarks upon it :—
There can be very little doubt that the Finola mentioned in it was the same Finola ni Conchubhuir, who was married to the O’Kelly, and whose name occurs in the former inscription ; and Malachias is beyond all question the Latinized form of her husband’s name, Maelseachlain. If so, this painting was executed after their deaths, as it begins, Ora pro animabus, and Conor O’Eddichan was probably the artist ; it must, there- fore, be dated in 1403, or soon after. The stone was proba- bly placed on the spot where they were actually married, and the fresco painting on the nearest wall that was found large enough for the purpose.
The fresco is divided into two subjects. On the upper
11
part of the wall is the first subject, representing three crowned skeletons, and three crowned figures draped, of whom two bear hawks in their hands, and the third holds a naked sword. On the lower part, to the left, is a figure of the Almighty, represented, as was then usual, in the form of an aged man, with flowing beard; on his breast a dove and large-sized cru- cifixion ; of this, however, slight traces only now remain; the dove and crucifixion have been destroyed, probably by the Cromwellians or Puritans, to whom this mode of representing the Deity was peculiarly offensive. The plaster has in fact been entirely removed from the centre of the figure; an hence some have supposed that it represented not the Al- - mighty, but a Brehon, holding in his left hand a book. What was taken for a book, however, is probably the re- mains of the left arm of the cross, and Dr. Todd was of opi- nion that the former is by far the more natural interpretation of the picture. On the right hand of this figure is an angel holding the balance of judgment, and on his left are two
archers shooting at a naked figure, who stands between them, - tied to a tree, and in whose body several other arrows are sticking, an evident representation of the martyrdom of St. Sebastian.
It has been objected that St. Sebastian does not appear to have been known in Ireland, as his name does not occur in the martyrology of the Four Masters, which was compiled by those eminent scholars from all the then extant sources of Irish Hagiology. And hence it is inferred that the execution represented in the fresco is not what it would appear at first sight to be, but an event of Irish history, the death, namely, of the hostages of Dermot Mac Murchadha, who were executed on the bridge of Athlone by Rory O’Conor, King of Ireland, a.p. 1170. To this conjecture, however, which was first suggested by Ledwich, and has been lately adopted by a much higher authority, there are serious objections. In the first
12
place there seems no reason why, in 1403, an event of such ancient date should be represented in a religious picture at the tomb of Malachy O’Kelly and his wife, individuals who had no other connexion with the event than that the O’Conor, who presided over the execution, was one of her remote ances- tors. But secondly, the Four Masters tell us that there were three victims put to death on this occasion, namely, Diarmaid, the son of Mac Murrough, heir apparent to the throne of Leinster, his grandson, the son of Donnell Cavanagh, and the son of his foster-brother, O’Caellighe. The picture, how- ever, represents only a single victim, and therefore accords more nearly with the martyrdom of St. Sebastian than with the death of Mac Murrough’s hostages ; the figure, moreover, being a naked one, according to the usual representation of St. Sebastian, without any symbol of rank, or other token, which would most probably have been added if the son of Mac Murrough had been intended. Moreover, the fresco, as the inscription shows, was evidently a monumental picture, painted on the walls ofa church, in the very chancel, and consequently with a religious and devotional object; it is much more likely, therefore, that it should depict the martyr- dom of a saint than a barbarous execution, more than two centuries old, with which neither the individuals whose tomb it decorated, nor the clergy ofthe abbey, had any special reference. Nor is it the fact that St. Sebastian’s story was unknown to the ancient Church of Ireland; for although the name of that saint does not occur in the martyrology of the Four Mas- ters, which is exclusively confined to Irish saints, yet it does occur under the form Sapaist, in the older martyrology of Aengus, at the 20th day of January, the very same day on which his memory is celebrated at Rome. We find his name also in the martyrology of Bede, and in all the Calendars of the English and Anglo-Irish Churches, long before the times of Maelseachlain O’Kelly and his wife Finola. See, for ex-
13
ample, the Calendar prefixed to the Book of Obits of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, published by the Archeological Society from a MS. of the thirteenth century.
It remains now to notice the words which appear under the three skeleton kings, in the upper part of the picture, which Mr. Curry reads, man3. mur. mur., and interprets them as contractions of the names Manus, Muirchertach, Muircher- tach.
If we regard them as the names of three departed kings of Connaught, of the O’Conor dynasty, it is not easy to fix exactly the persons who are intended. The Four Masters, in 1293, record the death of Manus O’Conor, king of Con- naught, an event which was the beginning of'a long series of fatal conflicts. His son was named Muirchertach, and this would lead us at first sight to think that we had found two at least of the skeleton kings of the painting. But we are at a loss for a second of the name; and even this Muirchertach does not appear to have ever succeeded to his father’s kingdom, for his murder, by Teige O’Conor and his son Dermot, is recorded in the annals at the very next year, 1294. Still, however, he may have been represented by one of the skele- tons of the fresco, inasmuch as he was the lawful heir of his father, aobap coicceoaig vo eine oa émeod, as he is called by the Four Masters.
His second son was named Manus, and was killed in 1315, where he is called by the Four Masters the most fa- mous and illustrious of the princes of Connaught; so that if the names on the fresco were Manus, Murtogh, and Manus, there would be a high probability that the three skeleton kings represented the extinct line of Manus O’Conor and his two sons, who, although kept from their rights by the supe- rior power of their rival, were nevertheless, de jure, the heirs to their father, and were doubtless regarded by many as the legitimate chieftain. It is therefore a question worth inquir- ing into, whether Mr. Curry has correctly deciphered this
14
part of the inscription, and whether the names are not really man3. mur, man3. The great injuries which the painting has received render it not impossible, notwithstanding Mr. Curry’s usual accuracy, that he may have mistaken the latter word, especially as it appears from his letter that this part of the inscription was read for him by the less experienced eye of his son.
On the death of Manus, we are told by the annalists that Aodh, son of Eogan O’Connor, was made king by the in- fluence of the English Lord Justice or Viceroy, and was maintained in his place by the English interest for many years, and amidst various contests and vicissitudes. At one time he was taken prisoner by Fitzgerald, and Cathal Roe O’Conor took the kingdom; but three months afterwards Cathal was murdered by a near relative, and Aodh returned to power. In 1296, however, we find that Aodh, who had hitherto relied on English support, was deposed by his own tribe, and the Clan Murtough brought in to fill the throne in his place, in the person of Conor Roe, son of Cathal O’Conor. If the correct reading of the inscription, there- fore, be Manus, Muirchertach, Muirchertach, as Mr. Curry gives it, it is not impossible that the second Muirchertach may be intended to stand for this new dynasty of the Clan Murtogh, which derived its name from Muircheartach Muimh- neach O’Conor, who died in 1210, and was the son of the celebrated Turlogh Mor O’Conor, King of Ireland from a.D. 1106 to 1156. The Clan Murtogh, however, continued but a short time in power: their necessities probably led them to pillage the churches and to seize upon the property of the laity. They lost their popularity, and Aodh was restored by the aid of the English and of the Burkes,— “God, the Virgin Mary, and Columbkille,” say the Four Masters, ‘‘having taken vengeance on the Clan Murtogh for despoiling their churches:” and thus Aodh continued in power, and this time apparently with the consent of his tribe,
15
being still supported by the English, until 1309, when he was slain by Aodh Breifneach, the representative and head of his rivals of the Clan Murtough, who the very next year was, in his turn, treacherously murdered, and the line of Aodh returned to power in the person of his son Feidlimidh.
All this, however, was the history of the century previous to the times of Mealseachlain O’Kelly and his wife Finola, and there does not appear any sufficient reason why this par- ticular series of events should have been represented in the fresco, except that Finola appears to have been the grand- daughter of Aodh, son of Eoghan O’Conor, whose history has just been given. And this seems to suggest another reason against the supposition that the execution of Mac Mur- rogh’s son and hostage is the event portrayed in the fresco; for Aodh, son of Eoghan, grandfather of Finola, had been raised to the throne, and maintained there, in opposition to the power of the Clan Murtogh, by the interest of the Eng- lish. It is not probable, therefore, that the barbarous murder of Mac Murrogh’s son, which marked such extreme hostility to the English on the part of the O’Conors, should have been the one event of Irish history selected for the decoration of her tomb. She too, and probably her husband, was more likely, like the rest of her family, to have been in the inte- rest of the English.
It must be admitted, however, that we have no coffe explanation of the three draped and crowned figures in the upper part of the picture. That on the left, it should be ob- served, is bearded, and evidently represents a personage older than the other two, who are of youthful appearance, especially the figure bearing the naked sword on the extreme right. It is possible, however, that these may represent the line of kings in actual possession; but why they are limited to three doesnot very clearly appear. It may be stated as aconjecture, which Dr. Todd stated that he threw out merely as a subject for fur- ther investigation, that there seem to have been three kings
16
of the race to which Finola belonged, as well as three of the extinct race of Manus. Ifso, the draped figures will repre- sent the three royal ancestors of the wife of O’Kelly: viz., Aedh, son of Eoghan, her grandfather, who was slain in 1309; Feidlimidh, his son, who reigned six years, and was slain in the great battle of Athenry in 1316, at the early age of 23; when his rival Ruaidhri or Rory na bfedh (or of the Faes, a territory near Athlone, where he was fostered), one of the Clan Murtogh, took the throne and held it until he was murdered by Cathal, the son of Aodh, in 1321, who then succeeded his brother, and is probably the third of the draped sovereigns; for in 1324 we find another Cathal, of the Clan Murtogh family, styled King of Connaught by the annalists.
The conjecture, therefore, which Dr. Todd threw out as to the meaning of the figures is, that the three skeleton kings represent the extinct race of Manus O’Conor, who died in 1293, and that the draped and living kings represent the three regal ancestors of Finola: viz., Aodh or Hugh, son of Eoghan, who succeeded in 1293; Feidhlimidh, his son, who succeeded in 1310; and Cathal, another son, who appears to have suc- ceeded in 1321.
It is to be understood, however, that this is a mere con- jecture, intended to attract the attention of Irish scholars to the subject, in the hope that the investigation of it may lead to the fuller elucidation of a very obscure period in our his- tory. It may be observed, that the Irish names under the skeleton figures forbid us to suppose the upper part of the picture to have any relation to the martyrdom of St. Sebas- tian, and fully justify us in assuming that this portion of the fresco has relation to Irish or family history.
————————— a
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NovemBer 30th, 1853. (Stated Meeting.)
THOMAS ROMNEY ROBINSON, D. D., PresipEnt, in the Chair.
REsOLVED, on the recommendation of the Council :—
1. That the election of Honorary Members shall take place only at the Stated Meeting in March, instead of in No- vember, as determined by the Academy in the regulations for the election of Honorary Members adopted on the 11th of Ja- nuary, 1847.
2. That the Academy do authorize the expenditure of a
sum not exceeding £50 for the purchase of photographic ap-
paratus for the use of the Academy.
The Secretary read a letter from Lord Talbot de Mala- hide, presenting the following articles, which were lately ex- hibited in the Archeological Court of the Great Industrial Exhibition :—
From Dr. Daniel Wilson, late Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Plaster Casts of—
1. Bronze circular shield, decorated with a classic group in low relief.
2. ‘*Horn of tenure,” richly carved inivory. It formerly belonged to Dr. Samuel Hibbert Ware.
3. Chessman, carved out of walrus tooth, found in the Isle of Skye.
4. Bronze armilla, snake pattern, found at Pitalpin, near Dundee, in 1732.
5. Bronze armlet, dug up in Argyleshire.
6. Bronze armlet, found in a cairn in Aberdeenshire. |
7. Fragment ofa pastoral staff made of oak, found in the tomb of Bishop Tullock, Kirkwall Cathedral, Orkney.
VOL. VI. Cc
18
Electrotypes of—
8. A gold sceptre head, found at Cairnmure, Peebleshire, in 1806, along with three torques and other gold relics.
9. Head ring, or gorget of bronze; found in 1747, about seven feet below the surface, when digging a well at Stitchel, Roxburghshire.—(See Official Catalogue, No. 1903.)
From Lord Talbot de Malahide, fac-similes in copper of bronze weapons found on the property of the Hon. H. T. Liddell, in the county of Northumberland, viz. :
10. A very large spear, with perforated blades; length, 19 inches; breadth, 3°5 inches.
11. A large spear, quite plain; length, 14°8 inches ; breadth, 2°5 inches.
12. A javelin head, length, 7-9 inches ; breadth, 1-4 inches.
13. The blade of a sword, with remains of handle, similar to those found in Ireland, length, 22-1 inches; breadth, 1-6 inches.
14. A sword, with hollow handle, balanced with a ma- nilla, or piece of ring money, length of blade, 15-8 inches; breadth, 1-4 inches.
From Albert Way, Esq., casts in copper of the following bronzes ;—
15. A half mould for casting a flat celt or palstave, with a lateral loop.
16. A half-mould for casting palstaves. The originals of these were found in 1800 in Danesfield, near Bangor, with a bronze palstave, but it had not been cast in either of the moulds. The original moulds were given by William, Bishop of Bangor, to the Marquis of Buckingham; and at the Stowe sale one moiety of each mould was purchased by the Hon. Richard Neville, and are in the Museum at Audley End; the others were purehased for the British Museum.—(See Ar- cheological Journal, vol. vi. p. 386.)
17..A spear-head, with expanding blades; length, 11°8 inches; breadth, 1-9 inches. a
19
18. A spear-head, with broad blade contracting towards point, length, 12:4 inches; breadth, 2:2 inches. The originals of these were found in Greece, and are now in the possession of the Hon. Robert Curzon, Jun., Sussex.
Cast, in metal, of a large armlet, now in the British Mu- seum, made of copper or bronze, ornamented with red and yellow enamel; found with another of the same kind at Drum- mond Castle, Perthshire. Presented by Alexander Nesbitt, Esq., London.
Specimens of a curiously tied cloth, made of vegetable fibre, not unlike new Zealand matting ; with portions of woollen binding and thread; found in a deep cutting in a turf bog in the county of Cavan. Presented by Christopher Flem- ing, M. D.
A large mass of iron conglomerate, composed chiefly of fine chain mail and sand; discovered about nine miles south of Coleraine, in the bed of the lower Bann River. Also an - jron sword, found further down the same ford of Carnroe. Presented by Charles Ottley, Esq., as an addition to the col- lection of Antiquities made by the officers of the Drainage Commission.
Dr. Ball exhibited two specimens from the collection of T. L. Cooke, Esq., of Parsonstown. One of them, he con- sidered, indicated the original form of the object called a Crotal, to which he had drawn attention on a former occa- sion ;* and though the other resembled the former in shape, it appeared to be intended for some other purpose than merely making sound.
Rey. Dr. Graves remarked, that it was improbable that any of the class of objects referred to were Crotals; on the contrary, he believed they were a species of clasp, from their
“ See Proceedings, vol. iii. p. 135. c 2
20
general similitude to a peculiarly shaped fibula found in some ancient burial-places in France.
The President read the following paper on the construc- tion of the Cassegrain Telescope :—
«¢ It is probably known to the Academy that an applica- tion has been made to Government, under the auspices of the Royal Society and the British Association, for the establish- ment of a large reflector in some convenient part of the British dominions, and its employment on a complete survey of the southern nebulz. In the course of the discussion which pre- ceded this application, the construction of the telescope was an object of some importance, and I suggested that it might be desirable to try the Cassegrain : this was thought deserving of attention, and, in the hope that it may be acted on, I offer some rules for determining the dimensions of its parts, which will not be unimportant in so gigantic an experiment. They were investigated by me many years ago, when directing the arrangements of that which Mr. Grubb constructed for the Armagh Observatory. It is 15 inches aperture, and its per- formance is such as to justify an expectation that this form may be made of much greater magnitude.
‘* The Cassegrain has been little used ; in fact, 1 know but of two, besides that referred to, which have been made of larger aperture than 6 inches: one of 18 inches by Lord Rosse, who, however, uses it as subsidiary to his larger telescopes, and has not given special attention to its improvement. The other was made by the elder Tulley about 1800: it was 15 inches aperture, and 7 feet focus; but it appears to have been indifferent ; for, according to the notes of William Walker (a competent judge) it ‘showed Rigel like a shilling, and the companion was not seen at all.’ At that time, however, the
proper method of supporting the great speculum was not known.
21 :
“ The cause of this neglect is perhaps the severe criticism of it which Newton made at the time of its invention: as com- pared to his telescope it is in some respects inferior, though on other grounds than those commonly assigned ; but in others it issuperior. The defects are—
“© 1. In large instruments it is difficult to keep the magnify- ing power sufficiently low, the second image being five or six times as large as what is due to the focal length of the great speculum; and this is essential, because the air is seldom so calm as to admit, with large apertures, of using powers propor- tional to those of lesser instruments.
«<2. The rays have to pass thrice the length of the tube; while in the equivalent Newtonian it is twice the length: the tube is, however, shorter in the first instance, so that the ac- tual spaces are as 1:1:28. As there is almost invariably a difference of temperature between the great speculum and the air in the tube, the latter is affected with eddies and currents, which cause indistinct vision in proportion to the quantity of disturbed medium which the rays traverse.
«« 3. The small mirror is larger than in the Newtonian, and therefore stops a little more of the central rays.
‘¢ It was also objected by Newton that the field of view must be small, and that the reflection is more intense in the incidence of 45 on his small mirror, than at the perpen- dicular. é,
«< Of these the greater length of the light path is the only valid objection, and even this may probably be made less po- tent by establishing a downward current in the tube, or by apertures in it, to let the heated air escape freely. The mag- nifying power can be such as just to allow of the eye taking in the whole pencil, below which one cannot go without giving up part of the advantage of an instrument’s size. The field can be quite as large asin the Newtonian. The loss of light by the difference of the small mirror is insignificant, the more so as the central rays are really the least valuable of all:
22
indeed even with achromatics we find that sometimes a difh- cult object is best seen when the central part of it is covered. The reflection at 45° from metal is, in fact, a little fainter than the perpendicular one, from which incidence its intensity de- creases slowly till it becomes a minimum between 60° and 70°.
“¢ The advantages of the Cassegrain are :—
“1. The tube is shorter.
«<2, The observer is near the ground; he can easily be sheltered, and the eye-piece travels in a sphere of small ra- dius: while with the Newtonian he requires a complex appa- tus to support him, expensive and bulky.
‘¢3. Any error of the large speculum can be corrected by figuring the small one to meet it. This, which was long since pointed out by Ramsden, is of much importance in large in- struments; for it is far easier, if the large speculum has not been perfectly figured, to let it abide, and work the other to it, having a few inches’ aperture, and weighing a few pounds, than to dismount and move one of a couple of tons,—the more so as as the control which is had over the process of polishing is very much greater in the first case. I say this from experience; for the great speculum of the Ar- magh was made parabolic, that it might be used as a Newto- nian, and the other was worked to correspond to it, as ‘while spherical it gave but an indifferent definition.
‘4, Ifthe curvature of the second image be compared with the greater focal length of the ocular part which is re- quired to give the same magnifying power, it will be found that the field is flatter with the single lens, or Huygenian eye- pieces, than in the Newtonian.
*¢5, The second image is so much larger than the primary one as to afford much facility for micromatic measurement.
“©6, The adjustment of the specula is more easily verified.
‘* These seem to me sufficient to invite the attention of any who are engaged in the construction of large telescopes to
23
this form, and to make it desirable that its principles should be developed more fully than is done by the existing treatises on Optics. Their formule do not include the magnitude of the emergent pencil, or the distance of distinct vision, the lat- ter of which I noticed in a former communication as an ele- ment of magnifying power, and both of which are important in this inquiry.
‘¢ The data are—
‘“‘(a) The eye must take in the whole pencil of rays which the great speculum received from the point which is examined, and which I assume to be on its axis. This diameter cannot exceed the maximum aperture of the pupil, which Sir W. Herschel determined to be two-tenths of an inch, or, taking the foot as unit, ¢4.
© (6) The small mirror must receive the whole of the cen- tral pencil: if its magnitude be-only sufficient for this it loses a little of the oblique pencils, but not enough to lessen the brightness materially. In a field of 10’ the edge will be about one-ninth less bright than the centre.
“‘(c) The eye must be distant from the-last-image, real or virtual, by the quantity V, in order to have sharp vision. This distance was formerly assumed = 8 inches, but is less: the mean of my eyes, of my two assistants, and another indi- vidual, gives it = 6:42; Sir David Brewster makes it as low as 5, but I think it may be taken 6, or 6:5.
“‘(d) The first lens of the eye-piece (and the aperture in the great speculum) should have the same diameter as the small speculum for the lowest power; if less, it-contracts the field of view; if larger, it lessens the effective surface of the ' great speculum. Hence the last ray is parallel to the axis.
*‘(e) The last image must be near the hinder surface of the great speculum box, in order to apply a micrometer. The distance between this and the surface of the speculum is about one-fifth of its aperture. |
* Let Ff’, J” be the focal lengths of the specula, and
24
the first lens, A, a, a’, their apertures; d and d’ the distances of the first and second images from the second speculum; M the magnifying power, and 6 the field of view: we have
a =a, and from Fa
ie The parallelism of the bounding ray gives
@ = cotan 1’ x 2 = cotan 1’. —
«©The simplest ocular arrangement is to view the last image with the unaided eye. As, however, this telescope re- quires an eye-stop, or aperture, placed so as to transmit no light except what comes from the small mirror, a lens must be used to form an image of that at the stop. This lens will also form an image of the second image. Let ¢ be the dis- tance of the second image behind the lens, u that of the third image in the same direction, wu’ that of the image of the small mirror, and 2 the section of the central pencil at the eye-stop :
of. Ff @-9), , Vert),
op eee df ee ee Ease. f HES
The condition of distinct vision gives
V=u-4u; -9(@- 2) =f" -F a. Developing which, and fase terms affected with —-
whence
- —-, and
d upwards, o=f' ee ei ; combining which with the value of a, we obtain a value of d’. This quantity is also in general
Pe = ges
25
and as a, the aperture of the lens, is, according to the usual practice of opticians, = 4’, we derive
a( 62-763 + 7) — 0°18823a? — 0:00394 a3 = F + = The proposed reflector is to have A = 4 feet; and if we make F= 9A, which is Lord Rosse’s proportion ; we shall find a=0°5135, or 6°16 inches.
‘¢ From this follow f= 5:38, f = 1:03, d=4°62, d’= 32°74; the distance of mirrors = 31:38, M= 240; and @=6'-92. The field of view is too small, but the arrangement may be conve- nient from the sharpness of vision obtained with the single lens.
‘¢ From what has been stated as to the power of correcting the figure of the large speculum by the small one, it does not seem necessary that / should be so great; in the Armagh te- lescope it is only 7°5A, and may be 8A. On this supposition we find
a = 04641 = 5°57 inches.
f = 424. f' = 0-93. M = 240. d = 3-71. 0 = 6°25. d’ =29°59.
Distance of mirror = 28°29.
The Huyghenian eye-piece is much to be preferred in this case. Init 3f” =’, and the distance of the lenses = 2 f”. This combination, it must be remembered, is not achromatic unless the rays emerge parallel, but where the lenses are so large as they are here, the colour is scarcely perceived. De- noting, as before, by ¢ the distance of the second image from the field-glass ; by wu and z the distance of the two succeeding images from the lenses which form them; by wand z’ those of the images of the small speculum, the last of which is at the eye-stop, we have
26 fy L(0H8), eS,
ue
oth’ 29-f d-9-f" ie iy a itt, oa sn Gey) ene
The condition of distinct vision gives V= z+ 2, whence is derived
, Bo aE Fb ox vy : Sp eae eae — 2 —: 26=d +f - (a >) or nearly =f" +f’ + op
using which in 2, and setting 2a for x, we have d” — 60a*d' = 120a‘, Equating the value of d’ given by this to its general one, we
have
Si —- 3) + 60°790a?— 0°63151a' + 0°43461a4 — 0°29979a'+ Ke. A ea F+ 5 With F = 9A = 36, this gives a = 0°7115 = 8°54 inches.
f = 8-02.
f= 1-423. M = 240.
d = 6-40. @ = 13°88. d' = 31-34.
Distance of mirror = 29°60. With F = 8A = 32 we have
a = 0°6760 = 8:11 inches.
JS = 6°68.
f= 1°35. M = 240. d=5-4l. @ =13°88. d' = 28°30.
Distance of mirror = 26°59.
In these the field is as large as can be obtained with this power m any telescope without a triple eye-glass.
27
«¢ The Newtonian does not require the same exactness in its arrangement, but I add the formula for it. The data are, that the image must be outside the tube, distant from the axes }A4+m+o-u; m may be neglected if the tube be iron; the eye must receive the whole pencil; and the eye- stop, placed at the image of the large speculum, must be V distant from the last image of the object. With a single lens, calling 2b the axis minor of the small speculum,
Ib. y LEH), AVS =9), fag) Fs fg’
2-5 (24); pment os 48 bie
&
The condition of vision is
V=u+u, whence
oe ya prss) pe,
and the expression of x gives
F Ped (3 i‘ car) whence f' Pree cde o 2 J at as of get) ht gga) 130°
which for F = 36 = 94 gives
2b = 0:2222 = 2°67 inches.
f' = 01575 =1:89 ,,
M = 240.
@ = 8°37. : For the Huyghenian the formule given for the Cassegrain apply, changing d' into F, and a, when it belongs to the small speculum, to A: ::
b= a(5 +o -u)s 9. 4 (os ey _ )
F Zi ‘
28
We thus obtain : - F2 : at Y : Sietths Tae o=5(1 3 =
2b = 0°2308 = 2°77 inches. J’ = 0°2998 = 3°60 ,, M = 240.
@ = 13°46.
whence
‘«‘ The field here is nearly the same as in the Cassegrain ; with the single lens it is something larger, which arises from that lens acting differently in the two cases, in that it dimi- nishes the image, and therefore requires an increased value of d’.”
DEcEMBER 12TH, 1853.
THOMAS ROMNEY ROBINSON, D.D., Presipent, in the Chair.
Tue Rey. H. Luoyp, D. D., read a supplemental note “ on the magnetic influence of the moon.”
Ina previous communication* the author had shown, from a discussion of the observations made at the Magnetical Ob- servatory of Dublin, that the magnetic declination was subject to a small periodical variation dependent upon the moon’s hour-angle, the north pole of the magnet deviating twice to the east, and twice to the west, in the course of the lunar day. It was, of course, to be expected that a similar variation would be found to affect the other two magnetic elements. In order to trace its existence, and to determine its law, in the case of the horizontal component of the magnetic intensity, the author
* Proceedings, May 9, 1853.
ye
has since discussed the two-hourly observations made with the bifilar magnetometer in the years 1841, 1842, 1843, the whole series being re-arranged according to the moon’s hour-angle, in the manner already described in the corresponding inves- tigation relating to the declination. No correction has been applied for temperature, the effect of the diurnal variation of temperature being assumed to be eliminated in this mode of grouping the results.
The following Table contains the yearly mean results for the several lunar hours, reckoned from the time of the moon’s upper meridian passage. The numbers are the differences between the horizontal intensity at each hour, and that of the entire day, expressed in millionths of the intensity. The re- sults are given for each year separately, and for the mean of the three :—
TaBiE I.—Diurnal Variation of the Horizontal Intensity related to the Moon’s Hour-Angle. Yearly Means.
Hours. 1841. 1842. 1843. Mean.
0 = 45 ee” + 34 - 16 2 — 130 — 94 - 9 - 78 4 - 57 0 -— 18 ie 6 + 6 + 64 -1l + 19 8 +173 +94 + 55 + 107 10 +116 + 80 + 30 a iG 12 + 80 - 4 - 2 + 25 14 + 62 — 50 — 32 sy, 16 — 100 — 4] — 82 =a 18 = N8D — 32 —14 — 42 20 + 47 — 25 + 55 + 12 22 — 27 + 9 -— 4 ai G,
It appears from the foregoing Table that the horizontal component of the magnetic intensity is subject to a periodical variation in the course of the lunar day, analogous to that already established in the case of the declination. The hori-
30
zontal intensity is a minimum at about 2 and 16 (lunar) hours, and a maximum at about 8 and 20 hours. The mean amount of the fluctuation is 86 millionths of the intensity, when the moon is to the east of the meridian, and 185 millionths, when it is to the west.
The summer and winter lunations yield analogous results. These are given in the following Table :-—
Fase I].—Diurnal Variation of the Horizontal Intensity related to the Moon’s Hour-Angle, in Summer and in Winter.
Hours. Summer. Winter. 0 + 8 — 21 2 — 104 - 61 4 aay i + 27 6 Gee sl + 32 8 + 96 fe 119 10 + Work! + 74 12 + 57 - 6 14 + 9 — 22 16 - 80 | — 69 18 -— 39 — 46 20 + 21 + 4 22 + 27 — 42
ext
If it be assumed that the total intensity undergoes no change,—or, in other words, that the variation above deduced is produced by a change in the inclination alone,—we can in- fer the latter. Its law will of course be similar to that of the horizontal intensity, the greatest inclination corresponding to the least intensity, and vice versd. The total amount of the change, on this supposition, is 0°22, or about one-fourth of the corresponding change of the declination. The magnitude of the change of direction of the resultant magnetic force in
the perpendicular plane (= change of declination x cos inclina- tion) is 0°27.
31
Rey. H. Lloyd, D. D., read the second part of a paper “on the Meteorology of Ireland, as deduced from the observations made in 1851 under the direction of the Royal Irish Aca-
demy.”
JANUARY 9TH, 1854. THOMAS A. LARCOM, Esa., V. P., F.R.S., &e., in the Chair.
J. Thomas Rosborough Colclough, Esq.; and J: Butler Pratt, Esq., were elected Members of the Academy.
On the recommendation of the Council it was Resolved :—
To insert the following By-Law, between Nos. 6 and 7 of Chap. vu. of the Statutes of the Royal Irish Academy :—
‘< Donations received and acknowledged.”
‘The Secretary presented, from James F. Bland, Esq., a very exact and beautiful model ofthat remarkable and curious ancient structure called Staig Fort, situated on the property of Mr. Bland, near Kenmare, county Kerry. The model was made of portions of stone selected from the original building, and constructed on the spot by Messrs. Thomas and William Jermyn, the tenants of the farm on which the Fort stands.
Professor Allman read a paper on the structure of the starch granule obtained from the potato.
The author combated the theory of involution recently proposed by Martin, and modified by Busk; he maintained _ that the conclusions to which these observers arrived were drawn from incorrect interpretation of the phenomena, and that the appearance of unrolling or unfolding of the granule
32
under the action of hot water or mineral acids was a purely secondary phenomenon, and dependent on a condition in- duced in the granule by the action of these reagents. The immediate effect of this action is a swelling up of the granule, but the latter, not at once responding to the action of the re- agents uniformly over its whole surface, certain portions of the surface are first elevated into ridges or projections, which neces- sarily leave depressions of greater or less depth between them, and the appearances which have been mistaken for an unrolling or unfolding of the original granule are due to the act of formation of these ridges, but especially to the rolling outwards of the intervening depressions when these, in their turn, al- most immediately afterwards, respond to the action of the re- agents.
The author believes that there is no difficulty in demon- strating in the most undeniable way the composition of the starch granule out of a series of hollow concentric lamelle. If potato starch previously exposed to the prolonged action of a rather weak alcoholic solution of iodine be treated under the microscope with sulphuric acid diluted with about one- fourth water, the granules will, for the most part, present a beautiful dissection of the lamelle from one another, which will then be plainly seen to consist of a series of hollow con- centric shells. In this experiment a solution was generally employed formed by mixing equal parts of water and the com- mon tincture of iodine; and the granules were exposed to its action for the space of two or three weeks.
The author also maintained, that while the various la- mellz are probably all identical in chemical composition—for they present no difference in their behaviour towards iodine,— they possess, nevertheless decided differences of another kind, which appear to be referable to conditions of integration.
These differences are beautifully demonstrated by the ac- tion of acetic acid on the granule, previously slightly iodinized and treated with sulphuric acid ; when thus operated on, the
33
internal layers will be seen to withdraw themselves from the ex- ternal, in the form first of a wrinkled membrane ; and this, gra- dually contracting towards the centre, the granule will finally appear as a spherical smooth-walled vesicle, with fluid con- tents, and with an irregular nucleus-like body—the altered internal layers—lying upon some part of the inner surface of its walls.
The author believes, with Schleiden, that the so-called ‘“‘ nucleus” of Fritsche is a minute cavity in the unaltered gra- nule, becoming greatly enlarged by the action of a high heat, as in roasting. The contents of this cavity are rendered blue by iodine, and assume a granular appearance under the action of acetic acid; they are probably fluid or amorphous amylum.
From the appearance frequently presented by the granule under the operation of certain re-agents, and especially during the commencing action of hot water, it would seem to follow that there are definite lines of cleavage in the granule at right angles with the concentric lamelle.
In conclusion, the author maintained, that the structure of the starch granule, as advocated in the present paper, was much more in accordance with the centripetal than with the centrifugal theory of its growth; but that, while it is to be viewed as really a laminated vesicle, it cannot be properly included in the category of the true organic cell.
Dr. Neligan objected, that if the internal and external coats of the potato starch granule be different in constitution, the chemical test commonly applied to distinguish the differ- ent kinds of starch would be inapplicable. Wheaten starch, when triturated slightly, is not as readily coloured by iodine as the starch produced from potatoes, and this seemed to him to be inconsistent with Dr. Allman’s theory.
Mr. L. Moore made some observations in reference to the experiments and observations made by Dr. Allman and others who have studied the structure of the starch granule.
VOL. VI. D
34
The Rev. Professor Graves communicated the following method of solving a large class of linear differential equations by the application of certain theorems in the calculus of ope- rations :—
1. If g and yf be any functions whatsoever of x, and mand r any numbers, positive or negative, whole or fractional, the symbolic equation
(D+ 9+) y-y (D+ 9+ C2P*)
holds good for any subject which we may conceive operated on by its two members. it will be convenient to put
te pI) pr © it
so that the preceding equation may be written in the form A yr” = PW Ansr-
And operating on this again with the symbol {-"( _) ¥", we get
PrAn = Amir po" 2. It is easy to show that, for \ and wany functions of 2, (D +X) (D+ w)-(D+p)(D+rA) =H -X. Therefore, if be any function of x, and m any number,
AD) (Dey) Aa eE (5), whence
AvA(D+ x)={ (D+ y) Art 9-7() bbe Ac 6): If we now suppose that
Xx-p=ep’, (1)
where ¢ is some constant, this becomes
A,A,(D+ x) =(D + x) ArAot {2eprr-r(3) } do
whence again,
35
Ay A,A,(D + x) = { (D+ ) Aer tep-r- 2(¥ |} ards
+Aby { 2eyr* - (2) } 4.
But if we further suppose that
k being some constant, the last equation assumes the simpler form,
A.A, A.(D + x) =(D+ x) AwArAo+ (8¢-3rk)P7A,Ao. And continuing the same process, we should find generally
AnrAn-1r yom Agate (D+ x) = (D+ x) (Ann Atnetyy ...ApAo + {(n+l)e- slash rh) b-" Aim-ayp «Ay Ao
Or, since by the theorem in § 1 the variable part of the last term is equal to
Any Acn-1)r shay's A, Arp", n(n+1 fee... ... A TAD y)— (Cas lc - ae vr] = (D 3P x) Ac A n-ayr see A,rAas
3. This last formula enables us to effect the solution of the linear differential equation
[D+ 9)(D+x) — {es De ee a ar] y— x, @)
whenever the conditions (1) and i are satisfied; as it fur- nishes us in that case with the means of inverting the operator in the left-hand member. Thus we find
y= A} Ay... Ay (Dryyt An... AgpA,X. 4. As regards the conditions (1) and (2), it will be ob- served, that the latter limits the nature of the function y, whilst
the former makes the difference between e and y to depend upon that same function. ‘
oo
D2
36
The solution of the equation
($)-w
may be obtained by putting y = 2* where s is as yet indeter- minate; thus it is reduced to
Ss (=) = hz", z
And if we now determine s by making rs = 2, we get 22" — 2 = x = Differentiating this again, we find zz” -2z2' =0, the integral of which is 2’+a’z=0;
therefore, 2e(P' 4 a} 0, and
= {(D + at) 0}F 5: To exemplify this theory we may assume yf = 2”;
yp a m Wigs yee 5 + _¢ whenee ( gee, teeth m, and @— ¢ =¢,
The general formula becomes, therefore, in this case
{ (D+ 9) (D+ p+a-5)- Caese ee
By making c = 0, and writing - m in place of 2, this be- comes
{(D+9)(D+ 9+ o) ~ MRD) 92x,
which is equivalent to a general soluble form which Dr. Har- greave has obtained by an entirely different method.*
* Phil. Trans., 1848, p. 35.
37 6. Or we may assume vy = (cos x)"; whence (5) =— 2m sec? 2, 7 = - k=- 2m, and 0-g=c,+¢ tan2.
Tn this case the general formula (3) becomes [(D+9)(D + ¢+e.4etan2)-(n+1)(c+n) sec? a] y= X. By putting ¢ =c,, and c=0, this is reduced to {(D + ¢) (D+ &)-n (n+1) sec? x} y= X, which is the equation solved by Dr. Hargreave at p. 52, in the Paper already referred to, and from a particular case of
which he derives the solution of the equation of Laplace’s functions.
Sir Robert Kane read a paper by the Rev. Professor Callan, on the results of a series of experiments on the decompo- sition of water by the iron galvanic battery, with the view of obtaining a brilliant lime light.
38
JANUARY 23RD, 1854.
THOMAS ROMNEY ROBINSON, D.D., PresipeEnt, in the Chair.
On the recommendation of the Council it was Resolved, that the following By-Law be adopted :—
«¢ That no Member whose subscription shall be due on the 30th November in each year shall have the privilege of voting on or after that date, until his subscription be paid up.”
The President read the following Paper on a new method of measuring the angular aperture of the objectives of micro- scopes.
‘‘ Shortly after the commencement of those improvements which have made the microscope such a powerful instrument of research, it was observed that complete freedom from aber- ration and high magnifying power are not sufficient alone to give perfect vision to a certain class of objects; but that these essential qualities must be combined with a large angle of aperture. The scales of Lepidoptera and Thysanura, and still more the siliceous valves of certain Diatomacez, are well- known examples of this fact; and to the use of them as tests we mainly owe the astonishing progress which has lately been accomplished in this department of optical art. Several among us remember the admiration which was excited by the first objectives of 20° or 30° aperture, and which became still more enthusiastic when Ross carried this element to 60°, which was considered a ne plus ultra. But as objectives were improved, more difficult tests were found which stimulated progress, till angles of 170° and upwards have been obtained, by this great optician with us; by Nachet in France; and Spencer in Ame- rica. The combination of science and operative skill which is
39
required to produce such miracles of art cannot be too much praised; and up to a certain point it must be confessed, that the performance of these objectives corresponds fully to their promise. It seems to me, however, that in the extreme cases to which I refer, there is not unfrequently some defect of con- struction which prevents them from being quite as effective as their great aperture might lead us to expect.
‘¢ The effect of angular aperture is merely an increase of illuminating power* analogous to that of linear aperture in a
A Cc B
E O ¥F
telescope. Let O be a point of an object seen by an ob- jective whose anterior surface is AB. This point, in the case of a test object, may be considered as self-luminous and equally so in every direction. Therefore, the light which it sends to the objective is measured by the portion of the hemisphere ECF, which is included by the cone AOB. If all that light came to the eye, the illumination would be mea-
sured by 47 sin? : , 0 being = AOC; but this is never the
ease. The object is almost invariably covered with a piece of thin glass, both whose surfaces reflect a portion of the light if it be mounted dry, one only if it be in balsam.f A
* It does not depend on greater convergence of the rays; when the disked stop, hereafter described, was placed in a quarter 105° aperture, the ring of the objective left free showed a test object just as the same illuminating power of an ordinary one would do.
+ For objects in balsam no light can escape at a greater incidence than 46°; therefore, notwithstanding the absence of the first reflexion, they will be less illuminated than in the other way. It is in fact equivalent to re- ducing the aperture of the objective below 100°, as far as illumination is concerned, though a much larger one may be required to take in the pencil ; and it should not be used when it is desired to see details of the utmost minuteness.
40
similar loss occurs by the reflexion at the first surface of the objective, which, like the cover, is plane; and at all the others which are uncemented. To compute these last would re- quire a plan of the objective’s construction ; but as I only wish to give an approximate estimate of the effect of aperture, and as the incidences there, and consequently the reflexions are comparatively small, it is sufficient to consider the loss of light at the first surface and at the cover alone. Further, as the first lens is dense flint glass, and the cover of the ordinary sort, the loss by the two reflexions may be assumed as equal to that caused by the single one of the lens. Taking for the dense flint, « = 1°67, we can compute, by the help of a well- known formula of Fresnel, Z the intensity of light trans- mitted at the incidence @: the element of the hemisphere which transmits this light = 27. sin 0. d@; and therefore, the quantity of light transmitted by the first surface is—
For an uncovered object, . . . . 2fZsin 6d6. Foracovered, . .. . . . - 2afJ*sinOd0.
As yet, however, I have never seen an objective which, when compensated for uncovered objects, has a very large angle; and in some of them the difference is very great. No.4, when set to the mark “ uncovered” (which, I presume, was correctly placed by its maker), gave only 70°. From the short working distance which is inseparable from a large aperture, it is not a desirable mode of using them, as there is a great chance of the lens being sullied.*
** The following Table gives a few values of these angles,
omitting the factor 7.
*« This reasoning assumes that the light transmitted through the cover is not less reflexible that it was before transmission.
4l
First Sur-
Aperture. T=1. Uncovered. | Covered. | face curved 0 =75°. ‘, 20° 1-74 1:62 1°53 1:52 40° 6°91 6:47 6:07 6:06 60° 15°35 14:37 13°47 13°46 80° 26°81 25:07 23°45 23°46 100° 40:93 38°12 35°52 35°60 120° 57°30 52:90 48°86 49°21 130° 66°16 60°38 55°33 56°14 140° 75°40 67:93 61:89 63.05 145° 80°13 71.25 64:70 66°39 150° 84°93 75°23 67-26 69°69 155° 89°79 78:09 69°70 72°83 160° 94-69 81-68 71:54 75°89 165° 99°63 84:77 73°11 78°73 170° 104:60 86:56 73°97 81:52 175° 10959 88°43 74°33 84°17 180° 114°59 88°60 74:52 86°84
‘These numbers (which, from neglecting the remaining reflexions, must give rather too much weight to the larger apertures) show clearly that, especially for covered objects, nothing is gained above 150° at all commensurate to the dif- ficulty of constructing such objectives. But in addition to this, I wish to call attention to the fact, that the whole of these great apertures is not in every case thoroughly effective.
«<The mode of measuring them which is commonly used is that given by Mr. Lister, in which the microscope is at- tached to the alidad of a circular instrument, with its objective over the centre, and directed towards a luminary at some dis- tance. Looking into it, the field is filled with light, which, on turning the alidad, is seen to have a circular boundary: if this be brought from each side to the middle of the field, the intercepted arc is the aperture.* For objectives of considerable
* When the aperture is very large, there is a sluggishness in the appa- rent movement of the boundary, which makes me have some doubt of the accuracy of the process ; it seems almost stationary in No. 6.
42
focal length, this process is unexceptionable; but does not succeed so well with those of high power and aperture; the boundary is very faint, and sometimes difficult to observe. This is especially the case if the light be not uniformly dif- fused, or if the boundary be irregular; and if there be any false light, it is impossible to distinguish it from that which really contributes to vision.
«‘This was strikingly the case with an objective which lately came under my examination ; it was a sixteenth, said by its maker to be 160°, and in which light actually was visible to that extent, though not satisfactorily. When, how- ever, it was tried on the Pleurosigma Fasciola, it could not (even with the most oblique illumination that Amici’s prism can give) be made to show this test better than a twelfth from the same artist, whose aperture is only 129°. This unex- pected result made me seek some mode of measurement which would not only give the angle of aperture, but also show how the light was distributed; and the following seems to fulfil both these requirements.
** As a lucid point in the focus of the objective sends out from the eye-piece rays nearly parallel, so light sent in the op- posite direction through the microscope will converge at that focus, and then diverge in a cone whose angle equals the aperture of the objective. If this cone be intercepted at right angles to its axis by a screen, and the diameter of its section, together with the distance of the screen from the surface of the objective, be carefully measured, they give the aperture. If S be the diameter of the section, D the distance, O the diameter of the objective, and J that of the image of the luminary used which is formed in its focus:
AS +0 O
sae WORF BMRA
the upper sign being used if the section is measured within the penumbra, and vice versd. In my practice J was so small
ne ‘tie.
43
that the second factor is = unity, for I directed the light of the sun into the instrument by means of the reflecting part of a solar microscope, and not only got measures with extreme facility, but had at once a beautiful map of the objective’s light-territory.
‘No.1. As a term of comparison I began with a quarter of known excellence. The section was a neat circle nearly uniformly bright, surrounded by a penumbra also equally well-defined. ‘The measures were taken to 0°005, and they gave (denoting their results by A’, and those of the ordinary process by A),
(AME BURN BE fh snk ond: = BOS C8S* which for such determination may be reckoned identical.
«¢ No. 2. The sixteenth just mentioned presented a very different appearance. The central part of the section was bright, with a jagged outline formed by dark bands spreading outwards in the direction of radii very far; so far indeed, that T could not trace their end, or see any boundary of the sec- tion. Between these bands were stripes of light, but so mottled and confused as to satisfy me that this part of the illumination could not give distinct vision. Looking directly at the objective, light could be seen even at an obliquity of 85°. The bright part within the radial shadows was not ex- actly circular; but, taking an average diameter, I found for the part which seemed to me alone likely to give effective vision,
OP ashe ak ACS R60?
‘¢ No 3. The twelfth, also referred to, is much better: the section was toothed all round like a wheel, but to no great extent, and a defined boundary was visible. The diameter of the bright part gave
A'=109°,3, 2. . »| A=129°,0. ee
* The compensation of these lenses was adjusted by the Pleurosigma Angulata.
44
This explained the equal performance of these objectives, by showing that in fact the effective portions of their apertures were nearly the same.
«No. 4. A similar twelfth, but not quite so good, gave for the bright part, and for the limit of the radial stripes of light,
Al 102°, 005034 = Ter Gen «. Ao Taio
«No. 5. A tenth, said to be of 156°, had the same jagged edge of shadows fading to darkness without any definite ter- mination ; the light stripes were fainter than usual.
ASA ae: oe ARO eee
In the usual method light could be seen through 159°, but was unbroken only through 115°.
‘¢ No.6. A twelfth, said to be 170°, and in which light was seen through 169°, but for much of that arc so streaky, that I was prepared to find its performance not quite conformable to its aperture, though its workmanship is of the highest order. It presented in the solar apparatus the same appearance as No. 2, with this exception, that the bright central part was not uniform, two-thirds of it being brighter than the rest, and the change rather abrupt; three or four of the radial shadows were also much broader and blacker than the rest. For the clear diameter,
A= VOPR. fe on ay eh TO
On looking at this objective, light (and pretty bright too) could be seen even at 90°; which induced me to establish a second microscope, power 41, and fitted with a shade- glass, to examine the image of the sun which was formed in the focus of the objective. This image, whose diameter was 0:0007, was seen through a considerable range as a well-de- fined circle; but at last a bright curve, probably the edge of
one of the cells, was seen to approach it o} When it came
into contact with this it became deformed, and increasing the
45
angle, it was drawn out into a brilliant line accompanied by several other images, which caused much confusion, but it was quite visible as faras 170°. All, I think, after it touched the image of the cell, were useless.*
«¢ This objective was tried on that most difficult test, the Grammatophora Subtilissima, which it did show, but not nearly so well as a sixth of 132°, whose whole aperture was found to be quite perfect: the image which it gave was of a shadowy character, contrasting very unfavourably with the sharp definition of its companion; a result quite obvious if it be considered that the good part of its aperture is only 123°, and that the effect of all the rest must be actually injurious. This was verified by introducing behind the objective a stop
* This mode of examining the aperture may, in many instances, be useful to opticians, as it can be performed with a camphine lamp. If the ex- amining microscope be fixed on the alidad of the instrument, and that to be examined on a radial slide, light being transmitted through its eye-piece, and both be slided till their focal points be in the axis of rotation (which is ascertained by the image of the flame not moving when the alidad is shifted), it will be found that the image will continue sharp and distinct if the aper- ture be good, till:—1. It begins to decrease in brightness; 2. Its edge dis- appears; and 3. Lastly, it vanishes entirely.
Let R be the are between the points where any of these facts are ob- served on each side, and a the aperture of ex. microscope’s objective:
a (R + a) O Lee See tan 3 4 = tan ~ — XO=T
_ SatER +h) _ 9/6 Oy has ey ent sheen eae TT EE
the (R-a) O RS) ae PERE Bd tan 5) XOqT’
The first of these is the least accurate.
If the objective have the defect just described, the image retains its brightness, but becomes deformed after a certain angle. In this way I esti- mated by the formula 2, the good part of No. 6 to be = 122°, 75, not far from the result given in the text. Four other objectives of large aperture gave by it measures according with those of Mr. Lister’s method; though, among them also, one of 105 was indistinct for a few degrees.
46
of 0°125 diameter, which cuts off the irregular part. With this the Angulatum was seen in the most satisfactory man- ner; but when it was replaced by one carrying a central disc of 0°125, which stops out the good part, it would scarcely show even a trace of lines on the coarsest Pleuro- sigmata.
«¢ These facts, I trust, are sufficient to show the necessity of attending not merely to the amount of aperture, but also to its quality. The objectives which I have examined are all of first-rate excellence in the good part of their apertures : I have not named their makers, nor the friends to whose kindness I am indebted for the power of examining so pre- cious a collection, because it might lead some to unjust con- clusions respecting the merits of the former. It is from no wish to depreciate the debt of gratitude which we owe them, or to undervalue the wonderful skill which they have shown in correcting aberrations so perfectly as they have done in these very objectives, that I make this communication, but from a wish to point out to them a defect which they will be able easily to remedy, and which at present occasion- ally interferes with their complete-success. What its cause is can only be determined by one familiar with the construc- tion of the objectives, but it probably arises from some of the lenses being so small that their edges meet the lumi- nous pencil and reflect false light. I am induced to suspect this from observing that when in No. 6 the first lens was separated from the others by a revolution of the compensating screw beyond its proper adjustment (in which state, however, it would have no definition), the radial shadows disappear altogether, and A’ = 110°,3. Reducing the separation by a fourth of the revolution, they are seen, but of no great length, and enveloped in a blue zone, which surrounds the bright centre, the latter giving A’= 139°, 9. This increase of dis- tance has the effect of stopping out the margins of the other
47
-
lenses. The disturbance, however, may also be owing to the brass of the cells, but if so the remedy is the same, namely, increasing a little the diameter of the posterior lenses. It is true that this involves an increase of their thickness, and of course a considerable change in the combination. I would also suggest another alteration, in case it be thought de- sirable still to make objectives of these extreme apertures ; that the anterior surface be concave instead of plane. I do not suppose this would much increase the difficulty of the work of correction, and in fact No. 5 was so constructed. To show how much illumination would be gained by this, I have computed the fourth column of the Table, supposing the curvature such that the final incidence is 75°, and the object covered ; from which it will be seen, that the difference at the limits is nearly the full power of an objective of 60° aper- ture, and that it almost compensates for the loss of light due to the cover.”
The Rey. Dr. Todd read a Letter which he had received from William H. Harvey, M. D., written in Ceylon in No- vember last, giving an account of his botanical and zoological collections. He also exhibited a restoration by Joseph H. Smith, LL.D., made from a rubbing of an ancient Irish in- scribed grave-stone, with an inscription.
Dr. Petrie made some remarks upon the inscription.
The Rey. Dr. Todd presented a Walloon tobacco-box, with several Flemish inscriptions, from the Rev. William Thomp- son, said to have been found on the person of a soldier slain in the Battle of the Boyne.
48
Sir W. R. Hamilton having arrived after the period for reading papers, handed in a notice of his being ready to read his paper on the geometrical interpretation of biquaternions.
Dr. Petrie presented an ancient brass cauldron found at Sallow Glin, near Newtown, county of Kerry, from William Sandes, Esq., forwarded by Henry Stokes, Esq.
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~ Fespruary 13th, 1854.
HUMPHREY LLOYD, D.D., Vict-Presivent, in the Chair.
Cartes Domvitte, Esa., Rev. Robert Ferguson, LL.D., and J. R. O’Flanagan, Esq., were elected Members of the Academy.
D. H. Kelly, Esq., read a paper on an ancient terraced gravel hill, near Castle Blakeney, county of Galway :—
“This remarkable object is a gravel esker, near the vil- lage of Castle Blakeney, in the county of Galway, and is situated close to the remains of the old Castle of Gallagh, the seat of a once-powerful family of the O’Kellys of Hy-Many, and which furnished several chiefs to that ancient ‘toparchy.
‘* The present appearance of this esker is very remark- able, as may be seen by the rough sketch sent herewith.
* A length of 355 yards is cut off by two deep trenches at each end from the centre of the gravel ridge, and the part thus isolated is carefully levelled on the summit and the sides, artificially cut into terraces, like the mountain vineyards of the south of Europe, and the East.
“The summit is carefully levelled into a terrace, 36 feet wide; on its southern side are five other terraces, 16 feet wide each; and on the north are three terraces of the same width still existing, but there may have been originally more, as a large fence now skirts the hill on that side, whose con- struction may have obliterated others.
‘* At the eastern end the terraced portion is cut off by a deep trench, or roadway, 20 feet wide, from an uneven mound,
the remains of the debris of the ancient Castle of Gallagh, out of the ruins of which was constructed the mansion of Gallagh,
VOL. VI. E
50
which, together with the surrounding property, became for- feited in 1641, and then passed from the O’Kellies of Gal- lagh, now worthily represented by Connor J. O’Kelly, late of Tycooly, but who now resides on a purchased estate, to which he has given the name of Gallagh, after the home of his an- cestors; it then passed to the Blakeneys, of Abbert, now represented by J. H. Blakeney, Esq., a family always distin- guished in the military service of their country, and of which the gallant defender of Minorca, in the days of George IL., and in our own day, Sir Edward Blakeney, K.C.B., Com- mander of the Forces in Ireland, have been the most illus- trious ornaments.
‘¢ Of this rebuilt pile, but one solitary chimney now re- mains to tell of its former splendour, but the present occupant of the farm assures me, that, when he got possession of it some twenty years ago, sixteen such chimneys were then
standing, and a pile of building that gave evidence of very
S> considerable extent.
“To the western end of the terraces the gravel esker appears to have been left completely in a state of nature, nor do I believe that it ever has been disturbed by any agricul- tural process.
“In the Annals of Clonmacnois, A.D. 1351, it is stated— ‘William mac Donogh Moyneagh O’Kelly invited all the Irish poets, brehons, bards, harpers, gamesters, or com- mon kearrachs, jesters, and others of their kind in Ireland, to his house upon Christmas, this year, where every one of them was well used during Christmas holydays. And he satisfied each of them with presents at their departure, so as that every one of them was well pleased, and extolled William for his bounty, one of which assembly made certain Irish verses in commendation of William and his house, which began thus :—
Filid Cipeanh so h’aon ceaé.’
51
‘“< We are enabled to ascertain the author of this poem by one of Dean Lyons’ tracings, now in the library of the Royal Irish Academy, and which was taken from a MS. in the College of St. Isidore, at Rome, from which it appears to have been the composition of Geoffrey Fionn O'Daly.
‘¢ This is the tracing—
OOFFPO Piond o Oalargs ccc Fd Cipein so h’aén ceaé.
*“T am in possession of a very beautiful copy of this ancient poem, transcribed and literally translated for me by my valued friend, Eugene Curry, to whom Ireland is deeply indebted for rescuing most valuable portions of her history from oblivion and misrepresentation.
** But before comparing this remarkable vestige of the olden time with the description given in this ancient poem, it may be well to observe that William O’Kelly was the son of Donogh Mummnecé O'Kelly, Chief of Hy-Maine, ob. 1307, by his wife, Ournéapa m Conéobaip (Duveassee O’Conor), daugh- ter of the King of Connaught. He will be found No. 27 in the Tabular Genealogy of the O’Kellies, in ‘ The Tribes and Customs of Hy-Maine,’ edited by my learned friend, Professor O'Donovan, for the Irish Archeological Society.
“This poem, after extolling William’s liberality, and de- scribing how, by means of his invitation, the other districts of Erin will that year be bereft of their bards, proceeds—
bids aca aléne a Geile To each other will be known Oatha Podla piofiperve The professors of smooth-landed Fodhla; Ipoarha Alban eaécpa cian And the far-travelled professor of Alba, Cp oceacca a n’apobpus Uil- Coming to William’s noble man- ham. sion.
Tiucpad pin na feacc ngndoa Here will come the seven orders Do md veilb an veags Dana Who form the shape of good poe-
try; E2
52
Sean diogbala a oceatc apteaé =A charm for misfortune is their
coming, Na peaéc bppom-gpada pi- The seven chief orders of the lead. poets.
«¢ A little further on he tells us what they were—
bed bpeateatham bpeaét noli- There will be the Brehons of legal 510 judgment, bed Opaoice 7 0e1s-PIlId There the Druids and good poets ; bé1H Na pulps GFoaip Cipeat In his mansion will be the au- thors of Erin, luéc cimdais na seaitper The chroniclers of triumphant mean. histories.
Cepériileipeatianba anopeam The musicians of Erin in vast
numbers,
Luct 506 ceipoe HO coiscean The followers of every science in common,
Cn cuile dam leat an leat The flood of professors from all quarters,
Cn nodal ule 50 haon ceaé. Are all journeying to one house,
‘“« He then, in a succeeding rann, describes the accommo- dation provided for them—
Acdc loingiige leabta There are long houses of beds
Pa comaip na curoeacta On the smooth ridge of the dry eminence,
Cpdpomélad nglan ocealacoce In preparation for the company,
Cp n’eagap dedoaé pice. Well furnished with woven cloth,
“ This exactly—‘ the smooth ridge of the dry eminence’— describes the terraced esker on which were erected wattle houses, covered with cloths like tents, and the poet then goes on to describe the respective streets, laid out for the accom- modation of each class, and if we suppose a terrace allotted to each, we exactly coincide with the locality.
53
Acdio biiidean tnom 04 Gos
Spdio bptigean copp Pa a scomoip Na ngoipe pm puaipe an pgiam
Oo hépoaigead le hUitliam.
~Spdio apleit vonluéc reanma
Od mbead pe a uét Ippeadma Seanéaide Cineai artle. Ipuomptgadna cpom-ddine.
Acdio0 pan mbaile an biidean Cdide ppdio na Seanéaidead
Acad ppdio pap ping oile lona lpuilio pion-colge.
*60n cplog Pion ap pial cpord- ead
Cp cion chap ap cleapaigead
beasg pin ag PEacaid a bpuilb
Timé1oll catparg wi Ceallarg.
Oo ppdionib’ ap mo meadaip 5 plog ai5-F Ip oipbealais
Cpé oeangad Pil oppa Rao faip pm se eacoppa.
Map acdio lucpe na limb Na ppdio tilce cao’ Oh
Hac pnaice pligead lume Réide DeIpse O10puTie.
A numerous company approaches the mansion;
A street of well-formed houses awaits them;
Near unto these, joyous its fea- tures,
Has been ordered by William—
A separate street for the musi- clans
To be ready before him;
The historians of beauteous Erin,
And the heavy throng of their associates.
In the town is the multitude,
Where is the street of the Shena- chies;
There is another extensive street,
In which are fair houses.
With free hearted hosts,
For receiving the histrionic troop,
Trifling are these, seeing all that are
Around the Dun of O’Kelly.
Of streets of greater merriment,
With generous hosts of manly aspect;
The manner of their situation is
With wide passages between them.
As letters are placed in line,
So are those straight, intersected streets;
Every line of every street exact,
Smooth, unobstructed, pleasant.
54
Oo Hib blade cleat copp Of houses graceful, handsome-
ridged, 04 pndite teaé na ciméroll Each street by two ranges is lined, Cp clap cilce 00 Goisead Thick set with houses is the level
Opum an aéaid profi-cloipos ~——Of the ridge of habitations, with its white enclosure.
cd ap Gl an éldaip cilce At the end of the crowded level
OGn ina caip cinlucpe Is a mansion like a capital letter ;
Cinlicip cloice aille An illuminated capital, a beau- teous castle;
Ofin na plata Pion saille The Dun of a fair-cheeked chief,
Oaingean cloé an ofinaid se = And the stronger is the Castle Dun by it,
Loé ap chlaib na cloiée. A lake behind the Castle.
Realca cloice ap cian popeap A star of a Castle as such long acknowledged
Of lini loca na n’Cisear Over the waters of Lough na-n- Eigeas ;
G10 dille an élaé von caob call However beauteous the Castle within,
CG caom amaé map theampam. Its outer surface was like vellum.
“‘ After carefully examining the locality, I feel no doubt on my own mind that this very remarkable vestige of the days of yore is the scene of the entertainment immortalized by O’Daly, and that the Castle of Gallagh, which then adjoined it, was the ‘illuminated capital letter of a Dun’ described by the poet as dominating over the straight lines of streets, as may be beheld in any of our old MSS., and a very apt simile it was for the relative positions of the locality. It is true the lake no longer forms part of the scene, but any one who takes his stand on the mound where once the Castle stood will perceive, just behind it, an extensive morass, which, before these days of drainage, may well have been Loch na-n-Eigeas.”
55
Robert Mallet, Esq., read an account ofa remarkable lunar halo on the night between the 10th and 11th instant :—
«‘ At 12 o’clock, night, between the 10th and 11th Febru- ary, 1854, looking from a southern window of my house (Delville, Glasnevin), I observed the nearly round disc of the moon, then thirteen days old, riding high in an almost clear heaven, and surrounded by a very large and perfectly circular halo. The size of the circle was such as to convey an idea of great grandeur, almost of awe, and the great comparative diminution of the apparent magnitude of the moon’s disc within it, which really seemed as though it could be covered by a shilling, was equally striking.
«The annexed dia- gram is intended to repre- sent the general appear- ance of the halo.
“T had no means of directly measuring the an- gle subtended by the inner edge of the ring, which, however, was so large as & to be with difficulty kept within the field of vision with the eye fixed.
«‘The inner edge of the halo was well defined, and slightly tinted with prismatic red, passing outwards into orange and yellow, and the whole becoming evanescent into white vapoury mist or light cloud. The prevailing colour of the mass of the ring was that of white bright moon-illuminated cloud. The width of the distin- guishable annulus (which was almost uniform all round) was from one-eighth to one-seventh of the internal diameter. To- wards the lower part, the shading off into vapour assumed a streaky appearance, like scirrus cloud, and below the ring were larger surfaces of very light fleecy scirrus and cumulo stratus,
56
clouds. One star of the third magnitude was clearly visible in the deep blue-gray surface inside the rmg, which was free from any trace of vapour or cloud,—the other stars were lost in the moon’s light. There was neither corona nor paraselene.
‘«‘ The night was cold and frosty, the air dry and crisp, and pleasant to the feelings at the surface of the earth. The day had been remarkable fine and clear; the preceding night a clear one, with hard frost.
‘«¢ There was little or no wind stirring at 12 o’clock, night, 10th-11th February. The barometer had been high for several days, and at 8 o'clock a. Mm. on the morning of the 11th February was 30°52 inches ; thermometer on a northern exposure, 35° Fahr.
‘¢The front of the house whence I looked is due south, the face ranging therefore E.and W. Looking out of window, and directly upwards with my eye as nearly as possible plumb under the edge of the stone cornice about twelve feet above me, I perceived that the interior of the upper limb of the ring almost exactly reached the zenith, and formed a tangent to the line of cornice.
«<The moon's place being known, therefore, it is easy to find the apparent diameter of the ring.
a
Thus let HH be the horizon; O the place of the observer ; Z the zenith; M, moon’s place; ZR, apparent diameter of the halo.
57
‘< For the position of the moon I am indebted to our Pre- -sident, Dr. Robinson. «‘ The place of observation may be taken as—
Latitude, 53° 22’ 29” Longitude, 0° 25™ 12s Then at 12, night, of 10th-11th February, 1854,—
Zenith distance of moon’s centre = 42° 38’ 29”
Parallax, + 1 Gua Refraction, = an Apparent zenith distance of
moon’s centre,. . . . . . 438° 14’ 33” Semi-diameter, + 14’ 45”
This would give the apparent internal diameter of the ring about 863 degrees, which would bring that of the densest and most highly illuminated part, at or near the yellow light, to about 90 degrees.
‘¢ This halo may, therefore (as suggested by Dr. Robinson), have been one of those formed by two refractions. The ab- sence of any inner ring, however, throws some doubt upon this.
‘‘The determination of the precise angles subtended by these halos is of interest. Dr. Young having shown that they depend upon refraction and reflexion from minute crys- tals of suspended ice, and Arago’s experiment having proved that the light which passes has been polarized by refraction, it follows that the angle of the primary form of ice being as- sumed = 60° or 30°—measurements of this character afford the means of obtaining the possible secondary crystalline forms of ice crystals suspended in the higher regions of the atmos- phere, and there produced under conditions likely to extend our knowledge, as yet so very limited, of some of the forces upon which secondary crystalline forms depend for their pro- duction. :
58
“It may be remarked, that Mr. Howard has recorded his observation that halos of this sort occurring in spring are usually succeeded by very hot weather.”
Mr. Mallet also read a paper containing notices of the facts of the British earthquake of 9th November, 1852.
On the part of Mrs. Lambert, of Lough Scur, Cashcarri- gan, Rev. Dr. Todd presented a stone mould for casting bronze celts. He also presented, from William Wakeman, Esq., a rubbing from an inscribed stone in the island of Inis no Coill, in Lough Corrib, shown by Dr. Petrie to be the grave- stone of Lugnat, son of Liemania, sister of St. Patrick.
59
FEesruary 27TH, 1854.
THOMAS ROMNEY ROBINSON, D.D., Presivenr, in the Chair.
Tue Secretary read a paper, by George James Knox, Esq., on the transmutation of metals.
Mr. Thomas Grubb read the following account of a new method of determining, approximately, the spherical aberration of a combination of lenses for microscopic purposes :—
«¢ The methods hitherto at our option for investigating the spherical aberrations of a system of lenses, having spherical surfaces, are—firstly, the purely mathematical, involving (where the thickness of the lenses is required to be included, and more especially where the angle of aperture is consider- able) such intricacy in the calculations as renders the process nearly useless to practical persons; and, secondly, the more practical method of constructing diagrams of large size, in which two or more rays, at different distances from the axis of the compound, are geometrically traced, according to the laws of optics.
«‘ Much of my leisure time has, for several years, been devoted to inquiries including, necessarily, the construction of such diagrams ; and I cannot speak too highly of their value in giving to the experimenter in optics a thorough practical insight into the effects of the various forms and combinations which will be suggested, more especially when the improve- ment of the compound objective of the microscope is under consideration.
‘“<Tt may be desirable here to state, that these diagrams were usually drawn on a scale ten times that intended for use, the radii of the arcs, from which the sines were measured
60
(and which were constant for all the surfaces of a combina- tion), were usually three and sometimes six inches ; the ares were struck and the sines measured at both sides of the centre (to avoid errors of eccentricity), and the measurement of the sines taken with a scale of fiftieths of an inch, using a magni- fier, and estimating to tenths of divisions, or say 1-500th of an inch.
« By tracing—with these precautions, and with care—two rays, one passing through nearly the margin of the combina- tion, and the other at one-half that distance from the axis, an approximation to the state of the spherical aberration of the compound, adequate for such combinations as are used in the construction of the objective of the microscope, may be obtained.
‘‘Some practice in delicate manipulation is, however, required to arrive at the precision indicated, and even for approximate investigations a more accurate method would be desirable.
«* When, however, combinations of small aperture, com- pared with their foci (for example, such proportions of these as are adapted to the object glass of the telescope), are under examination, the method of diagram fails entirely in the ac- curacy requisite to estimate the correction of the spherical aberration.
“Such difficulties in the way of practical research in- duced me to consider how far the objections, arising out of the intricacy of the one mode of investigation, and the inade- quacy of the other, might be obviated by adopting a mixed method of proceeding. In short, it appeared that the diagrams not only included those conditions arising out of the thickness of the lenses, but that they would serve to furnish with suffi- cient accuracy for all cases that point in each surface where the ray impinges, and also the angle of its incidence. Little more thus remained to be done than to find a simple expres- sion for the aberration of cach surface. for the ray, and this,
61 after some trials, I obtained in a very convenient form, as follows :—
** D being the deviation of the ray (not from one lens into another, but always) either from air into a lens, or from a lens into. air, a is as (sin? D). Then, calling the aberration of the entire combination A, and a, a., a3, &c., the aberrations (calculated from the above formula) at the Ist, 2nd, 3rd, &c., surfaces of the compound, 4 is equal to the sum of a, a, a, &e. (respect being paid to their signs), these being plus when the ray is deflected towards the axis, and minus when the contrary.
«¢ When the spherical aberration of the compound under examination is corrected, the sums of the + and — aberrations will be equal, and 4 will evidently be zero, while in any other case, the + and — quantities will exhibit a fraction showing their relative proportion, and will indicate to the practical operator the means of a closer approximation to perfect correction.
‘* The entire process may be shortly described as follows:—
«‘ A diagram of the combination to be examined being made with care, and of a size as large as circumstances permit, —one single ray must be traced (in the usual manner) through the diagram; the most suitable distance for this ray from the axis of the combination will depend upon the angular aperture. For combinations of small angular aperture I prefer 3-4ths to 4-5ths of the semi-aperture for this distance. In addition to this (should the combination have any two sur- faces in contact), the direction of the ray from these into air must be projected.
‘“*'The diagram is now fitted for obtaining the sine of D for each surface; these, being measured on a scale of equal parts, and tabulated, and afterwards squared, give aj, a2, ds, &e., which being separated, as directed, into +-and -, give, in their sums, two- quantities, representing respectively the positive and negative aberration of the whole combination.
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‘Having examined diagrams made some time ago, and the calculations connected with same, with a view to ascertain the limits of error of this process, it appears that, allowing an error equal to 2-l10ths of a division of the scale used in estimating the sines, the probable limits of error are only 1-50th part of the numerical sum of the aberrations, a quantity which may be considered insensible in practice, and probably not one-half of that error, or departure from the true spherical figure of a surface, which takes place (and with contrary signs) during the polishing, according as the lens, or polisher, is upper during the process.”
Rev. Dr. Graves read a note from Sir W. R. Hamilton, in which he stated that he had lately arrived at a variety of results respecting the integrations of certain equations, which might not be unworthy of the acceptance of the Academy, and the investigation of which had been suggested to him by Mr. Carmichael’s printed Paper, and by a manuscript which he had lent Sir W. Hamilton, who writes,—‘*‘ In our conclu- sions we do not quite agree, but I am happy to acknowledge my obligations to his writings for the suggestions above alluded to, as I shall hereafter more fully express.
‘* So long ago as 1846, I communicated to the Royal Irish Academy a transformation which may be written thus (see the Proceedings for the July of that year) :
D?+ D,? + D?Z=-(tD,+jDy+kD.)*; (1) and which was obviously connected with the celebrated equa- tion of Laplace.
‘‘But it had quite escaped my notice that the principles of quaternions allow also this other transformation, which Mr. Carmichael was the first to point out:
D?+ D+ Dy=(Ds-tDz—jDy) (Dz+iDz+jDy). (2) And therefore I had, of course, not seen, what Mr. Carmichael has since shown, that the integration of Laplace’s equation of
ile cas ae
63
the second order may be made to depend on the integrations of two linear and conjugate equations, of which one is (D.-iD;z-jDy)V=0. (3) ‘*T am disposed, for the sake of reference, to call this * Car- michael’s Equation ; and have had the pleasure of recently finding its integral, under a form, or rather forms, so general as to extend even to diquaternions. ** One of those forms is the following :*
Vige= e023 Vy (4) s¢ Another is
Vayz= (Dz+tDz+jDy) E cos {2(D,? + D,?)#} Viyodz 3 (5)
where Vy. is generally an initial biqguaternion; and where the single definite integral admits of being usefully put under the form of a double definite integral, exactly analogous to, and (when we proceed to Laplace’s equation) reproducing, a well known expression of Poisson’s, to which Mr, Carmichael has referred.
“These specimens may serve to show to the Academy that [ have been aiming to collect materials for future commu- nications to their Transactions.” —
The Secretary read a letter from Count de Mac Carthy, presenting several books printed at Toulon.
* “ Note, added during printing.—Since writing the above, I have con- vineed myself that Mr. Carmichael had been in full possession of the expo- nential form of the integral, and probably also of my chief transformations thereof; although he seems to have chosen to put forward more prominently certain other forms, to which I have found objections, arising out of the non-commutative character of the symbols ijk as factors, and on which forms I believe that he does not now insist.—W. R. H.”
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Marcu 16TH, 1854. (Stated Meeting.)
THOMAS ROMNEY ROBINSON, D.D., Present, in the Chair.
M. William Vrolik, of Amsterdam, was elected an Ho- norary Member in the Department of Science, and M. Alfred de Maury, of Paris, was elected an Honorary Member in the Department of Antiquities.
The Secretary of the Academy read the following Report from the Courtcil :— REPORT.
The history of the Academy during the past year has had but few events, which may be very briefly told.
The most important fact to be placed on record is the exhibition of our Museum in the Antiquarian Court of the Great Dublin Exhibition, in connexion with the Royal Dublin Society, in 1853.
The very remarkable collection of Irish Antiquities which was there brought together formed a most interesting and creditable feature of the Exhibition, and attracted a great deal of attention from the enlightened antiquarians of Great Britain and of the Con- ‘ tinent, who visited Dublin during the past summer, It was also most attractive to the general public, and, next to the Picture Gal- lery, may be said to have been one of the most popular departments of the Exhibition. It is also very gratifying that no loss or injury was sustained by anything which the Academy exhibited ; we have received the entire collection back without any diminution of its value.
The Council have to congratulate the Academy on the progress that has been made in the completion of the noble rooms that will now be opened for the reception of our Library and Museum.
The removal of the Museum into the Exhibition Building dur- ing the past summer has necessarily suspended the operations of the Committee appointed for the preparation of the Museum
‘ 1,
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Catalogue. But several very successful experiments have been made on the possibility of applying the newly discovered photogra- phic processes to the object of the Pictorial Catalogue. The result of these experiments, which have been conducted by Dr. Graves and
‘Mr. Tennison, has been laid before the Council, and has been so
satisfactory, that a photographic apparatus has been purchased, and there is no doubt that we shall be able, at a very trifling cost, to produce pictures of our Antiquities, which we may communicate to all foreign and sister Societies, and which will be of the utmost value in disseminating, amongst antiquarians of other countries, a knowledge of the contents of the Museum.
Notwithstanding the disadvantages under which the Academy has laboured during the past year, from the unfinished state of our premises, and from the consequent inaccessibility of our Library and Museum, we have had many very valuable contributions to our Transactions and Proceedings, in all the departments to which our studies are devoted.
In Pure Mathematics, we have had papers from Dr. Graves, on his “ Theory of Triplets,” and on ‘‘ The Solution of Linear Differen- tial Equations ;” and from Mr. Jellett on “‘ The Properties of In- extensible Surfaces.”
In the Mixed Mathematical Sciences, Dr. Lloyd has contributed to our memoirs papers on “ The Influence of the Moon on the Movements of a freely suspended Magnetic Needle,” and on “ The Meteorology of Ireland, as deduced from the Observations made under the superintendence of the Committee of Science.” Professor Allman, of Galway, has given us an account of the late ever-to-be- lamented Professor Mac Cullagh’s ‘‘ Lectures on Attractions and on Clairaut’s Theorem ;” and Mr Haughton has communicated some “‘Observations on the Application of Mr. Green’s Formula to M. Jamin’s Experiments on Reflected Polarized Light.”? The President has read a paper on ‘‘ The Advantages which have recently been re- cognised in the Cassegranian Reflecting Telescope;” and in another paper has explained “ An original and entirely new Method of mea- suring the effective apertures of the Objectives of Microscopes.” Professor Callan, of Maynooth, has communicated to us the results of his experiments ‘‘ On the Decomposition of Water by the Galvanic Battery, with the view to obtain a constant and brilliant Lime Light.”
VOL. VI. F
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Dr. J. W. Mallet has contributed to our Transactions a paper giv- ing ‘An Analysis of the Metals of which the Irish Antiquities found in our Museum are composed;” and Mr. Grubb has com- municated ‘An Original Method of determining practically the Spherical Aberration of a Combination of Lenses.” We have also had a paper from Mr. Knox on the ‘‘ Transmutation of Metals.”
In the Natural Sciences, we have had communications during the past year from Professor Allman, of Dublin, ‘‘ On the Structure of Hydra,” and ‘‘On the Structure of the Starch Granule ;” and also from Dr. Lyons, ‘‘ On the Primary Stage of Histogenesis and Histolysis.’’ Mr. Mallet has also communicated an interesting paper ‘¢On the British Earthquake, November 9, 1852.”
In the department of Polite Literature, we have had papers by Dr. Hincks on some additional discoveries made by him in the “Interpretation of the Assyrian Inscriptions ;” by Dr. Drummond “‘On the Achievements of Magnus Barefoot, King of Norway, and his Defeat and Death in the Battle of Magh Cobha, a.p. 1103;” and by Dr. Orlando Dobbin, “On the Readings of the Codex Mont- fortianus, preserved in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin.”
In Antiquities, Dr. Petrie has contributed to our Proceed- ings some valuable remarks on the inscriptions on the Cross of Tuam, exhibited at our Great Exhibition, which have completed and perfected what this distinguished antiquary has already pub- lished on the Tuam Cross, in his work on ‘“ The Round Towers of Ireland.” Dr. Aquilla Smith has also communicated some addi- tions to his papers on “‘ Irish Tokens.” Mr. Denis Henry Kelly has given us an interesting paper on ‘The Curious Terraced Gravel- Hill near Castle Blakeney, County Galway;” and the Secretary of the Academy has contributed some remarks on the singular Fresco Painting in the Abbey of Knockmoy, a fac-simile of which was exhibited in the Antiquarian Court of the Great Exhibition, and has since been presented to the Academy.
During the past year, the Academy’s Museum has received several most important and valuable additions, by donation as well as by purchase. Amongst the donations, we have received from the Com- missioners of Public Works, through Mr. Mulvany, a curious col- lection of antiquities found in the drainage of Lough Mask; and some valuable articles found in Lough Oughter and Lough Gowna,
67
and the neighbourhood, were presented by Mr. Mulvany ; also some interesting antiquities by Mr. Manning and Mr. Lyons.
We have to thank the Marquess of Sligo for a large number of Terra Cotta Vases, which he has, in the most liberal manner, pre- sented to our Museum, having offered to the Council their choice of all the vases in his collection.
It is incumbent upon the Council also to put on record, in this Report of the events of the past year, that Sir Richard O’Donnell has again intrusted to our care the beautiful and celebrated reli- quary called the Cathach.
The antiquarian movement, which was made in connexion with the late Exhibition, and for which we are mainly indebted to Lord Talbot de Malahide and Dr. Lentaigne, has added greatly to our Museum. We have been promised casts of all the crosses exhibited, which attracted so much attention from our antiquarian visitors ; and, in addition to this, Lord Talbot has procured us several casts of antiquities which were at the Exhibition, and which will now be preserved in our Museum as a permanent record of the great benefit which has resulted, even to Antiquarian Science, from that truly na- tional undertaking.
Some important specimens of stones inscribed with the Ogham character have been presented to our Museum during the past year, by Mr. R. Hitchcock.
We have also to record, as one of the events of the year, a most valuable bequest of Books and Manuscripts, by our late zealous and active member, William Elliott Hudson, selected from his large Library, in accordance with his will, by four members of the Aca- demy. This collection contains upwards of 800 works, a catalogue of which is preparing for publication, We have had the gratifica- tion of receiving as a gift from his executors a bust of our bene- factor, by Moore, which will recall him to the recollection of his friends and acquaintances in the Academy.
The accurate model of Staigue Fort, which was exhibited at the Exhibition, has been presented to our Museum by James Bland, Esq., and our MS. Library has been enriched by some autograph vo- lumes, in the handwriting of the celebrated Dean of St. Patrick’s, Dr. Jonathan Swift, presented to us by G. C. Cowell, Esq.
It is the duty of the Council now to announce to you, that the
68
late Secretary of Council, the Rev. Charles Graves, has signified his intention of resigning the office which he has for several years past so efficiently filled. Those only who have been engaged with Dr. Graves, in the actual working of the Academy, can fully estimate the magnitude of the loss which his retirement will occasion.
During the past year, fifteen new members have been added to the Academy. ‘Their names are as follows:—
Rev. William Fitzgerald, D.D. Henry H. Stuart, M. D.
Major John Bonner. Eugene Curry, Esq.
Rev. Beaver H. Blacker. John Thomas Rosborough Col- J. E. Butler, Esq. clough, Esq.
F. R. Davies, Esq. James Butler Pratt, Esq.
John Lentaigne, M. D. Charles Domville, Esq.
James John Mac Carthy, Esq. Jas. Roderick O’ Flanagan, Esq. Alexander Read, M. D. Rev. Robert Ferguson, LL. D.
During the same period two Honorary Members, and five ordi- nary Members, have been lost to us by death. The following is a list of their names, with the dates of their deaths, as far as it has been possible to ascertain them :—
Honorary Mempers. 1, Francois Jean Dominique Araco; elected 30th Nov. 1844: died 2nd October, 1853. (Science.) - 2. G. T. Grorerenp; elected 30th Nov. 1850. (Antiquities)
OrpInARY MEMBERS.
1. Srk Witu1am Betuam; elected 22nd January, 1827; died 26th October, 1853.
2. Str MontacvuE L. Cuapman, Bart.; elected 11th December, 1843. (Date of death not known.)
3. Joun Greve, Esq. ; elected 10th January, 1848: died 30th April, 1853.
4, Wimt1AmM Extxiot Hunpson, Esq.; elected 12th April 1841: died 23rd June, 1853.
5. Sir Francis Wasket-Myers; elected 13th January, 1851. Date of death not known.
Of the two Honorary Members whose names occur in the fore- going list, one has occasioned a vacancy in the class of Science, and
69
one in the class of Antiquities. 'The Council have recommended to you, to be balloted for at this meeting, M. Vrolik, of Amsterdam, one of the most eminent naturalists of the present day, to be elected an Honorary Member in the class of Science; and M. Alfred de Maury, President of the Société des Antiquaires de France, to be elected an Honorary Member in the class of Antiquities.
Ir was RESOLVED,—That the Report of the Council be adopted, and printed in the Proceedings.
The Ballot for the annual election having closed, the Scrutineers reported that the following gentlemen were elected Officers and Council for the ensuing year :—
President.—Rev. Thomas R. Robinson, D.D.
Treasurer.—Robert Ball, LL.D.
Secretary to the Academy.—Rev. J. H. Todd, D.D.
Secretary to the Council._Rev. John H. Jellett, A.M.
Secretary of Foreign Correspondence. — Rev. Samuel Butcher, D.D.
Librarian.—Rev. William H. Drummond, D.D.
Clerk and Assistant Librarian.—Edward Clibborn.
Committee of Science.
Sir William R. Hamilton, LL.D.; Rev. Humphrey Lloyd, D.D.; James Apjohn, M.D.; Robert Bali, LL. D.; Sir Robert Kane, M.D.; George J. Allman, M.D.; Rev. Samuel Haughton, A. M.
Committee of Polite Literature.
Rey. William H. Drummond, D. D.; Rev. Charles W. Wall, D.D.; John Anster, LL. D.; Rev. Charles Graves, D.D.; Rey. Samuel Butcher, D.D.; Digby P. Starkey, Esq.; Rey. John H. Jellett, A.M.
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Committee of Antiquities. George Petrie, LL. D.; Rev. James H. Todd, D.D.; J. Huband Smith, Esq., LL.D.; Aquilla Smith, M. D.; Earl of Dunraven; Thomas A. Larcom, Colonel, R. E. ; Lord Talbot de Malahide.
It was moved by F. J. Sidney, LL. D., and seconded by Rey. Joseph Galbraith :-—
‘< That the Academy recommend to the Council—
‘<1. That three Members of the Council should retire in rotation each year —one from each Committee.
‘¢2. That the By-Law which requires the election of three distinct Committees be repealed, and that a general Council of twenty-one be annually elected, pursuant to charter.”
The Rey. Charles Graves, D.D., moved the following amendment, which was seconded by Rev. Humphrey Lloyd, D. D.:—
«¢ That the Council be recommended to take into its con- sideration the By-Laws relating to the constitution and election of the Council,—especially in reference to a greater amount of annual change among its Members.”
A diyision haying been called for, it appeared that twenty had voted for the amendment, and nineteen against it. The President, therefore, announced that the amendment was carried.
The President nominated, under his hand and seal, the
following Vice-Presidents :—
Rey. Humphrey Lloyd, D.D.; Lt.-Colonel Larecom, R.E.; George Petrie, LL. D.; Rev. Charles Graves, D. D.
te
phn RS Si =
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Monpay, Aprit 10TH, 1854.
HUMPHREY LLOYD, D.D., Vice-Presivent, in the Chair.
Curyne Brapy, Esq., and Sir Bernard Burke, were elected Members, and, on the recommendation of the Council, the name of William R. Wilde, Esq., was replaced on the list of Members of the Academy.
On the recommendation of the Council it was Resolved: —
“That Chapter rx. of the By-Laws be repealed, and that, in future, the Committee of Publication shall consist of the Council at large, with liberty to call up any Member or Members of the Academy to assist them, pro hac vice, in judging of the papers before them.”
Rey. Charles Graves, on the part of The Mac Gillicuddy of the Reeks, presented four Ogham monuments, recently ex- hibited in the Archxological Court of the Great Exhibition of 1853; he also communicated an account of the inscriptions on these stones, and the circumstances of their discovery.
Rey. Charles Graves exhibited a number of photographic pictures of objects in the Museum of the Academy, executed by Edward K. Tenison, Esq., for the purpose of proving the applicability of the photographic process to the Pervpeee! of a pictorial or illustrated catalogue.
Mownpay, ApriL 247TH, 1854.
THOMAS ROMNEY ROBINSON, D.D., PReEsipenrv, in the Chair.
Rev. Samvet Haveuton gave an account of the laws of the diurnal tide at Donaghadee, county Down, and at Bunowen, county of Galway, as ascertained from the observations made under the superintendence of the Committee of Science in 1851.
Dr. Allman read an extract ofa letter from Dr. W. H. Harvey, communicating some anomalous facts respecting the tides at King George’s Sound, Australia.
The Secretary read a letter from Dr. Edward Hincks, in which he states:—‘‘ In my communication, printed in the Pro- ceedings of March 16, 1853, I mentioned three subdivisions of the manah. I have lately discovered a still smaller one, equiva- lent to about 4*3 grains. It was the thirtieth part of the shekel, or 1-1800th of the manah. The monogram which represented it was DUR , and I propose to call it a gerah. The Assyrian name of none of these subdivisions of the manah has yet been discovered. It seems to me probable that the Assyrians kept their accounts in manahs, and in what I call shekels and gerahs —the sixtieth and eighteen hundredth parts of the manah. I infer this from a sort of memorandum which I met with on a terra cotta tablet in the British Museum. It is to this effeet—
I'Giecel, |e 6) a ae ee Ge 10 shekels, © 3 . «0. % ips Reems Rn, wk sp! dw COE
It is evident, from the remainder of the lines being identical, that the same ratio exists between the two weights in each line; and this appears, from the second line, to be the ratio of five to one. It follows that the weights in the second line are ten times those in the first; and those in the third are six times those in the second. This requires that the manah should be equal to sixty shekels, and the shekel to thirty gerahs.”
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May 87H, 1854.
LIEUT.-COL. LARCOM, F.R.S., Vicrt-Presipent, in the Chair.
Parke Nevi.ue, Ese., was elected a Member of the Aca- demy.
Rey. Dr. Todd read the following Paper, by the Rev. J. G. Cumming, on the inscribed stones in the Isle of Man, of which casts have been purchased for the Museum :—
‘<The Danes and Norwegians occupied the Isle of Man from the beginning of the tenth to the latter part of the thirteenth century.
‘Some of the most interesting memorials which they have left behind them are about thirty different Runic monuments, the best of which are included in the present series, of which the dates range from the beginning of the eleventh to the end of the twelfth century. From the close connexion at that time existing between the Scandinavians in Ireland and those in Man, we may naturally expect to meet with some general resemblance between the Manx and Irish crosses. Yet the Manx Runic cross-makers appear to have largely exercised their own fertile genius in the delineation of those now under consideration. This is to be noticed more particularly in the conyersion of the cable-work, or Runic knot, as it has been called, into interlacing figures of dragons, or some monstrous scale-covered animals. There is also some resemblance between
the Manx crosses and those found in the Scottish Lowlands, and Eastern Scottish Highlands.
«‘ The crosses and tombstones in Iona are most likely later than these, and may in part have been borrowed from them.
Considering the very close connexion between Iona and Man, they forming parts of the same bishopric, from A. D. 1100 to
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A.D. 1380, and being nearly the whole time under the same or closely connected sovereigns, and several kings of Man (Scandinavians) being buried at Iona, it does appear singular that there should not be a single cross, with a Scandinavian Runic inscription, in this latter island. But neither m Eng- land nor Scotland are found Runic stones with Scandinavian inscriptions, so that these Manx crosses appear unique for
Great Britain. The inscriptions on the Manx crosses are all in
Runic characters, and in the ancient Scandinavian or Icelandic language. There is a peculiarity, however, m the Manx runes. The symbol which in ordinary Runic writings stands for ‘0’ in the Manx represents ‘b,’and the Manx have a symbol of their own for ‘0. The Manx have no symbol for ‘W’ or ‘ y.’ It is interesting to note that this fact holds good even in the inscription on cross No. 4, where, excepting in the instances of ‘b’ and ‘0,’ the runes agree with the ordinary Runic writ- ings, and differ from the older Manx. We may, perhaps, get a key to this variation by observing that all the names in the inscription on No. 4 are Gelic, and not, as on the other stones, Scandinavian.
«No. 1.—This cross stands in the centre of the churchyard of Braddan. It is the most elegant and highly finished of any in the island, but has been broken in the middle and otherwise defaced. Its age is probably the end of the twelfth or begin- ning of the thirteenth century. The ordinary cable-work is here converted into interlacing dragons, or monstrous scale-covered animals. It is sculptured on three sides, the fourth side being occupied by the following Runic inscription, some- what imperfect in the middle :—‘ Thurlabr Neaki risti krus thana aft Fiak sun in bruthur sun Jabrs,’ i. e. Thorlaf Neaki erected this cross to Fiak, the son of his brother, a son of Jabr.
« No. 2.—This cross stands near the south porch of Brad- dan church. It is probably of a later date than the last, and
in the same style as that at Onchan, No. 11. The monstrous _
j ;
:
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animals are not unlike some seen on monuments in Iona. It has no Runic inscription.
‘** No. 3.—This cross, the largest but one on the island, stands in front of the church gate of Kirk Michael. The rich earving presents to us figures of stags, dogs, horses, horsemen, and at the base we have the peculiar scale-covered animals, which have been more fully developed in No. 1.
*‘ The inscription on one side reads from the bottom up- wards, as is generally the case :—‘ Jualfr sunr Thurulfs eins Rautha risti Krus thana aft Frithu muthur sino,’ i. e. Joalf, son of Thorolf the Red, erected this cross to his mother, Frida.
‘No. 4.—This cross stands on the north side of the gate of Kirk Michael. It is of a later date than the former ones. The inscription, which is on the back, is rather doubtful, but seems to be :—‘[raisti krus] thana aft Mal Muru fustra sin M‘Tader Dufgals kona is athisi ati.’ It is interesting from its containing Gaelic names. It is also written with runes more approximate to the Anglo-Saxon runes than are the other Manx inscriptions, but retaining the Manx variation in the runes for ‘b’ and ‘ 0.’
*¢ No. 5.—This cross stands on the wall on the south side of the church gate at Kirk Michael, and appears to be earlier than any of the previous crosses, and contains the name of the maker ‘Gaut,’ or, as he calls himself, ‘Gautr Bjornson,’ ’ on the large Andreas cross, and here states that he made this and all which were then in Man. It is also remarkable as giving the manner in which the name of the island was pro- nounced by the Norwegians, ‘ Maun; it also contains the ubi- quitous name of Smith. The inscription is—‘ Mail Brigdi sunr Athakans smith raisti krus thana fur salu sini sin brukuin Gaut girthi thana auk alai Maun,’ i.e., Malbrigid, son of Atha- kan (the) smith, erected this cross for his soul. . : Gaut made this (cross) and all on Mann.
‘No. 6.—This elegant cross stands to the north of Bishop
G2
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Wilson’s tomb, at Kirk Michael. It is carved on both sides, but has been much injured, and contains no Runic inscrip- tion.
‘*No. 7—This fragment of a fine cross is also at Kirk Michael, built into the top of the church wall. The inscrip- tion, which was written on the back, near one side, has been broken by the masons, to make it fit in the bend of the wall. The only words remaining are, ‘krus thana aftir,’ this cross HOGS etlieeilray
«No. 8.—This is the fragment of a beautifully carved cross, containing only the inscription—‘ Grims eins Suarta,’ i.e. *Grims the Swarthy.’ It is in Kirk Michael church vestry-room, having been removed from the church wall.
‘¢ No. 9.—This cross, which stands in Andreas church- yard, is in a very perfect condition, and bears the following inscription :—‘ Sandulf ein Suarti raisti krus thana aftir Arin Biaurg kuina sina,’ i. e. Sandulf the Swarthy erected this cross to his wife Arinbjorg. It is covered with representations of the animals of the chase, and of domestic use, as the deer, boar, horse, cow, goat, swine, dog. At the base is a female figure on horseback, perhaps Arinbjorg.
«¢ No. 10.—A very rude cross at Onchan. The inserip- tions are much effaced, but seem to be—* . . . sunrraiste aftir (Ilie) suia markibter—ukikat asuer athigrnt.’ On the other side, at the head of the cross, we have the word— ‘krus ;’ and further down ‘I su Krist; and on one side, ¢Thurith raist runir Thurith,’—engraved in runes.
«No. 11.—Cross at Kirk Onchan, probably of the same age as No. 6.
«No. 12.—Fragment of cross at St. John’s, near the Tynwald Hill, the inscription along the side is— Ino I rvir raist runar thenr after.’ .
Ino Irvir engraved these runes to, sip?
«« No. 13.—Representation of the Passion of our Lord,
from the Calf of Man, partly restored. On the left hand of
17
the cross probably was another figure, with a sponge on a reed.
“No. 14.—A cross partly restored from fragment on the church wall of Kirk Michael. Along the broken edge is the inscription—‘ Suak raiste krasthana aft rumur fad ‘ al”. . . Suak erected thiscrossto Rumun. It is probably of the same age as No. 3.”
Dr. Petrie made some observations on Mr. Cumming’s communication.
The! Rev. Dr. Todd read the following letter from J. O. Westwood, Esq., on the importance of making a collection of rubbings of the inscribed stones of Ireland.
«© Hammersmith, 6th April, 1854.
«¢My pear Sir,— During my visit to Dublin, last autumn, I was greatly grieved to learn that many of the curious inscribed and carved stones of Clonmacnoise, Glendalough, and other localities, of which descriptions and figures (more or less per- fect) had been published, have, within the last few years, been entirely destroyed, without any further record being preserved of them whereby doubts which might arise respecting the cor- rectness of the descriptions or figures might be solved.
“« Now, it appears to me that it is one of the especial offices of the Royal Irish Academy to rescue, from absolute or par- tial oblivion, the class of monuments to which I allude; and I know of no more effectual mode of doing so than to form as complete a collection of rubbings of these stones as possible.
_ Of the Ogham stones, I believe, a complete collection of rub- bings has been formed by the Rey. Charles Graves, which, I trust, may ultimately be deposited in the Academy’s collec- tion; but the formation of a series of the inscribed and carved stones is a far more extensive matter, and one which requires a certain amount of organization. It appears to me, that the Society would be acting most beneficially towards this end,—
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first, by making as extensively known as possible the simplest means of making rubbings of such kind of monuments; and second, by employing some competent person, for a certain period, in visiting the o/d localities, and making such rubbings ; or by issuing printed instructions to the incumbents of theoutly- ing districts, setting forth the wants of the Academy, and the means of supplying them in this respect. From my own prac- tice Iam inclined to consider, that the old plan of heel-ball and cartridge paper is not the best which can be adopted for the process. Ihave myself found that the powdered black lead used for cleaning grates, &c., used with a hard leather rubber (an old glove stuffed with tow or hay will make an ex- cellent substitute), is more effectual for producing a representa- tion of the rough surface of stones, especially when rubbed upon common cap paper, such as is sold for lapping up gro- cer’s parcels, &c. A still simpler process has been adopted by Mr. O’Neill, and as it can be employed in cases where the black lead and leather ball are not at hand, it is worthy of being recorded. Mr. O’Neill simply uses a ball of grass, which must, however, not be wet nor too juicy, and the paper must not be thin or porous, as the moisture of the grass brought out by the friction in making the rubbings would, of course, rub holes in the paper.
‘* Considering, as I do, a collection of these rubbings of very great value, as enabling us to correct the representations of such stones which have already been published, and as forming an unimpeachable collection of figures of the monuments them- selves, I hope you will use your influence with the Academy in undertaking the commencement ofa systematic collection of these rubbings. I have myself done so with the carved and inscribed stones of Wales to a very considerable extent, and have also, whenever occasion offered, made rubbings of the more deeply carved crosses, although my rubbings show only the highest portion of the sculpture, giving, of course, no idea of the depth of the relieyo. Still, I thus obtain a general idea
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of the size of the cross, and the distribution of the figures carved on it, which I have also found extremely useful in test- ing and correcting drawings made by the eye, of the objects in question. During the Great Dublin Exhibition, I thus formed rubbings of several of the crosses, and casts of crosses, exhi- bited in the central avenue, and in doing so I had occasion to examine very carefully the sculpture upon the smaller of the two great crosses of Monasterboice, which enables me to cor- rect the description of it given by Mr. J. D. Chambers in the ‘“‘Ecclesiologist” for October, 1848, and at the same time to give an explanation of one of the figures which appears to have been hitherto unnoticed. Our Lord is represented in the centre of the east side of this cross, not seated on His throne of judg- ment, but standing erect with a cross in the left hand, and a sceptre, with a double scroll at the top, in His right hand. On the arm of the cross to His right-hand side is represented a number of figures approaching Him (according to the words, ‘Come ye blessed’)—whilst on His left hand, a number of figures are driven from His presence—(‘ Depart ye wicked’)— by a fiend armed with a three-pronged fork, and by another figure who holds a book, and kneels on one knee, kicking the figure in front of him with the other leg. Between these two — fiends is represented a short, squat figure, with outstretched limbs, which appears to me to be intended as a representation of one of those singular sculptures termed ‘ shéela na gigs,’ to which it bears a perfect resemblance, and which is here repre- sented in its appropriate position, supposing it a personifica- tion of vice.. Beneath the feet of our Saviour is a compart- ment occupied by a representation of St. Michael weighing, in a huge pair of scales, a smaller figure, the balance prepon- derating in his favour; but beneath the scales lies the fiend, who is endeavouring to pull down the lighter scale—a mode of representing the weighing of souls, common in medieval illuminations, which Mr. Chambers has incorrectly described. Immediately beneath this group the Adoration of the Magi is
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represented, which I here notice, as Mr. Chambers says that amongst the designs on the crosses ‘ there does not appear the ordinary representation of the Blessed Virgin with the Holy Child in her arms, nor, we believe, is it to be found in Ireland.’ On several of the crosses also, as that at Moore Abbey, is the flight into Egypt represented, the Blessed Virgin holding the Child in her arms, as usual. Anothergroup of figures common on the Irish crosses appears to me also to have been mistaken, as to its design, by Mr. Chambers. I allude to that of a figure standing with several animals on each side, from head to foot, ready to tear him. Mr. Chambers considers this to repre- sent our Saviour attacked by fierce wolves or dogs-——(‘ Many dogs came about me, they gape upon me as a roaring lion.’) It appears to me to be rather intended for a representation of Daniel in the lion’s den. «‘T remain, my dear Sir, yours very truly, «« Jno. O. WEstTwoop. ‘* The Rev. Dr. Todd.”
Sir W. R. Hamilton communicated extracts from two letters which he had lately received on the subject of the last bright comet, from Mr. Andrew Graham, Astronomical Assis- tant in the Observatory of E. J. Cooper, Esq., at Markree, and discoverer of the planet Metis :—
*« Markree Observatory, Collooney, *¢ 28th April, 1854.
«* Your observations of the comet have come to hand to- day. They will be to me valuable, as I hope to find, leisure for further researches on the orbit. Last night was cloudy, and, having made some previous preparations, I was tempted to obtain a second approximation to the elements. At half an hour past midnight I obtained a very satisfactory verifica- tion. The observations selected were those made at Markree, March 30th, and April 15th, and at Paris, April 7th, viz. :—
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Greenwich Mean Time.
March 30 -369639 1® 22 27%34 + 19° 37’ 143 April 7 *324534 3. 7 57°46 13 17 3°9 3» lo oe 42 4 13 16°36 5 44 2:4
1854. Appar. a. Appar. 0.
The corrections for aberration and parallax were obtained by the aid of my first set of elements, which, as it happens, ap- pear to be unexpectedly near the truth. To save you the trouble of reference, I here place the two sets side by side.
First Approx.
Greenwich M. T. Second Approx. T March 24-01183 March 24:01376 T CAA aed 213° 50’ 89 R 315 34 50 315 28 16°1 z 82 42 26 82 30 17 °4 log q. 944192 9-449544 Retrograde. Retrograde.
“The second set of elements are referred to the mean equinox of April 0:0. The most remarkable circumstance connected with them is, that the observations are precisely re- presented by them: the correction of the calculated middle place, to reduce it to the observed, is
+ 0”1 in longitude, and + 0’:3 latitude.
I do not recollect that in all my calculations I have ever known a parabolic orbit to agree so closely with the observa- tions on which it was founded.
“You probably recollect that the first set of elements are founded on the Markree observations of March 30, April 1, and April 3.
‘¢ Tf you think these results worth laying before the Royal Irish Academy, at their next meeting, may I trouble you to do it? I can easily make the communication somewhat longer if you judge it necessary, by entering more into the details: but, perhaps, the whole affair may be too trifling to occupy a moment’s attention. Is not the perfect coincidence
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of the parabolic hypothesis with three complete observations very remarkable ?”
** Markree Observatory, Collooney, “5th May, 1854.
** Dear Sir,—A set of elements can hardly be regarded complete without the addition of the constants for facilitating the computation of the heliocentric co-ordinates. They are here subjoined,—
x=asin(A+yv)sec*l pv
y=bsin(B+v) sec*} v
z=csin(C+,) sec*} v
log. a = 9°2990850 + 20:0 d
log. b = 9°3470892 - 12-4d
log. c= 9°4044724- 28d A = 198° 56'54"2 - 025d B= 334 54 32°5-0°57d
i
C= 82 53 25°7+0:28d pecs, a’ | Values of d. |
T= March 24:01376 | March 22, -O°77 1:04
log nee 0:8361840 | April 1, +0-27 he | 1-08
it + 1-35 | bg
log m=0°7963117 ) al,