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HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
LIBRARY
OF THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.
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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
HELD AT PHILADELPHIA
FOR
PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE,
VOL. XXXVII.
JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1898.
PHILADELPHIA : THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
: '^1898.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
Ij-HHf
Mil) AT PHILADELPHIA FOE PROMOTING USEFUL RIWIEDGE.
Vol. XXXVII. JuLr, 1898. No. 15T.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Stated Meeting^ January 7, 1898 3
The Altitude of the Aurora above the Earth's Surface. By
Cleveland A bbe 4
Stated Meeting, January 21^ 1898 T
Description of Four New Species of Bocinela, with a Synop- sis of the Genus. By Harriet Richardson 8
Specializations of the Lepidopterous Wing ; the Pieri-Nym-
phalid8e(with plates). By A. Radcliffe Grote, A.M.. 17 An Old Broadside, with a Reference to the Throne of Con- gress (with plate). By Julius F. Sachse 45
Stated Meeting^ February ^, 1898 51
Stated Meeting, February 18, 1898 52
Stated Meeting, 3Iarch 4, 1898 53
Stated Meeting, March 18, 1898 54
Initiation Ceremonies of Australian Tribes (with plate).
By R. H. Mathews, L.S 54
Preliminary Note on the Selenodont Artiodactyls of the
Uinta Formation. By W. B. Scott ^ 73
Stated Meeting, April 1, 1898 81
Notes on Kansan Drift in Pennsylvania. By Prop. Ed- ward H. Williams, Jr 84
A Note on the History of the Jefferson Manuscript Draught of the Declaration of Independence in the Library of the American Philosophical Society. By I. Minis Ha^s, M.D. 88 The Genesis of Bitumens as Related to Chemical Geology.
By S. F. Peckham 108
Herpetological Notes. By John Van Denburgh 139
Stated Meeting, April 15, 1898 142
A Journal Kept During the Siege of Fort William Henry,
August, 1757. By I. Mknis Hays, M.D 143
Divisions of Australian Tribes. By R. H. Mathews, L.S . . 151
Stated Meeting, May 6, 1898 1 54
Adjourned Meeting, May 13, 1898 155
Stated Meeting, 3Iay 20, 1898 , 162
The Production of an Asphalt Resembling Gilsonite by the Distillation of a Mixture of Fish and Wood (with plate). By William C. Day 171
philadelphia :
The American Philosophical Society,
104 South Fifth Street,
1898.
Henry M. Phillips Prize Essay.
Philadelphia, 104 South Fifth Street,
April 5, 1897.
THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge has the honor to announce that an award of the Henry M. Phillips Prize will be made during the year 1899 ; essays for the same to be in the posses- sion of the Society before the first day of May, 1899. The subject upon which essays are to be furnished by competitors is :
The development of the law, as illustrated by the decisions relating to the police power of the State.
The essay shall not contain more than one hundred thousand words, excluding notes. Such notes, if any, should be kept sepa- rate as an Appendix.
The Prize for the crowned essay will be two thousand dollars lawful gold coin of the United States, to be paid as soon as may be after the award. The Society invites attention to the regulations governing said prize, which accompany this circular.
William V. McKean, Craig Biddle, Mayer Sulzberger, C. Stuart Patterson, Joseph C. Fraley, Frederick Fraley, President of the Society, Horace Jayne, M.D.,^ Ireasurer of the Society, Conwtittee on the Henry M.. Phillips Prize Essay Fund.
The essays must be sent addressed to Frederick Fraley, President of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
* Elected Treasurer American Philosophical Society, January 7, 1898, in place of J. Sergeant Price, Esq., deceased, August 16, 1897.
RKGUIvATIONS.
Competitors for the prize shall affix to their essays some motto or name fnot the proper name of the author, however), and when the essay is forwarded to the Society it shall be accompanied by a sealed envelope, containing within, the proper name of the author, and, on the outside thereof, the motto or name adopted for the essay.
At a stated meeting of the Society, in pursuance of the advertisement, all essays received up to that time shall be referred to a Committee of Judges, to consist of five persons, who shall be selected by the Society from nomination of ten persons made by thf Standing Committee on the Henry M. Phillips Prize Essay Fund.
1 iv may be written in English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish or I- if in any language except English, must be accompanied by an English
tr. T i\e same.
or essay shall be entitled to compete for the prize that has been ! ^>r printed, or for which the author has received already any prize, piofil, or lionur, of any nature whatsoever.
All pssavs mu3t be c/earij; and legibly written or printed on one side of the paper '
'"'■ ioperty of such essays shall be in their authors, subject to the right
' publish the crowned essay in its Transactions or Proceedings.
AUG 2 iggs
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, HELD AT PHILADELPHIA, FOE PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.
Vol. XXXVII. Januaky, 1898. No. 157.
Stated Meeting^ January 7, 1898.
Dr. J. 0. MoREis in the Chair.
Present, 17 members.
Dr. T. J. J. See and Mr. S^^dney Geo. Fisher, newly elected members, Avere presented tv. .ae Chair and took their seats.
Acknowledgments of election to membership were read from Messrs. Charles De Garmo, Arnold E. Ortmann, Thomas J. J. See, Alden Sampson, Sydney George ¥isher, Benjamin Kendall Emerson, Francis L, Patton, Edward S. Holden, and Ethelbert Dndley Warfield.
x\n invitation was received from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, to participate in a memorial meet- ing commemorative of Harrison Allen, M.D., and George H. Horn, M.D., to be held at the Academy on December 31, at 8 o'clock.
The Judges and Tellers of the annual election reported the following officers elected for the ensuing year :
President.
Frederick Fraley.
Vice- Presidents.
E. Otis Kendall, William Pepper, Coleman Sellers.
Secretaries.
Persifor Frazer, I. Minis Hays, Frederick Prime,
S. P. Sadtler.
Curators.
J. Cheston ^[orris, Benjamin Smith Lyman, Henry Pettit.
4 ABBE — THE ALTITUDE OF THE AURORA. [Jan. 7,
Treasurer.
Horace Jayne.
Councillors for three years.
Henry C. Baird, Isaac J. Wistar, Jacob M. DaCosta.
Councillor for one year^ to fill an unexpired term.
Georsje F. Edmunds.
Dr. I. Minis Hajs was nominated for Librarian for tlie
ensuing year.
Prof. Cleveland Abbe read a paper on " The Accepted Altitude of the Aurora Borealis."
Mr. Sachse and Mr. Cook offered some remarks in dis- cussion.
Dr. T. J. J. See presented a paper for the Transactions on " The Evolution of the Stellar Systems," which was dis- cussed by Prof. Doolittle, Prof. Sn3^der, Dr. See and Prof. Abbe.
The Society was adjourned by the presiding member.
THE ALTITUDE OF THE AURORA ABOVE THE
EARTH'S SURFACE.
BY CLEVELAND ABBE.
(Mead January 7, 1S9S. )
During the past three centuries numerous observers and physicists, astronomers and magneticians have endeavored to contribute to our knowledge of the altitude of the region whence the auroral light proceeds, and still the greatest diversity of opinion seems to prevail on this subject. Some observers have seen the light in such posi- tions between themselves and neighboring objects as to demonstrate that the aurora, like the lightning, descends to the very surface of the earth and may even be entirely confined to the lowest stratum : prominent among these are Captain Parry, Sir James Clark Ross and Sir John Ross, his uncle. Dr. Walker and Prof. J. P. Lesley.
Others, such as Dr. Richardson, Sir John Franklin, Silbermann, have seen it so located among the clouds that its origin must be placed at or below their level and, therefore, within a few thousand feet of the earth's surface. On the other hand, those who have calcu-
1898.] ABBE — THE ALTITUDE OF THE AURORA. 5
lated the altitudes of specific beams and arches by trigonometrical or equivalent methods have generally found figures indicating alti- tudes between twenty and a hundred miles. Perhaps the highest altitudes that have been deduced were the following : Dalton, 150 miles; Loomis, 400 to 600; Bergman, 468; Boscovich, 825; Fournerius, 1006; Twining, iioo ; Boiler, 2000 kilometers, or 1243 miles.
Those who delight in numerical calculations accept these larger altitudes and content themselves with saying that the altitude of the aurora ranges from 50 miles upward to 1000. The experimental physicists, by studying the analogies between the auroral light and the discharge of electricity through vacuum tubes, have shown that the auroral phenomena harmonize in part at least with those observed in vacua such as might occur at moderate altitudes. Thus, Miller and De La Rue give altitudes of from ten to forty miles. Espy and Bache maintained that observers a few miles apart did not and could not have observed the same arches. The most care- ful observers have in many cases defended the accuracy of the observations made under circumstances that admit of no doubt that the auroral light in the free atmosphere often emanates from points within a few yards of the observer.
Lemstrom has sought to reconcile the diverse conclusions by maintaining that while many auroras are quite high up and belong to the upper air, yet those in extreme northern latitudes most generally belong to the lowest strata and follow the unevenness of the ground, appearing as glows around the mountain top, or as rays directed toward prominent objects.
The object of the present paper is to study some of the numerous observations, calculations and opinions bearing on the nature and the altitude of the auroral light. We shall not especially consider the electrical origin, or the source of the electricity, but simply ac- quiesce in the universal conviction that it really is one form of electrical discharge, our main object being to ascertain whether we can in any way definitely fix its locus in the atmosphere.
The most instructive method of procedure consists in taking up the consideration of a number of authorities in chronological order, by which means one is led to appreciate the slow progress of knowl- edge and the difficulty which many investigators have felt, from time to time, in giving up preconceived views without having any- thing better to accept in their place. There is nothing more diffi-
6 ABBE — THE ALTITUDE OF THE AUEOEA. [Jan. 7,
cult than to recognize the fact that all our ideas are wrong, and that we are wholly in the dark with regard to the nature of that which our eyes behold so plainly. How many thousands of years elapsed before modern science gave us any clue to the true nature of the rainbow, and how difficult it has been to eradicate from our text- books the crude ideas of Descartes, Huyghens and Sir Isaac Newton which made the rainbow to be a phenomenon of dispersion and substitute the correct view of Thomas Young, who showed it to be a phenomenon of interference.
Possibly we must go through a similar series of changes in our views with regard to the auroral light until we recognize that each observer sees his own aurora as a so-called optical illusion.
There are several forms of optical illusion that are evidently con- nected with the aurora. Some of these were recognized long since, while others are still deceiving our senses and perplexing our calculations.
As we pursue our reading chronologically, among the different authorities, we shall perceive how one after another is led to suspect and fully recognize some one or other of these optical or perspec- tive illusions, while others, inattentive thereto, plunge deeper into misleading calculations. If, at the end of our consideration of the subject, we sum up all that has been shown to be probable or demonstrated to be true, we shall almost necessarily conclude that the determination of the altitude of the aurora is a much more delicate problem and perhaps also a more indefinite problem than we have hitherto believed.
After reviewing the literature of the subject since the time of Halley, we find that the methods of determining the altitude of specific features of the aurora may be enumerated as follows: (i) Parallax method ; (2) Galle's first method ; (3) Galle's second method ; (4) Bravais' method of amplitudes and its modifications by Fearnley, Newton, Nordenskiold and Bergmann ; (5) Bravais' method by the apparent breadth of the arch ; (6) Bravais' velocity method ; (7) my method, by the simultaneous motion of waves at the zenith and beam.s above an arch; (8) Gyllenskiold's method, by the apparent length of the auroral beam.
All these agree in one fundamental assumption, that the observed beams and arches have an individual existence and a definite locus. But this assumption is negatived by the equal frequency of negative and positive parallaxes whenever the parallax method is applied.
1898.] MINUTES. 7
The only conclusion possible is that the observers do not see the same object, partly because the aurora is too low down and partly because there are optical illusions due to alignment. We are view- ing a luminous sheet which is folded and refolded. We are also viewing a great collection of bright beams and bright pencils of light parallel to each other like the trees in a forest. Every slight change in the position of the observer alters the collective appear- ance of the pencils and the folds. The only method of determining parallaxes with any- confidence consists in requiring two or more observers to start at the same point, fixing their attention upon one feature ; separate to a short distance in opposite directions and re- turn until they have satisfied themselves that the illusions due to perspective and alignment are not sufficient to nullify the influence of parallax.
Stated Meeting^ January 21^ 1898.
Vice-President Sellers in the Chair.
Present, l-i members.
Mr. Alden Sampson, a neAvly elected member, was pre- sented to the Chair and took his seat.
Acknowledgments of election to membership Ave re received from Eichard Olney, William H. Dall, Leroj^ W. McCa3\
Mr. Rosengarten read an obituary notice of the late Treas- urer, J. Sergeant Price, Esq.
Dr. Hays was elected Librarian for the ensuing year.
The appointment of the Standing Committees Avas referred to the President.
The following papers were presented :
For the Transactions :
Posthumous papers of the late Dr. Harrison Allen on
" The Glossophagin^e ' ' and on
" The Skull and Teeth of the Ectophylla alba." ;
For the Proceedings :
" Specializations in the Lepidopterous Wing — Pieri- Nymphalidae," by Mr. A. R. Grote.
8 EICHARDSOX — FjUR XEW SPECIES OF ROCINELA. [Jau. 21,
" Description of Four Xew Species of Rocinela, with a Synopsis of the Genus," by Miss Harriet Eicharclson.
" An Old Broadside, with a Keference to the Throne of Congress," by Mr. Julius F. Sachse, which was discussed by Messrs. McKean, Kosengarten, Ilildeburn and Sellers.
The meeting was adjourned by the presiding officer.
DESCRIPTION OF FOUR NEW SPECIES OF ROCINELA, WITH A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS.
BY HARRIET RICHARDSON.
{Uead January 21, 1898.) I.
The species of Rocinela here described were collected by the steamer Albatross, of the U. S. Fish Commission, during its various cruises in different localities. One of the species herein described comes from the Alaskan coast ; another is from the coast of Cuba, off Havana, and the third comes from the southern part of the Gulf of California.
The new species exhibit unique characters not found in any other representatives. One, R. cormita, has the antero-lateral angles of the first thoracic segment extended forward on each side of the eyes, but not touching them, thus giving the head the appearance of being immersed or deeply set in this segment. Another, R. tuberculosa, presents a row of small tubercles on the posterior margin of each one of the thoracic and abdominal segments of the body. In R. cubensis, the frontal margin of the head is greatly pro- duced into a large rounded process with a concave surface.
The genus Rocinela is now known to include nineteen species,^ of which nine were included in the monograph published in i88o
' A*, lilljeborgii Bovallius {Bihang Sv. Ak. Hand!., 1 885, Vol. x, No, lo, pp. 3-10, Pis, I, 2) has been referred to the genus Syscenus Harger, and identi- fied with S. injlexisy Harger's type species (G. O. Sars, "An Account of Ihe Crustacea of Norway," Vol. ii, Isopoda, Pis. in, iv, pp. 67, 68).
1898.] RICHAKDSOX — FOUR NEW SPECIES OF ROCINELA. 9
by Schioedte and Meinert,' and the others in the order hereinafter
noted.
R. dajimoniensis (pp. 383-389, Tab. xi, Fig. i).
R. insularis (p. 390, Tab. xii, Figs. 1-3).
R. diimerilii {^'^. 391-393, Tab. xii, Figs. 4-6).
R. maculata (pp. 393, 394, Tab. xii. Figs. 10-12).
R. amertcana (pp. 394, 395, Tab. x, Figs. 16-18).
R. orientalis (pp. 395, 396, Tab. xiii. Figs, i, 2).
R. australis i^"^. 397-399, Tab. xii. Figs. 13-15).
R. signatci (pp. 399-401, Tab. xiii-. Fig. 3).
R. aries (pp. 401-403, Tab. xiii, Figs. 7, 8).
R. alaskensis (= /^ga alaskensis Lockington). '^ Description of Seventeen New Species of Crustacea," Lockington, Pro. Cal. Acad, of Sciefices, 1876, Vol. vii, Pt. i, p. 46, 1877.
R. vigilans. '' On Some New Australian Marine Isopoda," W. A. Haswell, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1880, Vol. v, p. 472, PI. t6. Fig. 2.
R. ociilata. " Reports on the Results of Dredging, under the Super- vision of Alexander Agassiz, on the East Coast of the United States, during the Summer of 1880, by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer Blake, Commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., Com- manding," xxiii, "Report on the Isopoda," Oscar Harger, Bull. Mus. C. Z., 1883, ^^o\. ix. No. 4, pp. 97-99, PI. 3, Fig 2.
R. spongiocola. " Notes on Tasmanian Crustacea with Descriptions of New Species," George M. Thomson, Papers and Proceed- ings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 1892 (1893), pp. 57, 58, PL 3, Figs. 2>~^.
R. laticauda. '* Reports on the Dredging Operations off the West Coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the West Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexan- der Agassiz, carried on by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891, Lieut. -Commander Z. T. Tanner, U. S. N., Commanding," xxii, "The Isopoda," H. J. Hansen, Bull. Mus. C. Z., 1897, Vol. xxxi. No. 5, p. 108, PI. 3, Figs.
2, 3- R. niodesta., op. cit., p. 109. R. cornuta, sp. nov.
iSymbolaead monographiani Cymothoarum, Crustaceorum, Isopodum, Fami- liae," J. C. Schioedte et Fr. Meinert, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, 1879 — 1880, Vol. xii, pp. 383-403, Pis. 10-13.
10 EICHARDSON — FOUR NEW SPECIES OF ROCIXELA. rJau.21,
R. ciibensis, sp. nov. R. japonica, sp. nov. R. tubei'culosa, sp. nov.
II.
Analytic key of all the known species of Rocinela, with the addi- tion of four new species. .
a. Eyes contiguous.
b. Head produced into process in front . . . R. oculata Harger. b' . Head not produced into process in front.
c. Flagellum of second pair of antennae as long as peduncle. .
R. spo7igiocola Thomson.
d . Flagellum of second pair of antennae more than twice as
long as peduncle R. vigilans Haswell.
a . Eyes not contiguous.
b. Flagellum of second pair of antennae with 14-16 joints. c. Eyes close together.
d. Head with frontal area excavated, bicarinated, front
roundly produced with raised margin
R. da7wioiiiensis Leach. d' . Head without median excavation, not bicarinated . . .
R. insularis Schioedte and Meinert. (f . Eyes widely separated.
d. Propodus of prehensile legs with two to four spines. e. First thoracic segment with antero-lateral angles pro- duced horn-like at sides of head
R. cornuta, sp. nov. /. First thoracic segment normal. /. Frontal margin of head produced.
g. Head tuberculated R. cubensis, sp. nov.
^ . Head not tuberculated.
h. Head with frontal excavation.
/. Front bicarinated. . . . R. dunierilii Leach. /'. Front not bicarinated . R. japonica, sp. nov.
//. Head without frontal excavation
R. modes fa Hansen. f. Frontal margin of head not produced.
g. Terminal segment of body linguate ; both branches of the uropods crenulate on their exterior margins.
/.
1898.] RICHARDSON — FOUR NEW SPECIES OF ROCINELA. 11
//. Spots present on both sides of the fourth
thoracic segment
7?. viaculata Schioedte and Meinert. //. Spots wanting on fourth thoracic segment. i. Spots present on fourth and fifth abdominal segment and base of terminal segment. . R. alaskensis'^ (Lockington). /'. Spots wanting on fourth and fifth abdominal segments and terminal segment .... R. a7nericana Schioedte and Meinert. Terminal segment of body subtriangular ; branches of uropods not crenulate on their exterior margins . R. orientalis Schioedte and Meinert. d'. Propodus of prehensile legs with five or six spines.
e. Increase in breadth of abdomen from base to fourth
segment R- laticauda Hansen.
/. No increase in breadth of abdomen from base to fourth segment . . , R. aiLstralis Schioedte and Meinert. b' . Flagellum of second pair of antennae with ten or eleven joints. c. Tubercles developed on all the segments of the body . . .
R, tuberculosa, sp. nov. c' . No tubercles developed on body.
d. Terminal segment of body ornamented with a pair of narrow semi-lunar bands separated by a longitudinal
stripe R- signata Schioedte and Meinert.
d'. Terminal segment of body ornamented with a very wide crescentiforrn band, from whose posterior border three large hastiform stripes project backwards.
R. aries Schioedte and Meinert.
^ga belUceps Stimpson {^Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1864, xvi, p. 15s) J is also undoubtedly a Rocinela and may even prove to be identical with Rocifiela alaskensis (Lockington) in which case the proper name will be Rocinela belliccps.
^ALga alaskensis Lockington {Froc. Cal. Academy of Sciences, 1876, Vol. vii, PI. i, p. 46, 1877) must be referred to the genus Rocinela, as it agrees in every respect with the characteristics of that genus. When identifying yEga alasken- sis Lockington with Rocinela, I found in conversation with Dr. Benedict that he had already recognized this relation.
12
EICHARDSOX — FOUR NEW SPECIES OF ROCINELA. [Jan. 21,
III.
Rocinela cornuia, sp. nov. Figs. 1,2.
Length of body, two and one-quarter times its greatest breadth. Outline, oval; surface smooth, with scattered points of depression. Head subtriangular, having a medium excavation. Its frontal margin is produced forward in a long and broad projection, widely rounded at its ex- tremity, and curving upward. Eyes large and
Fig. I. — Head, situated at some distance apart. The first antenna X i^'
"" reaches the anterior margin of the first thoracic
segment ; its flagellum contains six articles. The second antenna
extends to the posterior margin of the second thoracic segment ;
Its flagellum is sixteen-jointed.
The thoracic segments are subequal. The antero-lateral angles
of the first segment are greatly produced
and extend forward a little less than
half the length of the head, including
the projection. These antero-lateral
projections of the first segment do not
follow closely the lines of the head,
but rather extend out straight in a
direction which is parallel to that of
the frontal projection of the head.
The extremities of these projections
are rounded. The epimera of all the
segments point downward and do not
extend beyond the post-lateral angle
of their respective segments with the
exception of the sixth and seventh
ones.
The first segment of the abdomen
is almost entirely covered by the
seventh thoracic segment. The last
segment is rounded posteriorly and
is faintly crenulate. The two branches of the uropods are similar
in shape and size ; the inner branch, being the longer, reaches the
extremity of the abdomen. The uropods as well as the abdominal
segment are furnished with hairs.
The propodus of the prehensile feet is armed with three spines,
Fig. 2. — a. Rocinela cor- nutay ^, slightly reduced.
b. Leg of first pair, X 4.
c. Leg of fourth pair, x 4-
1898.] EICHARDSOX — FOUR NEW SPECIES OF KOCIXELA.
13
Fig. 3. — Head.
and three blunt ones are found oa the merus. The gressorial feet are long and slender and covered with spines.
Type. — The type specimen was found off Shumagin Bank, Alaska, Station ^il'h^^ 625 fathoms (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 20086).
Roci?iela cubensis, sp. nov. Figs. 3, 4.
Outline of body oval, surface smooth.
Head with rounded lateral margins. Its anterior margin is \)Yo- duced forward in a large rounded projection, whose breadth is equal to its length, and whose upper sur- face is deeply concave with upturned edges. This projection extends forward for about half its length and then upward, the change in direction being gradual. Eyes large and composed of ten rows of ocelli. Two small tubercles are situated between the eyes, and in the middle of the head and back of these is an arc-shaped depression. The first antenna reaches the posterior margin of the head ; its flagellum contains six articles. The second antenna extends to the posterior margin of the third thoracic segment ; its flagellum contains fifteen articles.
The thoracic segments are subequal in length. The epimera are long and narrow, with very acute posterior angles.
The first segment of the abdomen is almost entirely concealed by the last thoracic seg- ment. The fifth is likewise covered at the sides by the fourth segment. The last abdominal segment is triangular in shape with a rounded posterior margin. The outer branch of the uropods is very broad and oar-shaped, with a rounded extremity. The inner branch is long and slender, of equal breadth throughout its length and rounded on its posterior margin. Tlie inner branch is the longer one. Both are fringed with hairs.
In the prehensile legs of this species the basis presents a row of tubercles on its superior margin two spines on this propodus and three on the merus. sorial legs are but slightly spinulose.
Fig. 4. — a. Ro cine la ctibensts, (j^, X 2^. d. Leg of first pair, X 45- ^. Leg of fourth pair, X 43-
There are The gres-
14
EICHARDSON — FOUR NEW SPECIES OF ROCINELA. [Jan. 21,
Fig. 5. — Head X 2i.
Type. — The type specimen was found off Havana, lat. N. 23° 11', long. W. 82° 19^ 6", Station 2341, 143 fathoms (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 20087). Rocinela laticauda, Hansen^ Fig. 5, 6.
Head, with a median projection, long and broad, extending slightly downward and having a blunt extremity. Eyes large, with ten rows of ocelli. The first an- tenna, with a flagellum containing six articles, reaches the posterior margin of the head. The second antenna extends to the middle of the second thoracic segment; its flagellum contains fifteen articles. The thoracic segments are equal in length. The first is deeply bi- sinuated, its antero-lateral angles extending up the side of the head to about the middle of the eyes. The epimera of the second, third and fourth segments are rounded posteriorly; those of the remaining segments have pointed extremities.
The first segment of the abdomen is almost entirely covered by the last thoracic segment. The fifth segment, as well as this one, is nar- rower than the intervening segments, and not as broad as the base of the terminal segment. The last segment is widely rounded posteri- orly and is fringed with rough hairs which almost conceal its crenulated margin ; at the base it is impressed on either side of a keeled centre ; the outer branch of the uropods is almost twice as broad as the inner branch ; they are about equal in length. Both are fringed with hairs and indistinctly crenulate. Fig. d.—a. Rocinela la- The prehensile legs are stout and short. ticauda, ^, slightly There are four spines on the propodus and reduced, b. Leg of first f][yg qj^ ^\^q merus, besides numerous hairs.
I ''^4- ^- ^g o The gressorial lesrs are likewise stout and fur- fourth pair, X 4. • u ^ -.1 • ^ u •
nished with spmes and hairs.
1 he description of the above species was written and the drawings made when Dr. Hansen's type specimen was returned to the U. S. Nat. Mus., and his manuscript sent to the press. As there are a few differences in the specimens, it was thought best to publish the new description.
1898.] RICHARDSON — FOUR NEW SPECIES OF ROCINELA. 15
The specimen described came from Alaska, off Unimak Island, Station 32:55, 85 fathoms (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 20088).
Distribuiion. — One specimen was found off San Luis Obispo Bay, California, Station 3195, 252 fathoms; one off Esteros Bay, California, Station 3194, 92 fathoms, and another at Puget Sound, Washington, Station 3067, 82 fathoms. The specimens from the coast of California are smaller in size and of very much lighter color than the other specimens. They are similar in other respects. Dr. Hansen's type specimen is from Acapulco, Mexico, Station 3418. It differs from the specimen herein described in the length of the second pair of antennae, which extend to the middle of the third thoracic segment, while in the specimen we have described they extend only to the middle of the second thoracic segment ; in the broader and longer terminal segment of the body, and in the in- creased number of spines on the propodus, and the decreased num- ber of spines on the merus of the prehensile legs.
Rocifiela japonica, sp. nov. Fig. 7-9.
Surface of body punctate and covered with black or brown dots. Color yellow, marked lightly in such a way as to present a mottled appearance. At the base of the terminal segment of the body, there are two small spots of brown, separated by a distance equal to half the width of the segment. Head subtriangular, excavated in the centre between the eyes and havingthe lateral margin in front of the eye produced into a lobe ; the extreme front being trun- cate with rounded angles and curving slightly upward. The lobe in front of the eye extends half way between the eye and the extreme front. The eyes, which are small, are separated by a distance of half the width of j^^^^ '^ ^-^^ the head. The first antenna, with a flagellum of six joints, reaches the posterior margin of the head. The second antenna, with a flagellum of fifteen joints, extends to the posterior margin of the second thoracic segment.
Tlie epimera of all the segments of the thorax are acute, the pos- terior angles more rounded in the first two, but sufficiently pointed, in the remaining four. The epimera of the last two segments take a more oblique direction than the preceding ones, and extend lat- erally as far as the outer margins of the abdominal segments.
The first abdominal segment is almost entirely covered. The ■posterior angles of these segments are very acute and are produced
16
RICHARDSOX — FOUR NEW SPECIES OF ROCINELA. [Jan. 21,
Fig 8. — Rocinela japonica, ^, X l|^-
at the sides beyond the terminal segment and the basal joints of the
uropods. The terminal segment is liriguate and obscurely crenulate on its posterior margin. The internal branch of the uropods is somewhat longer than the external one, but the two are equal in width. They are both armed with spines on their outer margins.
The prehensile legs are slender. There are three or four hair-like spines on the propodus and five blunt ones on the merus. The gressorial legs are likewise slender and spinulose.
Of this species a single individual was found at Hakodate Bay, Japan, Station 3659, depth fifteen and a half fathoms (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 20651). This species is closely related to R. modesta Hansen. It differs from that species in the length of the first pair of antennae, which extend only to the middle of the last joint of the peduncle of the second pair of antennas, while in R. modesta Han- sen they extend a little beyond the peduncle of the second pair of antennae ; in the greater develop- ment of the lateral margin of the head in front of the eye into lobes ; in the excavation in the frontal area of the head ; in the extreme front being directed upward ; in the number of spines on the
Fig. 9. — Leg of first merus of the prehensile legs, five spines being
pair, X 3. Leg of characteristic in our species, three or four in Dr.
^ ^' ^' Hansen's species ; in the markings on the surface
of the body of small black dots and the presence of two larger spots
at the base of the terminal segment of the body.
Rocinela tuberculosa, sp. nov. Fig. 10.
Surface of body punctate and marked with small black dots. The posterior margin of each of the tho- racic and abdominal segments is lined with a row of tiny tubercles, above which is a row of small black dots.
Head subtriangular, rounded in front. Eyes large and situated at a distance of one-third of the head apart. The first antenna, with a flagellum of five articles, reaches the posterior margin of the head ; the second vela tiibercii- antennae extends to the posterior margin of the second o^ci,^, X 2y. thoracic segment; its flagellum contains eleven articles.
Fig. 10. — Rod
1898.] GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 17
The posterior margin of all the thoracic segments is edged with a row of small tubercles. The epimera are narrow, those of the second, third and fourth segments being rounded at the top, while those of the last three segments are more acute.
The first abdominal segment is entirely concealed by the last thoracic segment. The second, third, fourth and fifth segments are likewise edged with a row of small tubercles. The last segment is widely rounded. The outer branch of the uropods is somewhat narrower and shorter than the inner one and is rounded at its extremity. The inner one is bluntly rounded. Both are fringed with hairs, and on their exterior margins are armed with spines. The prehensile legs have three long, stout spines on the merus and two on the propodus. The gressorial legs are covered with spines.
Two individuals of this species were found in the southern part of the Gulf of California, at Station 2824, eight fathoms, type (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 20652), and Station 2828, ten fathoms.
SPECIALIZATIONS OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS WING ; THE PIERI-NYMPHALID^.
(Plates I-III.) BY A. RADCLIFFE GROTE, A.M.
{Read January 21, ISOS.)
An immediate incentive to the present study is the statement, in Evolution and Taxonomy, that we find, in the Nymphalidae, '^an even greater specialization of the wings than exists in the Pieridae." It may be premised that Prof. Comstock's classification unites in one family two seemingly distinct types under the term Nymphalidae. Also that the neurational character given in the more recently issued '' Manual" of the same author for the Pieridae would exclude the Leptidian^. The two wing types of the Nymphalidae of Mr. Scudder and Prof. Comstock overlap. The Nymphalidae proper, as I would limit the family, have vein iii^ of the fore wings thrown off upon the external margin below apices through- out all the leading groups. But in the Fritillaries, which seems to be the most generalized group, there are genera, like Euptoieta, in which this vein reaches the apex, as in all the other brush-
PROC. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XXXVII. 157, A. PRINTED MAY 17, 1898.
18 GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. [Jau. 21,
footed butterflies. But, commonly, we can tell a Nymphalid from a Satyrid by this character. Again, on the hind wings, the Nym- phalidae proper show vein ivg entirely joined to the cubitus, and not issued from the cross-vein. In the Limnadidae, Heliconidae and Agapetidae, which appear to form another branch of the "brush-footed" group of butterflies, this latter condition of vein ivg is only reached in a small group of specialized Satyrids, the Pararginae. This character is plainly secondary, one which might occur independently in diff'erent groups not immediately phylo- genetically connected.
The specializations of the lepidopterous wing, here chiefly considered, are visible among what I have called the "movable veins " and cannot be relied upon as decisive in general phylogeny. Their study leads to an arrangement of genera and species, in most cases upon a more positive basis, by supplying us with a gauge by which we may distinguish the younger from the older form. The norm by which these specializations are apprehended lies in the principle we have already set forth : the amount of the absorption is the measure of the specialization.
The two principal directions in which the specialization is manifested are: i. the suppression of the media, common to both wings, and 2. the suppression of the branches of the radius, confined to the fore wings in most Lepidoptera and occurring sporadically. The latter is probably reminiscent of that action which has completed its task upon the hind wings of such Lepi- doptera which have the radius already reduced to a single un- branched vein.^
Nomenclature.
The application of literary terms to structural groups, wider in extent than specific, has become uncertain through the publication of varying and subjective opinion. It has, therefore, become neces- sary to associate the generic title with a single specific type, ascer- tained by historical methods, in order to go safely. The failure to employ the name of the genus in this manner renders Mr. Renter's recently published volume at times unintelligible. The same remark applies to Dr. Chapman's admirable paper on butterfly
1 Consult, " Mittheilungen a. d, Roemer Museum," 8, February, 1897; "The Hind Wings of the Day Butterflies," Can. Ent., 29, 174; also several other papers more recently issued.
1898.] GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 19
pupae, where exactly what is meant by the terms ^'Satyrus, Epine- phele, Hipparchia," does not appear {Entom. Record, vi, 152). So far as the diurnals are concerned the authority I recognize is Mr. Scudder's Historical Sketch, Salem, 1875. Since, in exceptional cases, this work has been seemingly properly corrected and even in one case by the author himself, a republication up to date would be one of the most grateful of literary helps to the systematist, to whom it is a matter of comparative indifference what term he uses so that it is correct and exactly conveys his meaning, while it should be one necessarily understood. Since the difference between genera and spe- cies is quantitative, the limitations of the former will be always more or less a matter of opinion. As matters are now and unless a standard is recognized, the object of nomenclature will be defeated so far as generic titles used by themselves are concerned. Both to give greater endurance to his work and to make it a useful addition to generic definitions extant in literature, the systematist might confine his studies to species used for generic types as far as possible and neglect those not yet so favored. To locate and compare genera their types need alone be considered ; by clearly explaining the structure of these incidental help will be afforded to reach an approximative agreement as to the limitation of generic groups. Generic terms should always have the same meaning attached to them, and this meaning can only be derived from the structure of their types. I remember that Moeschler, disputing the validity of the genera allied to Smerinthus and wishing to discredit minute generic differentiation, asked triumphantly. To what genus, then, do the hybrids between species belonging to these different allied genera belong? A little reflection might have led him to ask the question also. And to what species ? For although, to Moeschler, a genus would seem to have constituted a fixed quality, yet it is seen not to be so and that the genus idea is an extension of the species idea, and both ideal categories having a relative being without sharp outlines. In the formation of generic categories the idiosyncrasy of the describer comes easier to the surface, as in Mr. Scudder's genera ; but for the purposes of the systematist these are as good as any, and better than most ; all that is wanted being a certain name attached to a certain thing. The describers of species are the avant couriers of the systematists, one no more useful than the other, and any adverse criticism of the former class, who throw the first light upon our darkness, must be due to a lack of thought and considera-
20 GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. [Jan. 21,
tion. Nomenclature itself belongs to letters and is part of the machinery which biologists must use to work with. And we may remember here the fact that we possess no entire and satisfactory definition for the term i?tdividual as used in biology. So that it perhaps naturally follows that we are at a loss to define adequately groups or associations of which the individual forms the unit. The following notes explain the changes made by me in
The Nomenclature of the Pieri-Nymphalid^.
Agapetidce. — I use this term instead of Satyridae because the generic title Satyrus Latreille is preoccupied (Scudder, /. ^., 265), and is properly replaced by the title Agapetes Bilberg, 1820 (/. c, 104), with the same type, A. galathea. It is impossible to separate the name of a higher group from that of the genus upon which it is based. If Satyrus properly falls then Satyridae must also go. But the type of Satyrus remains and the new generic title of this type by natural right replaces the old title in all its various modifications. It appears that the more modern title Satyrid^ replaces the Satyri of older authors who antedate the Tentamen in the use of a plural form, thus in recognizing a group or family in our sense. In addi- tion the term Oreas (Oreades) used by Hiibner in 1806 is itself pre- occupied. So that the claim of Agapetidae to designate the family, with Agapetes galathea as its type, seems indisputable. Arge of Esper and also of Hiibner would be preoccupied by Schrank (/. c, 117).
LimiiadidcB.—'Y\\^ earliest plural form applied particularly to a member of this group is Limnades of Hiibner, 1806, based upon Li7nnas chrysippiis as type. This must, therefore, replace the term Danaidae of modern writers, a term based upon the later Danaus {ptex- ippus) of Latreille, 1809, for which Scudder proposes to retain Dan- aidaof the same author of 1805 (/. c, 153), perhaps disputably, since Latreille's change seemed warranted at that time. Once a synonym always a synonym. In any case the modern Danaidse cannot claim any connection directly with the JDanaifesiivi, etc., of Linne, since that group had no legal standing ; no genus of that name upon which it could be based having been published. Cuvier's similar use of " Danai " included also the Pieridce (/. c, 154), and, there- fore, Limnadidse has a clear right to recognition.
N. B. — I take the opportunity here to change my term Capis to Capisella since there is an earlier genus, Capys of Hewitson, which
1898.] GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 21
interferes (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, xxxiv, 434). I also resume my name for Lomanaltes Icsiulus, since from the description it must be that Mr. Walker's species differs.
General Descriptions.
These are limited to the holarctic fauna, of which the principal genera appear to have been examined. There remain, however, several types I have been unable to obtain.
Pieridce. Pierina. — Primary wings, specialization by suppression of the media : Traces of the base of the media in the shape of scars I have found in Eurymus and Callidryas. In Colias rhavini, a mimetic form springing evidently from the same line, I fail to find the least impression. Backward spurs occur in Aporia and faint traces in Callidryas. The cell nowhere completely opens. The cross-vein becomes partially degenerate in a number of instances. In all the genera yet examined, vein iv^ , the upper branch of the media, leaves the cross-vein and is given off, outside of median cell, from the lower branch of radius. This character I only find again on the hind wings of Nemeobius. The middle branch of media leaves cross-vein above the middle and is radially inclined.
Primary wings, suppression of radial branches : End forms of spe- cialization in this direction are offered by Mancipium, Pontia and Nathalis, where the five branches are reduced to three. The bulk of the forms: Pieris, Eurymus, Colias, Callidryas, Eurema, etc., are four-branched. As yet I find only certain of the Anthocharini, therefore the more generalized group, five-branched.
Secondary wings, suppression of media : Taking the homologies as given, the vein iv^ assumes function and position of iiij on pri- maries; usually the piece between its base and the issuance of iiig from radius must be reckoned to cross-vein. The inauguration of the movement of the movable veins appears to take place on sec- ondaries generally, since in a number of Lepidoptera vein ivo re- mains central on primaries, while on secondaries of same wings it inclines radially or cubi tally. As on primaries, the cross- vein nowhere disappears in the Pierinse and the cell remains closed.
Other features of specialization by absorption of veins : On pri- maries, vein viii is present, either as a scar or, in some instances, as an apparently functional, ''tubular" vein. It takes the aspect of a short, oblique, more or less rigid piece, running from vein vii to internal angle. It has usually lost here the appearance of being
22 GEOTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEEOUS WING. [Jan. 21,
originally a longitudinal vein rooting in base of wing and, as in the Limnadidae, appears more as a ^pporting strap. However, in Terias, where it is reduced, it assumes nearly the loop-like shape. The minute study of this vein is a matter of some difficulty. The appearance of vein viii in the Hesperiadae corresponds essentially with that in the Sphingidae and Saturniades, where it has the loop- like shape. These quaiititative changes are probably correlated with mechanical function. On the secondaries of the Pieridae, there are but slight differences in the amount of absorption of veins ii and iii at base ; on the whole, the absorption is small and herein is the wing generalized. Vein i, the so-called ''prascostal spur,'^ is usually present ; it vanishes in the Eurymini and in Colias (Gonepteryx); it may be seen in Callidryas. There is no equality of specialization, no exact and equal step in all these instances and the position of a genus or group can here not be assigned with cer- tainty from any one character. Better, as a guide, is the radial specialization on primaries^ where it may be laid down as an axiom that the five-branched forms cannot possibly have been derived from the three or four-branched, and that they are consequently descendants of older types and clearly more generalized insects. But neither may we group all the three or four-branched species to- gether, since these specializations are reached upon what are other- wise evidently independent phylogenetic lines, in all cases neces- sarily succeeding a five-branched ancestor. Thus the three-branched Pontia is clearly an offspring from the five-branched Anthocharini ; the three-branched Nathalis is more immediately connected with the four-branched Terias and Eurema.
LeptidiancB. — So different is this butterfly and so isolated its present position, that we must almost leave it out of sight in dis- cussing the specialization of the Whites. The suppression of the media is nearly limited to the extinction of the basal portion. The position of vein ivo is central, or very nearly so, on fore wings, cubital on hind wings; we have here an exceptional parallelism with Papilio. The radius is generalized, five-branched. No trace of vein viii appears on fore win^s. The median cells are small, re- treating; the veins long. In comparison with the other whites, the wings are in a generalized state, but the chances are that in Leptidia (Leucophasia) we have a survival of what was a more extended group at one period and that the generalization is strictly relative. The disappearance of vein viii points in this direction.
1898.] GROTE — SPECIALTZAT.IOXS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS^WIXG. 23
A feature of generalization is offered by ii and iii of secondaries which appear completely separate.
NymphalidcB. — This term is used in a restricted sense, equivalent to the Nymphalina; of Comstock, or typical Nymphalids, apparently taken from Scudder.
Nymphalince. — Characterized by the position of i, ii and iii, of hind wings, which spring from one point owing to the fact that ii and iii are absorbed or fused up to the origin of i, which remains nearly constant in all the butterflies examined. This character is secondary in its nature and I have not yet studied the phylog- eny of the genera fully. In this subfamily the suppression of the media reaches its widest extent and is only paralleled again in the Attacinae. In the most specialized forms the cell entirely opens, all trace of the cross-vein vanishes on both wings. Vein ivo be- comes radial. Vein ivi leaves upper angle of cell and does not fuse with radius.
ArgynnificB. — Characterized by the fusion of ii and iii on hind wings not attaining the point of origin of i. No taxonomical features of neuration clearly define the minor groups, which are generally bound together by steps in the grade of specialization shown in the gradual suppression of the media. The "Goat Weed Butterflies " belong probably to the Charaxinse, a specialized form having lost the '' long fork " through absorption, but are not so specialized as the Nymphalinae or ''Purples," as might be inferred by their position in Comstock's Manual. In this work, as well as Mr. Scudder's, the sequence, as based on a specialization of the wings (and no other characters or class of characters allow of such fine distinction) is irregular. In the Check List of Dr. Skinner (1891) the disarrangement is nearly complete.
AgapefidcB {'idXynd^e). — Wings (except in the Pararginae) as in Pieridae, but vein viii of fore wings entirely absent ; vein iii4 of fore wings to apex. The veins in many forms show a secondary sexual character in the enlargement of vein ii, the cubitus, or vii at base in male. This character is indicated in the Nymphalidae, in Potamis and some Fritillaries and in the Ager.
ParargincB. — The cross-vein of hind wings, or its traces, joins the cubitus ; in other words the union of vein ivg with cubitus is complete, since this branch of the media has left the cross-vein. Here there is, in this apparently restricted group, a complete paral- lelism with the Nymphalidae, from which the butterflies differ by
24 GROTE — SPECIALIZATIOXS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WIXG. [Jan. 21,
the position of vein iii^ of fore wings. Cross-vein degeneral e between iva and ivj or cubitus, as might be expected, on hind wings, while on fore wings the specialization has not proceeded so far. Genera : Pararge and Lasiommata.
AgapetincB (Type : Agapetes galatliea). — Vein ivg of hind wings springs from cross-vein as in Pieridse and next two succeeding fami- lies. All the North American genera I have yet examined (but many remain), and most European Satyrids belong here. The cross-vein is partially degenerate, but as long as vein ivg keeps its position and does not fuse with cubitus this may not here disap- pear. Vein i of hind wings varies in expression and, almost van- ishing in Coenonympha, is quite absorbed in Pyronia. It is diminished in Cercyonis. Probably its study may give us a better arrangement of the European forms. In Eumenis it terminates squarely as in the Parargin^e, and again in Nymphalis. In the other genera it is pointed. Owing to the inequality and slight nature of the specializations in the Agapetin^, it will require a minute and patient comparison to straighten them out. Any rough classi- fication or sequence attempted on "general principles" must be always nearly valueless. CEneis is evidently a generalized form.
HeliconidcB. — Study of the type : Heliconiiis antiochus. As in all the " brush-footed " butterflies, the radius on fore wings is in a five-branched generalized state, while iv^ springs from upper corner of median cell. Cells completely closed, the cross-vein merely thinning a little below iv^. No trace of vein viii, hence more specialized than Limnadid^e and agreeing with Agapetido^. Vein ivj nearly central, a little radially inclined on fore wings and con- siderably more so on hind wings, where the cell is small, retreating, the veins long. Vein i determinate, pointed. The radius of fore wings is more specialized than in Limnas, where \\\^ leaves the stem opposite cross-vein. Here vein iii._, arises beyond the cell. A more generalized wing than that of the Agapetidce, more distinctly a Limnad type. All traces of the base of media disappeared ; no trace of backward spurs from cross- vein.
LtmnadidcB. — Study of the type : Limnas chrysippus. On the five-branched radius of primaries vein iii.^ springs from a point oppo- site cross-vein. Vein viii on fore wings present strongly developed. Veins strong ; cells closed ; a backward spur from cross-vein on fore wings opposite iv._,, the position of which is central. On hind wings this vein is slightly radial. Vein i of hind wings imperfectly
1898.] GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 25
fused with radius at base ; cross-vein angulate. The curious stigma below v., is attended by a rounded retreat of the vein, which is here slightly swollen. On comparing this type with that of Heliconius it is seen to be the more generalized. To separate Danaus from Limnas we must encroach apparently upon specific characters.
Libytheidce. — Vein iii^ to costa before apex ; cross-vein partially degenerate ; vein iv_, on primaries central, on secondaries radial ; vein viii of fore wings strongly developed as in Limnadidae. Outline similar to Polygonia. On secondaries the cross- vein reaches vein ivg just immediately before cubitus. Specialization here almost like the Pararginae. This isolated group, with its strongly devel- oped labial palpi, cannot be referred to the stem of the Nymphalidae proper (in sensu iniJii) on account of the position of iii4 and the presence of viii of primaries. It must be referred back on an in- dependent line to the matrix from which the "brush-footed" but- terflies originally sprang. It is now a specialized form as is seen by the extent of absoption of ii and iii, on hind wings, to the point of issuance of i, thus equaling the Pararginae.
NemeobiidcB. — Not a typical *' brush-foot," but with the fore feet reduced in the male on the Riodinid type. Special examinations of this structure are needed to bring out the points clearly. Wings of the Pieri-Nymphalid pattern, not of the Lycseni-Hesperid. Radius five-branched, generalized. It is thus impossible to bring the butterfly into the Lycseni-Riodinid series in which the radius is specialized, three to four-branched, while the other neurational features contradict the supposition that it could represent a gener- alized type of the series. The neuration runs parallel with Liby- thea and the resemblances lie between this butterfly and Pieris. Vein iii4 seems to join costa just before apex. Cross-vein entire, cells closed; "on fore wings vein ivo is central, on hind wings radial. Vein viii of primaries seems to be degenerate and I represent it by dots in my original figure. Subsequent studies lead me to believe it wholly or partially tubular. Veins ii and iii of secondaries at base fused nearly to point of issuance of i, hence nearly as special- ized as Libythea, much more so than in any Riodinid or Lycaenid yet examined. When writing my original paper (in 1896) I failed to note that the family Nemeobiidse had been recognized, though I have found no description and the study of the neuration seems to have been neglected. To unite this butterfly with the Lycaeni- Hesperid branch appears to me a physiological impossibility. It
26 GROTE— SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEKOUS WING. [Jan. 21,
must rather be relegated to a distinct line, running parallel with the Libytheid^e and leading to the main stem of the Hesperiades. Its affinity with the Pieridae is marked by the position of iv^, which,, on secondaries, has left the upper angle of cell and is fused with the radius to a point much beyond the median cell, as in the Pieri- nae. Since there is a parallelism in the specialization between the Lycaenid group and the Pieridae in the reduction of the radial branches, a further parallelism might be made to account for this, especially as on primaries vein ivi is fused with radius as in the Theclinae. But this will not explain the position of vein iiig on exter- nal margin, the radial position of iv2 and the more unequal spacing. We might appeal to the imperfection of the geological record and conjure up extinct and intermediate series ; but, independent of the fact that such flights of the imagination would lead us nowhere and would excuse even the arrangements proposed by Mr. Meyrick, we cannot do away with the main difficulty, that the wing of Nemeo- bius is developed upon the Pieri-Nymphalid pattern and that we should not logically graft it upon the Lycaeni-Hesperid. The radius is also generalized, five-branched and cannot be derived from a three to four-branched group, which it should have preceded. But the five-branched Hesperiadae are formed upon another pattern and could hardly have given rise to Nemeobius. The five-branched Hesperiadae have most plainly produced the three to four-branched Riodinidae and Lycaenidae. The wing of the latter is just what we might expect from a reduction of the radial branches of Hesperia. The conclusion we may come to is, that we should seek for the origin of Nemeobius in an independent line, and that the structure of the fore feet has been probably independently acquired. There is no difficulty in this, since aborted fore feet are also characteristic of cer- tain moths belonging to the Hypeninae, notably of Pallachini bivittata Grt. There seems ro be a latent tendency in this direc- tion whicli has broken out strongly in the day butterflies.
General Comparisons.
Before entering upon any comparison as to the amount of speciali- zation in the Pieridae and the ^' brush-footed " butterflies (^Nym- phalid^e of Scudder and Comstock) it will be well to get a mental picture of the neuration of the Pieri-Nymphalid^e as a whole. This can best be obtained by contrasting it with that of an allied wing group in the same structural series, the Lycaeni-Hesperidae. Inde-
1898.] GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 27
pendent of relative breadth or shape of wing we have in the latter a simpler pattern, the veins more equidistant, an indisposition to fuse and furcate shown by the retention of a central position by vein ivj ; so that as the suppression of the media takes its course this branch tends to degeneration in situ, from resisting the attraction of either radius or cubitus. As opposed to this we have a willingness in the Pieri-Nymphalidae to preserve vein iv.,, which latter tends every- where to become radial, except in the isolated case of Leptidia, where it becomes cubital. We have a spreading of the veins and abundant traces of unequal specialization. Except in the lycaenid reduction of the radial branches, the Lyc?eni-Hesperiad^ offer few neurational changes to aid our formation of classificatory categories ; the Pieri-Nymphalidse plenty. United by the presence of the loop- ing vein viii, or its traces unequally expressed and sometimes quite vanished, the Hesperiades offer in this way two groups characterized by the peculiar neurational wing pattern ; giving us also an instance of parallelism in specialization, in that the Pieridae sustain an analogous position with regard to the ''brush-footed" butterflies (Nymphalid?e, etc.), to that the Riodinid-Lycsenids show with re- spect to the Hesperids or ''Skippers." In both these groups the reduction of the radius takes place; the Pierids still showing phases embracing and intermediate between the five 'and three-branched radius, while no five-branched Lyc?enid is yet known to me. Thus the gap in the Lycaeni-Hesperiadse between the subgroups is greater than that between the subgroups of the Pieri-Nymphalidae. But the fact that the reduction of the radial branches has been indepen- dently taken up by the two main wing groups of the Hesperiades comes clearly out. I have been unable to find any characters which will always distinguish the neuration of the Hesperiades from the moths. Not so with the Parnassi-Papilionidae, a distinct major division entirely left out of sight in the present studies.
Having thus endeavored to trace the outlines of the neuration of the Pieri-Nymphalidae as a whole and to enable the reader to grasp more or less fully the wing structure of this waste of butterflies, we may more in detail compare the wings of the " Whites " with those of the other butterflies in their group. That the radius is special- ized in the Pieridae and generalized in all the other families is the first and obvious difference, one which strikingly throws the bal- ance of specialization to the side of the " Whites." So that in this direction of secondary specialization, which the Pieridae share with
28 GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. [Jan. 21,
the Parnassiinae, the Riodini-Lycsenidse, as well as the Saturniades among the moths, the "brush-footed " butterflies (Nymphalidae of Scudder and Comstock) as well as the Nemeobiidse have no share and are ho7's de concurs.
We now come to the direction of the suppression of the media. Herein the Pierid^ lag behind the Nymphalidae {in sensu mihi') with one remarkable exception in the position of vein ivi, the upper branch of the media, which ascends the radius (iiis) to a point beyond the cell, a character repeated only on the hind wings of Nemeo- bius. In all the ''brush-footed" butterflies this vein never leaves the cross-vein at the extreme upper corner of the median cell. Though the latter open and the disappearance of the media by the distribution of its branches between radius and cubitus become complete, still vein ivi never fuses directly with the radius. Did it do so its passage to a point beyond the cell in the process of specialization might be logically expected to follow. What power is it which keeps this vein apart, even in Nymphalis and Potamis, where, in the latter especially, the approximation is carried out so completely? Undoubtedly all these retained and abandoned posi- tions for the veins indicate the action of the dynamical force which fits the wing for variations in the mode of flight. The field observa- tions which are compared with the structure of the wings are as yet scanty in the extreme. I have only brought the opening of the cell and the radial position of iv., into a probable relation with a lofty and sailing flight, a tree life like that led by Potamis iris or Philo- samia cynthia. The passage of ivi along iiig does not seem to help the wing to extended flights. We find it again in the moths, in the Smerinthinae and Citheroniadae. The bunching of the two upper branches of the media near the radius at this point seems, on the other hand, to strengthen the primaries. As these veins are retired from the radius and retain their original generalized position on the cross-vein, closing the cell, so does a more modest terrestrial habit of flight seem to prevail ; so that it seems probable that the Lepi- doptera were not originally high flyers, and that those which now disport among the tree tops are the latest arrivals on their respective and differing lines of phylogenetic descent.
To return to our immediate subject, the comparison of the special- izations of the Pieridas and Nymphalidae proper. So far as the sup- pression of the media is concerned, the advantage of the Nympha- lidae is quite clear when the most specialized forms are compared, but
1898.] GHOTE — SPECIALIZATION'S OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 2^
even when we descend to the '' Fritillaries," where the cell of fore wings closes and vein ivj becomes quite central, the superiority is kept up. For everywhere on the hind wings of the Nymphalidoe does the lowest branch of the media, vein iv,,, completely fuse with the cubitus. The cross-vein above it is always very weak, and even vanishes in Araschnia, Melitcea or Euptoieta.
Leaving the two principal directions in which the movable veins show the effects of specialization, we can compare the Pieridae and Nymphalidce upon other points. The most important of these is the fusion of ii and iii upon the hind wings at base. Here the Nymphalidas continue their advantage. In the Nymphalinae the absorption extends even to the point of issuance of i, and this mea- sure is attained in the most specialized of the Agapetid?e or " Meadow Browns," the Pararginae. In the mass of the Nympha- lidas this excess is not reached and the point of absorption falls varyingly short. But still it is always carried to a further point than in the PieridjE, where the union is very brief and apparently quite wanting in Leptidia. This character is plainly secondary and cannot of itself determine the phylogeny. Again, the amount of ab- sorption of i may be compared, a vein which is relatively constant in its position upon ii, from which it issues. It did not always probably do so, for I have observed in Papilio, Zerynthia (=:Thais) and Par- nassius, the process by which it has come to be fused with ii, and in the present group traces of its independence may be found in the Limnads or " Milk Weed " butterflies. In the Pieridae this vein i, the so-called ^'praecostal spur," tends to be absorbed and disap- pears in Eurymus (Colias) and Colias (Gonepteryx). Here the parallelism in specialization with the ''Blues" is continued. But in the Nymphalid?e it appears everywhere to be strong and well-de- veloped ; it is here more generalized. Evidently the strong flight continued to call for a strengthening of the shoulder of the secondary wings. In the fiutterings of the ''Whites," the "Meadow Browns," the "Blues," this need was not so felt and the vein would tend to disappear.
So much we may say in comparing the Pieridae with the Nym- phalidce proper, and we may pass more quickly over our comparisons of the " Whites " with the remaining families of " brush-footed " butterflies, the " Nymphalidse " of Scudder and Comstock. After we leave the Pararginae, the scale of specialization comes to a stand- still or turns gradually against the latter. In the Agapetinse, con-
80 GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. [Jan. 21,
taining the mass of holarctic forms of the *' Meadow Browns," the lower branch of the media on the hind wings no longer fuses with the cubitus, but, as in the Pieridae, springs from the cross-vein, the piece between this branch and the cubitus varying in length, and by so much marking here the grade of specialization. Except that vein viii of primaries seems to have been entirely absorbed in the Aga- petidae, it becomes difficult to distinguish their wings from the Whites. In both groups the position of the radial branches is similar. In the male sex the Agapetids show very frequently a bladder-like swelling at the base of ii, iii and vii of primaries, or the swelling may be confined more or less to the first-mentioned veins. In Agapetes it seems confined to ii ; I do not find it in my preparations of Oeneis aello, of which, however, I am uncertain as to the sex. It is a secondary sexual specialization, of which traces occur also in the Nymphalidae. Like the Pierids, the Meadow Browns tend to lose vein i of secondaries by absorption ; I believe, on the whole, that Pyronia represents the most specialized form. The amount of fusion of ii and iii at base still continues greater as against the Pieridae, but hardly holds its own in comparison with the Argyn- ninas. In the Morphinae, which appear to me to be specialized Agapetidae, the cell opens on hind wings, but remains closed on primaries. They resemble thus the Pararginae at present rather than the Agapetinae, and have sprung apparently from the latter. Else, in our holarctic forms, the cell does not open on either wing, while it becomes, in the specialized forms, partially degenerate.
In the Heliconidae and Limnadidae the generalization makes itself more and more evident. The strong veining, closed cells, central position of ivo all tell against them. Heliconius still lacks vein viii of primaries, but in Limnas it is stronger than in any Pierid. At the close Libythea recovers somewhat of the lost terri- tory, but this isolated butterfly, difficult to intercalate in a sequence, cannot probably alter the average result. Taking this all in all, we must find I believe that the excess of specialization in the direction of the suppression of the media, and in the subsequent points here explained, on the part of the brush-footed butterflies, as a whole, cannot outweigh the absence of specialization by reduction of the branches of the radius ; seeing also that only in one family, the typical Nymphalids, is that specialization of the media carried to an excess. We have also the difficulty of estimating the morphological value of the shifting of vein ivi in the Pieridae. While we cannot
1898.] GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 31
thus assent to the conclusion expressed by Prof. Comstock in Evo- lution and Taxono?ny, that we find in the Nymphalidae an even greater specialization of the wings than exists in the Pieridae, we admit that the point of view from which this is regarded may influ- ence any conclusion, while the unequal presentation of the changes in the wings renders a just weighing of the differences a matter of some difficulty. It will be sufficient for my present purpose if the impression left on the mind of the reader is that rank is a relative conception and that it is owing to the constitution of our minds that we, are impelled to string one natural object after another, while we are apt to fortify a classificatory preference for a special group out of several lying nearly abreast, by reasons which, suffi- ciently telling as far as they go, are apt to reflect only one side of a complex subject, I think, then, we may believe that the specializa- tion of the " brush-footed " butterflies is more apparent in the feet than in the wings, and that, if we are not inclined to give them pre- eminence on that account in our sequences, we shall not be induced to do it upon the statement of Prof. Comstock herein discussed and illustrated.
Phylogenetic Lines Among Pierid Genera.
I have previously shown that coincidence in the number of the radial branches in reduction does not determine common descent, but that a three-branched condition of the originally five-branched radius has been reached independently, not only in different fami- lies, but on different generic lines within the same group. It may be assumed that three-branched species, differing otherwise unes- sentially, are correctly associated by this character ; but to use this character anywhere alone for taxonomic purposes, or to assign it a commanding value, would be plainly to go wrong. It is probable, for instance, that the three-branched radius correctly indicates that the species of Thecla (^in sensu iniht, with the type given by Scud- derj are monophyletic and that the four-branched Zephyrini stand, at least constructively, as representing the original condition of their ancestors.
Under these views we may sort out several different lines of prob- able descent in the holarctic Pieridae, in which the examples of extreme reduction have been independently developed. It is clear, since nature does not proceed by jumps, that the missing stages between the five-branched ancestors and the three-branched de-
82 GEOTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEKOUS WING. [Jau. 21,
scendants have existed and that forms, which have retained the ini- termediate character and thus represent an earlier condition, may yet be found and correctly identified. So that we must seek out forms whose main disparity consists in their respective state of specialization of the wings.
Referring to the accompanying phylogenetic table, we may com- mence our brief study with the so-called ''Yellows." In Eury- mus (Colias) the second branch of the radius has passed from its normal position before to one removed beyond the cross-vein. In Meganostoma this branch has only progressed to a point opposite the cross-vein. Clearly, Eurymus is the more specialized and younger form since this passage of iiia along the main branch of the radius is one indicated on different phylogenetic lines and is evi- dently a phase of general process by which the radial branches are reduced in number. The normal five-branched radius has this branch, following iiii, before the cross-vein. Under this view Meganostoma is the representative of the primitive form of Eury- mus. The '' dog's head " pattern has probably yielded to the ter- minal band, straightly margined and the reappearance of the ''dog's head" in species of Eurymus is due to "reversion." In other words, such species are the more generalized. But, while in the type, hyale, the distance which the vein iiij has traveled is a considerable one, it is much reduced in another species, edusa}, which is more generalized in this way than E. hyale. From the multiplicity of species of Eurymus, especially in North America, it is not improbable that intermediate grades occur uniting the ex- tremes E. hyale and M. ccesonia. I have not yet found them and Eurymus is yet separable from Meganostoma on this character. For purposes like the present study it is immaterial, so far as the use of the two generic names is concerned, whether such forms are found or not. The systematist needs both terms to designate dif- ferent grades of specialization. The change in pattern involves a loss of black and not improbably does there exist a tendency, in the direction of specialization, to lose this and perhaps other darker colors upon the same immediate lines.
It is hardly probable that Callidryas is on the direct line of Eury- mus, but it represents, in the holarctic fauna, an ancestral phase of development. It has the same four-branched radius, but vein
1 Mr. Mey rick's figure of ediisa (^Handbook ^ 35o) is too inaccurately drawa to be of service.
1898.] GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 33
iiij has not moved at all from the original position within the cell. It is thus more generalized than either of its associates. From Callidryas-like ancestors may rather have sprung the curious form Colias rhatn?ii, belonging to the genus Rhodocera, or again Gonep- teryx of authors, but, according to Scudder, wrongly so referred.
In this genus in which the wings have probably been transformed by mimicry to copy the shape of a leaf, vein iii.^ keeps its original place of exit before the cross-vein ; consequently it cannot have been derived from forms among which this vein was shifting. It must have been thrown off before Meganostoma-like forms appeared and probably Callidryas represents very nearly its direct line of descent. It is more specialized than Callidryas, not only in the remarkable shape of its wings, but because it has lost by absorption vein i of hind wings, the '' praecostal spur" of some writers, which is still retained by Callidryas. The specialization runs in this respect parallel with the branch Eurymus-Meganostoma. In the latter genus a remainder of the vanishing vein i is to be seen which has become lost in Eurymus. The specialization on this phylo- genetic line of the typical '' Yellows " has not apparently developed a three-branched descendant, at least in the holarctic fauna, and so far as my studies now go. Nor have I yet found the five-branched generalized form, which might represent its more remote ancestry.
Turning to the next line of non-typical "Yellows," the Euremini, we find the three-branched descendant reached in Nathalis. This form has evidently emerged from four-branched ancestors, represented in America by Eurema and Terias, forms which so very nearly agree that I am even at a loss to distinguish them. I make out vein viii of primaries to be quite distinct and relatively strong in Terias, and conclude this may be the sub- speciahzed form of the two. I cannot now connect this line with the typical *' Yellows," and its ancestry must be apparently sought for in more southern regions.
We will now take up the '' typical Whites." The three-branched condition is attained by Mancipmin brassicce. Here the little remain- ing branchlet iii34.4 of Pieris has at last vanished. But the vein iii3+4^5 in which it has lost itself is a little bent at this place. I should not wonder if examples of the "large Cabbage White " might be found retaining some trace of this vanished veinlet. In Pieris I have examined rapcE and napi, while Prof. Comstock's beautiful figure of protodice appears to agree (yEvoluiio)i and Taxono?ny, PI. ii. Fig. 3).
PROC. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XXXVII. 157. C. PRINTED MAY 18, 1898.
34 GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. [Jan. 21,
In all these the little vein iiis^.^ remains distinct and has not been lost. Evidently Pieris represents the ancestral form of Mancipium and has perhaps been thrown off before the specialization of Pieris has progressed so far. Notwithstanding the similarity of the orna- mentation I am not sure that P. rapce is on the direct line of descent. As between rapcedXi^ napi I incline to considerthe latter at present the more specialized. Aporia cratcegi is evidently a more generalized form, standing a little apart. Vein iii3^4 is quite a long furcation, and measures its distance from Pieris. The skele- ton of the wing is more powerfully built and vein viii of primaries stronger than in Pieris, in which it seems little better than a scar. The gradation by which this vein, which appears usually like a loop, strap or support to vii at the base, passes into obliteration is so entire that the exact statement of its condition is often difficult either to correctly grasp or record. The ''tubular" character dis- appears by minute gradations ; the ''scar" aspect and the "tubu- lar" shape are easy to detect, but where the one commences and the other ends it is often hard for me to say. In the holarctic fauna I do not find any form to represent the probably actual five- branched condition of Pieris, but here several types are wanting to me which I should like to have examined. In the genealogical tree of the holarctic butterflies the more generalized Anthocharini must take the place of the common five-branched ancestor of the whole Pierinae. But this seems to me to stand upon a separate immediate phylogenetic line of its own, notwithstanding some common fea- tures of color and marking. With this Anthocharid line we must now in concluding concern ourselves.
Among the Anthocharini, or what we may call the " non-typical Whites," we have, in Poniia daplidice, the attainment of the three- branched condition. This butterfly appears to me to have no immediate connection with the "typical Whites," but to be a descendant of Anthocharid ancestry. It is true that Mr. Meyrick refers it without comment to the genus Pieris {Handbook, 353), but it is also true that Mr. Meyrick, in the same publication, precedes Pieris by Leptidia (Leucophasia) and this again by Euchloe, and, to make the mixture complete, Gonepteryx (Colias). This sort of work appears to me to prove that Mr. Meyrick's studies are not yet sufficiently "correlated" with the actual facts of structure. If, indeed, the picture which Mr. Meyrick has received of the neuration at all resembles the figures with which his publications are adorned.
1898.] GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 35
no proper judgment could, in my opinion, be formed upon it, and this would perhaps account in part for the seemingly extraordinarily unnatural sequences adopted by him.
The coincidence between the neuration of Pontia daplidice and that of Alancipium brassicce is so great, that I am at a loss to give good characters of distinction. But showing, as I do, that the three-branched character of the Pierid primary wing is attained upon obviously distinct lines (^. g,, Euremini), this coincidence will not of itself determine the phylogeny. The shape of the wings and the pattern of ornamentation of Pontia are both Anthocharid. It is not conceivable how either could have been derived from Pieris and the ^' typical Whites." We should have to suppose that the four-branched Pieris threw off the three-branched Mancipium and also the three-branched Pontia ; an inference which, consider- ing the want of any near resemblance in the shape and pattern of the wings between the two descendants, or between one of these (Pontia) and the supposed parent stem, must be set down as unten- able. More than this, we have in Pontia a similar secondary sexual character in the shape and extent of the wings to that we find in the Anthocharini, no trace of which is evident in Pieris or Mancipium. This character has evidently been retained by Pontia, through an ancestry of which I find one existing representative form, extending back to the five-branched representative of a remote phase which is brought before us now in Anthocharis and Euchloe. I believe that these facts show, that the phylogenetic position here- tofore assigned to Pontia, is a discordant one and should be cor- rected. We may now leave Pontia and look over the more generalized and the typical Anthocharini with their five-branched radius.
Mr. Scudder {Historical Sketch, 113) says, regarding the use of the ofeneric term Anthocharis : '* As Euchloe must be used for the European species, getiutia should be considered the type of this genus." This would seem to imply that all the European species were generically distinct from all the American and that the latter should alone be referred to Anthocharis. I do not agree with this statement at all, and I can show grounds for referring American species, with orange blotch in the male, to Euchloe, and for con- sidering that the white species of both continents are slightly more specialized and might be kept under the separate title of Antho- charis. I regret not to have genutia to examine and I use Antho-
36 GROTE — SPECIALIZATION'S OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. [Jan. 21,
charis for the type belemia, which is, perhaps, identical. The subjective question of whether there are two '' genera " to be con- sidered is not of any importance to me at all. I recognize two five-branched types : the one specialized, which I seem warranted in calling Anthocharis under Boisduval's original use of that term; the other, relatively generalized, which I call Euchloe, with the type given by Mr. Scudder of cardamines.
The white Anthocharids differ from the type of Euchhe carda- mines in that vein iii2 has moved from the original position and is given off opposite, or even beyond the cross-vein. \wA. ausomdes, which is slightly the more specialized of the three examined, it has even passed the extremity of the cell for a considerable distance. Therefore the specialization runs here upon the same line as in the case of Meganostoma and Eurymus. The generic title Anthocharis should have, I believe, the type belemia, in case genutia does not share these essential characters and is not, in the sense here pro- posed, an Anthocharis. It is clear from the above citation from the Historical Sketch, that Mr. Scudder has misapprehended the state of affairs in this group ; for I am quite unable to find any neurational differences between the North American E. stella and the European type of Euchloe. In both insects vein iiia retains its original position above the cell. And the chances seem to be that this will be the case with most of the species, carrying an orange blotch on the male primary, irrespective of locality. In any case, that which interests us here especially is the development of a specializing movement tending generally in the direction of a reduction in the number of the radial branches, but here taking a special and, looking through the day butterflies, perhaps an unusual direction. I find it, besides in these two instances, in the Pieridae, in Euptoieta, Melitaea, Euphydryas, Araschnia and Heliconius. But when we examine Pontia, we find that, although the five- branched radius has become a three-branched, still vein iii.^ has not changed its place. The reduction has been effected by other means than the shifting of iiij in the direction of the apex of the wing. Into the details of the physiological process of absorption I cannot now enter, sufficient for my present purpose is the fact, that Pontia represents a clean descent from Euchloe-like forms and that it has not passed through Anthocharid-like forms upon its way. The absorption of iii^ has proceeded to a varying extent in these species of Anthocharis. The little branch remaining has
1898.] GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 37
become very short indeed in A. ausonides. A. belemia would be the most generah'zed form, since \\\^ has not, or hardly, passed the cross-vein. In both belia and ausonides this halting place has been passed by. But in Tetracharis (n. g.) cethura Feld., sp., we have a four-branched Euchloe ; one which represents an intermediate stage between the five-branched Euchloe and the three-branched Pontia. Tetracharis may be represented also by other spe- cies, since I have not been able to examine all the. forms of the Anthocharini.
This survey of the Pierinae has shown us that the Anthocharini represent the most generalized forms apparently in the holarctic fauna, and that they are probably the survivors, not on the direct line, of a former five-branched condition of the family. There remains one more five-branched form to examine : Leptidia (Leucophasia), but this presents so strange a neurational pattern, that it must have come into its present company by a vastly different route. Of its peculiar type it may be a specialized form, although, in comparison with the Pierin^e, it seems generalized. Its white color has come to it, I think, subsequently ; as to its origin — unde et quomodo — I have no idea which is not imaginary.
To touch finally another aspect of our subject — a study of the dynamics of the butterfly wing has been somewhat neglected. From the details of the changes in the position of the veins, it may be concluded that the movements have a mechanical cause. Since this inquiry belongs to a department of direct observation upon which we can obtain absolute knowledge, without employing recon- structive methods, it may be painfully followed up, in field and cabinet, until the subject becomes clear. The butterflies certainly owe a part of their attractiveness to the fact of their seasonal appearance. They recur at a certain niveau in the biological circle, thus relieving the mind through their plain testimony from doubting that the principle of existence is succession.
38 GROTE — SPECIALIZATION'S OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. [Jan. 21,
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The Charaxin^.
The Nymphalidae proper appear dichotomous. The main ascend- ing branch is represented by the Argynninae, running up into the NymphalincX. This branch is characterized by a short furcation of iii^ with iiig, and the genera may be called the "short forks." The second branch represents an earlier condition of the Nympha- lids in which this furcation is more or less extended and the genera may be known as '* long forks." Just as the passage from the Argyn- ninae to the Nymphalinae by the continued greater absorption of ii and iii of hind wings may be considered to have gradually occurred, so the transformation of the ''long forks" into "short forks" is inevitable by the progress of iii^ toward the outer margin of the wing. But, other characters considered, the existing "long forks" seem to hold together on a distinct phylogenetic line. In Anaea we have an existing "long fork" which has lost its taxonomic character in this direction. In Euschatzia (type morvus) we have an allied Charaxid which still retains the character. Mr. ^cudder having in 1875 (^- ^-^ i^^) fixed the type of Anaea as iroglodyia, this action could not be properly subverted by Schatz, who subse- quently made the same species the type of his genus " Pyrrhandra," which name must fall. For ?norvus, more generalized than the species of Anaea, I choose the generic name Euschatzia. Genera like Aganisthos, Kallima and Anaea appear to represent in succession Consul, Charaxes, Hypna, Prepona, typical "long forks."
In Charaxes veins iii4 and iii^ fuse at base for a short space, only about one-sixth of the length of iii3. If this short fusion were absent we should have a wing agreeing so far with that of Hesperia, that all the veins are separate, and no furcation, conse- quent upon the absorption of iii4 by iiig, has taken place. Thus in the primitive Nymphalidae, represented more nearly by the Charaxinae, the veins were probably all separate. And probably also in the whole group Hesperiades. In fact the hypothesis sug- gests itself that the lepidopterous wing may have originally shown a series of longitudinal and independent veins, connected by a system of cross veins and without furcations. The disappearance of the cross veins would allow of the contact of the longitudinal veins. This state of affairs would in turn lead to their partial absorption and consequent furcation. We may have in the Hesperiadae and Tortricidae existing stages of this evolutionary change in the lepidopterous wing.
40 GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. [Jan. 21,
To resume : Butterflies like Athyma and even Adelpha seem to find their natural place in the Nymphalinse. But^ when we come to the west coast of South America, we find in Megalura a form which shares the taxonomic character of the secondaries with the Nymphalinae, while iii^ of primaries reaches apex. Perhaps here we come upon a fresh phylogenetic line, and the meeting of i, ii and iii of the hind wings at one point is no longer a reliable index of a nearer blood relationship.
A Strange African Pierid.
A genus which has reached the grade of specialization of Nathalis, Mancipium and Pontia, and even gone beyond it, is represented by the strange little African butterfly Gonophlebia faradoxa. In his recent work Mr. Renter has classified this butterfly as follows : *' Papiliones : Pierididse : Pseudopontiinse : Pseudopontiidi : Pseu- dopontia." The major clamp in this declensional series — Papiliones — we can at once discard, since no proof has, nor apparently can ever be offered, that the Whites are phylogenetically connected with the Swallowtails. Further, if we may trust Mr. Scudder, the whole series of etymological changes must go by the board, since Pseudo- pontia is a synonym of Gonophlebia.
Two common butterflies will help us in understanding the vena- tion of Gonophlebia : rJiamni and sinapis. How the veins may be twisted to sustain the new shape of the wing, here assumed very probably under the influence of mimicry, is certainly taught us by rhanini, in which the branches of the radius are bent upward to sustain the expanded costa of primaries. Our strange African butterfly has the veins still more strongly bent out of their normal course to meet the required shape of its funny round wings. In Gonophlebia veins iviand iv.have left the cross vein and spring, one following the other, from the main branch of the radius, vein iiig -|- 4 -[" 5? outside of the closed cell. This is an amplification of the usual Pierine movement of the upper branches of the median system of veins. This, not the whitish color, stamps Gonophlebia as an offshoot of the Pierid stem. Gonophlebia is even more easily recognized as a Pierid than Leptidia sinapsis, in which ivj has not left the cross vein. But, despite the contrasted shape of their wings, it is not impossible that Leptidia and Gonophlebia are isolated survivors of the same phylum.
The extraordinary movement of the middle branch of the median
3898.] GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 41
series, vein ivj, in following the lead of iv^, proves Gonophlebia to be a highly specialized form. The neuration shows us that there is no contradiction offered to the view that Gonophlebia is a special- ized Pierid and, in order to make this still plainer, we will study it a little closer.
What gives the pattern of the veining its singularity, and affords a faint reminiscence of the Pericopids, is the tendency to run apart which the veins display in Gonophlebia. The veins are bent more or less out of their usual course, and this is especially the case with Vg on both wings. But all this effort is clearly exerted in order to sustain the circular shape of the wings and keep the thin membrane taut. On the secondaries the expansion of the rounded costal margin has to be performed solely by the radius, in its single special- ized condition, without branches. And how is this infrequent task accomplished? The simple vein is bent upwards, near the middle, at a nearly right angle, supporting and anastomosing with vein ii ; thence again, less abruptly descending, the radius runs outwardly to external margin below the apices, while vein ii itself is continued to the apex of the wing. Nature wished to make a spherical wing with no greater number of sustaining rods than go to support the longer wings of other butterflies, or even the narrow and extended wings of Leptid^a. And thus, with the same economy of material, is the end attained. There arise no new veins, no complexity of machinery astonishes. We have the old veins in new position, but still showing the Pierine movement in specialization.
If Gonophlebia is the pattern of the veining so transformed, it is small wonder that Mr. Butler should deny and Mr. Scudder question its being a butterfly. Added to this the antennae lack the regulation knob, which would allow Mr. Butler to place it among the '' Rhopalocera. " A puzzle to the classificators and a seduction to Mr. Reuter to a waste of category, this frail butterfly has evidently suffered many 'Vicissitudes of the voyage" along the road it has traveled and which may not be so very far now from its ending.
This strange butterfly is the only diurnal I have yet met with in which vein ix is retained on hind wings.
42 GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. [Jan. 21,
Explanation of Plate I.
The figures are obtained by combined photographic process. The veins are numbered according to the system Redtenbacher-Comstock, iii =rz radius, iv = media, v = cubitus.
Fig. I. Pontia daplidice. Type of genus. Attention is called to the three- branched radius. A specialized type. Vein iiig in original position.
Fig. 2. Tetracharis cethura. Type of genus. Compare the four-branched radius with the five-branched radius of Euchloe. Vein \\\^ in original position.
Fig. 3. Anthocharis ausonides. Vein iii2 has moved forward to a point con- siderably beyond the cross-vein. Attention is called to the dimin- ished extent of vein iii^. A more specialized form than A. belemia. For this type Mr, Scudder uses Synchloe, but contrary to custom. The reason for rejecting Midea for genutia does not seem to me tenable.
Fig. 4. Euchloe cardamines. Type of genus. The five-branched radius shows vein \\\^ in original position above the cell. E. stella agrees. A generalized type of the group.
Fig. 5. Nathalis iole. Type of genus. A specialized type with three- branched radius.
Fig. 6. Terias hecabe. Type of genus. A subspecialized type with four- branched radius. Vein viii of primaries fairly distinct. A mere rudiment of vein i of hind wings.
Fig. 7. Gonophlebia paradoxa. Type of genus. Vein viii of primaries pres- ent, short, close to vii. On secondaries three internal veins. Type of subfamily Gonophlebianue. Compare text.
1898.] GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. 43
Explanation of Plate II.
The figures are obtained by a combined photographic process. The veins are numbered according to the system Redtenbacher-Comstock. iii = radius, iv = media, v = cubitus.
Fig. 8. Eurymtis ediisa. Attention is called to the slipping forward of iiij. If a comparison is made with my figure of Euryi7ius hyale (/. c. Fig. 7) it will be found that in this type of the genus the distance traversed by this vein along radius is slightly greater than in edusa, which is so far the more generalized form. A specialized type.
Fig. 9. Meganostoma ccesojiia. Type of genus. Attention is called to the remains of i on secondary wings. On primary wing vein \\\^ halts opposite cross-vein. A subspecialized type on the direct line to Eury- mus. Mr. Scudder prefers zerene for this genus.
Fig. 10. Callidryas eubule. Type of genus. A generalized four-branched type. Vein iii2 in original position.
Fig. II. Nymphalis lucilla. Type of family, subfamily and genus. Vein iii^ given off upon external margin. Attention is called to the gener- alized state of the radius, common to all brush-footed butterflies. Also to the specialized condition of the median branches, which have joined the radial and cubital systems respectively. The cross-vein has vanished and the media, as a system, has virtually disappeared from the wing. Veins ii and iii on hind wings absorbed to point of issue of i.
Fig. 12. Para7'ge cegeria. Type of genus and subfamily. Attention is called to position of cross-vein on hind wings and to the fact that ivg has joined cubitus. Compare with the following figure in this respect.
Fig.1^13, Agapetes galathea<^ . Type of genus, subfamily and family. A more generalized type than the preceding. The lower branch of media, vein ivg, arises from cross-vein and is not permanently joined to the cubital system.
44 GROTE — SPECIALIZATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS WING. [Jan. 21,
Explanation of Plate III.
The figures are obtained by combined photographic process. The veins are
numbered according to the system Redtenbacher-Comstock. iii =z radius, iv = media, v = cubitus.
Fig, 14. Oeneis noma. Type of genus. Attention is directed to the fact that this is a more generahzed form, belonging to the Agapetinae with iv^ from cross- vein, by the strongly closed cell and equidistance of the branches. The position assigned by Mr, Scudder, " at the head " of the brush-footed butterflies, cannot be a proper one. The genus seems related to Erebia (/, c, Fig. 23).
Fig, 15. Heliconius antiochus. Type of genus and family. From its total characters a more generalized type than that of the Agapetidae.
Fig. 16, Lininas chrysippus. Type of genus and family. Still more gener- alized. Attention is drawn to the strong condition of vein viii on fore wings.
Fig. 17. Libythea celtis. Type of genus and family. Outline of wings resem- bling Polygonia. Vein viii of primaries strong and position of ivj nearly central. In other characters specialized, ii and iii on hind wings fused to issue of i.
Fig. 18. Etischatzia morvus. Type of genus. The radial branches have in- tersected with subcosta. A long fork ; furcation of iii^ and iii^ long» but shorter than in Charaxes, Compare text.
1898.] SACHSE — AX OLD BROADSIDE. 45
AN OLD BROADSIDE, WITH A REFERENCE TO THE THRONE OF CONGRESS.
(Plate IV.)
BY JULIUS F. SACHSE.
(Mead January 21, 1898. )
A short time ago our efficient Librarian, Dr. I. Minis Hays, during his investigations among the miscellaneous property of the Society, discovered a bundle of old papers which bore the legend, " Of not much value." Upon opening the parcel almost the first paper ex- amined proved to be a small German broadside over a century old. It was printed upon what is known as a quarto sheet, measuring seven by nine inches ; it was without date or imprint, and the title simply told that it was a description of a silk serviette or handker- chief. Certainly not one to attract any special attention. Closer examination, however, showed that this advertisement or broadside was really the description of a fine specimen of the weaver's art, exe- cuted in silk damask or brocade, which had been made and dis- tributed either in France or Germany, or perhaps in both countries, during the darkest days of the American struggle for freedom, with the express purpose of furthering America's interests in her battle for liberty.
The whole design appears to have been elaborate and symbolical, in which the portrait of Benjamin Franklin, Minister to the Court of France and President of the American Philosophical Society, occupied the most prominent position.
Diligent inquiry among scholars well versed in Revolutionary matters, both historical and pictorial, has failed in bringing to light any other notice of either the broadside or the allegorical handkerchief which was the basis for its publication ; and it is but fair to assume that the printed sheet now brought to your notice, to say the least, is unique. The date of the making of our serviette, as it appears from the incidents and inscriptions woven in the fabric, must have been during the summer of 1778, evidently but a short time after the news of the British evacuation of Philadelphia reached the continent.
Another peculiarity of it is that it is couched in that peculiar kind of German, largely interspersed with French words and sentences.
46 SACHSE — AN OLD BROADSIDE. [Jan. 21,
which was prevalent in Germany at the period, when every petty- princeling in that divided country aimed to maintain a court pat- terned after that of Louis XV of France.
We now come to the description of this symbolical relic as set forth in the broadside, and it is the fervent wish of the writer that this paper may be the means of bringing to light, or at least locating, one of these handkerchiefs of the Revolutionary period, should one have survived.
From the detailed description it appears that the handkerchief or serviette was of silk. In the centre was a rattlesnake, divided into thirteen parts, whereof the last part or tail end was supposed to be in a state of accretion, a prophetic allusion since realized. This symbol referred to the thirteen American Colonies then struggling for independence. It was patterned after one which appeared in Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette as early as 1754, when he printed in his paper the cut of a severed snake and the motto, " Unite or Die," to show the necessity of Colonial union against the French and Indians. In 1775 this emblem was printed at the head of the Pennsylvania Jom'nal, and the idea of the resemblance between the Colonies and the rattlesnake was often brought up in the literature of the day.
The name of one of the different Colonies appeared over each segment. The broadside further goes on to state that this peculiar reptile was chosen as the symbol of the new nation because it was held to be the noblest of its genus : it never strikes without first giving due warning to its enemies, and for this reason, says the broadside, it has been emblazoned upon the arms and flags of the American Provinces. The word Provinces evidently refers to such provincial flags as bore a rattlesnake upon their folds. The most noted one of this series was the celebrated flag of Paul Jones, with its warning motto, " Don't Tread on Me."
Within the circle formed upon the handkerchief by the seg- ments of a divided rattlesnake was portrayed a large globe upon a pedestal, so turned as to show North America. Within the outlines of the continent was prominently displayed a portrait of Benjamin Franklin, Ambassador at th^ Court of France, beneath which appeared the legend, ''The Wonder of Our Times." Above this portrait appeared the throne of Congress, together with the Book of the Law and a drawn sword, symbolizing the supreme power. Upon the pages of tliis book were inscribed, Les Treize Provinces Unies
1898.] SACHSE — AN OLD BROADSIDE. 47
(The Thirteen United Provinces) and Indcpendance le 4 Juillet, lyyd (Independence, July 4, 1776). In the foreground appeared a palmetto tree, upon both sides of which were placed the flags of France, to indicate the treaty so lately negotiated with that country.
A wreath of laurel formed the outside border of the handkerchief, to signify the reward of bravery. The four corners were interlaced with the lilies of France, which the broadside informs us also formed a part of the arms of the United Colonies. Here again we have an allusion to at least one of the many flags carried during the early part of the Revolution, prior to the adoption of the Stars and Stripes.
As corner-pieces there appear to have been four allegorical designs, whose chief motive were leading commanders in the armies of the United Colonies. The difl"erent Generals were supported by the goddess Minerva and surrounded by trophies of war and figures representing Prudence, Courage and Strength.
In the first medallion we have Washington ; upon his left the god Mars who, with his sword, strikes off the shackles from a slave and announces to him emancipation, while he crushed under foot slavery and envy.
Upon Washington's right was Minerva, extending toward him a wreath of oak as an emblem of strength. Genius reclines at her feet and proclaims peace. The legend over this medallion. General Washington 11 a peu (T Egaux en Bravoiire, Prude fice et dans V Art Militaire, informs the world that General Washington has but few equals in courage, prudence and the military art.
The second medallion shows a portrait of General Charles Lee. At his side are divers American prisoners of war bewailing their fate, and, pointing to the British arms, they implore Mars for succor. General Lee's late career is indicated by a dungeon upon whose walls are exhibited his arms, accoutrements and chains. The accompanying legend. General Lee, Tatitot Vainqiienr Tantot Vaincu, signifies, '^Betimes Conqueror, betimes Conquered."
The third medallion contains a profile of General Richard Mont- gomery. It is flanked by Sorrow, who points to an urn containing the ashes of the patriot. Below tlie portrait are seen a coffin and a monument. A mourning genius, with torch reversed, beside the ceno- taph, represents death. Mars consoles him by pointing with his sword to a battle scene in the distance. The allegory is explained
48 SACHSE — AN OLD BROADSIDE. [Jan 21,
by the legend, Ge?ie7-al Mo?itgommery , [i-/V] Thou do' st fall, but Freedom shall build her Throne on thy Grave.
The central figure of the fourth medallion is General Gates, sup- ported by Wisdom and Liberty, whereof the latter points with Mercury's wand toward the naval and military forces of the United Provinces. The fertility and affluence of our country are indicated by a scene on the river Nile. Above all appears the legend, General Gates, Vainqueur de ses Ennemis (General Gates, Van- quisher of his Enemies).
In connection with these four medallions there remain to be noticed four battle scenes ingeniously wrought into the fabric.
1. The battle of Quebec, where General Montgomery was killed. {La Bataille devant Quebeck, ou le General Mo?ttgo7?unery fut tue.)
2. The battle of Trenton, where the Hessian troops were defeated December 25, 1776. Curiously enough our broadside gives the credit for the victory to General Lee : La Bataille de Trentvice, oic les Llessois furent def aits par le General Lee, le 26 Decembre, 1776.
3. The battle of Saratoga, October 17, 1777, showing the sur- render of Lord Burgoyne to General Gates. The legend reads : La Bataille de Saratoga, le 17 d' October, 1777, dans laquelle le General Bourgoyne fut fait Prisonnier par I e General Gates.
4. The retreat of the British from Philadelphia by way of the Jerseys June, 1778. With the inscription : Les Trouppes Angloises se retiretit de Philadelphia a Jerseys f an 1768 [sic'].
Finally, there is shown a horizon with forked lightning, from which descend two crowns, each formed of thirteen parts, one divided, the other united ; emblematical of the dependence and independence of the North American Colonies.
From the above description it will be seen that this specimen of the textile art was one of no mean order, either in its poetical con- ception or the artistic execution. It further brings to our knowledge a heretofore unknown means used to interest foreign people of the better classes in our favor during what may well be called the criti- cal time of our revolutionary struggle.
Historically, our old broadside is of the greatest importance in one particular, especially so at this time, when the old State House and Independence Hall are undergoing another siege of '* restora- tion;" our broadside gives us a definite clue to a representation of a hitherto forgotten or overlooked accessory to the furnishings of the east room of the State House.
1898.] SACHSE — AN OLD BROADSIDE. 49
I allude to the canopied throne in Independence Hall, a piece of ornamental furniture occupied by the Speaker of the Continental Congress at the time when Independence was declared, and which remained a feature of the historic room until some time after the Revolution.
Nothing can be farther from our idea of the birth of American liberty than the introduction upon the scene of a throne with royal emblazonment. The mere suggestion would seem like a desecra- tion of our most cherished sanctuary, where assembled the noble patriots who declared these Colonies free and independent. It certainly does seem like an incongruity to picture John Hancock, him of the bold signature, descending from a throne or anything that savored of monarchy ^to affix his autograph to the immortal Declaration.
No painting or engraving, so far as known to the writer, portrays anything like such an accessory to the equipment of the chamber. No artist appears to have had the temerity to give us a true view of the Chamber of Assembly, with its gallery for the public and the ornate trappings over the windows and Speaker's chair. The memorable scene of signing the Declaration is generally depicted as one of extreme republican simplicity, in fact painfully so, giving the generations of the present day the impression that the interior of the State House, the finest public building in the Colonies, was as plain and devoid of ornamentation as a Quaker meeting-house, and in every case, as it now appears, incorrect in most vital detail.
Now, in the face of the accepted pictures of the Chamber of Assembly, or east room of the State House, we here have the state- ment of a picture of this throne, or, as it is called, " The Throne of Congress," supported by the Book of Laws and the Sword. And this picture appears as described on the handkerchief.
Unsupported by corroborative evidence, this statement would most likely, in the absence of the original, be received as a piece of artistic or poetic license on the part of the artist who sketched the design, and who for purposes of his own inserted a symbol of royalty so distasteful to patriots of all nations.
I will now read a piece of evidence in support of the existence of a throne in the east room. It was written by an eye-witness, the Prince de Broglie, who visited the State House in 1782 :
''The State House, where Congress assembles, as does the Coun- cil of Pennsylvania, and where also the Courts of Justice are held,
PROC. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XXXVII. 157. D. PRINTED MAY 17, 1898.
50 SACHSE — AN OLD BROADSIDE. [Jan. 21,
is a building literally crushed by a huge massive tower, square and not very solid.
'^ Congress meets in a large room on the ground floor. The chamber is large, without any other ornament than a bad engraving of Montgomery, one of Washington, and a copy of the Declaration of Independence. It is furnished with thirteen tables, each covered with a green cloth. One of the representatives of each of the thir- teen States sits during the session at one of these tables. The President of the Congress has his place in the middle of the hall upon a sort of a throne."
Now the phrase, ''sort of a throne," might mean nothing, if coming from a modern American, more than a very dignified seat ; but, coming as it does from a French 'nobleman of the ancient regime, it certainly suggests the idea of regal state. The least we can expect from it would be an ornamental chair on a dais sur- mounted by a canopy and ornamented with the symbols of the home government.
With these facts before us we may well assume that the symbol was an actual and not a typical one, and that it could only have been introduced into the general design by one familiar with the old Council Chamber.
We now come to another phase of the subject ; how so elaborate a piece of furniture happened to be a part of the equipment of the Chamber at the time when the Continental Congress took the step which eventually made the Colonies an independent nation. The solution of this problem is comparatively easy. W^hen it is taken into consideration that the room in which Congress met had for years been used by the Assembly of Pennsylvania, and was more or less elab- orately equipped with fine furniture and hangings, there can be but little question that ample provision was made for the august Speaker and for the Governor when he was present on State occasions in the shape of an elaborate canopied dais, surmounted by the royal arms and other insignia of monarchical authority.
A somewhat similar arrangement witli royal insignia over the seat of the Chief Justice ornamented the west room. The final disposition of these symbols of kingly authority appears in the issue of the Pennsylvania Journal, Wednesday, July lo, 1776, where we are told that on the evening of Monday, July 8, the day upon which the Declaration was publicly read, '' Our late King's coat of arms was brought from the hall in the State House and burned amidst the acclamations of a crowd of spectators."
1898.] MINUTES. 51
A throne with royal arms in Independence Hall ! Words could hardly express a greater incongruity. Yet, to be historically cor- rect, the learned Committee who have charge of the restoration of Independence Hall if they wish to place the ancient Chamber in the exact condition it was in on July 4, 1776 (and I believe that is the intention) will certainly have to introduce a canopied dais or throne in the eastern end of Independence Hall.
Another apparent historic incongruity'in our old broadside is the legend which gives to General Charles Lee the credit for the cap- ture of the Hessians at Trenton, when, as a matter of fact, that General was then a prisoner of war in the hands of the British. The explanation of this curious statement is that Lee claimed to have sent Washington the necessary information from New York, and formulated the plan of battle which brought about the capture of Rhal's forces. This, it appears, was believed in Europe to have been the case, and the design was evidently made and published before the news of the battle of Monmouth and the subsequent court-martial of Lee reached the continent.
In closing this paper I repeat the wish that its dissemination may bring to light, either at home or abroad, one of these symbolical compositions so curiously wrought in threads of silk and used in the interest of American Independence, the only description of which, so far as known, is the broadside found in the archives of the American Philosophical Society. Further, the finding of one of these serviettes would give to us the true design of the Throne of Congress, which for years was a feature of Independence Hall.
Stated Meetiiig, Fthruary Jf.^ 1898, Yice-President Sellers in the Chair.
Present, 12 members.
Acknowledgments of election to membership were received from Profs. C.^F. W. McClure and Henry B. Fine.
The Standing Committees for the 3- ear, appointed by the President, under resolution of the Society, were announced, as follows :
Finance. — Philip C. Garrett, William Y. McKean, Joel Cook.
52 MINUTES. [Feb. 18,
Hall. — William A. Ingham, Joseph M. Wilson, Horace Jajne.
Publication. — Daniel G. Brinton, Persifor Frazer, I. Minis Hays, Frederick Prime, Samuel P. Sadtler.
Library. — Edwin J. Houston, Frederick Prime, T. Hewson Bache, Albert H. Smyth, Samuel P. Sadtler.
Michaux Ze^ac?/.— Thomas Meehan, Angelo Heilprin, William Powell Wilson, Burnet Landreth, Henry Trimble.
Henry M. Phillips Prize Essay Fund. — William Y. McKean, Craig Biddle, Joseph C. Fraley, C. Stuart Patter- son, Mayer Sulzberger, the President, the Treasurer.
Programme. — William Pepper, Persifor Frazer, William A. Ingham, Joseph C. Fraley, I. Minis Hays.
The death was announced at Philadelphia, on January 29, 1898, of Dr. Theophilus Parvin, aged 69 years.
Prof. W. B. Scott read by title the following papers in- tended for the Transa^ctions : ' ' The Osteology of Eliothe- rium " and "Notes on the Canidae of the White Eiver Oligocene."
Prof. W. B. Scott presented a paper on " The Exploration of Patagonia."
Pending nominations Nos. 1432, 1435 and 1445 to 1450 were read.
The Society was adjourned by the presiding officer.
Stated Meeting^ February 18, 1898. Vice-President Sellers in the Chair. Present, 20 members.
The Special Committee on Prof. Scott's papers, entitled ' ' Notes on the Canidte of the White Kiver Oligocene ' ' and " The Osteology of Elotherium," recommended their publi- cation in the Transactions, which was so ordered.
The Special Committee on Dr. Harrison Allen's papers presented for the Transactions, entitled " The Glossopha-
1898.] MINUTES. 53
ginae " and " The Skull and Teetb. of the Ectophylla alba," recommended their publication, which was so ordered.
The death was announced of Rev. William C. Cattell, D.D., on February 11, in his seventy-first year.
The President, on motion, appointed Dr. McCook to prepare an obituary notice of Dr. Cattell.
Dr. Carl Lumholtz read a paper on " The Iluichol Indians of Mexico and Their Objective Symbols." which was dis- cussed by Dr. Brinton and Mr. Culin.
Pending nominations were read and spoken to, and the Society proceeded to the election of new members, after which the Tellers reported the following persons had been elected members :
2367. Thomas H. Montgomery, Jr., Philadelphia.
2368. W. L. R. Emmet, Schenectady, N. Y.
2369. George H. Darwin, F.R.S., Cambridge, Mass.
2370. S. Dana Greene, Schenectady, N". Y.
2371. L. B. Stillwell, Buffalo, ^^. Y.
2372. Charles F. Scott, Pittsburgh, Pa.
The Society was adjourned by the presiding officer.
Stated Meeting, March 4-, 1898.
Yice -President Sellers in the Chair.
Present, 9 members.
Mr. T. H. Montgomery, Jr., a newly elected member, was presented and took his seat in the Society.
Letters accepting membership were read from W. L. R. Emmet, Thomas H. Montgomery, Jr., and Percival Lowell.
The death, in his eighty-third year, of Rev. James Legge, D.D., LL.D., of Oxford, England, was announced.
Pending nominations 1432 and 1451 and new nominations 1452 and 1453 were read.
The Society was adjourned by the presiding officer.
54 MATHEWS — INITIATION IN AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. [March 18/
Stated Meeting, March 18, 1898. Dr. I. Minis Hays in tlie Chair.
Present, 11 members.
Acknowledgments of election to membership were read from Charles F. Scott, of Pittsburgh, Pa.; George H. Darwin, of Cambridge, Eng.; S. Dana Greene, of New York, and L. B. Stillwell, of Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Correspondence was submitted and donations to the Library and Cabinet were reported.
Announcement Avas made of the death of Sir Henry Besse- mer, at his residence near London, on March 15, 189 S, in the 85th year of his age ; and of the Eev. Dr. Edward A. Foggo, at Philadelphia, March 8, 1898, aged 61.
The following communications were presented :
By E. H. Mathews, " Initiation Ceremonies of the Native Tribes of Australia."
Bv W. B. Scott, " A Preliminary Note on the Selenodont Artiodactyls of the Uinta Formation."
Pending nominations Nos. 1432 and 1451 to 1453 and new nominations Nos. 1454 to 1457 were read.
The Society was adjourned by the presiding member.
LNITIATION CEREMONIES OF AUSTRALL\N TRIBES.
(Plate V.)
BY R. H. MATHEWS, L.S.
{Read March IS, 1S9S.)
The Koombanggary tribe, which was at one time both numerous and important, inhabits the country from the south side of the Clarence river along the sea- coast about as far as Nambucca, ex- tending westerly almost to the main dividing range. On the south they are bounded by the Thangatty tribe, occupying the Macleay river. The Anaywan tribe, scattered over the table- land of New South Wales, bound the Thangatty and Koombanggary people on
1898.] ^[ATHEWS — INITIATION IN AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. 55
thewest. As no description of the Burbung of these tribes has yet been published, I have prepared the following brief account of that ceremony as practiced within the district indicated. Their social organization is after the Kamilaroi type, being divided into four sections,^ with numerous totems consisting of animals, plants and other natural objects.
A Burbung is held at any time that there are a sufficient number of boys old enough to be installed as tribesmen ; and the headman of the tribe, whose turn it is to take the initiative in calling the people together for this purpose, is generally agreed upon at the conclusion of the previous inaugural gathering which took place. When the appointed time comes round, the tribe who are charged with this duty select a suitable camping ground within their own territory, and some of the initiated men commence preparing the ground. While they are employed at this work, the principal head- man dispatches messengers to such of the surrounding tribes as he wishes to join in the ceremony. These men are selected from among his own friends and belong to his own totem. Each messenger has generally one or more other men with him to keep him company, and he is provided with the emblems usually carried on such occa- sions, namely, a bull-roarer, several articles of a man's dress and some native weapons. The conduct of these messengers on their arrival in the proximity of the camp of the people to whom the invitation has been sent is very similar to the procedure previously explained in ray descriptions of the initiation ceremonies of other tribes.
The situation of the general encampment as regards water and food supplies, and the location of the visiting tribes around the local mob, are also substantially the same as already stated. In a retired spot, a short distance from the main camp, the headmen have a private meeting place, called the bunbul, where they congregate to discuss such matters as they do not wish the women to hear. They have one or more fires around which they sit, and none of the un- initiated men are allowed near them. The women must not intrude upon the bunbul, even if the men are not there. The single women and girls also have a place near the camp, but in the opposite direc- tion, where they assemble to work at making nets, headbands and
^ I have given the names of the divisionsof these people in my paper on " The Totemic Divisions of Australian Tribes," jfottrn. Roy. Soc. N', S. Wales, xxxi, 168-170.
56 MATHEWS — INITIATION IN AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. [March 18,
such like. Every aboriginal camp is kept free from excrementitious matter. When the people go out to attend to any necessity of nature, they at once make a hole in the ground and cover the deposit over with earth.
In close proximity to the camp is the burbling or public ring, bounded by a low earthen embankment, with a narrow sunken pathway called maro^ leading about four or five hundred yards into the forest to another circular space, formed in the same manner, known as the eeteemat, in the floor of which the butts of two sap- lings are firmly inserted, having the rooty ends upwards. These inverted stumps are called warringooringa, and are prepared in the way described in my papers dealing with initiation ceremo- nies elsewhere.^ The maro enters both the circles through a narrow opening left in the embankment, and the latter is continued outward a few feet along either side of the path where it meets the rings. Within the eeteemat there are also sometimes two, and sometimes four, heaps of earth, about a foot and a half or two feet high.
Around the outside of the eeteemat and along both sides of the pathway referred to, there are a number of trees marked with the usual moombeera devices, as well as the outlines of an iguana, a squirrel, the new moon and other figures, all chopped into the bark with a tomahawk. On one side of the path are some tracks of an emu's foot, cut into the surface of the ground a few feet apart, as if made by that animal running along. These tracks lead away some distance into the adjacent bush, forming a sort of curve or semi- circle around the eeteemat ; and on following them up they are found to terminate at the prone figure of an emu, ngooroon, formed by heaping up the loose earth into the required shape. All over the body of the emu thus drawn in high relief small twigs of the oak or wattle tree are closely inserted to represent the feathers of the bird. All the sticks and loose rubbish are scraped off the surface of the ground for several yards around this figure, for the purpose of danc- ing on.
Approaching the eeteemat, near one side of the pathway, there is a low mound of earth about a foot high. This is called kooroor- ballunga, and a fire is lit on top of it during the time that any per-
^" The Bora of the Kamilaroi Tribes," jfotirn. Anthrop. Inst., xxv, 325. '-* The fronds or leaves of these trees bear some resemblance to the emu's feathers.
1898.1 MATHEWS — INITIATION IN AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. 57
formance is going on, such as the arrival of a tribe, their daily games and the ceremonial connected with the removal of the novices.
In the vicinity of the marked trees is a gigantic human figure named Dharroogan or Gowang, lying extended on the ground, composed of the loose soil scraped off the surface for some yards around. A little way farther on, near the eeteemat^ is the prostrate image of a wallaroo, formed in high relief in the same manner. In building all the earthen figures just described, stones or pieces of wood are first heaped up on the ground, almost to the height of the object required, and on top of this the loose earth is thrown to com- plete the figure and give it the necessary shape. The finished draw- ing represents the intended animal in high relief on the surface of the ground.
A rope made of stringy bark is stretched between two of the marked trees which are not too far apart, and about midway along this rope there is a bundle of leaves and finely frayed pieces of soft bark, supposed to represent the rest of a ring-tail opossum.^
When a strange tribe reaches a point somewhere within an easy stage of the main camp they paint their bodies with colored clays in accordance with the style customary in their tribe, after which the journey forward is resumed, the men in the lead, with the women and children following. On the approach of the strangers, the men of the local mob, and also the men of previous contingents who have arrived at the main camp, stand outside the burbung circle with their spears and other weapons in their hands, and sway their bodies to and fro. The new arrivals then march on in single file, in a meandering line, each man carrying his weapons in his hands; they enter the ring and march round and round until they are all within it in a spiral fold. They now come to a stand and jump about, the headman calling out the names of camping grounds, water-holes, shady trees, etc., in their country. After this they come out of the ring and each detachment of the hosts enter it in succession and act in a similar manner. For example, the contin- gent from Kempsey, who had arrived first, entered the ring and called out the names of remarkable places ; next, the contingent from Armidale did likewise ; then the contingent from Tabulam, and so on. Lastly, the men of the local Nymboi river mob enter
1 All the animals drawn upon the trees, or on the ground, represent the totems of some of the people assembled at the main camp.
58 MATHEWS — IXITIATIOX IX AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. [March 18,
the ring and act in the same way. While this reception is being accorded to the men, the women, novices and children go into the camping ground and take up their quarters on the side nearest their own country.
The men of the newly arrived contingent are next taken along the track to the sacred ground, and are shown all the markings in the soil and on the trees, the earthen figures in high relief, and the fire, at each of which they dance and give a shout. They then start along the tracks of the emu, some men being on one side and some on the other, the front men pretending to be following the marks in the ground. They make short grunt-like exclamations as they run along and all the other men follow in a body. On reach- ing the figure of the emu, they all give a shout and dance round on the clear space before referred to.
They next assemble around the eeteemat and are shown the luar- rangooringa, on the roots of each of which an old man is sitting performing magical feats. Some of the headmen enter the ring dancing and singing round the heaps of eartli and the warrangoo- ringa, after which the two men descend from the latter and join the others. All the wizards or '* doctors" take their turn at produc- ing rock-crystals, blood, string and other substances from different parts of their bodies. After each trick, these clever fellows run with their heads down amongst the men who are standing outside the ring, who jump around to get out of their way. At the conclu- sion of these performances all the men go back along the track, and at about, say fifty yards from the burbiing, they are met by the novices, who join the procession, taking their places with the men of their own sectional division/ who enter the ring and dance round a few times, naming remarkable localities in their several districts, their totems, etc., and the women, who are standing around outside, throw handfuls of leaves at them, after which they all disperse to their respective quarters.
A week or two, and in some cases a much longer time, elapses between the arrival of the first contingent and the last mob who have been invited from the surrounding districts, so that the earlier arrivals have a good while to wait at the main camp. During this period carraborus are held almost every fine night, the different tribes present taking their turn at providing the evening's amuse- ment. The men go out hunting every day and the women proceed
^ Joiirn. Roy. Soc. A". S, Wales, xxxi, 169.
1 898.1 MATHEWS — INITIATION IN AUSTRALIAN TKIBES. 59
in search of vegetable food, but there are always some of the old men and women in the camp. Each afternoon when the men re- turn from the hunting or fishing expeditions, which have engaged them during the earlier portion of the day, the men of the local tribe start from the camp and walk away to the eeteemat, carrying a boomerang or some other weapon in each hand. They are shortly afterwards followed by the men of the other tribes, each mob start- ing in the order of their arrival at the main camp. On reaching the ring they look over the moombeera, the raised and carved figures on the ground, the warr'angooi'inga, etc., and go through practically the same routine — and return to the hurbung in the same manner — as on the arrival of a new tribe. On some days during their visit to the eeteemat, the bullroarer is sounded, and the men beat the ground with pieces of bark held in the hand. It may be that a few additional trees are marked on these occasions, or some improve- ments are made in the earthen figures, or any other extra work which may add to the embellishment of the ground.
As soon as convenient after the arrival of all the tribes who are expected to join in the ceremony the headmen assemble, and after a consultation among themselves they determine the day on which the novices will be taken away for the purpose of initiation. The Kooriiigal, or band of men who are to take charge of the ceremo- nies in the bush, are selected and the locality fixed where the women are to erect the new camp and wait for the return of the novices. On the morning which has been decided upon for taking the boys away, the whole camp is astir at daylight. The painting of the novices is now proceeded with, all of them being adorned with red ochre and grease from head to foot. Each boy is then invested with a girdle, to which four " tails " or kilts are attached, one hang- ing down in front, one at each side and one behind. They are then conducted into the burbling ring and placed sitting down on the raised earthen wall, the boys of each tribe being in a group by themselves on the side of the ring which is nearest their ow^n country. The mother of each novice is then seated outside the em- bankment a few yards behind where he is sitting ; his sisters and the other women are placed on the ground a little farther back. A screen of boughs is erected between each group of mothers and their sons. One or more of the headmen now go along the groups of novices and throw a rug over the head of each boy. All the women and children are told to lie down and keep still, and are covered
60 MATHEWS — INITIATION" IN AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. [March 18,
with rugs, bushes or grass, which have been placed in readiness for the purpose. The women then commence making a low humming or chanting noise, and several old men armed with spears keep watch over them to see that no attempt is made to remove the cov- ering or look about.
When these preliminaries have been completed, two men sound bull-roarers (^yoolooduree or yeemboomul) in close proximity and a few other men come along the path and run round inside the circle beating the ground with pieces of bark, similar to those described in my paper on The Burbung of the Wiradthuri Ti-ibes} All the men who are standing about the circle shout and beat their weapons together, a separate detachment of men being located near each group of women for this purpose. During the combined noise of the bull-roarers, the shouting and the beating of the ground, the guardians advance, and, assisted by some of their friends, raise the novices on their shoulders and carry them away, their heads being still covered with the rugs to prevent their seeing anything. The novices are taken as far as the commencement of the inoombeera, where they are placed lying on the ground with the rugs spread over them. Here they are kept a short time until the women depart from the burbung, particulars of which will be given presently. This delay also furnishes an opportunity to the men who have been chosen for the kooringal to go on to the kooroorballunga and paint their bodies jet black with powdered charcoal and grease.
The novices are then raised to their feet and the rugs are adjusted on their heads in such a manner that they can only see the ground in front of them. Their guardians lead them along the pathway and they are shown the marked trees, the drawings on the ground, the fire, the squirrel's nest, etc., and are told to take particular no- tice of all these things. They are next conducted along the tracks of the emu until they reach the bird lying on the ground, as already described, around which some old men dance and all the people give a shout. After this they proceed to the eefeemat, and the novices are placed standing in a row. On being told to raise their eyes, they see two old men sitting on the wai'rangooj'inga exhibit- ing different substances out of their mouths, whilst some of the other men are dancing around the heaps of earth. An old man with a coolamin of human blood now approaches the novices and rubs some of the blood on their wrists. The guardians again bend
^ Journ. Anthrop. Inst.,y.y.v, 308, PL xxvi, Fig. 40,
1898.] MATHEWS — INITIATION IN AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. 61
down the boys' heads and a start is made for the bush. The war- rangooringa stumps are then pulled out of the ground and placed upon the fire, some of the men remaining in the vicinity until they are consumed.
I must now take the reader back to the burbling ring. Shortly after the guardians and novices get out of sight, the bushes and other coverings are taken off the women and children by the men who have remained in charge of them. They then gather up their baggage and remove to another locality, perhaps several miles dis- tant, where they erect a new camp, each tribe selecting their quar- ters on the side of the camping ground nearest their own country. Before starting from the burbling, a pole is inserted in the ground in a slanting position, elevated and pointing in the direction of the place where the new camp is to be established. If this locality is some distance off, a long pole is used, making a considerable angle with the horizon, but if the camp is not far away, the pole is shorter and the angle of elevation less. The upper end is decorated by having a bunch of green boughs, grass or feathers attached to it. This indicator is left for the guidance of any natives who may arrive at the main camp after the assemblage has broken up.
As already stated, the novices have started with the men into the bush. They march along with the rugs projecting on each side of the face like a hood — their guardians being with them, and the other men following, making a considerable noise. During the afternoon they arrive at the place where it is intended they shall remain for the night. A semicircular yard is made of bushes or bark, and the novices are placed sitting on leaves spread upon the •ground, their backs being toward the men's camp, which may be fifty or sixty yards away. This camp is called karpan. Between the men's quarters and the yard in which the novices are kept a space is cleared of all loose rubbish, and one or more fires lit to afford sufficient illumination. After the evening meal has been disposed of, the boys are brought out of their yard and are put sitting down facing the fires, while the Kooringal go through various pantomimic representations and traditional songs. These performances consist for the most part of imitating animals with which the people are familiar, or scenes from their daily life ; and, like the ceremonials of other savage races, are largely mixed with obscene gestures. The animals selected include, amongst others, the totems of some of the novices, the headmen and the kooringal.
^2 MATHEWS — INITIATIOX IX AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. [March 18,
During the day the men go out hunting, to provide food for all the party, but the novices remain in the camp in charge of a few of their guardians. Several days may be spent in one camp, or per- haps a fresh camping place is reached every night, especially if game is scarce. In the latter case it would be necessary for the novices and guardians to accompany the rest of the men. The novices march along with the rugs on their heads, and when stop- pages are made in the bush they are placed sitting on the ground with their hands clutching their genitals. On arriving at the place which has been agreed upon as the camping ground for the night, a yard is made for the boys in the usual manner. During the evenings at these camping places human ordure is occasionally given to the novices in addition to their daily food. If they want anything they are not allowed to ask for it, but must make a sign to the guardian who has charge of them. Some or all of the men who are not attached to the kooringal may go away for a day or two to another camping place some miles distant in quest of food, and contribute a fair share of game to the maintenance of the novices and guardians.
The period spent in the bush with the kooringal is about ten days or a fortnight, being regulated by the weather and other con- siderations. Different burlesques and songs take place every day, but the general character of the procedure is the same. If the wombat totem is represented, the kooringal crawl under a log as if going into a wombat's hole ; if they select the scrub-turkey, all the men scratch the ground with their feet, kicking the rubbish backwards into a large heap resembling the nest of those birds ; and so on for any other totems which may be represented. ♦
When the course of instruction in the bush is nearly completed, some strange men, called irghindaly or wyeftdee, come from the ahrowanga, or women's camp. They belong to a distant part of the tribal territory, and this is their first participation in the cere- mony. On approaching the karpan, they utter a weird noise, like the howling of the wild dog, and advance in single file, each man holding a leafy bough in front of him, which hides the upper part of his body. The novices are led to believe that a strange mob of blacks are coming to attack the camp. They are then raised to their feet, and placed standing in a row, with their guardians, some of the kooringal, standing on the right and some on the left of the row of boys, having the latter in the middle, holding their hands
1898.] MATHEWS — INITIATION IX AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. 63
to their ears. By this time the irghindaly have reached the camp, and form into a line parallel with and facing the row of men and novices. They jump and shake their boughs, and then, throwing the latter on the ground, they retire a few yards. The kooringal now step forward and pick up the boughs and strip the leaves off them, shouting wah ! wah ! while doing so. The irghindaly then consult with the headmen, and arrange the time for the return of the novices to the ahrowanga, after which they go back to the camp from which they have come, and inform the women when the boys may be expected. The mission of the i?'ghi?tdaly is analogous to that of the beegay of the Kamilaroi, described by me elsewhere, namely, to liberate the novices from the rigorous custody of the kooringal.
That evening at the karpan, by the light of the camp fires, some of the usual totemic representations are enacted by the kooringal, after which some of the old men chant Dharroogan' s song. About sunrise next morning the novices are placed standing in a row beside the camp, with their eyes cast upon the ground. All the men then run about pretending to throw pieces of stick at a squirrel in a tree, and while they are doing so two men step into an open space and swing the yooloodury. The blankets are then lifted off the heads of the novices, who are requested to take particular notice of this ceremony. Some armed warriors now rush up to each of the novices in a menacing attitude, and caution them against revealing what they have been taught during their sojourn in the bush. At the conclusion of these proceedings, everything is packed up and a start made toward the women's camp.
After proceeding some miles the party come to a halt at a water- hole or running stream. Here a fire is lit, and they partake of such game as may have been caught during the morning. By and by all the kooringal gather on the bank of the water-hole or creek, and one after another goes into the water, washing off the black coloring matter, after which they come out, and paint their bodies all over with pipe clay. During this time the novices are sitting on the bank of the water-hole — or near the fire if the day is cold — and do not participate in the washing and painting ceremony. This water- hole is one which is always used for the same purpose at every burhmig which takes place in this part of the tribal territory, and is never used for bathing on any other occasion. The journey forward is then resumed, and one of the men goes on ahead to report that the bush contingent will shortly arrive.
64 MATHEWS — INITIATION IN AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. [March 18^
I must now give some further particulars of the new camp erected by the women, referred to in an earlier page. The same camp may be occupied all the time the novices are away, or the women may shift to a fresh camping ground every few nights, in conformity with the movements of the kooringal. A patch of ground is cleared near each of these camping places, to which the mothers and sisters of the novices repair every evening for the purpose of sing- ing and dancing during the time the boys are away in the bush with the headmen. As soon as the women are informed of the day which has been fixed for the return of the kooringal, they proceed to this cleared space and erect an avenue of boughs, called the arrowanga^ in the following manner. In this work they are assisted by the old men who have been with them all the time, and also by the irghin- daly contingent. A number of small green saplings are cut down with tomahawks, and the stems are inserted in holes made in the ground, all in a line — the bushy tops being sufficiently close together to make a leafy screen, about four feet high. A few feet from this, another line of saplings is set up, parallel with the other. The two rows of boughs are fixed in the ground with a slant toward each other, so that their tops almost meet overhead, forming a kind of arched avenue long enough to hold all the kooringal. A few yards on one side of this avenue, and parallel thereto, the women light about four fires, beyond which they sit down in a row, and commence chanting in monotonous tones.
When all is ready, a signal is given by the men who have charge of the women, and the bush mob approach in single file, all painted white, as already stated. On coming in sight of the arrowanga^ the novices and their guardians stop behind, and go to another camp a little way off, where they remain for the night. The women are now told to lie down, and are covered with bushes. The kooringal march on and enter the avenue of bushes, one after the other, and sit down with their legs gathered under them in the usual native fashion. During this time a small bull-roarer, called dha/gitngun, is sounded out of sight in the rear. A few of the head- men jump round outside the avenue, beating together two boom- erangs, and muttering wooh / wooh ! After going round two or three times, they shout hirr ! birr ! and all the women stand up and dance round the men who are hidden in the avenue. After going round a few times, the women commence pulling down the bough screen, upon which all the kooringal rise to their feet, and also
1898.] MATIJEWS — INITIATION IN AUSTKALIAN TRIBES. 65
commence pulling the bushes out of the ground, breaking them smaller and throwing them on the fires as they jump about. The women also assist in breaking the twigs off the boughs and placing them on the fires. By this time a dense smoke is issuing from the burning bushes, and some of the kooringal stand in the smoke around each fire until they are all sufficiently fumigated. A few of the, old headmen stand round directing the proceedings, and the irghindaly assist in throwing bushes on the fires when more smoke is required. While the kooringal are standing on the smouldering boughs, the women come up and rub their hands on them, ostensi- bly to wipe the white paint off them. When the ceremony is over it is getting near sundown, and the kooringal mix with the women and irghindaly, and all of them go into the camp adjacent.
During the forenoon of the following day the mothers and sisters of the novices, accompanied by some of the men, again muster at the arrowanga, but on this occasion no bough screen is erected, and the women are allowed to see everything which takes place. Some fires are lit and green bushes cut and laid round ready for use. At the camp to which the novices and their guardians went the even- ing before preparations are also made for the approaching cere- mony. The bodies of the boys are smeared over with ashes from the camp fires, and the hair of their heads is singed, to make the women believe that they have been burnt by the evil spirit and have just emerged from the fire. After a mutual interchange of signals that everything is ready at both camps the guardians and novices start forward, marching two and two till they arrive at the arrowanga. As they approach the women shout " Heh ! heh !" and throw pieces of bark over their heads. The irghindaly lay some of the green bushes on the fires and each guardian conducts his novice into the smoke, which curls upward around them both. The mothers of the boys, who have been standing on one side, now ad- vance and rub their open hands over the bodies of their sons, after which they rub their teats on their mouths. The sisters of the novices next step forward and rub their feet on their brothers' ankles. During the whole of this ceremony the novices keep their eyes cast down, and do not look at their mothers or sisters. A signal is now given and they scamper off with their guardians to a camp which has been prepared for them not far away.
At the conclusion of the ceremonies at the arrowanga all the tribes shift camp to another place, perhaps a few miles away, and
PKOC. AMEPv. PHILOS. SOC. XXXVII. 157. E. PRINTED MAY 25, 1898.
66 MATHEWS — INITIATION IX AUSTRALIAN TEIBES. [March 18,
next morning the novices are brought up in close proximity, where they are again smoked, after which they are invited to partake of food spread upon nets by the women. They are then conducted to a camp a little way from the men's quarters, where the old head- men show them quartz crystals and other sacred substances; and also small pieces of wood called handhanyay or kiingara, on which certain mystic lines are made, said to be the work of Dharroogan. They are forbidden to eat certain kinds of food until released from these restrictions by the old men.
The ceremonies being now at an end, the visiting tribes make preparations for starting on their return journey, and in a few days most of them are on their way homeward, each tribe taking their own novices with them. The latter are kept under the control of their seniors for a considerable time, and must conform to cer- tain rules laid down by the headmen. It is also necessary that they shall attend one or more additional Burhung gatherings before they can become thoroughly acquainted with the different parts of the ceremonial and be fully qualified to take their place as men of the tribe.
On the Macleay river there is an abbreviated form of inaugural rite, known as the Mu7'rawin, and among the tribes occupying the Nymboi and Mitchell rivers there is a short ceremony called the Walloonggurra. Both these rites are of a probationary character, leading up to the fuller ceremonial of the burbujig, from which they differ in so many respects that I have thought it necessary to describe them in separate articles.
Before cannibalism ceased to be practiced by the tribes dealt with in this paper it was the custom to kill and eat a man during the burbling ceremonies. The victim was an initiated man of the tribe, and his flesh and blood were consumed by the men and novices. I am preparing an article dealing fully with this and similar customs, so that further reference is unnecessary at present.
Explanation" of Plate V.
The burbling described in the preceding pages completes a series of articles written by me on the different types of initiatory rites of the aboriginal tribes scattered over the whole of New South Wales. I have now prepared a map of the colony, defining the boun- daries of the several districts within which each type of ceremony
189S.] MATHEWS — IXITIATIOX IX AUSTRALIAX TRIBES. 67
is in force. On this map I have marked the approximate position of these boundaries, and have assigned to each district a distin- guishing numeral, from i to 9, so that they can be readily identi- fied. It is outside the purpose of this paper to define the areas occupied by the people speaking the different dialects prevalent in each district, but the names of some of the most important of them will be stated in a general way under each number. The reader will be referred to certain articles which I have published describ- ing the initiation ceremonies, and also the totemic divisions of the tribes located inside the boundaries shown upon the map.
No. I on the map represents a wide zone of country stretching from near the Murray river almost to the Barwon, occupied chiefly by the Wiradjuri-speaking people. This includes the VVonghibons, a branch of the Wiradjuri, who are spread over the country from Mossgiel to Nyngan.^ On the Lower Murrumbidgee and extending up the Murray from about Euston are several small tribes speaking the following dialects : The Eetha-eetha, Watthi-watthi, Kianigani, Yuppila, Yota Yota, Boorabirraba and some others on the upper Murray whose initiation ceremonies are the same as the Wiradjuri. For my descriptions of the burbling of these people the reader is invited to peruse the following publications : Journ. Anthrop. Inst. London, Yo\. xxv, pp. 295-318; Ibid., Vol. xxvi, pp. 272-275. Froc. Roy. Gcog. Soc. Ausf. (Q.), Vol. xi, pp. 167-169, and Journ, Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. xxxi, pp. 111-153. I have also dealt with their totemic division in the last-named work, pp. 171-176.
No. 2 includes the country of the Kamilaroi, Yookumble, Wal- laroi, Pickumble, YuoUary, Wailwan, Moorawarree and a few others. The Bora ceremony of these tribes is described by me in the following works : Journ. Anthrop. Inst. London, Vol. xxiv, pp. 411-427; Ibid., Vol. xxv, pp. 318-339; Journ. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. xx/iii, pp. 98-129; Ibid, Vol. xxx, pp. 211-213; Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, Vol. ix, N. S., pp. 137-173- I ^^^^'^ described their totemic divisions in Journ. Roy. Soc. N. S. Jf'a/es, Vol. xxxi, pp. T.56-168.
No. 3. In this tract of country the Bunan ceremony is in force. Some of the dialects are the Thurrawall, Wodi Wodi, Jeringin, Ngarroogoo, Beddiwell, Mudthang, Dhooroomba, Gundungurra
1 Mr. A. L. P. Cameron kindly furnished me with the location of the Wong hibon, Eethee Eethee and Watthi Watthi tribes.
68 MATHEWS — INITIATION IN AUSTRALIAN TEIBES. [March is,
and Wonnawal. I have given a comprehensive account of this ceremony, with a plate illustrating the Bunan ground and the dif- ferent objects connected with it in the American Anthropologist, Washington, Vol. ix, pp. 327-344.
No. 4 represents the country occupied by the tribes speaking the Darkinung, Wannerawa, Warrimee, Wannungine, Dharrook and some other dialects: Their country commences at the Hunter river and extends southerly till it meets and merges into that of tiie people of No. 3. Their ceremony of initiation is known as the Narramang, which is described in a paper published in Froc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, Vol. x, N. S., pp. 1-12. Their totemic system is dealt with in ^Journ. Roy. Soc. JV. S. If ales, Vol. xxxi, pp. 170-171.
No. 5. Within this area, which extends from the Hunter river almost to the Macleay, the initiation ceremonies are of the Keeparra type described by me in Jour?i. Anthrop. Inst. London, Vol. xxvi, pp. 320-340. This tract of country is inhabited by the remnants of the tribes speaking different dialects, some of the most important of which are the following : Wattung, Gooreenggai, Minyowa, Molo, Kutthack, Bahree, Karrapath, Birrapee, etc. North of the Hunter river and extending along the sea coast to about Cape Hawk there is an elementary ceremony called Dhalgai, which I have included in the article last quoted.
No. 6 represents the hunting grounds of the tribes whose initia- tion ceremonies are dealt with in the preceding pages. Their sec- tional divisions are the same as the tribes in No. 5, and are described mjour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. xxxi, pp. 168-170.
No. 7 comprises the country of the Bunjellung, Gidjoobal, Kahwul, Nowgyjul, Watchee, Yackarabul, Ngandowul and some other small tribes, whose initiation ceremonies are of the Wandarral type, described by me in Froc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, Vol. x, N. S., pp. 29-42. Districts Nos. 2, 7, 8 and 9 cross the boundary of Queensland, and Nos. i and 8 extend some distance into the Vic- torian frontier.
No. 8. On the west of Nos. i and 2 are the Barkunji, Bung- yarlee, Bahroongee, Wombungee, Noolulgo and some other tribes, occupying the country on both sides of the Darling river, as well as on the Lower Paroo and Warrego. South of the Murray river are several small tribes, among which may be mentioned the Wamba Waraba, Waiky Waiky, Latjoo Latjoo, Mutti Mutti, etc. I have
1898.] MATHEWS — INITIATION IX AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. 69
referred to the totemic divisions of the Barkunji and kindred tribes \\\ Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc, Aust., Queensland, Vol. x, p. 32. Their initiation ceremonies are described by me elsewhere.
No. 9. In this triangular portion of New South Wales we encounter the advance guard of those tribes who practice circum- cision and subincision, extending thence northerly into Queensland and westerly into South Australia. The customs of these people will be dealt v/ith bv me in another article.
APPENDIX. The Nguttan Initiation Ceremony.
In this article it is intended to give a short account of the Nguttan, an abbreviated ceremony of initiation practiced by the native tribes of the Williams and Gloucester rivers and surrounding country. Although it is not necessary to muster the whole community for the purpose of installing the youths into the privileges of tribesmen by means of the Nguttan, yet it is always thought safest to consult with the headmen of some of the nearest neighboring tribes, who may also have one or more youths old enough to pass through the ordeal. The preliminaries are arranged by means of messengers, and when the appointed time comes round the tribes proceed to the appointed meeting place. Here the combined concourse indulge in corrobo- ries and songs at night by the camp fires. The men of each tribe dance in their turn and their women beat time for them.
When the festivities have lasted for a few days the headmen decide upon the time for taking away the novices. Early on the appointed morning all the men assemble under pretense of going on a hunting expedition, or perhaps they represent that they are making an incursion into the country of a hostile tribe for the purpose of avenging some supposed injury. The novices are mustered out of their mothers' camps and are taken charge of by the men. The women are not told anything about these proceedings, but all the elder ones and those who have been present at similar gatherings before form their own conclusions in regard to the purpose of the meeting.
A number of the men, with the novices amongst them, start first, and are immediately followed by the rest of the men, singing and shouting as they march along in the rear. The novices are told that
70 MATHEWS — INITIATIOX IX AUSTRALIAX TRIBES. [March IS,
these incantations are for the purpose of making a plentiful supply of game, or to cause them to be victorious over their enemies. The men are painted in the manner customary on these expeditions. After traveling perhaps several miles they come to a water-hole or running stream, where a halt is made. The novices are now taken charge of by the men who have been appointed for this duty. Each of these men is the brother-in-law — actually or collaterally — of the graduate who has been placed under his care.
The novices are stripped naked, and after being painted are placed sitting cross-legged on the ground, with both hands grasping their genitalia and their heads bowed toward their breasts. Their guardians and some of their relatives remain with them, but all the other men go away, taking their departure quietly and a few at a time so that the boys may not know that they are gone. These men go away to a suitable camping ground, perhaps a mile or two distant, which has previously been agreed upon, and there they erect a camp of bark or bushes and spread leaves on the ground for the novices to lie upon. They then go into the bush hunting to provide food for themselves and the rest of the party. Late in the afternoon the guardians and other men who remained with the novices bring the latter to this new camp — each boy with his eyes cast down and being forbidden to look at anything around him — and place them lying down upon the leaves with rugs thrown over them. Fires are lit near where they are lying, ^ and they are sub- jected to considerable heat, which causes them to perspire very freely, but they are not permitted to move and must keep silent.
During the evening, perhaps an hour after sundown, by the light of the camp-fires, some of the usual totemic dances, described by me in previous communications, and other instructive performances, are gone through by the men, and the novices are allowed to sit up and look at them. Some of the men exhibit their genitals to the boys and invite them to pay especial attention to a number of other obscene gestures. After this human excrement is thrown to the novices, which they are required to eat, and also to drink urine out of a native vessel. At the conclusion of these proceedings all hands lie down for the night.
Early next morning about half the men start away without the knowledge of the boys and go into the bush in quest of food.
^ Compare with the fire ordeal described by me in " The Bunan Ceremony of N. S, Wales," in the American Anthropologist (1S96), Vol. ix, pp. 335, 336.
1898.] MATHEWS — IXITIATIOX IX AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. 71
About midday they return, and on coming within hearing of the camp they commence making a weird noise, like the howling of the native dog, and advance in single file, each man carrying a leafy bough which hides his face and chest. When these men, who are called ghirrang, reach the camp where the novices are they spread out in a line and spring up into the air, waving their arms and uttering grunt-like exclamations. The novices are led to believe that the ghirrang belong to a hostile tribe and will perhaps attack them and their guardians.
The ghirrang and other men then produce several small sheets of bark stripped from trees, on which some dharroong devices have been carved, similar to the marks on the trees standing around a Kee- parra ground.^ These pieces of bark are placed at intervals of a few yards along the cleared space which was used for dancing and per- forming upon the previous night. The novices are now brought out in front of these pieces of bark and are invited to take particu- lar notice of them. They are at first shown the dharroong on one sheet of bark, and are then taken to each of the others in succes- sion, but are not allowed to speak a word.
When this part of the ceremony has been disposed of, the men form into two divisions — one mob standing on one side of the cleared space and another mob on the other side — the graduates being placed in a row facing them. The humming sound of the bull-roarer, miidthinga, is now heard a little way in the rear, and almost immediately two men step out into the opening, each man swinging one of these instruments at the end of a string. The usual obligations of secrecy are then imposed upon the neophytes, after which the sacred umdthinga is rubbed upon their penises, chests, arms and other parts of their bodies. While doing this the string of the bull-roarer is placed round each lad's neck in rotation.
The guardians, novices, and all the rest of the men now start away from that place, and proceed toward the women's camp — which, it should be mentioned, was removed to another locality the same day the men and boys went away. A man is sent ahead to announce that the contingent from the bush will return presently, and upon receipt of this message the women muster on a level, open parcel of land contiguous to their camp. Here the mothers of the neophytes spread nets upon the ground, on which
1 See my " Keeparra Ceremony of Initiation," Journ. Anthrop. Inst., Vol. xxvi, pp. 320-338, PL xxxii, Figs. 6 to 13.
72 MATHEWS — INITIATION IN AUSTRALIAN TRIBES. [March 18,
they lay food for the use of their sons. The sisters of the novices and the other women also assemble near this spot, which is called ngtirra nyalla.
When these preliminaries have been arranged, the men and boys come marching on, painted and dressed in their full regalia as men of the tribe, and as they approach the women throw sticks over their heads. Ihe novices step forward to the nets, and eat the food which their mothers have provided for them. After this the women return to their own camp, but the graduates are taken by their guardians to a place near the single men's quarters. During that evening some of the old headmen show the novices the sacred white stones, which are so much valued by all native tribes.
These white stones, which in this district are called biiggan, are said to be found in the scrubby mountains beyond Banaon Grove, near the head of the Williams river, and are supposed to be the excrement of Gceh Mudyei" Dhingga (Goen of the Hairy Hands), a malevolent being who has his abode in these mountain fastnesses. A number of clever old men — the so-called wizards of their tribes — used to make periodical expeditions into these regions for the purpose of obtaining supplies of the buggan. On these occasions it was not considered safe for a man to travel alone, but it was neces- sary that several should go in company. At their camps at night they were required to sing songs similar to those which form part of the keeparr-a ceremonial, and the camp-fires had to be main- tained by burning certain kinds of wood to be found in that dis- trict. During the night, while the old men were asleep, Goen was supposed to appear, accompanied by some of his coadjutors, and put white stones into their dilly bags.
If any of the old men of the company had been remiss in their observance of any of the tribal customs, they would keep awake, holding a burning brand in their hand, in order to protect them- selves against Goen's evil designs. The only way in which such men could secure the sacred buggan was to search for them along the sides of hills or watercourses, where they had been deposited by Goen.
Every youth who graduates through the Nguttan is required to attend the next keeparra ceremony which takes place among his own people — or the burbling oi those tribes who adjoin them on the northwest — in order that he may receive further instruction in the sacred initiatory rites of the community.
1S98.] SCOTT — OX THE SELEXODONT ARTIODACTYLS. 73
Short or probationary forms of inauguration ceremonies are found in several districts, and a knowledge of them is highly valuable, as exhibiting the various stages through which a youth must pass before he is qualified to take his place as a full man of his tribe. In a different portion of the same tract of country, there is another ele- mentary ceremony known as the Dhalgai, described by me else- where.^ Both the Ngicttan and the Dhalgai are practiced in parts of the geographical area represented as No. 5 on the map of New South Wales hereto appended (Plate V).
PRELIMINARY NOTE
ON THE SELENODONT ARTIODACTYLS
OF THE UINTA FORMATION.
BY W. B. SCOTT.
(^Bead March 18, 1898.)
In 1895, ^^r- J- I^- Hatcher collected for the Princeton Museum some unusually well-preserved specimens of Selenodont Artiodactyls in the Uinta beds of northern Utah. In preparing a monograph upon these forms I have found certain new and undescribed genera which have proved to be of remarkable phylogenetic interest, and the much more complete material now available of genera pre- viously named gives us most welcome information. As the detailed account of these fossils cannot appear for many months, it is desir- able to publish a brief notice of the new forms and of the principal conclusions to which the study of the Uinta Selenodonts has led. One of the most marked changes between the mammalian life of the Bridger and that of the Uinta is in the great increase of the Artio- dactyls in general and of the Selenodonts in particular. In the Bridger beds only two genera at most of the latter group have been described, and remains of even these are very rare ; in the Uinta, on the other hand, Artiodactyls are the most abundant fossils and not less than eight genera of Selenodonts may be determined, while others are indicated by specimens not sufficiently well preserved for description.
The most interesting and striking result to which the study of the
^ " The Dhalgai Ceremony," yourn. Anthrop. Inst., Vol. xxvi, pp. 338-340.
74 SCOTT — ON THE SELENODONT AKTIODACTYLS. [March 18,
Uinta Selenodonts has led is the very unexpected conclusion that, with the possible exception of the Oreodonts and Agriochoerids, all of the strictly indigenous North American Seie?iodonts are derivatives of the Tylopodan stejn. The true Ruminants (Pecora) are an Old World type and did not reach this continent till late Miocene times, but the Tylopoda underwent an expansion and differentiation in America comparable to that of the Pecora in Europe, of which they took the place here. This conclusion was long ago suggested, with wonderful insight, by Riitimeyer, but as he did not discuss the question and brought forward no evidence in support of his views, the suggestion never attracted the attention which it so well de- served. The White River forms, Leptomeryx, Hypertragulus, Hypi- sodus and Frotoceras, have long baffled the investigator who attempted to determine their true systematic position, but it has now become exceedingly probable that they are all variants of the Tylopodan type, the main line of which is represented in White River times by the genus Poebrotherium, whose position has long been recognized as ancestral to the modern camels and llamas. It should be added, however, that this somewhat surprising result has been much strengthened and confirmed by far more complete material of Leptomeryx and Hype7'tragiiius than had previously been known. This new material, which was gathered at various times by Messrs. Hatcher and Gidley, makes the Tylopodan affini- ties of these White River genera much more conspicuous than any one had imagined. In the extended paper which is now in course of preparation these newly obtained specimens will be described and figured in comparison with their forerunners of the Uinta.
Parameryx Marsh.
Amer. Jour. Sci., third series, Vol. xiv, p. 364 {nomen nudiwi). Ibid., Vol. xlviii, p. 269.
In this genus the dentition is complete, I. f , C. \, P. |, M. f and there are no diastemata. The incisors and canines are small, the premolars simple and trenchant and the molars very brachyodont and composed of four crescents. The skull is exceedingly like that of Poebrotherium, but has a shorter muzzle, a less capacious cranium, a more widely open orbit and a very much smaller tympanic bulla, which is not filled with cancellous tissue. The ulna and radius are separate, at least in young individuals ; the manus consists of four
1898.] SCOTT — ON THE SELENODONT ARTIODACTYLS. 75
functional digits, though the lateral metacarpals are already very much more slender than the median pair. The fibula is complete and not coossified with the tibia at any point, but its shaft is so reduced as to be a mere thread of bone. The pes contains two functional metatarsals, iii and iv, while Nos. ii and v are long, filiform and splint-like rudiments to which, apparently, no phalanges are attached, but this is still doubtful. The phalanges of the functional digits resemble those of Poebroihei^ium, and the unguals have the same long, pointed and slender, antelope-like shape.
There can be very little doubt that Parai7ieryx is the direct and immediate ancestor of the White River Poeb7'othe7Hiim, which it so much resembles, and thus it holds an important place in the main line of Tylopodan descent.
Leptotragulus Scott and Osborn. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1887, P- 258.
In a former account of this genus, ^ the type of which is a frag- ment of the mandible containing p -3, 4 and m y, I made the mistake of referring to it certain limb and foot bones which, it is now apparent, belong to the very distinct genus Parameryx, from which Leptotragulus differs in the form of the premolars and in the presence of diastemata. At present I am not able to refer to the latter genus any of the newly acquired material, and hence can add nothing to my original account'- of it. It differs but compara- tively little, however, from the following genus, the structure of which may be very fully described.
Merycodesmus, gen. nov.
Dentition unreduced; I. f, C. \, P. f, M. |; upper incisors conical, pointed and slightly recurved ; upper canine large, com- pressed and thick ; lower canine incisiform ; p -I- near canine, with diastema behind it ; p ^ with deuterocone ; p y caniniform and opposing upper canine ; p y with large deuteroconid. Molars com- posed of four crescentic lobes, m -3 with fifth lobe. Forehead elongate and lozenge-shaped, sagittal crest short, as in Parameryx ; mandible with very extended angle. Manus and pes having four
^ Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, Vol. XVI, p. 479. 2 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1887, p. 258.
76
SCOTT — OX THE SELENODONT ARTIODACTYLS. [March 18,
functional digits ; lateral metapodials less reduced than in Para- meryx.
Merycodesmus gracilis, sp. nov.
Size small ; orbit small and bounded behind by very long decurved postorbital process of frontal ; cranium relatively broad and capacious ; mandible very slender.
Measurements.
Upper dentition, length I i to M 3 0.071
premolar-molar series, length 054
molar series, length. .- 022
canine, ant. -post, diameter 006
canine, transverse diameter 003
M I, length 006
M I, width 0085
M 2, length 008
M 2, width 010
M 3, length 009
M 3, width on
Lower dentition, length I i to M 3 072
'' premolar-molar series, length 058
'' premolar series, length 032
'^ molar series, length 026
P I, length 0045
P 2, length 0055
P 3, length 007
P 4, length 0065
M I, length 0065
M 2, length oo75
M 3, length on
(N. B. — The apparently great length of the premolar series is due to the diastema behind pi)
The dentition of Aferycodesmus is quite similar to that of Para- meryXy but differs in certain very significant ways. Thus, the lower incisors have more chisel-shaped crowns, and the lower canine has become one of them in form and function ; the upper canine is much larger and the first lower premolar has taken on the form and function of the canine. In each jaw a long diastema separates p i
1898.1 SCOTT — ON THE SELENODOXT ARTIODACTYLS. 77
from p 2. The other premolars and the molars are much alike in the two genera save that the latter are relatively broader in Mery- codesmus. This genus differ from Lepiotragitlus in the greater com- plexity of the inferior premolars, and especially in the large development of the deuteroconid on p ^. From Orojneryx it may be distinguished by the diastemata and by the more symmetrically quadrate shape of the upper molars.
The skull bears a close resemblance to that of Pa^-ameryx, but has a somewhat more elongate muzzle and longer postorbital pro- cesses of the frontals ; the forehead has the same elongate lozenge- like shape, the temporal ridges converging gradually behind into the short sagittal crest ; the mandible has an elongate, slender hori- zontal ramus, which is somewhat stouter than that of Pararneryx ; whether the very broad ascending ramus possessed a similar hook- like angle to that of the latter genus cannot at present be precisely determined ; the coronoid process is even more recurved and pointed. The posterior nares are far back, their front border being opposite m ^, and a deep palatal notch intervenes between the hinder half of m ^ and the external wall of the narial canal.
The axis has a conical odontoid process.
The fore foot has four digits, of which the lateral metacarpals are reduced and slender, though distinctly less so than in Para7?ieryx. The tarsus is lower than in the latter genus, and the lateral meta- tarsals are functional, not mere filiform splints. The phalanges are essentially alike in the two genera.
The entire structure of Merycodesmus strongly suggests that it was the forerunner of the White River genus, Leptotneryx, and, through a somewhat different line, of Protoceras also. In Lep- tomeryx the upper canines have been lost, the lower canine resem- bles an incisor, but p y is just like a minute canine and one can hardly escape the inference that it formerly functioned as a canine and has dwindled because of the loss of the upper canine, which it opposed. Protoce7'as still retains, in the male sex, the large upper canine, which is opposed by p. y and thus abraded upon the poste- rior surface, but in the females the upper canine is vestigial.
Camelomeryx, gen. nov.
I.^, C.i, P.i, M.-^. Upper incisors small, canines stout, but short; along diastema between p i and p ^. Premolars and molars closely
78 SCOTT — ox THE SELENODONT ARTIODACTYLS. [March 18,
resembling those of the preceding genus, but molars with larger ex- ternal buttresses. Forehead broad and short, sagittal crest long; temporal ridges confined to frontals. Posterior nares farther back than in Merycodesmus and palatal notches absent.
In this genus the superior dentition is, except in the character of the incisors, very similar to that of Merycodesmus, but the shape of the forehead, the cranium and the hinder part of the palate are very different. In the absence of the lower jaw, it is not prac- ticable to determine finally whether this form is congeneric with LeptotraguluSy but the character of the upper premolars leads me to believe that it will prove to be quite distinct.
Cameloitteryx longiceps, sp. no v.
Size, small ; cranium long and slender ; orbits small and widely open behind ; postorbital processes of frontals extended trans- versely, but little decurved.
Measuremejits.
Upper dentition, length I i to M 3 0.062
canine, ant. -post, diameter 005
canine, transverse diameter 003
premolar-molar series, length 051
^' premolar series, length 029
*' molar series, length 021
'' M I, length 0055
'^ M I, width 0075
" M 2, length 007
'' M 2, width 010
" M 3, length 0085
M 3, width 01 15
n li
cc
That Came/omeryx and Merycodes77ius are nearly allied genera will be at once apparent from the foregoing description. Whether the former is the ancestor of some White River genus, such as Hypei'traguliis, or whether it is a mere variant of Merycodesmus and without permanent phylogenetic significance, must await the decision of more complete material.
Oromeryx Marsh.
Orome?yx Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., third series, Vol. xiv, p. 364 {ii077ien 7iuduf7i),
1898.] SCOTT — OX THE SELEXODOXT ARTIODACTYLS. 79
Oromeryx Marsh, Anier. Journ. Sci., third series, Vol. xlviii, p. 269.
No representative of this genus has yet been detected in the Princeton collection ; it may be distinguished from the preceding genera by two principal characters. According to Marsh, '* there is no diastema in the dentition," and in the second place, his figure shows that the upper molars, especially m ^, have a subovate crown, due to the much greater transverse breadth in the anterior than in the posterior half.
Protoreodon Scott and Osborn.
Agriochcerus MdiXsh. (non l^Qidy'), Anier. /cum. Sci., third series,
Vol. ix, p. 250. Eomeryx Marsh, ibid., Vol. xiv, p. 364 {/io7fien nudiun). Protoreodon Scott and Osborn, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1887,
P- 257.
Eomeryx Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci., third series. Vol. xlviii, p. 266.
The collection contains a large number of specimens appertain- ing to this genus, and adds very materially to our knowledge of it, but as the newly acquired individuals only confirm the conclusion previously reached, that this genus is ancestral to the Oreodontidce. of the Oligocene and Miocene, description of the new material will be reserved for the extended paper.
Agriotherium gen. nov.
Premaxillaries reduced and upper incisors small ; upper canine large, recurved and trihedral ; premolars simple and thick trans- versely; py caniniform ; p ^ implanted by three fangs, but has no deuterocone ; deuterocone of p ^ conical, not crescentic ; molars like those of Protoreodon, but with outer crescents of superior molars more concave, and more prominent median buttress, into wdiich median valley extends. Cranium relatively longer and face shorter than in Protoreodon and postorbital processes of frontals shorter.
This genus is evidently very close to Protoreodon, but may be distinguished from it by the reduced premaxillaries, the smaller incisors, the simpler premolars and the more concave outer lobes of the upper molars, as well as by the longer cranium, shorter face, and less prominent postorbital processes.
({
n
80 SCOTT — ON THE SELENODONT ARTIODACTYI.S. [March IS,
Agnotheriu?n paradoxicum, sp. nov.
Skull about equal to that of Oreodon gracilis in length, but much more depressed ; mandible stout and chin steeply inclined.
Aleasureinents.
Skull, length on .basal line 0-131
" width across zygomata 077
Length occ. crest to ant. border of orbit 085
** ant. border orbit to prmx 051
Mandible, height of condyle o4(S
" depth at m.o 025
Upper premolar-molar series, length 0525
" premolar series, length 029
molar series, length 024
canine, ant. -post, diameter 006
canine, transverse diameter 006
P I, length 0075
'' P 2, length 0065
*' P 3, length 007
*' P 3, width 006
" P 4, length 006
'' P 4, width 0085
'* M I, length 075
'' M I, width 009
"■ M 2, length , 008
'' M 2, width on
'* M 3, length 009
"■ M 3, width 012
Lower P 3, length 007
P 3, width 003
P 4, length 0075
'* P 4, width 004
" molar series, length 027
'* Mi, length 007
'' M I, width 0055
'* M 2, length ' 008
*' M 2, width 006
M 3, length 012
M 3, width 007
it
n
1S98.] MINUTES. 81
The differences between Protoreodon and Agriotherium are such as strongly to suggest the inference that, while the former is the ancestor of the Oreodonts, the latter stands in a similar relation to the Agriochcerids. This determination can, at present, be only provisional, until more is learned concerning the foot-structure of the present genus. At all events, if Agriotherium be not the desired ancestral form, we may feel confident that that form, when found, will prove to be of a very similar character.
Hyomeryx Marsh.
Amer. Journ. Sci., third series. Vol. xlviii, p. 268.
This genus, which is described as having no upper incisors, I have not seen. It differs from the two preceding genera not only in the loss of the upper incisors, but also in the form of the upper molars, which have far less concave external crescents, and less prominent outer buttresses.
The study of the Uinta Selenodonts lends much strength to the opinion expressed by various writers, that the Oreodonts are related to the Tylopoda. It now appears likely that this family leads back either to Homacodon of the Bridger, or to some nearly allied form of the same family. If this be true, we shall then have the more extended generalization, that all of the indigenous North American Selenodonts belonged to the Tylopoda and that this suborder has had a much more extended and varied development than we have hitherto supposed. While this conclusion is already extremely probable for the other families, we have yet to find the direct fore- runners of Protoreodon and Agriotherium before it can be estab- lished for the Oreodonts and Agriochcerids.
Stated Meeting^ April i, 1898.
* Mr. Fredekick Prime in the Chair.
Present, 12 members.
Correspondence Avas submitted and donations reported. Dr. Morris, on behalf of the Curators, exhibited a fac- simile of the Declaration of Independence in the handwriting
PROG. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XXXVII. 157. F. PRINTED JUNE 7, 1898.
82 MINUTES. [AprU 1,
of Thomas JeffersoD, whicli, witli some accompanying memo- randa also in tlieir possession, they have had framed for better preservation.
It is evidently the same as that contained in Yol. iv of Eandolph's Memoirs ofJefferson^ and likewise from the same plates as (previons to their completion) the proof copy in a black frame now in the Librar}^, and identified as such by Mr. Corbin, of the American Bank Kote Company, by marks of the unfinished condition of one of the plates, absence of notes "Dr. Franklin's handwriting" and "Mr. Adams' hand- writing ' ' from margin , as well as by the texture of the paper.
This facsimile now framed for preservation has at com- mencement the marks in ink ' 'Draft 'A' " ; the handwriting of which is pronounced by Mr. F. J. Dreer to be that of John Yaughan, an interesting letter from whom, as to the Jeffer- son-Lee MS. is in Mr. Dreer' s collection at the Historical Society's hall, also an alleged/ac-^zmtZe of the originally signed document on quarto paper, otherwise closely resembling this Draft A, but lithograph, said to be copied from MS. in De- partment of State at Washington; none such is known there. This framed facsimile has also the following in leadpencil, "these leadpencil marginal entries make Draft B — this Draft B is copy sent to Lee by Jefferson."
Mr. Dreer also identifies the marginal notes as to hand- writings of Dr. Franklin and Mr. Adams, as the facsimile of Jefferson's handwriting, so that the latter must have anno- tated the copy used in preparing Jefferson's Memoirs by Randolph.
He also finds in his diary of May 13, 1889, as follows: " Met Major Frank Etting, Fred. D. Stone, Simon Gratz. and Mr. Philip S. P. Connor, at the Philosophical Society rooms to compare and determine who wrote, the interlined and marginal notes on the proof copy of the Declaration of Independence." This explains the attached note of F. M. E. of the same date.
A copy is also given of letters of Jefferson and R. H. Lee,
1898.] MINUTES. 83
the latter dated from Chantilly, his residence in Virginia, as to the Jefferson-Lee document.
Dr. Hays asked if this is the facsimile copy which Dr. Morris took out of the Librarian's desk last autumn under the impression that it was an unknown, orig^inal, Jefferson auto- graph draught of the Declaration of Independence.
Dr. Morris replied that it was the same copy.
Dr. Hays stated that tl^i-s, facsimile is catalogued on page 573 of the printed catalogue of the Society's library, and had the library officials had any intimation of Dr. Morris' inten- tion to take it he would have been informed that it was only 0, facsimile of the well-known rough draught, which has been reproduced in almost every edition of Jefferson's works. It has all the appearances of having been torn out of a copy of Randolph's edition and possesses no special value.
Mr. Edmunds asked where the original of ihi^ facsimile is.
Dr. Morris replied that it is in the possession of the Uni- versity of Virginia.
Dr. Hays expressed surprise at this statement, as he was not aware that the University of Virginia had ever possessed it. The United States claimed to have acquired it fifty years ago, with the other Jefferson papers from the Jefferson heirs, who, by the terms of their sale to the United States, agreed to convey "all the papers and manuscripts" of Thomas Jefferson in their possession. In the Department of State at Washington there is framed under glass and kept in a fire- proof safe a manuscript which is said to be this original. ^
Mr. James Douglas presented an obituary notice of Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt.
The following communications were presented :
B}^ Prof. Edward H. Williams, Jr., " N'otes on Kansan Drift in Pennsylvania."
By Mr. John Van Denburgh, " Herpetological Xotes."
By Dr. I. Minis Hays, "A IS'ote on the History of the
^ Dr. Hays has since verified tlie statement that this original is in the Department of State at Washington.
84 WILLIAMS — ON KANSAX DRIFT IN PENNSYLVANIA. [April 1,
Jefferson Manuscript Dranglit of the Declaration of Inde- pendence in the Library of the Societ}^"
B}^ Mr. S, F. Peckham, " The Genesis of Bitumens, as Related to Chemical Geology."
Pending nominations Nos. 1432 and 1451 to 1457 and new nominations Nos. 1458 to 1464 were read.
The Society was adjourned by the presiding member.
NOTES ON KANSAN DRIFT IN PENNSYLVANIA.
BY PEOF. EDWAKD H. WILLIAMS, JK.
{Read April 1, 189S.)
The writer uses the terms Kansan and Wisconsin to represent respectively the furthest ice advance and the first great moraine of recession which was delimited by Lewis and Wright, without accepting the differences in age claimed by some authorities. His work since 1893 has been a study and mapping of the Kansan deposits in this State, and papers have been published from time to time, copies of which have been deposited in the library of this Society.
At the Buffalo meeting of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, in 1896, the writer presented a few notes on the work of the preceding months and claimed that the ice which covered the northern part of this State oriL>inated at two centres, an eastern and a western, as tiie lithological burden on either side of the apexes of both Kansan and Wisconsin deposits differed widely in character, kinds and amount of crystalline and clastic material. This claim was further substantiated by the fact, shown in the sketch accompanying this paper, that the apex of the earlier line of drift had been overridden by the latter, while, had the latter been a moraine of recession only, there should have been a contin- uous Kansan border.
To these claims the writer now wishes to add two more. First, that the powers of the two bodies of ice on either side of the apex were unequal, as the eastern Kansan border will average thirty
1898.] WILLIAMS — ON KAXSAX DRIFT IX PENNSYLVANIA. 85
miles in width, while the western averages but six. This is in accordance with the deductions of the late Prof. James D. Dana, in the last paper he wrote on glaciation, in attempting to account for the wide difference between the eastern and western deposits. It is well known that Mr. Upham began his work in the east and held to the theory of a single glacial epoch. After work in the west he accepted that of two or more periods. On his return to the east he returned to his first opinion. This is an epitome of the wide difference in appearance between the few strong moraines of the east and the multiplicity of the deposits of the west, and Prof. Dana theorized that such difference must have been caused by the abundant precipitation of the east and the scanty precipitation of the west, so that the deficit of dry seasons would bear a smaller proportion to the total precipitation in the east than in the west, and the strength and persistence of the ice at certain latitudes in the east would be balanced by the many fluctuations of the west. The strength thus predicted for the eastern glacier is shown by the wider margin found and by the variation in the position of the apex. While the western Kansan ice retreated to the position taken by the Wisconsin margin, the relaxation of the pressure was accompanied by an advance of the eastern ice across the region of the apex.
The second claim for a double origin substantiates the theory, as there was found in the summer of 1897, at East Warren, Pa., forty feet below the original surface and 100 feet above the water of the Allegheny river, a rolled piece of native copper as long and thick as the finger, in a lenticule of dense till which resisted the pick. The matrix of clay had preserved the copper from oxidation to such an extent that its surface was still smooth, and with it were found fresh rolled and glaciated crystalline pebbles and local angular elastics. This lenticule was about 120 feet above the rock surface, as shown by a neighboring well section, and the original thickness of glacial deposit was thus 160 feet. This find shows that the western ice traversed the region of the great lakes in a southeastern direction and proves that we had a meeting of two ice sheets near Salamanca, N. Y. The variations in strength and the varying number of moraines of the eastern and western glaciers are thus satisfactorily settled in a simple manner. It remains to say that the writer was unaware at the time he first made the claim for two ori- gins that Prof. Wright had surmised the same (/<:<? Age, p. 443) from the symmetry of the moraine delimited by Mr. Lewis and
86 WILLIAMS — ON KANSAN DRIFT IN PENNSYLVANIA. [April 1,
himself with respect to origins near Lake Superior and Labrador. It was a surmise only, as he states that these need not have been origins, and the ice may have traversed them from some more northern point. The first distinct proof of sucli difference of origin rests with the writer.
This glacial deposit of East Warren disposes, also, of another question which has been much debated, whether there was more than one ice age.
/
/
\
The writer has already disposed of the question for eastern Penn- sylvania, by showing that the Lehigh and its tributaries acquired their present level in pre-Kansan times. The lenticule at East Warren was about loo feet above the present Allegheny; but the rock floor, as shown by a well section near, was 120 feet below the lenticule, or twenty feet below the present Allegheny. Other well sections show that this floor is dipping steeply and toward the west, so that it reaches greater depths below the present river level. This lenticule was forty feet below the old surface at this point; but this surface rose on going west, so that in a distance of fifty feet it was sixty feet higher. On this old surface the various geologists have collected material and all agree that it represents the oldest glacial period. This surface is one of the alleged **rock shelves " of the region ; but is instead a dump in slack water and shown by well sections to be over 250 feet thick. It is allowed by all that
1898.] WILLIAMS — OX KAXSAK" DRIFT IX PENNSYLVANIA. 87
the surface consists of Kansan drift, and it is also allowed that this surface was last deposited. It follows, therefore, that the earliest, or Kansan, drift was deposited after the Allegheny river had reached its present level. This is but one of hundreds of similar cases found for 200 miles along the Allegheny, and with streams under both glaciers — eastern and western — cut to present levels pre- glacially, the great antiquity of the ice age falls.
It may be asked, however, how the reversal of streams and cut- ting of cols are disposed of, as these are matters of considerable cer- tainty.
When we consider that the ice advanced up stream in all cases over the northern Allegheny region, we can see that extreme high water would obtain and the water would pour over the cols into adjacent systems long before the actual presence of the ice at the spot. In fact, the actual presence at a given spot is unnecessary. If we next consider that the advancing ice would confront the loftiest part of our highlands, we can see that it would be aided in its efforts to produce high water by a large snow cap whose ablation would pro- duce torrential conditions in all the drainage systems, and fill those systems with local trash, more or less rolled, which would saw down the cols over which the empounded waters escaped, long before the ice reached the region, and that when the glacier did make its appearance it would discharge into abnormally deep water. We have thousands of evidences from the north to the south of the State, in elevated beach lines, and similar remains, that the water exceeded 1600 feet above tide, and only on the highest mountain tops do we find unmodified till. In all other cases it is ordinary overwash or slack water modifications. The dead slack of the original water is shown throughout the region by the clean iceberg clay which sometimes reaches 100 feet in depth, and underlies all other deposits.
The matters touched upon here will be more fully discussed in the final report of the survey.
88 HAYS — DRAUGHT OF DECLARATION OF IXDEPEXDENCE. [Ap. 1,
A NOTE ON THE HISTORY
OF THE JEFFERSON MANUSCRIPT DRAUGHT OF
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
IN THE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
BY I, MINIS HAYS, M.D.
{Read April 1, 1808.)
As the precise historic relation of the Jefferson manuscript draught of the Declaration of Independence, possessed by this Society, to the document as adopted by the Congress, has been in- volved in some indefiniteness, it seemed desirable to collect and carefully examine all the information available on the subject.
The draught was acquired by the American Philosophical Society seventy-three years ago and the following entry appears in its Donation Book :
*' 1825, August 19.
''The draught of the Declaration of Independence originally presented to Congress. This venerable document was sent to R. H. Lee (the mover of the resolution of Independence) by Thos. Jefferson (in whose handwriting it appears to be, with the altera- tions made previous to the adoption by Congress) on the 8th [j-/V] July 1776 & has remained in Mr. Lee's family until the present time when his Grandson, R. H. Lee, gave it to the A. P. Soc'y to be added to the Documents presented on 17 June.^ It was accom- panied by a copy of Mr. Jefferson's letter enclosing it. " Donor. Richd. Henry Lee, grandson of R. H. Lee by hands of G. W. Smith."
On the margin of the page is written :
" Received from the hands of Richard Henry Lee, Esq., by me and in pursuance of his request presented to the American Philo- sophical Society.
''George W. Smith."
''The autograph correspondence of R. H. and A. Lee.
1898.] HATS — DRAUGHT OF DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 89'
Below the entry of the donation and on the same page, the following certificate is written :
'' Having examined the above Draught we certify it to be in the handwriting of Thos. Jefferson. ''Philad. 9 Sep. 1825.
" W. Short, "Edward Coles, " Who has been for 40 yrs. *' Jn. Vaughan."
Correspt. of T. J.
The document makes four, closely written pages on two sheets of white foolscap measuring 125 X 71 inches.
It appears to be a fair copy, originally without interlineations or erasures, of the Declaration as adopted by the Committee. The omissions made by the Congress sitting in Committee of the Whole are indicated by underscoring the parts omitted and where insertions were made by the Congress they are, for the most part, written on the margin, in a different hand from the body of the text, and, as will be subsequently seen, after the copy had been received by Lee.
The document was originally folded in four for convenience of transmittal and of filing, and at the top of the outside fold of the last sheet is written the following endorsement :
''Declaration of Independence as reported to Congress, July
1777" [sic'].
At the bottom of the fourth and last page is written :
"The endorsement is in the handwriting of R. H. Lee, the alterations in that of Arthur Lee."
Jefferson's letter transmitting this manuscript copy of the Decla- ration to Richard Henry Lee, is as follows :
"To Richard Henry Lee :^
"Philadelphia, July 8th, 1776. " Dear Sir : — For news, I refer you to your brother,- who writes on that head. I enclose a copy of the Declaration of Independ-
1 From Lee's Life of R. H Lee, Vol. i, p. 275.
2 Presumably Francis Lightfoot Lee, who was also a delegate from Virginia to the Congress and one of the Signers of the Declaration.
90 HAYS— DRAUGHT OF DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. [Ap. 1,
•ence, as agreed to by the House, and also as originally framed. You will judge whether it is better or worse for the critics. I shall return to Virginia after the nth of August. I wish my successor may be certain to come before that time : in that case, I shall hope to see you, and not Wythe, in convention, that the business of government, which is of everlasting concern, may receive your aid. Adieu, and believe me to be your friend and servant."
Jefferson evidently thought that the critics had not improved the document and so Lee understood him ; for in his reply,^ he says :
*' Chantilly, 21 July, 1776. ^^Dear Sir :
" I thank you much for your favor and its inclosures by this post, and I wish sincerely, as well for the honor of Congress, as for that of the States, that the manuscript had not been mangled as it is. It is wonderful, and passing pitiful, that the rage of change should be so unhappily applied. However, the Thing is in its nature so good that no Cookery can spoil the Dish for the palates of Freemen. *********
'^ It will always make me happy to hear from you because I am sincerely your affectionate friend,
^* Richard Henry Lee."
R. H. Lee, Jr., in his Life of his grandfather (p. 175) says of the copy thus enclosed, ''The original was carefully preserved by Mr. Lee, not only for the interest he felt in its history, but for the great respect and warm friendship he felt for Mr. Jefferson. It has been as carefully preserved by his family, and finally committed to the author."
In this connection it should be recalled that the Virginia Convention, which convened at Williamsburg on the 6th of May, 1776, unanimously adopted on the 15th of the same month a pream- ble and resolutions, which were prepared by Pendleton, offered by Thomas Nelson, Jr., and powerfully advocated by Patrick Henry, to whom R. H. Lee wrote from Philadelphia on April 20th, exhorting him to propose in the Convention a separation from the mother country: "Ages yet unborn and millions existing at present," Lee wrote, " may rue or bless that assembly on which
'^Jefferson'' s MS, Papers, 2^^. series, Vol. 51, 12, Library of Department of : State, Washington.
1S98.] HAYS — DRAUGHT OF DECLARATIOX OF IXDEPENDEXCE. 91
their happiness or misery will so eminently depend."^ The preamble enumerated in strong terms the wrongs done to the United Colonies ; the King's proclamation declaring them to be out of the protection of the Crown ; and that there was no alternative but abject submission or a total separation. The first resolution was as follows :
"That the delegates appointed to represent this colony in the General Congress be instructed to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States, absolved from all allegiance to, or dependence upon, the crown or parliament of Great Britain, and that they give the assent of this colony to such declaration, and to whatever measures may be thought proper and necessary by the Congress for forming foreign alliances, and a confederation of the colonies, at such time and in the manner as to them shall seem best ; Provided, the power of forming government for, and the regulations of the internal con- cerns of each colony, be left to the respective colonial legislatures."^
Richard Henry Lee, by appointment of the delegates from Virginia and in accordance with the instructions conveyed in this resolution, moved in the Congress on June 7, 1776 :
"That these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be totally dissolved."
The resolution was seconded by John Adams, and was debated from the 7th to the loth of June, Lee strenuously urging every argument in support of his motion. The Congress finally on the loth of June ordered the further consideration of the resolution of independence to be postponed to the first day of July and " in the meanwhile, that no time be lost, in case the Congress agree thereto, that a committee be appointed to prepare a declaration to the effect of the said first resolution."
On the evening of that day, the loth, Lee received by express intelligence of the dangerous illness of his wife at her home in Virginia. He immediately asked for leave of absence and left Phila- delphia on the nth, before the Committee was elected to draught
1 The Virginia Conventio7i of 111! 6, by Hugh Blair Grigsby, Richmond, 1855, p. 8.
"^Ibid., p. 17.
92 HAYS — DRAUGHT OF DECLARATION OF IXDEPENDEXCE. [Ap. 1,
a declaration of independence. Lee's absence, which was of necessity to be of uncertain duration, precluded his being selected to serve on this Committee, in accordance with parliamentary prac- tice, and as the resolution was offered under instructions from the Virginia colony, another of its representatives, Thomas Jefferson, was selected to head the Committee, with, as the other members, John Adams, the seconder of the resolution in the Congress, Frank- lin, Sherman and R. R. Livingston, the last representing those who thought that the time had not yet arrived for such an extreme measure/
The Committee unanimously requested Jefferson to prepare the draught, but before reporting it to the Committee he communicated it separately to Dr. Franklin and Mr. Adams, because he says" " they were the two members whose judgments and amendments I wished most to have the benefit before presenting it to the Committee. .... Their alterations were two or three only, and mostly verbal. I then wrote a fair copy, reported it to the Committee, and from them unaltered, to Congress."
Jefferson reported the draught to the Congress on Friday, June 28, when it was read and ordered to lie on the table. On July i, the Congress resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole and resumed the consideration of the original motion of Lee "respect- ing independency," which, after being debated through the day, was carried and was reported to the House and further considera- tion postponed to July 2, when it was adopted. The Congress, sitting in Committee of the Whole, then proceeded to the con- sideration of the Declaration reported by Jefferson, which had been referred to it on July i, and examined, debated and amended it during the 2d, 3d and 4th of July.
Jefferson, in his Autobiography, says :' " The pusillanimous idea that we had friends in England worth keeping terms with still haunted the minds of many. For this reason, those passages which conveyed censures on the people of England were struck out, lest they should give them offense. The clause, too, reprobating the enslaving the inhabitants of Africa was struck out in complaisance
^ See E. Rutledge to John Jay, June 8, 1776, Jeffersoii's Autobiography, Ford's ye O'er son. Vol. i, p. 19.
2 Jefferson to J. Madison, August 30, 1823, Ford's Jefferson, \, p. 26. On this point see also Autobiography of John Adams, quoted by Ford, ibid, \, 24.
•^ Randolph's Jefferson,