Vol. 44 JANUARY T968 No. 1 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist PARKER AND BOHART — Host-parasite associations in some twig-nesting Hymenoptera from western North America. Part II 1 BEDARD — Additions to the knowledge of the biology of Conophthorus lam- bertianae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) 7 DENNING — New and interesting North American Trichoptera 17 CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY — ^New species of Elaphidionini from Mexico (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) 26 CLEMENT AND GRISSELL — Observations of the nesting habits of Euparagia scutellaris Cresson (Hymenoptera: Masaridae) 34 GRIGARICK AND SCHUSTER — A revision of the genus Cupila Casey (Cole- optera: Pselaphidae) 38 THOMPSON — A new Australian Microdon with a name change (Diptera: Syrphidae) 44 UESHIMA — New species of Paracimex (Cimicidae: Hemiptera) 47 MUCHMORE — Two new species of chthoniid pseudoscorpions from the west- ern United States (Arachnida: Chelonethida : Chthoniidae) 51 MICHELBACHER AND HURD — Late season foraging activities of Xenoglossa gahhii crawfordi Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) 58 SCIENTIFIC NOTES 69 PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY (1967) 76 ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 57 RECENT LITERATURE 68, 83 BOOK REVIEWS 72 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1968 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD R. W. Thorp, Editor E. G. Linsley R. 0. Schuster, Asst. Editor E. S. Ross P. D. Hurd, Jr. D. L. Briggs, Editorial Assistant H. B. Leech P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer W. H. Lange, Jr., Advertising Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed- ings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be addressed to the Secretary, Dr. Marius S. Wasbauer, Bureau of Entomology, Cali- fornia Department of Agriculture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814. The annual dues, paid in advance, are $5.00 for regular members of the Society or $6.00 for subscriptions only. Single copies are $1.50 each or $6.00 a volume. Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Pacific Coast Entomological Society Officers for 1968 K. S. Hagen, Jr., President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H. L. McKenzie, President-elect Marius S. Wasbauer, Secretary Statement of Ownership Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher, Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Editor: Dr. Robbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None. This issue mailed 28 June 1968. Second Class Postage Paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U. S. A. 66044, ALLEN PRESS, INC. LAWRENCE, KANSAS The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. 44 January 1968 No. 1 Host-Parasite Associations in some Twig-Nesting Hymenoptera from Western North America. Part II F. D. Parker and R. M. Bohart Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., USD A and Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis The records used in this paper were obtained from trap stems set out in California, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico during 1964 and 1965, Our trapping and rearing procedures were reported in an earlier paper (Parker and Bohart, 1966). The present account supple- ments but does not repeat our previous findings. During this two-year study, we set out nearly 10,000 trap stems and recovered 78%. Strong winds and flash floods destroyed some, range cattle trampled others, but the majority were lost to the human factor (for what purpose we have not yet determined). The rate of recovery increased at localities that were isolated or from which the general pub- lic was excluded. Of the 7843 stems recovered, 4059 contained nests in the end hole (52%). An additional 1145 nests were recovered from holes drilled at random along the sides of all the stems. These side holes were more attractive if they were placed on a scarred node than if they were placed along the internode. One of the difficulties encountered in utilizing Samhucus stems for trap nests is that the pith remaining in the holes after drilling swells and blocks the entrance during rainy weather. We were able to over- come this problem by blowing the pith out of the hole with compressed air. To get the air into the bottom of the hole, we attached a long nar- row piece of copper tubing to the air hose. The resulting blast of air blew out most of the loose pieces of pith. Our study of insects nesting in twigs is still far from complete. Many areas and ecological situations have not been sampled. However, some appreciation of this fauna and the interrelationships of its components is beginning to appear. In bare outline, we collected nearly 7000 nests from 5 western States over a 7-year period. A total of 127 primary nesting species was obtained, consisting entirely of aculeate wasps and The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 1-6. January 1968 2 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 bees. These were Apoidea, 67; Eumenidae, 37; Sphecidae, 20; and Pompilidae, 3. In addition, there were 68 secondary nesting species (parasites in the broad sense) ; these were Chrysididae, 21; Chalcidoi- dea, 11; Ichneumonidae, 8; Sapygidae, 4; Gasteruptiidae, 3; Mutillidae, 3; Trigonalidae, 1; Megachilidae, 3; Bombyliidae, 5; Sarcophagidae, 3; Meloidae, 3; Cleridae, 2; and Rhipiphoridae, 1. Specialists not mentioned in our previous paper who identified speci- mens are: L. M. Walkley, Entomology Research Division, ARS, USDA (Gasteruptiidae) and W. R. Enns, University of Missouri (Meloidae). Our thanks are due to the following persons who cooperated in setting out and returning trap stems: M. A. Cazier, Arizona State University; D, S. Horning, University of Idaho; and J. R. Zimmerman, University of New Mexico. Eumenidae Ancistrocerus catskill (Saussure). Nevada: Nixon, Hazen. 39 nests. Parasites: Toxophora virgata Osten Sacken; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ; Mo- nodontomerus anthidii (Ashmead) (Torymidae) ; Photopsis sp. (Mutillidae). Ancistrocerus tuberculocephalus (Saussure). Arizona: Portal. 3 nests. No parasites. Euodynerus foraminatus scutellaris (Saussure). California: Banning, Carnelian Bay (Placer Co.), Greenfield, Arroyo Seeo Camp (Monterey Co.), 15 nests. Predator: Trichodes ornatus Say (Cleridae). Euodynerus pratensis (Saussure). Arizona: Portal. 3 nests. No parasites. Leptochilus chiricahua Parker. California: Brown Canyon (Inyo Co.), Palm Canyon (Riverside Co.). 3 nests. Parasite: Macrosiagon cruentum (Germar) (Rhipiphoridae). Leptochilus erubescens (Bohart). California: San Felipe Cr. (San Diego Co.). 1 nest. No parasites. Leptochilus menkei Parker. California: Panoche Pass (San Benito Co.). 1 nest. No parasites. Leptochilus periallis Parker. California: Banning, Brown Canyon. Nevada: Wadsworth, Nixon, Patrick. 78 nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus Say (Bom- byliidae) ; Aritranis notata sierrae Townes (Ichneumonidae) ; Monodontomerus anthidii (Ashmead) (Torymidae) ; Ceratochrysis thysana Bohart (Chrysididae) ; Leucospis ajfinis Say (Leucospididae) . Leptochilus tosquineti (Cameron). Nevada: Patrick. 3 nests. Parasite: Chrysis n. sp. (Chrysididae). Leptochilus washo Parker. California: Westgard Pass (Inyo Co.). Nevada: Geiger Grade (Washoe Co.), Reno Hot Springs (Washoe Co.) ; 28 nests. Para- site: Phaenacra sp. (Pteromalidae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ; Macrosiagon cruentum (Germar) (Rhipiphoridae) ; Chrysis pattoni Aaron (Chrysididae); Sphaeropthalma sp. (Mutillidae). Maricopodynerus sericifrons Bohart. California: 1000 Palms Canyon (River- side Co.). 2 nests. No parasites. JANUARY 1968] PARKER & BOHART HOST-PARASITE ASSOCIATIONS 3 Microdynerus bakerianus (Cameron). California: Brown Canyon, Banning, Westgard Pass. Nevada: Patrick, Geiger Grade, Reno Hot Springs. 31 nests. Predator: Trichodes ornatus Say (Cleridae). Parasite: Toxophora virgata Osten Sacken; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ; Chrysis pattoni Aaron (Chrysididae) . Microdynerus singulis (Bohart). California: Scissors Crossing (San Diego Co.). 4 nests. No parasites. Odynerus erythrogaster Bohart. California: McKittrick, Brown Canyon, Ban- ning, Palm Canyon, Whitewater Canyon (Riverside Co.). 34 nests. Predator: Trichodes ornatus Say (Cleridae). Parasite: Photopsis sp. (Mutillidae) ; un- determined sp. of Sarcophagidae. Parancistrocerus rectangulis (Viereck). Arizona: Portal. New Mexico: Las Cruces. 11 nests. Parasite: Toxophora virgata Osten Sacken. Stenodynerus blandoides Bohart. Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monu- ment. 1 nest. No parasites. Sphecidae Pisonopsis birkmanni Rohwer. California: Brown Canyon, Westgard Pass, Whitewater Canyon, Kramer Hills (Los Angeles Co.), Palm Canyon, San Felipe Cr. Nevada: Geiger Grade, Reno Hot Springs. Arizona: Portal. New Mexico: Las Cruces. 32 nests. Parasite: Photopsis sp. (Multillidae) . Pisonopsis clypeata Fox. Nevada: Wadsworth, Stillwater. 7 nests. Parasite: undetermined sp. of Sarcophagidae. Solierella blaisdelli (Bridwell). Nevada: Reno, Geiger Grade, Patrick, Stillwater. California: Borego (Coyote Creek), Scissors Crossing, McKittrick, Whitewater Canyon, Carnelian Bay, Antioch, Arroyo Seco Camp, Kramer Hills. 41 nests. Parasite: Hedychridium solierellae Bohart and Brumley; Hedychridium carril- loi Bohart and Brumley (Chrysididae). Megachilidae Anthidium cockerelli Schwarz. California: Deep Canyon (Riverside Co.). 1 nest. No parasites. Anthidium mormonum Cresson. California: Carnelian Bay. 4 nests. Parasite: undetermined sp. of Meloidae. Anthocopa copelandica (Cockerell). California: Brown Canyon, Kramer Hills. Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monument. 41 nests. Parasites: Chrys- ura sp. (Chrysididae) ; Sapyga pumila Cresson (Sapygidae) ; Epistenia sp. (Pteromalidae) ; Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae) . Predator: Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae). Anthocopa hypostomalis Michener. California: Kramer Hills, Palm Canyon, Whitewater Canyon, Deep Canyon, Borego (Coyote Creek), Glamis (Imperial Co.). 65 nests. Parasites: Stelis sp. (Megachilidae); Photopsis sp. (Mutil- lidae); Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae). Predator: Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae) . Ashmeadiella bigeloviae (Cocker e\l) . California: Brown Canyon, 1000 Palms Canyon, Kramer Hills, 18 mi. W. Blythe, Borego, North Palm Desert, Palo Verde, Scissors Crossing, Glamis. New Mexico: 5 mi. N. Las Cruces. 478 nests. Parasite: Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae) ; Nemognatha nigripennis Le- Conte (Meloidae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bombyliidae) ; Monodontomerus 4 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 anthidii (Ashmead) (Torymidae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae) ; Chrysura sonoren- sis (Cameron) (Chrysididae) . Predator; Trichodes ornatus Say; Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae). Ashmeadiella bucconis denticulata (Cresson). California: Brown Canyon, 1000 Palms Canyon, Scissors Crossing. Nevada: Patrick, Reno Hot Springs, Nixon. 27 nests. Parasites: Leucospis af finis Say (Leucospididae) ; Nemognatha nigri- pennis LeConte (Meloidae). Ashmeadiella breviceps Michener. California: Brown Canyon, Kramer Hills, 1000 Palms Canyon, Whitewater Canyon, 18 mi. W. Blythe, Borego (Coyote Creek) , North Palm Desert, Palo Verde, Scissors Crossing, Glamis. 92 nests. Parasites: Stelis sp. (Megachilidae); Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae). Predator: Trichodes ornatus Say; Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae). Ashmeadiella cactorum (Cockerell). California: Westgard Pass. New Mexico: 5 mi. N. Las Cruces. 2 nests. No parasites. Ashmeadiella californica (Ashmead). California: Carnelian Bay, Greenfield, Arroyo Seco Camp. 20 nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomhyliidae) ; Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae); Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae). Ashmeadiella cazieri Michener. California: Westgard Pass, Whitewater Canyon, Brown Canyon. 11 nests. Parasites: Nemognatha nigripennis LeConte (Meloi- dae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae). Ashmeadiella cubiceps clypeata Michener. California: Brown Canyon, Kramer Hills. 22 nests. Parasites: Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae) ; Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae); Monodontomerus anthidii (Ashmead) (Torymidae). Ashmeadiella eurynorhyncha Michener. California: Whitewater Canyon. 1 nest. No parasites. Ashmeadiella femorata Michner. California: 1000 Palms Canyon, Palm Canyon, 18 mi. W. Blythe. 3 nests. Predator: Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae). Ashmeadiella gillettei Titus. California: Brown Canyon, Kramer Hills, North Palm Desert, 18 mi. W. Blythe, Borego, Scissors Crossing, Glamis. Nevada: Patrick, Wadsworth, Nixon, Hazen, Stillwater. 113 nests. Parasites: Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomhyliidae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae); Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae). Predators: Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae) . Ashmeadiella meliloti Cockerell. California: Westgard Pass, Whitewater Canyon, Deep Canyon, North Palm Desert, 1000 Palms Canyon. Nevada: Wadsworth, Patrick, Reno Hot Springs, Nixon, Hazen. New Mexico: 5 mi. N. Las Cruces. 100 nests. Parasites: Stelis sp. (Megachillidae) ; Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomhyliidae) ; Sapyga pumila Cresson (Sapygidae) ; Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae) ; Nemognatha nigripennis LeConte (Meloidae); Epistenia sp. (Pteromalidae) . Predator: Cymatodera sp. (Cler- idae) . Ashmeadiella occipitalis Michener. Arizona: Portal. 1 nest. No parasites. Ashmeadiella opuntiae (Cockerell). California: North Palm Desert, Deep Can- yon, 1000 Palms Canyon, Palm Canyon. 14 nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomhyliidae) ; Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae) ; Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae). Predator: Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae). Ashmeadiella prosopidis (Cockerell). California: Borego, Palo Verde, 1000 Palms Canyon. 8 nests. No parasites. JANUARY 1968] PARKER & BOHART HOST-PARASITE ASSOCIATIONS 5 Ashmeadiella rufipes Titus. California: Kramer Hills, 1000 Palms Canyon, 18 mi. W. Blythe, Glamis. Nevada: Nixon. 58 nests. Parasites: Monodontomerus antliidii (Ashmead) (Torymidae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae) . Ashmeadiella salviae Michener. California: Westgard Pass, Arroyo Seco Camp. 2 nests. No parasites. Ashmeadiella sonora Michener. California: Deep Canyon. 1 nest. No parasites. Ashmeadiella timberlakei Michener. California: Banning, Kramer Hills, Warner Springs (San Diego Co.). Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monument. 55 nests. Parasites: Chrysura sp. (Chrysididae) ; Nemognatha nigripennis Le- Conte (Meloidae) ; Rhydinofoenus sp. (Gasteruptiidae) ; Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomhyliidae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae) ; Leucospis ajfinis Say Leucospididae) . Chalicodoma disorhina Cockerell. California: Bro^vn Canyon, Deep Canyon, Palo Verde, 1000 Palms Canyon, Palm Canyon. 9 nests. Parasite: Leucospis af finis Say (Leucospididae). Chalicodoma spinotulata Mitchell. New Mexico: 5 mi. N. Las Cruces. 4 nests. Parasite: Leucospis ajfinis Say (Leucospididae). Hoplitis albifrons maura (Cresson). California: Arroyo Seco Camp. Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monument. 10' nests. Parasite: Stelis sp. (Mega- chilidae) . Hoplitis biscutellae (Cockerell). California: Brown Canyon, 1000 Palms, White- water Canyon, Deep Canyon, Kramer Hills, 1000 Palms Canyon. New Mexico: 5 mi. N. Las Cruces. 175 nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomby- liidae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae). Predators: Trichodes ornatus Say; Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae) ; Woodpeckers. Hoplitis fulgida (Cresson). California: Banning, San Felipe Cr., McKittrick. Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monument. 42 nests. Parasites: Aritranis imitator ruficauda Townes (Ichneumonidae) ; Tricrania stanshuryi (Haldeman) (Meloidae); Stelis sp. (Megachilidae); Photopsis sp. (Mutillidae) . Predator: Trichodes ornatus Say (Cleridae). Hoplitis hypocrita (Cockerell). California: Banning. Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monument. 24 nests. Parasites: Tricrania stanshuryi (Haldeman) (Meloidae); Sapyga aculeata Cresson (Sapygidae). Hoplitis producta (Cresson). California: Westgard Pass. Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monument. 8 nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomhy- liidae) ; Nemognatha nigripennis LeConte (Meloidae). Hoplitis sambuci Titus. California: Banning, Whitewater Canyon, San Felipe Cr. Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monument. 20 nests. Parasites: Anthrax irroratus Say (Bomhyliidae) ; Nemognatha nigripennis LeConte (Meloidae) ; Photopsis sp. (Mutillidae) ; Stelis sp. (Megachilidae) ; Sapyga aculeata Cresson (Sapygidae) . Hoplitis uvulalis (Cockerell). California: Carnelian Bay. 3 nests. Parasite: Nemognatha sp. (Meloidae). Hoplitis viridimicans (Cockerell). Idaho: Craters of the Moon National Monu- ment. 3 nests. No parasites. Proteriades bidenticauda Timberlake and Michener. California: Brown Canyon. 1 nest. No parasites. Proteriades bullifacies (Michener). California: 1000 Palms Canyon, Kramer Hills. Nevada: Patrick, Nixon, Stillwater. 234 nests. Parasites: Photopsis sp. 6 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 (Mutillidae) ; Leucospis affinis Say (Leucospididae) . Predator: Trichodes ornatus Say (Cleridae). Proteriades cryptanthae Timberlake and Michener. California: Warner Springs. 2 nests. No parasites. Proteriades howardi (Cockerell). California: San Felipe Cr. 1 nest. Parasite: Stelis sp. (Megachilidae) . Proteriades mazourka Michener. California: Brown Canyon. Nevada: Nixon (from gall on T etradymia) . 2 nests. No parasites. Proteriades palmarum (Cockerell). California: Glamis. 10 nests. No parasites. Proteriades pygmaea Timberlake and Michener. California: Deep Canyon. 1 nest. No parasites. Proteriades xerophila (Cockerell). California: 1000 Palms Canyon, Kramer Hills, 18 mi. W. Blythe, Borego (Coyote Creek), Palo Verde, Glamis. 20 nests. Parasite: Nemognatha scutellaris LeConte (Meloidae). Predator: Cymatodera sp. (Cleridae). Apidae Ceratina pacifica Smith. California: Westgard Pass. 5 nests. Parasite: Rhydino- foenus kaweahensis Bradley (Gasteruptiidae) . Literature Cited Parker, F. D. and R. M. Bohart. 1966. Host-parasite associations in some twig-nesting Hymenoptera from Western North America. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 42: 91-98. JANUARY 1968] BEDARD — SUGAR-PINE CONE BEETLE 7 Additions to the Knowledge of the Biology of Conophthorus lambertianae Hopkins (Coleoptera ; Scolytidae) William D. Bedard Pacif. SW. Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Forest Serv,, USD A, Berkeley, Calif. The sugar-pine cone beetle, Conophthorus lambertianae Hopkins, attacks sugar pine {Pinus lamhertiana Dough) cones in California and Oregon. Often it will kill all cones of some trees, and thus no seed is produced. Miller (1915) and Ruckes (1963) have summarized infor- mation on the biology of the sugar-pine cone beetle. Their reports taken together provide a reasonably complete description of the habits of C. lambertianae, including appearance of its stages, attack behavior, and seasonal development of both the insect and its damage. But the two accounts differ in several important areas and are incomplete in others. This study was started to clarify the biology of C. lambertianae. Much of the life cycle of the sugar-pine cone beetle takes place 100 to 200 feet above the ground. This characteristic makes direct obser- vation difficult and forces the observer to use more accessible indirect evidence of beetle activity, such as fallen beetle-killed cones. Both Miller and Ruckes collected freshly attacked cones from logging opera- tions, but also relied on indirect evidence. My observations will be limited largely to: (1) those that clarify differences between the two previous reports; (2) those that are in partial disagreement with either of the previous reports; and (3) those covering points not previously reported on, such as internal changes of beetles. Materials and Methods The seasonal biology of the sugar-pine cone beetle was studied from populations near Strawberry, Tuolumne County, Calif., at 4200 and 6200 feet elevation in 1962. Binoculars were used to observe fading cones and twig tips on standing trees. Fallen beetle-killed cones were collected weekly under the study trees. They were measured, examined for parent adult emergence holes, and randomly distributed to either a sunny or shaded site. Each week 18 cones were dissected from each site, before the current week’s cones were added, to ascertain the developmental stages present. As brood adults began to appear, ten were dissected weekly to observe the condi- tion of flight muscles and gonads. To augment field observations of The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 7-17. January 1968 8 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Fig. 1. Lengths of beetle-killed cones from two different trees, 1962. emergence dates, insects were reared from infested twig tips taken from fallen limbs and limbs near the ground and from cones. In 1964, periodic observations of cone and twig tip fades and fallen cones were made near Fish Camp, Mariposa County, Calif., at three elevations — 3500, 4800, and 6000 feet. Freshly attacked cones from logging operations were put in rearing or dissected. Live parent adults from such cones were dissected or allowed to attack fresh green cones. In 1965 and 1966, in the higher study area near Fish Camp, the tip mining and cone killing were observed periodically. An examination was made of the internal organs of beetles found in twig tips and cones. Results Both males and females were found overwintering in fallen cones and in twig tips on the tree and on the ground. Some tips still had needles attached; others did not. No sperm was found in the sperma- thecae of overwintering females. Beetles were not found in the duff layer taken from under two piles of more than 300 cones each. This search was made in late fall after many of the beetles had emerged from the cones which were piled in summer. Females were observed starting their attack in a head-down position on the nearly vertical peduncle of pendant second-year cones; their JANUARY 1968] BEDARD SUGAR-PINE CONE BEETLE 9 Fig. 2. Cumulative percent of beetle-killed cones fallen by given dates for three different trees. Basis; tree No. 1, 455 cones; tree No. 2, 515 cones; tree No. 3, 630 cones. longitudinal body axis was parallel to the long axis of the peduncle. Once inside the peduncle, the female severed the xylem tissue by mak- ing a circumferential gallery. Next, she excavated a longitudinal gal- lery along the central axis of the cone through the bases of the cone scales. After the initial circumferential gallery was formed, one or more males or females or both entered the cone. One to nine adults were found in freshly attacked cones. When as many as nine were pres- ent not all had undergone the internal changes characteristic of the re- productive phase. No more than three females were found ovipositing in a single cone. Ovipositing females constructed individual or nearly individual egg galleries. Parent adult emergence from freshly attacked cones reared outside was completed within 10 days. All of the emerged beetles that were dis- sected were in flight condition. Females not dissected were observed 10 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Table 1. Beetle-killed cones containing parent adult emergence holes, by size classes, 1962. Cone size classes (inches) Number of cones Percent of cones with parent adult emergence holes 3 20 66 4 154 46 5 197 44 6 151 47 7 86 38 8 52 35 9 67 21 10 59 22 11 40 27 12 48 19 13 24 7 to begin attacks, lay viable eggs, and reemerge in flight condition in 10 days, still with sperm in their spermathecae. Parent adults emerged when cones had lost enough moisture to become slightly flaccid, just before onset of hardening which characterizes advanced drying. No live parent adults were found in hardened cones. The internal changes associated with the activity change from flight to reproduction and back to flight were similar to those described for other scolytids (Atkins and Farris, 1962; Reid, 1962) and for other Conophthorus (Henson, 1961; Schaefer, 1964). Males did not undergo complete reduction of wing muscles, but females did. The attacked cones fell to the ground a month or two after they were killed (fig. 1). Between-tree variation, particularly in cone size, is seen in the comparison of the two trees of fig. 1. This general picture was representative of all study trees. All sizes of second-year cones were killed; however, cones 4 to 6 inches long were the most common size killed. Parent adults emerged more often from smaller cones than larger cones (Table 1). In 1962 I found that the seasonal activity of the sugar-pine cone beetle started 1 week later at 5200 feet elevation and 3 weeeks later at 6200 feet elevation than Miller had found. But by the end of August 1962, development in both study areas had reached about the same point and was in agreement with Miller’s report. Half of the beetle- killed cones had not fallen until 1 August under 1962 study trees (fig. JANUARY 1968] BEDARD SUGAR-PINE CONE BEETLE 11 Fig. 3. Percent of cones with more than two brood emergence holes in various cone size classes. Basis: 393 cones. Intermittent line connects points of 20 cones samples. 2), whereas Miller’s table shows most of his study cones fell before mid- July. Pupae transformed to adults from mid- July to mid-August. These callow adults appeared fully pigmented 10 days after transforming from pupae, but dissections and flight tests showed they could not fly for another 3 weeks. Emergence activity of brood adults was evidenced by the appearance of perfectly round holes, some of which bore fine yellow frass, on the surface of cones. These holes extended into the cone as a perfect cylin- der. (Parent adult emergence holes do not have this perfect form be- cause they become distorted in the process of cone drying.) The suc- cess of broods, as indicated by brood emergence holes in cones, varied in cones of different sizes (fig. 3). 12 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Starting in mid-August some brood adults left cones and flew to and mined individually in the current year’s growth of small-diameter sugar pine twig tips. This pattern became more pronounced as fall ap- proached. Many faded twig tips were seen in late October, but many beetles still remained in the cones. Freshly mined twig tips have been found abandoned as early as Sep- tember. In midwinter more tips were found abandoned. And by early April — presumably before cone attack — only about one-quarter of the mined twig tips with needles still attached were occupied. Both male and female brood adults in both twig tips and cones had very reduced wing muscles, large fat bodies, mature sperm in one-third to one-half of the testes, and no sperm in the spermathecae. Two excep- tions to this are: (1) the brief period before emergence when the shift to flight condition is occurring and (2) the 3 to 4 weeks of adult matu- ration following transformation from pupae. In spring 1965, in the highest study area near Fish Camp, virtually no second-year cones were available for the large overwintering cone beetle population. By then faded twig tips which had contained over- wintering beetles were found vacant, but freshly mined twig tips were found. These twigs faded during bud or needle elongation or both (fig. 4) . They contained pitch tubes at the entrance hole and were usually occupied by live beetles. By fall many of these tips were abandoned, and many fresh tips were being mined. In early spring 1966, cone beetles were still alive in these fall-mined twig tips. All this activity occurred in areas where virtually no 1965 broods were produced in cones. In 1962 studies, October observation revealed that fewer beetles emerged from cones which fell before 4 September and remained in a cool, sbady place than emerged from cones which stayed on the trees longer and fell after 4 September. Both groups of cones had cones that were attacked about the same time. Presumably the two groups of cones experienced different environments. By 20 September 1964, virtually all beetles had left the 1964 brood cones at the lower elevation, but some brood was still present in the brood cones of the study area at higher elevation. Discussion The sugar-pine cone beetle overwinters in two known places: fallen cones and mined twig tips (which may be either on the tree or fallen). The proportion of the population overwintering in these locations varies. Miller found that in the first 2 years of his study the entire population JANUARY 1968] BEDARD — SUGAR-PINE CONE BEETLE 13 Fig. 4. Pinus lambertiana twig tip mined by Conophthorus lamhertianae in spring. Pitch tube at base of bud killed during the tip’s elongation. overwintered in cones, and that in the third year all insects overwin- tered elsewhere (presumably in twig tips, though he did not specify). Limited observations indicate that more beetles leave cones in the warmer locations than in cooler locations. The fact that beetles were not found in duff samples is certainly not a very positive indication that hibernation in the duff does not occur. But it seems fairly certain that beetles which leave fallen cones leave the immediate vicinity. Miller had suggested controlling beetles by destroying cones with broods as late as November. The method would not be effective be- cause, generally, enough beetles leave the cones during August and Sep- 14 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 tember. However, a high proportion of the local population could be destroyed in cones on the ground in early August for early-falling cones, and late August or early September for late-falling cones. Individual beetles may mine more than one twig tip between Septem- ber and late May. This conclusion is based on the number of recently abandoned twig tips found during the overwintering period. It is surprising and significant that sugar-pine cone beetle females can change from flight condition to reproductive condition and back again to flight in only 10 days. A single female possibly could kill as many as five cones from late May to July. Figures for rate of internal changes of other species under similar temperatures are not available. However, under cooler conditions Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins females took 10 days and males took 25 days to complete reduction of flight muscles, and possibly 40 to 50 days to complete the cycle from flight condition to reproductive condition and back to flight condition (Atkins and Farris, 1962). If this duration and that of other scolytids are considered, then the sugar-pine cone beetle’s shift from flight to reproduction and back to flight appears remarkably rapid indeed. Reid (1962) reported that internal changes of female mountain pine beetle (Z). ponderosae Hopkins {= D. monticolae Hopkins) ) are in- fluenced by host moisture content. He found drying of host tissues was associated with the change from reproductive condition to flight con- dition. An analagous relation may exist between the sugar-pine cone beetle and the moisture levels in its host tissues. My data strongly support Miller’s report that the sugar-pine cone beetle has one generation yearly. Some brood adults are present in cones during the last attacks on ripening cones. But, in the instances studied, these adults were not in condition to emerge and did not start to emerge until a month after final cone attack. These beetles attacked twigs or remained in brood cones. Further, the long attack period of this cone beetle can be appropri- ately explained by the reemergence and reattack of parent adults. The rate of elongation of second-year cones is roughly constant during the period of beetle attack — late May to early July.^ Therefore, the hori- zontal axis of fig. 1 and size classes of Table 1 are also a rough time scale. The reconstructed seasonal activity, based on the evidence offered by these cones, is as follows; Early attacks were associated with a high proportion of reemerging adults. But as the season progressed, both ^ Krugman, S. L. Unpublished data on file at Pacific SW. Forest and Range Exp. Sta., U. S. Forest Serv., Berkeley, Calif. 1959. JANUARY 1968] BEDARD SUGAR-PINE CONE BEETLE 15 the proportion of reemerging adults and the number of subsequently attacked cones progressively decreased (Table 1). The parent adult emergence holes — especially in cones > 7 inches long — demonstrate that parent adult beetles were active when the last attacks of the season were being made. Further, damage did not increase late in the attack season. Such an increase would be expected if there were an increase in the attacking population brought about by brood adults. The internal condition of beetles in cones and twig tips suggests the quiescency reported for C. radiatae Hopkins by Schaefer (1964). He found reduced respiration associated with similar internal conditions and with similar periods of feeding without reproducing. This quiescency allows the beetles to survive when cones are not available for insect reproduction. The period for C. lambertianae is usually late summer, fall, and winter. But if the beetles fail to find cones in which to reproduce, the period may extend through these three seasons plus an additional year. This latter conclusion is based on evi- dence provided by areas where 1964 brood adults appeared to survive the 1965 summer without cones and without reproducing, and became available in the spring of 1966. Murdoch (1966) has reported that the carabid, Agonum fuliginosum (Panzer), has similar habits. The beetles normally overwinter as young adults which reproduce in the summer and rarely live a second winter. But when food limits the reproductive activity of the beetles, many do live through a second winter. Another example of adult longevity brought about by a food-induced delay in reproduction is reported for the coccinellid, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Hagen, 1962). Quiescency in C. lambertianae is in agreement with similar mecha- nisms of delayed development common in other insect species which depend on variable cone crops. Many of these species have mechanisms of synchronizing their seasonal development with that of their host. And these same mechanisms may also provide a basis for synchronizing them with the year-to-year fluctuations in food supply. For example, Hedlin (1964) reports that populations of the cone pests Contarinia oregonensis Foote and Barbara colfaxiana (Kearfott) vary in the pro- portion which diapause more than 1 year. The variations are large enough that they must be taken into account in predicting the amount of insect damage to cone crops. The yearly cone production in the host species of C. radiatae (Mon- terey pine, Pinus radiata D. Don) is much more regular than in the host species of C. lambertianae (compare Roy’s [1966] findings with 16 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 those of Fowells and Schubert [1956]). The biology of C. radiatae dif- fers from the biology of C. lambertianae in three respects which could be related to this regularity of the reproductive resource: Some C. radiatae mate in brood cones; they do not emerge in fall to mine twig tips; and, apparently, they therefore lack a means of surviving local year-to-year cone crop failures. However, they do possess, as does C. lambertianae, the capacity for quiescency. This capacity enables them to survive the seasonal absence of the reproductive resource. Until further information becomes available, the relative success of broods in cones of different sizes cannot be explained. But eggs are not laid in many of the smallest and largest cones. Premature mortality is often associated with failure to oviposit in larger cones, whereas many small cones are attacked, bored through, and emerged from apparently without oviposition. This latter pattern is similar to that reported for C. coniperda (Schwarz) (Godwin and Odell, 1965). Literature Cited Atkins, M. D. and S. H. Farris. 1962. A contribution to the knowledge of flight muscle change in the Scolytidae (Coleoptera) . Can. Entomol., 94: 25- 32. Fowells, H. A. and G. H. Schubert. 1956. Silvical characteristics of sugar pine. U. S. Forest Serv., Calif. Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Tech. Pap., 14, 19 pp. Godwin, P. A. and T. M. Odell. 1965. The life history of the white-pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 58: 213- 219. Hagen, K. S. 1962. Biology and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 7 : 289-326. Hedlin, a. F. 1964. Results of a six-year plot study on Douglas-fir cone insect population fluctuations. Forest Sci., 10(1) : 124-128. Henson, W. R. 1961. Laboratory studies on the adult behavior of Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) . I. Seasonal changes in the internal anatomy of the adult. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 54: 698-701. Miller, J. M. 1915. Cone beetles: injury to sugar pine and western yellow pine. U. S. Dept. Agri. Bull., 243, 12 pp. Murdoch, W. W. 1966. Aspects of the population dynamics of some marsh Carabidae. J. Anim. EcoL, 35(1) : 127-156. Reid, R. W. 1962. Biology of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopkins, in the East Kootenay region of British Columbia. H. Be- haviour in the host, fecundity, and internal changes in the female. Can. Entomol., 94(6) : 605-613. Roy, D. F. 1966. Silvical characteristics of Monterey pine. U. S. Forest Serv., Pacific SW. Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Res. Pap., PSW-31, 21 pp. JANUARY 1968] DENNING NEW NORTH AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA 17 Ruckes, H., Jr. 1963. Cone beetles of the genus Conophthorus in California. Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 39: 43-50. Schaefer, C. H. 1964. Physical and physiological changes in the adult Monte- rey-pine cone beetle, Conophthorus radiatae (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) . Ann. EntomoL Soc. Amer., 57: 195-197. New and Interesting North American Trichoptera D. G. Denning Moraga, California The new species described herein represent very interesting additions to the known species of Trichoptera. The new Atopsyche presents sev- eral developments not yet described in other species. A new Cyrptochia, the fifth species in this interesting and virtually unknown genus, is de- scribed. A new genus is erected to accommodate a new member of the Goeridae^ — a highly specialized family of which very little is known. I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. J. S. Buckett, University of California; Mr. Stanley Jewett, Portland, Oregon; Mr. Joe Schuh, Klamath Falls, Oregon and Mr. J. D. Vertrees, Roseburg, Oregon, for making collections available from which these new species were chosen. Unless designated otherwise, types are in the author’s collection. Atopsyche cordoba Denning, new species This new species belongs to the bolivari group and of the described species is probably closest to A. dampfi Ross. Distinguishing characters are the dentate paracercus, the spinous processes of the aedeagal lobe, and the large pocket of scales on the hind wing. The presence of scales has not been reported from other species. Male. — Length 8-9 mm. Forewings brownish, densely covered with dark brown hairs especially heavy at pterastigma; hind wing with M bearing a few black scales at branching of Mi + 2 and Ms, stem of Cui bearing a row of black scales, Cu 2 about midway covered by a large elliptical-shaped pocket of densely packed black scales ; intervenous membranous area of anal veins brownish and more heavily sclerotized than remainder of wing, these veins bear dense, long silky brownish hairs which, near the margin, are curled and curve upward against the membrane. Palpi and legs yellowish, densely covered with short black hair. Sternum of segment 6 bearing a long conical-shaped process with an acute spine apically; sternum 7 bearing a shorter, slender, conical process, fig. IB. Genitalia as in fig. 1. Paracercus reaching caudad almost to aedeagus, dorsal margin de- veloped into three large, one short dentate processes (size, shape somewhat vari- able), apex setiferous. Filacercus long, slender, capitate. Basal segment of clasper large, bulky, apex indented to receive apical segment, mesal margin slightly shelf- The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 17-26. January 1968 18 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 like; apical segment narrow, distally truncate, apex directed ventrad. Aedeagus lobes lightly sclerotized, apex flared, serrate (somewhat variable in number, shape, and size), near base a large sclerotized prong curves ventrad branching into a short and a long accuminate spine; inner rod accuminate, long, curved ventro- caudad, fig. lA. Female. — General color, size, characteristics similar to the male. Sternum 6 and 7 each bear a prominent mesal process similar to the male. Sternum 8 with a dense brush of long brownish hair. Genitalia as in fig. 2. Ninth tergum band- like, sternum narrowed and curved caudad; a triangular-shaped flap located on lateral aspect covering an internal sclerotized receptacle, margin of flap densely covered with long setae. Tenth tergum trianguloid from lateral aspect, semi-mem- branous apical portion bearing considerable long brownish setae. Holotype male. — Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico, 15 September 1966, light trap, A. B. Lau. Allotype female. Same data as for holotype. Paratype, three males, four females, same data as for holotype; two males, same data as for holotype except 31 October 1966. (From J. S. Buckett, University of California collection). Holotype, allotype to be deposited. University of California at Davis, California. Triplectides gracilis Burmeister This species is known from southern South America to Guatemala. The following is the first recorded Mexican record and the farthest north the species has been taken. 1 male, Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico, 22 October 1966, A. B. Lau (J. S. Buckett collection). Cheumatopsyche pitella Denning, new species This new species may be distinguished from other described Cheu- matopsyche by the truncate apex of the ninth segmental lateral lobe, by the coelescense of the basal part of the clasper to the ninth segment, and by the large expanded apex of the aedeagus. Male. — Length 7 mm. General color light brown. Wings concolorous, light brown, legs and antennae trifle lighter in color. Spurs yellowish, large and promi- nent. Genitalia as in fig. 3. Ninth segment with a large triangular lateral lobe, apex blunt and directed dorsad; tergum narrowed and extended dorsad beyond remainder; from dorsal aspect tergum divided into two triangular caudad directed lobes. Tenth tergum lightly sclerotized, short, wide, ventral corner broadly rounded; lateral process of tergal lobe prominent, long, slender. Clasper long; basal segment expanded distally from a narrow base, basal third merged to a slender sclerite attached to ninth segment, thus movement is restricted; apical segment wide, about same width throughout, apex sub-acute; from caudal aspect, fig. 3A, apicies convergent. Aedeagus, fig. 3B, stout, apex enlarged, ventral lobe of apex massive, rounded, curved ventro-caudad. Female. — Length 8 mm. General color and characteristics same as for male. Ninth segment as in fig. 4. Lateral portion of ninth segment wide, narrowed dis- JANUARY 1968] DENNING — NEW NORTH AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA 19 tally to an obtuse apex bearing a tuft of setae. Clasper receptacle opening large, rounded, extending almost to apex. Holotype male . — 20 miles east of Villa Union, Sinaloa, Mexico, 31 January 1964, at light, M. E. Irwin. Allotype female. Same data as for holotype. Paratype, two females, same data as for holotype. Limnephilus kalama Denning, new species This species is closest to L. santanus Ross, from which it differs in the quadrate-shaped cerci, in the long narrow tenth tergal lobes, in the lateral arms of the aedeagus and other details. Male. — Length 15 mm. General color dark brown. Palpi and legs yellowish; spurs 1-3-4. Antennae dark brown, moderately setose. Wings irregularly irrorate with brownish and luteus spots. Fore basitarsus almost twice length of second; femur with a short line of black spinules along posteromesal margin. Eighth tergum sclerotized much heavier than the other abdominal segments, no postero- mesal modifications. Genitalia as in fig. 5. Ninth segment narrowed ventrally to a narrow strap, expanded dorsally and curved caudad, distal corner bent strongly mesad. Cerci large, quadrate from lateral aspect, directed caudad, distal margin blackish and irregular; viewed dorsally, fig. 5A, cerei convex, not contiguous, meso-distal corner curved ventrad; mesal surface concave, glabrous. Tenth ter- gite stout, curved dorsad apically to a black acute apex; from dorsal aspect, fig. 5A, narrowed distally to a sub-acute blackish apex, setation sparse. Claspers nar- row, about same width throughout, apex truncate; from ventral aspect apicies curved mesad. Aedeagus, fig. 5B, with basal portion striated, apex curved dorsad and not striated; lateral arms sinuate, apex divided into a long narrow acute dor- sal branch and a shorter narrow acute ventral branch, each margin bearing a dense row of long, flattened, appressed setae. Holotype male . — Near head of Kalama River, Skamania County, Washington, 11 September 1965, Stanley S. Jewett, Jr. Type will be deposited in California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. Paratype, one male, two miles east of Elsie, Clatsop County, Oregon, 23 September 1967, Stanley S. Jewett, Jr. Limnephilus sierrata Denning, new species This species is a relative of L. tarsalis Banks. Diagnostic characters exist in the triangular lobe of the clasper, in the longer than wide cerci, in the apparent two long setae at the apex of the aedeagal lateral arm. Male. — Length 10 mm. General color dark brown. Wings dark brown with luteus speckling, heavily pilose. Macrochaetae of head large, dark. Fore femur with a linear row of black spinules along mesal surface for about three-quarters of length, basitarsus almost one-half length of second segment. Spurs 2-4-4. Eighth tergum with mesal patch of dense black short setae. Genitalia as in fig. 6. Ninth segment wide laterally, tergum reduced to a thin brownish strap, sternum reduced to a narrow band. Cerci directed dorso-caudad, convex from dorsal or lateral view, distal margin rounded; from dorsal aspect cerci widely separated, mesal 20 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44 , NO. 1 Fig. 1. Atopsyche cordoba Denning, male genitalia, lateral view. lA, aedeagus, lateral view. IB, sternum 6 and 7, lateral view. Fig. 2. Atopsyche cordoba Den- ning, female genitalia, lateral aspect. Fig. 3. Cheumatopsyche pitella Denning, male genitalia, lateral view. 3A, claspers, caudal aspect. 3B, aedeagus, lateral view. Fig. 4. Cheumatopsyche pitella Denning, female ninth sternum, lateral view. Fig. 5. Limnephilus kalama Denning, male genitalia, lateral view. 5A, tenth JANUARY 1968] DENNING — NEW NORTH AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA 21 margin curved ventrad; from ventral aspect mesal surface concave. Tenth tergal lobes thin, ventro-distal margin curved dorsad to an acute apex; from caudal as- pect sclerites have developed a large obtuse ventral lobe located on caudal surface of capsule. Clasper merged into posterior margin of ninth segment, dorsal portion expanded into a large triangular lobe. Aedeagus, fig. 6A, long, central portion lightly sclerotized; lateral arm long, cylindrical, sclerotized entire length, tapering to an acute apex. Apex of aedeagus appears to bear two long-curved setae, how- ever each is composed of several long, slender tightly appressed setae, which may be separated as in fig. 6B. Holotype male. — Nelson Creek, SW of Johnsville, Plumas County, California, 1 September 1965, J. S. Buckett. Type will be deposited in University of California collection, Davis, California. Limnephilus alvatus Denning, new species This new species is closest to L. tarsalis Banks, from which it differs in the deeply emarginated cerci, in the quadrate-shaped tenth tergite, and the apex of the lateral arm of the aedeagus. Male. — Length 11 mm. General color light brown. Wings tan, veins dark brown with considerable black setae. Femur of forelegs bearing an inner dense row of black spinules, corresponding portion of tarsi also bearing a row of black spinules; fore basitarsus half length of second. Eighth tergite simple, only a few scattered setae. Genitalia as in fig. 7. Ninth segment narrowed ventrally to a narrow tergal strap, meso-distal corner obtuse, curved mesad. Cerci distal margin with wide arcuate indentation resulting in a prominent digitate dorsal lobe and a narrow truncate ventral lobe whose mesal corner is developed into a black acute spine directed mesad, almost confluent with tenth terga; from dorsal aspect cerci sepa- rated, apicies obtuse, divergent. Tenth tergite heavily sclerotized, short, wide, dis- tal margin truncate, dorso-distal corner produced dorsad into an acute apex, best seen from ventro-lateral aspect, fig. 7A; from dorsal aspect lobes divergent, apicies almost touching ventral lobe of cerci. Clasper a long narrow selerite merging with posterior margin of ninth segment. Aedeagus long, eentral portion lightly sclero- tized; lateral arms sclerotized, as long as central portion, slender, cylindrical, apex bearing a dense brush of long, tightly appressed yellowish setae, fig. 7B. Female. — Length 10 mm. General color, and characteristics of wings, appen- dages, and body similar to male. Genitalia as in fig. 8. Eighth tergum, dorsal view, fig. 8A, with mesal margin emarginate. Ninth segment generally wide throughout except sternum which is reduced to a narrow strap. Tenth tergum long, lateral portion produced caudad as a digitate lobe, apex acute, setose; from dorsal aspect, fig. 8B, mesal lobe short, rounded. Tenth sternum trough-like, pro- <- tergite, dorsal view. 5B, aedeagus, lateral view. Fig. 6. Limnephilus sierrata Denning, male genitalia, lateral aspect. 6A, aedeagus, lateral view. 6B, apex of aedeagus. Fig. 7. Limnephilus alvatus Denning, male genitalia, lateral view. 7A, tenth tergite, ventro-lateral view. 7B, apex of aedeagus. Fig. 8. Limnephilus alvatus Denning, female genitalia, lateral view. 8A, eighth tergum, dorsal view. 8B, tenth tergum, dorsal view. 8C, tenth sternum, ventral view. 22 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 jected caudad beyond remainder, from ventral aspect, fig. 8C, distal margin bifur- cate. Holotype male . — Near Lethbridge, Alberta, 29 July 1965, light trap (J. S. Buckett collection). Allotype female. Same data as for holo- type. Cryptochia califca Denning, new species This, the fifth species in the genus, is the second species discovered in California. This new species is closest to C. furcata Denning. Diag- nostic characters are the short tenth terga, the long caudad curved ninth tergum, the deeply furcated ventral portion of the aedeagus, and several other details. In the 1964 Key to Species Based on Males, C. califca keys to C. neosa Denning. Male. — Length 9 mm. General color blackish. Wings dark, heavy black pilosity; head, mesathorax, and metathorax black, prothorax golden; macrochaetae of prothorax and head golden colored, legs tan. Spurs brown, 1-3-4. Antennae dark brown. Eighth segment not modified. Genitalia as in fig. 9. Ninth segment sternum narrowed, laterally tergal portion widely expanded, curved caudad; from dorsal aspect a wide circular incision narrows tergum to a narrow band. Tenth tergum short, stout, brownish pigmented, directed ventro-caudad, apex blunt; from dorsal aspect, fig. 9A, cleft nearly to base, tapering slightly to an obtuse apex. Cerci short, sub-triangular, inconspicuous. Ventrad to cercus is a complex struc- ture, as follows: (1) a large stout horn -like dorsad curved spur reaching caudad almost as far as tenth tergum and (2) a short heavily sclerotized digitate process, which arises from basal portion of (1). Clasper is a long, slender lightly sclero- tized sclerite attached to posterior margin of segment 9, filamentous process short, slender, curved dorso-caudad; from caudal aspect sclerite is wide, flat, appressed to caudad surface of segment 9, an apodeme connects mesal margin to ventral por- tion of aedeagus. Aedeagus, fig. 9B, with a dorsal pair of heavily sclerotized acuminate blades, apex acute and curved ventrad; ventral portion massive, heavily sclerotized, furcate to base, dorso-distal portion semi-membranous. Holotype male . — Two miles West of Sierra City, Sierra County, California, 7 June 1965, S. G. Jewett, Jr. Goeridae This is a small family consisting of four genera and eight species found from the Atlantic to the Pacific coastal areas. Four of the spe- cies and two genera are confined to the eastern area, the known re- mainder are found in the northwestern coastal region. The new genus, Goeracea, is of interest because its two species possess scales on the forewings, a phenomenon not recorded in the other genera of the family. The possession of scales on the wings are found in very few of the Trichoptera — as for example, in some Lepidostoma of the Lepidostomatidae, in one known species of Atopsyche of the Rhyaco- philidae and in this genus of this family. JANUARY 1968] DENNING — NEW NORTH AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA 23 Fig. 9. Cryptochia califca Denning, male genitalia, lateral view. 9A, tenth ter- gum, dorsal view. 9B, aedeagus. Fig. 10. Goera archaon Ross, maxillary palpus, ventral view. lOA, aedeagus. Fig. 11. Goera archaon Ross, female genitalia, lat- eral view. IIA, tenth tergum, dorsal view. IIB, bursa copulatrix. Fig. 12. Goeracea genota (Ross), aedeagus, ventral aspect. 12A, tenth tergum, dorsal view. Fig. 13. Goeracea genota (Ross), female genitalia, lateral view. 13A, tenth ter- gum, dorsal view. 13B, bursa copulatrix. Fig. 14. Goeracea oregona Denning, male genitalia, lateral view. 14A, tenth tergum and clasper, dorsal view. 14B, clasper, ventral view. 14C, aedeagus, ventral view. Fig. 15. Goeracea oregona Denning, female genitalia. 15A, tenth tergum, dorsal view. 15B, bursa copulatrix. 24 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Goera archaon Ross This species is currently known from scattered localities in western Oregon. In addition to the description of the male by Ross (1947) a few additional details may be added. Male. — The maxillary palpus, fig. 10, consists of three segments; first segment short, narrow, second segment quadrate, third segment long, tapering; all segments setose especially the third which is densely covered with closely appressed scale- like yellowish setae. First antennal segment longer than width of head, covered with fine yellowish hairs. Spurs prominent, 2-4-4. Sixth sternum bearing 7 long spines, the center 2 or 3 are long, flat, wide. Aedeagus, fig. lOA, cylindrical, long, tapering toward center, apex blunt, dorso-distal portion semi-membranous. Female. — Length 9 mm. General color and characteristics similar to male ex- cept usual antigenetic differences. Abdominal segments have no modifications; a fairly dense tuft of fine whitish hairs present on sternum 7. Genitalia as in fig. 11. Ninth sternum, lateral aspect, wide; narrowed distally. Tenth tergum elon- gate, ovoid, apex sub-acute; from dorsal aspect, fig. 11 A, divided into two triangu- lar caudad directed lobes, quite densely setose. Bursa copulatrix, fig. IIB, con- stricted laterally, no dorsal arm, lateral lobes elliptical, aperture long and slender. Description of female based on one specimen from seven miles north- west of Roseburg, Oregon, 17 June 1964, J. D, Vertrees. Black light trap. Goeracea Denning, new genus This genus differs from male Goera by the absence of abdominal or- namentation; by the third segment of the maxillary palpus being only a trifle longer than the second, none of the segments are modified; and by the presence of scales on the forewings. It differs from female Goera by the reduction of segment 9, by the blunt, declivous tenth tergum, and by the long dorsal arm of the bursa copulatrix. The genus differs from male Goerita, to which it is related, by the above mentioned char- acters and in addition by the small eyes and resultant wide malar space which is at least three times the length of the eye, by the first antennal segment being longer than the length of the eyes and by the branching of Ml + 2 in the forewing before crossvein rm rather than at the cross- vein. Type of the Genus; Goerita genota Ross Goeracea genota (Ross) In addition to the description of G. genota Ross (1941) additional details may be given. In the males a fairly dense row of scales present on Sc and a few scattered scales on R 2 and R 3 of the forewings. Tenth tergite, dorsal aspect, fig. 12A, lightly sclerotized, distal margin with ovate incision; cerci are large lateral expansions and arise from base of JANUARY 1968] DENNING — NEW NORTH AMERICAN TRICHOPTERA 25 tergum. Aedeagus, ventral aspect, fig. 12, short, cylindrical; a pair of short triangular sclerotized structures and a flat ovate process occur internally. Female. — Genitalia as in fig. 13. Ninth tergum reduced to a slender elongate sclerite, sternum reduced to an elliptical sclerite ventrad to tenth tergum. From lateral aspect, tenth tergum almost quadrate; from dorsal aspect, fig. 13A, mesal portion with a clear non-pigmented area margined hy hrown pigment. Bursa copulatrix, fig. 13B, with a long slender dorsal arm, rounded lateral lobes, and a very slender median aperture. Drawings from a collection of 7^, 1$ from Wood River Spring, Klamath County, Oregon, 12 June 1964, Joe Schuh. The species is known from scattered localities in southern and west- ern Oregon to Vancouver, British Columbia (collected 6 April 1957, H. B. Leach) . Goeracea oregona Denning, new species This new species differs from the male G. genota (Ross) in a lighter brown color and less pilosity of wings and appendages. In the male the meso-basal portion of the basal segment of the clasper is developed into an acute spine-like prong instead of the massive sclerotized process of G. genota-, ninth tergum more constricted; distal margin of tenth tergum with a deep triangular incision. In the female the eighth tergum is narrow, crescent-shaped not wide as in G. genota, the mesal non-pig- mented area of the tenth tergum rounded and wide, the bursa copulatrix is much more slender. Male. — Length 7 mm. General color light brown. Wings, antennae, appen- dages, about same color, thorax and head dark brown. Maxillary palpi, held in front of face, three segmented and not modified. Forewings with row of small dark scales along Sc for about half length of vein, a few scattered dark scales on R 2 and Rs. Spurs 2-4-4. Eighth tergum sclerotized heavier than others, somewhat crescent-shaped, bearing long setae. Genitalia as in fig. 14. Ninth segment abruptly narrowed dorsally to a narrow strap ; sternum wide, lateral margin rounded. Tenth tergum, dorsal aspect, fig. 14A, lightly sclerotized, distal margin with deep mesal incision, apical lobes triangular; from lateral aspect dorsal mar- gin irregular with a notch toward apex. Cerci, lateral aspect, large, consists of a lateral basal expanded portion and a basal digitate lobe; from dorsal aspect, fig. 14A, cerci project beyond tenth tergum, bilobed, apices sub-acute. Clasper with basal segment robust, meso-ventral corner produced caudad as a slender mesad curved prong, apical segment long, slender; from ventral aspect, fig. 14B, mesal margin of basal segment with a wide arcuate incision resulting in an acute mesad spine. Aedeagus short, cylindrical; from ventral aspect, fig. 14C, a pair of inter- nal short brownish triangular processes and a single very faintly pigmented process are discernible. 26 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Female. — General size, color, and characteristics similar to male. Length 7 mm. Maxillary palpi five segmented, third segment about equal in length to fifth. No scales on wings. Genitalia as in fig. 15. Eighth tergum crescent-shaped, curved ventrad further than others; sternum semi-circular lateral portions joined by a narrow strap; entire mesal sternal area incised to form a large arcuate light sclero- tized area. Ninth tergum reduced to a slender sclerite, ninth sternum an elongate narrow sclerite ventrad to tenth. The tenth tergum declivous, truncate distally, from dorsal aspect, fig. 15A, mesal area non-pigmented, the clear membranous area appears as a narrow incised notch. Bursa copulatrix, fig. 15B, narrow, dorsal arm long, narrow, rounded, lateral lobes triangular, median aperture narrow. Holotype male. — 16 miles S. E. Ruch, Jackson County, Oregon, French Gulch Road, 22 May 1961, Joe Schuh. Allotype female. Same data as for holotype. Paratypes nine males, one female, same data as for holotype. New Species of Elaphidionini from Mexico (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) John A. Chemsak and E. G. Linsley University of California, Berkeley The following new species of Mexican elaphidionine Cerambycidae are described at this time to make their names available for other stud- ies now in progress. Support through National Science Foundation Grant GB-4944X is gratefully acknowledged. Material was also collected during expedi- tions sponsored by the Associates in Tropical Biogeography, Univer- sity of California, Berkeley. Aneflus (Protaneflus) sericatus Chemsak and Linsley, new species (Fig. 1) Male. — Form large, subcylindrical; integument reddish brown, appendages darker; pubescence white, uniformly fine, silky, appressed, obscuring surface. Head almost impunctate on vertex, median channel extending to about posterior margin of eyes; pubescence dense, appressed, ivory colored, erect hairs very sparse; antennae 12-segmented, longer than body, segments three to five spined internally, sixth dentate, segments from third expanded at apices, pubescence dense, very fine, pale, appressed, also with very short, yellowish, erect pubescence on each segment, apices of segments with a few long suberect hairs which diminish in length toward apex, third segment subequal to scape in length, fourth slightly longer than third, fifth longer than fourth, sixth to eleventh subequal to fifth, twelfth subequal to fourth. Pronotum longer than broad, cylindrical, sides feebly rounded, apex with a narrow, glabrous, impressed margin, base slightly constricted ; disc almost plane. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 26-34. January 1968 JANUARY 1968] CHEMSAK & LINSLEY — NEW ELAPHIDIONINI 27 finely, shallowly, transversely rugulose, center with a glabrous line and two vague shallow calluses on each side at anterior end of median line forming a T ; pubes- cence dense, appressed, fine erect hairs sparse; prosternum deeply impressed, transversely rugose with several coarse, shallow punctures near base of prosternal process, front coxal cavities widely open behind; pubescence dense, appressed; meso- and metasternum densely clothed with appressed, silky pubescence. Elytra over three times as long as broad, subparallel; basal punctures coarse, shallow, irregular, each puncture bearing a suberect yellowish seta; pubescence uniformly dense, silky, white, appressed, with yellowish suberect hairs sparsely interspersed; each elytron vaguely bicostate; apices bispinose, outer spine longer. Legs stout, densely pubescent. Abdomen densely clothed with pale appressed pubescence which obscures the surface; apex of last sternite emarginate truncate. Length, 29 mm. Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from 49 miles S. Muna, Yucatan, Mexico, 14 July 1963 (W. A. Foster). The combination of characters of this species make it difficult to place into the key to Protaneflus (Chemsak & Linsley, 1965) . It is quite distinctive by the fine silky pubescence which obscures the surface. In quality this pubescence is similar to that of Aneflus prolixus prolixus LeConte from Baja California. Aneflus (Aneflus) maryannae Chemsak and Linsley, new species (Fig. 2) Male. — Form stout, somewhat compressed; color dark reddish brown, shining; pubescence moderately dense, consisting of an irregular layer of fine appressed hairs with longer recurved, golden hairs numerously interspersed. Head coarsely, shallowly, confluently punetate on vertex, fine depressed pubescence sparse ; antennae longer than body, segments three to seven spinose at apex, carinae promi- nent beginning with fifth segment, basal segments thinly white pubescent, outer segments clothed with very short, appressed, golden pubescence, scape subcylindri- cal, third segment slightly shorter than first, fourth suhequal to third, fifth longer than fourth, sixth and seventh subequal, longer than fifth, eighth to tenth sub- equal, shorter than seventh, eleventh longest, strongly appendiculate. Pronotum slightly broader than long, sides sinuate, base feebly impressed; disc shining, transversely, confluently rugose, sides coarsely punctate; pubescence fine, yellow- ish white, depressed with long erect hairs interspersed, depressed pubescence denser at sides; prosternum strongly impressed, irregularly, shallowly punctate, moderately densely pubescent, coxal cavities open behind; meso- and metasternum shallowly punctate, finely densely pubescent. Elytra about three times as long as broad, subparallel; basal punctures coarse, subconfluent, becoming fine and shal- low toward apex; each elytron vaguely costate; pubescence fine, dense, appressed, irregular, not obscuring surface, with longer suberect hairs interspersed through- out; apices prominently bispinose. Legs slender, moderately densely pubescent. Abdomen finely punctate, moderately pubescent, shining; apex of last sternite truncate. Length, 23-30 mm. 28 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Fig. 1, left: Aneflus {Protaneflus) sericatus Cliemsak and Linsley, male; Fig. 2, right: Aneflus {Aneflus) maryannae Chemsak & Linsley, male. Female. — Antennae extending a little beyond middle of elytra; abdomen with last sternite truncate at apex. Length, 28 mm. Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from 5 MILES N. Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 1 July 1965 (J. A. & M. A. Chemsak, E. G. & J. M. Linsley) ; allotype, 5 miles N. Mazatlan, 27 June 1965 (J. A. & M. A. Chemsak, E. G. & J. M. Linsley) ; paratypes as follows: 15 males, 5 miles N. Mazatlan, 1 July 1965 (Chemsaks & Linsleys) ; 1 male, 10 miles S. Mazatlan, 3 July 1965 (Chemsaks & Linsleys) ; 1 male, 1 female, 6 miles E. Villa Union, Sinaloa, 30 June 1965 (Chem- saks & Linsleys) ; 2 males, 5 miles N. Mazatlan, 24 July 1964, 27 July 1964 (J. A. Chemsak, J. A, Powell). Structurally this species is near A. calvatus Horn but the fine ap- pressed pubescence of A. maryannae will readily separate the two. In the key to Anejlus (Chemsak & Linsley, 1963) A. maryannae comes out in the couplet with A. paracalvatus Knull. However the non-callused JANUARY 1968] CHEMSAK & LINSLEY NEW ELAPHIDIONINI 29 pronotal disc and more uniform pubescence of A. maryannae will serve to separate the two species. We dedicate this species to Mrs. J. A. Chemsak whose collecting ef- forts are greatly appreciated. Ironeus submetallicus Chemsak and Linsley, new species (Fig. 3) Male. — Form moderate sized to large, sides tapering posteriorly; integument dark reddish brown to black with a submetallic violaceous to greenish luster, femora reddish. Head with front sparsely punctate and pubescent; vertex plane, sparsely, irregularly punctate, subglabrous; palpi unequal, apical segments not dilated; eyes moderately finely faceted, upper lobes small; antennae slender, ex- tending about 4 segments beyond elytra, third segment with a moderate sized spine at apex, spines on segments 4 to 7 gradually decreasing in length, segments 3 to 10 carinate above and below, third segment much longer than scape, fourth shorter than third, fifth subequal to third, eleventh slightly appendiculate, segments from third moderately densely clothed with short pale appressed pubescence, long erect internal hairs decreasing in length and number toward apex. Pronotum longer than broad, widest at middle, sides rounded, apex and base slightly constricted; disc transversely plicate with scattered punctures; sides closely, subopaquely punc- tate; sides and base clothed with very fine appressed, pale pubescence, long erect hairs numerous at sides over apical half; prosternum impressed, deeply punctate over basal two-thirds, apical third glabrous, punctate area densely clothed with fine appressed pubescence, intercoxal process barely expanded at apex, coxal cavi- ties wide open behind; meso- and metasternum densely pubescent at sides, middle of metasternum subglabrous. Scutellum densely white pubescent. Elytra about 3 times as long as broad, sides tapering; basal punctures well separated, becoming closer toward middle but still separated by at least a puncture diameter; pubes- cence rather sparse, fine, fairly short, suberect and recurved; apices obliquely emarginate, outer angles spined, inner angles dentate. Legs slender, femora shal- lowly punctate, tibae carinate. Abdomen subglabrous medially, densely clothed with fine appressed pubescence at sides; apex of last sternite truncate. Length, 11-19 mm. Female. — Form similar. Antennae shorter. Prosternum not deeply punctate. Abdomen with apex of last sternite narrowly rounded. Length, 11-18 mm. Holotype male, allotype (American Museum of Natural History) and 29 paratypes (15 males, 14 females) from Armeria, Colima, Mexico, 21 July 1953 (D. Rockefeller Mex. Exp. 1953, C. and P. Vaurie). Additional paratypes as follows: 1 male, 2 females, 6 miles S. Culiacan, Sinaloa, 6 August 1964, at black and white lights (J. A. Chemsak, J. Powell) ; 1 female, Escuinapa, Sinaloa (J. H. Batty) ; 1 female, 8 miles S. Elota, Sinaloa, 2 July 1963 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange) ; 1 male, Los Mayos, Sinaloa, 24 July 1952 (J. D. Lattin) ; 1 male, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, 27 June 1956 (R. and K. Dreisbach) ; 1 fe- male, 4 miles S. Villa Union, Sinaloa, 23 June 1963 (J. Doyen) ; 1 female, 27 miles E. Villa Union, 26 July 1964 (H. F. Howden) ; 1 male, 4 females, Apatzingan, Michoacan, 5 August 1940 (Hoogstraal Expd. 40) ; 1 male, Apatzingan, 5 August 30 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 JANUARY 1968] CHEMSAK & LINSLEY NEW ELAPHIDIONINI 31 1941, at light (R. Haag) ; 1 female, Acapulco, Guerrero, 21 June 1935 (M. A. Embury) ; 1 female, Alpuyeca, Morelos, 3 July 1951 (P. D. Hurd) ; 1 female, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, 26 May 1951 (Ana Maria de Buen) ; 1 male, Tehuantepec, 24 June 1955; 2 females, Tehuantepec, 23 June 1965 (A. Raske) ; 1 female, El Salto, Escuintla, Guatemala, 1934 (F. A. Bianchi), The transversely wrinkled pronotum, submetallic luster of the in- tegument, and apparently always reddish femora will distinguish this species from the other known Ironeus. Aneflomorpha rufipes Chemsak and Linsley, new species (Fig. 4) Male. — Form elongate, sides subparallel; integument dull black, femora red- dish; pubescence short, pale, recurved. Head with front rather finely, densely punctate except for glabrous median area, vertex confluently punctate, sparsely pubescent; interantennal impression deep; palpi unequal, apical segments dilated; eyes prominent, as broad across as width of pronotum; antennae extending about 2 segments beyond elytra, third segment with a short spine at apex, remaining segments unarmed, segments from third carinate above, segments from third opaque, densely clothed with minute appressed pubescence, basal segments with a few long erect hairs internally, third segment longer than fourth or fifth, fifth longer than fourth, eleventh appendiculate. Pronotum as long as broad, sides broadly rounded; disc deeply, contiguously punctate except for glabrous median callus and two vague calluses on each side of middle; pubescence sparse, very short and appressed with a few long suberect hairs interspersed; prosternum im- pressed, finely, scabrously punctate on basal half, pubescence fine, appressed, intercoxal process barely expanded at apex, coxal cavities wide open behind; meso- and metasternum finely, scabrously punctate, densely clothed with pale appressed pubescence especially at sides. Elytra about 3 times as long as broad; surface finely, densely but separately punctate; pubescence rather dense, short, recurved and depressed, longer suberect hairs sparsely arranged in rows down suture and middle of each elytron; apices obliquely emarginate. Fegs slender, femora reddish, densely punctate; tibiae carinate. Abdomen finely, densely punctate, densely pu- bescent; apex of last sternite shallowly emarginate. Length, 12-16 mm. Female. — Form similar. Antennae about as long as body. Abdomen with apex of last sternite truncate. Length, 15-17 mm. Holotype male, allotype (Canadian National Collection, Ottawa) from 5 MILES N. Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 5-7 August 1964 (H. F. Howden). Paratypes as follows: 1 female, 5 miles N. Mazatlan, Sinaloa, 9 August 1964 (Howden and Lindquist) ; 1 male, Mazatlan, 22 July 1954 (M. Cazier, W. Gertsch, Bradts) ; 1 male, “Venedio” (El Vene- Fig. 3, upper left: Ironeus submetallicus Chemsak and Linsley, male; Fig. 4, upper right: Aneflomorpha rufipes Chemsak & Linsley, male; Fig. 5, lower left: Aneflomorpha martini Chemsak & Linsley, male; Fig. 6, lower right: Anelaphus nitidipennis Chemsak & Linsley, male. 32 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 dillo, near Mazatlan), 10 July 1918; 1 male, 4 miles S. Villa Union, Sinaloa, 23 June 1963 (J. Doyen) ; 1 female, 33 miles E. Villa Union, 9 August 1964 (Howden). This is the most distinctive species of Aneflomorpha known. The rather dull black integument, reddish femora, and short pubescence make A. rufipes readily recognizable. Also assignable to this species but possibly subspecifically distinct is a population from the state of Oaxaca. These specimens are similar in form and color but tend to have the elytral punctures more widely sepa- rated, shorter, sparser elytral pubescence, and barely emarginate apices of the elytra. Because of the lack of material from intermediate areas, we do not choose to treat the Sinaloa and Oaxaca populations as dis- tinct at this time. Material examined: Oaxaca; 1 male, Tehuantepec, 12 July 1955 (P. and C. Vaurie) ; 1 male, 1 female, Tehuantepec, 30 June, 2 July (Fredk. ICnab) ; 1 male, 1 female, 56 miles NW. Tehuan- tepec, 27 July 1963 (J. Doyen) ; 3 females, 8 miles N. La Ventosa, 20 July 1963 (J. Doyen, W. A. Foster) ; 1 female, 23 miles S. Matias Romero, 14 August 1963 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange) ; 1 male, 20 miles E. El Cameron, 21 July 1956 (J. W. MacSwain). Aneflomorpha martini Chemsak and Linsley, new species (Fig. 5) Male. — Form elongate, moderate sized, sides subparallel; integument shining, dark reddish brown, antennae paler; pubescence moderately dense, depressed and erect. Head with front irregularly punctate except for median glabrous impressed area; vertex impressed, shallowly punctate; pubescence sparse, depressed, with a few long erect hairs interspersed; palpi slightly unequal, apical segments broadly dilated; upper lobes of eyes very small, widely separated dorsally; antennae stout, extending about one segment beyond elytra, third segment with a stout spine at apex, spines on segments 4 to 7 gradually decreasing in size, segments 3 to 10 carinate dorsally, third segment subequal to scape in length, fourth subequal to third, fifth slightly longer, scape densely punctate, segments from third densely clothed with short, yellowish, appressed pubescence, long erect hairs numerous internally on basal segments. Pronotum longer than broad, sides rounded, base shallowly constricted; disc coarsely, deeply punctate except for an elongate gla- brous postmedian callus; sides finely rugosely punctate; pubescence rather sparse on disc, long, erect, sides and basal margin densely clothed with fine appressed pubescence, long erect hairs numerous at sides; prosternum impressed, densely pubescent except apex, intercoxal process expanded at apex, coxal cavities nar- rowly open behind; meso- and metasternum densely clothed with short appressed pubescence except at middle. Scutellum densely clothed with white, silky, ap- pressed pubescence. Elytra almost 3 times as long as broad; punctures behind scutellum coarse, close; each elytron vaguely costate basally; pubescence rather dense, short, recurved, with numerous long erect hairs interspersed; apices emar- ginate, angles dentate. Legs moderate, femora densely punctate; tibiae carinate. JANUARY 1968] CHEMSAK & LINSLEY NEW ELAPPIIDIONINI 33 Abdomen very finely, densely punctate at sides, densely clothed with short ap- pressed pubescence; apex of last sternite shallowly emarginate truncate. Length, 16 mm. Holotype male (Canadian National Collection) from 5 MILES N. Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 5-7 July 1964 (J. E. H. Martin). This species superficially resembles A. tenuis (LeConte) but the fine appressed pubescence of the pronotum, recurved hairs of the elytra, and the antennal spines of A. martini will readily separate the two species. We name this species in honor of J. E. Martin for his collecting ef- forts. Anelaphus nitidipennis Chemsak and Linsley, new species (Fig. 6) Male. — Form moderate sized, sides parallel; integument shining, dark reddish brown, elytra paler down suture. Head coarsely, confluently punctate, antennal tubercles obtusely elevated, vertex transversely impressed; palpi unequal, apical segments dilated; eyes coarsely faceted, deeply emarginate, upper lobes small; pubescence sparse, golden, short and depressed and long and erect; antennae stout, 11-segmented, extending about two segments beyond elytra, segments 3 to 7 spined at apices, eighth segment dentate, segments 3 to 9 carinate above, scape cylindrical, shorter than third segment, fourth shorter than third, fifth slightly longer than fourth, eleventh segment flattened, appendiculate, segments 3 to 6 moderately clothed with long erect hairs, short appressed pubescence sparse. Pronotum broader than long, sides rounded; base moderately constricted and impressed; disc convex, coarsely confluently punctate except for a vague glabrous callus behind middle; each side of middle with two usually coalesced spots of very fine ap- pressed pubescence, long erect hairs sparsely interspersed; prosternum impressed, densely pubescent on apical half, basal half shining, front coxal cavities wide open behind; meso- and metasternum deeply punctate, scabrous at sides, long suberect hairs sparse at middle, sides densely clothed with fine appressed pubescence. Elytra over 214 times as long as broad, sides subparallel; disc impressed behind scutellum and on each side at basal one third; sutural pale area extending from around scutellum usually to apical one third; punctures at base moderately coarse, deep, well separated; pubescence sparse, consisting of short depressed, recurved golden pubescence and long, whitish, erect hairs; apices rounded to sub truncate. Legs stout; femora densely punctate; tibiae carinate. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctate and pubescent; apex of last sternite truncate, very shallowly emarginate. Length, 12-15 mm. Female. — Form similar. Antennae shorter than body. Femora more slender. Abdomen with apex of last sternite narrowly rounded. Length, 13 mm. Holotype male, allotype (California Academy of Sciences) from 6 MILES S. CuLiACAN, SiNALOA, Mexico, 6 August 1964, at black and white lights (J. A. Chemsak, J. Powell). Paratypes as follows; 1 male, 5 miles N. Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 27 July 1964, at black and white lights (Chemsak and Powell) ; 1 male, 10 miles W. Colima, Colima, 34 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Mexico, 1 August 1954 (M. Cazier, W. Gertsch, Bradts) ; 1 male, 3 miles NW. Totalapan, Oaxaca, Mexico, 6 July 1958 (Univ. Kansas Mex. Expedition) . The confluently punctate, subopaque pronotum, shining elytra, and dual type of pubescence will readily separate A. nitidipennis from other known species of Anelaphus. Literature Cited Chemsak, J. a. and E. G. Linsley. 1963. Synopsis of the known Mexican spe- cies of Aneflus. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 63: 80-96, 3 pis. 1965. The elaphidionine subgenus Protaneflus. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washing- ton, 67 : 24-28. Observations of the Nesting Habits of Euparagia scutellaris Cresson (Hymenoptera : Masaridae) S. L. Clement and E. E. Grissell University of California, Davis Discovery of a colony of the rare masarid wasp Euparagia scutellaris Cresson in June 1966, at the University of California’s Sagehen Creek Station, prompted a review of the published literature on this species. We found that little is known about Euparagia life hisory except for E. scutellaris which Williams (1927) first observed nesting in hard ground in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe, California. The nest of each wasp was “surmounted by a delicate and slender curved tube of clay.” These nests were provisioned with curculionid larvae, questionably deter- mined as Ceutorhynchus sp. This predatory habit is particularly inter- esting since it is the only one known in the family Masaridae, all of the other members collecting nectar and pollen. Tbe genus Euparagia consists of seven described species and is con- fined to the southwestern United States (California, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Nevada) and northern Mexico (Richards, 1962). Bohart (1948) referred to the plants visited by Euparagia. These included Eriogonum trichopodum, E. trichopes, E. inflatum, E. reniforme. Eu- phorbia, Croton, and Larrea. In personal communication with R. M. Bohart, he mentioned collecting Euparagia on Oenothera and Calo- chortis. All known species of the genus are small and stout. They are dis- The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 34-37. January 1968 JANUARY 1968] CLEMENT & GRISSELL — NESTING HABITS OF EUPARAGIA 35 tinguished from other Vespoidea by the position of their wings which are not folded longitudinally when at rest, and by the presence of a basal ring on the midfemur (absent in all other masarids) . In the fam- ily Masaridae there are two submarginal cells in the forewing except in the Gayellinae and Euparagiinae which have three cells. The dorsal margin of the clypeus in Euparagiinae is nearly straight, whereas in Gayellinae it is bisinuate. The nesting site studied was located on a graded bank between two dirt roads. Near one edge of the site was a well traveled footpath. The soil was mainly hard packed loam of volcanic origin and was inter- mingled with small rocks. A total of 24 nests were built within the nest- ing site which was approximately five feet in diameter and twenty square feet in area. The distance between most turrets ranged from two to twelve inches, but, in one instance, three turrets were constructed touching one another. When excavating the nest a female wasp took most of the smaller earth particles to the ground surface and deposited them outside the entrance. Larger sand grains and small pebbles were taken out of the burrow in the mandibles and deposited during a circular flight a few feet from the entrance. No cementing material was utilized in the pri- mary or secondary tubes, but the provisioning chambers were sealed with moist soil particles. In building a turret, material excavated from the burrow was used. The female wasp apparently mixed small quantities of saliva with the soil particles, which included fine grained clay as well as coarse sand. Then, using her mandibles, legs, and the tip of the abdomen, these moist particles were built up around the circumference of the opening by the wasp. After completing a section of approximately 1—2 square mm the wasp re-entered the burrow and the process was repeated. A complete turret took approximately 30 minutes to build and was constructed after the burrow was partially excavated. When an unfin- ished turret was destroyed, the female immediately began a new one which duplicated the original almost exactly. If a completed turret was destroyed during the provisioning process, the wasp was somewhat slow in initiating construction of a second turret. When finally started, the new turret was only partially rebuilt. The turret appeared to serve as a primary landmark. In one instance, we detached an entire turret from its original site over a burrow and moved it one-quarter inch to one side, making sure the turret was ori- ented in its original direction. The returning female wasp immediately entered the detached turret when there was, in fact, no burrow under- 36 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Figs. 1-3. Burrow diagrams of Euparagia scutellaris Cresson (life size). Fig. 1. Six day old burrow. Fig. 2. Fourteen day old burrow, a, sealed chamber: 12 weevil larvae, 1 wasp larva; b, recently initiated cell or burrow branch. Fig. 3. Twenty-one (-{-) day old nest, c, sealed chamber: 32 weevil larvae, 1 wasp larva; d, unsealed chamber: 9 weevil larvae (no wasp larva) ; e, sealed chamber: 21 weevil larvae, 1 wasp larva; /, sealed chamber: E. scutellaris prepupa. neath. The wasp appeared confused for several minutes until she dis- covered her burrow. Several burrows of known ages were dug up and examined during our observations. In general, the burrows consisted of a single, straight tube from which provisioning chambers or other tubes radiated. The nature of the soil appeared to dictate the direction of the branches as well as the location of the provisioning chambers. Of the burrows ex- amined, we did not find many nests which exceeded 60 mm in depth. JANUARY 1968] CLEMENT & GRISSELL NESTING HABITS OF EUPARAGIA 37 Figs. 1, 2, and 3 illustrate 6, 14, and 21( + ) day old nests respec- tively. The six day old nest (fig. 1) showed no signs of provisioning, although a slight enlargement at the terminus suggested a possible chamber under construction. A fourteen day old nest (fig. 2) had one sealed chamber (a) which contained 12 weevil larvae and a wasp larva; another cell or burrow branch (b) was apparently just being initiated. Older nests of about twenty-one days or more consisted of a number of chambers in various stages of development. In fig. 3, for example, two sealed chambers (c and e) contained 32 and 21 weevil larvae respec- tively (one wasp larva in each cell) ; another sealed chamber (f) held a prepupa of E. scutellaris. An unsealed cell (d) contained 9 weevil larvae but no wasp larva, suggesting that this chamber was still being provisioned. The provisioning chambers were only slightly larger in diameter than the 3 mm primary tunnel and were randomly located. Prey collected from these chambers consisted exclusively of curculionid larvae of the genus Anthonomus (det. W. H. Anderson, USDA). These were brought in one at a time and were carried primarily in the mandibles. A wasp did not usually pause before alighting at the turret entrance with its prey, and when entering the burrow, less than 30 seconds was generally spent depositing the prey. As many as 30 or more curculionid larvae were placed in some chambers. After a cell was provisioned, the wasp laid her egg, sealed up the chamber, and then excavated and provi- sioned another chamber. Formica lasioides, F. fusca, and Mantica mutica (det. G. C. & J. Wheeler, University of North Dakota), were frequent ant visitors around the wasp nests; while none were observed entering any of the burrows, M. mutica did construct several nests in the midst of the wasp colony. A female chrysidid, Chrysis submontana Rohwer (det. R. M. Bohart), was observed in elose proximity to the burrows. Whether it successfully parasitized any of the Euparagia is unknown. We would like to thank Dr. R. M. Bohart, University of California, Davis, for suggesting this study and for reviewing the manuscript. Literature Cited Bohart, R. M. 1948. The genus Euparagia in North America. Pan-Pac. Ento- moL, 24: 149-154. Richards, O. W. 1962. A revisional study of the masarid wasps. William Clowes and Sons, London, 294 pp. Williams, F. X. 1927. Euparagia scutellaris Cresson, a masarid wasp that stores its cells with the young of a curculionid beetle. Pan-Pac. Entomoh, 4: 38-39. 38 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 A Revision of the Genus Cupila Casey (Coleoptera : Pselaphidae) Albert A. Grigarick and Robert 0. Schuster University of California, Davis Cupila is a small genus belonging to the subtribe Trimiina of the tribe Euplectini. The genus was erected by Casey in 1897 for the single species Trimium clavicorne described by Maklin in 1852 from material collected in Oregon. In 1945 Park described a second species, Cupila mexicana, in a new subgenus, Cutrimia. Cutrimia was distinguished from Cupila primarily by the absence of basal abdominal carinae, a character that is now known to be variable within samples of Cupila s. str. Since the subgenus was based on a unique male, its final status should await the study of additional specimens. The second nearctic species, Cupila excavata Park and Wagner, was described in 1961 from specimens collected at Charleston, Oregon. A third nearctic species is proposed in this revision, the descriptions of C. clavicornis and C. excavata are emended, and a key is provided to the males of the genus. The female of C. mexicana is unknown. Differ- ences between females of the remaining species are slight but the minor differences are noted in the species discussion. A key to the females is omitted pending the collection of additional material. Cupila is closely related to the genus Actium. Mature adults of both sexes of Cupila are usually dark brown to black whereas most Actium are light brown and the darker species are reddish-brown. More funda- mental differences are found in the males and mainly reflect modifica- tions of sternites VI and VII for the relatively small genitalic structure of Cupila as compared to the larger genitalia of Actium (approx. 2.5 : 1.0) . Sternites III to V of Cupila are modified laterally, VI is weakly emarginate and VII is visible only as a minute transverse closure for the emargination of VI. For Actium, one or more of sternites II to IV are modified laterally, sternite VI is strongly emarginate and VII is ex- posed as a large oval plate. The following characteristics aid in identifying the genus: Head with small, paired, distinctly dorsal vertexal foveae; ventral surface of head bearing capitate setae; antennal club composed of the last three segments (fig. 1) with segment X asymmetrically triangular, deeper than wide; and more or less closely appressed to XL Pronotum with a biarcuate antebasal sulcus that extends medianly almost to base of pronotum. Elytron with sutural, discal, and subhumeral foveae, the discal fovea associated with a shallow depression but disc not striate. First visible tergite with basal carinae weak or absent. Profemur with weak ventral sulcus con- taining a row of specialized setae; protibia with minute subapical spine, procoxal The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 38-44. January 1968 JANUARY 1968] GRIGARICK & SCHUSTER REVISION OF CUPILA 39 cavities foveate at anterior margin (fig. 6). Tarsi terminate in large primary and small secondary claws (fig. 2). Mesocoxal cavities broadly confluent; post meso- coxal foveae present. Metasternum medianly depressed, the lateral margins of the depression bordered by an irregular line of setae. Males have sternites III to V modified (figs. 3, 4, 5), VI with shallow median emargination ; VII transverse, a penial plate with only the distal % exposed (fig. 8). Aedeagus laterally com- pressed (figs. 10, 11), the parameres slightly asymmetric. Six sternites of female without special modifications, VI sinuate. Key to Males of Cupila Margins of sternite IV with cornute processes directed posteriorly, the processes visible dorsally mexicana Park Sternite IV with simple lateral margins 2 Sternite V with multiple foveae at each lateral margin; basolateral margins of pronotum smooth multifossa new species Sternite V with single fovea at each lateral margin; basolateral mar- gins of pronotum tuberculate 3 Lateral depressions of sternite III distinctly carinate on median and lateral margins; sternite IV with slight depression continuous with that of III clavicornis (Maklin) Lateral depressions of sternite III distinctly carinate on median mar- gin only; sternite IV with deep depression continuous with that of III excavata Park and Wagner Cupila excavata Park and Wagner (Figs. 4, 6-10) Cupila excavata Park and Wagner, 1961, Univ. Washington Publ. Biol., 16: 18. Male (slide). — Head 220 p long, 248 p wide; vertexal foveae 105 p between centers; ventral surface with 14 capitate setae; eyes moderate. Antenna 270 p long; segments I II 95 long, 38 p wide; III to VI inclusive, 75 long, 27 p wide; VII 15 p long, 30 p wide; VIII 15 p long, 35 p wide; IX 15 p long, 45 p wide; X 15 /v, long, 68 p wide, asymmetrical, XI 105 p long, 85 p wide; XI as long as preceding 5 segments. Pronotum 305 p long, 310 p wide. Elytron 435 p long. Wingless. Protrochanter with short spine at inner posterior margin; profemur 97 p’, protibia with minute subapical spine. Mesotrochanter simple; mesofemur 97 p wide; mesotibia simple. Metafemur 90 p wide. First visible tergite 302 p wide at base, without basal carinae on I or II. Ster- nite II simple; III with prominent lateral depressions on each side of midline; IV with deep depressions continuous with III, V with distal margin expanded, exten- sion with circular depression; VI with shallow median emargination; VII a penial plate 197 p long, 44 p wide. Aedeagus 155 p long, 87 p deep. Geographic Distribution. — Oregon: Benton County: 12,4 miles S. Blodgett, Douglas-fir litter, 26 March 1959, B. D. Ainscough. Coos County: 2$, 42, Charleston, assorted litter including Polystichum and Tsuga, 1 October 1959, V. D. Roth. 2 ^ , N. Bridge, 27 July 1957, V. D. Roth. Curry County: 2 2,5 miles N. Brookings, 1 October 1959, V. D. Roth. Lane County: 4 , 5 2, nr. Florence, 21 1 . 2 ( 1 ) 3(2) 40 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 5 multifossa JANUARY 1968] GRIGARICK & SCHUSTER — REVISION OF CUPILA 41 August 1961, W. Suter. 1 ^ , nr. Belknap Springs, debris, 4 June 1957, H. S. Dybas. Linn County: 3$, 1$, Clear Lake near Santiam Pass, log, and floor lit- ter, 20 August 1961, W. Suter. Washington County: 1^,6 miles E. Buxton, 6 April 1965, V. D. Roth. Discussion. — A specimen from Charleston, Oregon (type locality), was used for the redescription of this species. The holotype is probably in the collection of K. M. Fender. The males are easily recognized by the modifications of sternite III. The basal abdominal carinae are not present on specimens from Charleston, Oregon, but they are present on a male and female from Clear Lake, Oregon, which are considered con- specific. The sclerotized structures of the female genitalia (fig. 9) show four pores present at the base for C. excavata, and 12 pores for C. clavicornis. CUPILA CLAVICORNIS (Maklin) (Figs. 3, 11) Trimium clavicorne Maklin, 1852, Bull. Moscou, 25: 371-372. Cupila clavicornis (Maklin). Casey, 1897, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 9: 561. Male (slide). — Head 200 /x long, 225 /x wide; vertexal foveae 100 /x between centers; ventral surface with 16 capitate setae; eyes moderate. Antenna 335 p long; segments I + II 85 /x long, 38 /x wide; III to VI inclusive, 70 /x long, 22 p wide; VII 20 /ix long, 25 /x wide; VIII 20 long, 35 p wide; IX 25 /x long, 48 p wide; X 27 /x long, 55 /x wide, asymmetrical; XI 92 yu long, 70 /x wide; XI as long as preceding 5. Pronotum 275 fi long, 272 yix wide. Elytron 385 p, long. Wingless. Protrochanter with spine at inner posterior margin; profemur 75 p wide; protibia with minute subapical spine. Mesotrochanter simple, mesofemur 75 /x wide; mesotibia simple. Post mesocoxal foveae with apodemes directed obliquely forward. Metafemur 65 fx wide. First visible tergite 260 /x wide at base, with faint basal carinae 10 /x long, sepa- rated by 77 yix. Sternite II unmodified; III (fig. 3) with deep longitudinal depres- sion on each side of center and narrow setate carina laterally; IV with slight de- pression continuous with III; V with narrow foveate depression near extended posterolateral margin; VI transverse apically, with slight median emargination ; VII a penial plate 105 /x long, 54 /x wide. Aedeagus (fig. 11) 190 /x long, 90 /x deep. Geographic Distribution. — Washington: Calallam County: 1^, 4$, 2 miles E. Lapush Indian Reservation, coniferous litter, 9 July 1959, L. M. Smith, 3 , 1 Fig. 1. Cuplia multifossa new species, antennal club, dorsal (holotype) . Fig. 2. Cupila multifossa new species, primary and secondary metatarsal claws (holo- type). Fig. 3. Cupila clavicornis (Maklin), sternite III, right side. Fig. 4. Cupila excavata Park and Wagner, sternites III-V, right side. Fig. 5. Cupila multifossa new species, sternites III-V, right side (paratype). Fig. 6. Cupila excavata Park and Wagner, prosternum with precoxal foveae. 42 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 7 excavata 9 excavata 10 excavata 11 clavicornis Fig. 7. Cupila excavata Park and Wagner, sternite II. Fig. 8. Capita excavata Park and Wagner, penial plate. Fig. 9. Cupila excavata Park and Wagner, sclero- tized structures of female genitalia. Fig. 10. Cupila excavata Park and Wagner, male genitalia, right lateral (dorsal in situ). Fig. 11. Cupila clavicornis (Maklin), male genitalia, eversible internal structures not shown, dorsal (left lateral in situ) . JANUARY 1968] GRIGARICK & SCHUSTER REVISION OF CUPILA 43 $ , Olympic Hot Springs, bark chips and wet floor pocket, 16 August 1961, W. Suter. Grays Harbor County: 2^,4 miles N. Amanda Park, 9 July 1959, L. M. Smith. Mason County: 1^, Lake Cushman Dam, 7 July 1959, L. M. Smith. Pierce County: Id, 12, Mt. Ranier National Park (at Carbon R.), litter on and near log, 16 July 1957, H. S. Dybas; Id, 22, Longmire Campground, 17 August 1961, W. Suter. Spokane County: 2 2, Mt. Spokane, Bald Knob, conifer duff, 4500 ft. elev., 22 June 1957, H. S. Dybas. Discussion. — ^The prominent carinae on either side of the excavation of sternite III readily separate males of C. clavicornis from the closely related males of C. excavata. All females observed have had basal ab- dominal carinae. The holotype was not examined and the redescription is based on a specimen identified by 0. Park. Cupila multifossa Grigarick and Schuster, new species (Figs. 1, 2, 5) Male (slide). — Head 217 /x long, 255 ii wide; vertexal foveae 112 between centers; ventral surface with 14 capitate setae; eyes moderate. Antenna 345 ix long; segments I + H 90 /U. long, 40 /x wide; III to VI inclusive 75 fx long, 30 fx wide, VH 18 fx long, 33 ^x wide; VHI 18 ix long, 35 jx wide; IX 18 jx long, 45 /x wide; X 30 /x long, 63 fx wide, asymmetrical; XI 90 /x long, 77 fx wide; XI as long as preceding 4 segments. Pronotum 285 /x long, 318 fx wide. Elytron 390 [x long. Apterous. Protrochanter with short, thick spine on median posterior margin; profemur 75 /x wide; protibia with minute subapical spine. Mesotrochanter simple; mesofemur 75 /x wide; meso- tibia simple; metafemur 80 /x wide. First visible tergite 320 /x wide at base; basal carinae 23 /x long, separated by 77 fx. Sternite H unmodified; HI with large inner and smaller lateral setate pro- jections; IV simple; V with distal margin expanded laterally and bearing numer- ous foveate structures; VI weakly sinuate; VII a penial plate 73 fx long, 45 fx wide. Aedeagus 170 /x long, 88 /x deep. Geographic Distribution: The holotype male, 1 paratype male and two para- type females were collected at Freshwater, Humboldt County, California, in redwood litter, 13 August 1953 by Gordon A. Marsh and Robert 0. Schuster. Both males (dissected) and both females (whole mounts) are mounted on slides in Hoyer’s. The specimens are deposited in the collection of the Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis. Discussion. — ^The obliquely oriented carinae of sternite III, and the lateral projections and numerous lateral fossae of sternite V distinguish the males of this species. The basolateral margins of the pronotum of both sexes are smooth, while these margins on C. clavicornis and C. excavata are tuberculate. Literature Cited Casey, T. L. 1897. Coleopterological notices VII. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 9: 285-684. 44 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Maklin, F. G. 1852. In Mannerheim, Zweiter Nachtrag zur Kaefer-Fauna der Nord-Americanischen Laender des Russischen Reiches. Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscou, 25: 283-372. Park, 0. 1945. Further studies in Pselaphidae of Mexico and Guatemala. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 7(7): 331-443. Park, 0. and J. Wagner. 1961. In Hatch, M. H., The beetles of the Pacific Northwest, Part III. Univ. Washington Publ. Biol., 16: 1-380. A New Australian Microdon with a Name Change (Diptera : Syrphidae) F. Christian Thompson Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts A new species and a new name are proposed for two Australian Microdon flies. The new species of Microdon was noted while conduct- ing an investigation into the generic classification of the Microdontinae. The identification of this new form led to the discovery of a senior pri- mary homonyn for another Australian species. Microdon modestus Ferguson is preoccupied hy Microdon modestus Knab, described from North America, thus I proposed the name M. fergusoni for this Aus- tralian species. Microdon fergusoni Thompson, new name Microdon modestus Ferguson, 1927, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 51: 170, not Knah, 1917, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30: 139. Microdon browni Thompson, new species Face yellow; cheeks brown; front, vertex, and occiput black. Antennae longer than face; third segment more than twice as long as first, twisted longitudinally and swollen basally. Thorax mostly dark brown, scutellum unarmed. Legs mostly orange, femora brown except for the apices. Abdomen orange. Male. — Head: (fig. 1) Face yellow with white pile; cheeks and edge of the epistoma brown with white pile; front black except for a small orange spot above the antennal bases, with golden and black pile intermixed; vertex black, with golden and black pile intermixed; occiput black except for two large yellowish white spots behind the cheeks, with white pile below becoming yellower above. Face with slightly convergent sides, widest at oral margin; front short, about one- sixth as long as face, narrowest at the constriction between the front and vertex, about one-half the greatest width of the face at this point; vertex four times as long as front, not produced and as wide as the face at the posterior margins of the eyes; ocellar triangle roughly equadilateral, occupying about one-fourth the width of the vertex. Antennal ratio: 5:1: 12.5. Antennae dark brown except for The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 44^46. January 1968 JANUARY 1968] THOMPSON — A NEW AUSTRALIAN MICRODON 45 Figs. 1-3. Microdon browni Thompson. 1. Male genitalia in lateral view. 2. Ejaculatory apodeme. 3. Head of male in lateral view. a reddish brown spot at the aristal base, with dark pile, about one and one-half times as long as the face; third antennal segment elongate, base swollen and twisted medially, apex rounded and twisted laterally, with a small sensory pit near the base of the arista; arista light brown. Thorax: dark brown except for yellow on the humeri, propleurae, pteropleurae, postalar calli, and the upper edge of the hypopleurae; with black pile except for yellow pile on the pleurae, scutellum, and across the dorsum anteriorly at the humeri and posteriorly before the scutellum. Scutellum simple and unarmed. Legs: orange except dark brown bases of the anterior four coxae and the basal four-fifths of all the femora. Leg pile white except with black pile intermixed on the dorsal surfaces of all the tarsi. Wings: smoky, completely microtrichose except for the bare posterior margin of the second basal cell. Third vein (R 4 + 6 ) with a downward produced spur in the first pos- terior cell; apical cross vein squared, with a spur at the angle and slightly recur- rent; and posterior cross vein slightly more curved than the apical, and with a short spur at the angle also. Squamae and Halters: white, squanial fringe with a brownish tinge. Abdomen: oval, orange except brown first segment. Pile of the dorsum appressed and black except for white pile on the second segment, the lateral margins and apical corners of the third segment, and the lateral margins and in the form of short lunate spots extending in from the lateral margins on the apical fourth of the fourth segment. Venter orange with white pile. Postabdomen: dark brown with light pile. Genitalia similar in general structure to M. mutabilis Linnaeus (genotype) ; cerci simple, roughly hemispherical on outer sides, flat on inner sides; styles simple, dorsal portions upturned and rounded at the apex, ven- tral portions slightly excavated on the posterior half, thus forming a shallow de- 46 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 pressed edge; penis sheath short, as long as hroad; ejaculatory hood short, dor- sally recurved at hase, divided into tvro short processes posteriorly; chitinous box small, spherical; and ejaculatory apodeme flat and triangularly flared on apical portion (figs. 2 & 3). Length: 7.5 mm; antennae 2.5 mm. Holotype male. — ^Aldgate, Lofty Ranges, South Australia, Aus- tralia, 11 December 1950 (W. L. Brown). The type is deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (#31575). Discussion. — M. hrowni does not appear to be closely related to any known Australian species of Microdon. The yellow face, nonmetallic color of the body, and the long and unusually shaped third antennal segment will distinctly separate M. browni from the other native spe- cies. I take great pleasure in naming this species after its discoverer, Dr. Brown, a noted myrmecologist. I have been fortunate enough to have met Dr. Brown on a few occasions and thus would like to feel that I am not only naming this species after Brown the collector but also after a friend, whose encouraging words have done much to help stimulate my interest and work on syrphids. The nomenclature used in describing the postabdomen is that of Met- calf (1921). Acknowledgments I would like to thank the staff, especially Drs. Darlington, Evans, and Lawrence, of the Entomology Department of the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology for providing the facilities and material for this study and others. Literature Cited Ferguson, E. W. 1926. Revision of Australian Syrphidae, Part I. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 51: 137-163. Knab, F. 1917. On some North American species of Microdon (Diptera : Syr- phidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30: 133-143. Metcalf, C. L. 1921. The Genitalia of Male Syrphidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 14: 169-228. JANUARY 1968] UESHIMA — NEW SPECIES OF PARACIMEX 47 New Species of Paracimex^ (Cimicidae : Hemiptera) Norihiro Ueshima University of California, Berkeley The following species were discovered since the monograph of Cimicidae (Usinger, 1966) was published. The types of new species will he deposited in the U. S, National Museum. The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Dr. R. L. Usinger (Division of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley) for his help in many ways. The author is also indebted to Drs. J. T. Marshall and D. J. Gould (SEATO Medical Laboratory, Bangkok, Thailand) and Mr. T. L. Fenner (Department of Agriculture, Stocks and Fisheries, Port Moresby, Territory of Papua and New Guinea). Paracimex chaeturus Ueshima, new species (Fig. 1) Female. — Head 1.0 mm wide, slightly wider than long; interocular space 6 times as wide as an eye. Antennae 2.4 mm long, proportion of segments 8 : 31 : 33 ; 29. Rostrum 1.0 mm long, proportion of segments 13 : 10 ; 10. Pronotum 1.8 mm wide, about % as wide as long, 72 : 48; sides strongly lamel- late in front of middle, concave behind middle; anterior lobes produced beyond inner angles of anterior concavity by Vs of median length, the longest bristles at sides about % as long as first antennal segment; relatively truncate and serrate; number of prominent bristles on each side about 40. Mesonotum-scutellum with bristles posteriorly. Hemelytral pads about % as wide as long, 36 : 28, broadly rounded behind and at sides, and broadly contiguous along inner margins; discal bristles a little shorter than distance between bristles. Legs with hind femora 3 times as long as wide; ctenidia of front and middle femora strong, dilated from even curve of femur. Abdominal tergites with fine bristles, those of lateral margins stouter and serrate. Posterior margins of 4th and 5th ventrites bent forward at middle. Ectospermalege arising from middle of a broad and deep concavity of hind margin of 5th ventrite, membranous, oval-shape. Male. — Bristles somewhat longer; genital segment slightly narrower than length on left side, the paramere extending beyond middle of left side. Size. — Male (slide-mounted), length 7.3 mm, width (pronotum) 1.6 mm, (abdomen, 2.7 mm; female, length 7.5 mm, width (pronotum) 1.8 mm, (abdomen) 3.2 mm. Holotype female, allotype male, Prachinburi, Thailand, 25 June 1965 (J. T. Marshall, #6317), off Chaetura gigantea (Temminck) shot in flight. One male paratype, K. 116 on highway 23 NE Kanburi, ^ This study was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Grant GM-13197, The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 47-50. January 1968 48 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Fig. 1. Paracimex chaeturus Ueshima. Female holotype. Parachinburi, Thai- land (Celeste Green, original). Fig. 2. Paracimex inflatus Ueshima. Female holotype. Poronbus village, New Ireland (Celeste Green, original). JANUARY 1968] UESHIMA NEW SPECIES OF PARACIMEX 49 50 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Prachinburi, Thailand, 25 June 1965 (J. T. Marshall, #6318), off Chaetura gigantea shot in flight. P. chaeturus is very close to P. lamellatus Ferris and Usinger but differs by lesser bristles on the pronotum and abdomen, the shape of hemelytral pads, and by the short rostrum. Paracimex inflatus Ueshima, new species (Fig. 2) Female. — Head 0.9 mm, as long as wide, interocular space 8 times as wide as an eye. Antennae 2.0 mm long, proportion of segments 8 : 22 : 22 : 20. Rostrum 1.0 mm long, proportion of segments 16 : 13 : 13. Pronotum 1.45 mm wide; less than twice as wide as long 58 : 35; sides concave behind middle; anterior lobes produced % as far forward as width at base; bristles at lateral margins 0.2 mm, serrate at apical and on outer sides; number of bristles on each side about 35. Mesonotum-scutellum with a few fine bristles posteriorly. Hemelytral pads % as long as wide 26 : 35; broadly rounded posteriorly and at sides, contiguous only adjacent to apex of scutellum; disk with long, erect bristles at sides. Legs with hind femora 3.5 times as long as broad, 54 : 15; ctenidia of front and middle femora scarcely dilated from the curve of femur. Abdominal tergites with fine bristles, those of lateral margins longer. Ecto- spermalege arising from a broad concavity of hind margin of 5th ventrite to right of middle. Tubular ectospermalege inclined to the right then swollen a half to apex, particularly right side. Male. — Genital segment about as wide as long on left side; paramere reaching about to middle of left side. Size. — Male (slide mounted), length 6.7 mm, width (pronotum) 1.5 mm, (abdomen) 2.65 mm; female, length 6.0 mm, width (pronotum) 1.45 mm, (abdomen) 2.65 mm. Holotype female, allotype male, and a series of paratypes, PoRONBUS VILLAGE, New Ireland, October 1965 (B. McMillan), from nests of Collocalia sp. Additional materials of the species are at hand as follows: cave of Nemasalang, New Ireland, 25 July 1966 (N. Ueshima), from nests of Collocalia esculenta esculenta Linnaeus; Lorengau, Manus Island, 28 July 1966 (N. Ueshima), from nests of Collocalia esculenta esculenta. This species is very close to P. capitatus Usinger but differs by longer bristles on hemelytral pads and abdomen, slender femur, and by the ectospermalege. Literature Cited Usinger, R. L. 1966. Monograph of Cimicidae. Thomas Say Foundation Vol. 7, Entomological Society of America, 585 pp. JANUARY 1968] MUCHMORE NEW CHTHONIID PSEUDOSCORPIONS 51 Two New Species of Chthoniid Pseudoscorpions from the Western United States^ (Arachnida : Chelonethida : Chthoniidae) William B. Muchmore University of Rochester, Rochester, New York Among the collections of the American Museum of Natural History have been found two new chthoniid pseudoscorpions which deserve to be described and discussed at this time. I wish to thank Dr. W. J. Gertsch for his courtesy in allowing me to examine these collections. Family Chthoniidae Hansen Tribe Chthoniini Chamberlin Genus Chthonius C. Koch Hesperochthonius Muchmore, new subgenus J. C. Chamberlin described Chthonius californicus in 1929, and later (1949) published an extensive emended diagnosis. The species was placed in the subgenus Ephippiochthonius by Beier (1932), and this assignment was followed by Chamberlin, on the basis of the apparent depression in the dorsum of the chelal hand (see Chamberlin, 1949; fig. lA, p. 3) . Chamberlin at this time also pointed out that the tactile setae ib and isb appeared to be set in another smaller depression, but noted that “the chela in question was treated with KOH and may merely be slightly shrunken at this point.” (1949, p. 4). In addition, Chamberlin indicated three characters in which C. californicus differs from C. (E.) tetrachelatus (Preyssler), namely; 1) the possession of a row of small, rounded, contiguous teeth proximal to the large, spaced teeth on both the fixed and movable chelal fingers. 2) the hiatus in each row of internal, genital, guard setae so as to form two groups of two setae on each side. 3 ) the isolated sub-distal tooth on the movable finger of the chelicera (1949, fig. 1C, p. 3). With the discovery of Chthonius oregonicus, n. sp., described below, it becomes apparent that this species and C. californicus are not to be included in the subgenus Ephippiochthonius, but should be assigned to a new subgenus, Hesperochthonius, which differs from the other sub- genera of Chthonius in the characters listed above and in the unique chelal hand. 1 This work was supported in part by a grant, GB5299, from the National Science Foundation. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 51-57. January 1968 52 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Figs. 1 and 2. Chthonius (Hesperochthonius) oregonicus, new species, holotype male. 1. Dorsal view of right palp. 2. Lateral view of left chela. In whole and mounted specimens of C. oregonicus it can be seen clearly that the dorsum of the hand is only slightly and smoothly rounded as in the subgenus Chthonius, but that in addition there is a well-defined and moderate-sized conical elevation just about at the middle. Setae ih and ish are inserted side by side on the proximal side of the base of this elevation, in an “apparent depression” as noted by Chamberlin. In some views of the chela the elevation may not be seen in its entirety, and the impression is easily gained that the dorsum is depressed distal to the middorsal setae. Examination of the holotype and the allotype of C. calif ornicus (in the Cornell University Collection) has confirmed that the chelal hand of this species is of the same con- figuration as described for C. oregonicus. Chthonius (Hesperochthonius) oregonicus Muchmore, new species (Figs. 1 and 2) Material. — Holotype male (WM646.01002) , allotype female (WM 646.01003) and paratype male from Coos Head, and two paratype females from Charleston, Coos County, Oregon; all specimens col- lected on 4 September 1947 by I. Newell. JANUARY 1968] MUCHMORE NEW CHTHONIID PSEUDOSCORPIONS 53 Diagnosis. — Male: (based on holotype and paratype, the latter in parentheses). General facies typical of the genus. Carapace about as long as broad; no epistome, but the anterior margin serrated in the medial half; surface reticulated dorsally and hecoming scaly on the sides. Four well-developed eyes, of which the anterior pair are slightly larger than the posterior; the anterior eyes about one ocular diameter from the anterior carapacal margin and about one-half diameter from the posterior. Carapacal setae 4-6-4^2-2 = 18 (in the notation of Gabbutt and Vachon, 1963, p. 77). Coxal area typical; chaetotaxy mmm-3-0 : 2-2-cs : 2-4-cs : 2-4; each coxa II with a group of eight spines and coxa III with two to four spines; intercoxal tubercle with two small setae. Abdomen typical. Tergal chaetotaxy 4:4:4:4:6:6:6:6:6:6:6:0. An- terior genital operculum with a group of three setae anteriorly, followed on each side by a group of two to four setae and with a row of four very small setae on each side of the hind margin; four internal, genital, guard setae on each side, but each row with a hiatus between the anterior pair and posterior pair (as described by Chamberlin, 1929, for C. calif ornicus) ; posterior operculum with eight to nine setae on either side of the median opening, with a row of 12 setae along the hind margin and three guard setae associated with each stigma; fourth sternite with a row of eight setae and two guard setae on each side; more posterior sternites with seven to ten marginal setae, the lateral-most on segments 5, 6, and 7 being very small. Chelicera noticeably shorter than carapace; palm with seven setae; fixed finger with a row of nine to eleven teeth of varied size; movable finger with a row of six to seven teeth of which the distal one is much the largest, and a conspicuous isolated tooth midway between the end of the row and the finger tip; galea represented by a prominent knob; serrula exterior with 14 plates; flagellum of nine or ten finely pinnate setae. Palp characteristic of the subgenus; proportions of podomeres as shown in figure 1 ; tactile setae of chela shown in figure 2. The chela is generally similar to that of C. tetrachelatus, but without the dorsal depression characteristic of the subgenus Ephippiochthonius. Instead, the dorsal surface of the hand is smoothly and gently rounded, with the exception of a prominent conical elevation lying just distal to the tactile setae isb and ib. In lateral view, the curve of the distal face of this elevation may give the impression of an ephippiochthonian depression, but close examination of both lateral and dorsal aspects of the chela reveals that this is a fundamentally different structure. Fixed finger with 13-14 large, well- separated teeth distally, followed proximally by 12 small, rounded, contiguous teeth; movable finger with five or six large, spaced teeth and 21 small, contiguous teeth. Trochanter 1.8, femur 5.3 (5.5), tibia 2.1 (1.9), chela 4.4 (4.4), and hand 2.1 (2.1) times as long as broad; movable finger 1.23 (1.19) times as long as the hand. Legs typical of the genus. Leg IV with tactile setae on tibia 0.56, on metatarsus 0.36, and on telotarsus 0.31 the length of the segment from the proximal end. Female: (based on allotype and two paratypes, the latter in parentheses) : Similar to male, but slightly larger. Carapacal setae of allotype 4-6-3-2-2 = 17, of paratypes 4-6-4^2-2 = 18. Coxal area as in male ; coxa II with five to ten spines and coxa III with two to four spines. Tergal chaetotaxy of abdomen as in male, with the exception that the first tergites of the two paratypes bear two and three setae rather than four. Sternal 54 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 3 chaetotaxy of allotype “ : (3)11(3) : (2)8(2) : mTin : m6m : ni4m : 6 : 7 : 7 : 0 : 6 mm (paratypes similar) . Chelicera and palp essentially as in male. Dorsal elevation on the chelal hand of same shape and in same position as described above. Fixed finger of chela with 12 (13-14) large, spaced teeth and 12 (11-14) small, contiguous teeth; movable finger with 6 (5-6) large, spaced teeth and 19 (18-20) small, contiguous teeth. Palpal trochanter 1.7 (1.5-1. 7), femur 5.1 (5.3-5.5), tibia 1.9 (1.7-1.9), chela 4.0 (4.0) and hand 1.8 (1.8-1. 9) times as long as broad; movable finger 1.15 (1.12-1.17) times as long as hand. Legs similar to those of male. Leg IV with tactile setae on tibia 0.52, on metatarsus 0.34, and on telotarsus 0.32 the length of the segment from the proximal end. Measurements (in mm). — Male: Body length 1.48 (1.62); carapace 0.41 (0.43) long, ocular breadth 0.36 (0.41) ; abdomen 1.06 (1.20) long and 0.53 (0.68) wide. Chelicera 0.33 (0.33) long by 0.16 (0.16) broad; movable finger 0.18 (0.19) long. Palpal trochanter 0.16 (0.16) by 0.09 (0.09) ; femur 0.53 (0.52) by 0.10 (0.095) ; tibia 0.23 (0.23) by 0.11 (0.12) ; chela 0.75 (0.75) by 0.17 (0.17) ; hand 0.35 (0.36) by 0.17 (0.17) ; movable finger 0.43 (0.43) long; dorsal elevation on hand about 0.07 in diameter and 0.02 in height. Leg I: basifemur 0.32 (0.31) by 0.07 (0.07) ; telofemur 0.16 (0.15) by 0.07 (0.06) ; tibia 0.20 (0.19) by 0.05 (0.05) ; tarsus 0.33 (0.32) by 0.03 (0.04). Leg IV: entire femur 0.51 (0.50) long; basi- femur 0.24 (0.24) by 0.21 (0.20) ; telofemur 0.33 (0.31) by 0.19 (0.19) ; tibia 0.33 (0.33) by 0.08 (0.08) ; metatarsus 0.19 (0.18) by 0.07 (0.07) ; telotarsus 0.35 (0.35) by 0.04 (0.04). Female: Body length 2.13 (1.90-2.06) ; carapace (0.47-0.51) long, ocular breadth (0.36-0.41); abdomen 1.33 (1.36-1.53) by 0.80 (0.80). Chelicera 0.41 (0.37-0.41) long by (0.19-0.20) wide; movable finger 0.21 (0.20) long. Palpal trochanter 0.19 (0.17-0.20) by 0.11 (0.11-0.12) ; femur 0.61 (0.61-0.63) by 0.12 (0.11-0.12) ; tibia 0.25 (0.25) by 0.13 (0.13-0.15) ; chela 0.84 (0.84-0.88) by 0.21 (0.21-0.22); hand 0.41 (0.40-0.43) by 0.23 (0.22-0.23); movable finger 0.47 (0.47-0.48) long; dorsal elevation on hand about 0.07 in diameter and 0.02 in height. Leg I: basifemur 0.36 (0.36) by 0.08 (0.08) ; telofemur 0.17 (0.17) by 0.07 (0.07) ; tibia 0.21 (0.20-0.21) by 0.05 (0.05) ; tarsus 0.36 (0.36-0.37) by 0.04 (0.04). Leg IV: entire femur 0.59 (0.56-0.59); basifemur 0.28 (0.27-0.28) by 0.23 (0.23-0.24) ; telofemur 0.39 (0.36-0.37) by 0.20 (0.21-0.22) ; tibia 0.39 (0.37-0.40) by 0.09 (0.09) ; metatarsus 0.20 (0.20-0.21) by 0.07 ( 0.08) ; telotarsus 0.37 (0.39-0.40) by 0.04 (0.04). Remarks. — Since there is a noticeable sexual dimorphism in both Chthonius californicus and C. oregonicus, there is considerable overlap in the measurements and ratios for the two species. Nevertheless, com- paring males and females separately, it is obvious that specimens of both sexes in C. oregonicus are significantly larger than those of the corresponding sex in C. californicus (cf. Chamberlin, 1949; p. 2-3). For instance, in C. oregonicus the carapace of the male is 0.41-0.43 mm and of the female 0.47-0.51 mm long, while in C. californicus the comparable measurements are 0.33-0.37 mm and 0.385-0.445 mm. JANUARY 1968] MUCHMORE NEW CHTHONIID PSEUDOSCORPIONS 55 Figs. 3 and 4. Chthonius (Chthonms) pacificus, new species, holotype female. 3. Dorsal view of left palp. 4. Lateral view of right chela. The two known species of the subgenus Hesperochthonius can be separated by the following key: Larger species — carapace of male more than 0.40 mm long, of female more than 0.46 mm; palpal femur of male more than 0.52 mm long, of female more than 0.60 mm C. (H.) oregonicus, new species Smaller species — carapace of male less than 0.38 mm long, of female less than 0.45 mm; palpal femur of male less than 0.48 mm long, of female less than 0.58 mm C. (H.) calif ornicus Chamherlin Subgenus Chthonius Chthonius (Chthonius) pacificus Muchmore, new species (Figs. 3 and 4) Material. — Holotype female (WM620.01001) collected 20 March 1960 by W. J. Gertsch, et al. east of San Juan Hot Springs, Orange County, California (W 117°30' : N 33°35') . No other specimens known. Diagnosis. — Female: With the general characteristics of the subgenus Chthonius. Carapace a little longer than broad, with a small, serrate epistome; surface nearly smooth dorsally but becoming finely reticulated on the sides. Four well-developed eyes of equal size, the anterior pair being about one ocular diameter from the anterior margin of the carapace, and the posterior pair about one-half diameter 56 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 behind the anterior. Carapacal setae 4-6-4-2-2 = 18. Coxal area typical ; chae- totaxy mnim-3-0 : 2-3-cs : 2-3cs : 2-3(4) ; each coxa II with a group of seven or eight spines and each coxa III with three or four spines; intercoxal tubercle with two small setae. Abdomen typical. Tergal chaetotaxy 4:4:4:4:6:6:6:6:6:6:6:0. Ster- 3 nal chaetotaxy “ : (4) 10(4) : (2)8(2) ; m7m : mSm : m4m : 6 : 6 : 8 : 0 : mm. Gen- 4 ital area typical. Chelicera shorter than carapace; palm with seven setae; fixed finger with a row of nine teeth; movable finger with a row of seven teeth and an isolated tooth midway between the end of the row and the finger tip; galea represented by a distinct knob; serrula exterior with 14 blades; flagellum of eight finely branched setae. Palp typical of the subgenus and quite similar to that of Chthonius ischnocheles, as described by Gabbutt and Vachon (1963, fig. 13, p. 80 and p. 81) ; proportions of podomeres as shown in fig. 3; tactile setae of chela as shown in fig. 4. Fixed finger with a row of 36 teeth, which are triangular and somewhat inclined toward the base and vary in size, with small close-set ones at the distal end, becoming larger and more widely-spaced in the distal third and then smaller, lower and contiguous toward the proximal end. Movable finger with 32 teeth, which in the distal half of the row are triangular and spaced but in the basal half are smaller, rounded and contiguous. Trochanter 1.6, femur 5.6, tibia 1.8, chela 5.0, and hand 2.1 times as long as broad; movable finger 1.40 times as long as hand. Legs typical of the genus. Leg IV with tactile setae on tibia 0.53, on metatarsus 0.58, and on telotarsus 0.33 the length of the segment from the proximal end. Male: Unknown. Measurements (in mm). — Female (holotype) : Body length 1.66; carapace 0.40 long, ocular breadth 0.39; diameter of eyes 0.04. Abdomen 1.26 long and 0.67 wide. Chelicera 0.35 long by 0.17 broad; movable finger 0.17 long. Palpal trochanter 0.15 by 0.09; femur 0.50 by 0.09; tibia 0.20 by 0.11; chela 0.75 by 0.15; hand 0.32 by 0.15; movable finger 0.45 long. Leg I: basifemur 0.28 by 0.07; telofemur 0.13 by 0.05; tibia 0.17 by 0.04; tarsus 0.28 by 0.03. Leg IV: entire femur 0.44 long; basifemur 0.21 by 0.17; telofemur 0.28 by 0.16; tibia 0.28 by 0.07; metatarsus 0.16 by 0.05; telotarsus 0.27 by 0.03. Remarks. — While specimens of Chthonius (C.) ischnocheles (Her- mann) have been collected at several places along the east coast of North America, the specimen described here is the first recorded representative of the subgenus Chthonius from the west coast. Inasmuch as C. (C.) ischnocheles and the other known members of the subgenus are native to Europe it might be supposed that the present specimen belongs to a population introduced in some manner into California. This possibility certainly exists, but seems unlikely for the following reasons: 1) the specimen does not conform closely to any known species (cf. Beier, 1963), and 2) inasmuch as other, related, and apparently indigenous, chthoniids occur on the west coast (i.e. Chthonius calif or- JANUARY 1968] MUCHMORE — NEW CHTHONIID PSEUDOSCORPIONS 57 nicus, C. oregonicus, and three species of Kewochthonius) , it is not unreasonable to expect this species as well to be indigenous. Chthonius [C.) pacificus resembles other members of the subgenus in most respects, but can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: 1 ) eighteen carapacal setae, of which two are at the posterior margin, 2) epistome small but distinct. 3) eyes of equal size and about one-half ocular diameter apart; anterior eyes little more than one diameter from the anterior margin. 4) movable finger of the chela 1.4 times as long as hand. Literature Cited Beier, M. 1932. Pseudoscorpionidea. I. Chthoniinea et Neobisiinea. Tierreich, 57: 1-258. 1963. Ordnung Pseudoscorpionidea. Bestimmungs-biicher zur Bodenfauna Europas. Lief., I: 1-313. Chamberlin, J. C. 1929. A synoptic classification of the false scorpions or chela- spinners, with a report on a cosmopolitan collection of the same — Part I. The Heterosphyronida. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 10, vol. 4: 50-80. 1949. New and little known false scorpions from various parts of the world, with notes on structural abnormalities in two species. Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1430: 1-57. Gabbutt, P. D. and Vachon, M. 1963. The external morphology and life history of the pseudoscorpion Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 140: 75-98. ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Announcement A. (n. s.) 80 Required six-month’s notice is given on the possible use of plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the following names listed by case number: (see, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 24, pt. 5, 7 December 1967) : 1801. Suppression of Argynnis chlorodippe Villers & Guenee, 1835 (Insecta, Lepidoptera) 1815. Validation of P achyrhynchus Germar, 1824 (Insecta, Coleoptera) 1822, Type-species for Lasioptera Meigen, 1818 (Insecta, Diptera) 1829. Suppression of Polanisa Walker, 1875 (Insecta, Hymenoptera) (see. Bull, zool. Nomencl. 24, pt. 6, 18 January 1968) : 1827. Type-species for Solenius Lepeletier & Brulle, 1834 (Insecta, Hymenoptera) Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London S.W. 7, England. Those received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. — W. E. China, Acting Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. 58 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Late Season Foraging Activities of Xenoglossa gabbii crawfordi Cockerell (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) A. E. Michelbacher and Paul D. Hurd, Jr. University of California, Berkeley Although there is some information available on the nesting hahits for two species of the genus Xenoglossa (Linsley, MacSwain and Smith, 1955; Bohart, 1964) virtually nothing is known about the foraging activities of these squash and gourd bees (Hurd and Linsley, 1964, 1967). The discovery of a nesting site of Xenoglossa gabbii crawfordi Cockerell in Nogales, Sonora, Mexico on 16 September 1965 furnished information that proved helpful in explaining many field observations that had been previously made elsewhere at the flowers concerning the foraging activity of this squash bee. The nesting site (Fig. 1) consisted of 17 burrows that were confined to a low mound formed between permanent irrigation furrows in a large home garden. The greatest diameter of the mound was about 3 to 4 feet and it was located some 2 to 3 feet from the nearest squash plant. The garden complex consisted mostly of an orchard of a number of varieties of fruit trees, planted closely together, and interspersed with corn, beans, and squash. The area was surrounded by a high walled fence which on the east side protected the garden from both intruders and dust from an adjacent much travelled road. The squash plantings were the most extensive we had encountered in the Nogales area. Most of these were fall type squashes {Cucurbita mixta) and had made excellent growth. The oldest and largest planting was just passed its prime although excellent bloom was present on 15 September, the day the area was first visited. Some mildew and a virus disease were affecting some of the plants. Apparently the orchard was irrigated 2 to 3 times a week and the entrance to the lowest burrows on the mound were just above the high water mark. With each irriga- tion through capillary action the soil became moist well above the zone of the burrows on the lower portion of the mound. The soil was not cultivated and apparently weeds were controlled by hoeing. The surface soil in the garden compound was of a fairly heavy type, containing considerable clay and had been hauled in and deposited over a gravelly decomposed granitic soil. The depth of the surface soil ranged to about 18 inches. The squash bee population was fairly large and besides X. gabbii crawfordi at least two species of Peponapis were present in the squash The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 58-68. January 1968 JANUARY 1968] MICHELBACHER & HURD — FORAGING OF SQUASH BEE 59 Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of the nesting site of Xenoglossa gabbii crawfordi indicating location of burrow entrances on soil mound described in text. Oecupied burrows (solid circles) are numbered (^1-^4) and are shown in relation to unoccupied burrows (open circles). Dotted line indicates approximate height of flooding at time of irrigation. flowers. Peponapis pruinosa (Say) occurred in fairly large numbers, while P. utahensis (Cockerell) was relatively scarce. The squash plant- ing was visited rather late (0730) on the morning of 15 September. At this time all squash bees seen in the flowers were collected. On the following day the patch was visited at 0650 and the nesting site was discovered when a female bee with a full pollen load was seen to dis- appear into her burrow. Collecting of bees was at once discontinued, but by this time (about 0730) the number of females had been pretty much depleted. A count showed that in the two mornings 39 females of X. gabbii crawfordi had been taken. Although the mound contained 17 burrows collecting had inadvertently reduced the number of individuals occupying the site to four. The burrows housing the four individuals are indicated by number in Fig. 1. The squash patch was visited again at 0720 on the morning of 17 September. There was a heavy wind and the temperature had turned cooler (near 50° F). In fact this was the beginning of an unusual cold spell. As the morning progressed it became cloudy. At the start of the survey it was evident that bee #3 had been in and out of her burrow as pollen could be seen at the periphery of her nest. At the nest entrance the bee had cut through 60 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 1 Table 1. Activity of Xenoglossa gabhii crawfordi Cockerell leaving, returning and plugging burrows, 18 September 1965. NEST NUMBER 1 2 Leaving Returning Plugging Leaving Returning Plugging 0655 0657 0658 0708 0703 0718 0710 0720 0722 0738 0725 0753 0739 plug 0742 started a 0805 0835 plug plug completed noted 0813 plug in- creased to slight mound NEST NUMBER 3 4 Leaving Returning Plugging Leaving Returning Plugging 0659 0716 0705 0744 0717 plugged 0723 0750 0801 activity 0815 further plug increased started 0850 still not com- pletely closed Entered without being detected. Burrow angles at surface making it difficult to construct the plug. JANUARY 1968] MICHELBACHER & HURD — FORAGING OF SQUASH BEE 61 some straw. The entrance was thus partially fringed with fiber which scraped off pollen as she entered her burrow. Of the four bees, #3 was the only one that exhibited activity. The other females did not unplug their burrows. Bee #3 returned to her burrow for the last time at 0815 and at 0830 started to construct the plug. To do this, she backed up pushing the soil towards the surface, and the operation was repeated until she brought sufficient soil to close the burrow. The period between loads ranged from 2 to several minutes. Just below the surface the burrow angled for a fraction of an inch and this feature appeared to interfere with the construction of the plug. After 50 minutes of effort the female was unable to completely plug the hole. Observations made the following day (18 September) showed that where the burrows tended toward the vertical the bees encountered no difficulty in manip- ulating and constructing the plug. A survey of the squash plants revealed practically no activity by X. gahbii crawfordi, but a number of Peponapis, especially P. pruinosa, were seen. The squash patch was again visited on 18 September. During the night it had rained rather heavily in the town but only a light shower had occurred at the nesting site. The orchard had been irrigated the previous day. The arrival time was 0650. It was cloudy, and there was a slight wind but it was not cold (near 60° F). However, by 0725 a strong wind developed. All the burrows were open and as observations later proved, all the bees had not and were not gathering pollen. A constant surveillance of the nesting site was maintained and the results of these observations are presented in Table 1. It was during these observations that the nesting bees and their nests were assigned num- bers, which were in the order of the returning bees. The individual females behaved differently. Bee #1 made the most trips. The length of time she required to gather a pollen load ranged from 10 to 14 minutes, while only 2 to 5 minutes were required to deposit the pollen in the nest. Bee #2 spent 15 to 16 minutes per trip gathering pollen and 4 to 6 minutes to deposit it in the nest. On the last trip she was so heavily loaded with pollen that she encountered difficulty in entering her burrow. Bee #3 spent 12 to 37 minutes to obtain a pollen load and 5 to 6 minutes to unload. Bee #4 entered her nest at 0715 from apparently a nectar quest; she did not leave her nest so no information in gathering and unloading pollen was obtained from this individual. Interestingly enough, foraging activity for Bees #1 and #3 was over at approximately 0800. After the final return to the nest a period of at least 14 to 15 minutes elapsed before evidence of plugging the burrow became apparent. Some of the plugs were constructed just [vOL. 44, NO. 1 62 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST a cc o .M o CO TJ 1=1 CO e 'Ofi «o O '~»a !aJD O C >1) O o cO fl o tc cO (U tn Cl +j cO hJ (N I-] PQ <1 H Ph H CQ z H CA! H tiC c tj] !=; • ^ c !-i 3 4-) O) pp tj) a • rH 4_) ;h 03 P. 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I □ Chlordane lor mosquito abatement. | I NAME I J AFFILIATION | I ADDRESS I I CITY STATE ZIP I Vol. 44 APRIL T968 No. 2 THE Pan-Pacefic Entomologist AKRE — The behavior of Euxenister and Pulvinister, histerid beetles associated with Army ants (Coleoptera: Histeridae; Hymenoptera : Formicidae: Dorylinae) 87 SMITH — The Arctopsychinae of Idaho (Trichoptera: Hy dropsy chidae) 102 SCHUSTER AND GRIGARICK — A new genus of pselaphid beetle from south- east United States (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae) 112 NAYAR — Two new species of Eristalis from India (Diptera: Syrphidae) 119 ALLEN AND COLLINS^ — A new species of Ephemerella (Serratella) from California (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) 122 NAYAR — ^Abdominal band-variations in Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Syrphidae) 125 LEHMKUHL — Observations on the life histories of four species of Epeorus in western Oregon (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) 129 SCHUSTER — The identity of Roncus pacificus Banks (Arachnida: Chelo- nethida) 137 TYSON — New California Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) 140 LINSLEY AND MacSWAIN — A new species of Onagrandrena associated with Camissonia campestris (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) 144 UESHIMA — Cytology and bionomics of Primicimex cavernis Barber (Cimic- idae: Hemiptera) 145 NAYAR — Male genitalia of Eristalinae from California (Syrphidae: Diptera) 153 SCIENTIFIC NOTES 168 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1968 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY tuc r'Ai lE/^DkllA AA'Arvci.iv c^icai/^ec THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD R. 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Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Pacific Coast Entomological Society Officers for 1968 K. S. Hagen, Jr., President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H. L. McKenzie, President-elect Marius S. Wasbauer, Secretary Statement of Ownership Title of Publication : The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher, Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Editor: Dr. Bobbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None. This issue mailed 12 July 1968. Second Class Postage Paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U. S. A. 66044. ALUEN PRESS, INC. LAWRENCE, KANSAS The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. 44 April 1968 No. 2 The Behavior of Euxenister and Pulvinister^ Histerid Beetles Associated with Army Ants (Coleoptera : Histeridae; Hymenoptera : Formicidae : Dorylinae)^ Roger D. Akre^ Washington State University, Pullman Most ecitophilous beetles belong to the families Histeridae, Limulodi- dae, and Staphylinidae, with the latter two being by far the most abundant. However, about 20 species of distinctly myrmecophilous histerids have been collected with army ants (Rettenmeyer, 1961). This excludes histerids found only in refuse deposits, and those listed in primarily taxonomic papers with little more than host data given, making the histerids affinity with the ants somewhat uncertain. Dis- cussion in this paper will be limited to the two most common and conspicuous genera, Euxenister and Pulvinister, since both field and laboratory data were collected on their behavior. All literature on ecitophilous histerids is taxonomic with the excep- tion of Rettenmeyer (1961) who includes excellent field and laboratory observations on Euxenister, Pulvinister, and several other genera. Methods of collecting and studying army ants and their guests, keeping guests alive in laboratory nests, and designation of colonies by number have been elaborated in a previous paper (Akre and Rettenmeyer, 1966). All histerids in this study were collected during 1 March-9 May 1963 and 6 February-3 June 1967 at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Barro Colorado Island), Canal Zone. Although primarily a field study, considerable data were gathered on these histerids in laboratory nests. Euxenister caroli Reichensperger Euxenister caroli is a robust histerid with several structural modifica- ^ Scientific Paper No. 3042, College of Agriculture, Washington State University. Work done under Project 1802. ^ To Dr. Carl W. Rettenmeyer is extended grateful acknowledgment for valuable assistance in the ideas and execution of this problem. Tlie help of Ricliard L. Torgerson and Jack Jennings as field assistants was invaluable. Tlie ciitical reading of the manuscript by Drs. Robert F. Harwood and Horace Telford is appreciated. This study supported in part by National Science T-'oundation Grant GB-52 to Kansas State University and in part by National Science Foundation Giant GB-5220 to Washington State University. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 87-101. April 1968 88 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 tions for living with army ants (Reichensperger, 1924). The most conspicuous is the long hind legs that allow it to keep pace with army ants when they emigrate during their nomadic phase. The legs are further adapted in that the tibia are grooved distally and the tarsi can be folded into this groove when danger threatens, thereby preventing- removal. The head can he retracted into the pronotum and the antennae are then covered by the lateral carinae of the pronotum. The entire surface of the body is heavily sclerotized and with all appendages drawn flush to the body surface, the beetle is nearly immune to damage by ants. In addition, the pronotum and the elytra have lateral carinae making them quite rigid. Euxenister caroli has been found only with Eciton bujchelli (West- wood) . Fifty E. caroli were collected from emigration columns of 11 colonies while several more were seen but not collected. The number in any one colony varied from 1—9, the average being 4.5. Twenty-six E. caroli were seen running in columns, the rest were riding army ants or larvae or booty. In one instance, a Euxenister running in the column had a minor worker of Eciton grasping its mandibles to the right lateral Carina of the beetle. The worker being small, its legs frequently did not touch the substrate, leaving the impression it was riding the histerid. The remaining histerids rode in a number of different positions, but the most frequent was on the posterior end of a larva or piece of booty that extended beyond the gaster of the worker carrying it. Eighteen Euxenister were collected riding in this position. One histerid rode under the thorax and head of a minor worker which consequently had great difficulty walking along the column. The remaining 5 histerids were riding under the thorax and anterior to the first coxae of workers. Three were on intermediate workers and 2 on submajors. All 4 of these ants were carrying several small larvae, and the histerids may have been holding to these larvae; but apparently they were holding directly to the thorax of the ants. In all cases except where E. caroli was riding on very large larvae or booty, the histerids rode upside down facing forward. The characteristic behavior of E. caroli in laboratory nests was a frequent “grooming” of the workers. This was usually confined to major workers, but the histerid also groomed submajors and large intermediates (Rettenmeyer, 1961:496). I observed similar behavior in nests supplied with workers of all sizes including 5-10 majors. If the major workers died, histerids started grooming intermediates and even groomed minor workers smaller than themselves when few or no APRIL 1968] AKRE — BEHAVIOR OF HISTERIDS WITH ARMY ANTS 89 larger workers were present. Occasionally histerids groomed minor workers when at least 5 majors were present. While grooming a worker, E. caroli most frequently climbed on top of the thorax of the worker and faeed forward (fig. 1). The histerid’s prothoracic legs rested on the ant’s head; the mesothoracic legs were placed in front of the anterior coxae of the worker ; and the metathoracic legs were placed along the sides of the ant’s thorax with the tarsi resting on the ant’s meso- and metathoracic legs. In this position the histerid licked the ant’s head and antennae with its maxillae and simultaneously rubbed the ant’s body with its legs. Euxenister caroli has dense long hairs on the inner surface of the distal one-fourth to one-third of each tibia. These “tibial brushes” were the principal parts of the legs rubbed against the worker’s body. The mesothoracic legs rubbed most vigorously and most frequently rubbed the area in front of the worker’s front coxae. The prothoracic legs rubbed slowly and alternately on top of the worker’s head; and the metathoracic legs were used mostly for grasping, or for slowly rubbing the sides of the ant’s thorax. The tarsi were usually retracted into grooves in the tibiae when the histerid was rubbing. Since a histerid sometimes used all legs to rub an ant, it frequently beeame unbalanced. In this case the prothoracic tarsi were extended, and the tarsal claws grabbed the surface of the ant’s head. The histerid frequently left its tarsi extended for a minute or more even after it started rubbing the ant’s head again with its front legs. At frequent and irregular intervals the histerid stopped rubbing the ant and rubbed its legs on its own body for 2 or 3 strokes. The meso- thoracic legs were rubbed on trichomes of the dorsolateral carinae of the elytra, and the metathoracic legs were rubbed on the numerous triehomes on the end of the abdomen. The tibiae, including the tibial brushes, were the main parts rubbed against the histerid’s body. The front legs were occasionally rubbed only on the histerid’s head and pronotum. Reichensperger (1924:130-131) reported masses of glands plus large individual glands in the prothorax of E. caroli diseharge through secretory ducts that open through pores to the surface. He suggested these glands secrete an “agreeable” fatty substance. In an earlier paper Reichensperger (1923:335-336) considered hairs on the elytra and prothorax of E. caroli to be trichomes which are highly attractive to the ants. Seyfried (1928:26—27) found that the socket of eaeh hair of Chrysetaerius iheringi Reichensperger had an opening of a duct from 90 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 a modified hypodermal gland. Chrysetaerius iheringi has “special thick combs” of these glandular hairs (trichomes) on the inner surfaces of the tibiae of the middle and hind legs. Although Seyfried made no histological study of E. caroli, he assumed that all long hairs of myrme- cophilous histerids are symphilic trichomes. He also suggested (op. cit., p. 57) the trichomes were covered with a fatty substance that “charmed” the ants while they carried a histerid. Rettenmeyer (1961:497-498) suggested that the fatty substance on the tibial brushes of E. caroli may transfer colony odor from the ant to the body of the histerid, and that this may be one reason why the histerid rubs both the ant and itself with its legs. This odor may prevent ants from attacking a histerid. He also suggested that trichomes along the dorsolateral carinae may rub this chemical odor off the histerid’s legs. Workers of E. burchelli did groom E. caroli’, but at no time did I observe any particular attraction of the ants to trichomes on the legs, prothorax, or abdomen. If the tibial brushes were an adaptation to “charm” the ants they would be on the outer rather than the inner edge of the tibiae (Rettenmeyer, 1961:498). For these reasons it seems more likely these hairs on E. caroli transfer colony odor from the ants to the body of the histerid rather than being trichomes. In addition, if these “trichomes” were really highly attractive to E. burchelli, they possibly would also have been, but were not, attractive to Eciton hamatum Fabricius. The rate of rubbing of the worker by E. caroli seemed related to the degree of excitation of the ants. Rettenmeyer (1961:499) reported some inconculsive evidence that rubbing by the histerid decreased the vigor of the ant’s attack. I observed that when the ants were excited, the histerid rubbed a worker very rapidly which seemed to calm it. Many times workers that E. caroli was grooming started moving as if trying to escape, but the histerid then rubbed more vigorously until the ant became still. Often the ant being rubbed appeared paralyzed or incapable of movement, even when the weight of the histerid caused the ant to fall over backwards or sideways. The ant remained in that position while the histerid groomed it. Once an E. caroli was rubbing a small intermediate worker and licking its antennae when they fell over. The worker lay on its back on top of the histerid while the beetle continued to rub the ant’s prosternum with its mesothoracic legs. As the histerid licked the ant’s antennae, the ant remained immobilized with legs slightly curled and twitching spasmodically. After about 30 seconds the Euxenister shifted its position slightly and licked the man- APRIL 1968] AKRE BEHAVIOR OF HISTERIDS WITH ARMY ANTS 91 dibles of the worker; but the worker turned over and ran away causing the histerid to fall. Similar behavior was frequently observed when the worker tipped over backwards on its petiole as the histerid was grooming. The head and thorax of the ant were nearly perpendicular to the floor, with the gaster doubled under nearly parallel to the thorax. The E. caroli stayed on the ant and continued to rub and groom it. Except for slight twitch- ing of the legs, these ants remained motionless for up to several minutes. Whenever a histerid maintained its position on an ant’s thorax, it cleaned or licked the ant’s antennae. Licking was restricted primarily to the scape, perhaps because the Euxeiiister could not reach farther without falling off. However, several times a histerid managing to bend back the ant’s antennae with its front legs cleaned the flagellum also. The maxillae moved rapidly over the surface of an antenna lying between its mandibles. The mandibles moved slightly but were always open enough to not clamp the antenna. The labial mouth parts some- times moved, but it was difficult to see whether they also cleaned the antennae. After antennae were licked, the histerid usually licked around the mandibles and top of the ant’s head. In addition to cleaning the worker’s antennae and head, E. caroli licked the thorax, gaster, and legs less frequently. It rubbed the ants while licking these parts also. Euxenister caroli sometimes licked the mandibles of a major worker, and then walked down the mandibles until it was upside down facing backwards under the major’s head. The histerid’s legs were hooked over the top of the major’s head, and in this position the beetle rubbed more slowly than when on top of the ant. Although E. caroli crawled all over an ant’s head and between its mandibles, even to the point of sticking its legs on the ant’s maxillae ; no ant was seen to bite the histerid. Euxenister caroli spent nearly all its time in the nests grooming the ants for periods averaging 3 minutes per worker for 61 observations. The 4 longest times observed grooming a worker were 13 minutes 25 seconds, 7 minutes, 5 minutes, and 4 minutes 35 seconds. The histerid never seemed to rest but continuously moved from worker to worker. Euxenister caroli was seen several times in mouth-to-mouth trophal- laxis with army ant workers. One E. caroli, collected on 24 March, was placed in a laboratory nest containing 20 workers from its host colony on 26 March. The histerid went straight into the cluster of ants. One worker was chewing on a piece of booty (nondoryline ant larva) and the histerid started chewing on the free end. It stopped after a few seconds and puts its mouth parts against the mouth parts 92 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 of an intermediate worker. This contact was broken within a few seconds. After drinking water from the moist dirt in the nest, the histerid grabbed the maxillae or labium of a submajor worker and started pulling. I was unable to determine what mouth parts the histerid was using except it was not mandibles. The submajor reared back on its gaster, pushed, and struck the beetle with its front legs, but did not dislodge it. A drop formed between the ant’s mandibles, and the histerid drank this fluid. When the beetle released the ant after about 10 seconds, the area between the ant’s mandibles was still covered with fluid. The histerid climbed on the head of another submajor and tried to get to its mouth parts; but the ant became excited and shook off the beetle. Later, another E. caroli and a worker were seen with their mouth parts touching. The histerid seemed to be pulling vigorously on the labium of the worker. After a few seconds, the histerid moved to another worker. The ant and histerid had their mouth parts together, but there was no pulling; and no exchange of fluid could be seen. This same E. caroli and an intermediate worker were observed 2 days later with mouth parts together and moving rapidly, but no exchange of fluid was seen. Although workers licked the mandibles of E. caroli on numerous occasions, no further observations were made on mouth-to-mouth trophallaxis. Since the histerids were observed for more than 50 hours trophallaxis must have been infrequent. Euxenister caroli frequently ate army ant brood and booty (fig. 2). It has very efficient mandibles and was more effective than ants in cutting open larvae and booty. When some E. burchelli brood was put in one of the nests, the histerid immediately cut a hole in a larva causing liquid to ooze. The E. burchelli workers pushed one another out of the way to get at the juices. The ants became so numerous that the beetle was pushed completely away from the larva. The mouth parts of the beetle were still wet, and 3 minor workers successively licked them. Two E. caroli in another nest cut holes in an ant pupa (booty), and the ants immediately crowded in from both sides to lick the oozing fluid. By pushing the beetles out of the way, the ants caused them to cut holes in many more army ant larvae or pieces of booty than the beetles could eat. Euxenister caroli may be detrimental to the army ants by eating both brood and booty. Rettenmeyer (1961:502) sug- gested cannibalism of army ant broods by the workers may be initiated by histerids or other myrmecophiles. Euxenister caroli was not licked or cleaned frequently by the ants. Grooming took place immediately after the histerid was introduced into the nest or after the beetle had fed. For example one Euxenister, follow- APRIL 1968] AKRE^ — ^BEHAVIOR OF HISTERIDS WITH ARMY ANTS 93 ing its introduction into a nest, began to groom a submajor while a minor worker licked the histerid’s elytra between the dorsolateral cari- nae; and 3 other workers cleaned the beetle’s legs. Workers were observed grooming specimens of E. caroli only 4 more times; three times workers licked the histerid’s mandibles, pronota, and between the dorsolateral carinae, and the last time a minor worker licked the head and next the histerids’ abdomen. Ants at no time concentrated their grooming on the “trichomes.” Since E. caroli is host specific to E. burchelli, it was usually placed in laboratory nests with workers of its host. After observations had been made the E. hurchelli workers were replaced with 5 majors and 20 other workers of E. hamatum per nest. When the E. caroli that had been in this nest with E. burchelli workers was put back in the nest, an intermediate E. hamatum worker grabbed the beetle’s hind leg. Another intermediate seized the dorsolateral carina of the pronotum. The histerid walked and dragged workers whenever the ants let its legs touch the ground. Although the histerid was continuously attacked and often dragged around the nest for 30 minutes, at no time did it retract its legs. After this treatment, a careful examination revealed no injuries; and the histerid was returned to the nest on 6 April. On 8 April the histerid was seen eating some E. hamatum brood that had been placed in the nest for food. A few minutes later an intermediate worker picked up the histerid by one carina of the pronotum and dropped the beetle in a refuse deposit in one corner of the nest. Up to this time the Euxenister had stayed along the outer edges of the nest and seemed to avoid the ants. On 14 April this histerid was seen groom- ing workers, concentrating its efforts on the 5 majors in the nest. When the histerid was first seen it was upside down, facing posteriorly on the gaster of a major. It was furiously rubbing the top of the major’s gaster with all 3 pairs of legs. The mesothoracic legs rubbed most actively, followed by the prothoracic legs. The metathoracic legs rubbed only occasionally while clinging to the worker. The histerid left this major, crawled up on the thorax of another and licked the top of its abdomen while facing posteriorly. When the histerid dismounted, a minor worker bit the beetle’s leg but released it in less than % minute. During the next 5 days, the histerid intermittently groomed majors and was attacked from time to time by smaller workers. It was un- injured when examined on 19 April. In summary, one specimen of E. caroli was still attacked by E. hamatum workers after being in a laboratory nest with them for 13 days. During much of this time it was grooming and rubbing E. 94 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 hamatum workers and should have acquired some of the odor of this species. The strong odor of the Euxenister caroli itself or of the Ecilon hurchelli may have caused the attacks. The E. hamatum workers were never seen grooming the E. caroli and were not attracted to the histerid’s “trichomes.” Euxenister wheeleri Mann Euxenister wheeleri is very similar to E. caroli in having long hind legs, retractable head and antennae, and grooves on the tibia for the tarsi. However, the lateral carinae are not so pronounced and the histerid is somewhat less sturdy (fig. 4). Seventy-five Euxenister wheeleri were collected, all from emigration columns of 13 colonies of Eciton hamatum Avith which it is host specific. The number of histerids per colony A^aried 1-16, the average 5.77. Fifty-three were running in columns (fig. 3), one was collected in a sample of ants from the bivouac, and the remainder were riding on brood or booty in the manner of E. caroli. Nine rode in an undeter- mined position on the posterior ends of booty; 9 rode upside down facing forward on posterior ends of larvae, one rode facing forward on the side of a larva; one rode facing forward on a large membranous wing carried as booty; and one rode on the gaster of a male E. hamatum. When an Euxenister wheeleri, previously in an E. burchelli laboratory nest for 16 hours, was released at the edge of a raid column the beetle was briefly attacked as it ran 10 cm toward the bivouac. Then the beetle turned to face the oncoming ants and grasped the body of a wolf spider being carried as booty. Rettenmeyer (1963) observed similar reversals of running in Trichatelura manni (Caudell) apparently trying to catch rides on booty or brood. The behavior of E. wheeleri closely paralleled that of E. caroli, but in several aspects was either totally different or less intense and this discussion is concentrated on these differences. Euxenister wheeleri was similarly attracted to and groomed major and large intermediate workers. Although it varied its position while grooming, one position was assumed by the histerid slightly more frequently than any other. The histerid crawled under, and hooked its legs over, the major’s head. It usually faced posteriorly and crawled gradually down the entire underside of the ant licking and cleaning as it progressed. The coxae, and infrequently the proximal ends of the femora, were licked. This anterior to posterior pattern was observed 15 times and 6 times the histerid was faced anteriorly. APRIL 1968] AKRE — BEHAVIOR OF HISTERIDS WITH ARMY ANTS 95 FIG. 1 FIG. 2 FIG. 5 FIG. 6 Fig. 1. Euxenister caroli in typical grooming position on major of Eciton burchelli. Fig. 2. E. caroli feeding on a lai"\'a of E. hurchelli. Fig. 3. Euxenister wheeleri running in an emigration column of Eciton hamatum. The exceptionally long legs enable it to keep pace with the ants. Fig. 4. E. wheeleri grooming an E. hamatum major. Fig. 5. Pulvinister nevermanni riding between the mandibles of an E. hamatum major. Fig. 6. A P. nevermanni riding on an E. hamatum major attached only by its front legs. 96 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 Euxenister wheeleri has brushes on all tibiae similar to those of E. caroli. These brushes were rubbed on the ant’s body much more slowly than E. caroli. The meso- and metathoracic legs were used about equally in rubbing and seemed to rub alternately one leg at a time, rather than simultaneously. The middle and hind legs, but never the front legs, were rubbed on its own body in the same places as E. caroli. This histerid rubbed the ant before it rubbed itself. In contrast with E. caroli, the rubbing by E. wheeleri did not tran- quilize or paralyze their ant hosts. This is probably not necessary as E. hamatum is not normally as excitable as E. burchelli. Sometimes the histerid completely licked a major worker without rubbing it. The histerid frequently rubbed so slowly that it was impossible to distinguish between rubbing and shifting of body position. E. wheeleri never in- creased its rate of rubbing when the ant started to move. Both species of Euxenister licked and rubbed workers while on top of them, but E. wheeleri more frequently hung underneath the ant. Euxenister wheeleri spent less time than E. caroli on the heads of major workers, and was observed about 5 times on the top of the head of an E. hamatum major licking its head and antennae. Euxenister wheeleri seemed to have a greater preference than E. caroli for major workers, sometimes grooming submajors and large intermediates but never smaller workers. Euxenister wheeleri was observed with mouth parts against those of a worker only 4 times (one minor and 3 intermediate workers). Twice this may have been ants cleaning the beetle’s mouth parts since the histerid had just fed. The other 2 times the histerid and worker stayed together for 20-25 seconds. No fluid was seen to suggest trophallaxis, but possibly trophallaxis occurred. The histerids fed on large amounts of E. hamatum and E. burchelli larvae and booty in the nests. One Euxenister devoured 3 live E. hama- tum larvae about 5 mm long and next began to feed on a large ant pupa (booty). E. wheeleri also chewed holes in more brood and booty than necessary for food since the ants always pushed the histerid away from its feeding site. One E. wheeleri chewed 5 holes in the gaster of a polybiine wasp pupa because the workers pushed it away to get at the juices. Although 4 other pieces of booty were in the nest, the workers fed on the pupa the histerid had cut open. Euxenister wheeleri was observed being licked by workers only 5 times, including once when 4 workers simultaneously groomed one histerid. The workers licked the head, prothorax, elytra, legs, and abdomen, showing no preference for trichomes. In some of the nests APRIL 1968] AKRE — BEHAVIOR OF HISTERIDS WITH ARMY ANTS 97 with as many as 6 E. wheeleri, the histerids licked the sides and end of the abdomen of each other. Only once was an E. wheeleri attacked by the workers of E. hamatum. A histerid from one colony placed in a laboratory nest with workers of another was immediately attacked by a minor worker and soon pinned down by others. Then an intermediate worker picked the histerid up by the dorsolateral carina of the pronotum, carried it to a corner of the nest and dropped it. The histerid was attacked for a few seconds several more times. Within 14 minutes after its introduction into the nest, the histerid was busy grooming a major and was not attacked again. PuLViNiSTER NEVERMANNI Reichensperger Pulvinister nevermanni is smaller than Euxenister but has similar pronotal carinae and grooves on the tibia to receive the tarsi. Forty-three Pulvinister, host specific to E. hamatum, were taken riding on ants or larvae in emigrations. Twenty were on the posterior ends of larvae, 19 rode at the bases of mandibles of majors (fig. 5), one was carried between the mandibles of an intermediate worker, and one walked in the column. Ten additional P. nevermanni were collected among large samples of E. hamatum workers, brood, and booty in bivouacs. Pulvinister nevermanni always rode under the heads of major workers during emigrations and in laboratory nests (Rettenmeyer, 1961:512). I observed the histerid climb up the major’s mandibles, front legs, or over the top of its head to get to this position. The ants never picked up the histerid and a Pulvinister was seen being carried only once during an emigration. When 10 majors were placed in a laboratory nest with 5 P. nevermanni, the majors ran excitedly about the nest. Several histerids fastened onto the abdomens of majors and rode, but while the others constantly tried, they did not succeed. While the histerid could mount the abdomen of a major that was running at full speed, apparently a major must be still for a histerid to get under its head. After 1.5 hours, when 40 smaller workers were placed in the nest, the majors stood still while the workers groomed them and the histerids got into position under the majors’ heads by crawling up the majors’ mandibles. In this position the histerid usually held on only by front tarsal claws clasped onto hairs on the undersurface of the ant’s head. The middle and hind legs were retracted tightly against the histerid’s body. The histerid was always close to the base of the major’s mandibles, appearing sometimes as though a major carried 98 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 the histerid (see Rettenmeyer, 1961:512). The histerid nearly always rode hanging onto the major with only the front legs, hut the beetle sometimes grabbed hairs with mesothoracic tarsal claws, especially when other workers bumped into the histerid in grooming the major. While in this characteristic position, P. nevermanni usually remained quiet but several times was seen licking and cleaning the bases of the major’s mandibles. Majors were also observed to often lick the under- surface of the histerids. I thought a gland might have an opening in the base of the major’s mandible, but no pore was seen in a mandible cleared in potassium hydroxide. When under an ant’s head, P. nevermanni irritated the ant, judging from majors’ frequently kicking at the beetles with their front legs and bending the gaster forward attempting to sting the beetles. However, only when the beetle had not yet settled in position could it be dis- lodged. It also irritated intermediate and smaller workers which were successful in dislodging the histerid from any position on their bodies. This is probably why Pulvinister most frequently rides between the mandibles of majors. The histerid also seemed to interfere with the ant’s feeding. One major spread its mandibles over a piece of booty and tried to feed but could not because the histerid was in the way. The major immediately reared its body upward and back on its gaster and kicked at the histerid with its front legs. After about one minute the major stopped kicking, but the histerid had moved only slightly. The ant then spread its mandibles and pushed its mouth parts down hard on the booty. The histerid was pressed between the ant’s head and the booty and finally moved out of the way, allowing the major to feed. Pulvinister nevermanni usually folded its legs against its body and pulled its head back into the prothorax whenever bumped by a worker. Unlike Euxenister spp., it did not stand up with its front legs out- stretched. Although the histerid was not attacked by the ants in the laboratory nests, it frequently assumed this essentially invulnerable position when “jostled” by the ants. In addition to the typical position under the heads of majors, Pul- vinister nevermanni also rode on ants in laboratory nests in various other positions on majors such as the top of heads, the distal ends of crossed mandibles, and on various positions on the ant’s gaster. Most frequently the histerid was found on top of the gaster clinging only by its front tarsal claws while the other legs were folded tightly against its body. The histerid protruded very conspicuously in this position (fig. 6), and rode for as long as 4 hours. APRIL 1968] AKRE— BEHAVIOR OF HISTERIDS WITH ARMY ANTS 99 Unlike Euxenister spp., P. nevermanni groomed ants at infrequent intervals. The histerid was seen licking the thorax of an intermediate worker once, the legs of a major once, and the head and antennae of a major several times. However, when Pulvinister did groom workers, its behavior was similar to Euxenister. It rubbed its middle and hind legs slowly on the surface of the ant and then the mesothoracic legs alternated in rubbing on the outside of the hind legs; the hind legs in turn alternated in rubbing on the end of the histerid’s abdomen. Pulvinister has tibial brushes, similar to but not as dense as those of Euxenister, which it rubs against the body. However, Pulvinister has no hairs on the end of its abdomen to receive any odor that may be transferred in this manner. Other than this infrequent grooming behavior, Pulvinister nevermanni spent all of its time in nests riding on majors, feeding, buried in booty or brood, or buried under soil. Sometimes it remained buried for two or three days. Trophallaxis may occur when P. nevermanni rides under a major’s head, but this position prevented observation. Excluding the riding histerids, P. nevermanni and a major were observed in mouth-to-mouth contact only once. The major was dying and was over on its back though still able to move. When the histerid placed its mouth parts against those of the ant both insects moved their mouth parts rapidly but no exchange of fluid was seen. Pulvinister nevermanni fed like the Euxenister spp. on army ant brood and booty. When 100 small Eciton hamatum larvae were added to a nest with 5 Pulvinister and approximately 40 ants, the histerids immediately chewed holes in the larvae. As the beetles were pushed out of the way by workers competing for the oozing juices, the histerids attacked additional larvae until about half were dead or dying within an hour. The ants and histerids had not been fed for 2 days and probably were more voracious than usual. The histerids were aided in this destruction by the ants. Similar behavior in a natural bivouac could initiate or encourage considerable cannibalism. Pulvinister nevermanni seemed to be groomed by ants more fre- quently than the Euxenister spp. The workers licked this histerid when it was hanging under the head or over the gaster of an ant, frequently licked so vigorously that the beetles were dislodged. Licking was concentrated on the pronotum and elytra and was most vigorous after the beetles emerged following a period buried in the dirt. Pulvinister nevermanni flew more readily than Euxenister spp., many times hitting the glass covers of nests. The histerid usually took flight when first introduced into the nests, never after settling with the ants. 100 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 On one occasion, the glass cover was accidently knocked off a nest containing 4 Pulvinister partially buried in a small pile of brood in the center of the nest. As the glass moved, the ants became excited, picked up the brood, and began to run in a circle. Two histerids immediately rode on larvae, one rode on the gaster of an intermediate worker; and one rode on a minor’s head. As long as the ants did not move their brood, the histerids did not fasten themselves to the ants or brood. This behavior probably prevents Pulvinister nevermanni from being left behind when the ants emigrate, but it is not known whether an alarm substance from the ants, mechanical disturbance, or the visual stimulus of the movement triggers the response. Pulvinister nevermanni is associated only with E. hamatum and it was thought that the histerid would be attracted to the odor of its host. Five majors of both E. burchelli and E. hamatum were placed in several nests with 2 Pulvinister each but the histerids rode equally on both species of army ants. In other similar tests I was unable to discern any preference by Pulvinister for its specific host ants in the laboratory. Discussion and Summary Euxenister and Pulvinister are closely associated with specific ant hosts. All histerids collected from emigration columns were taken when brood was being carried and ant traffic was heaviest. None were collected in raid columns or in refuse deposits. Euxenister rode on booty and large army ant larvae, or walked in columns. Although histerids were rarely carried in the mandibles of ants, Pulvinister sometimes rode in a position between the mandibles of major workers, giving the appearance of being carried. Pulvinister rode on the army ant brood when larvae were large. Histerids were less abundant as compared to some myrmecophiles such as Staphylinidae, but most colonies had at least one. Euxenister wheeleri was the most abundant histerid. All three histerids are host specific and seem closely integrated with their host ant. In laboratory nests the histerids can survive up to 2 y 2 months with non-host ants, never being accepted, but living on tbe fringe. The histerids can follow the trail pheromone of their host and probably also use other pheromones secreted by the ants. Probably dependence upon chemical communication systems of their host makes these histerids host specific. No one knows where immature stages of these histerids develop. Most probably their life cycle is synchronized with the nomadic-statary phases of army ants. One histerid larva found in a laboratory nest APRIL 1968] AKRE — ^BEHAVIOR OF HISTERIDS WITH ARMY ANTS 101 containing both Euxenister wheeleri and Pulvinister could not be deter- mined to genus. Several attempts to find the immatures by digging up statary colonies and sorting the ants yielded no immatures. If immature growth can be completed in the statary phase, the newly- emerged histerids could leave with the ants when they emigrate. In the event the developing histerids emerge after the ants have gone, the histerid might follow the ants’ chemical trail to the bivouac. However, when marked histerids were released on emigration trails from one to three days old the histerids had great difficulty in following the route and it took them several hours to go 3 meters. They were never collected in the colony when it was watched on subsequent nights. Since the histerids seem unable to use trails to find their host, it appears more likely the histerids locate their host by odor and fly to the bivouac. Euxenister and Pulvinister are predators on army ant brood, all three species groom the ants to varying degrees, and all rub the ants and then themselves; probably to transfer the odor of the ants to their own bodies in order to integrate into the colony more easily. All will ride on army ant brood when it is large or on large pieces of booty. When the ants do not have booty and the brood is small, Euxenister usually walks in the columns, but Pulvinister ordinarily rides between the mandibles of majors. None of the histerids has true trichomes. Literature Cited Akre, R. D. and C. W. Rettenmeyer. 1966. Behavior of Staphylinidae asso- ciated vv^ith army ants (Formicidae : Ecitonini) . J. Kansas Ent. Soc., 39: 745-782. Reichensperger, a. 1923. Neue sudamerikanische Histeriden als Gaste von Wanderameisen und Termiten, Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., 13: 313-336, pi. 13. 1924. Neue sudamerikanische Histeriden als Gaste von Wanderameisen und Termiten. II Teil, Rev. Suisse Zook, 31: 117-152, pi. 14. Rettenmeyer, C. W. 1961. Arthropods associated with Neotropical army ants with a review of the behavior of these ants (Arthropoda : Formicidae : Dorylinae). Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. of Kansas, 605 pp. 77 figs. 1963. The behavior of Thysanura found with army ants. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 56: 170-174. Seyfried, a. P. 1928. An anatomical-histological study of the myrmecophilous histerid Chrysetaerius iheringi Reichensperger. Contributions to Myrme- cophily No. 2. (Thesis, Univ. Fribourg, Switz.), 64 pp. 102 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 The Arctopsychinae of Idaho^ (Trichoptera : Hy dropsy chidae) Stamford D. Smith^ University of Idaho, Moscoiv While surveying the caddisflies of Idaho, several significant observa- tions and conclusions were made regarding the Arctopsychinae (Hydro- psy chidae) of the state. The heretofore undescribed larval and pupal stages of Parapsyche almota and P. elsis were found as well as the immature stages of Arctopsyche grandis. Anatomical features of the larva and pupa of Parapsyche elsis have necessitated redefinition of the generic diagnosis for the immature stages of Parapsyche. Examination of adults, pupae, and larvae of Arctopsyche grandis and A. inermis has revealed that the two species are synonyms. Finally, the distribution of the known arctopsychine species within Idaho is discussed. The subfamily Arctopsychinae contains 10 described North American species. Six of these species {almota, apicalis, cardis, elsis, extensa, and spinata) are placed in the genus Parapsyche, and four species {calif or- nica, grandis, irrorata, and ladogensis) are placed in the genus Arcto- psyche. Flint (1961) described the larvae of the eastern members of the subfamily including P. apicalis Banks, P. cardis Ross, A. ladogensis (Kolenati), and A. irrorata Banks. The larva and pupa of the western species A. grandis (Banks) was described by Milne and Milne (1938). Most collections cited were made by S. D. Smith (SDS), W. F. Barr (WFB), and E. Richard Logan (ERL). If collections were made by other individuals their names are given after each collection. Key to Larvae of Idaho Arctopsychinae 1. Lateral line gills commence on abdominal segment III or IV and com- posed of one to four filaments (figs. 4 and 5) ; abdomen with tufts of long scale-like setae dorsally; anal brush composed of 15 or fewer setae Parapsyche 2 Lateral line gills commence on abdominal segment II and composed of 10 to 15 filaments (fig. 6) ; abdomen without tufts of long scale-like setae; anal brush composed of 20 to 50 setae Arctopsyche {Arctopsyche grandis) 2. Gula rectangular; abdomen with distinct setal tufts; lateral line gills commence on abdominal segment III (fig. 4) P. almota Gula narrowed posteriorly (fig. 2A) ; abdomen usually with indistinct ^ Sections of this paper were adapted from a portion of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Entomology to The Graduate School, University of Idaho. ^Present address: Department of Biology, Kansas State College of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 102-112. April 1968 APRIL 1968] SMITH — -THE ARCTOPSYCHINAE OF IDAHO 103 setal tufts; lateral line gills commence on abdominal segment IV (fig. 5) P. elsis Key to Pupae of Idaho Arctopsychinae 1. Abdominal hook plates present anteriorly on segments III through VII, posteriorly on segments III and V ; apical processes recurved to an angle of nearly or more than 90° to the axis of the body Parapsyche 2 Abdominal hook plates present anteriorly on segments III through VIII, posteriorly on segments III, IV and V (hook plate IVp extremely small or occasionally absent) ; apical processes only slightly recurved, not to an angle approaching 90° to the axis of the body Arctopsyche {Arctopsyche grandis) 2. Mandibles tubular, abruptly expanded at base, teeth near apex; apical processes without long yellow setae P. almota Mandibles gradually widened from apex to base, with teeth over half length of inner margin (fig. 2B) ; apical processes with four to six long yellow setae on posterior surface P. elsis Genus Parapsyche Anatomical features of the larva and pupa of Parapsyche elsis in- dicate that redefining some of the generally accepted features that have characterized immature stages of Parapsyche is necessary. Flint (1961) described the larva and pupa as follows: “Larva — smaller [than Arctopsyche^, rarely reaching 20 mm. in length. Gular sclerite nearly parallel-sided. Abdomen with many scattered scale-like setae; tufts of these setae on posterior dorsal margins of the segments.” “Pupa — mandibles rather tubular, widening suddenly at bases; teeth borne apically. Apical processes recurving to an angle of 90° or more to axis of body; with short scabrous setae posteriorly and short setae basally.” Ross (1959) separated Arctopsyche from Parapsyche by the gula being narrowed posteriorly in Arctopsyche and rectangular in Para- psyche. Previously undescribed immature specimens found during the course of this study show that P. elsis does not conform to the generic charac- terizations of Flint and Ross. The larva of P. elsis has the gula nar- rowed posteriorly (fig. 2A), the setal tufts indistinct or absent on the anterior abdominal segments, and a length of more than 20 mm. The pupa has the apical abdominal processes recurving at an angle approach- ing 90 degrees and bearing long setae, and the mandible is gradually broadened basally and teeth are present on the apical half (fig. 2B ) . In spite of these differences, P. elsis should be retained in the genus Parapsyche because of adult features and beeause the larva has setal tufts, even though indistinct, and simple lateral line gills. A phylogenetic discussion of the immature stages of Parapsyche is not possible at this time. Before this can be done the immature and 104 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [voL. 44 , NO. 2 \}l ; g'*'\ 1 • 1(1 1 mil III » ,f:i -v; <■■/< -i.*. '• iV ‘ J’l'Vi '•■)•'■.' i ’ V n i ■ • 1 i r ?,• L •■ / , i ■!'V'.;i ■^'■i !:'•', '';,'''''.i,-*i; 'j’.Vi I'lVi'i'i! i.fM'i’’ I |,||||(||||||lll|'''"""''‘"‘‘‘“^'■"MM•|liA •A' •, . Fig. 1. Parapsyche almota larval head and nota, dorsal view. Fig. 2. Para- psyche elsis larval head and nota, dorsal view. 2A larval gular sclerite. 2B pupal mandibles. FiG. 3. Arctopsyche grandis larval head and nota, dorsal view. APRIL 1968] SMITH — THE ARCTOPSYCHINAE OF IDAHO 105 adult stages of all of the described species should be available for study. For the present, however, a broadened concept of the nature of the immature stages of the genus is necessary. Parapsyche almota Ross Parapsyche almota Ross, 1938, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 40 (5) : 119 (fig. 5); Denning, 1949, Amer. Midi. Natur., 42 (1): 116 (distribution). Arctopsyche oregonensis Ling, 1938, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 14 (2) : 65; Ross, 1944, Illinois Natur. Hist. Surv. Bull., 23: 293 (synonym). The larva of P. almota is quite similar to the larva of P. apicalis as described by Flint (1961). Consistent anatomical features that will serve to distinguish the larvae of these two species are not now known. The pupa of P. almota likewise is very similar to the pupa of P. apicalis. However, minor differences in the shape of the hook plates and number of hooks per hook plate will serve to separate the pupae of these two species. These two closely related species are allopatric. P. almota is restricted to the western montane regions of North America whereas P. apicalis is found in similar areas of eastern North America. Larva. — Head brown, slightly paler around eyes, posteriorly and ventrally, with dark muscle scars; fronto-clypeus widened medially extending nearly to pale areas around eyes, anterior margin black, gula rectangular. Thoracic nota, pleura, and legs brown, each slightly paler than on the preceding segment; prosternum brown with antero-lateral and midposterior margins black; notal muscle scars distinctly darkened on some individuals; mesosternum with a gill at coxal base; metasternum with a pair of gills at coxal base. Abdominal segments I through VII with two pairs of setal tufts, VHI with one pair; setal tufts composed of three to ten setae with the greatest number usually found on posterior segments; abdominal gills as in Fig. 4, lateral line gills with two to four filaments, commenc- ing on segment HI; anal brush consisting of six to ten setae. Length of mature larvae 17 mm to 20 mm. Pupa. — Hook plate Hla roughly oval with 6 to 12 hooks, posterior half glabrous; hook plate Vp with 12 to 15 hooks. Abdominal apical processes with a small tuft of black setae basally, bifid apically with sparse setae antero-laterally and apically and with many short spicules on posterior surface. Length of male 8.5 mm; females ranged from 11 mm to 13 mm. Distribution. — P. almota is known from western North America where it is most commonly collected in the coastal ranges. It has been recorded from British Columbia, California, Oregon, Utah, and Wash- ington. Additional records are now available for Colorado and Nevada. In Idaho this species has been collected in the mountainous areas of the Palouse River, Clearwater River, Salmon River and Payette River drainages. The following records are available from Idaho^: ® L = larva, PP = prepupa, P = pupa, cf — adult male, $ = adult female. 106 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 2 3 2 2 3 4 3 4 s D D D D D 3(D) 5 S S S S S 1 II III IV V VI VII VIII 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 s D D D D D D s s S S S S 1 II III IV V VI VII VIII 5 s s S S s s s S S s S D D D D D D 5 S s S S 5 I II III IV V VI VII VIII 6 APRIL 1968] SMITH THE ARCTOPSYCHINAE OF IDAHO 107 Boise Co.: 2L, 1 mi. S. Banks, 13 April 1964 (SDS), and 3L, IPP, liJP, 2 2P, 31 May 1964 (R. Portman) ; 1^, 8 mi. N. Banks, 13 April 1964 (SDS). Idaho Co.: $ S, $ Ferdinand, 8 June 1959 (WFB) ; 2L, Lightning Cr., 2 mi. N. Riggins, 4 June 1964 (SDS) ; IL, small creek near Slate Creek Ranger Station, 11 September 1964 (SDS and WFB) ; IL, McKenzie Cr., 9 mi. S. White Bird, 4 June 1964 (SDS), and 1 $ , 25 May 1965 (SDS). Latah Co.: 1$, Palouse R. at Laird Park, 14 October 1961 (SDS) (at ultra-violet light) ; IL, Palouse River at White Pine Gulch, 8 May 1964 (SDS). Lemhi Co.: IL, 1^, Pine Cr., 2 mi. W. Shoup, 14 July 1964 (SDS), and 7L, 10 April 1965 (SDS and ERL), and IL, 1 June 1966 (SDS and ERL) ; 5L, Flume Cr., 9 mi. E. Tendoy, 1 June 1966 (SDS and ERL). Nez Perce Co.: $ $ $, Coyote Grade, 15 May 1952 (WFB); 1^, Central Grade, 4 May 1961 (R. Stecker), and 1 ^ , 27 April 1963 (SDS). Bionomics. — Adults were not commonly collected, but were found between April and October. Medium to mature larvae constituted the overwintering stages in the Salmon River drainage. Larvae were most commonly collected on the small and medium rubhle of small, clear creeks and streams. Adults were very secretive. They are evidently crepuscular and have been attracted to ultra-violet light. Parapsyche elsis Milne Parapsyche elsis Milne, 1936, Cambridge, Mass., p. 66; Milne and Milne, 1938, Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. Bull., 33 (3): 106, Plate V (male). Arctopsyche brevipennis Ling, 1938, Pan-Pacific Entomol., 14 (2) : 64; Ross, 1944, Illinois Natur. Hist. Surv. Bull., 23: 293 (synonym). As stated previously, the immature stages of P. elsis are unique. In many respects they seem more closely allied to Arctopsyche grandis than any of the described Parapsyche. Anatomically P. elsis larvae are distinct from the known Parapsyche larvae by their nearly triangular gula, a single gill at the base of the metacoxa and indistinct setal tufts on the abdomen. The pupa of P. elsis is likewise distinct. The pupa may be recognized by the gradually tappered mandibles with teeth over the apical half of the inner surface, long yellow setae arising from the base of the apical processes, and other features. Larva. — Head dark brown, black on some individuals, slightly paler around eyes and at posterior margin with dark muscle scars that are indistinct anteriorly Fig. 4. Parapsyche almota larva, schematic gill diagram. Fig. 5. Parapsyche elsis larva, schematic gill diagram. Fig. 6. Arctopsyche grandis larva, schematic gill diagram. FiGS. 4, 5, and 6. Schematic gill diagrams. I to VIII abdominal seg- ments 1-8; 1, 2, 3, or 4, number of apical filaments on a stalk; S, five or more filaments on a stalk; D, two S-type gills arising contiguously (except on P. almota VII with only 3 terminal filaments) . 108 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 and distinct posteriorly; fronto-clypeus not greatly expanded medially; gula sub- triangular, at least 2.5 to 3 times wider anteriorly than posteriorly. Thoracic nota, pleura, legs and prosternum similar to those of P. almota; meso- and metasternum with a gill at each coxal base. Abdominal segments generally with indistinct setal tufts, segments II and III with dorsal pair composed of one or two setae, lateral pair composed of two to four setae; segments IV through VII each with two pairs composed of two to eight setae, segment VIII with one pair containing four or five setae; abdominal gills as in Fig. 5; abdominal lateral line gills generally single and commencing on segment IV ; anal brush consisting of 10 to 15 setae. Length of mature larvae 25 mm to 30 mm. Pupa. — Hook plate Ilia suboval with 13 or 14 hooks; hook plate IIIp with 20 or more hooks in three somewhat irregular rows; hook plate Vp with 10 to 15 hooks in two rows. Ninth abdominal segment scabrous with many black setae on lateral margins ; apical process recurved at an angle of slightly less than 90 degrees to axis of body, baso-lateral areas scabrous with patches of black setae, subapically toothed, apices acute, bifid, anterior surface with a few black setae apically, inner surface with four to six long yellow setae that extend beyond apex, posterior surface with many short spicules. Length of males ranged from 8 mm to 9 mm; females from 14 mm to 15 mm. Distribution. — This western species has been recorded from Alberta, British Columbia, California, and Oregon. Additional records are now available from Montana, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. The record from North Carolina by Milne and Milne (1938) is undoubtedly a misdetermination of the closely related P. cardis Ross (Flint, 1961). In Idaho P. elsis has been collected only in the Palouse River, Salmon River, and Malad River drainages. It was both common and widely distributed in the Salmon River drainage. The following records are available from Idaho: Adams Co.: 31L, Goose Cr. at summit, 20 July 1965 (SDS and ERL), and 2L, 24 March 1966 (SDS and WFB). Blaine Co.: 7L, IPP, 4^P, 45P, ld,4$$. Headwaters Big Wood R., 16 July 1964 (SDS); 2L, 1^, Salmon R., 26 mi. S. Stanley, 23 July 1965 (SDS and ERL). Custer Co.: Id, 10 mi. N. Leslie, 10 July 1956 (WFB); Id, 19, Bear Creek Camp, 27 July 1957 (WFB); 5L, 8P, Bear Cr., above Pass Creek Gorge, 21 July 1964 (R. Westcott) ; 3L, Garden Cr., 7 mi. W. Challis, 11 October 1964 (SDS and WFB) ; 4L, Baker Cr., 20 mi. S. Clayton, 11 April 1965 (SDS and ERL). Latah Co.: 2L, Palouse R. at White Pine Gulch, 1 May 1964 (SDS), and IL, 8 May 1964 (SDS), Lemhi Co.: 14L, 3 9 P, Spring Cr., 2 mi. NW. Shoup, 14 July 1964 (SDS) ; 2L, 7P, Cow Cr., 34 mi. S. Salmon, 15 July 1964 (SDS) ; 2L, Scjuaw Cr. at Indianola Ranger Station, 29 July 1964 (SDS and ERL) ; 2L, 2 d P, Carmen Cr., 7 mi. E. Carmen, 30 July 1964 (SDS) ; IL, Texas Cr., 3.6 mi. S. Leadore, 10 October 1964 (SDS), and 4L, 9 April 1965 (SDS and ERL) ; IL, 9 mi. N. Gibbonsville, 21 May 1965 (SDS and ERL), and 1 d P, 25 June 1965 (SDS and ERL). Valley Co.: 9L, Lunch Cr., 2 mi. N. Landmark, 3 August 1964 (SDS), and 13L, 9 September 1964 (SDS and WFB) ; 8L, Ditch Cr., 10 mi. N. Landmark, 3 August 1964 (SDS), and 1 d , 22 July 1965 (SDS and ERL); 2L, Lick Cr. near summit, 4 August 1964 (SDS), and IL, 3P, 21 July 1965 (SDS and ERL), APRIL 1968] SMITH THE ARCTOPSYCHINAE OF IDAHO 109 Bionomics. — Adults of P. elsis were rare. Larvae on the otherhand were common and were found to overwinter as young or nearly mature individuals. Pupation was evident in June and July. Larval collections suggest a two-year life cycle for this species. Larvae were found on rubble of various sizes in the riffles of small and medium-sized clear streams. In some habitats they were found intermixed with Arclopsyche graridis while in other, often adjacent, habitats this was not evident. The adults were collected on streamside vegetation and from under concrete bridges during the day. Elsewhere they have been attracted to light. Genus Arctopsyche Arctopsyche grandis (Banks) Hydropsyche grandis Banks, 1900, Amer. Entomol. Soc. Trans., 25: 253. Arctopsyche grandis Banks, 1907, Amer. Entomol. Soc., Phila., p. 48; Ross, 1938, Psyche, 45 (1) : 14 (lectotype) ; Milne and Milne, 1938, Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. Bull., 33 (3) : 100 (larva, pupa, adult) ; Denning, 1943, Entomol. Amer. NS, 23 (2): 106 (female). Arctopsyche phryganoides Banks, 1918, Harvard Univ. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull., 62: 21; Milne, 1936, Cambridge, Mass., p. 66 (synonym). Arctopsyche inermis Banks, 1943, Harvard Univ. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull., 92: 368; Denning, 1950, Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 45 (4) : 98 (distribution, male). (New synonym). Heretofore A. grandis and A. inermis have been separated primarily on the structure of the prongs of the tenth abdominal tergum of the adult male genitalia. Minor differences also occur in the claspers and over-all size. In the spring of 1966 I had the opportunity to study the types of A. grandis and A. inermis and series of specimens referred to these two species in several collections. The specimens I studied re- vealed that the two species actually comprise one variable species. The prongs of the tenth abdominal tergum range in structure from those that are narrow and sharply acuminate as in the type of A. inermis to some on Idaho specimens that are generally widened and greatly expanded just before the apex with small dorsal spines along their length. Further, the larval sclerites of male pupae representing the extremes of these conditions exhibited no discernable differences. The larva of A. grandis is quite similar to the larva of A. ladogensis. Mature larvae of the two species are the same size, have the same arrangement and number of thoracic and abdominal gills, and so forth. They are easily separated, however, by the color pattern on the head. A. grandis has a pale center stripe whieh is widest near the anterior 110 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 margin and just behind the middle; it is keyhole-shaped on some individuals. A. ladogensis has a pale Y-shaped mark roughly following the frontal sutures. Populations of A. grandis are found in western North America whereas A. ladogensis is most commonly collected in eastern North America. There is evidence, however, that ladogensis may have a northern transcontinental distribution in North America. Larva. — ^Head usually dark brown witli a pale mid-dorsal stripe which is widest near anterior margin and behind middle, in some individuals the stripe is absent; in others it is reduced to elongate markings, and with distinct dark muscle scars posteriorly; gena and ventral surface paler with indistinct muscle scars ven- trally. Thoracic nota dark brown with a pale median stripe which is most distinct on pro- and mesonota with dark muscle scars laterally, anterior and posterior margins black; prostemum light brown with a broad median black maculation on posterior margin; mesosternum with a gill at coxal hase; meta- sternum with a pair of gills at coxal base; thoracic gills with bases single and consisting of 10 to 15 filaments. Abdominal gills as in Fig. 6; dorsal lateral line gills with 10 to 15 filaments, commencing on segment III; anal brush consisting of 20 to 35 setae. Length of mature larvae 20 mm to 25 mm. Pupa. — Hook plate IIIp with 18 to 20 hooks in two irregular rows; hook plate Vp with 12 to 15 hooks. Abdomen with apical process having a midventral hump that gives rise to four to eight long yellow setae, two to four of which are hooked apically and extend well heyond apex of process, small black setae basally and middorsally, hind surface with many small spicules. Length of males ranged from 13 mm to 15 mm; females from 17 mm to 18 mm. Distribution. — This species is found over much of western North America. It has been recorded from Alberta, British Columbia, Califor- nia, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Wash- ington. An additional record is now available from Wyoming. A. grandis is very common in the mountainous sections of Idaho. It has been collected in the Spokane River, the Palouse River, the Clear- water River, the Salmon River, and the Malad River drainages. It was one of the most common and widely distributed species of Trichoptera in the Salmon River drainage and occurred in all of the areas collected. The following records are available from Idaho: Adams Co.: 2 2P, Boulder Cr., 18 mi. S. Riggins, 30 June 1965 (SDS and ERL), and 8L, 24 March 1966 (SDS and WFB). Blaine Co.: ^ ^ , 5 mi. NW. Ketchum, 21 July 1961 (WFB and R. Stecker) (at ultra-violet light); 1^, 15 mi. NW. Ketchum, 22 July 1961 (A. Gittins) ; IL, 1 (5 P, 1 ^ , 1 $ , Frenchman Cr., approx. 26 mi. S. Stanley, 16 July 1964 (SDS). Clearwater Co.: $ 2 2, 60 mi. NE. Pierce, 26 July 1950 (K. Christiansen). Custer Co.: 5L, 2^P, 5^ $ , Basin Cr., 6 mi. E. Stanley, 15 July 1%4 (SDS); 15L, 35^ and 2 P, Yankee Fork, 1 mi. N. Sunbeam, 15 July 1964 (SDS), and 7L, $ and 2P, 24 July 1965 (SDS and ERL) ; 18L, 3^P, 72P, 2^^,12, Morgan Cr., 7 mi. E. Hiway. 93, 30 July 1964 (SDS) ; IL, Stanley, 8 September 1964 (WFB) ; 7L, East Fork Salmon R. at Herd Creek bridge, 11 April 1965 (SDS and ERL) ; 9L, East Fork Salmon R. APRIL 1968] SMITH — THE ARCTOPSYCHINAE OF IDAHO 111 at mouth, 11 April 1965 (SDS and ERL) ; IL, Garden Cr., 7 mi. W. Challis, 11 April 1965 (SDS and ERL) ; 1^, Salmon R., 7 mi. S. Stanley, 28 June 1%5 (SDS and ERL). Idaho Co.; 2$ 2 mi. S. Slate Cr., 27 June 1963 (SDS); $ $, $ 2, Slate Cr. Ranger Station, 27 June 1963 (SDS) (at ultra-violet light), and 2L, 11 September 1964 (SDS and WEB); 2^ Lochsa R., 47 mi. NE. Lowell, 21 July 1963 (SDS); IL, 12?, 2^ John Day Cr., 17 July 1964 (SDS), and 2$ $, 30 June 1965 (SDS and ERL) ; 3L, Rapid R., 4 mi. S. Riggins, 8 Sep- tember 1964 (SDS). Latah Co.: 2L, Palouse R. at White Pine Gulch, 1 May 1964 (SDS), and IL, 8 May 1964 (SDS). Lemhi Co.: 2$ $, Flume Cr., 9 mi. E. Tendoy, 19 July 1963 (SDS) (at light), and 5P, 1 ^ , 31 July 1964 (SDS) ; IL, IPP, Carmen Cr., 5 mi. E. Carmen, 14 July 1964 (SDS); 5^P, 42 P, TS $, North Fork, 14 July 1964 (SDS), and 3 2 2, 26 July 1965 (SDS and ERL), and 5L, 9 October 1964 (SDS and WEB) ; IP, 5 mi. N. Gibbonsville, 14 July 1964 (SDS), and 2$ $, 12, 21 July 1963 (SDS) ; 4L, Pahsimeroi R. at Dowton Ln., 30 July 1964 (SDS), 6L, 2P, 10 April 1965 (SDS), and 8L, 4P, 25 July 1965 (SDS and ERL) ; IP, Pine Cr., 2 mi. W. Shoup, 14 July 1964 (SDS) ; 5 L, Texas Cr., 3.6 mi. S. Leadore, 10 October 1964 (SDS), and 5L, 9 April 1965 (SDS and ERL); 22L, Wimpey Cr., 1 mi. E. Baker, 10 October 1964 (SDS), and 14L, 9 April 1965 (SDS); 2L, Ellis, 11 October 1964 (SDS), and IL, 10 April 1965 (SDS) ; 6L, 10 mi. N. Leadore, 9 April 1965 (SDS and ERL) ; 2$ $, 5 mi. N. Tendoy, 25 July 1965 (SDS and ERL). Shoshone Co.: IL, 2$F, 4^$ $, Jet. Boulder Cr. and Marble Cr., 12 mi. E. Calder, 4 July 1964 (SDS). Valley Co.: 6L, 1 P, 1^, Lunch Cr., 2 mi. N. Landmark, 3 August 1964 (SDS), and IL, 9 September 1964 (SDS and WFB) ; 3L, IPP, 2$ $, 12, Yellow Pine, 3 August 1964 (SDS) (adults at ultra-violet light) ; 2L, 1^, Zena Cr., 23 mi. NW. Yellow Pine, 4 August 1964 (SDS). Bionomics. — Adults were collected during the summer. The most common overwintering stages were mature larvae. First and second instar larvae were rarely found during winter months. Pupation started in April and May and continued through July. This species requires two years to complete its life cycle. Larvae were found on rubble in the riffles of all but the smallest of clear streams. Since this species is so widely distributed it is likely that it is adapted to a wide range of ecological conditions. The adults were secretive. Most commonly they were found resting on streamside vegetation or under concrete bridges during the day. However, they were occasionally found in flight in the afternoon, but normal activity usually commenced at night. Many specimens were collected at white light and ultra-violet light sources. Acknowledgments I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. W. F. Barr of the Depart- ment of Entomology, University of Idaho, and Dr. G. B. Wiggins of the Royal Ontario Museum for guidance and critical review of the manuscript. Dr. H. H. Ross of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 112 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 Dr. 0. S. Flint, Jr. of the United States National Museum, and others made records and collections available and had many fine suggestions which are greatly appreciated. My thanks also to Mr. E. Richard Logan for assistance in the field and his fine drawings. A portion of this study was supported by National Institutes of Health Predoctoral Fellowship F-51-WP-26,026-03. Publication and reprint costs were paid by the Department of Biology, Kansas State College of Pittsburg. Literature Cited Flint, 0. S., Jr. 1961. The immature stages of the Arctopsychinae occurring in eastern North America (Trichoptera : Hydropsychidae) . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 54 (1) : 5-11. Milne, L. J. and M. J. Milne. 1938. The Arctopsychidae of continental Amer- ica north of Mexico (Trichoptera). Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. Bull., 33 (3) : 97-110. Ross, H. H. 1959. Trichoptera, p. 1024^1049. In W. T. Edmondson, ed.. Ward and Whipple’s Fresh-water Biology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. A New Genus of Pselaphid Beetle from Southeast United States (Coleoptera : Pselaphidae) R. 0. Schuster and A. A. Grigarick University of California, Davis Pygmactium Schuster and Grigarick belongs in the pselaphid tribe Euplectini and is closely related to those genera assigned to the subtribe Trimiini. Members of the genus are small, one millimeter or less in length. Specimens were obtained by Berlese funnel extraction from forest litter. Two species are assigned to the genus. Pygmactium Schuster and Grigarick, new genus Type of genus: Pygmactium steevesi Schuster and Grigarick, new species. Euplectini with the following combination of characters: Either sex: 1) Ven- tral surface of head bearing capitate setae (fig. 2). 2) Antennal club of three segments (fig. 1), with segment X symmetrical, conically produced, and not appressed to XI. 3) Pronotum with transverse antebasal sulcus, posterior margin broadly and shallowly impressed, with sulcus shaped as a “V” rather than a “Y.” 4) Each elytron with sutural, discal, and subhumeral foveae (disc not striate). 5) First visible tergite with basal carinae (fig. 10) . 6) Profemur grooved ven- trally, groove containing a row of specialized setae (fig. 4). 7) Prosternum foveate at anterior margin of coxal cavities (fig. 5). 8) Mesocoxal cavities broadly The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 112-118. April 1968 APRIL 1968] SCHUSTER & GRIGARICK — NEW PSELAPHID GENUS 113 confluent; metasternum foveate near posterior margins of mesocoxal cavities. 9) Tarsi with long primary and short, thin, secondary claws (fig. 3). Males. 10) Abdominal sternite II with pair of large median basal carinae and pair of smaller lateral carinae (fig. 11). 11) Sternite III with lateral modifications. 12) Sternite VI broadly but shallowly emarginate. 13) VII a transverse penial plate of moderate size. 14) Aedeagus dorsoventrally compressed, with right and left para- meres of similar size (figs. 13, 14). Females. 15) With only 6 abdominal ster- nites. 16) Sternite III not modified. 17) VI with transverse posterior margin (fig. 12). Pygmactium will proceed to Actium in Park’s key (1953) but it differs from that genus by the absence of discal striae, the presence of carinae on the second sternite, the shape of the carinae on the first visible tergite, and the form and orientation of the aedeagus. Pygmactium steevesi Schuster and Grigarick, new species (Figs. 1-7, 10-12, 14-15) Male.— (slide) Head 165 jx long, 165 (x wide; vertexal foveae 70 ix between centers; right mandible with 4 teeth, left with 5 teeth; ventral surface with 16 capitate setae (fig. 2) ; eyes small, about 15 facets. Antenna 285 jx long; segments I plus II 75 fx long, 30 ix wide; III to VIII inclusive 75 fx long, 20 (x wide; antennal club (fig. 1) as follows: IX 22 fx long, 25 fx wide; X 23 /« long, 37 /x wide; XI 90 fx long, 60 fx wide, nearly as long as preceding 5 segments. Pronotum 180 /x long, 187 fx wide. Elytron 255 ix long. Brachypterous, wings 335 fx long. Profemur (fig. 4) 52 ix wide; protibia simple. Mesotrochanter simple: mesofemur 47 ix wide. Mesotibia simple. Post mesocoxal foveae large, with apodemes directed obliquely forward. Metafemur 45 fx wide. Fii'st visible abdominal tergite (fig. 10) 202 tx wide at base; basal carinae 30 fx long, separated by 60 ^a; II without basal carinae. Sternite II (fig. 11) with basolateral carinae 30 ^x long, 170 /x apart; with a longitudinal depression lateral to each carina; III with paired lateral carinae (fig. 6), inner carina with 10 laterally directed lamellate setae extending over outer carina which bears simple setae; IV simple; V densely setate laterally; VI with broad median emargination ; penial plate nearly rectangular, 40 fx long, 40 ix wide. Aedeagus (fig. 14) 105 fx long, 40 /X wide. Female. — Similar to the male except: abdominal sternite III simple; alate, with wings 940 /x long, or brachypterous. Abdomen with only 6 sternites; IX as in fig. 15 (apex with position of segment IX indicated in fig. 12 ventral). Geographic Distribution. — Florida. Highlands County: Highlands Hammocks State Park, 55 $ , 121 $ , 5-6 April 1966, fern rhizomes and forest floor debris in palmetto and pine swamp, H. R. Steeves, Jr.; Lake Placid, 1 mi. N. Archbold Biol. Station at intersection of State Highways 17 and 70, 68 $ , 121 $ , 5-6 April 1966, palmetto and pine litter, H. R. Steeves, Jr.; east side of Lake Placid, 49 , 104 2 , 3 April 1966, grass hummocks and buttress debris in dry pine woods, H. R. Steeves, Jr.; Avon Park, 161$, 3 April 1966, palmetto and pine forest debris, H. R. Steeves, Jr. Hernando County: 7 mi. NW. Brooksville, 46 $ , 6 April 1966, base of white oak, H. R. Steeves, Jr. 114 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 1 steevesi 2 mollyae 6 steevesi 3 steevesi 4 steevesi 7 steevesi 8 mollyae APRIL 1968] SCHUSTER & GRIGARICK NEW PSELAPHID GENUS 115 The holotype is a small-eyed male from Highlands Hammocks State Park and is deposited with the Chicago Natural History Museum. The remaining specimens listed above are paratypes. The following speci- mens from Florida are considered conspecific but are not designated as paratypes. Alachua County. Gainesville, 14^, 16$, 22 August 1965, pine buttress, H. R. Steeves, Jr. ; Island Grove, Orange Lake, 4 $ , 22 August 1965, forest floor debris, H. R. Steeves, Jr.; 5 mi. E. Micenopy, 3 $ , 22 August 1965, sawdust pile, H. R. Steeves, Jr. Orange County: S. Orlando, 27$, 22 August 1965, buttress and stump debris, H. R. Steeves, Jr. Seminole County: 2 mi. N. Longwood, 94$, 23 August 1965, palmetto and rotten log debris, H. R. Steeves, Jr. Volusia County: 2 mi. S. Enterprise, 10 $ , 23 August 1965, palmetto axils and forest floor debris, H. R. Steeves, Jr. Discussion. — The males of this species are easily distinguished from those of P. mollyae by the lateral modifications of sternite HI. These structures for P. steevesi consist of an inner carina bearing about 10 lamellate setae and a smaller outer carina with about 8 setae equally spaced along it. A rounded tubercle is present near the lateral margin, and its surface is uniformly setate. The inner carina of P. mollyae bears 6 or 7 slender setae. The outer carina bears 2 long setae on the anterior margin and about 6 smaller setae on a distinct posterior projection. The lateral tubercle of P. mollyae is elongate with a long apical seta and a few minute subapical setae. The genitalia of the males differ particularly with respect to the distribution of pores (compare figs. 13 and 14) and the development of setae at the apex of the parameres. The small size of these structures make their preparation difficult, and details of the apices of the parameres, as figured, required some interpretation. The sex ratio for the total paratypic series is approximately 1 : 3 9 . The actual numbers ( ^ : $ ) from separate localities are: 0 : 161, 0 : 47, 49 : 104, 55 : 121, and 68 ; 121. Within these samples, the numbers of eye facets for males varied from about 15 to 35. All of the dissected specimens were brachypterous. Winged and brachypterous males were Fig. 1. Pygmactium steevesi $, antennal club. Fig. 2. Pygmactium mollyae, capitate seta of ventral surface of head. Fig. 3. Pygmactium steevesi $ paratype, primary and secondary metatarsal claws. Fig. 4. Pygmactium steevesi $ para- type, profemur. Fig. 5. Pygmactium steevesi $ , prosternum with procoxal foveae. Fig. 6. Pygmactium steevesi $ paratype, detail of structures on sternite III. Fig. 7. Pygmactium steevesi $ paratype, abdomen, lateral. Fig. 8. Pygmactium mollyae $ holotype, abdomen, lateral. Fig. 9. Pygmactium mollyae $, detail of structures on sternite III. 116 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [voL. 44, NO. 2 11 steevesi 13 mollyae APRIL 1968] SCHUSTER & GRIGARICK — NEW PSELAPHID GENUS 117 Fig. 15. Pygmactium steevesi $ paratype, abdominal segment IX. Fig. 16. Pygmactium mollyae 2 , abdominal segment IX. present in a population from Gainesville in which the sex ratio was 1 : 1 ( 14 : 16 ? ) . The significance of wing development to seix ratio is unknown. Variation in eye and wing size for the females is similar to that noted for the males. Pygmactium mollyae (Park), (new combination) (Figs. 8, 9, 13, 16) Actium mollyae Park, 1956, Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 31: 56. The description of P. mollyae is emended to facilitate comparison with P. steevesi and to add information obtained from dissected speci- mens. Male. — (slide) Head 157 g long, 165 g wide; vertexal foveae 70 g between centers; right mandible with 5 teeth, left with 5 teeth; ventral surface with 14 capitate setae; eyes small, of 8 facets (holotype) . Antenna 275 g long; segments I plus II 60 g long, 28 g wide; III to VIII inclusive 95 g long, 20 g wide; IX 20 g long, 25 g wide; X 25 long, 37 g wide, symmetrical; XI 80 g long, 60 g wide, as long as preceding 4 segments. Pronotum 185 g long, 205 g wide. Elytron 250 g long. Brachypterous. Pro- trochanter simple; profemur 54 g wide; protibia simple. Meso trochanter simple; mesofemur 54 g wide; mesotibia simple. Post mesocoxal foveae with apodemes directed slightly forward. Metafemur 47 g wide, metasternum unmodified. First visible tergite 210 g wide at base; basal carinae 25 g long, separated by 70 g. Sternite II with basal carinae 35 g long, 195 g apart; III with oblique «- Fig. 10. Pygmactium steevesi 2 , first visible tergite. Fig. 11. Pygmactium steevesi S paratype, sternite II. Fig. 12. Pygmactium steevesi 2 , apex of abdomen, ventral. Fig. 13. Pygmactium mollyae $, genitalia, dorsal. Fig. 14. Pygmactium steevesi $ holotype, genitalia, dorsal. 118 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 lateral carina, right carina with 7 setae, left with 6 setae; 2 setate structures occur laterad to each carina; IV with slight depression; V simple; VI with hroad median emargination ; penial plate 44 long, 45 jx wide. Aedeagus 130 ix long, 45 fx wide. Female. — Similar to the male except: sternite III simple; abdomen of 6 ster- nites; brachypterous (1 example dissected); segment IX as illustrated (fig. 16). Geographic Distribution. — -The type male and 2 paratype females in the collection of Dr. Orlando Park were collected at Cooks Springs, St. Clair County, Alabama on 5 March 1950. Specimens from the following localities have been examined. Alabama. Blount Co.: near Wildcat Cave, 2$ ,\1 May 1959, rotten tree stump, H. R. Steeves, Jr. Pike Co. : The Pocosin, nr. Troy, 1 ^ , 3 $ , 6 August 1961, oak tree hole and forest litter, H. R. Steeves, Jr., and J. D. Patrick. Shelby Co.: The Penitentiary, 4)$ , 4$, 3 September 1966, forest duff, H. R. Steeves, Jr.; Oak Mt. State Park, 1 ^ , 2 $ , 26 March 1961, forest floor debris, H. R. Steeves, Jr. North Carolina. Duplin Co.: near Calypso, 7 2, 2 January 1965, oak and pine litter, J. F. Cornell. Polk Co.: near Tryon, 12 (paratype), 27 November 1949, stump mold of yellow pine, L. M. Eisenach. Randolph Co.: 1 ^ , 18 June 1963, oak log litter, J. F. Cornell and J. F. Cornell, Sr. JFa/ce Co.: N. C. State College, Raleigh, 12,8 September 1964, oak and pine litter, J. F. Cornell. Tennessee. Fentress Co.: Jamestown, 1 2 , 16 June 1962, forest floor debris, H. R. Steeves, Jr. Discussion. — The differences in the lateral modifications of sternite III (figs. 6-9) and the male genitalia (figs. 13, 14) as discussed under P. steevesi, will distinguish the males of P. mollyae. The females of P. mollyae are very similar to those of P. steevesi but they appear to be slightly larger. Abdominal segment IX differs slightly in respect to sclerotization, proportion, and pore distribution (compare figs. 15, 16). Segment IX of a small series of dissected females of P. steevesi was quite constant. A comparative series of P. mollyae is not now available for dissection. From the few small samples examined, the sex ratio appears to be 1 ^ : 2 or 3 2 . The number of eye facets for males was between 8 and 28, and for females 4 and 12. Populations with differing sex ratios, eye sizes, and degrees of wing development probably occur within the geographic range of this species. Literature Cited Park, 0. 1953. Discrimination of genera of pselaphid beetles of the United States. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull., 9 (16) : 229-331. 1956. New or little known species of pselaphid beetles from southeastern United States. Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 31 (1) : 54-100. APRIL 1968] NAYAR — NEW SPECIES OF ERISTALIS 119 Two New Species of Eristalis from India (Diptera : Syrphidae) J. L. Nayar University of California, Berkeley Nayar and Nayar (1965) reported two new species of Eristalis Latreille in a record of syrphids from Agra. This paper deals with the descriptions of Eristalis [Lathyrophthalmus) lalitai n. sp. and Eristalis {Lathyrophthalmus) haileyburyi n. sp. The types will be deposited in the National Collections of India. I wish to thank Prof. Ray F. Smith, Chairman of the Department of Entomology and Para- sitology, University of California, Berkeley, for providing me with facilities for work. I am highly indebted to Dr. F. R. Cole, Dipterol- ogist, for generous advice, encouragement, and checking of the manu- script. My thanks are also due to Prof. R. L. Usinger for help in many ways. Eristalis (Lathyrophthalmus) lalitai Nayar, new species (Figs. 1, 3 and 5) A medium-sized blackish-gray species; wings hyaline; antennae brownish-black; eyes spotted; thorax with four black vittae and abdomen with whitish bands on 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments. Length, 11.45 mm. Female. — Eyes bare, yellowish with black spots. Ocellar triangle black with brownish ocelli; short black pubescence. Frons black, narrow from vertex to the antennae, dusted grayish-yellow with concolorous pubescence, distinct black pile along upper median one-half of frons. Face about one and one-half times as wide as frons at vertex, slightly grooved below the antennae with bare, black, narrow central bump above mouth edge; silvery yellow pile. Cheeks and mouth border blackish, cheeks with long grayish pile and mouth border dusted gray. Antennal prominence shining black; bare. First and second segments of antennae brownish, flagellum and arista dark brown, arista bare. Thorax grayish-yellow, brownish along the borders; dorsum with four black vittae; pile yellowish; pro-epimeron and mesepisternum grayish-black with con- colorous pubescence; metapleuron, mesepimeron and areas around thoracic spiracles shining black; bare. Scutellum blackisb-yellow at base but pale towards apical half, pubescence yellowish. Legs black; extreme tips of the femora, two- thirds of the fore-tibiae, basal one-third of hind tibiae and mid-metatarsus yel- lowish-brown; pile greyish on black parts and yellowish on yellow-brown regions. Wings hyaline; stigma yellowish with dark brown basally; squammae silvery- yellow with concolorous long fringe; halteres brownish-yellow. Abdomen black; 1st segment grayish with brownish vertical band running about the median one-third width of segment; upper anterolateral areas of 2nd segment yellowish-gray; 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments with whitish cross-band surrounded on either side by dull black band, posterior borders of segments shining black; sixth to tenth segments dull brown; pubescence whitish. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 119-122. April 1968 120 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL, 44, NO. 2 Fig. 1. Eristalis {Lathy rophthalmus) lalitai new species, profile of head of female. Fig. 2. Eristalis (Lathyrophthalmus) haileyburyi new species, profile of head of female. Fig. 3. Eristalis {Lathyrophthalmus) lalitai, abdomen, female. Fig. 4. Eristalis {Lathyrophthalmus) haileyburyi, abdomen, female. Fig. 5. Eris- talis {Lathyrophthalmus) lalitai, antenna. Fig. 6. Eristalis {Lathyrophthalmus) haileyburyi, antenna. APRIL 1968] NAYAR — NEW SPECIES OF ERISTALIS 121 Holotype female, St. John’s College, Agra, India, 10 December 1962 (Lalita Taneja). The species is related to Eristalis tahanoides Jaenn., but differs in frons with distinct black pubescence in the median one-third, a shining black central bump, face slightly grooved below the antennae, antennal prominence shining black, coloration of the pleurae, the scutellum, the legs and the abdomen. Eristalis (Lathyrophthalnius) haileyburyi Nayar, new species (Figs. 2, 4, and 6) A large brownish-yellow species, wings clear; antennae orange; eyes spotted; abdomen conical with yellowish bands and spots; legs orange. Length, 12.43 mm. Female. — Eyes bare, brownish-yellow, spotted black, black spots more numerous and coalescent on the upper half; ocellar triangle slightly raised, shining black with dark brown ocelli, black pubescence. Frons blackish for about four-fifths from vertex to bases of antennae, yellowish above the antennae, gradually widen- ing from top to the bottom; covered with small black pubescence; face sharply widening below antennae, about one-fourth the width of head at level of antennae, forming lounded yellow central bump; tomentum dense yellow with short yellow pubescence. Cheeks and border of mouth yellowish, cheeks with long yellow silvery pile and mouth border with extremely minute pubescence. Antennal prominence yellowish-black with black pubescence and yellow pile apically. Antennae orange; outer half of third segment brownish-yellow; arista brown, bare. Thorax yellowish with four distinct shining black vittae running from anterior to posterior end, lateral stripes narrowing towards ends; dorsum with scarce yellow pile but rather dense yellow pubescence along the anterolateral borders, posterolateral borders brownish. Pleurae shining yellow with concolorous pubes- cence but the lower parts of mesepisternum and mesepimeron blackish with grayish pile. Scutellum blackish-yellow at base and centrally with black pubes- cence and brownish-yellow along lateral borders with concolorous long pile. Legs entirely brownish yellow; lower two-thirds of fore femur, apical one-third of hind femur and apical half of fore tibia witb black pubescence; all the femora with small rounded patch of small black denticles at base, hind femur with additional 2-4 rows of dark, stiff, small spines along lower one-fourth on inner side. Abdomen brownish-yellow, conical; 1st segment yellow with median narrow brown band not reaching the hind border; second brownish-yellow with pair of long, lobe-like yellow spots, narrowly separated medially, not reaching extreme side margins; third and fourth segments with thick yellow band about middle of segments, band on 4th segment more basally placed; fifth segment with pair of small anterolateral yellow spots; sixth segment heavily dusted yellow; posterior borders of the second, third, fourth and fifth segments brownish; pubescence sparse, yellow, with patch of black pile along medio-posterior border of second segment. Holotype female, Haileybury house, St. John’s College, Agra, India, 3 March 1960 (J. L. Nayar). 122 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 The species is related to Eristalis arvorum (Fabr.) but differs in face being narrow, the lower parts of mesepipleuron blackish; scutellum blackish-yellow; coloration of the legs, presence of denticles on the bases of femora and the pattern of the abdominal markings. Literature Cited Nayar, J. L. and L. Nayar. 1965. Some interesting Syrphids of Agra. Indian J. Ent., 27 (2) : 240-241. A New Species of Ephemerella (Serratella) from California^ (Ephemeroptera : Ephemerellidae) Richard K. Allen and Donald L. Collins California State College at Los Angeles The North American species of the subgenus Serratella was revised in 1963 (Allen and Edmunds) and included lour species from western North America. A recent collection of mayflies from Sequoia National Forest in California included an additional undescribed species of this subgenus. Ephemerella sequoia Allen and Collins, new species Mature Nymph. — Length: body 6-7 mm; caudal filaments 6-7 mm. Head brown with a large pale macula on Irons between compound eyes; without occipital tubercles, but top of head often with fine spicules; maxillary palpi two-segmented (figs, 1-2). Thorax brown; thoracic nota without tubercles, but often with fine spicules; legs uni- colorous tan to white; foreleg as in fig. 3; tarsal claws with 6-7 denticles (fig. 4). Abdominal terga brown with pale lateral margins, and with pale median stripe on terga 1-10, stripe often indistinct on terga 1-2; terga 4-8 with short, blunt paired submedian tubercles, tergum 3 often with small tubercles (fig. 5) ; abdominal sterna brown, with pale lateral margins, dark brown sublateral longitudinal dashes, and dark brown median longitudinal stripe (fig. 6). Caudal filaments brown, often with irregular pale bands, and without setae. Types. — Holotype : Nearly mature female nymph, Salmon Creek at Horse Meadow Campground, Sequoia Natl. Forest, Tulare Co., California, l-VHl-65, W. P. Vann, in collection California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Paratopotypes : 6 female nymphs, 1 nymph ^ The research upon which this report is based was supported by a grant from tJie National Science Foundation (NSF GB-.'ITOS). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 122-124. April 1968 APRIL 1968] ALLEN & COLLINS — NEW SERRATELLA 123 Figs. 1-6. Ephemerella sequoia, female nymph, paratype: 1. maxilla; 2. max- illary palp; 3. right foreleg; 4. tarsal claw; 5. abdominal terga; 6. abdominal sterna 4-6. 124 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 each in collections of California Academy of Sciences, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, remainder in collection of California State College at Los Angeles. Remarks. — Ephemerella sequoia is most closely related to E. velmae Allen and Edmunds. Both species are nearly identical in body size, and in the degree of development of the paired, dorsal abdominal tubercles. The nymphs of E. sequoia are readily distinguished from those of E. velmae, and all other western North American Serratella, by the follow- ing combination of characters: (1) they possess blunt, paired, dorsal abdominal tubercles on segments 4-8; (2) they bear relatively short tarsal claws with 6-7 denticles; (3) their abdominal terga and sterna have pale lateral margins, and (4) their body and caudal filament lengths are subequal. In the key to the nymphs of the subgenus Serratella (Allen and Edmunds, 1963:587) E. sequoia would come to an impasse in couplet 2. The second half of the couplet reads “Paired submedian tubercles on abdominal terga 2-8 . . . .” which then refers to couplet 4, and the ensuing couplets which separate E. tibialis, E. velmae, and E. micheiieri. Ephemerella sequoia will key out before the above mentioned species if the first alternative of the second half of couplet 3 is rewritten, and couplet 3A is inserted between couplets 3 and 4 as follows: 3 (2), Paired, submedian tubercles on abdominal terga 4 to 7 only; legs unicolorous brown; maxillary palpi very small; tarsal claws with 9 or 10 denticles teresa -Paired, submedian tubercles on abdominal terga 4-8, some- times small on tergum 3, or terga 2-8, sometimes small on segments 2 and 8; maxillary palpi moderately long; legs and tarsal claws variable 3A 3A (3). Paired submedian tubercles on abdominal terga 4^8, some- times small on tergum 3; femora tan or white; abdominal terga with pale lateral margins sequoia -Paired submedian tubercles on abdominal terga 2-8, some- times small on segments 2 and 8; femora dark, or dark with pale markings; abdominal terga without pale lateral margins 4 Biology. — The nymphs of E. sequoia were collected in a small, moderately flowing stream among rubble, small rocks, and sand. The summer daytime stream temperature varied from 54° F at 9:00 a.m. to 66° F at 4:30 p.m. Literature Cited Allen, R. K. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1963. A revision of the genus Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera : Ephemerellidae) . VI. The subgenus Serratella in North America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 56: 583-600, 68 figs. APRIL 1968] NAYAR — VARIATIONS IN ERISTALIS TENAX 125 Abdominal band-variations in Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus) (Diptera : Syrphidae) J. L. Nayar University of California, Berkeley In the California Insect Survey Collection of Syrphidae, University of California, Berkeley, are fifteen peculiar specimens of Eristalis tenax (Linn.) showing extreme variations in the abdominal markings. It is rather strange that in hundreds of specimens examined in the collection only fifteen were found to show marked variations from the normal pattern, though extremely minute variations were a common feature in the huge collection. Cockayne (1929) and Smith (1955) have described abdominal variations in Diptera and in the genus Chry- sotoxum (Syrphidae), respectively. Williston (1886), Verrall (1901), Brunetti (1923), and Sack (1932) differ a good deal in their descrip- tion of the abdominal markings in this species, so for the sake of clarity in regard to the normal pattern, the following brief description may well serve the purpose. Male abdomen. — (Fig. 1) first tergite black, somewhat long shining, grayish pile over dorsum except lateral borders; second and third mainly brownish yellow; basal black band on second tergite narrows towards sides, almost reaching extreme ends of segment, median black band with inner margins brownish, narrow in middle with diverging arms at basal and distal ends, joins basal band basally and hinder black band distally leaving extreme margin yellowish, hinder band runs only about one-third of segmental width, extreme margin of segment pale; basal band on 3rd segment extremely reduced, median black band of almost uniform width joins hinder broader, black band narrowing laterally, anterior, lateral and posterior borders yellowish; rest of abdomen black; pile yellow. Female abdomen. — (Fig. 10) first segment dull black with extreme lateral borders yellowish, long grayish pile from hinder border extends over basal band of 2nd segment; second segment more yellowish than third, hinder black band extends more than two-thirds its width, rest like that of male; basal band on 3rd segment not reaching extreme side margins, median band approximately four times thicker than long and hinder black band extremely thick, anterior border and narrow, lateral, linear areas yellow; rest of abdomen black; pubescence yellow. The fifteen specimens of Eristalis tenax (Linn.) showing marked variations from the above normal pattern are described below. (i) . Male, Berkeley, California, 26 January 1923, A. J. Basinger (Fig. 2). Lateral borders of median black band on 2nd segment diverging basally and converging distally, hinder band extremely small with minute, posterior, median knob-like projection. Basal band on 3rd segment absent and width of median band narrower than normal. (ii) . Male, Ontario, California, 29 June 1950, J. D. Paschke (Fig. 3). Lateral borders of median black band on 2nd segment equally diverging at both ends. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 125-129. April 1968 126 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 Figs. 1-9. Eristalis tenax (Linn.), male abdomens. (See text.) hinder band running more than half of segmental width, leaving extreme margins pale. Prominent basal band on 3rd segment extending up to about half the width of segment. (iii) . Male, Alum Rock Pk., Santa Clara Co., California, 25 May 1950, E. G. Linsley (Fig. 4). Distinct lobe-like yellow lateral spots on 2nd segment. Hinder band on 2nd segment nearly runs the width of segment, leaving extreme margins yellow. Basal band on 3rd segment almost complete, median band extremely short. Pair of lateral, narrow, linear, yellow spots a little above middle of segment. (iv) . Male, Viola, Shasta Co., California, 19 May 1941, E. G. Linsley (Fig. 5). Hinder band on second segment running about half the width of segment leaving sides yellow. Third segment with rectangular extension of yellow spot on left hand side. (v) . Male, Tanbark Flat, Los Angeles Co., California, 21 May 1950, M. J. Stebbins (Fig. 6). Hinder band on 2nd segment very faintly marked, about half APRIL 1968] NAYAR — VARIATIONS IN ERISTALIS TENAX 127 Figs. 10-17. Eristalis tenax (Linn.), female abdomens. (See text.) the width of segment. Left half of 3rd segment black, but a distinct yellow spot on right side, which runs about two-thirds its length from anterior to posterior border. (vi) . Male, Hood River, Ore., 20 June 1917, F. R. Cole (Fig. 7). Median hand on 2nd segment rather short and thick, while hinder hand running distinctly along entire length of segment. Lateral yellow spots narrow with blackish hue. Third segment entirely black. (vii) . Male, Lakeside, San Diego Co., California, 18 April 1953, Wild Mustard, J. Powell (Fig. 8). Median band on 2nd segment somewhat swollen medially and ending in knob-like projection posteriorly, hinder band entirely lacking. Third segment black except for yellowish extreme anterior margin. (viii). Male, Ontario, California, 1 June 1950, J. D. Paschke (Fig. 9). Hinder black band on 2nd segment prominently marked about half the width of segment. 128 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 becoming indistinct laterally. Somewhat less marked basal black band runs medially on 3rd segment. Anterior margin pale with pair of small yellow spots on sides of median black stripe. Small triangular yellow mark present on anterior- left hand side. (ix) . Female, Berkeley, California, 1 June 1940, Miller (Fig. 11). First segment entirely dull black. Hinder band on 2nd segment running entire width of segment; basal band on 3rd segment reaches extreme side margins. Lateral linear areas less distinctly marked. (x) . Female, Shingletown, Shasta Co., California, 2 June 1941, C. D. Michener (Fig. 12). First segment shining black; hinder band on 2nd segment entire; third segment black with extremely reduced mediolateral yellow spots. (xi) . Female, Hopland Field Station, Mendecino Co., California, 13 June 1955, M. Wasbauer (Fig. 13). Posterior border and lateral spots on 2nd segment distinctly brownish-yellow. Third segment with brownish, narrow, lateral stripes. (xii) . Female, Berkeley, California, 2 June 1952, J. J. Menn (Fig. 14). Basal band on 2nd segment extremely thick and complete, median band almost reduced in length. Lateral spots brownish, tapering towards extreme ends. Third segment black. (xiii). Female, Antioch, Contra Costa Co., California, 19 October 1947, C. C. Danham (Fig. 15). Basal band on 2nd segment complete; yellow spot of irregular shape on right side somewhat bigger than one on left side. Somewhat indistinct, narrow, linear, lateral yellow markings present on 3rd segment. (xiv) . Female, Clear Creek, Iowa, 15 September 1957, J. R. Powers (Fig. 16). First and third segments entirely black. Pair of slantingly placed brownish yellow spots, with their extremely narrow cone-like upper ends, touching basally the anterolateral borders of 2nd segment. Right side spot rather more conical than one on left side. Extreme distal border of 2nd segment somewhat brownish-yellow. (xv) . Female, Berkeley, California, 31 March 1952, R. E. Wagner (Fig. 17). Abdomen almost entirely black. Extremely small triangular brownish spot on right side and fairly large yellow mark on left side of 2nd segment. The present findings suggest in no small measure that the individuals of Eristalis tenax (Linn.) are especially prone to such abnormalities. Acknowledgments I wish to thank Prof. Ray F. Smith, Chairman, Dept, of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley, for providing me with facilities for work. I am most indebted to Dr. F. R. Cole, dip- terologist, for generous advice, encouragement and checking of the manuscript. My thanks are also due to Prof. R. L. Usinger for help in many ways. And last but not least, I thank the U. S. State Dept, of Education, Washington, for the award of a scholarship, which enabled me to undertake this work. I appreciate the help by Mrs. Celeste Green in arranging the plates which accompany this study. Literature Cited Brunetti, E. 1923. The fauna of British India. Diptera, 3: 173-174. APRIL 1968] LEHMKUHL — EPEORUS LIFE HISTORIES 129 Cockayne, E. A. 1929. Spiral and other anomalous forms of segmentation. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 77 : 177-184. Sack, P. 1932. Lindner Fliegen, family Syrphidae, 31:266. Smith, K. G. V. 1955. Abdominal teratology in the genus Chrysotoxum (Dipt., Syrphidae). Ent. Mon. Mag., 91: 224-226. Verrall, G. H. 1901. British flies, 8: 505-508. WiLLiSTON, S. W. 1886. Synopsis of the North American Syrphidae. U. S. Natl. Mus. Bull., 31: 160-161. Observations on the Life Histories of Four Species of Epeorus in western Oregon (Ephemeroptera : Heptageniidae) D. M. Lehmkuhl Oregon State University, Corvallis A lack of basic biological information is a serious impediment to the study of aquatic insect ecology. A large percentage of the immature stages of Ephemeroptera cannot be identified to species and the life histories of most have not been studied (Berner, 1959). Except for notes in taxonomic treatments (Edmunds and Allen, 1964; Jensen, 1966) the biologies of the northwestern species of Epeorus Eaton are unknown. Four of the eight species of Epeorus reported to oceur in Oregon (Allen and Edmunds, 1956) are found in Oak Creek, 5 miles northwest of Corvallis, Benton County; Epeorus {Iron) longimanus (Eaton), E. (Ironodes) nitidus (Eaton), F. {Iron) albertae (McDunnough) , and E. {Iron) deceptivus (McDunnough). I have reared the nymphs of the first three to the adult stage in the laboratory, but adults of E. deceptivus have not been reared from the study area. The nymph of the fourth has been determined to species by referring to the keys and descriptions provided by Edmunds and Allen (1964), and by comparing the nymph with material in the Oregon State University collection which was identified tentatively as E. deceptivus by R. K. Allen. Oak Creek is a small woodland stream located in the eastern foothills of the Coast Range at an elevation of approximately 400 feet. The stream flow ranges from a minimum of 0. 1-0.2 cfs during the dry summer and fall to over 20 cfs during winter freshets. The width ranges from 2 to 8 feet and may reach 15 feet during severe floods. In the study area, the substrate consists of gravel with many scattered 4-6-inch The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 129-137. April 1968 130 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 SEPr. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. APRIL 1968] LEHMKUHL — EPEORUS LIFE HISTORIES 131 stones. Little organic matter is present except at the time of leaf fall in October and November, and periphyton is sparse. The stream has a dense canopy of trees, and has sharp banks 3 to 4 feet high. Monthly square-foot bottom samples were taken between October 1965 and September 1966. A modified Hess-type sampler was used (Lattin, 1963), which enclosed the area to be sampled. The collecting net had a mesh size of 0.116 mm. Air and water temperatures were monitored with a continuous recorder for one week during each month of the study. Water temperature data are summarized in Table 1. Additional field and laboratory observations on the period of adult emergence were made during the 1966-67 season. A representative collection of specimens has been deposited in the Oregon State Univer- sity collection. Life Cycles Epeorus longimanus (Eaton) Keys and descriptions of the adults and nymphs of E. longimanus were given by Edmunds and Allen (1964). They recorded the species in every western state. Figure 1 shows the seasonal development of E. longimanus in Oak Creek. The nymphs, even those under 1 mm in length, may be recognized by the following combination of characters: two caudal cerci (a character common to all Epeorus) , a fuscous macula on each femur, and abdominal gills which extend anteriorly and meet beneath the body on segment one. Early instar nymphs were first found in the samples in September. The low number of specimens and the irregularity of the presence of size classes between October and January probably is due to the disturbing effects of the floods and freshets which occurred in the stream during this time (Anderson and Lehm- kuhl, in press) . Adults were collected at the Oak Creek station from April to June. An emergence trap, covering an area of 4 fU, was placed over a riffle from March to July 1967. Based on trap records the peak of emergence occurred during the last 3 weeks of April. No other Epeorus were collected in the emergence trap even though the nymphs of other species were numerous in the stream. 4 - Fig. 1. Size-class distribution of Epeorus longimanus in monthly bottom samples from Oak Creek, Benton Co., Oregon. Bars represent per cent of total in each size class: body length in mm. Total number in samples in column at right (A indicates adults) . 132 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 E E 6 5 4 3 2 1 Fig. 2. Seasonal occurrence and size ranges of Epeorus deceptivus and E. nitidus in Oak Creek, Benton Co., Oregon. The . . . G ^ .2 cfi "o o OJ lu pO bC a; cB •1-^ a G o o o a;i rO ■M ;h o M-H cB • 4—1 CB fN Q w ^ G M o blD H V >H O G O (n • ^ cd s' o CJ CJ 0) (D IH CJ CJ o o o ■ o 4 o -Q 03 o LO •o 4-» pM 0) 03 3 bX 43 a "9 4 h C3 U < 1 — s 1 H 9, V} *3 Q.) &JD C O PD CJ a; Oh PC PC PC a ;:^ k. in. O O o 'i) Cl, Ci. a. 1^ 136 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 (5-15° C), but adult emergence is completed several months earlier in Oak Creek (Table 2). These two may be cold water species which have been able to invade a region of high summer water temperatures by adjusting the life cycle to take advantage of the cooler winter and spring water temperatures. The life cycles of E. deceptivus and E. longimanus in Oak Creek are similar to that reported for E. pleuralis (Banks) in Kentucky (Minshall, 1964). E. pleuralis nymphs hatch from September to May and adults emerge from February to June. Minshall concludes that this is primarily a cold water species, and that temperatures of 17—18° C may be lethal to the nymphs. One might surmise from Table 2 that temperatures of 15-16° C limit the occurrence of the nymphs of E. longimanus and E. deceptivus since in both the Rocky Mountains and in Oak Creek the nymphs do not occur above this temperature. The limitation of the period of adult emergence by water temperatures that kill the nymphs has been sug- gested by Macan (1960a, 1960b). E. longimanus nymphs ranging from 2.1-6 mm occurred in Oak Creek in June, while in July no nymphs were present (fig. 1). The rising water temperature in June or July could explain the rather sudden disappearance of the nymphs. How- ever, this explanation is not supported by data presented by Hartland- Rowe (1964). Although he did not discuss the signifieance of the fact, he reported nymphs of E. longimanus in Alberta ranging from 2-10 mm during the last month of adult emergence. Temperatures in the stream did not exceed 12° C, and this appears to be well below the “lethal” temperature of the species. There is apparently some factor in addition to temperature which regulates the period of adult emer- gence. Since the “lethal” temperature hypothesis is not entirely satis- factory, other possibilities such as photoperiod or extremely rapid growth and development of the nymphs near the end of the emergence period should be investigated. Acknowledgments I should like to thank Dr. N. H. Anderson and Dr. John D. Lattin of Oregon State University for critically reviewing the manuscript. Dr. Anderson kindly allowed me to use data taken in connection with investigations of downstream drift. This research was in part supported by NSF Grant GB 3643. Literature Cited Allen, R. K., and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1956. A list of the mayflies of Oregon. Utah Acad. Proc., 33: 85-87. APRIL 1968] SCHUSTER RONCUS PACIFICUS IDENTITY 137 Anderson, N. H., and D. M. Leiimkuiil. Catastrophic drift of insects in a wood- land stream. Ecology (in press). Berner, Lewis. 1959. A tabular summary of the biology of North American mayfly nymphs (Ephemeroptera) . Bull. Florida State Museum, 4: 1-58. Day, W. C. 1963. Ephemeroptera. In Usinger, R. L. (ed.) Aquatic Insects oj California. Second printing. Univ. California Press, Berkeley. Edmunds, G. F., Jr., and R. K. Allen. 1964. The Rocky Mountain species of Epeorus {Iron) Eaton (Ephemeroptera : Heptageniidae) . Jour. Kan. Ent. Soc., 37: 275-288. Hartland-Rowe, R. 1964. Factors influencing the life-histories of some stream insects in Alberta. Verb. Internat. Verein. LimnoL, 15: 917-925. Jensen, S. L. 1966. The mayflies of Idaho (Ephemeroptera). M. S. Thesis. Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, 367 pp. Kraft, G. F. 1963. Seasonal occurrence and distribution of aquatic insects in Berry Creek. Ph.D. Thesis. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 122 pp. Lattin, J. D. 1963. Equipment and Technique. In Usinger, R. L. (ed.) Aquatic Insects of California. Second printing. Univ. California Press, Berkeley. Macan, T. T. 1960a. The effect of temperature on Rhithrogena semicolorata l Ephem. ). Int. Rev. ges. Hydrohioh, 45: 197-201. 1960b. The occurrence of Heptagenia lateralis (Ephem.) in streams in the English Lake District. Wetter u. Leben., 12: 231-234. Minshall, J. N. 1964. An ecological life history of Epeorus pleuralis (Banks) in Morgan’s Creek, Meade County, Kentucky. M. S. Thesis. Univ. of Louisville, 79 pp. Traver, j. R. 1935. Systematic, Part II, in J. G. Needham, J. R. Traver, and Yin-Chi Jsu, The Biology oj Mayflies. Ithaca: Comstock Publishing Co., 759 pp. The Identity of Roncus pacificus Banks (, Arachnida : Chelonethida) Robert 0. Schuster University of California, Davis Four syntypes of Roncus pacificus Banks belonging to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, were kindly loaned to me by Dr. Herbert W. Levi. Permission was granted to prepare slides from the type series. In alcohol, observed with a dissecting microscope, the types appeared to consist of one male, one female, and two immature specimens of the heterosphyronid genus Mundochthonius. The male and one of the nymphs were cleared, lightly stained with lignin pink, and mounted in Piccolyte. The male is herein designated as the lecto- type, and the following emended description and illustrations pertain to that specimen. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 137-139. April 1968 [voL. 44, NO. 2 APRIL 1968] SCHUSTER — RONCUS PACIFICUS IDENTITY 139 Mundochthonius PACIFICUS (Banks) new combination Roncus pacificus Banks, 1893, Canadian Ent., 25: 66. Lechytia pacifica, Banks, 1895, J. New York Entomol. Soc., 3: 13. Male. — Median length of carapace 550 fi; epistome moderately large (fig. 4) ; anterior margin of carapace with 6 setae, posterior margin with 2 setae, with a total of 18 setae. Tergites I and II with 4 marginal setae, tergites III to X with 6 marginal setae, and tergite XI probably with 6 setae. Chelicera with 8 flagellar setae; fixed finger with 11 teeth (fig. 3). Palpal femur 525 p long, 134 p wide; tibia 292 p long, 168 p wide. Chela (figs. 1, 2) 823 p long, 202 p wide, 202 p deep; movable finger 515 p long; fixed finger with about 54 teeth, movable finger with 58 teeth. Coxal spines wide, single, but with 2 deep incisions (fig. 5). Structure of genitalia, and number and placement of opercular setae as indicated in figure 6; sternites following the posterior operculum with 16 : 14 : 10 : 10 : marginal setae, the numbers for remaining sternites uncertain. In addition to the type specimens from Olympia, Washington, I have seen specimens from California and Idaho. Mundochthonius pacificus is probably very closely related to M. rossi Hoff (1949) differing from (the description of) that species mainly in being larger. All previous records of Lechytia pacifica from North America, except those for Washington, probably pertain to specimens of one or more undetermined species of the genus Lechytia. Literature Cited Banks, N. 1893. New Chernetidae from the United States. Canadian Entomol., 25: 64^67. 1895. Notes on the Pseudoscorpionida. J. New York Entomol. Soc., 3: 1-13. Hoff, C. C. 1949. The pseudoscorpions of Illinois. Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv., 24: 413-498. <- Mundochthonius pacificus (Banks), lectotype male. Figs. 1, 2, chela dorsal and lateral, showing positions of setal soekets of duplex and taetile setae. Fig. 3, fixed cheliceral finger. FiG. 4, epistome. Fig. 5, spine of coxa H. Fig. 6, genital area, lateral guard and opercular setae omitted from right side, internal setae omitted from left side. 140 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 New California Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) W. H. Tyson San Jose State College, California The following new forms were discovered during a study of the California Cerambycidae. They have been confirmed by Dr. J. A. Chemsak of the University of California at Berkeley. Poliaenus abietis Tyson, new species (Fig. 1) Female. — Form cylindrical, subdepressed; integument eolor dark brown to piceus; pubeseence light-gray and blaek. Head transverse, densely clothed with recumbent light-gray pubescence and long, erect, light-gray hairs; occiput with a shallow groove. Antennae slightly longer than body, all segments annulated, pale basally. All antennal segments clothed with recumbent pubescence and long light- gray hairs on the ventral side; scape with long hairs on entire surfaee. Pronotum wider than long, cylindrical, with a prominent, acute tubercle at each side clothed with dense light-gray pubescence; pronotal dise with three obtuse tubercles, glabrous at apex. Recumbent puljescence of pronotum mottled black and light- gray, erect hairs on disc black and those laterally light-gray. Elytra with humeri broadly rounded, blaek. Elytral apices obliquely truncate. Elytral disc with two large, prominent tubercles on basal fifth, each covered with dense, erect black hairs. Antemedian pale band of elytra composed of dense, recumbent, light-gray pubescenee; postmedian dark band broad, even broader near suture; preapical band mottled with black and gray pubescence. Several ereet, black hairs along costae of disc. Costae distinct, those of disc with small tufts of black hair on apical half. Erect hairs of elytra black on disc, light-gray laterally. Legs dark and mostly clothed with both recumbent and erect light-gray hairs, but with glabrous areas near femoral apex and with femoral base rufescent. Tarsi annulated above, clothed with dense yellow hair below. Underside of body densely clothed with light-gray recumbent pubescence. Last abdominal sternum with transverse declivity near apex. Length, 9 mm. Male. — Unknown. Material Examined. — Holotype female and one paratype female from Cone Peak, Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County, Cali- fornia (W. H. Tyson). Holotype speeimen deposited in the entomo- logical collection of the California Academy of Sciences. The type specimens were reared from Santa Lucia Fir {Abies venusta) . The larvae mine the cambium layer of small limbs (2.5 to 6.5 cm in diameter). They etch both the bark and the wood, with the mature larvae leaving deep, heavily reticulated galleries filled with course light and dark frass. The mature larvae enter the heart wood and construct pupal chambers at the end of a short gallery. The cham- The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 140-143. April 1968 APRIL 1968] TYSON — NEW CALIFORNIA CERAMBYCIDAE 141 Fig. 1. Poliaenus abietis Tyson, female. 142 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 bers were located one-fourth inch below the outer surface of the bark. Perhaps the adults overwinter in these pupal chambers; wood collected in April 1965 and kept in indoor rearing cages yielded the type speci- mens in the fall of 1967. They were removed from their pupal chambers in late November. Members of this species differ from other North American Poliaenus by having prominent acute lateral pronotal tubercles, by the wide post- median dark band, by the obliquely truncate elytral apices, and by the enlarged tufts or brushes of erect black hairs on the basal fifth of the elytra. In Linsley (1935) this species keys to Poliaenus californicus (Schaeffer) . Aneflus protensis pallidus Tyson, new subspecies (Fig. 2) Integument testaceous to light reddish hrown; pubescence of head dense, obscuring most of the surface. Pronotum with surface obscured by pale pubes- cence except for “T”-shaped demuded area on disc. Scutellum densely covered with pale pubescence. Spines at apices of elytra moderately long in male, smaller in female. Females with the outer angle of each elytron variable, being either rounded, dentate, or with a short spine. Length, 22-35 mm. APRIL 1968] TYSON— NEW CALIFORNIA CERAMBYCIDAE 143 Material Examined. — Holotype male, allotype female, and one male paratype from Blythe, Riverside County, California, 12 July 1948, at lights (E. G. Linsley). Eight male and eight female paratypes from Blythe, California, as follows: One male and one female, 10 July 1947 (J. W. MacSwain) ; two males, light trap, 18 July 1948 (collectors unknown) ; two males and one female, attracted to ultra-violet light, 17 July 1966 (W. H. Tyson) ; one male and one female, 30 July 1967 (J. W. Tilden and B. A. Tilden). Additional material examined: Three females from 3 miles south of Parker, Yuma County, Arizona, on Prosopis pubescens, 9 July 1966 (J. M. Davidson, M. A. Cazier) ; one female from Borrego Valley, San Diego County, California, 6 June 1940 (N. Reynolds) ; one female from Borrego, San Diego County, Califor- nia, 9 June 1962 (G. R. Noonan) ; two males from Blythe, Riverside County, California, 10 and 22 July 1949 (collectors unknown). The testaceous integument and dense pubescence of the head and pronotum separates this subspecies from Aneflus protensis protensis (LeConte), which ranges from west-central Arizona east to Texas and south into Mexico. In unrubbed specimens a bicolored appearance is noticed due to the dense pubescence of the head and pronotum, this area being much lighter than the elytra. Adults have been attracted to both white and ultra-violet lights. Linsley (1963) failed to recognize this distinct subspecies in his coverage of the genus. The holotype, allotype, and one paratype are deposited in the ento- mological collection of the California Academy of Sciences, the remain- ing paratypes are in the collections of W. H. Tyson, J. W. and B. A. Tilden, and the California Insect Survey at Berkeley. My thanks to H. B. Leech (California Academy of Sciences), J. A. Chemsak (California Insect Survey), and J. W. Tilden (San Jose State College) for the loan of specimens, and to Dr. J. G. Edwards for his encouragement and constructive criticism during the preparation of this article. Literature Cited Linsley, E. G. 1935. A revision of the Pogonocherini of North America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 28 (1) : 73-103, 1 pi. 1963. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part IV. Taxonomy and Clas- sification of the Subfamily Cerambycinae, Tribes Elaphidionini through Rhinotragini. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 21: 1-165, figs. 1-52. 144 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 A New Species of Onagrandrena Associated with Camissonia campestris (Hymenopteia : Andrenidae) E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain^ University of California, Berkeley The following species of Andrena {Onagrandrena) is described at this time in order to make the name available for use in another study. Andrena (Onagrandrena) camissoniae Linsley and MacSwain, new species Female. — Head and mesosoma dull black; metasoma shining black, posterior impressed tergal margins castaneous; pubescence pale ocbraceous. Head with clypeus slightly shining, conA'ex, densely punctate, without indication of a median longitudinal smooth line; labrum with process broad, about one-half length of first flagellar segment, as broad as long, distinctly elevated, apex subtruncate, broadly rounded at sides, without an apical notch; antennae with flagellum black, first segment, measured along anterior margin, as long as second and third com- bined. Mesosoma with mesoscutum dullish, finely and closely punctured, punctures subcontiguous, less than one diameter apart, interspaces finely almost coarsely reticulate; mesoscutellum and mesopleura more closely punctate than mesoscutum, punctures contiguous; propodeum coarsely subcontiguously, reticulate-punctate, basal enclosure finely, longitudinally, and only slightly obliquely rugose, with a single fine well defined straight median ridge; wings lightly tinted dark brown; legs with scopae of posterior tibiae long, one and one-half times width of tibiae, and moderately dense. Metasoma moderately slender, shining, second tergum with most anterior hairs long, minutely but distinctly plumose, surface finely punctate, most punctures separated by from three to five diameters, terga two to four with apical impression broad and distinct, finely, sparsely punctate, impunctate margin very narrow but distinct, shining. Body length approximately 11 mm, anterior wing 9 mm. Male. — Unknown. Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entomology), from 28 miles northwest of New Cuyama, Santa Barbara County, California, 8 June 1963, at flowers of Oenothera dentata (= Camis- sonia campestris) between 7:20 and 7:30 a.m. (G. I. Stage) and 3 paratypes (California Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley) all from the same locality and flowers as follows: one between 6:50 and 7:00 a.m., one between 7:10 and 7:20 a.m., and one between 7:20 and 7 :30 a.m. This distinctive species is tentatively assigned to the A. (0.) oenothe- rae complex (Linsley and MacSwain, 1963) but differs from other ^ The authors express appreciation to the National Science Foundation for support of research on bees associated with Onagraceae through NSF Grant G-7193. We are indebted to Peter H. Raven, Department of Biological Science, Stanford University, for identifying the species of Camissonia. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 144-145. April 1968 APRIL 1968] UESHIMA — BIOLOGY OF PRIMICIMEX 145 known species not only in the ochraceous pubescence but the short, blunt labral process and the sculpturing of the propodeal enclosure. Literature Cited Linsley, E. G., and J. W. MacSwain. 1963. Descriptions of new species and subspecies of Onagrandrena, principally of the Andrena oenotherae complex (Hymenoptera : Andrenidae) . Pan-Pacific Ent., 39: 189-198. Cytology and bionomics of Primicimex cavernis Barber^ (Cimicidae : Hemiptera) Norihiro Ueshima University of California, Berkeley Primicimex cavernis Barber is considered to be a primitive member of the Cimicidae and exhibits unique characters, such as the absence of a spermalege and the much larger size. The species has been reported only from bat caves in Texas and Guatemala. Practically no biology of this particular species is known, because of rareness and difficulty in keeping specimens alive in the laboratory. Furthermore, the popula- tion of Ney Cave in Texas may have been wiped out, since no collection has been made for the last 10 years although several careful surveys were conducted. More knowledge of this particular species is badly needed in order to understand the evolutionary relationships of the Cimicidae. I have been fortunate in finding new localities for the species and have succeeded in maintaining the bugs in the laboratory. The purpose of this paper is to report some biological and cytological information concerning this unique species. The author wishes to express his grateful appreciation to Dr. R. L. Usinger (Division of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley) for his help in many ways. Also the author is indebted to Dr. P. Leitner (St. Mary’s College) for regularly providing me with host bats for laboratory rearing, and to Mr. J. D. Haddock (Division of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley) for his field assistance. Materials and Methods The bugs used in this study were collected in the Cave of Janitzio Island, Mexico, and were maintained in the laboratory on Tadarida brasiliensis mexieana (Saussure). The laboratory colony has been ^ This study was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Grant GM-13197. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 145-152. April 1968 146 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 maintained in a cabinet at 27° C ± 2 and about 70% relative humidity. Colony members were exposed to room temperature during feeding. For cytological study, testes or ovaries were fixed in Carnoy. All observations were made from squash preparations stained with aceto- carmine. For electrophoresis, adult haemolymph was taken from females and males by micropipet. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was employed. New Localities The known distribution of Primicimex, prior to this study, consisted only of Ney Cave, Texas, and Chocoyos, Chimaltenango, Guatemala. The bugs may have been exterminated from Ney Cave by an unknown agency (Usinger, 1966). Recently Mr. Haddock and I made a special trip to Guatemala and Mexico to collect live Primicimex. At Chocoyos, Guatemala, although we found the exact cave where the bugs had been collected, we failed to find the hugs. There were neither dead bugs nor skins. However, the following new locations in Mexico were added to the distribution of Primicimex: 1. Valladolid Cave, Yucatan, Mexico; 21 March 1967, by J. D. Haddock and N. Ueshima. We collected complete cast skins and dead adults of Primicimex from this locality. The bats were roosting in a fissure of an overhang- ing cliff outside the main entrance of the cave. Dead specimens and skins were collected at the base of this cliff. We were unable to reach the roosting site itself, since the cliff extended over a deep pool and the face of the cliff was sheer. However, we assume that there is a population of the bugs around the bat roosting site in the cave. We are certain that some of the bats at this locality were Tadarida hrasil- iensis mexicana, because of a unique odor. 2. Cave, Janitzio Island, Patzcuaro Lake, Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico; 23 March 1967, by J. D. Haddock and N. Ueshima. The bug- population in the cave was quite dense.^ The cave is located about 500 yds. SE of a statue which stands in ths center of the island. The cave consists of a single chamber about 50 ft. deep and 30 ft. high. The opening of the cave is about 10 ft. high and 7 ft. wide. The cave contained thousands of Mexican free- tailed bats, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana. Primicimex was easily found and collected on walls, especially in crevices of the walls. All ^ Dr. Denny Constantine first noticed “large cimicids” in this cave some years ago and suggested that the cave be searched on the chance that Primicimex might be found. APRIL 1968] UESHIMA — BIOLOGY OF PRIMICIMEX 147 Fig. 1 (left). Primicimex cavernis Barber, hiding in a crevice of the wall at the cave, Janitzio Island, Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico. Fig. 2 (right). Primicimex cavernis eggs laid on the wall of the cave, Janitzio Island, Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico. stages of Primicimex, from eggs to adults, were readily collected (figs. 1 and 2) . Host Specificity It has been considered that the host of Primicimex is the Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida hrasiliensis mexicana. In order to prove this host relationship, an experiment was conducted in the laboratory. Starved adult and nymphal bugs from Janitzio Island were used for the test with the following potential hosts provided for the bugs. Bat: Myotis yumanensis (H. Allen) Antrozous pallidus (LeConte) Tadarida hrasiliensis mexicana (Saussure) Rabbit White mouse Chicken In the experiment, the bugs never attempted to feed on any of these animals, except Tadarida hrasiliensis mexicana. This indicates that the bugs are host specific to the Mexican free-tailed bat. The bat has a strong and unique odor. This odor may play a part in attracting the bugs. Even when Antrozous or Myotis were presented to the bugs together with Tadarida, the bugs always attempted to feed on Tadarida and never on Antrozous or Myotis. Feeding Behavior Generally cimicids in the laboratory feed readily on the host through nylon net (see Usinger, 1966, for feeding methods) ; Primicimex, how- 148 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 ever, requires direct contact with the host. This difference may be due to the larger size and difference in feeding behavior. The feeding behavior of Primicimex is rather unusual in comparison to other cimi- cids. The feeding behavior of other species of cimicids was described by Usinger (1966). Ryckman (1956) briefly observed the feeding of Primicimex at Ney Cave, Texas. The following are some details of the feeding of the bugs observed by me in the laboratory. The bug approaches its host with its antennae outstretched. When the bug comes within about % inch of the host, it momentarily stops moving toward the host, and raises and points its beak toward the host. Immediately after this, the bug jumps onto the host, so that the tip of the beak taps the surface of the bat’s wing and tail membranes. Then the bug jumps back about % inch and quickly lunges toward the host again. This activity seems to test for prospective feeding surfaces. Such activities are repeated several times until the bat shows no twitching. If on the first trial of tapping the host the bug hits an unsuitable place, it moves away and starts again to approach from a different direction. After a suitable feeding surface is found, the forelegs of the bug are brought into action to grasp the membrane of the host and the beak is introduced into the membrane and blood is sucked in. The bug grasps the host with considerable force and continues the feeding even if the host moves or the experimenter disturbs the situation. During feeding the mid- and hindlegs are almost free from the host. The feeding time to engorgement is 10-15 minutes for 1st instar nymphs and 30-90 minutes for adults. Occasionally, the bug approaehes and probes the lips of the bat. When this happens, the lips twitch strongly. However, the bat does not reject or bite the probing bug. After being probed several times on the lips by the bug, the bat ceases to respond. The bug then feeds on the lip without disturbance. However, when the bat was probed lightly on the lips with a fine needle, the bat reacted immediately by biting the needle. After engorgement, the bug withdraws its beak from the host, releases the grip by its forelegs and leaves the host. Life History Fifty-four eggs were placed individually into small vials. The same vial was used to hold each bug from egg to adult. Since, as described previously, Primicimex requires direct contact with the host, each specimen was taken out of the vial during feeding. The bug was allowed to feed on the host once every ten days. The average size of APRIL 1968] UESHIMA — BIOLOGY OF PRIMICIMEX 149 Table 1. Summary of life history of Primicimex in days. Stage Female Male Duration Average Duration Average Rcrcr 13-17 15.2 13-18 15.4 1st instar 9-41 18.2 10-30 15.4 2nd instar 9-24 12.1 9-27 15.0 3rd instar 10-26 13.9 9-26 16.2 4th instar 12-36 22.9 12-36 18.5 5th instar 16-33 21.9 16-45 25.8 1st to adult 70-115 89.1 72-117 91.5 egg to adult 83-132 104.3 85-135 106.9 egg was 2.5 mm in length and 1.05 mm at maximum width and 0.5 mm at the egg cap. The eggs used were known to have been 24 hrs. old or less and eggs or nymphs were checked for hatching or moulting every day after the eggs were placed in the vials. All 54 eggs hatched. The average time to hatching was 15.3 days with 13 days minimum and 18 days maximum. The average number of days required to become adult was 104.3 days for the females and 106.9 days for the males. The longest instar was the 4th for females and the 5th for males. Out of 54 eggs hatched, 24 died during develop- ment, mostly in the 1st and 2nd instars, and 30 became adults. Out of 30 adults, 13 were females and 17 were males. The sex ratio of males to females was 56.7 : 43.3, this ratio, of course, would change if a large number were scored. The summary of the life history of Primicimex is shown in Table 1. The life history of Primicimex is rather longer than the other species of cimicids. Under our rearing conditions (72° C ±: 2 and about 70% R. H.), most species of cimicids so far studied develop at the rate of about one generation per month. Also Omori (1941) reported that the duration of the life cycle at 27° C was 31.3 days for Cimex lec- tularius Linn., and 30.8 days for C. hemipterus (Fabr.). The duration of the life cycle for Hesperocimex sonorensis Ryckman was 40.1 days at 27° C (Ryckman, 1958) and for Haemato siphon inodorus (Duges) 37.1 days at 25-29° C (Lee, 1955), However, the life history for Bucimex chilensis Usinger, which is considered the most closely related species to Primicimex, was 123.2 days at 28° C (Usinger, 1966). These two genera are strikingly larger in size than other cimicids. Thus, the 150 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 8 9 10 . JUl . ... . Figs. 3-10. Meiosis of Primicimex cavernis. Magnification is indicated by 10-g scale. Fig. 3. Spermatogonial metaphase with 30 chromosomes. Fig. 4. Female somatic metaphase with 30 chromosomes. Figs. 5-10. Male meiosis. Fig. 5. Early diakinesis, the X and Y are associated with nucleolar organizer. Fig. 6. Diakinesis with 16 chromosome entities. Fig. 7. First metaphase. Fig. 8. First telophase. Fig. 9. Second metaphase, the X and Y are located in the center of a hollow spindle formed by autosomes. Fig. 10. Second metaphase, side view. The X and Y are preceding. longer life history of these two genera may be due to the difference in body size. Cytology The chromosome number of Primicimex was briefly observed by Ueshima (1966) from Ney Cave material preserved in alcohol for several years and, therefore, not fixed properly. Using fresh specimens APRIL 1968] UESHIMA — BIOLOGY OF PRIMICIMEX 151 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 H tmmmmm Strong .wvwx Weak Medium Trace Fig. 11. Haemolymph protein patterns of Primicimex cavernis. A, female; B, male. from Janitzio Island, additional observations were made showing that the previous results were inaccurate. The diploid chromosome complement of the species is 28 + XY in the male and 28 + XX in the female (not 8 + XY and 8 + XX as previously reported) (figs. 3 and 4). All chromosomes are very much alike in size. As is usually the case in the cimicids (Ueshima, 1963, 1966 and 1967), it was not possible to analyze the details of early prophase of meiosis. At the diffuse stage, there are two heteropycnotic elements, the X and Y. In diakinesis the chromosomes become evident, the two members of each bivalent lie parallel, and bivalents usually each have one chiasma. In diakinesis there are 16 chromosome entities (figs. 5 and 6) . As the first metaphase is formed, 14 autosomal tetrads and the X and Y dyads arrange themselves on the equatorial plate (fig. 7). The sex chromosomes are usually distinguished from the autosomes because they are composed of two chromatids instead of four as in autosomes. The first division is reductional for the autosomes and equational for the sex chromosomes (fig. 8). At the second metaphase which directly follows the first without any resting stage, 14 autosomes form a hollow spindle, while the X and Y always lie in the center of the hollow spindle (fig. 9) . At the second division, the X goes to one pole with autosome halves and the Y moves to the other pole (fig. 10). The nearly related Bucimex chilensis Usinger has 26 + XY in the male and 26 + XX in the female (Ueshima, 1966). 152 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 Electrophoresis Figure 11 shows haemolymph protein patterns of the female (A) and male (B) Primicimex. The proteins are numbered according to their mobilities. The degree of intensity of the fractions is recorded under 4 categories: strong, medium, weak, and trace. As seen in Figure 11, the protein patterns of the female and male are strikingly different. The female shows 10 fractions, while the male exhibits 11. The female lacks fraction 1. Fraction 10 is strong in the female and medium in the male. Also, there are some differences in fractions 3, 6, 7, and 11 between the male and female protein patterns. The most significant differences in protein patterns between the male and female are fractions 1, 5, and 10. Literature Cited Lee, R. D. 1955. The biology of the Mexican chicken bug, Haemato siphon inodorus (Duges) (Hemiptera : Cimicidae) . Pan-Pacific Entomol., 31 (2) : 47-61. Omori, N. 1941. Comparative studies on the ecology and physiology of common and tropical bed bugs, with special references to the reactions to tem- perature and moisture. Jour. Med. Ass. Formosa, 60 (4) no. 433: 555-729. Ryckman, R. E. 1956. Parasitic and some nonparasitic arthropods from hat caves in Texas and Mexico. Amer. Midland Nat., 56: 186-190. 1958. Descriptions and biology of Hesperocimex sonorensis, new species, an ectoparasite of the purple martin (Hemiptera : Cimicidae) . Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 51 (1) : 33-47. Ueshima, N. 1963. Chromosome behavior of the Cimex pilosellus complex (Cimicidae : Hemiptera) . Chromosoma, 14: 511-521. 1966. Cytology and cytogenetics. In R. L. Usinger, Monograph of Cimicidae (Hemiptera — Heteroptera) . Thomas Say Foundation, Entom. Soc. Amer., pp. 183-239. 1967. Supernumerary chromosomes in the human bedbug, Cimex lectularius Linn. (Cimicidae : Hemiptera) . Chromosoma, 20: 311-331. Usinger, R. L. 1966. Monograph of Cimicidae (Hemiptera — Heteroptera). Thomas Say Foundation, Entom. Soc. Amer., pp. 585. APRIL 1968] NAYAR — MALE GENITALIA OF ERISTALINAE 153 Male Genitalia of Eristalinae from California (Syrphidae : Diptera) J. L. Nayar University of California, Berkeley There are a few published papers on studies of the genitalia of Eristalinae. Cole (1927) and Crampton (1944) have contributed substantially on the comparative study of male terminalia of Diptera with references to Eristalis and Helophilus species. Bean (1949) made good use of male hypopygia in determining the species of Tubifera (m Eristalis). Zumpt and Heinz (1949) studied the morphology and homology of male terminalia of Eristalis tenax (Linn.). The present study was undertaken in an attempt to establish a dependable basis for generic and specific definition in Eristalinae and to supplement the existing literature with fairly constant characters of male terminalia in the taxonomy of this group. A number of characters have been found in the hypopygium, which show marked generic and interspecific variations. Due to the large number of species present in the Eristalinae and the difficulty in obtaining all of them, the present studies were restricted to those species which are known to occur in California. It is, however, regretted that Eristalis duncani Curran and E. texanus Hull, although recorded from California, could not be studied due to the inability to secure the material. However, the representatives of genera (Arcto- syrphus, Mallota and Meromacrus) of the subfamily Eristalinae not occurring in California were studied in an effort to present a complete working key of all the genera. Metcalfs (1921) terminology adopted by Fluke (1951), Stuckenberg (1954), Sedman (1959), and Weisman (1965) has been followed in the present work but the author has preferred to call the trough-shaped sclerite bearing the style and the cerci as the “epandrium,” a term proposed by Zumpt and Heinz (1949). For the preparation of the genitalia studies, the dried and pinned specimens were relaxed in a moist chamber containing water and phenol for 24-48 hours. The postabdomen or genitalia were removed and boiled in 10 per cent KOH for half an hour to two hours, depend- ing upon the degree of chitinisation. Later the structures were neutral- ized in acetic acid, upgraded and dissected in Canada balsam under a binocular microscope. The diagrams were drawn with the help of 1 Researcli work carried on Fulbright Scholarship for 1967-1968. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44 : 153 - 167 . April 1968 154 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 camera lucida under M5 stereomicroscope. The material was stored in a small vial containing glycerine after study. The vial was then attached to the pin holding the insect from which the genitalia was removed. Acknowledgments I wish to thank Prof. Ray F. Smith, Chairman of the Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley, for encouragement and providing me with facilities for work. I am highly indebted to Dr. F. R. Cole, Dipterologist, for generous advice, assistance, helpful suggestions and checking of the manuscript. The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation and thanks to Drs. Pedro Wygodzin- sky, American Museum of Natural History; Willis W. White, United States Department of Agriculture; Karl V. Krombein, United States National Museum; and Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, for their generous loan of several specimens without which this study would not have been possible. My thanks are also due to Prof. R. L. Usinger, Dr. John A. Chemsak, and Dr. Howard V. Weems, Jr., for help in many ways. I appreciate the help by Mrs. Celeste Green in arranging the plates which accompany this study. Definitions The following are the various terms used in the course of this paper (figs. 1 and llA). (a) Cerci (C) — a pair of variously shaped structures lying in the membranous area posterior to the epandrium. These are called acrocerci (Berlese, 1909) , appen- dage IV (Newell, 1918), lamellae (Lundbeck, 1916), epiproct (Crampton, 1923), and foreceps superiores (Wesche, 1906),. (b) Styles (S) — a pair of appendages of the ninth segment which are artic- ulated to the caudo-lateral corners of the epandrium. These are also known as mesostyle (Berlese, 1909), appendage I (Newell, 1918), claws (Lundbeck, 1916), foreceps interiores (Wesche, 1906), and surstyli (Fluke, 1951). (c) Penis sheath (PS)- — formed by the ninth sternite and encloses the phallic organs. (d) Superior lobes (SL)- — a pair of more posterior of two pairs of lobes arising from the penis sheath. Stuckenberg (1954) and Nayar (1965) have called these superior claspers and harpagones respectively in Syrphidae. (e) Epandrium (E) — the modified ninth tergum. (f) Inferior lobes (IL) — the anterior pair of two pairs of lobes arising from the penis sheath. These may be absent in some cases. Stuckenberg (1954) preferred to call these inferior claspers. (g) Chitinous box (CB, fig. 65) — penis proper of Fluke (1951) or the more commonly called aedeagus or the phallus bearing the membranous ejaculatory hood (EH) at its distal end. For a better understanding of the homologies of male genitalia. APRIL 1968] NAYAR — MALE GENITALIA OF ERISTALINAE 155 students of morphology are referred to the splendid works of Crampton (1923 and 1944) and Cole (1927). Key to the Genera of Eristalinae based on Genitalia of Males 1. Styles short and broad 2 Styles long and tubular 5 2. Inferior lobes present 3 Inferior lobes absent 4 3. Superior lobes long, tubular, with hood of bristles near apex (fig. 61) — - Merodon Meigen Superior lobes long, flask-like, apex somewhat bifid (fig. 59) Asemosyrphus Bigot 4. Styles bifid at apex; superior lobes broadly capitate terminally (figs. 56 and 57) Meromacrus Rondani Styles not bifid at apex, terminally with extremely sharp conical projec- tion; superior lobes flask-like at base, apical part cylindrical and chitin- ized (figs. 62, 63, and 64) Polydontomyia Williston 5. Cerci nearly kidney-shaped 6 Cerci kidney-shaped or triangular 7 6. Inferior lobes long, narrow and tubular (fig. 1) (except Eristalis lati- frons, E. alhamhra, E. meigeni, and E. testaceicornis) Eristalis Latreille Inferior lobes short and broad (fig. 67) Arctosyrphus Frey 7. Styles about twice the depth of the epandrium (figs. 52 and 54) Mallota Meigen Styles about the depth of epandrium (figs. 42, 45, 47, and 50) Helophilus Meigen Descriptions of Male Genitalia Eristalis tenax (Linn.) (figs. 3, 4, and 5). — Epandrium horseshoe-shaped, about twice as wide as long with lower corners rounded. Styles lobe-like, nearly half as wide at apex as at base with an inner median notch; apical part and inner half beset with small bristles. Cerci kidney-shaped with long bristles. Superior lobes linear in basal two-thirds and curved outwards apically. Inferior lobes of uniform width. Eristalis obsoletus Wied. (figs. 6 and 7). — Epandrium about one and a half times as broad as long with lower corners produced and acute. Styles as broad as long except apical triangular part; outer border sharply convex, inner concave; long setae present along the upper outer margin of broad basal part of style. Cerci kidney-shaped. Superior lobes broad in middle, narrowing both at base and apex with few small bristles at rounded apical end. Inferior lobes long, linear. Eristalis triangularis Giglio-Tos (figs. 8 and 9). — Epandrium about one and a half times as wide as long with lower corners slightly produced and acute. Styles almost as long as depth of epandrium, broad at base, narrowing in middle and extremely broad towards apex; long bristles present along outer margin and pubescent all over. Cerci kidney-shaped, slightly broad at base and gradually narrowing apically. Superior lobes mango-shaped, narrow at base and pointed apically. Inferior lobes long, tubular in basal two-thirds and conical apically. Eristalis alhambra Hull (figs. 10 and 11). — Epandrium about twice as wide as long with lower corners slightly produced and acute. Styles long, about one and 156 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 APRIL 1968] NAYAR — MALE GENITALIA OF ERISTALINAE 157 a half times the depth of epandrium, rounded at apex with minute pubescence in apical part. Cerci kidney-shaped, nearly as long as epandrium with small bristles along borders. Superior lobes small, broad at base, produced apically into chitinized horn-like structures. Inferior lobes small, tubular. Chitinous box oval with two elongated sclerotized pieces. Eristalis dimidiatus Wied. (figs. 12 and 13). — Epandrium about one and a half limes as wide as long with lower corners slightly produced and acute. Styles long, rounded at apex, apical part partially constricted from lower tubular stalk. Outer border and rounded part of styles beset with bristles, bristles more dense on inner margin. Cerci kidney-shaped. Superior lobes apically ending in conical chitinized structure. Inferior lobes sharply curved outwards with apices like superior lobes. Eristalis temporalis Thomson (figs. 1 and 2). — Epandrium slightly longer than wide with rounded cephalic margin. Styles typically like those of E. dimidiatus but curved more deeply on the inside. Cerci typical for group but slightly project- ing above apices of styles. Superior lobes have their upper posterior corners produced into conical projections. Inferior lobes long, tubular, projecting down- wards and outward. Eristalis occidentalis Williston (figs. 14 and 15).^ — ^Epandrium a little less than one and a half times as wide as long with cephalic corners rounded. Styles like that of E. temporalis. Cerci somewhat kidney-shaped, projecting a little above bases of styles. Superior lobes broad in middle and narrowed basally and apically; conical apices highly chitinized. Inferior lobes more like those in E. temporalis but slightly broadening from base to tip. Chitinous box oval. Eristalis bastardii (Macquart) (figs. 16 and 17). — Epandrium about twice as wide as long with median depression on cephalie margin, lower corners acute. Styles somewhat like E. dimidiatus but distinctly bulging into knob-like projections subapically on inner borders. Cerci kidney-shaped, broad apically and narrow 4 - Fig. 1. Eristalis temporalis Tliomson (male genitalia in situ) ventral view. (See text for explanation of characters.) Fig. 2. E. temporalis Thomson, penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 3. E. tenax (Linn.), epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 4. E. tenax (Linn.), male genitalia (lateral view). Fig. 5. E. tenax (Linn.), penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 6. E. obsoletus Wied., epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 7. E. obsoletus Wied., penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 8. E. triangularis G. T., epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 9. E. triangularis G. T., penis sheath (ven- tral view). Fig. 10. E. alhambra Hull, epandrium (dorsal view) Fig. 11. E. alhambra Hull, penis sheath (ventral view) . Fig. 11a. E. alhambra Hull, male genitalia (lateral view). (See text for explanation of characters.) Fig. 12. E. dimidiatus Wied., epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 13. E. dimidiatus Wied., penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 14. E. occidentalis Will., epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 15. E. occidentalis Will., penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 16. E. bastardii Macq., epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 17. E. bastardii Macq., penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 18. F. latifrons Loew, epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 19. E. latifrons Loew, penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 20. E. arvorum (Fab.), epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 21. E. arvorum (Fab.), male genitalia (lateral view). Fig. 22. E. arvorum (Fab.), penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 23. E. anthophorinus (Fallen), epandrium (dorsal view) . 158 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 basally. Superior lobes long, tubular (rocket-shaped), sharply pointed apically. Inferior lobes long, tubular, directed downwards and outwards. Eristalis latifrons Loew (figs. 18 and 19). — Epandrium a little more than about one and a half times as wide as long with rounded cephalic margin. Styles almost as long as depth of epandrium, broad both basally and apically but sharply narrow medially. Styles cuiwe inwards, densely covered dorso apically by coarse bristles along inner half. Cerci somewhat kidney-shaped, broad basally and narrowing towards apex. Superior lobes characteristically knife-like in shape as described by Bean (1949) ; apical part highly chitinized, tapering into sharp point. Inferior lobes long, tubular, directed upwards and outwards. Chitinous box quadrangular. Eristalis arvorum (Fab.) (figs. 20, 21, and 22). — Epandrium about one and a half times as wide as long with cephalic margin rounded. Styles nearly rounded at apex, sharply flexed medially on inner borders, curving inwards; small bristles present along apical inner surface. Cerci small, narrow, linear, lobed. Superior lobes flask-like at basal two-thirds, apical part narrow, tips blunt; appearing bifid in lateral view. Inferior lobes small, lobe-like. Penis sheath about as long as epandrium. Ejaculatory hood somewhat rounded. Eristalis anthophorinus (Fallen) (figs. 23 and 24). — Epandrium about twice as wide as long with lower corners sharply produced and acute. Styles about half as long as depth of epandrium, broad basally, narrowing in middle and rounded apically; with long bristles along outer margin, short pubescence on inner rounded part and few medium sized bristles on lower inner border. Cerci somewhat broad medially and narrow at ends. Superior lobes tubular, narrowing towards apex. Inferior lobes long, curving outwards and downwards. Eristalis hardus (Say) (figs. 25, 26, and 27). — Epandrium about one and a half times as wide as long with lower corners produced and acute. Styles long, about two-thirds the depth of epandrium, rounded at apex; beset with prominently large bristles along inner half. Cerci long, kidney-shaped with long bristles along the borders. Superior lobes extremely long, uniformly tubular, ending in conical point. Inferior lobes about half as long as the superior lobes, tubular, pointing downwards and outwards. Penis sheath cylindrical, about as long as depth of epandrium. Chitinous box oval. Eristalis arbustorum (Linn.) (figs. 28 and 29). — Epandrium about three times as wide as long with lower corners highly produced and acute. Styles long, tubular, nearly of uniform width throughout, apices converging over cerci; inner margin with long bristles. Cerci kidney-shaped, about as long as styles with pubescence along borders. Bean (1949), however, reported styles as being lobed. Superior lobes long, narrowed from base to apex and slightly curved outwards apically. Inferior lobes moderately long, surrounding tip of chitinous box. Eristalis hirtus Loew (figs. 30, 31, and 32). — Epandrium about one and a half times as wide as long with lower corners slightly produced and rounded. Styles lobe-like, nearly twice as wide at base as at apex, apical end rounded; small bristles present along dorsoapical and inner borders. Cerci about four times as broad at base as at apex. Superior lobes with convex outer and inner borders, produced into sharp point apically. Inferior lobes like those in E. bastardii but narrower at base. Penis sheath slightly longer than epandrium. Eristalis meigenii Wied. (figs. 33, 34, and 35). — Epandrium slightly less than one and a half times as wide as long with the lower corners produced and rounded. Styles long, tubular, very much like those of E. arbustorum with bristles along APRIL 1968] NAYAR — MALE GENITALIA OF ERISTALINAE 159 inner margin. Cerci kidney-shaped, nearly as long as styles with 5 distinct mark- ings (probably sensillae) on basal part. Superior lobes extremely long, blade-like, produced into sharp conical point apically. Inferior lobes small, almost oval in lateral view. Ejaculatory hood dome-shaped. Eristalis testaceicornis Macquart (figs. 36, 37, and 38). — Epandrium about one and a half times as wide as long with lower corners slightly produced and acute. Styles long, tubular, nearly as long as depth of epandrium, broad basally and narrowly converging apically. Cerci somewhat kidney-shaped, long, broad basally and cone-like apically. Superior lobes long, narrow and cylindrical in basal half and flask-like apically. Inferior lobes rather small and lobe-like. Ejaculatory hood quadrangular. Eristalis {Lathrophthalmus) aeneus (Scopoli) (figs. 39, 40, and 41) . — Epandrium about as long as wide with cephalic margin circular. Styles long, tubular, apical part rounded in lateral view; apex about one-third as wide as base. Inner borders of styles with numerous small black hairs. Cerci slightly broad at base and narrow apically. Discussion of Male Genitalia in Eristalis Latreille and Groupings Seventeen species have been examined showing marked variations from the standpoint of evolution, but certain distinct similarities suggest that they belong to the same genus. The long styles, kidney-shaped cerci and long linear inferior lobes are somewhat fairly constant features of the genus, but minor variations even in these are not ruled out. Three groups, (i) Tenax group, (ii) Dimidiatus group, and (iii) Arbustorum group, are suggested. The Tenax group [E. tenax (Linn.), E. ohsoletus Wied. and E. triangularis G. T.] is characterized by the long and broad styles; the Dimidiatus group \E. dimidiatus Wied., E. temporalis Thom- son, E. occidentalis Williston, E. hastardii Macq., E. latifrons Loew, E. arvorum Fab., E. anthophorinus (Fall.), E. alhambra Hull, and E. bardus (Say)] has long styles, rounded at apex; while the Arbustorum group [F. arbustorum Linn., E. hirtus Loew, E. meigenii Wied., and E. testaceicornis Macquart] bear long and tubular styles. (i) The Tenax group. The commonly occurring species E. tenax (figs. 3, 4, and 5) can be easily distinguished in the group by the epandrium being twice as wide as long; superior lobes linear, curved at the apex and inferior lobes linear and narrow. The species E. obsoletus (figs. 6 and 7) and E. triangularis (figs. 8 and 9) present similarities in the form of epandrium, styles and inferior lobes but are distinct from one another by the structure of superior lobes. (ii) The Dimidiatus group. There is a wide range of variation of various structures in the species of this group. The species E. temporalis (fig. 2), E. bastardii (fig. 17), E. oecidentalis (fig. 15), and E. bardus (fig. 26) have long, tubular, inferior lobes, projecting downwards and outwards, while E. dimidiatus (fig. 13), E. latifrons (fig. 19), and E. 160 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 APRIL 1968] NAYAR^ — MALE GENITALIA OF ERISTALINAE 161 anthophorinus (fig. 24) show these projecting upwards and outwards. The species E. arvorum (fig. 22) and E. alhambra (fig. 11) are excep- tions with small, narrow, lobe-like inferior lobes. The species E. tem- poralis (figs. 1 and 2) and E. occidentalis (figs. 14 and 15) are closely related in having rounded cephalic margin of the epandrium, but the long, lobe-like superior lobes of the former are in sharp contrast to the long, medially broad superior lobes of the latter. Eristalis bastardii (figs. 16 and 17) and E. bardus (figs. 25 and 26) are distinguishable by the structure of the epandrium, styles and the superior lobes. The superior lobes are long, tubular and sharply pointed in E. bastardii and long and uniformly tubular in E. bardus. The styles are about one and a half times as long as the epandrium in the former and about two- thirds the depth of the epandrium in the latter. On the other hand, the species E. dimidiatus (figs. 12 and 13) and E. latifrons (figs. 18 and 19) are easily distinguished by the produced lower corners of the epandrium and the acute and long conical superior lobes in E. dim- idiatus. The latter species has the cephalic margin of the epandrium rounded and the superior lobes are knife-like. The species E. antho- phorinus (fig. 24) is unique in the group by having small, tubular, superior lobes. Eristalis alhambra (fig. 11) and E. arvorum (fig. 22) differ in that the former has small superior lobes, produced into horn- like structures apically while the latter has long, superior lobes which are flask-like at the basal two-thirds and narrowed apically. Fig. 24. Eristalis anthophorinus (Fallen), penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 25. E. bardus (Say), epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 26. E. bardus (Say), penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 27. E. bardus (Say), male genitalia (lateral view). Fig. 28. E. arbustorum (Linn.), epandrium (ventral view). Fig. 29. E. arbus- torum (Linn.), penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 30. E. hirtus Loew, epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 31. E. hirtus Loew, male genitalia (lateral view). Fig. 32. E. hirtus Loew, penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 33. E. meigenii Wied., epan- drium (dorsal view). Fig. 34. E. meigenii Wied., male genitalia (lateral view). Fig. 35. E. meigenii Wied., penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 36. E. testaceicor- nis Macq., epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 37. E. testaceicornis Macq., epandrium (lateral view) . Fig. 38. E. testaceicornis Macq., penis sheath (ventral view) . Fig. 39. E. (Lathrophthalmus) aeneus (Scopoli), epandrium (dorsal view) . Fig. 40. E. (Lathrophthalmus) aeneus (Scopoli), male genitalia (lateral view). Fig. 41. E. (Lathrophthalmus) aeneus (Scopoli), penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 42. Helophilus (Helophilus) latifrons Loew, epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 43. Helophilus (Helophilus) latifrons Loew, penis sheath (ventral view) . Fig. 44. Helophilus (Helophilus) latifrons Loew, male genitalia (lateral view). Fig. 45. Helophilus (Helophilus) fasciatus Walker, epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 46. Helophilus (Helophilus) fasciatus Walker, penis sheath (ventral view). 162 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 (iii) The Arbustorum group. There is still more diversity of form and structures in the members of this group. The species E. hirtus (fig. 30) and E. meigenii (fig. 33) are closely related by the similar form of the epandrium; E. meigenii (fig. 35) and E. testaceicornis (fig. 38) by the similar, small lobe-like inferior lobes, and E. arbustorum (fig. 28) and E. meigenii (fig. 33) by similar styles. All of these are well marked by the distinct form of the superior lobes. The long, tubular inferior lobes pointing downward and outward and flask-shaped superior lobes of E. hirtus (fig. 32) will easily distinguish it from E. arbustorum (fig. 29). In E. arbustorum the inferior lobes are long, straight and tubular and the superior lobes are long, narrow and outwardly curved. The species E. meigenii (fig. 35) with long bladelike superior lobes is distinct from E. testaceicornis (fig. 38), which has the superior lobes long, narrow, and cylindrical at the basal half and flask-like at the apical part. The species E. (Lathrophthalmus) aeneus (Scopoli) (figs. 39 and 41) shows marked similarity in the structures of styles and inferior lobes with the members of the E. arbustorum group but is unique in having the epandrium about as wide as long and the superior lobes long and tubular. There are, however, certain points of similarity in structure of various parts amongst these groups. The species E. obsoletus (fig. 7) of the Tenax group has similar superior lobes to E. occidentalis (fig. 15) of the Dimidiatus group, whereas E. arvorum (fig. 22) of the Dimidiatus group bears identical inferior lobes to those of E. meigenii (fig. 35) and E. testaceicornis (fig. 38) of the Arbustorum group. Additionally, E. hirtus (fig. 32) of the Arbustorum group too has similar inferior lobes to E. temporalis (fig. 2), E. bastardii (fig. 17) and E. occidentalis (fig. 15) of the Dimidiatus group. In view of the similarities and differences of species within a group and of intergroup relationships, it is obvious that the various groups proposed are not firmly established. Key to the Species of Eristalis based upon Male Genitalia 1. Styles long, broad lobed 2 Styles long, narrow, and tubular 4 2. Epandrium twice as wide as long; styles half as wide at apex as at base (fig. 3) tenax (Linn.) Epandrium one and a half times as wide as long 3 3. Superior lobes broad in middle and narrow at both ends; styles as broad as long exeept apical part (fig. 7) obsoletus Wied. Superior lobes mango-shaped; styles as long as depth of epandrium (figs. 8 and 9) triangularis G. T. 4. Styles rounded at apex 5 Styles not rounded at apex 13 APRIL 1968] NAYAR MALE GENITALIA OF ERISTALINAE 163 5. 6 . 7. 8 . 9. 10 . 11 . 12 . 13. 14. 15. 16. Inferior lobes small, narrow, and lobe-like 6 Inferior lobes long, narrow and tubular 7 Superior lobes small, produced into horn-like structures apically (fig. 11) cdhambra Hull Superior lobes long, flask-like in basal two-thirds and cylindrical apically (fig. 22) arvorum (Fab.) Inferior lobes projecting downwards and outwards 8 Inferior lobes projecting upward and outwards 11 Epandrium with cephalic margin rounded 9 Epandrium with lower corners of cephalic margin produced and acute 10 Superior lobes long, broad and lobe-like (fig. 2) temporalis Thomson Superior lobes long, broad in middle and narrowed at both ends (fig. 15) occidentalis Will. Epandrium twice as wide as long with median depression on cephalic border. Styles about one and a half times the depth of epandrium and superior lobes sharply pointed apically (figs. 16 and 17) bastardii Macq. Epandrium about one and a half times as wide as long with no median depression on cephalic border and superior lobes long, uniformly tubular (figs. 25 and 26) bardus (Say) Styles about half the depth of epandrium 12 Styles as long as depth of epandrium; superior lobes knife-like (figs. 18 and 19) latifrons Loew Superior lobes long, tubular in basal two-thirds and sharply conical and chitinized apically (fig. 13) dimidiatus Wied. Superior lobes small, tubular and pointed apically (fig. 24) anthophorinus (Fallen) Inferior lobes long and tubular 14 Inferior lobes small and lobe-like 15 Superior lobes long, narrow, curved outward apically and inferior lobes straight (fig. 29) arbustorum (Linn.) Superior lobes flask-like and inferior lobes projecting downwards and outwards (fig. 32) hirtus Loew Epandrium about one and a half times as wide as long, lower corners of cephalic margin produced and acute 16 Epandrium about as wide as long, cephalic margin rounded (fig. 39) aeneus (Scopoli) Superior lobes long, blade-like with apical part short and conical (fig. 35) meigenii Wied. Superior lobes long, narrow, cylindrical in basal half and flask-like apically (fig. 38) testaceicornis Macq. Descriptions of Male Genitalia Helophilus (Helophilus) latifrons Loew (figs. 42, 43, and 44). — Epandrium about twice as wide as long with lower corners extremely produced and acute. Styles, long, tubular, about as long as epandrium, nearly half as wide at apex as at base, sharply curving inwards with few bristles along apical part. Cerci some- what triangular with prominent bristles along borders. Superior lobes conical, outer margin convex and inner almost straight. Inferior lobes small, triangular. 164 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44 , NO. 2 APRIL 1968] NAYAR — MALE GENITALIA OF ERISTALINAE 165 outer border convex and inner concave. Chitinous box quadrangular with lateral walls flexed inwards. Helophilus (Helophilus) fasciatus Walker (figs. 45 and 46). — Epandrium about twice as wide as long with lower corners extremely produced and acute. Styles long, tubular, about two and a half times as wide at base as at apex with extremely long bristles along entire inner margin. Cerci large, triangular, about five times as broad at base as at apex. Superior lobes long, cylindrical in basal two-thirds, produced into knob-like structure apically. Inferior lobes small and quadrangular. Penis sheath about as long as depth of epandrium. Helophilus (Anasimyia) perfidiosus (Hunter) (figs. 47, 48, and 49). — Epandrium about one and a half times as wide as long with lower corners slightly produced and rounded. Styles about as long as depth of epandrium, tubular in basal two- thirds and triangular apically. A median knob-like structure faces inward on styles with small bristles present along inner surface from apex to base. Cerci broad, kidney-shaped, narrowed hasally and rounded apically. Superior lobes long, gradually widening from base to a little below apex, lobes appear somewhat flask-like in lateral view. Inferior lobes small, caudate. Penis sheath nearly as deep as ninth tergum, ejaculatory hood dome-shaped. Chitinous box with two triangular, sclerotized pieces at its base. Helophilus (Liinomyia) cooleyi (Seamans) (figs. 50 and 51). — Epandrium about one and a half times as wide as long with lower corners slightly produced and acute. Styles about as long as depth of epandrium, tubular, narrowed at both base and apex; minutely pubescent along borders. Cerci kidney-shaped, about half as long as styles with large bristles along borders. Superior lobes long, tubular, of uniform width in basal half, broadening a little with terminal hook below apex. Inferior lobes broad at middle and narrowed both basally and apically. Fig. 47. Helophilus (Anasimyia) perfidiosus (Hunter), epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 48. Helophilus {Anasimyia) perfidiosus (Hunter), penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 49. Helophilus {Anasimyia) perfidiosus (Hunter), male genitalia (lateral view). Fig. 50. Helophilus {Lunomyia) cooleyi (Seamans), epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 51. Helophilus {Lunomyia) cooleyi (Seamans), penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 52. Mallota sackeni Williston, epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 53. Mallota sackeni Williston, penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 54. Mallota sp., epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 55. Mallota sp., penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 56. Meromacrus acutus (Fab.), epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 57. Meromacrus acutus (Fab.), penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 58. Ase- mosyrphus polygrammus (Loew), epandrium (ventral view). Fig. 59. Asemosyr- phus polygrammus (Loew), penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 60. Merodon equestris (Fab.), epandrium (lateral view). Fig. 61. Merodon equestris (Fab.), penis sheath (ventral view) . Fig. 62. Polydontomyia curvipes (Wied.) , epandrium (ventral view). Fig. 63. Polydontomyia curvipes (Wied.), penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 64. Polydontomyia curvipes (Wied.), epandrium (lateral view). Fig. 65. Polydontomyia curvipes (Wied.), aedeagus (dorsal view). (See text for explanation of characters.) Fig. 66. Arctosyrphus willingii (Smith), epandrium (dorsal view). Fig. 67. Arctosyrphus willingii (Smith), penis sheath (ventral view). Fig. 68. Arctosyrphus willingii (Smith), male genitalia (lateral view). 166 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44 , NO. 2 Key to the Subgenera of Helophilus based on Male Genitalia 1. Epandrium about twice as wide as long, lower corners of cephalic margin highly produced and acute (figs. 42 and 45) Helophilus Meigen Epandrium about one and a half times as wide as long, lower corners of cephalic margin slightly produced and acute 2 2. Superior lobes long, gradually widening from base to a little below the apex and inferior lobes small and caudate (fig. 48) Anasimyia Schiner Superior lobes long, tubular, of uniform width in basal half, broadening a little below apex and inferior lobes broad at middle and narrowed at ends (fig. 51) Lunomyia Curran and Fluke Descriptions of Male Genitalia Mallota sackeni Williston (figs. 52 and 53). — Epandrium about three times as wide as long with lower corners slightly produced and acute. Styles extremely long with sharp inward curvature near base; dorsoanterior margin folded ventrally, beset with numerous small bristles and outer border with a row of slightly long bristles. Cerci about as long as depth of epandrium, broad at base and pointed apically with long bristles along margins. Superior lobes long, broad at middle and narrowed both basally and apically. Inferior lobes small, about five times as broad at apex as at base. Ejaculatory hood rounded. Mallota sp. (figs. 54 and 55). — Epandrium about a little more than twice as wide as long with lower corners produced and acute. Styles long, sickle-shaped with outer margin convex and inner concave; sparsely hairy. Styles acutely pointed and sclerotized terminally. Cerci small, broad basally and pointed apically. Supe- rior lobes broad, conical, produced into claw-like process apically. Inferior lobes long, sharply hooked apically. Penis sheath distinctly oval, upper outer margin highly chitinized and serrated. Meromacrus acutus (Fab.) (figs. 56 and 57). — Epandrium nearly as broad as long with lower corners produced and rounded. Styles as long as depth of epan- drium, broad at base narrowing apically, apex distinctly bifid. Cerci small, triangular. Superior lobes flask-like basally with narrow neck, broadly capitate at apex. Inferior lobes absent. Penis sheath about twice as long as epandrium and ejaculatory hood triangular. Asemosyrphus polygrammus (Loew) (figs. 58 and 59). — Epandrium about one and a half times as wide as long. Styles triangular, broad basally and narrow apically; inner margin rolled ventrally. Styles with bristles along inner margin from apex to base. Cerci oval with hair along borders. Superior lobes long, of characteristic shape for genus. Inferior lobes extremely small, lobe-like. Chitinous box quadrangular and ejaculatory hood semispherical. Merodon equestris (Fab.) (figs. 60 and 61). — Epandrium about one and a half times as long as wide with rounded cephalic margin. Styles about twice as broad at base as at apex; dorsoanterior and apical border beset with long bristles. Cerci triangular, base about twice as broad as apex; small bristles present all over surface. Superior lobes extremely long, cylindrical with hood of bristles near apical part. Inferior lobes long, narrow and oval. Polydontomyia curvipes (Wied.) (figs. 62, 63, 64, and 65). — Epandrium about twice as wide as long. Styles extremely broad from base to apex, apex with extremely sharp turned conical process; hairy along inner concave margins. Cerci kidney-shaped, about as long as styles. Superior lobes long, flask-like at base. APRIL 1968] NAYAR MALE GENITALIA OF ERISTALINAE 167 gradually narrowing towards apex; extreme tip highly chitinized. Inferior lobes lacking. Chitinous box quadrangular, terminally with pair of small, triangular, chitinized pieces which possibly support the membranous ejaculatory hood in front. Arctosyrphus willingi (Smith) (figs. 66, 67, and 68). — Epandrium about as long as wide with lower corners greatly produced and acute. Styles long, tubular with long bristles along inner margin. Cerci kidney-shaped. Superior lobes long, flask-like. Inferior lobes small, triangular. Ejaculatory hood oval. Literature Cited Bean, J. L. 1949. A study of the male hypopygia of the species of Tubifera (Syrphidae : Diptera) that occur north of Mexico. Canad. EntomoL, 81: 140-152. Berlese, a. 1909. Tipulid, Syrphid and Muscid genitalia. Gli Insetti, Soc. Entomol. Lib., Milano, 1; 1-1004. Cole, F. R. 1927. A study of the terminal abdominal structures of male Diptera. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 16: 397-499. Crampton, G. C. 1923. The genitalia of male Diptera and Mecoptera compared with those of related insects, from the standpoint of phylogeny. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 48: 207-225. 1944. A comparative morphological study of the terminalia of male calypte- rate cyclorrhaphous Diptera and their acalypterate relatives. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 39: 1-31. Fluke, C. L. 1951. The male genitalia of Syrphus, Epistrophe and related genera (Diptera : Syrphidae) . Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci., 40: 115-148. Lundbeck, W. 1916. Diptera Danica, Part 5, Copenhagen. Metcalf, C. L. 1921. Syrphidae, male genitalia. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 14: 169-214. Nayar, J. L. 1965. Reproductive system and external genitalia of Syrphus halteatus De Geer (Diptera : Syrphidae) . Indian J. Entomol., 27 (1) : 31-45. Newell, A. G. 1918. The comparative morphology of the genitalia of insects. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 11 (2) : 109-142. Sedman, Y. S. 1959. Male genitalia in the subfamily Cheilosinae. Genus Cliry- sogaster s. 1. (Diptera : Syrphidae) . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 61 (2) : 49-58. Stuckenberg, B. R. 1954. The Paragus serratus complex with description of new species. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London, 105: 393-422. Weisman, K. E. 1965. The male genitalia of the genus Sphaecomyia Latreille (Diptera : Syrphidae) . Entomol. News, 76: 265-272. Wesche, W. 1906. The genitalia of both the sexes in the Diptera. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 9 (2). ZuMPT, F., AND H. Heinz. 1949. Studies on the sexual armature of Diptera. A contribution to the study of the morphology and homology of the male terminalia of Eristalis tenax (Linn.) (Syrphidae). Entomol. Mon. Mag. London, 85: 299-306. 168 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 2 SCIENTIFIC NOTES Sirex juvencus californicus in smog-killed trees in southern California (Hymenoptera : Siricidae)/ — Near Lake Arrowhead, California, bolts were cut on 21 February 1967 from nine ponderosa pine {Pinus ponder osa Laws.) trees showing advanced decline caused by photochemical atmospheric pollution. These were subsequently placed in cold storage at about 5° C. Between 8 and 21 March some of these holts were transferred to screen cages in a glasshouse which was not temperature controlled. During the period 21 May to 13 June, a total of 33 male and 14 female Sirex juvencus californicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera : Siricidae) adults emerged from these bolts. A few adults, mostly males, had emerged prior to these daily observa- tions. Males tended to emerge earlier and in greater numbers than females. However, since the sample size was so small and the bolts had been subjected to cold storage, these obseiwations do not necessarily contradict an earlier observation (Cameron, 1967, Can. Entomol., 99: 18-24) that “males and females emerged in almost equal numbers throughout the emergence period.” In general, the adults emerged from only one side of the bolt, and the emergence holes were not in an area with bluestain fungi {Ceratocystis spp.). It has been suggested (personal communication, Fields W. Cobb, Jr., Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Berkeley) that perhaps the Amylostereum sp. associated with the siricids has an inhibitory effect on the development of bluestain. One adult female lhalia ensiger Norton (Hymenoptera : Ibaliidae) , an egg parasite of siricids, emerged from the bolts on 4 June. While an association between atmospheric pollution injury and bark beetle infestations has been established (Stark et al., 1968, Hilgardia, in press), this represents the first report of the development of a siricid and one of its parasites in smog-killed trees. — E. Alan Cameron, University of California, Berkeley. ^ Supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant GB-5970, “Interrelationships Between Di.seases and Bark Beetle (Scolytidae) Infestations in Coniferous Forests.” Positive separation of Blattella vaga and Blattella germanica (Orthoptera : Blattidae). — Blattella vaga Hebard, the field cockroach and Blattella germanica (Linnaeus), the German cockroach are similar in appearance. Both have twin stripes on the pronotum and are the same size and shape. If one has specimens of both species available, separation can be accomplished by color and/or facial maculation. Blattella vaga. is smoky-gray with a rather broad, dark brown to black stripe on its face; Blattella germanica is brown and its face is variable in color, sometimes having a dark brown area roughly similar to the face of the field cockroach. In late June of 1967 a heavy infestation of Blattella vaga was found in one-eighth acre of strawberries at Oroville, Butte County, California. As the field cockroach enlarges its range in northern California a positive identification takes on increas- ing importance since control considerations recommended for these species may vary. For further information see Twomey, N. R., April 1966, California Vector Views, 13 (4) : 27-37. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 168-169. April 1968 APRIL 1968] SCIENTIFIC NOTES 169 Fig. 1. Ventral view, male subgenital plate (Sgp) ; and 9tli sternite (Sg). Blattella vaga Hebard (left) ; and Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) (right). Prompt and positive identification can be made by examination of the male subgenital plate in ventral view with a low power hand lens, see line drawing. — George M. Buxton and Twila J. Freeman, State Bureau of Entomology, Sacra- mento, California. 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Heptachlor has remained effective for as long as 13 weeks, in tests. Best results are obtained if Heptachlor is applied before flooding occurs. For technical literature, we invite you to mail the coupon. Another product from THE GROWING WORLD OF O.VEL5ICOL FOR MOSQUITO ABATEMENT USE CHLORDANE— Chlordane is highly effective for control of mosquito larvae and adults in residential areas and parks. For complete information, please fill out and mail the coupon. @ COPYRIGHT VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORP., 1967 , I Velsicol Chemical Corporation I I 341 E. Ohio Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611 | I Gentlemen: Please send me literature and | I technical information on: I I □ Heptachlor (or low cost residual mos- ■ I Quito larvae control. j I □ Chlordane for mosquito abatement. ■ I NAME j ! AFFILIATION ■ I ADDRESS j I CITY STATE ZIP I Vol. 44 JULY 1968 No. 3 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist PARKS — Synopsis of robberfly genera allied to Ejferia and Eicherax, includ- ing a new genus 171 MARTIN — New Mexican Acronyches and Parataracticus 179 WASBAUER — New genera of male Brachycistidinae with a redescription of Brachycistellus Baker and a key to North American genera 184 BUCKETT AND GARDNER — A new genus and species of milliped from northern California 198 JONES — ^The zonal distribution of three species of Staphylinidae in the rocky intertidal zone in California 203 NAYAR AND COLE — Two new species of Spilomyia Meigen 211 HILL — A new species of aphid from Rubus parviflorus in California 214 DOYEN — The phylogenetic position of Edrotes and a new species of the genus 218 BOHART — New Nyssoninae from North and South America 228 EVANS — Some intertidal insects from western Mexico 236 HAGEN AND CALTAGIRONE — A new nearctic species of Karpinskiella 241 RUDINSKY — Pheromone-mask by the female Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., an attraction regulator 248 MAYO — Two new species of the genus Baetodes from Ecuador 251 COLLECTIONS DONATED 257 SCIENTIFIC NOTES 258 ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 259 CORRECTIONS 259 OBITUARY 260 SOCIETY NOTICES xii SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1968 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY tup rAi lErtDKiiA ArAnPUV nc criEKirirc THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD R. W, Thorp, Editor E. G. Linsley R. 0. SctiusTER, Asst, Editor E. S. Ross P. D. Hurd, Jr. D. L. Briggs, Editorial Assistant H. B. Leech P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer W. H. Lange, Jr., Advertising Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed- ings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be addressed to the Secretary, Dr. Marius S. Wasbauer, Bureau of Entomology, Cali- fornia Department of Agriculture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814. The annual dues, paid in advance, are $5.00 for regular members of the Society or $6.00 for subscriptions only. Single copies are $1.50 each or $6.00 a volume. Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Pacific Coast Entomological Society Officers for 1968 K. S. Hagen, Jr., President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H. L. McKenzie, President-elect Marius S. Wasbauer, Secretary Statement of Ownership Title of Publication; The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher, Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Editor: Dr. Robbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None. This issue mailed 21 October 1968. Second Class Postage Paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U. S. A. 66044. ALLEN PRESS, INC. LAWRENCE, KANSAS The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. 44 July 1968 No. 3 Synopsis of Robberfly Genera Allied to Efferia and EicheraXf Including A New Genus (Diptera : Asilidae)^ LeRoy Parks^ Oregon State University Studies of the species in Efferia Coquillett and Eicherax Bigot from North and South America show that Efferia interrupta (Macquart) and Eicherax striola (Fabricius) form a new genus which I am naming Triorla. A key, redeseriptions, and discussions of the related genera Efferia Coquillett, Eicherax Bigot, Lochmorhynchus Engel, Philonerax Bromley, and Triorla Parks are presented here. The female of Efferia maculata (Macquart) is a synonym of Triorla interrupta (Macquart), and the male is a synonym of Triorla striola (Fabricius). Key to the Genera Allied to Triorla 1. Basistyli expanded distally into lower forceps; female tergite 8 similar to tergite 7 in the amount of pollen and pile Philonerax Bromley Basistyli not expanded distally; female tergite 8 unlike tergite 7 in the amount of pollen and pile 2 2. Hypandrium small, not visible, telescoped out of sight into sternite 8; ovipositor long, segments 9 and 10 compressed laterally 4 Hypandrium well developed, visible; ovipostor short and cylindrical 3 3. Male genitalia and hypandrium projected upward 90°; tergites 9 and 10 of ovipositor not fused together; posterior branch of vein 3 ends behind apex of wing Eicherax Bigot Male genitalia and hypandrium not projected upward; tergites 9 and 10 of ovipositor fused together; posterior branch of vein 3 ends before apex of wing Triorla, new genus 4. Male genitalia, excepting the concealed hypandrium, projected upward 90°; posterior half of female abdominal segment 7 pollinose, segment 8 compressed laterally; either two or three submarginal cells, if two, anterior branch of vein 3 angulate with a stump vein Efferia Coquillett Male genitalia and hypandrium not projected upward; posterior half of female abdominal segment 7 shining, segment 8 conical; anterior branch of vein 3 never angulate Lochmorhynchus Engel ^ Financial support by National Science Foundation Grant GB-4541 to Charles H. Martin is acknowl- edged. ^ Mr. Parks had nearly completed this paper when his untimely death occurred November 20, 1966. Edited and submitted by Charles H. Martin. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 171-179. July 1968 172 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 Figs. 1-4, female genitalia. Fig. 1. Efferia aestuans. Fig. 2. Triorla striola. Fig. 3. Eicherax sp. Fig. 4. Triorla interrapta. Figs. 5-8, male genitalia. Fig. 5. Efferia aestuans. Fig. 6. Eicherax sp. Fig. 7. Triorla interrupta. Fig. 8. Triorla striola. Figs. 9-12, male aedeagi. Fig. 9. Triorla striola. Fig. 10. Eicherax sp. Fig. 11. Efferia aestuans. Fig. 12. Triorla interrupta. Figs. 13-14, wing venation. Fig. 13. Triorla interrupta. Fig. 14. Eicherax sp. BS — basistylus; DST^ — dististylus; EP — epandrium; HY — ^hypandrium. JULY 1968] PARKS EFFERIA, EICHERAX AND ALLIES 173 Efferia Coquillett (Figs. 1, 5, 11) Efferia Coquillett, 1893: 175. Type-species, Efferia Candidas Coquillett. Desig- nated by Coquillett, 1910: 536. Efferia; Martin, 1961: 1-4. Efferia; Hull, 1962: 475. Nerax Hull, 1962: 476. Type-species, Asilus aestuans Linnaeus, 1763: 413, by original designation. Efferia; Martin, 1965b: 126; Martin & Wilcox, 1965, p. 393; Wilcox, 1966. Erax; authors, not Scopoli. Past taxonomists recognized Erax Scopoli as unavailable for the Nearctic and Neotropical species assigned to it, but they continued to use the erroneous name rather than finding a valid name. In 1961, Martin reviewed the misuse of Erax Scopoli and found that Efferia Coquillett was the first name available for these species. Hull (1962) restricted Efferia to the species with three submarginal cells in the wings and erected Nerax for those with two submarginals. Williston (1901) and Hine (1919) did not consider the number of submarginal cells to be a generic characteir. James (1941) found three submarginal cells occurring in species with two submarginals. Martin (1965b) found that two or three submarginal cells were not associated with other characters of the Efferia. Martin & Wilcox (1965), and Wilcox (1966) in revising the 100 species in the United States, considered Nerax Hull a synonym of Efferia Coquillett. Redescription. — Length 7-40 mm; face gibbous, frons deeply recessed; ocellar bristles prominent; antennal style without microsegment; with either two or three submarginal cells in wing, if two submarginals, anterior branch of vein 3 angulate and usually with a stump vein; basistyli with dististyli attached to it has ally, epandria, and aedeagus project upward 90° from longitudinal axis of the body (Fig. 5), hypandrium small and telescoped out of sight into sternite 8, apex of aedeagus a hook bent ventrad with three short apical tubes; ovipositor shining, segment 8 ten to thirty times longer than segment 10 (cerci?), segment 9 short and separated from other segments, segment 10 without spines; ovipositor longer than abdominal segments 6 and 7 together, tergite 7 pollinose. Discussion. — Some of the characters of Efferia are most variable. Color and length varies from the pale Efferia wilcoxi (Bromley), 7 mm long, up to the black Efferia grandis (Hine), 35 mm long. One of the features identifying those Efferia with two submarginal cells is the stump vein on the angulated anterior branch of vein 3 as in Triorla (Fig. 13). The length of this vein varies from the short thickened stump as in Efferia caliente Wilcox, to one equal to the length of the discal crossvein as in Efferia coquilletti (Hine). The stump may be extremely long and directed anteriorad to vein 2, forming a third 174 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 submarginal cell as in Efferia anomala (Bellardi), or the stump may be directed posteriad to vein 3 forming a third submarginal as in Efferia titan (Bromley) and E. alhiharhis (Macquart) . The unstable nature of this vein is demonstrated in specimens of the Anomala Group which have a variable number of submarginal cells from one wing to the other. The posterior branch of vein 3 ends before the apex of the wing in all groups except the Aestuans Group where it ends behind the apex of the wing. The point on the margin where the posterior branch of vein 3 ends is apparently a stable character. The aedeagus of Efferia is unique in comparison with Eicherax and other Asilinae because it stands upright with the apex curved ventrad to form a hook ending in three short apical tubes (Fig. 11). In some species a pair of lamellate processes on the base of the aedeagus cover the tubes from a lateral view, while in other species the processes are more basad. This type of aedeagus is common to species both with two and three submarginal cells. In some species, as in Efferia tuberculata (Coquillett) , sternite 8 is produced posteriad so that superficially it may resemble a hypandrium. The ovipositor of the species of Efferia both with two and three sub- marginal cells is long and laterally compressed posteriad from the middle of segment 8 (Fig. 1). Segment 7 is pollinose in Efferia, while in Philonerax it is shining, forming a part of the ovipositor. All the other closely related genera have cylindrical or subcylindrical ovipos- itors. A suture is present between segments 8, 9, and 10, on the ovipositor of Efferia. Distribution. — Western Hemisphere; Solomon Islands; northern China. Eicherax Bigot (Figs. 3, 6, 10, 14) Eicherax Bigot, 1857 : 545. Type-species, Erax simplex Macquart, by original designation. Eristicus Loew, 1848: 396. Type-species, Erax (Eristicus) nigripes Bellardi, by monotypy, see Martin, 1961 : 3. Preoccupied in Hymenoptera. Neoristicus Osten Sacken, 1878: 81, 235 (change of name). Loew proposed the genus Eristicus in 1848 without assigning any species to it. Bellardi (1861) assigned his nigripes to the genus Erax, subgenus Eristicus, which then became the type species of Eristicus by monotypy. Osten Sacken (1878) proposed tbe name Neoeristicus for Eristicus Loew which was preoccupied by Eristicus Wesmel in Hy- JULY 1968] PARKS EFFERIA, EICHERAX AND ALLIES 175 menoptera. Coquillett (1910) found Neoeristicus Osten Sacken to be a synonym of Eicherax Bigot. Redescription.^ — Length 13-17 mm; ocellar tubercle with fine setae; antennal style with microsegment; anterior branch of vein 3 strongly angulated, without a stump vein, posterior branch ending behind apex of the wing; male genitalia ineluding hypandrium projected 90° upward from longitudinal axis of the body (Fig. 6), aedeagus apically with three short straight tubes (Fig. 10), surmounted by a mesal lamella, or rounded protuberance, aedeagal tubes as long as antennal segment 2; ovipositor short, conical, not exceeding length of abdominal segments 6 and 7. Female tergite 7 pollinose, tergite 8 shining, tergites 9 and 10 usually with suture between them. Discussion. — The species in Eicherax are more uniform in size than in Efferia, averaging about 15 mm in length. Eicherax is usually dark colored, with light markings on the lateral margins of the abdominal segments. Eicherax have only ocellar setae and not the heavy bristles as found in Efferia. The entire genitalia, including the well developed hypandrium, are projected upward 90°, the upward projection begin- ning with segment 8 (Fig. 6). The apex of the aedeagus of Eicherax is not curved into a hook, but has three short straight tubes (Fig. 10). Distribution.^ — Mexico ; Neotropical. Philonerax Bromley Philonerax Bromley, 1932: 270. Type-species, Asilus muscidus Walker, 1837: 340- 341, by original designation. Monotypic. Redescription. — Length 15-22 mm; ocellar bristles prominent; antennal style without microsegment; anterior branch of vein 3 not angulate, posterior branch ending before apex of wing; basistyli elongate, forming clavate lower forceps, hypandrium small, telescoping into sternite 8; ovipositor long and compressed laterally, segment 8 similar to segment 7 in amount of pollen and pile, female segments 9 and 10 broad, short, forming a rounded club-like structure. Discussion. — The clavate lower forceps formed by the posterior exten- sion of the basistyli immediately sets this species apart from the males of the other closely related genera. Distribution. — Neotropical. Triorla Parks, new genus (Figs. 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13) Type-species. — Asilus interruptus Macquart, 1834: 310. The genus T riorla has three long apical aedeagal tubes which separate it from Efferia Coquillett with a hook-shaped aedeagus, and from Eicherax Bigot whose aedeagus has three short apical tubes. Ocellar tubercle with weak bristles or hairs; antennal style without micro- segment; anterior branch of vein 3 angulate, with spur vein as long or longer than 176 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 discal crossvein, posterior branch ending before vfing apex (Fig. 13) ; male genitalia and hypandrium parallel with longitudinal axis of the body, hypandrium well developed, apex of aedeagus with three slender tubes as long as length of antennal segment 3 and style together, expanding bead-like near apex and sud- denly constricting to tubes very small in diameter (Figs. 9, 12) ; ovipositor not longer than abdominal segments 6 and 7, tergite 7 pollinose except for shining posterior margin, segment 8 shining, ovipositor conical, not compressed laterally, tergites 9 and 10 coalesced, tergite 10 without apical spines (Figs. 2, 4). Discussion. — The length of the species of Triorla varies from 18-30 mm. The stump vein on the anterior branch of vein 3 is more stable in this genus than in Efferia. I have examined a single abnormal speci- men of T. interrupta which had on one wing a third submarginal cell formed by the union of the stump vein with the posterior branch of vein 3. Vein 3 always ends before the apex of the wing. Distribution. — Nearctic, south of the 41st parallel, Mexico, and Neotropical to Brazil. Triorla interrupta (Macquart), (new combination) (Figs. 4, 7, 12, 13) Asilus interruptus Macquart, 1834: 310. Type locality: Georgia. Erax interruptus’, Hine, 1919: 153, (Synonyms: Efferia maculatus Macquart, E. lateralis Macquart; E. ambiguus Macquart, and E. villosus Bellardi). Nerax interruptus; Hull, 1962: 478. Erax interruptus; Martin, 1961: 1-4; Martin, 1965a: 28, (Status change) ; Martin, 1965b: 126, 128 (Synonyms: perrumpeus Walker, concolor Walker, and villosus Bellardi) ; Martin and Wilcox, 1965: 394; Wilcox, 1966: 205, 206. Erax maculatus Macquart, 1838: 227. Type-locality: Guadeloupe; Osten Sacken, 1887: 200 (Synonyms: ambiguus Macquart, interruptus Macquart, lateralis and villosus Bellardi). Efferia maculata; Martin, 1965b: 128-129 (Status change, observations on type material of Macquart). Erax lateralis Macquart, 1838: 232. Type locality: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Erax ambiguus Macquart, 1846: 212. Type locality: Galveston, Texas. Erax concolor Walker, 1851: 130. Patria ignota. Nerax concolor; Hull, 1962: 479. Asilus perrumpeus Walker, 1860: 283. Type locality: Mexico. Erax (Eristicus) villosus Bellardi, 1861: 49. Type locality: Mexico. Eicherax villosus; Hull, 1962: 475. Wilcox (1966) has redescribed Triorla interrupta (Macquart). Malloch (1917) gave its life history and figured the immature stages. Triorla interrupta is separated easily from T. striola (Fabricius) by the posterior margin of the epandria being deeply emarginated, and the base of the left aedeagal tube is heavier than in T. striola. Abdom- inal segments 6 and 7 of T. interrupta of the female are each marked by a dorsal median black median stripe. JULY 1968] PARKS — EFFERIA, EICHERAX AND ALLIES 177 Macquart (1838) under the name Erax maculatus clearly described and illustrated (pi. 9, fig. 6) a female of T. interrupta. Martin (1965b) reported on the two remaining females and five males of the original 10 syntypes; one female was covered with mold and the other is a female belonging to the Aestuans Group. He could not associate the type material with Macquart’s description and illustrations. On the basis of Macquart’s description and illustration being identical with his earlier description of Asilus interruptus, there is no doubt that Erax maculatus is a synonym of T riorla interrupta on the basis of the females. The males Macquart described as Erax maculatus are a synonym of Triorla striola (Fabricius). Hine (1919) listed E. maculatus as a synonym of E. interrupta. Triorla striola (Fabricius), (new combination) (Figs. 2, 8, 9) Dasypogon striola Fabricius, 1805: 172. Type locality: Brazil. Asilus striola; Wiedemann, 1821: 199. Asilus (Eristicus) striola; Burmeister, 1861: 171. Erax striola; Schiner, 1866: 686. Efferia striola; Martin, 1961: 1-4 (New combination). Nerax striola; Hull, 1962: 479. Eicherax striola; Carrera & Machado-Allison, 1963: 254 (Change based on a single female specimen). Erax maculatus Macquart, 1838: 227. Type locality: Guadeloupe; Osten Sacken, 1887: 200 (Synonyms: lateralis Macquart; ambiguus Macquart; villosus Bellardi, and interruptus Macquart) . The males of Triorla striola (Fabricius) have a shallow emargination on the posterior margin of the epandria, there is a small triangular posteriorad projection of the hypandrium. Tergite 6 of the female bears a dorsal median black spot, tergite 7 is entirely black. Macquart (1838) did not describe, but only figured the male ter- minalia (pi. 9, fig. 6b) of Erax maeulatus. Martin (1965b) observed that Macquart’s figure does not resemble the male specimens in the syntype series. I have not been able to associate Macquart’s figures with any known species. Martin’s notes and his photographic slides of this type series indicate that the males of the type series are actually males of Triorla striola. On this basis the males of Erax maculatus Macquart are synonymized with the males of Triorla striola. Acknowledgments The writer is indebted to the following for their aid: I wish to thank and to acknowledge the assistance and guidance of Dr. Charles H. 178 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 Martin, Oregon State University, and for his loan of many specimens and detailed notes along with photographic slides of type specimens. I thank Mr. Joseph Wilcox, United States Department of Agriculture, Anaheim, California, and Dr. Norman Marston, Kansas State Univer- sity, for use of the material which they had collected and loaned to Dr. Martin. Literature Cited Bellardi, L. 1861. Saggio di ditterologia messicana. Parte 11. 99 pp., 2 pis., Torino. Bigot, J. M. F. 1857. Essai d’une classification generate . . . dipteres. Soc. Entomol. de France, Ann. ser. 3, 5: 517-564. Bromley, S. W. 1932. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Brit. Mus. (Natur. Hist.), Part V, Fasc. 3: 199-293. Burmeister, H. C. C. 1861. Reise durch die La Plata Staaten. 1 : 1-6, 1-503 ; 2: 1-4, 1-538. Carrera, M., and C. E. Machado-Allison. 1963. Acta Biol. Venezuelica, Vol. 3, Art. 15: 233-267. CoQUiLLETT, D. W. 1893. A new asilid genus related to Erax. Canad. Entomol., 25: 175-177. 1910. The Type-species of North American Diptera. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 37: 499-647. Fabricius, j. C. 1805. Systema antliatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, 373 pp. -{- 30 pp. Brunsvigae. Hine, j. S. 1919. Rohberflies of the genus Erax. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 12: 103-154. Hull, F. M. 1962. Rohberflies of the world. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., no. 224. Part 1: 1-430. Part 2: 431-907. James, M. T. 1941. The rohberflies of Colorado (Diptera, Asilidae) . J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 14: 27-53. Linnaeus, C. 1763. Systema naturae. Amoenitates Acad., etc., Vol. 6. 485 pp. 5 pis. Holminae. Loew, H. 1848. Ueber die europMschen Raubfliegen (Diptera, Asilica). Lin- naea Entomol., 3: 386-495. Macquart, j. 1834. Hist. nat. des insectes dipteres. Vol. 1, 578 pp. 12 pis. 1838. Dipteres exotiques . . . Vol. 1, Pt. 2: 5-207. 14 pis. 1846. Dipteres exotiques . . . Suppl. 1: 5-238. 20 pis. Malloch, j. R. 1917. A preliminary classification of Diptera. . . . Bull. Illinois State Lab. Natur. Hist., 12: 373-389. Martin, Chas. H. 1961. The misidentification of Erax Scopoli in the Americas. J. Kansas Entomol Soc., 34: 1^. 1965a. Distribution patterns and corrected identifications of asilid species re- ported as common to North and South America (Diptera : Asilidae) . Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 91: 1-37. 1965b. Genera and subfamily changes, new synonymy, new names, new species, and notes on Asilidae (Diptera). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 38: 11-134. Martin, Chas. H., and J. Wilcox. 1965. Cat. Diptera of North America. U. S. Dept. Agr. Hndbk., No. 276: 360-401 JULY 1968] MARTIN MEXICAN ASILIDAE 179 OsTEN Sacken, C. R. 1878. Cat. of described Diptera of North America. Smith- sonian Misc. Coll., 16: 1-276. 1887. In Godman, F. D., and 0. Salvin, Eds. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Diptera, 1: 129-216. ScHiNER, J. R. 1866. Die Wiedemann’schen Asiliden. . . . K.-k Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien Verhandl., 16: 64*9-722. Walker, Francis. 1837. Des. of Diptera Coll, by Capt. King. . . . Trans. Lin- naean Soc. London, 17 : 331-359. 1851. Diptera. Insecta Saudersiana. Vol. 1, Pt. 2: 77-156. 1860. Charac. of undescr. Diptera In Coll, of W. W. Saunders. Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, Pt. 2, Ser. 2, 5: 268-296. Wiedemann, C. R. W. 1821. Diptera exotica. (Ed. 2.) 244 pp. Kiliae ( = Kiel). Wilcox, J. 1966. Efferia Coquillett in America North of Mexico (Diptera : Asilidae). Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 34 (2): 85-234. WiLLiSTON, S. W. 1901. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Diptera. (Supple- ment) . Asilidae, pp. 298-332. New Mexican Acronyches and Parataracticus (Diptera : Asilidae)^ Charles H. Martin Oregon State University Genus Acronyches Williston Acronyches Williston, S. W. 1908. Manual of North American Diptera, p. 388, fig. 103. Hermann, F. 1921. Arch. Naturgesch., Abt. A, 86: 118-122. Type of Genus. — Acronyches willistoni Hermann, 1921. The position and status of the rare genus Acronyches Williston (Dasypogoninae : Asilidae) has been puzzling ever since its description because of its close but superficial resemblance to Leptogastrinae. Williston (1908) erected the genus only on the figure of an undescribed Brazilian asilid, stating that the genus represented a transition between the Dasypogoninae and Leptogastrinae. The types of Acronyches willistoni Hermann and of A. imitator Hermann, both females, were seen by me at the Zoologische Sammlung des Bayrischen Staates, Munich. A. fenestralus Hermann was not located. The three species are from Paraguay. Hermann misidentified a specimen of Acronyches from Costa Rica at the Naturhistoriches Museum, Vienna, as a cotype of A. willistoni. Also, Hermann mislabeled a manuscript species of 1 Financial support by National Science Foundation grant GB-4541 is acknowledged. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 179-183. Iuly 1968 180 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 Leptogaster at Munich as Acronyches. Hull (1962) had difficulty at the subfamily level, placing Acronyches both in Leptogastrinae and in Dasypogoninae, but intending to assign it to Leptogastrinae (Martin, 1965). Acronyches Williston is redescribed here on the basis of Hermann’s specimens at Munich and Vienna, and on three new species from Yucatan, Morelos, and Nayarit, Mexico. These are the first records of Acronyches from Mexico. Acronyches Williston belongs to the subfamily Dasypogoninae (Asil- idae) rather than to the subfamily Leptogastrinae. Six species of Acronyches range from 20-30 mm in length. The abdomen super- ficially resembling that of very large Leptogaster Meigen; without pulvilli and alulae greatly reduced as in Leptogastrinae; empodium very short, tapering to a blunt point. The following characters of Acronyches Williston do not occur in Leptogastrinae except as noted: face forming a triangle with the ocellar tubercle as the apex, the eyes not touching at the vertex; laterally deep facial grooves below the level of the mystax; strong bristles in mystax, weaker and shorter facial bristles; somewhat swollen lobes on anterior margin of the posterior pronotum well separated; no pit in the mesothorax over phragma 1; tuft of pile on episternum; abdomen clavate (true of some Leptogas- trinae) ; hypandrium and basistyli of male coalesced except apico- laterally (partially or wholly coalesced in 75% of Leptogastrinae) ; pair of lateral processes closely associated with the aedeagus, epandria triangular, shorter than proctiger; aedeagus a single tube of large diameter, tapering to the apex from a more or less hidden base (also occurs in Leptogastrinae) ; ovipositor a short tube of small diameter which may or may not be partially sclerotized; sternite 2 without the fenestra of Leptogastrinae; Acronyches may a Martin, new species, with a shallow crescent groove on sternite 2 which does not form a fenestra, but superficially resembles one; anal cell petiolate (true in one genus of Leptogastrinae) . Acronyches maya Martin, new species Male. — Length 30 mm. Head black, face cherry red; face and occiput grayish white tomentose, front and vertex brown tomentose; antennal segment 1 dark red, polished, about one-fourth longer than segment 2, the latter reddish yellow, segment 3 missing; vestiture black. Thorax black to reddish, posterior pronotum and posterior humeri, and median stripe, reddish; grayish white tomentose except anterior humeri reddish brown tomentose, narrow geminate blackish brown longitudinal stripe extending to transverse suture, a very narrow median dark brown stripe separating the geminate stripe, and about as long, a narrow brown stripe along ventral margin of meso- JULY 1968] MARTIN — MEXICAN ASILIDAE 181 thorax; scutellum blackish, white pollinose on disc, short hair on posterior margin; metapleura red, mesopleura black, gray tomentose above, brown below; vestiture black, tuft of brownish red pile on episternum. Abdomen black, posterior half of tergites 2-3 yellow; tergite 2 anteriorly white tomentose, medially a brownish tomentose triangular spot, posterior margin brownish tomentose, tergite 3 similar with a narrow gray anterior band, grayish laterally, tergite 4 brown pollinose, anteriorly and posteriorly narrowly gray, tergite 5 brown pollinose, some gray dorsally, tergites 6-7 laterally mixed gray and brown tomentose, narrowly on posterior margin, tergite 8 dorsally polished black, laterally mixed gray and brown tomentose, but narrowly polished along the posterior margin; vestiture sparse, recumbent long brownish hairs; hypandrium and basistyli coalesced except some differentiation apically and apicolaterally, genitalia black, most of hypandrium yellow, vestiture yellowish. Wings reddish brown. Legs cherry red to blackish, hind femur yellow apicodorsally, hind tibiae anteriorly and posteriorly with yellow stripes. Female. — Unknown. Holotype Male. — Chicken Itza, Yucatan, Mexico (E. T. Thomp- son) ; in Chicago Museum of Natural History. Acronyches rarus Martin, new species Male. — Length 25 mm. Head black; oral margin and corners of oral margin densely white tomentose fading to reddish brown, front reddish brown, a yellowish spot below ocellar tubercle, occiput yellowish tomentose, reddish at some angles of view, a white stripe from the ocellar tubercle to the neck; about 12 mystax bristles, longer medially, rather sparse weaker bristles on face reaching antennae, occipital bristles red; antennal segment 1 polished red, segments 2-3 yellowish, light reddish brown tomentose, segment 2 subequal to segment 1, segment 3 twice as long as segment 1, style shorter than segment 2, with a red apical spine. Thorax dorsally red, pleura black; a wide grayish median stripe separated by a very narrow median black stripe from pronotum to the metanotal declivity, laterad two wider brown longitudinal stripes, constricted opposite spiracle 1, laterad to brown stripes a blackish spot, laterally thinly gray pollinose; setae black, bristles reddish; scutellum reddish, thinly gray pollinose, without vestiture; pleura reddish brown, a patch of black hypopleural hairs. Wings dark reddish brown, with a lighter spot apicad to discal crossvein, anterior third longitudinal vein rises from the third longitudinal vein as a half loop. Legs dark reddish, hind tibiae darker with a narrow yellow band basally, four posterior metarsi yellow, without pulvilli, empodium short, thick, tapered apically, hind femur anteroventrally near apex with an elongate patch of erect yellowish hair longer than other vestiture on hind femur, hind tibiae apicad and antero- ventrally covered with dense long yellow hair. Female. — Unknown. Holotype Male. — ^Yautepec, Morelos, southcentral Mexico, 13 July 1963 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange), in the University of California, Davis. 182 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 Acronyches westcotti Martin, new species Male. — Length 23 mm. Head black; face grayish white tomentose, brown on lower oral margin, front brown tomentose with a white spot before ocellar tubercle, occiput blackish brown tomentose, orbitals narrowly gray, a faint bluish gray stripe from ocellar tubercle to the neck; mystax of long black bristles, hairs on face, and occipital bristles black; antennal segment 1 polished black, segments 2-3 and style dark brown tomentose, segment 3 over four times as long as segment 1, linear, slightly expanded apically, several bristles dorsally near apex, style about as long as segment 1, spine on apex. Thorax thinly gray pollinose with a mixture of brown, two broad longitudinal stripes widely separated and extending to scutellum, a thin brown stripe between them on the mesonotal declivity; vestiture black; scutellum black, white pollinose, posterior margin mostly brown tomentose, no vestiture; pleura black, dark brown tomentose, a patch of weak black hypopleural hair. Abdomen black; tergite 2 grayish white tomentose, intermixed with small amounts of brown, black triangle with base extending across the tergite on posterior two-thirds, tergites 3-4 grayish tomentose, narrowly basally, black triangle with a very broad base covering dorsum, tergite 5 black, narrowly gray basad, posteriorly two rather faint gray spots, tergites 6-7 gray dorsally, black laterally, tergite 7 posteriorly with two small polished black spots; male genitalia black. Wings dark brown, light spots in the first and second submarginal cells, anal cell short and petiolate. Legs blackish red to black, polished, fore femora dark cherry red, hind tibiae with yellow basal bands, metatarsi on hind legs mostly red ventroapically. Female. — Unknown. Holotype Male . — 20 miles southeast of Ixtlan del Rio, Nayarit, WESTERN Mexico, 22 July 1963 (R. L. Westcott) ; type in the Univer- sity of California, Davis. This species is named for the collector, Mr. R. L. Westcott. Genus Parataracticus Cole Parataracticus Cole, F. R. 1924. The Pan-Pacific Ent., 1: 7-13. Martin, Chas. H. 1955. Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc., 28: 116-120. Wilcox, Joseph. 1967. Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc., 40: 13-16. Type of Genus. — Parataracticus ruhidus Cole, 1924. Parataracticus arenicolus Martin, new species The narrow grayish pollinose band across the anterior margins of tergites 3—5 on both sexes, and the median small triangle on these tergites readily separate P. arenicolus Martin, new species, from P. niger Martin which is without such markings. Parataracticus niger Martin ranges from the type locality. Riverside County, California into northern Baja California, Mexico; P. arenicolus Martin replaces P. niger in the southern region of Baja California. Male. — Length 6 mm. Head black; face and front white tomentose, more JULY 1968] MARTIN MEXICAN ASILIDAE 183 grayish near vertex, occiput more brown than gray above, gray below; mystax, facial hair, and hair on antennae white, ocellar and occipital bristles reddish; antennal segments 1 and 2 reddish, together about half as long as segment 3 and its short style, segment 3 and style black with short brown microchaetae uniformily spaced, short spine at base of style. Thorax black, anterior humeri red, posterior humeri dark red; geminate brown median stripe from anterior margin of mesothorax to metanotal declivity, separated medially by a narrow brownish white stripe, brown and white pollinose patterns laterally; 4-5 long bristles on anterior humeri, sparse long reddish brown dorso- centrals on meso- and metathorax; scutellum with disc grayish brown tomentose, posterior margin polished, with six long strong reddish brown bristles; pleura light brown to gray tomentose with two polished spots below wing base narrowly joined, vestiture white. Anterior abdominal tergites black, reddish laterally, becoming gradually more reddish, posterior three segments red, anterior margins of tergites 3-5 with a narrow gray pollinose stripe across anterior margins, tergites 2-5 anteriorly with small gray tomentose triangular spots; three whitish bristles on posterior ventral corners of tergite 2, and two on tergite 3. Wings very slightly infuscated, mostly hyaline, all cells open. Legs red, dorsally femora black, hind tibiae black dorsally, and ventrally, fore tibiae red, apical tarsal segments black. Female. — Similar to male; abdomen more reddish, antennal segment 3 slightly narrower. Holotype Male. — Los Friales, Baja California, Mexico, 18 March 1853 (Seftin expedition to Gulf of California, P. H. Hurd). Allotype female, same data. Paratypes: 18 males, 9 females, same data as for holotype. Holotype in California Academy of Sciences. Note. — The tergal pollinose fasciae ruh off easily, so that the pattern appears to change from specimen to specimen. The anterior narrow gray stripe across tergite 3 may he hidden beneath tergite 2. Literature Cited Cole, F. R. 1924. Notes on the Dipterous family Asilidae, with descriptions of new species. Pan-Pacific Entomok, 1; 7-13, 6 figures. Hermann, F. 1921. In Zurcher, L. : Diptera-Aubeute aus Paraguay : Mydaiden und Asiliden. Arch. Naturgesch., Abt. A, 87 : 118-122. Hull, F. M. 1962. Robber Flies of the World. The genera of the family Asilidae. Smith. Instit. Bulk, 224, Pts. 1 and 2. 907 pp. Martin, C. H. 1955. New species of the genus Parataracticus Cole from southern California (Diptera; Asilidae). J. Kansas Entomok Soc., 28: 116-120. 1965. Generic and subfamily changes, new synonymy, new names, a new species, and notes on Asilidae (Diptera). J. Kansas Entomok Soc., 38; 110-134. 2 pk, 24 figs. Wilcox, Joseph. 1967. New species and a key to the species of Parataracticus Cole (Diptera : Asilidae). J. Kansas Entomok Soc., 40: 13-16. 1 pk WiLLiSTON, S. W. 1908. Manual of North American Diptera. Third Edition. New Haven, Conneeticut, 405 pp. 184 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 New Genera of Male Brachycistidinae with A Redescription of Brachycistellus Baker and A Key to North American Genera (Hymenoptera : Tiphiidae) Marius S. Wasbauer California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento In a recent revision of the genus Brachycistis Fox for America north of Mexico (Wasbauer, 1966) I have recognized six genera in the male series and have given a tentative key for their separation. The overall purpose of the present study is to aid in recognition of the genera of North American Brachycistidinae in anticipation of a revision of Nearctic species (exclusive of the genus Brachycistis) now in progress. The immediate aim is threefold: first, to provide descriptions of two additional new genera; second, to provide a redescription of the monotypic genus Brachycistellus Baker, the type of which has recently been found in the collection of the U. S. National Museum; and third, to relate these taxa with previously known forms through discussions and a revised key to the genera now known for North America. I wish to acknowledge with gratitude, the assistance received from Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, and Calvert Norland, San Diego State College, for assistance in verifying the C. F. Baker type label on the holotype of Brachycistellus figitiformis and to P. H. Arnaud, Jr., and E. S. Ross, California Academy of Sciences, for making available to me material on which I have based one of the genera described here. Thanks are also due to K, V. Krom- bein, U. S. National Museum, for locating and loaning to me the type specimen of Brachycistellus figitiformis Baker. The terminology employed in the following descriptions is in general use by students of aculeate Hymenoptera with the exception of a few terms relating to mensural ratios. Ratios were obtained at 100 X with a 100 division ocular micrometer. Distances were measured in a flat plane of focus and were converted directly to ratios by use of a slide rule. Measurements of wing cells included the veins forming the bound- aries of the cells. For the sake of brevity and convenience in express- ing ratios, the following abbreviations have been used: CR — Clypeal ratio. The maxiraum length of the clypeus in full frontal view, from the epistomal suture to the apex, divided by the maximum width. EH — Eye height, measured in full frontal view. ED — Eacial distance. The length of the head in full frontal view, from the vertex to the apex of the clypeus. L — Length. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44 : 184 - 197 . July 1968 JULY 1968] WASBAUER NEW MALE BRACHYCISTIDINAE 185 LID — Lower interocular distance. The minimum distance between the lower margins of the compound eyes. OOL — Ocellocular length. The shortest distance from the lateral ocellus to the compound eye. POL — Postocellar length. The shortest distance between the lateral ocelli. SMi — First submarginal cell. SM 2 — Second submarginal cell. TFD — Transfacial distance. The maximum distance across the head in full frontal view (from the outer margin of one compound eye to the outer margin of the other). Hadrocistis^ Wasbauer, new genus Adult Male. — Head (Figs. 1, 4) more or less rounded, broader than long, TFD about 1.3 FD; ocelli strongly enlarged; compound eyes very large, convergent below, inner margins slightly emarginate; antennal sockets with simple rims which are slightly thickened below; antennae rather short, L/W flagellar segment 1, 1.85-2.50; clypeus somewhat produced apically, CR .40-46, disk slightly, broadly convex; mandibles slender, bidentate, frontal surface ecarinate; maxillary and labial palpi short, slender, maxillary palpi 3-5 segmented; labial palpi 1-2 seg- mented. Mesosoma. — Robust, pronotum vertical, mesonotum arising directly above it and in plane or in a slight curve with its dorsal edge, humeral angles rounded, not prominent; mesonotum with parapsidal furrows strongly impressed; mesepisternum strongly expanded, evenly convex; dorsal surface of propodeum without well defined lateral raised areas, posterodorsal transverse carina absent, lateral surfaces relatively smooth, not sculptured; anterior coxa without admesal stridulatory area; posterior coxa not carinate; wings relatively short, usually not extending to apex of metasoma, venation somewhat reduced, anterior wing (Figs. 13, 14) with two submarginal and two discoidal cells; first transverse cubital vein arising before apical third of first submarginal cell; marginal cell short, strap-shaped, narrowed posteriorly, costa extending along costal margin for a distance much less than half length of stigma; posterior wing (Figs. 13, 14) with radius and cubitus well developed, cubitus arcuate, forming an angle with the transverse cubital of less than 135 degrees, jugal lobe longer than, equal to or slightly shorter than sub- median cell. Metasoma . — First metasomal sternum flat or slightly convex, without a broad, deep concavity posteriorly, second metasomal sternum simple, without carinae or raised areas; genitalia (Figs. 2, 3, 5, 6) with process of digitus aculeate, strongly upcurved, produced far distad of articulum; volsellar plate with a number of short, stout, anteriorly directed spines on mesal surface. F EM ALE. — U nkno wn. Type of Genus. — Hadrocistis bicolor Wasbauer. Specimens referable to Hadrocistis may be distinguished from those belonging to other brachycistidine genera by the following combination of characteristics: clypeus somewhat elongate, clypeal ratio .40-.45; palpi short, not always visible; maxillary palpi 3-5 segmented, labial ^ Gr. Hadros: well developed, and kiste : box or chest, referring to the robust mesosomatic tagma. 186 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 7 8 9 Figs. 1-3. Hadrocistis slanskyae. Fig. 1. Head, dorsal view. Figs. 2-3. Genitalia. Fig. 2. Dorsal. Fig. 3. Lateral. Figs. 4-6. Hadrocistis bicolor. Fig. 4. Head, dorsal view. Figs. 5-6. Genitalia. Fig. 5. Dorsal, Fig. 6. Lateral. Figs. 7-9. Dolichetropis JULY 1968] WASBAUER — NEW MALE BRACHYCISTIDINAE 187 palpi 1—2 segmented; mandibles slender, bidentate; marginal cell of forewing short, strap-shaped; two submarginal and two discoidal cells present; propodeum not sculptured; anterior coxa without stridulatory area; hind coxa not carinate; metasomal sterna without carinae or elevations; genitalia (Figs. 2, 3, 5, 6) with process of digitus prolonged beyond articulum, unciform, strongly upcurved. This genus appears to have its closest ally in Brachycistina Malloch. It shares with the latter the robust body form, produced clypeus, very small maxillary and labial palpi, slender and bidentate mandibles, presence of two submarginal cells in the anterior wing, the first trans- verse cubital vein arising basad of the apical third of the first sub- marginal cell, short and strap-shaped marginal cell and lack of admesal stridulatory areas on the front coxa. It differs, however, in the absence of spines dorsally on the hind tibia, the presence of only two discoidal cells and the genitalia with charactertistically unciform and upcurved digital processes which extend beyond the articulum. Hadrocistis bicolor Wasbauer, new species Holotype. — Head black; clypeus dark mahogany brown toward apex; mandibles light yellow-brown, becoming piceous at apices; antennae light yellow-brown; mesosoma dark mahogany brown, nearly black; pronotum slightly lighter; legs beyond coxae yellow-brown; stigma dark mahogany brown; metasoma lighter than mesosoma, medium mahogany brown. Vestiture moderately abundant, uniformly straw-colored over entire body; appressed over most of body; suberect on clypeus, prosternum and scutellum; erect on posterior face and dorsolateral angles of propodeum; a curved row of suberect hairs on each metasomal sternum; most abundant on head posteriorly, pronotum medially, mesonotum anteriorly and propodeum posteriorly, absent on dorsum of propodeum. Body not strongly punc- tured, punctures small, shallow, third degree density on head becoming second degree density on vertex between ocelli, several large, shallow punctures on disk of clypeus just before apex; small, shallow, third degree density over remainder of body except second degree density on dorsolateral angles of propodeum and first metasomal tergum; dorsum of propodeum impunctate. Head (Fig. 4). — Compound eyes strongly enlarged, EH/LID 1.18; LID/TFD .43; OOL/POL .42; vertex raised and slightly convex between lateral ocelli, ocelli thus not appearing protuberant dorsally; antennae relatively short, L/W first flagellar segment 2.2; clypeus gently but noticeably convex medially; maxillary palpi 5 segmented, length equal to or slightly greater than length of gular orifice; flavida. Fig. 7. Head, dorsal view. Figs. 8-9. Genitalia. Fig. 8. Dorsal. Fig. 9. Lateral. Figs. 10-12. Brachycistellus figitiformis. Fig. 10. Propodeum (coxae and anterior segments of metasoma in outline). Figs. 11-12. Genitalia. Fig. 11. Dorsal. Fig. 12. Lateral. 188 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 labial palpi 3 segmented, slightly less than half length of gular orifice; gular Carina low, not produced into an elevation anteriorly. Mesosoma . — Propodeum short, broad; dorsal surface minutely reticulate; pos- terior face about as long as dorsal surface, in lateral view very slightly convex, nearly flat medially; anterior wing (Fig. 14) slightly infuscate beyond apex of marginal and submarginal cells; L/W marginal cell 1.9; L/W stigma 2.3; SM 1 /SM 2 2.65. Metasoma .- — ’Apical tergum (Fig. 18) with a polished, slightly convex pygidial area which is not strongly set off from remainder of tergum; genitalia (Figs. 5, 6) in lateral view with aedeagus upcurved toward apex, process of digitus without a distinct dorsal flange; in dorsal view aedeagus widest at apex. Length. — 6.8 mm. Variation (n = 20) ; length 3. 1-8.7 mm; EH/LID 1.00-1.18; LID/ TED .40-.48; OOL/POL .35-.43; L/W flagellar segment 1, 1.87-2.50; infuscate area of fore wing very faint to strong. L/W marginal cell 1.67-3.12; L/W stigma 2.12-2.58; SM 1 /SM 2 2.21-2.94. Type Material. — Holotype and thirty-five paratypes, 6 miles west OF Glamis, Imperial County, California, 5 August 1966, at fluores- cent hlack light (M. Wasbauer collector). Thirty-one paratypes, same locality but 19 September 1966, at fluorescent black light (R. A. block collector) . One paratype, Andrade, Imperial County, California, 4 August 1966, at fluorescent black light (M. Wasbauer collector). Two paratypes, 6 miles west of Calexico, Imperial County, California, 16 August 1966, at fluorescent black light (R. A. block collector). The holotype (no. 9564) has been deposited in the collection of the Califor- nia Academy of Sciences. Paratypes have been distributed to the California Academy of Sciences, the United States National Museum, the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College and the University of California at Davis. Hadrocistis slanskyae Wasbauer, new species Holotype. — Head, mesosoma and metasoma uniform medium brown; pronotum a little lighter than mesonotum; clypeus and mandibles piceous at apex, stigma dark brown. Vestiture moderately abundant, uniformly light straw yellow, nearly white over entire body; oppressed over most of body, suberect on clypeus, vertex, dorsolateral areas of propodeum and posterior metasomal segments, erect on posterior face of propodeum and first metasomal tergum; most abundant on vertex, dorsolateral areas and posterior face of propodeum, absent on dorsum of propodeum. Body not strongly punctured, punctures large, irregular, first degree density toward apex of clypeus, smaller second degree density on mesepisternum anteriorly, third degree density on remainder of body; dorsum of propodeum impunctate. Head (Fig. 1). — Compound eyes strongly enlarged, EH/LID .95; LID/TFD .47; OOL/POL .72; vertex distinctly concave between lateral ocelli, the ocelli thus appearing protuberant dorsally; antennae moderately long, L/W first flagellar JULY 1968] WASBAUER NEW MALE BRACHYCISTIDINAE 189 Figs. 13-14. Wings of Hadrocistis spp. Fig. 13. H. slanskyae. Fig. 14. H. bicolor. Figs. 15-16. Wings. Fig. 15. Dolichetropis flavida. Fig. 16. Br achy cist ellus figiti- formis. segment 2.5; clypeus slightly convex near insertion, nearly flat toward apex; maxillary palpi very short, 3 segmented, length less than half gular orifice; labial palpi inconspicuous, 2 segmented; gular carina low, not produced into an elevation anteriorly. Mesosoma. — Propodeum short, broad, dorsal surface faintly reticulate, appearing polished, posterior face about as long as dorsal surface, in lateral view slightly convex; anterior wing (Fig. 13) hyaline, without infuscate areas; L/W marginal cell 1.94; L/W stigma 2.72; SM 1 /SM 2 2.32. Metasoma . — Apical tergum (Fig. 17) with a strongly convex, reticulate pygidial area which in lateral view is set off from remainder of segment by a broad sulcus; genitalia (Figs. 2, 3) in lateral view with aedeagus nearly straight along dorsal margin, not upcurved toward apex, process of digitus with a distinct dorsal flange; in dorsal view, aedeagus widest much before apex. Length. — 8.6 mm. Variation (n = 17) ; length 7.0-10.9 mm; EH/LID .925-1.05; LID/ TED .43-.48; OOL/POL .54r-.82; L/W flagellar segment 1, 2.18-2.73; L/W marginal cell 1.83-2.34; L/W stigma 2.50-3.00; SM 1 /SM 2 1.74- 2.36. 190 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 22 JULY 1968] WASBAUER NEW MALE BRACHYCISTIDINAE 191 Type Material. — Holotype and five paratypes, 6 miles west of Glamis, Imperial County, California, 5 August 1966, at fluorescent black light (J. E. Slansky collector), eleven paratypes, same locality and date (M. Wasbauer collector). The holotype (no. 9563) has been deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes are in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences and the United States National Museum. Hadrocistis slanskyae may be distinguished frorn H. bicolor by its somewhat larger size, the head and mesosoma no darker than the metasoma, the vertex concave between the lateral ocelli, the entirely hyaline forewing and the hump-shaped pygidial area, set off from the remainder of the segment by a broad sulcus. Dolichetropis^ Wasbauer, new genus Adult Male. — Head (Fig. 7) more or less rounded, broader than long, TFD 1.1-1. 3 FD; ocelli strongly enlarged; compound eyes very large, convergent belo’w, inner margins distinctly emarginate, antennal sockets with simple rims which are not or scarcely thickened below; antennae relatively short, L/W flagellar segment 1, 1.7-2.5; clypeus noticeably produced apically, CR .40-.45, disk slightly convex; mandibles slender, tridentate, dorsal surface with a distinct curved carina; max- illary and labial palpi short, slender, six and four segmented respectively. Mesosoma. — Slender; pronotum nearly vertical, mesonotum arising above and in line with it; humeral angles rounded, not prominent; mesonotum with parap- sidal furrows strongly impressed; mesepisternum evenly convex; dorsal surface of propodeum without lateral raised areas, posterodorsal transverse carina absent, lateral surfaces not sculptured; anterior coxa with distinct, elongate, admesal stridulatory area; posterior coxa not carinate; wings long, usually extending to apex of metasoma, venation well developed, anterior wing (Fig. 15) with three submarginal and three discoidal cells, marginal cell elongate, extending along costal margin for a distance somewhat less to slightly more than half length of stigma; posterior wing (Fig. 15) with radius and cubitus well developed, cubitus strongly arcuate, forming an angle with transverse cubital of much less than 135 degrees; jugal lobe shorter than submedian cell. Metasoma. — First metasomal sternum nearly flat, without a broad, deep concavity posteriorly; second metasomal sternum simple, without carinae or raised areas; genitalia (Figs. 8, 9) with process of digitus short, blunt; volsellar plate with a number of long, slender, anteriorly directed setae on mesal surface. Female. — Unknown. ^ Gr. Dolichos : long, and etron : abdomen, referring to the elongate metasoma. «- Figs. 17-18. Apical metasomal terga, Hadrocistis spp. Fig. 17. H. slanskyae. Fig. 18. H. bicolor. Fig. 19. Head, Brachycistellus figitiformis, dorsal view. Fig. 20. Portions of first and second metasomal sterna, Acanthetropis noctivaga. Fig. 21. Posterior coxa, Colocistis castanea. Fig. 22. Posterior wing, Quemaya arenicola. 192 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 Type of Genus. — Dolichetropis flavida Wasbauer. Dolichetropis appears to be closely related to Brachycistis Fox and may have developed from a stock ancestral to the Nitida group. Brachy- cistis nitida (Cress.) is quite similar in many respects to the type species of Dolichetropis. Both species have the gular orifice reduced somewhat in size, lack a gular elevation, have short and hlunt processes of the digitus, a fairly long marginal cell in the forewing, and a row of stout spines dorsally on the hind tihia. D. flavida, however, has the maxillary and lahial palpi reduced in size, the clypeus prolonged at the apex and the mandibles slender, the subapical mandibular teeth poorly developed. In all species of Brachycistis, the maxillary palpi are well developed, the clypeus more or less transverse and the suhapical mandibular teeth projecting. Dolichetropis flavida Washauer, new species Holotype. — Head medium brown, clypeus, mandibles, antennal scape and pedicel, palpi, legs, mesosoma and metasoma uniformly light yellow-brown, antennal flagellum darker yellow-brown. Vestiture moderately abundant, uniform light straw yellow over most of body, slightly darker on apical metasomal segments, decumbent, suberect or erect, most abundant on pronotum laterally, mesonotum anteriorly, prosternum, scutellum and posterolateral areas of propodeum; absent on dorsal surface of propodeum. Body not strongly punctured, punctation of first degree density only on pronotum and mesonotum anteriorly, just above wing bases and a small area dorsolaterally on propodeum, elsewhere second and third degree density, punctures of two sizes interspersed on head, pronotum, mesonotum and propodeum, of uniform size on mesepisternum ; disk of scutellum and metanotum, dorsum of propodeum polished, impunctate medially. Head (Fig. 7). — Compoimd eyes enlarged, EH/LID .96; LID/TFD .48; OOL/ POL .64; vertex in full frontal view extending much above tops of lateral ocelli with a short, recurved, impressed line medially just posterior to lateral ocelli; L/W flagellar segment 1, 2.4; clypeus produced, medioapical portion truncate, dorsal surface nearly flat, slightly convex medially; gular carina low, not produced into an elevation anteriorly. Mesosoma . — Propodeum moderately long, dorsal surface polished, impunctate medially, posterior face convex, meeting dorsal surface in a broad curve; hind tibiae with a dorsal and subdorsal row of spines before the apex, spines of dorsal row stout, curved, those of subdorsal row shorter, not as strongly curved; anterior wing (Fig. 15) hyaline, without infuscate areas; L/W marginal cell 2.16; L/W stigma 3.55; SM 1 /SM 2 1.64. Metasoma. — Elongate; genitalia (Figs. 8, 9) in lateral view with process of digitus short, tuberculate at apex; ventral margin of gonostylus more or less evenly curved from base to apex; aedeagus in lateral view with a strongly upcurved flange at apex; in dorsal view, spatulate, widest before apex. Length. — 11.1 mm. Variation (n = 12) ; length 6.3-11.7 mm; EH/LID .82-.94; LID/ TFD .48— .53; OOL/POL .60-.71; L/W flagellar segment 1, 2.0-2.29; JULY 1968] WASBAUER NEW MALE BRACHYCISTIDINAE 193 Figs. 23-27. Anterior wings of bracliycistidine wasps. Fig. 23. Colocistis casta- nea. Fig. 24. Acanthetropis noctivaga. Fig. 25. Brachycistina acuta. Fig. 26. Brachycistis agama. Fig. 27. Brachycistis petiolata. L/W marginal cell 1.63-2.16; L/W stigma 3.21-4.00; SM 1 /SM 2 1.46-1.97. Type Material. — Holotype and ten paratypes, 15 miles north of San Ignacio, Baja California, 24 June 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross collectors) and two paratypes with all data the same as the preceding except for the date, 27 July 1938. The holotype (no. 9565) is in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes have been placed in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences and the United States National Museum. Brachycistellus Baker The monotypic genus Brachycistellus was proposed by C. F. Baker (1909) to accommodate a species based on a single specimen which he captured “flying by day” at Claremont, California. No mention was made of the deposition of the type specimen. Pate (1947) included the genus in his conspectus and employed a character to separate it from Quemaya Pate which was not mentioned in the original description indicating that possibly he had seen the type or perhaps had material before him which he considered conspecific with it. At any rate, the status of Brachycistellus remained in doubt for some time since no specimens had been collected which shared the salient features given in Baker’s description. In 1955, R. 0. Schuster collected a single specimen at Colusa, California, in the northern Central Valley, an area generally depauperate in brachycistidines. This specimen was taken in an area over four hundred miles from the type locality and with a some- what different climate and ecology but agrees closely with the original description. Hence, it was used as a source of characters for placement 194 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 of Brachycistellus in my previous key (Wasbauer, 1966: 15). In 1966, Baker’s type came to light in a shipment of material from the United States National Museum. In the same shipment was another specimen with the same data, probably collected by Baker at a later time. These three specimens, all conspecific and collected over a period spanning nearly fifty years, thus form the basis of our present knowledge of the genus Brachycistellus. Adult Male. — Head (Fig. 19) oval, broader than long, TFD 1.4i FD; ocelli not enlarged; compound eyes narrow, scarcely protuberant, not convergent below, inner margins nearly parallel, not emarginate; antennal sockets with simple rims, slightly thickened below; antennae very short, L/W flagellar segment 1 less than 1.6; clypeus narrow, strap-shaped, CR .21-24; mandibles slender, tridentate, frontal surface carinate; maxillary and labial palpi well developed, maxillary palpi 5 segmented, labial palpi 3 segmented. Mesosoma. — Robust, pronotum with slight posterior slope; mesonotum arising above and in line with it; humeral angles rounded, not prominent; mesonotum with parapsidal furrows strongly impressed; mesepisternum evenly convex; dorsal and lateral surfaces of propodeum (Fig. 10) with a number of sharp irregular rugae separating shallow concavities; posterodorsal transverse carina present; anterior coxa without well defined admesal stridulatory area; posterior coxa not carinate; wings long, usually extending to apex of metasoma, venation reduced, anterior wing (Fig. 16) with one large submarginal and two discoidal cells, marginal cell very short, strap-shaped, extending short distance along apex of stigma; posterior wing (Fig. 16) with radial and cubital veins well developed, cubitus arcuate, forming angle with transverse cubital of less than 135 degrees; jugal lobe equal to or slightly less than length of submedian cell. Metasoma . — First metasomal sternum nearly flat, without deep concavity pos- teriorly; second metasomal sternum simple, without carinae or raised areas; genitalia (Figs. 11, 12) with process of digitus produced into lanceolate process extending far distad of articulum; volsellar plate with several stout, anteriorly directed setae on mesal surface. Female. — Unknown. Type of Genus. — Brachycistellus figitiformis Baker (by monotypy). Brachycistellus somewhat resembles Quemaya at least superficially. The reduction of veins in the anterior wing giving only one submarginal and two discoidal cells is the condition characteristic of most Quemaya species. In the posterior wing of Brachycistellus, however, the radius, cubitus and transverse cubitus are distinct. The cubitus is arcuate and joins the transverse cubitus at only slightly more than a right angle. In Quemaya the veins of the hind wing run together in nearly a straight line, the cubitus intersecting the transverse cubitus at an angle of at least 135 degrees. The very heavily sculptured propodeum is perhaps the most characteristic feature of Brachycistellus and sets it apart from other brachycistidine genera immediately. In the male genitalia, the JULY 1968] WASBAUER NEW MALE BRACHYCISTIDINAE 195 process of the digitus is long and lanceolate, a feature shared with most species of the genus Brachycistis. Brachycistellus figitiformis Baker Baker stressed the very deep second metasomal segment which he said gave this insect “a most remarkable superficial resemblance to a figitid.” He further stated that in addition to this trait, the high, arehed mesonotum and broad first metasomal segment give B. figitiformis “a habitus quite distinct from Brachycistis^ Actually, there are now known several Brachycistis which have the robust body form charac- teristic of this species, and as mentioned earlier, the species of Quemaya are all superfieially quite similar to it. Holotype. — Entirely black; head with vague bluish reflections; clypeus, man- dibles at base, stigma, tegulae, femora and tibiae very dark mahogany brown, mandibles somewhat lighter distad of middle. Vestiture moderately abundant, consisting of long erect to suberect hairs, uniformly white over entire body, becoming pale straw yellow on legs; most abundant on occiput, scutellum and first metasomal tergum, absent from dorsum and posterior face of propodeum. Body not strongly punctured, punctures very small, sparse, scattered on head; larger, second degree density on pronotum; very large, first to second degree density on posterolateral surfaces of scutellum, becoming smaller, third degree density on dorsal surface; smaller, scattered, third degree density on mesonotum; larger, second degree density on mesepisternum anteriorly, becoming third degree density posteriorly; shallow, irregular, first degree density laterally on anterior surface of first metasomal tergum, becoming second degree density medially; very shallow, irregular, third degree density on posterior dorsal surface; minute, third degree density with scattered larger punctures on second and succeeding metasomal terga with a curved, impressed punctate line before apex of each. Head (Fig. 19). — Polished and strongly shining, compound eyes narrow, EH/ LID .53; LID/TFD .73; ocelli not enlarged, lateral ocelli as near compound eyes as each other, OOL/POL 1.0; vertex in full frontal view, not extending above tops of lateral ocelli; L/W flagellar segment 1, 1.50; clypeus narrow, very slightly convex medially, beveled to thin, flat, lamellate edge medioapically ; gular carina produced anteriorly into a tooth-like elevation. Mesosoma . — Propodeum (Fig. 10) short, dorsal surface less than half length of posterior face, posterodorsal transverse carina irregular but distinct; legs short, relatively stout, middle and hind tibiae with a row of three slender spines on dorsal surface before apex; wings (Fig. 16) hyaline, anterior wing without infuscate areas; L/W stigma 2.50; L/W submarginal cell 3.29. Metasoma.- — Short, stout, first metasomal segment short, broad, .77 width of second segment in dorsal view; genitalia (Figs. 11, 12) in lateral view with process of digitus elongate, lanceolate, upcurved, acute at apex; ventral margin of gonostylus very broadly emarginate near base, then evenly curved to apex; aedeagus with strong downward curve, in dorsal view gradually expanded, widest just before apex, the apex deeply notched medially with distinct dorsal flanges. Length. — 4.45 mm. 196 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 Variation (n = 3) ; length 3.90-4.76 mm; EH/LID .53-.58; LID/ TED .70-.73; L/W flagellar segment 1, 1.50-1.58; L/W stigma 2.25- 2.50; L/W SM 2.75-3.29; hind tihia with 3 to 4 spines in dorsal row. The holotype of B. figitiformis is damaged as follows: left antenna missing beyond first flagellar segment, right antenna missing beyond pedicel, right forewing broken at base, left anterior leg missing beyond femur, left middle leg missing beyond tibia, left posterior leg missing beyond femur, right anterior and middle legs with apical tarsal segments missing, right posterior leg missing beyond femur. Description of structures missing from the damaged holotype was drawn from the Baker topotype. The illustration of the propodeum (Fig. 10) is based on the Colusa, California, specimen. The holotype bears a small printed label : “Claremont, Cal. Baker” and a hand printed label, with a double border in black and in Baker’s handwriting: '^^Brachycistellus n. gen. figitiformis n. sp.” The holotype is in the collection of the United States National Museum. The data on the two specimens examined other than the holotype is as follows: 1) “Claremont, Cal. Baker.” No further data [U. S.N. M.]. 2) Colusa, Colusa County, California, 15 August 1955. (R. 0. Schuster collector.) [C. I.S.] Key to Genera of Brack ycistidine Males 1. Anterior wing with one or two discoidal cells (Figs. 13, 16) ; anterior coxa without well defined admesal stridulatory area 2 Anterior wing with three discoidal cells (Fig. 15) ; anterior coxa usually with well defined admesal stridulatory area composed of successive striae 4 2. Posterior wing with cubitus arcuately curved, longer than transverse cubital vein and meeting it at angle of less than 135° (Fig. 16) ; digitus of genitalia with distinct elongate process 3 Posterior wing with cubitus nearly straight and in line with transverse cubital vein and meeting it at angle much greater than 135° (Fig. 22) ; digitus of genitalia without a distinct elongate process Quemaya Pate 3. Ocelli and compound eyes not enlarged (Fig. 19) ; propodeum heavily rugose with distinct arcuate carina separating dorsal and posterior faces (Fig. 10) ; anterior wing with one submarginal cell (Fig. 16) Brachycistellus Baker Ocelli and compound eyes enlarged (Figs. 1, 4) ; propodeum smooth, with- out transverse carina separating dorsal and posterior faces; anterior wing with two submarginal cells (Figs. 13, 14) Hadrocistis Wasbauer 4. Clypeus strongly produced apically (Fig. 7), clypeal ratio at least .40; maxillary palpi short, not surpassing posterior border of gular orifice by amount equal to half length of palpus 5 Clypeus not produced apically (as in Fig. 19), clypeal ratio not exceeding JULY 1968] WASBAUER — NEW MALE BRACHYCISTIDINAE 197 .35; maxillary palpi long, exceeding posterior border of gular orifice by amount at least equal to half length of palpus 6 5. Costa of anterior wing extending along margin distad of stigma for distance equal to at least one-third length of stigma (Fig. 15) ; three submarginal cells present; maxillary palpi six segmented; digitus of genitalia with short process extending distad of articulum (Figs. 8, 9) Dolichetropis Wasbauer Costa of anterior wing extending along margin for distance much less than one-third length of stigma (Fig. 25) ; two submarginal cells present; maxillary palpi three segmented, inconspicuous; digitus of genitalia without process Brachycistina Malloch 6. Second metasomal sternum with elevated median longitudinal carina or fold at base (Fig. 20) ; costa of anterior wing extending distad of stigma for distance exceeding half length of stigma (Fig. 24) Acanthetropis Wasbauer Second metasomal sternum without median longitudinal carina at base; costa of anterior wing extending distad of stigma for distance less than half the length of stigma 7 7. First transverse cubital vein of anterior wing arising at or before basal third of first submarginal cell (Fig. 23) ; posterior coxa with longitudinal carina on inner margin (Fig. 21) ; digitus of genitalia without process extending distad of articulum Colocistis Krombein First transverse cubital vein of anterior wing arising beyond basal third of first submarginal cell (Figs. 26, 27) ; posterior coxa without longi- tudinal carina on inner margin; digitus of genitalia with process extend- ing distad of articulum Brachycistis Fox Literature Cited Baker, C. F. 1909. A new mutillid near Brachycistis from California. Invert. Pacifica, 1: 177-178. Pate, V. S. L. 1947. A conspectus of the Tiphiidae, with particular reference to the Nearctic forms. J. New York Entomol. Soc., 55: 115-145. Wasbauer, M. S. 1966. Revision of the male wasps of the genus Brachycistis in America north of Mexico. Univ. California Pubis. Entomol., 43: 1-96. 198 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 A New Genus and Species of Milliped from Northern California (Polydesmida : Vanhoeffeniidae) John S. Buckett and Michael R. Gardner California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento and University of California, Davis During the past few years, the authors have conducted a survey for millipeds in northern California. In addition to actual field collections, many duff samples have been taken and processed by the use of a Berlese funnel. This method has yielded many interesting arthropods, one of which represents an undescribed genus and species of a poly- desmoid milliped. Duff samples have been processed from a number of different floristic communities, the most productive being situated on north facing slopes where the sun’s rays do not dry out the duff too much. In the north coast ranges, where areas are shrouded in fog much of the year, one can find rich duff samples on almost any slope, regardless of directional exposure to the sun’s rays. The area where this new entity was collected is inhabited by pines, oaks and coastal chapparral in general. Coast Redwood, Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl., is abundant in draws and canyons in the vicinity. Bidentogon Buckett and Gardner, new genus Type Species. — Bidentogon helferorum Buckett and Gardner, new species. Diagnosis. — Segments of body 19 in both male and female; body size small, less than 10 mm long; head globular, densely microsetose, as wide as body; antennae about width of 1 socket apart, antennal segment 6 largest; collum suboval, narrower in width to posterior part of head and partially covering same; body segments with 3 transverse rows of 10, 10, and 8 setae, respectively, each seta borne on wide, low tubercle; paranota moderate, projecting laterad from mid- height of segment, lateral margins of segments 5-toothed, 3 or 4 teeth bearing a lateral seta; repugnatorial pores moderate in size, round, located posteriorly on distal margin of paranota; segment 17 with paranota slightly reduced, segment 18 with paranota almost obsolete; terminal segment with mucro extending beyond anal valves; third legs of male with segment 3 greatly swollen; gonopods simple, with large, rounded coxa and broad, laminate telopodite which divides distad into 2 caudally projecting branches, the seminal canal opening apically on the lateral branch. Bidentogon helferorum Buckett and Gardner, new species (Figs. 1-7) Holotype Male. — Segments 19; length 6.3 mm; width 0.7 mm; color chocolate- brown. Head broad, with mandibular cheeks extending beyond lateral margins of The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 198-202. July 1968 JULY 1968] BUCKETT & GARDNER NEW CALIFORNIA MILLIPED 199 Fig. 1. Head, left lateral view, female paratype. Fig. 2. Head, anterior view, male paratype. Fig. 3. Sixth segment of male, dorsal aspect of paratype. 200 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 JULY 1968] BUCKETT & GARDNER — NEW CALIFORNIA MILLIPED 201 collum; epicranial suture short, distinct, dividing one-third distance to antennae, each resulting suture evident for same length as epicranial suture; head very round, strongly curved from vertex to labrum, densely microsetose, except posterior part of vertex smooth; antennae moderately long, reaching to segment 4 along margins of paranota; antennal sockets slightly sunken, separated by about width of 1 socket, deep dorsolateral antennal groove present; antennal segment 1 short, cylindrical, as broad as long; segment 2 slightly wider and longer than segment 1, enlarging apically; segment 3 slightly wider than segment 2, almost twice as long; segment 4 small, similar to segment 2; segment 5 as wide as segment 3, but shorter, considerably widening apically; segment 6 cylindrical, much the largest, equal in length to segments 4 and 5 combined, and wider by half again segment 5; apical segment same size as segment 1, rounded terminally, with terminal sense organs; all antennal segments with numerous short setae. Body cylindrical; dorsum rounded, paranota projecting from approximately mid body-height; prozonites micropunctate, otherwise smooth, broad, shallow groove extending entirely around segment between prozonite and metazonite; metazonite smooth except for setiferous tubercles; pleural area of metazonite slightly roughened, not punctate; sterna smooth, raised out from level of segment about 1 coxal radius in distance, median longitudinal groove present. Collum with posterior margin almost straight, narrower than width of head; anterior margin smooth, evenly curving, covering posterior part of head; collum slightly ventrally curved, lateral corners not extending below level of paranota of segment 2; dorsal surface crossed with 5 curving rows of setae, the first on anterior margin and composed of 12 setae; following rows with decreasing numbers. Tergites 2-18 with three regular transverse rows of setiferous tubercles: anterior row of 10 setae directed anter- odorsad; middle row of 10 setae on posterior half of tergite and directed dorsad; posterior row with 8 setae and less well developed tubercles, situated near posterior margin of segment and projecting caudad; lateral margins of tergites serrate, each with 5 teeth and usually 4 horizontal setae on apices of teeth, anterior most tooth usually lacking seta; repugnatorial pore-bearing segments with rounded lateral protuberance replacing caudal 2 paranotal teeth on each side; pores opening dorsolaterally. Segment 7 with prozonite narrowing ventrally to form anterior margin of gonopod socket, metazonite forming posterior margin of socket, with narrow sclerotized bar passing immediately before gonopods and connecting laterally to metazonites, medial longitudinal sclerotized bar running between gonopods and connecting anteriorly on transverse bar and posteriorly on metazonite. Caudal segment with distinct mucro surpassing anal valves; anterior margin of segment with transverse row of about 6 setae, remainder of segment with 3 pair of dorsal setae, 2 pair of lateral setae, and 1 pair of distal terminal setae. Leg with coxa short, as broad as long; prefemur longer and about as wide as coxa; femur subconical, about 1.3 times length of prefemur; postfemur shorter than coxa and slightly narrower than femur; tibia about equal in length to coxa and narrower than postfemur; tarsus longer than femur, narrowing distad and bearing short tarsal claw; third leg with second segment slightly swollen and segment 3 <- Fig. 4. Caudal three segments, lateral view, male paratype. Fig. 5. Right female cyphopod, ventral aspect. Fig. 6. Right male gonopod, anteroventral aspect, paratype. Fig. 7. Right male gonopod, lateral aspect, paratype. 202 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 very swollen, nearly twice width of succeeding segments, remainder of leg normal size and proportions. Gonopods with coxa large, extending partially out of socket; telopodite laminate, narrowing beyond base, then broadening, dividing apically into long, narrow mesal fork and shorter lateral fork (both directed caudad) ; narrow canal proceeding distad from coxa on center of anterior surface of gonopod, then abruptly curved to apex of lateral fork. Specimens examined. — Holotype male, 1 mile north of Mendo- cino, Mendocino County, California, 21 July 1964 (J. S. Buckett, M. R. Gardner, and J. R. Heifer). Paratypes; 2 males, 4 females, same data as holotype; 1 male, same locality and collectors as holotype, 21 December 1964. Type deposition. — -Holotype will be placed with the Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis. A paratype will be sent to the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. Remainder of the paratypes will be retained by the authors. The genus Bidentogon is the only 19 segmented North American vanhoeffeniid known to us, consequently its relationships are obscure at present. Superficially, it resembles the 20 segmented eastern genus Antriadesmus Loomis (1943, 1960), yet it remains strikingly different in the shape and complexity of the gonopods and the details of the external anatomical features. The gonopods resemble those of the 20 segmented Asian species Mastodesmus zehntneri Carl (1911) and Lankadesmus cognatus (Humbert, 1865). Any further statement as to the placement of Bidentogon at this time would be pure speculation; actual relationships will be determined only when more of the World fauna has been discovered and well described. We take great pleasure in naming this species in honor of our friends, Jacques and Diane Heifer, who have significantly contributed to our knowledge with the many fine collections of millipeds they have made throughout our western states. Literature Cited Carl, J. 1911. Drei neue Diplopoden des Genfer Museums. Rev. Suisse Zook, 19: 397 Mj 07, with 14 figs. Humbert, A. 1865. Essae sur les Myriapodes de Ceylon. Mem. Soc. Geneve, 18: 1-62, plus pis. 1-5. Loomis, H. F. 1943. New cave and epigean millipeds of the United States, with notes on some established species. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zook, 92: 373-410, including figs. 1-18, plus 1 pk 1960. Millipeds of the order Polydesmida from the western states and Baja, California. Jour. Kansas Entomok Soc., 33 (2) : 57-68. JULY 1968] JONES ROCKY INTERTIDAL STAPHYLINIDAE 203 The Zonal Distribution of Three Species of Staphylinidae in the Rocky Intertidal Zone in California (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae) Theodore W. Jones Shippensburg State College, Pennsylvania The Staphylinidae of the intertidal zone on rocky shores have received sporadic attention for the last 100 years. Maklin (1853), Le Conte (1861), and Casey (1885), were concerned with identifica- tion, while Chamberlin and Ferris (1929), Moore (1956a, b), Usinger (1956), and Glynn (1965), included notes regarding their natural history and distribution. A review of the available literature indicates that no work has been done on the distribution of the rocky intertidal Staphylinidae. This paper attempts to define, within a selected study area, the distribution of three local species of rocky intertidal staphylinids : Liparocephalus cordicollis, Le Conte; Diaulota vandykei, Moore; and Diaulota densissima, Casey. The work was done at Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California over a period of ten weeks from 19 June through 27 August 1967. Field studies were carried out at a site located on Point Pinos immediately south of the Great Tidepool (36 38' N; 121 56' W). Description of the Study Area The study area is representative of the Monterey Peninsula rocky intertidal. Point Pinos is a rocky reef projecting into the Pacific Ocean. Off-shore rocks tend to break the force of the waves and protect the shore line. The site was 50 feet wide and 121 feet long. The very gradual slope had no depressions greater than 2 feet and contained one mass of boulders 5 feet high located centrally in lower zone II. There is a vertical drop of 7.8— feet from the high water mark of 6.4- feet on the boulder-beach to the low water mark of —1.4— feet (the highest and lowest tides during the study) . Boulders up to 8 feet long and 3 feet wide are scattered about in zones III and IV ; these are mixed with a much larger number of smaller rounded boulders and projecting rocks. In zones I and II the rocks range from 3 feet down to several inches in diameter. A prolific growth of mixed algae covering zones III and IV, thins The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 203-210. July 1968 204 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 out in zone II and disappears in zone I, leaving the rocks bare on the boulder-beach. High rock masses, 5 to 8 feet, form broken shoulder boundaries along the sides of the selected site. Scattered Mytilus-P ollicipes com- munities along with patches of Pelvetiopsis and Cladophora dot these rocks on their seaward extremities. The system of zonation applied is that of Ricketts and Calvin (1962) . The distribution of the staphylinids was worked out according to the tide levels at which they occurred and the zones then assigned. The zonation of the intertidal algae has been established by Smith (1951) . They are relatively fixed, and form reliable “markers.” Thirty- one species were used in this study to determine the distribution of the three staphylinids with which they are associated. The vertical range of each of the 31 most common algal species in the study area was checked against that given by Smith (1951). These were then checked against the tidal range measured at the site and that given in local Tide Tables. For the purpose of this study, only minor variations were found due to local conditions at the site. The algal ranges of 9 of the 31 species used, as determined at the study site, are shown in Figure 1. Certain algal species provide protection, air spaces, and direct and indirect supplies of food. To this extent their distribution and that of the staphylinids coincide. However, no attempt is being made here to establish or prove any direct relationship between any algal species and the staphylinids. The algae have been used as a source of beetles, and as “markers,” since their distribution has already been established. Sampling Program Depending upon the tide, the area was visited on an average of once each day. Collections were made along the water’s edge or at specific distances with respeet to it, usually above — but sometimes samples were taken below the surface. The most characteristic algae of the study area were collected and identified. The exact location of each algal sample was fixed by references to the tide level at the time it was eolleeted, by checking its position against previously established tide level markers on the boulders, and by reference to its distribution as given in Smith (1951). Method of Sampling Three sampling methods were used. The aim was to establish the general pattern of distribution of the 3 staphylinids within the rocky intertidal, not to indicate population density. JULY 1968] JONES ROCKY INTERTIDAL STAPHYLINIDAE 205 ZONES I n TIDE LEVELS 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 ALGAL INDICATORS GIGARTINA PAPILLATA nr W 1,0 0.0 -1.0 -1.4 ENDOCLADIA MURICATA PELVETIA FASTIGIATA ULVA CAUFORNICA CLADOPHORA TRICHOTOMA IRIDAEA FLACCIDA EGREGIA MENZIESII CORALUNA CHILENSIS BOTRYOGLOSSUM FARLOWIANUM 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -1.4 SPARGE MODERATE NUMEROUS Fig. 1. Distribution and relative density of three rocky intertidal Staphylinidae plotted on the ranges of 9 selected algal species. Upper bar, Diaulota densissima; middle, Liparocephalus cordicollis; lower, Diaulota vandykei. The first method consisted of visual examination of the rock surfaces. Observed specimens were preserved in alcohol and their location recorded. This proved to be slow, laborious, and inefficient. In zone IV there was not enough time for such a technique. The second method consisted of splitting boulders with a crowbar and examining crevices for specimens. This also required time and great effort. Compensation was forthcoming, sometimes, in the form 206 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 of one or two specimens. Also, many inhabitated crevices cannot be opened. Tbe third method, and the one that formed the basis of this work, consisted of collecting algal samples by scraping the rock surface. The material was placed in 4 X 5'' plastic bags for transport to the labora- tory. In the laboratory, each sample was placed on a hardware cloth screen in a 10'' diameter funnel under a 200-watt bulb. Motile organisms moved downward to escape the light and heat and were collected in vials of alcohol. This modified Berlese Funnel will collect all motile speci- mens in a sample including those far too minute to be seen in the field, even with a hand lens. At the end of 24 hours all specimens were removed, identified, counted, recorded, and stored in 70% alcohol. Notes were kept in the field and in the laboratory on each sample with respect to species of algae, exact location, tide level, and exposure. To these data were added the numbers of each staphylinid species and associates recovered from the Berlese Funnels. An over-all summary of this information is shown in Figure 1. Identification of Species Samples were taken of 31 algal species within the study area. These were identified in the laboratory using Smith (1951), and Hollenberg and Abbott (1966). The identifications were checked by Dr. I. D. Abbott. Samples were preserved after identification for reference purposes. The 3 species of staphylinids involved in this study were identified by use of the following keys and accompanying diagrams: Moore (1956a, b), Chamberlin and Ferris (1928), Saunders (1928), Usinger (1956), and Light, et al. (1961). Moore’s key and figures were used in the identification of adults. Chamberlin and Ferris produced the best illustrations available of larval urogomphi. Without the illustrations of the urogomphi, iden- tification of the larvae would have been extremely difficult, if not impossible. Sample specimens representative of the staphylinid adults and larvae were checked by Dr. W. G. Evans, University of Alberta, and Mr. Ian Moore, San Diego Museum of Natural History. Zonal Distribution of Liparocephalus cordicollis Specimens of Liparocephalus cordicollis were collected in zones II, III, and IV. Zone III apparently offers the most desirable habitat, as JULY 1968] JONES ROCKY INTERTIDAL STAPHYLINIDAE 207 Table 1. Summary of intertidal staphylinids collected and tabulated by zone and sampling technique. Zones L. cordicollis Adults Larvae D. densissima Adults Larvae D. vandykei Adults Larvae Total Coll. I Algae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Surface 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 Crevice 0 0 0 2 8 4 56 II Algae 2 1 231 208 2 219 31 Surface 3 0 0 0 0 0 17 Crevice 0 5 16 5 11 9 36 III Algae 6 101 36 95 9 94 69 Surface 48 13 3 6 7 1 32 Crevice 1 17 2 3 12 5 27 IV Algae 0 5 0 1 0 0 68 Surface 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 Crevice 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 Total 60 142 288 320 49 332 420 indicated by the numbers of larvae and adults taken there. A sharp fall-off in numbers occurs at the 2.5- and 0.0- foot tide levels (Table 1) . Moore (1956b: 212) reports Liparocephalus in the area of high tides 5.0- to 6.0- level. The difference in numbers of Liparocephalus cordicollis adults and larvae collected in zone III (Table 1), is probably due in part to differ- ing habitat preferences and to the method of sample collection. The larvae tend to prefer algal holdfasts; 21 were taken from one Egregia holdfast and 16 from another. The adults, when the tide goes out, seem to prefer darker open rock surfaces under algal thalli such as Iridaea flaccida. As the rocks dry off adults can be seen walking about in such areas. This habit of the adults of moving out onto the bare rock area would cause them to be missed more frequently in algal samples than the larvae. The sharp decline in numbers in zone II remains unexplained. Although algal and rock crevices exist and humidity seems to remain high, in zone II algal cover is not as dense as that in zone III and, perhaps more important, zone II is exposed to drying for far longer periods of time than zone III. See Ricketts and Calvin (1962: 369) on critical exposure at the 3.5— foot level. 208 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 In this connection it may be of interest to note the drop in numbers between zone III and IV. Liparocephalus cordicollis does not seem to invade zone IV to any extent. However, they frequently can be seen moving down into zone IV from zone III as the tide moves out. Five larval specimens of Liparocephalus cordicollis’, 4 from Botryo- glossum and 1 from an Egregia holdfast were collected in upper zone IV. Except for these 5 larval specimens, Liparocephalus cordicollis was not found in algal samples, split rocks, or surface examinations in zone IV when the rock was entirely confined within the limits of the zone. However, if the rock is high enough to extend up into zone HI vertically, then specimens can be collected that have moved down as the tide receded. Saunders (1928: 544) notes that Liparocephalus and Diaulota are never found at the lowest tide levels which are only exposed a few days every month. Zonal Distribution of Diaulota densissima This species seems to be most concentrated in zone H with a decline in zone HI and virtual absence in zones I and IV. Only 2 specimens were recovered from damp crevices above the 5-foot level where algal growth is reduced to fragments growing in protected depressions and along the outer margins of such crevices. The 2 specimens were the results of 56 split-rock and 23 surface examinations between the 5.0- and 7.0— foot tide levels. The indication is that the Diaulota densissima population density falls off sharply where algal growth is reduced or absent in zone I. Glynn (1965: 125) report's Diaulota densissima present at mid and high tide levels in his study of the Endocladia-Balanus community. One Diaulota densissima larva was recovered below the 0.0- foot level on Phyllospadix. The sample came from a protected area sur- rounded by low algal-covered boulders. Additional samples of Phyl- lospadix and near-by algae failed to produce any more specimens. It could have been a “stray” washed out by wave action. Adults and larvae were present in about equal numbers in zone H. In zone HI, the discrepancy in numbers of adults and larvae remains unexplained. The larvae are the more active and voracious feeders. They probably range farther afield and as a result are picked up in the algal samples more frequently. Zonal Distribution of Diaulota vandykei Diaulota vandykei was most numerous in zone H and HI between 5.0- and 0.0- foot tide levels. Due to the virtual absence of algae in JULY 1968] JONES ROCKY INTERTIDAL STAPHYLINIDAE 209 zone I, sampling at that level was done by examining the surface of 23 rocks and splitting a total of 56. From these crevices 12 specimens of Diaulota vandykei were recovered compared to 2 Diaulota densis- sima. If the difference in numbers between the 2 species is significant the explanation is not apparent. Twice as many adults were taken in zone III, 2.5- to 0.0— foot tide levels, as in zone II, the 5.0- to 2.5— foot tide levels. From the same series of samples over 300 Diaulota vandykei larvae were collected in zone II and 100 in zone III. These figures appear to be indicative of actual differences or preferences on the part of the adults and larvae for a particular zone. The figures in Table 1 indicate that the larvae of Diaulota vandykei are much more numerous during June, July, and August than are the adults. This may be a seasonal characteristic related to the life cycle which has not yet been worked out. Ulva calif ornica grows well at the zone II level and it traps consider- able debris among the holdfasts. The larvae are found in the trapped debris. Summary (1) The main purpose of this study is to describe the zonal distribu- tion of the following three species of rocky intertidal staphylinids : Liparocephalus cordicollis, Diaulota densissima, and Diaulota vandykei, within a selected “typical” and limited area of the Monterey Peninsula at Pacific Grove, California. (2) The area studied was classified according to the 4 zones of Ricketts and Calvin (1962). (3) The distribution of the three rocky intertidal staphylinids was determined by collecting algal samples within each zone, with the exception of zone I, and running them through a Berlese Funnel. In zone I where algal growth was too sparse to obtain samples by that method, the rocks were split and rock surfaces examined. Rocks were also split and rock surfaces examined in the other three zones in order to check the efficiency of the algal sampling technique. (4) Liparocephalus cordicollis was most abundant in zone III with a total of 186 specimens, 5 were taken in zone IV, and 11 in zone II. Diaulota densissima was found primarily in zones II and III, with only 1 specimen in zone IV and 2 in zone I. Diaulota vandykei larvae were taken in relatively larger numbers than adults in zones II and III. No specimens were found in zone IV and 12 were collected in zone I. 210 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 Acknowledgments I would like to express my appreciation to several people at the Hopkins Marine Station who made this paper possible. Dr. 1. D. Abbott checked, and corrected algal species identifications. Dr. D. P. Abbott offered valuable advice and suggestions with respect to several major aspects. Dr. W. G. Evans, visiting professor from the University of Alberta, suggested the need for the study, and provided guidance throughout. Dr. J. H. Phillips, Director, made available laboratory space and equipment. Finally, my wife Emma, labored through the long summer days and nights both in the intertidal and in the laboratory — she still wonders why low tides occur so early in the morning. The work was done under a summer N. S. F. grant. Literature Cited Casey, T. L. 1885. New genera and species of California Coleoptera. Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1: 285-336. Chamberlin, J. S., and G. F. Ferris. 1929. On Liparocephalus and allied genera. Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 5: 137-143, 153-162. Glynn, P. W. 1965. Community composition, structure, and interrelationships in the marine intertidal Endocladia muricata—Balanus glandula association in Monterey Bay, California. Beaufortia, 12 (148) : 125-126. Hollenberg, G. j., and I. D. Abbott. 1966. Supplement to Smith’s marine algae of the Monterey Peninsula. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 130 p. Le Conte, J. L. 1861. New species of Coleoptera inhabiting the Pacific district of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 338-359. Light, S. F., R. I. Smith, F. A. Pitelka, D. P. Abbott, and F. M. Weesner. 1961. Intertidal invertebrates of the central California coast. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, Calif., 446 p. Maklin, F. G. 1853. In Mannerheim, Dritter Nachtrag zu Kaefer-Fauna der Nord-Amerikanischen Laender des Russischen Reiches. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 26 (3) : 95-269. Moore, I. 1956a. A revision of the Pacific coast Phytosi with a review of the foreign genera. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 12 (7) : 103-152. 1956b. Notes on some intertidal Coleoptera with descriptions of the early stages. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 12 (11) : 207-230. Ricketts, E. F., and J. Calvin. 1962. Between Pacific tides. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 516 p. Saunders, L. G. 1928. Some marine insects of the Pacific coast of Canada. Ann. EntomoL Soc. Amer., 21 (4) : 521-545. Smith, G. M. 1951. Marine algae of the Monterey Peninsula. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 508 p. UsiNGER, R. L. (ed.). 1956. Aquatic insects of California. Univ. Calif. Press. Berkeley, Calif., 508 p. JULY 1968] NAYAR & COLE TWO NEW SPILOMYIA 211 Two New Species of Spilomyia Meigen (Syrphidae : Diptera) J. L. Nayar and F. R. Cole University of California, Berkeley Two species of Spilomyia from North America were in the California Insect Survey Collections under the names of S. longicornis Loew and S. inter rupta Williston but are described below as new for these have many distinguishing characters that necessitate their being worthy of specific names. Spilomyia banksi Nayar and Cole, new species (Figs. 1 and 2) Small, black, third and fifth yellow cross bands interrupted, the fifth abdominal segment entirely black. Female. — Length, 15.00 mm. Wing length, 10.00 mm. Eyes brownish with black spots which coalesce to form long broad line along posterolateral borders and an interrupted small line anteriorly. Head black, frons and face yellow; the former with inverted bell-shaped, median black marking, the latter with broad, median blackish-brown stripe; vertex brown; ocellar triangle area black with brownish ocelli; genae with brownish hue anteroventrally ; pubescence on frons, vertex and occiput areas mostly black, silvery yellow on face. Face in profile without frontal tubercle, lower margin of the head horizontal. Antennae brownish, third segment rather blackish-brown; terminal segment longer than basal or second segment; arista yellowish, about length of antenna; small, sharp, black bristles on scape and pedicel, flagellum dusted black. Thorax black dorsally, posterior half of humeri, adjacent quadrangular spot, triangular spot in antero-notopleural area, small rounded spot inner to triangular mark, eurved vitta extending upwards from posterior callus to transverse suture, terminating anteromedially in silvery pollinose stripe, inverted V in front of scutellum yellow; pleura black with five large yellow spots, one above procoxa, two in mesepisternum, one in mesepimeron, one in metapleuron; basal spots in meso- and metapleural areas almost coalescing in linear row. Small black pubes- cence on blackish parts of thorax, yellow hair on yellow areas. Wings brownish from base to apex along anterior margin to ending of Ri+o, rest of wing hyaline; lower part of radial sector darkish to radio-medial cross-vein. Squamae silvery white with long brownish fringe, halteres light brown. Legs mostly yellow, mid and hind legs entirely yellow from coxae to pulvilli, tips of claws black; forelegs, coxae, trochanters, femora and basal part of tibiae yellow, with remaining parts brownish-black. Pile yellow on yellow areas, black on black parts, black pubescence on under surface of hind femur and triangular, yellow spur-like structure from lower part of hind femur projecting downwards and outwards. Abdomen with first segment black, broadly yellow antero-laterally ; segments two to four black, each with two yellow bands; basal band on the second segment and posterior bands of all three segments entire, third and fifth bands interrupted The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44; 211-214. July 1968 212 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 Fig. 1. Spilomyia banksi sp. n. Head (lateral view). Fig. 2. Spilomyia banksi sp. n. Abdomen (dorsal view) . Fig. 3. Spilomyia oregonensis sp. n. Head (lateral view). Fig. 4. Spilomyia oregonensis sp. n. Wing. Fig. 5. Spilomyia oregonensis sp. n. Abdomen (dorsal view) . JULY 1968] NAYAR & COLE TWO NEW SPILOMYIA 213 in middle. Bands of third tergite similar to those of fourth, except apical band in the latter thicker than the former. Fifth segment black with long black pile. Pile long yellow along lateral borders of first and second segments, small yellow on yellow bands, black pubescence on black areas with black hairs on medio- posterior border of third segment and posterior band of fourth segment. Holotype Female. — Great Falls, Virginia, 3 October 1915 (N. Banks), from the California Insect Survey Collection, University of California, Berkeley; to be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. The species bears resemblance to S. inter rupta Williston in the yellow markings of the thoracic terga and pleura but stands distinct by its first yellow band on the second abdominal segment being broad and entire and the fifth segment entirely black. In interrupta, there are a pair of yellow bands on the fifth segment. Spilomyia oregonensis Nayar and Cole, new species (Figs. 3, 4 and 5) Robust, black, third and fifth yellow cross bands interrupted, wide black area between yellow meso- and metapleural markings. Female. — Length, 17.33 mm. Wing length, 12.00 mm. Eyes yellowish, with thick brownish border and black spots almost arranged in three vertical rows; spots coalescing in outer and inner rows. Frons with thick, median black stripe, lateral areas yellow and face with narrow, black median vitta. Vertex, ocellar triangle and genal areas black; ocelli light brown. Pubescence yellowish on yellow parts and blackish on black stripes of head. Face in profile with small frontal prominence, lower margin of head arched inwards. Antennae yellowish-brown; apical part of third segment rather deep brown; second segment longer than scape or flagellum; arista brownish, about half length of antenna; small black bristles on basal and second segment, flagellum dusted silvery-grey. Thoracic dorsum black, the following yellow: posterior part of humerus, adjacent triangular spot, irregular spot on anteronotopleural area, triangular spot antero- lateral to transverse suture, C-shaped stripe with silvery ending running anteriorly from post-callus to transverse suture, inverted V in front of scutellum, and postero- lateral borders of scutellum. Pleura black with four large and one small yellow spots: one above procoxa, two in katmesepisternum (anterior large and posterior small), one in anmesepisternum and one in metapleuron; basal spots in meso- and metapleural areas wide apart. Small, black hairs on black parts of terga and pleura, yellow pubescence on yellow parts. Wings dusted sharply brownish from base to apex, apically in front of R 4 +B, medially to joining of r-m with media, rest of wing hyaline. Squamae silvery yellow with eoncolorous long fringe and halteres brownish-yellow. Legs mostly yellow, pro and mid coxae blackish-brown, hind coxae black with yellow hue, trochanter of anterior and posterior legs brownish; distal half of tibia and tarsus black in foreleg, hind leg from femur to tip, mid-leg from trochanter to pulvilli, and fore-leg from femur to basal half of tibia yellow. Small black pubescence to silvery dust on black parts, fine yellow pubescence on yellow 214 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 areas, small sharp black bristles on under surface of bind femur and triangular yellow spur-like structure on lower part of same. Abdomen black, first tergite with extreme lateral border yellowish; tergites two to five, each with two yellow bands, one sub-basal and one apical. First, second, fourth, sixth and eighth bands entire; third, fifth and seventh bands interrupted in middle. First, third and fifth bands broadened laterally, rest of bands uniformly wide. Sub-basal and apical bands narrowly confluent in lateral borders of second and third segments but markedly separate in fourth and fifth segments. Black pubescence on black areas and yellow on yellow markings except black pubescence on median and posterior margin of sixth band and all over on eighth band. Holotype Female. — Mary’s River, Oregon, 9 September 1917 (Mecham) , from the California Insect Survey Collection, University of California, Berkeley; to be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. This species comes close to S. liturata Williston in the yellow mark- ings of the thoracic tergum but can be easily distinguished hy the first yellow band being entire and by a yellow spot present in the mes- episternum. In S. liturata the pteropleuron is entirely black and the first band widely interrupted in the middle. A New Species of Aphid from Ruhus parviflorus in California (Homoptera : Aphididae) Alex R. Hill Zoology Department, The University, Glasgow, Scotland Some years ago (Hill, 1962) help was requested from entomologists in North America in obtaining further specimens of a new species of aphid from Ruhus parviflorus Nutt, to which my attention had been drawn by Dr. R. Stace-Smith of Vancouver (Hill, 1958). In 1964, Dr. Hille Ris Lumbers sent me examples which he had collected from R. parviflorus at Berkeley and San Francisco, California, in 1963. On examination, however, these were found not to be of the species in question but of yet another new species. Amphorophora pacifica Hill, new species Alate vrviPARA. — (N = 13). Color, shiny very pale greenish white. Wings clear without dusky apical spot; the veins show no dark borders. Body length 2.49-3.1 mm; width across abdomen 1.05-1.28 mm; width of head across eyes .48-.55 mm. Antennal length 3.3-3. 8 mm; III, .66-.86 mm, with 14-20 round rhinaria arranged linearly along % of the length of the segment; IV, .59-71 mm; The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 214-217. July 1968 JULY 1968] HILL NEW APHID FROM RUBUS 215 V, .53-.63 mm; VI, .17-18 mm, plus .99-1.19 mm; longest hairs on Illrd segment equal to the basal diameter of that segment. Rostrum reaching to the hind coxae, IV + V, .2-215 mm, with 14-21 hairs. Hind tibia 2.32-2.74 mm, dusky distally; second joint of hind tarsus .115 mm, with few spinules on the imbrica- tions. Hairs on abdominal tergite II equal to or slightly longer than the basal diameter of antennal segment HI; 5-6 hairs on abdominal segment VHI. Siphun- culus pale with dusky apex, very nearly smooth with a few striations just below the flange, and very faint imbrications on inner side of swollen part and near the base; length .65-.82 mm, maximum width .08-1 mm, minimum width .04-.06 mm. Cauda, length .26-.32 mm with 6-10 hairs. Type. — Collected on Rubus parviflorus Nutt, at Berkeley, Califor- nia, 27.XI.63, by D. Hille Ris Lambers. Holotype and paratypes bave been deposited in the collection of D. Hille Ris Lambers, Bennekom, Edescheweg, 139, Netherlands. Paratypes also deposited in the Entomol- ogy Department, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Department of Ento- mology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley, California, and in the author’s collection. Apterous vivipara. — (N = 24). Color, shiny very pale greenish white with, down the dorsum, a bright green rather wavy line which becomes somewhat dotted past segment HI or IV ; vague similar lines are present laterally from the pronotum to about abdominal segments H or III. Body length 2.17-3.02 mm; width across abdomen, 1.11-1.62 mm; width of head across eyes, .49-.58 mm. Antennal length 2.63-3.27 mm; III, .63-.75 mm, with 0-6 rhinaria arranged more or less linearly along the proximal fourth of the segment; IV, .46-.58 mm; V, .41-.55 mm; VI, .14-.17 mm, plus .82-1.05 mm, longest hairs on antennal segment III equal to the basal diameter of that segment. Rostrum reaching to the hind coxae, IV + V, .2-215 mm with 14-24 hairs. Hind tibiae, 2.03-2.48 mm, dusky distally; hind tarsus .094^.128 mm. Hairs on abdominal tergite H 1-1)4 times the basal diameter of antennal segment III; 4-7 hairs on abdominal tergite VIII. Siphunculus pale with dusky apex and with a few striations just below the flange, and very faint striations on inner side of swollen part and near the base; length .67-.89 mm, maximum width .08-.13 mm, minimum width .04-.07 mm, cauda, length .29-.35 mm, with 7-11 hairs. Paratypes were collected on Rubus parviflorus Nutt, at Berkeley and San Francisco, California, 1963, by D. Hille Ris Lambers. Biology. — According to Hille Ris Lambers (in lit.) this species lives on R. parviflorus and overwinters as viviparae on young foliage at the top of older shoots. At other times it is to be found on the undersides of leaves. Discussion. — This species fits clearly into the genus Amphorophora in the restricted sense defined by Hille Ris Lambers (1949). Using his key to the European species of that genus it comes nearest to A. rubi. In Mason’s key (1925) it appears to be either A. evansii Theobald or A. takahashii Mason. The former, however, belongs to the genus 216 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 I Figs. 1-10. Amphorophora pacifica. Figs. 1, 2, 5, 7, 9. Alate vivipara female. Fig. 1. Antennal joints I-III. Fig. 2. Antennal joints IV-V. Fig. 5. Apex of rostrum. Fig. 7. Siphunculus. Fig. 9. Cauda. Figs. 3, 4, 6, 8, 10. Apterous vivip- ara female. Fig. 3. Antennal joints I-III. Fig. 4. Antennal joints IV-V. Fig. 6. Apex of rostrum. Fig. 8. Siphunculus. Fig. 10. Cauda. JULY 1968] HILL — NEW APHID FROM RUBUS 217 Microlophium and not to Amphorophora (Hille Ris Lambers, 1949). Compared with A. takahashii the present species shows the following differences: the femora are not black on the apical half, the siphunculi are of a distinctly different shape, and are longer than antennal IV, and more than 1.8 X the length of the cauda; the host plant is also different. In Palmer’s key (1952) it runs down to A. utahensis K. & A. but according to MacGillivray (1959) that species is a synonym of A. davidsoni Mason which is, in fact, Masonaphis {Oestlundia) david- soni (Mason) with some reticulate ornamentation on the siphunculi. In the key of Knowlton and Allen (1945) it runs down to A. halli Knowlton which was described from a single alate specimen only. It differs from that species, however, in the color of the siphunculi and antennal segments III, IV and V, in its longer rostrum, in the number of lateral hairs on the cauda, and in general body size. Amphorophora forbesi Richards from Rubus spectabilis differs in having no secondary rhinaria in the apterae, by a rather distinct reticulated area at the apices of the much more slender siphunculi and by a much shorter last rostral segment. Acknowledgment. — I am indebted to Dr. Hille Ris Lambers for information on the color of the living specimens, for reading this paper in manuscript, and for much invaluable advice. Literature Cited Hill, A. R. 1958. A new species of aphid from Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Cana- dian Entomol., 90: 672-74. 1962. Aphidologists’ Newsletter, 1 (2) : 4. Hille Ris Lambers, D. 1949. Contributions to a monograph of the Aphididae of Europe, IV. Temminckia, 8: 224—242. Knowlton, F. G., and M. W. Allen. 1945. Amphorophora studies. Canadian Entomol., 77: 111-112. MacGillivray, M. E. 1959. A study of the genus Masonaphis Hille Ris Lambers, 1939 (Homoptera, Aphididae). Temminckia, 10: 1-131. Mason, P. W. 1925. A revision of the insects of the aphid genus Amphorophora. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., 67: 1-92. Palmer, M. A. 1952. Aphids of the Rocky Mountain Region, 229-246, Thomas Say Foundation, Vol. 5. 218 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 The Phylogenetic Position of Edrotes and A New Species of the Genus (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) John T. Doyen University of California, Berkeley The highly modified, eremophilous (desert loving) beetles constitut- ing the genus Edrotes LeConte, occur only in North America. Nearly twenty species have been described, mostly by Casey (1907, 1924). Subsequently all names but E. rotundus (Say) and E. ventricosus LeConte were synonymized by La Rivers (1947), who described a third species, E. arens. Both E. ventricosus and E. rotundus are widely distributed throughout the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, each displaying a confusing variation in size and morphological detail among populations from different portions of its range. The species E. arens, occurring only in arenaceous areas of southeastern California and probably adjoining areas in Arizona and Mexico, exhibits a distinct and constant morphotype. The species described here is probably limited to the red-rock region of Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. The following key, modified from La Rivers (1947) will separate the four species of Edrotes: 1. Dorsal vestiture of long, erect, slender setae, interspersed with shorter, more or less recumbent setae 2 Dorsal vestiture of short, appressed, scale-like setae, each widest at the middle arens La Rivers 2. Dorsum of elytra, prothorax and head tuberculate 3 Dorsum of elytra, prothorax and head coarsely punctate rotundus (Say) 3. First protarsal segment expanded into a blunt, spatulate process (Fig. 1) ; length usually less than 7 mm leeclii, new species First protarsal segment cylindrical, truncate, lacking a spatulate process; length usually greater than 7 mm ventricosus LeConte Edrotes leechi Doyen, new species (Figs. 2, 3) General form globose, highly convex, light reddish-brown to nearly black; dorsum of elytra, prothorax and head sparsely clothed with long, erect, white setae ; entire body, except portions of legs, cranium and mouthparts, densely clothed with shorter, recumbent setae. Head amplected into prothorax up to eyes; dorsally clothed with few long and many short setae, each anteriorly directed and arising anterior to a small tubercle; coarsely punctate ventrally, each puncture bearing a short, anteriorly directed The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 218-227. July 1968 JULY 1968] DOYEN — PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF EDROTES 219 tarsal modifications. seta; epistoma nearly quadrate, anterior edge straight or slightly emarginate; labrum distinctly emarginate; anterior angle of supraantennal ridge obtusely rounded; dorsal mandibular tooth obsolete, barely clasping epistoma; eyes nearly round; pregular cavity subequal in width to mentum; antennae slender, third segment longest, subequal to length of fourth and fifth combined, apical four segments slightly expanded, forming a very loose club, last five segments covered with very fine pile, ultimate segment abruptly tapering to point; mentum emar- ginate anteriorly; ultimate segment of maxillary palpi awl shaped or weakly securiform, equal to or longer than penultimate. Prothorax narrow, transverse and convex, markedly depressed dorsally before elytra, anterior angles acute (about 45°), projecting almost to anterior margin of eye; tuberculations on disk larger than those on cranium; setae medially directed with long setae more abundant than on head; very coarsely punctate ventrally, each puncture bearing a very short, posteriorly directed seta; prosternal process narrower than width of procoxal cavity, declivous behind coxae. 220 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 Fig. 2. Edrotes leechi Doyen, holotype, 15 X- (Photograph by A. Blaker.) Elytra slightly longer than wide; vestiture as on pronotum, but setae directed posteriorly, long setae most abundant on lateral margins, absent on ventral, deflexed surfaces of elytra; epipleural ridge arcuate and minutely serrate, obsolete from point slightly anterad of metacoxa, epipleura each with a single series of setae, each set posterior to a tubercle; scutellum obsolete. Mesosternum and metasternum very coarsely punctate laterally, tuberculate medially, a short, posteriorly directed seta in each puncture or behind each tubercle; mesosternum declivous anteriorly, meeting prosternal process; mesocoxae separated by less than width of mesocoxa; median metasternal groove absent; abdomen with sternites narrow, transverse, arcuate; intercoxal process obtusely angulate or rounded; abdominal sternites uniformly clothed with short, posteriorly directed setae, each set posterior to a tubercle. Legs moderately long, femora barely extending beyond lateral body margins; femora clavate, sparsely fringed ventrally with moderately long setae; tibiae arcuate basally, slightly thickened apically, fringed (except pro tibiae) dorsally JULY 1968] DOYEN — PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF EDROTES 221 Fig. 3. Edrotes leechi Doyen, holotype, 15 X- (Photograph hy A. Blaker.) with moderately long setae; protibiae serrate dorsally, each serration bearing a blunt, curved spine; first protarsal segment expanded ventrally into a blunt, spatulate process; ultimate segment as long as first four combined; tarsal claws slender, arcuate, nearly as long as ultimate tarsal segment. Sexes externally identical. Mean length (elytra and prothorax) of 20 specimens: 4.37 mm; standard deviation: 0.39 mm; range: 3.45 to 5.10 mm. Mean width (elytra at broadest point) : 3.48 mm; standard deviation: 0.26 mm; range: 2.80 to 3.85 mm. Holotype female, allotype male from Devils Garden Campground, Arches National Monument, Grand County, Utah, 25 August 1965, John T. Doyen (California Academy of Sciences) ; 15 paratypes, sex not determined, same data as holotype; 1 paratype, Joseph City, Navajo County, Arizona, 24 August 1952, H. B. Leech (California Academy of Sciences and Brigham Young University) . I take great pleasure in naming this species in honor of Hugh B. Leech, of the California Academy of Sciences. This species most closely resembles E. rotundas in size and facies, but the integument of the latter is coarsely punctate. The marked depression between the pro- 222 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 MESOTERGAL MUSCLE DISK PROAPOPHYSEAL MUSCLE DISK METAFURCAL MUSCLE DISK PROSTERNUM PROCOXAL INFLECTION MESOPLEURON MESOCOXAL INFLECTION METAPLEURON METAFURCAL ARM I MESAPOPHYSEAL / MUSCLE DISK ' MESOCOXAL ; BRIDGE / ELYTRON Imm METACOXAL INFLECTION \ N \ METASTERNUM \ \ \ \ \ \ ABDOMINAL STERNITE i METAFURCAL STALK Fig. 4. Adesmia nassata Erichson. Oblique dorsal view of internal skeletal structures of thorax. Cut edges represented by hatching. thorax and elytra and the protarsal and protibial modifications will separate E. leechi from all other described species of Edrotes. The structure of the fore leg of E. leechi is similar to that of other arenicolous Tenebrionidae, such as Coelus, of the maritime sand dunes JULY 1968] DOYEN — PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF EDROTES 223 of the Pacific coast (see Koch, 1955, for several other examples). Edrotes arens, limited to arenaceous areas of the eastern California deserts has extremely long, coarse setae on the ventral tarsal surfaces, an adaptation also present in other arenicolous Tenebrionidae, while E. rotundus and E. ventricosus lack such modification, but have a much wider distribution. This evidence suggests that E. leechi may be limited to the four-corners area of Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado, where extensive areas of fine, wind-blown sand exist. Stridulation in Edrotes All described species of Edrotes are able to stridulate. This is accomplished by rubbing the metafemora, which are finely ridged on the medial surface, over the minutely serrate epipleural ridges. Stridu- lation may be induced by holding the beetles between the lingers. The biological significance of stridulation in Edrotes is not understood, but it is of phylogenetic interest, as indicated below. The Relationship of Edrotes to Epiphysa The members of the genus Edrotes bear a striking resemblance to the members of the south African genus Epiphysa Blanchard. Koch (1955) favors including both Edrotes and Epiphysa in the tribe Adesmiini because of the basic similarity of Epiphysa to members of that tribe. Although it is frequently impossible to determine whether external similarities of the sort shared by Edrotes and Epiphysa result from convergence or common ancestry, detailed morphological comparisons sometimes expose major divergences. Study of Edrotes ventricosus LeConte, Adesmia nassata Erichson, A. variolaris Olivier, Epiphysa flavicollis Fabricius and E. latisterna Koch^ has revealed several basic structural differences between the Adesmiini (including Epiphysa) and Edrotes, indicating that Edrotes does not have a close affinity to the Adesmiini and that the tribe Edrotini should be retained until more definitive studies have been made. Morphological terminology follows that employed by Doyen (1966). Despite the general external similarity of Edrotes to Epiphysa, there are several differences, of which the most obvious are the lack of the epipleural stridulatory apparatus in Epiphysa and the absence in Edrotes of the ventral, prothoracic grooves which receive the antennae in Epiphysa. Casey (1907) points out some other, minor external differ- ^ Due to its rarity in collections, only partial dissections of Epiphysa could be made. Accordingly, illustrations were made of Adesmia nassata and A. variolaris, which are quite similar internally to Epiphysa. 224 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 FUSED MESO - PROAPOPHYSEAL MESOSTERNUM PROSTERNUM DORSAL MESAPOPHYSEAL ARM MESOPLEURON METAFURCAL ARM METAPLEURON -METASTERNUM PROCOXAL INFLECTION MESOCOXAL INFLECTION MEDIAN / METAFURCAL LOBE METAFURCAL STALK METACOXAL INFLECTION ABDOMINAL STERNITE Fig. 5. Edrotes ventricosus LeConte. Oblique dorsal view of internal skeletal structures of thorax. Cut edges represented by hatching. ences between the two genera, but the most obvious ones are found internally and in the female genitalia. Like many other flightless Tenebrionidae, both Edrotes and Epiphysa exhibit an extreme modification of the endoskeleton. Significantly, these modifications are quite dissimilar, although the endoskeletal structure of Epiphysa is very similar to that of Adesmia. In Epiphysa and Adesmia the metaf ureal stalk is very short, splitting into the meta- furcal arms just anterad of the metacoxae (Fig. 4). In Edrotes the stalk curves anterodorsad, nearly reaching the mesocoxal inflections before splitting into the metafurcal arms (Fig. 5). From the anterior end of the metafurcal stalk of Edrotes a broad horizontal projection extends anterad along the midline, usually reaching and fusing with JULY 1968] DOYEN — PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF EDROTES 225 Fig. 6. Adesmia variolaris Olivier. Ovipositor, lateral view. Fig. 7. Edrotes ventricosus LeConte. Ovipositor, lateral view. the mesocoxal inflections. In Adesmia and Epiphysa this median lobe is absent or occasionally represented by a pair of short projections that do not reach the mesocoxal inflections. The median lobe may represent the fused anterior tendons, which support ventral longitudinal muscles arising on the mesocoxal inflections in winged Tenebrionidae. In all three genera the metafurcal arms thrust horizontally antero- laterad to fuse with the mesocoxal inflections, then each continues anterodorsally, terminating as a rounded flange. In Epiphysa and Adesmia (Fig. 4) this flange is attached by a short muscle or ligament to a similar flange on the mesotergum or on the dorsal edge of the mesepimeron. In Edrotes (Fig. 5) the metafurcal arm is relatively much shorter, due to the greater length of the stalk, and the flange is fused to the cuticle of the mesopleuron at the point where the coxopleural suture intersects the edge of the elytron. The mesosternal apophyses are greatly modified in both the Edrotini 226 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 and the Adesmiini, though quite differently. In Adesmia the mesa- pophyseal arms extend horizontally anterad to the mesothoracic fora- men, terminating as large, vertically oriented disks which are fused ventrally to the anterior edge of the mesosternum. Opposed to these and connected to them hy short, thick muscles are a pair of similar disks formed hy the prosternal apophyses. These structures are similar in Epiphysa, except that a greater degree of coalescence is present. The procoxal inflections, fused only along their adjoining medial walls in Adesmia, are broadly connected hy a transverse cuticular bridge in Epiphysa. The mesapophyseal and proapophyseal muscle disks are fused in the latter, forming a single pair of large, vertical protuberances, broadly joined to the anterior edge of the mesosternum. Because of the greater shortening of the mesothorax, the mesapophyseal arms are relatively much shorter in Epiphysa. In both genera a strong cuticular bridge joins the mesocoxal inflections. In Edrotes neither the mesocoxal nor procoxal inflections show any traces of the transverse cuticular bridges present in the Adesmiini. The mesapophyseal arms extend horizontally anterad as in the Adesmiini, but fuse evenly with the prosternal apophyses, with no trace of the conspicuous muscle disks of the latter group. The uninterrupted cutic- ular rods connecting the mesocoxal and procoxal inflections of Edrotes rigidly fuse the prothorax to the mesothorax. Rigidity is attained in Epiphysa by the fusion of the opposed muscle disks, and in Adesmia the articulation between prothorax and mesothorax remains flexible. In Edrotes, midway along the mesapophyseal arms, just posterior to the mesothoracic foramen, a pair of very slender branches splits off dorsally, coursing to the vicinity of the vestigal elytral articulations. These dorsal arms have no corresponding structure in Epiphysa or Adesmia. Edrotes and Epiphysa diverge rather markedly in the structure of the female genitalia. In both forms the ovipositor is a membranous tube strengthened dorsolaterally by the sclerites of the proctiger, ventro- laterally by the first valvifers and apically by the second valvifers. Both the first valvifers and the proctiger are simple plates, similar to their homologs in Tenebrio, while the second valvifers are specialized, probably for digging, in Epiphysa and Adesmia (Fig. 6), though not in Edrotes (Fig. 7). In the latter the second valvifer remains a weakly sclerotized plate, attenuating to a blunt, very weakly sclerotized lobe bearing the terminal gonostylus. The second valvifer articulates by a narrow basal baculus with the first valvifer. The second valvifer of Epiphysa and Adesmia is much more strongly sclerotized, the baculus JULY 1968] DOYEN PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF EDROTES 227 curving posteriad and ending as a large, flattened, spinate process, apparently the highly modified gonostylus. Most of the apical surface of the ovipositor is densely beset with long, fine setae, while that of Edrotes is sparsely setate or nearly glabrous. Clearly, Epiphysa should be regarded as a member of the Adesmiini, not only because of the general morphological similarity noticed by Koch, but because of the high correspondence of the specialized struc- tures described here to those of the Adesmiini. Edrotes could have diverged from the adesmiine stock only before certain adesmiine features, such as the ovipositor and thoracic endoskeleton had appeared. The superficial similarity of Edrotes to Epiphysa would then be the result of convergence, whether or not the latter is considered a member of the Adesmiini. Detailed morphological study of the Triorophini, Craniotini and other tentyriine tribes from both North America and Africa will probably be necessary to reveal the affinities of Edrotes. Acknowledgments This study was carried out in part during the tenure of an NSF Graduate Fellowship. I wish to thank Doctors Howell V. Daly and John A. Chemsak for reading the manuscript and offering several helpful suggestions. Literature Cited Casey, T. L. 1907. A revision of the American components of the tenebrionid subfamily Tentyriinae. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 9: 275-522. 1924. Memoirs on the Coleoptera. XI. Lancaster Press, Lancaster, Pa., 347 pp. Doyen, J. T. 1966. The skeletal anatomy of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) . Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 5 (3): 103-150. Kocii, C. 1955. Monograph of the Tenebrionidae of Southern Africa. Vol. I. (Tentyriinae, Molurinae. — Trachynotina: Somaticus Hope). Cape Times Ltd., Parow, Union of South Africa, 242 pp; 24 plates. La Rivers, I. 1947. A synopsis of the genus Edrotes (Coleoptera: Tenebrion- idae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 40: 318-328. 228 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 New Nyssoninae from North and South America (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae) R. M. Bohart Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis One new genus and 7 new species of Nyssonine wasps are described below in order to facilitate a generic revision of Sphecidae. This study was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant GB-5839. Holotypes of the new species will be deposited in the Entomology Museum of the University of California at Davis except as follows: Antomartinezius fritzi in the Miguel Lillo Institute, University of Tucuman, Argentina; Neonysson herhsti in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Neonysson R. Bohart, new genus Type of Genus: Nysson porteri Ruiz. Generic Diagnosis. — Clypeus concave apically and thin-edged, ridged above apex to give beveled appearance; labrum dark, rounded, showing only slightly beneath clypeus; basal flagellar articles slender in female, stout in male except for flagellomere I; last male flagellomere incurved beneath, longitudinally seamed, larger than preceding article; front slightly swollen above antennal bases and with short raised median line; inner eye margins converging moderately below, evenly emarginate above. Forewing with three submarginal cells, second petiolate and receiving both recurrent veins ; marginal cell pointed distally and ending at costal margin ; second and third submarginal cells unusually small, former sometimes smaller than stigma; hindwing media diverging far beyond cu-a; jugal lobe larger in outline than tegula; pulvilli present; female foretarsus without recognizable comb; male midtibia two-spurred; posterior surface of hindtibia with many small teeth rather generally distributed; outer apex of hindtihia rounded and spinose; outer apex of hindfemur not spoonlike; metanotum simple; propodeal spines small but prominent, flattened dorsoventrally ; stout tooth well above hindcoxa, projecting outward and backward (Fig. 10). Abdomen moderately stout, segments single-edged, simple, not fringed with flattened setae; female sternite VI sharply convex and with weak median carina; female pygidium narrowly platelike, rounded or rather blunt apically (Fig. 8) ; male sternites II to V with double row of narrow hair tufts which divide sternites in three nearly equal parts (Fig. 12) ; male tergite VII bidentate and with strong median lobe. The two known species are from Chile. In most respects Neonysson is in morphological agreement with Brachystegus which occurs in Africa and Eurasia. The two important characters in common are the multi- dentate posterior surface of the hindtibia in combination with the three submarginal cells of the forewing. The only other genera approaching this condition are Acanthostethus which has only two submarginal cells. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 228-236. July 1968 JULY 1968] BOHART- — NEW NYSSONINAE 229 and Zanysson which has the hindtihial teeth large and arranged in a single regular row. Neonysson differs from all of these by its simply edged abdominal segments and by the projecting tooth below each propodeal spine (Fig. 10). Other differences of possible generic significance are the double row of hair tufts on the sternites of male N. porteri, (Fig. 12), and the rather “duck-billed” propodeal spines. Neonysson herbsti R. Bohart, new species Female Holotype. — Length 6.0 mm. Head and thorax mostly black, abdomen mostly red. Ivory are: pronotal lobe, large spot inside humerus and occupying outer one-third of pronotum above, distal spot beneath fore- and midfemur, transverse apicolateral spots on tergites I to III. Abdomen dark brown on segment VI and tergite V. Wings light brownish. Pubescence moderate, silvery and rather thick on frons and propodeum dorsolaterally, sparse and fulvous on scutum. Punctation moderate, clypeal bevel and metapleuron polished, frons and vertex with close small punctures, frons with scattered macropunctures; notum with close and medium punctures, becoming slightly striate on scutellum and meta- notum; front surface of each femur polished; abdomen with fine and mostly well separated punctures, those at widest part of tergite II separated by two or more diameters; pygidial plate finely striatopunctate. Face (as in Fig. 9) ; pronotum rather flat above, nearly smooth toward obtusely rounded humeri, lower angle present as seen from above, but not spinelike, mesopleuron moderately areolate, propodeal enclosure channeled medially and otherwise with oblique coarse areolae, hind face of propodeum with broad median triangle and transversely carinate sublateral grooves; pygidial plate narrow, rounded at apex (Fig. 8) which exceeds end of sternite VI; sternite II moderately convex, VI bristly toward apex. Male. — Unknown. Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences), Vina del Mar, Chile, 5 November 1919 (P. Herbst). The unique type is structurally very close to Neonysson porteri Ruiz, of which a pair was sent to me by Manfredo Fritz. Herbst realized that he had an undescribed species because he had attached a manuscript species label (as a Nysson) to the pinned specimen. The obvious dif- ference between the two species lies in markings. In N. porteri only the first tergite of the female is extensively red (the male has all black ground color). Otherwise, the punctation of the scutum is close in N. herhsti rather than corrugated, the pronotal ridge is rather smoothly rounded toward the humeri rather than ridged, the punctation of the abdomen is much finer and more widely spaced, and the pygidial plate is narrowly rounded apically rather than subtruncate. Epinysson arentis R. Bohart, new species Male Holotype. — Length 5.5 mm. Head and thorax mostly black, abdomen mostly red. Ivory are: pronotal ridge and lobe, apicolateral spots on tergites I 230 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 Figs. 1-5, Antomartinezius. Figs. 1-2, male midtarsus. Fig. 3, male antenna. Fig. 4, female tergite VI. Fig. 5, male tergite VII. Figs. 6-12, Neonysson. Fig. 6, female antenna. Fig. 7, female hindtibia. Fig. 8, female tergite VI. Fig. 9, female face. Fig. 10, profile of lateroposterior edge of propodeum and hindcoxa, female. Fig. 11, male antenna. Fig. 12, oblique lateroventral view of sternites III to V, male. Fig. 13, Synneurus maderae, male tergite VII. Fig. 14, Mellinus imperialis, semiposterior view of male tergal pattern. Figs. 15-21, Epinysson. Figs. 15-16, male tergite VII. Fig. 17, female pygidium. Figs. 18, 20-21, male antenna. Fig. 19, detail of bindwing venation in area of crossvein cu-a. JULY 1968] BO HART NEW NYSSONINAE 231 to V; red are; mandible mostly, legs extensively including hindlegs beyond trochanter; ground color of abdominal segments I and II, broadly broken medially on II by a black spot; wings slightly smoky, especially in marginal cell and apically. Body with moderate silvery pubescence, thickest on clypeus, frons and mesopleuron, that on frons nearly obscuring punctation. Punctation mostly moderate, macropunctures somewhat separated, interspersed with micropunctures; interocellar area shiny, irregularly and sparsely punctate on either side of longi- tudinal crease; metapleuron shiny below, faintly pebbled. Free margin of clypeus almost evenly convex, antenna (Fig. 18) with flagellomere I about as broad as long, slightly longer than II, last article only slightly deformed; pronotal humeri completely rounded off; hindwing media diverging 2.0 midocellus diameters beyond cu-a; metanotum slightly roughened longitudinally; propodeal enclosure irregularly and longitudinally areolate, posterior face of propodeum striatopunctate, median triangle visible, dorsolateral tooth small and sharp; tergite VII ending in low lobe flanked by slender teeth (Fig. 16) ; sternite II moderately convex. Female. — About as in male. Abdomen more extensively red, including sides of tergites III to V, all of VI and venter. Pygidium wedge-shaped, narrowly rounded apically, surface granulopunctate (Fig. 17). Holotype male (UCD), Borrego Valley, San Diego County, Cali- fornia, 19 April 1957 (R. M. Bohart). Paratypes, 6 males, 11 females, all from California: Borrego Valley (E. I. Schlinger, P. D. Hurd, R. M. Bohart, J. G. Rozen) ; Deep Canyon, Riverside Co. (M. E. Irwin) ; 1000 Palms Canyon, Riverside Co. (F. D. Parker) ; Cajon Pass, San Bernardino Co. (J. C. Hall) ; near Gorman (P. D. Hurd) ; Bigpine (R. M. Bohart) ; Antelope Springs, Inyo Co. (D. R. Miller) ; Arroyo Seco Camp, Monterey Co. (R. C. Bechtel, R. M. Bohart) . Paratype dates were from 18 April to 1 July. Metatypes, 2 females, 10 mi. SE Henderson, Nevada (P. Torchio et al.) ; Wickenburg, Arizona (P. Torchio and G. Bohart). The completely rounded humeri, distal divergence of the hindwing media, non-tuberculate interocellar area, and all dark scutellum charac- terize both E. arentis and E. pacijicus Rohwer. From the latter, E. arentis differs by the creased and sparsely as well as irregularly punctate interocellar area. Epinysson pacijicus is a darker species, also, par- ticularly on the abdomen; and the mesopleuron is roughened rather than simply punctate. Epinysson clesertus R. Bohart, new species Male Holotype. — Length 5.0 mm. Black, ivory, and red. Ivory are: mandibular spot, scape and pedicel in front, broad stripe across top of pronotum, but inter- rupted at humeri, outer subapical spots on tibiae, stripe across front of scutellum, transverse apicolateral spots on tergites I to IV, those on I and II separated by about twice their breadth; red are: mandible partly, prothorax and legs mostly (tarsi darker), metapleuron and propodeum except enclosure, abdomen except for ivory spots; wings slightly smoky, especially in marginal cell. Pubescence fine. 232 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 short and silvery, tarnished on upper frons; thick on face below ocelli, on meso- pleuron where it almost obscures sculpture, and above propodeal teeth. Punctation mostly fine to moderate, scattered small macropunctures below midocellus, super- imposed on micropunctation, between ocelli, and on tergites where punctation is stronger toward apex; mesonotum with coarse punctation which is partly obscured by micropunctation; mesopleuron obscurely reticulate; metapleuron shiny, faintly shagreened. Free margin of clypeus almost evenly convex, antenna (Fig. 20) , flagellomere I barely longer than II in front view, last article distinctly pointed; interocellar area swollen, rising well above level of ocelli, lateral ocellus 3.5 times its breadth from lateral margin ; pronotal humeri completely rounded off ; hindwing media diverging about 3.0 midocellus diameters beyond cu-a (Fig. 19) ; metanotum roughened; propodeal enclosure irregularly areolate, posterior face of propodeum with four main longitudinal carinae, middle two enclosing a long triangle narrow- ing below to a rounded apex, dorsolateral tooth small and sharp; tergite VII slightly lobed between slender teeth (Fig. 15) ; sternite II weakly humped toward base. Female. — About as in male. Tergal spots separated by once to twice their breadth. Pygidium wedge-shaped, narrowly rounded apically, surface granulo- punctate. Holotype male (UCD), 18 miles west of Blythe, Riverside County, California, 14 October 1967 (R. M. Bohart). Paratypes, 10 males and 16 females collected with holotype (D, Horning, Jr. and R. Bohart) . Metatypes, 1 male, Granite Pass, Hidalgo Co., New Mexico, 22 August 1958 (P. Hurd) ; 2 females, 3 mi. N Elota, Sinaloa, Mexico, 18 March 1962 (F. D. Parker) . This species appears closest to E. metathoracicus (H. Smith) with which it shares the rounded humeri, distal divergence of the hindwing media, spotted scutellum, small and sharp propodeal teeth, and raised but uncreased interocellar area. In E. desertus the interocellar area rises well above the level of the ocelli and the lateral ocellus is three or more times its breadth from the ocular margin instead of about twice its breadth. Also, the tergal punctation is considerably less coarse in E. desertus. One variation noted in E. desertus is the presence in some males of two pale spots beneath the silver pubescence of the clypeus. Epinysson torridus R. Bohart, new species Male Holotype. — Length 6.0 mm. Head and thorax mostly black, abdominal ground color red and black. Ivory are: mandible basally, scape and pedicel in front, basal flagellomeres dimly, complete pronotal band, anterior band on scutel- lum, apicolateral spots on tergites I to V, separating interval small on I but becoming gradually broader posteriorly; red are: mandible apically, inner surface of flagellum brownly, legs extensively, abdomen mostly except for dark median area on tergites H to VII. Body with silvery pubescence, tarnished on upper frons and notum, thick and obscuring punctation on clypeus, frons and mesopleuron; wings brown-stained. Punctation mostly moderate, coarse on mesonotum and JULY 1968] BO HART NEW NYSSONINAE 233 mesopleuron, macropunctures of abdomen mostly well spaced by areas of micro- punctation ; metapleuron smooth and shiny below. Clypeus with broadly rounded lobe apicomedially; antenna (Fig. 21) with basal nine articles broader than long, last one as long as two previous articles together; interocellar area with two large and high tubercles which are mostly smooth, deeply divided by median crease; prehumeral corners (just behind head) sharp in dorsal view; pronotal humeri completely rounded off; hindwing media diverging about 2.5 midocellus diameters beyond cu-a; metanotum longitudinally carinate; propodeal enclosure with anterior row of short longitudinal areolae, otherwise rather irregularly areolate, posterior face of propodeum with median triangle and submedian area set off by carinae, surface subareolate, dorsolateral tooth small and flattened dorsally. Tergite VII truncate apically between two stout, sharp teeth (about as in Fig. 16) ; sternite II moderately convex. Female. — About as in male. Flagellomere I slightly longer than broad. Pygid- ium wedge-shaped, narrowly rounded apically. Holotype male (UCD), Palm Canyon, Borrego Valley, San Diego County, California, 19 April 1957 (R. M. Bohart). Paratypes, 7 males and 10 females from California: Borrego Valley (R. W. Bushing, E. 1. Schlinger, J. C. Hall, M. Wasbauer, R. M. Bohart) ; Gavilan (P. H. Timberlake) ; Antelope Springs, Inyo Co. (D. R. Miller, G. I. Stage) ; 20 mi. SE Williams (R. M. Bohart). Other paratypes, 3 pair from Nevada: Valmy (T. R. Haig), 16 mi. NW Gerlach (F. D. Parker), Nixon (R. C. Bechtel). Paratype dates are 19 April to 25 August. There is some variation among paratypes with respect to amount of red versus black coloration. Some specimens have the abdomen mostly red and others have mostly black ground color beyond tergite I. The combination of rounded humeri, sharp prehumeri, distal diver- gence of the hindwing media, and maculate scutellum characterize E. metathoracicus as well as E. torridus. The latter differs especially by its strongly raised and nearly smooth interocellar tubercles. In E. metathoracicus the interocellar area is a little raised, but essentially flat, not creased. Synneurus maderae R. Bohart, new species Male Holotype. — Length 10.0 mm. Body black with ivory markings. Ivory are: scape and pedicel in front, complete pronotal band, posterolateral scutal spot, anterior bands on scutellum and postscutellum, coxal spots, small femoral spots, tibiae externally, broad apical bands on tergites I to V, broken band on VI, lateral dot on sternite VII; red are: mandible mostly, flagellomere I partly, legs partly. Body with fine silvery to golden pubescence, thickest and silvery on clypeus and lower frons; wings lightly smoky, marginal cell contrastingly and evenly brown. Punctation mostly coarse with micropunctures interspersed, pronotal band sparsely punctate, mesopleuron with macropunctures well separated by smooth integument, metanotum smooth and nearly impunctate. Clypeus with rounded, apicomedial projection; antenna with pedicel short, and cartwheel-shaped flagel- 234 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 lomeres I to IX broader than long, I to III subequal in length, X and XI each as long as VIII and IX together, XI concave and twisted, flagellomeres without conspicuous hairs beneath; interocellar area flat, lower than ocelli; omaulal area of mesopleuron completely rounded over except ventrally, posterior slope of meso- pleuron not defined anteriorly by a ridge except traces above and below; metapleu- ron shiny and smooth in lower two-thirds; hind basitarsus slender, longer than rest of tarsus; propodeal enclosure with about 10 strong and nearly straight longitudinal carinae defining long areolae, posterior face areolate, median triangle distinct, dorsolateral tooth very short, rounded, flattened dorsoventrally. Tergite VII ending in a low median lobe flanked by slender teeth, no matted pubescence (Fig. 13) ; sternite II strongly bowed out at basal one-third, forming median rounded hump. Holotype male (UCD), Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz County, Arizona, 2 July 1963 (V. L. Vesterby). This species belongs to the group containing S. aurinotus Say and S. compactus Cresson. Species of this group have male tergite VII with ordinary, fine pubescence rather than thick, matted hair as in 5. aequalis Patton, S. plagiatus Cresson, and S. intermedins Viereck. From the other species of its group, S. maderae is separated easily by the banded tergites, banded and nearly smooth metanotum, rounded omaulal area, and the exceptionally short and rounded propodeal tooth. Antomartinezius fritzi R. Bohart, new species Male Holotype. — Length 8.0 mm. Black, white, and red. White are: mandible basally, labrum, clypeus, upper orbital spot, postorbital dot, pronotal lobes and two transverse spots on crest, posterolateral scutal dot next to lateral scutellar spot, outer stripe on tibiae as well as on basitarsi of fore- and midlegs, apical marks on tergites I to V as follows: narrow band interrupted sublaterally on I, submedian and lateral dots on II, lateral spots on III to V, transverse on IV and V; red are: tergites I to IV except for white marks, V laterally; wings nearly clear, stained in marginal cell and at wing apex. Pubescence silvery-white, dense mat on clypeus, frons, mesopleuron, metanotum, propodeum laterally above, and venter of thorax; mid basitarsus with dense erect hair beneath nearly as long as second tarsomere (Fig. 2) ; broad hair brushes from apices of sternites II to V. Clypeus with narrow vertical bevel, antenna (Fig. 3), mesonotal punctures large and moderately spaced, propodeal enclosure longitudinally areolate; recurrent veins both received by second submarginal cell. Tergite VII with 5 equally spaced teeth (Fig. 5). Female Paratype. — About as in male but clypeus with two large white spots, long inner orbital stripe, tarsi dark, mid basitarsus not unusually pubescent, tergite VII with four teeth and median angle (Fig. 4). Holotype male (Miguel Lillo Institute), Amaicha, Tucuman, Argen- tina, 20 November 1966 (L. A. Stange). Paratype female (M. Fritz collection), Glot. Roca, Rio Negro, Argentina, January, 1962 (Bach- mann) . A. fritzi is similar in most respects to the type of the genus, A. patei JULY 1968] BOHART NEW NYSSONINAE 235 Fritz. The two species share the following generic characters: hindtibia without teeth posteriorly, most sternites and tergites lobate laterally, Irons with a Y-shaped crest above antennae, no pulvilli between tarsal claws, female foretarsus with a well developed comb. A. fritzi differs from A. patei by the somewhat larger size of the former, the slightly broader Irons, the unusual pubescence of the male midtarsi (compare Figs. 1, 2) and the more evenly spaced teeth of the last visible tergite. The species is named for Manfredo Fritz who has contributed greatly to our knowledge of South American Nyssoninae. Mellinus imperialis R. Bohart, new species Male Holotype. — Length 9.0 ram. Black with little yellow on thorax, much on abdomen. Yellow are: scape and pedicel beneath, thin line on inner orbit of frons, line across pronotal ridge, forefemur and midfemur distally in front, foretibia and midtibia in front, broad bands on tergites II and following (as in Fig. 14) (black bases of succeeding tergites show through yellow on III and IV), sternites V and following mostly; reddish to fulvous are: mandible partly, flagellum beneath on first 7 articles, wing bases and veins mostly; wings very faintly yellowed, stigma brown. Pubescence pale, short, mostly inconspicuous. Punctation very fine and close, interocellar area dull and without separated punctures. Clypeus nearly flat, median apex truncate surmounted by three small callosities, lateral ones transverse along edge of truncation and middle one longitudinal, but not protruding apically; flagellomere I about twice as long as wide, distinctly longer than either II or III; distance between lateral ocelli about equal to ocellocular distance; pronotal ridge unusually thin; petiole about twice as long as breadth or height, exposed part of sternite VIII narrowly wedge-shaped and angularly emarginate apically. Female. — About as in male; length 10.0 mm. Midtooth of clypeus a denticle protruding over margin; flagellum mostly dark beyond first article; pygidium broadly wedge-shaped, apically with slightly convex truncation, clothed with scattered long pale hairs. Holotype male (UCD), Bard, Imperial County, California, 22 March 1954, taken sweeping alfalfa (R. Van den Bosch). Paratypes, 5 males, 2 females, Mexico; Alamos, Sonora (P. H. Arnaud, CAS, UCD) ; Guaymas, Sonora (E. P. Van Duzee, CAS) ; 1 female, Califor- nia: Bard, Imperial Co., at light (Calif. Dept. Agric. Coll.). Paratype dates are in February and April. The broad, deep yellow abdominal bands and practical absence of red markings distinguish this species at once from all other described North American forms. However, it is structurally very close to M. rufinodus Cresson, sharing with that species the conformation of the clypeus (but apex in male flat in M. imperialis, rather than humped), antennae, legs, and abdomen. The male genitalia of the two are apparently alike. Yet, the two are separated by the color pattern of 236 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 the antennae, notum, legs, and abdomen. The clypeal difference noted above is seen best in end-on view. It is reflected in the female M. imperialis by a slightly more depressed middle tooth. Another less definable difference lies in the pronotal ridge which is more sharply rounded in M. imperialis than in M. rufinodus. Some Intertidal Insects from Western Mexico William G. Evans University of Alberta, Edmonton In the fall of 1966 I accompanied an expedition from Stanford’s Hopkins Marine Station on an intertidal collecting trip in the Gulf of California and farther south. My objective was to collect intertidal insects, pseudoscorpions and chilopods because I happened to be investigating the ecology of the intertidal insects of California at that time. I also wanted to find out whether any of the Californian represent- atives of these forms are found on the Mexican mainland extending from about the middle of the Gulf at Guaymas, Sonora, to Barra De Navidad in the State of Jalisco. This stretch of coast, which is about a thousand miles in length, comprises a distinct marine littoral faunal zone, the Subtropical, along with the southern tip of Baja California and the Hawaiian Islands. The northern half of the Gulf, as well as the region extending southwards from Point Conception, California, to more than halfway down the west coast of Baja California constitutes the Warm-temperate region, while the region south of Acapulco, Mexico, is designated Tropical (Abbott, 1966; Ekman, 1953; Garth, 1955). Collecting was done, for the most part, on rocky shores at low tide by watching for insects moving among barnacles, mussels or littorine molluscs or by prying open crevices in rocks with a crowbar and geological hammer. Ensenado Lalo, the most northerly of the collecting areas, is situated west of Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico, and on 28-30 October several interesting intertidal insects were found in the barnacle {Chthalamus) — coralline algae {Lithothamnium lamellatum Setchell and Foslie) zone which forms a conspicuous white band on the upper tide level of the rocks at that time of the year. Normally L. lamellatum is whitish-pink but due possibly to the high temperatures of summer The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44 : 236 - 241 . July 1968 JULY 1968] EVANS — MEXICAN INTERTIDAL INSECTS 237 it dies and turns white. The barnacles and the dead algae form a porous crusty mass over the surface of the rocks that serves as a shelter and substrate for Endeodes sonorensis Moore (Melyridae) and Orthophrys mexicanus Van Duzee (Saldidae), Endeodes sonorensis was readily seen because the diurnal adults spend a great deal of the time foraging in the open at times of low tide. The larvae, however, are only found in crevices in the rocks (Moore, 1964) and E. collaris (LeConte) in California has similar habits. Other species of Endeodes are also intertidal and these are distributed from British Columbia to Baja California although the genus is primarily distributed in the Warm-temperate zone. Endeodes insularis Blackwelder, E. hlaisdelli Moore, and E. terminalis Marshall are found in California south of Point Conception to Baja California; E. basalis (LeConte) is from the same area but Moore (1957) also records it from Monterey County, California; E. rugiceps Blackwelder is found in California both north and south of Point Conception. Endeodes collaris ranging from Mon- terey County, California to Vancouver, British Columbia, is the only species which is found exclusively in the Cold-temperate zone that extends north of Point Conception to Alaska, while E. sonorensis is the only species found in the Subtropical zone. Orthophrys mexicanus was much more numerous in the barnacle- coralline algae habitat than E. sonorensis and adults and nymphs were found running rapidly into the cracks and dead barnacles and on the surface of the rocks. According to Polhemus (personal communication) a new genus must be proposed for this insect since 0. mexicanus, named by Van Duzee from one specimen, is not even in the same subfamily as Orthophrys. Nevertheless, the fact that the habitat of this insect is intertidal is indeed interesting since only a few families of insects on a worldwide basis occupy the intertidal habitat and the Saldidae is one of these. The intertidal saldid, Aepophilus bonnairei Signoret, is found in northern Europe (China, 1927) while all species of the intertidal genus Omania are widely distributed (Herring and Chapman, 1967) ; 0. naurensis Herring and Chapman from Micronesia, 0. samoensis Kellen from Samoa, 0. marksae Woodward from the Great Barrier Reef, O. satoi Miyamoto from Japan and 0. coleoptrata Harvath from Oman, Arabia. Orthophrys mexicanus apparently is the only intertidal saldid re- corded from the new world and it is found in both the Subtropical region as well as the Warm-temperate since the type specimen was found under kelp on a beach on Angelo de la Guarda Island (Van Duzee, 1923) in the northern part of the Gulf of California. The 238 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 difference in habitats described for this specimen and the ones collected by me at Ensenado Lalo cannot be explained at present. In rock crevices at the upper level of the barnacle-algae zone adult specimens of two species of carabids were found. One of these species, Tachys corax, which has been found in practically all of the western states, was named by LeConte in 1851 from specimens collected in Colorado. Its occurrence in the intertidal habitat in the Gulf of California may indicate that T. corax is a widely distributed, eurytopic species but it also may be another species even though it keys out to corax since it has never been found in the intertidal habitat anywhere else. Another Tachys, probably undescribed, also was found in the same high tide crevice habitat and it would not be surprising if other species were found in the intertidal habitat of more tropical shores as T achys, according to Ball ( 1963 ) , is a large and widely distributed genus being found in all of the warmer regions of the world. Carabids are, of course, well represented in the intertidal insect fauna. For example, Aepus marinus Strom of northern Europe and Aepopsis rohini Laboulbene which is distributed in Europe and North Africa, inhabit crevices in rocky shores (Jeannel, 1941). Kenodactylus capito Broun occurs under intertidal stones on Campbell Island and K. audouni (Guerin) can be found in crevices of intertidal rocks in Chile and the Falkland Islands (Darlington, 1964). Thalassotrechus barbarae (Horn) is restricted to California, being found in high intertidal rocky shores (Van Dyke, 1918). In addition to the carabids and such littoral animals as isopods, littorine and pelecypod molluscs and mites, some geophilomorph cen- tipedes were also found in the high tide crevices. These have yet to be identified but they appear to be related to forms found in similar habitats in California. Another crevice-dweller, found in rocks near Bahia San Carlos, was a pseudoscorpion {Garypus sp.). A large pseudoscorpion, G. calif or- nicus (Banks) , is found under stones and in cracks of rocks in California and G. giganteus Chamberlin, an even larger one, which I presume is also intertidal, is found in Baja California; the San Carlos specimen is then the third intertidal Garypus from the California-Mexico region. This aenus is also represented in the intertidal zone in Europe (Wey- goldt, 1966). The only intertidal insects collected in the vicinity of Mazatlan, Sinaloa were an unidentified staphylinid adult and some dipterous larvae found in a low intertidal rock crevice in the company of isopods, amphipods, littorine and pelecypod molluscs and polychaete annelids. JULY 1968] EVANS — MEXICAN INTERTIDAL INSECTS 239 Staphylinids are, of course, the most common of the intertidal beetle fauna in all regions, and greatly outnumber all other beetles in terms of species with more than a dozen found in the rocky shore intertidal in California. Although a search for insects, made while briefly stopping at Santa Cruz, Nayarit was fruitless, the final collecting place, Tenacatita Bay near Barra De Navidad, Jalisco, which is well south of the Gulf of California, yielded a very interesting intertidal beetle of the family Limnichidae. Specimens were found aggregated in groups of from six to twelve in high and mid-tide rock crevices at the south end of the bay. These beetles jumped an inch or two when disturbed but other- wise were slow moving. According to Spilman (personal communica- tion) this insect represents a new genus in the Thaumastodinae of which there are at present three genera and four species. Only one of these species, Martinius ripisaltator Spilman, however, is intertidal, being found on moist sand among mangroves and on intertidal rocks in Cuba (Spilman, 1966). Another limnichid, Throscinus crotchi LeConte, in the Cephalobyrrhinae, has been collected on mudflats covered by high tide in San Diego County, California (Leech and Chandler, 1956) . Also found on the surfaces of intertidal rocks in the same area of Tenacatita Bay were some dipterous puparia and larvae, staphylinid larvae, several species of ubiquitous acarines and two unknown species of Collembola. This latter group is well represented in the intertidal zone all over the world and consists mostly of scavengers in and on sand and on rocky shores, either in crevices or freely moving over the surface. They are probably the most abundant intertidal insect in terms of species as well as numbers, but they are not well known. A pseudoscorpion, Morikawa johnstoni Chamberlin, was found in crevices a little higher than those containing the limnichids. The beaches of western Mexico are not characterized by the large wrack fauna found in other more temperate parts of the world, includ- ing California, due to the absence of offshore kelp beds. Organic materials, such as dead animals, are occasionally washed ashore but the bulk of the food supply for beach scavengers appears to come from the land. Phaleria dehilis LeConte (Tenebrionidae) was found in abundance at night at Tenacatita Bay feeding on decaying coconuts on the high part of the beach not covered by high tide. Several species of Phaleria are found in a similar habitat in California but dried kelp appears to be the main food for these. Another Tachys sp. (Carabidae) was found with P. dehilis but, again, it is probably a supralittoral form. On the same beach in the daytime a large number 240 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 of tiger beetles {Cicindela leucone Bates) were seen on the moist sand left by the retreating waves. In general, the intertidal insect fauna of the west coast of Mexico is not as extensive as that found in California at any time of the year. This is mainly due to the absence of intertidal algae and subtidal kelp beds which are a common feature of the California coast and which forms the food base for a large community of intertidal animals includ- ing insects. The only consistent source of energy for the intertidal insects in an area poorly or not at all represented by inter- and subtidal kelp would be the plankton and organic detritus brought in by each tide and deposited in crevices, shallow cracks and on the surface of intertidal rocks. The linmichids, carabids, melyrids, staphylinids and even saldids as well as the few flies, Collembola, pseudoscorpions and mites are likely to be scavengers feeding on stranded copepods (as I have observed carabids to do on the California coast) or other plankton or remains of macroscopic animals cast ashore by the tide, and among intertidal insects in general scavenging appears to be the most dominant activity. The Subtropical intertidal insect fauna appears to be very distinctive, thus upholding the zoogeographic regions based on marine littoral faunal discontinuities for the Pacific coast of North America. Acknowledgments My sincere thanks go to the following persons for help in determining specimens: Isabella A. Abbott (marine algae), G. E. Ball and T. Erwin (Carabidae), Galen Hilgard (Cirripedia) , J. Polhemus (Saldidae), R. Schuster (Pseudoscorpionida) , and T. J. Spilman (Limnichidae) . I also want to thank the staff and students of Hopkins Marine Station for allowing me to accompany them on the expedition. Literature Cited Abbott, D. P. 1966. Chapter 14. Factors influencing the zoogeographic affinities of the Galapagos inshore marine fauna. Pp. 108-122. In: Bowman, R. 1. (ed.), The Galapagos. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. Ball, G. E. 1963. Fascicle 4. Carabidae. Pp. 55-181. In: Arnett, Ross H. The Beetles of the United States. Catholic Univ. Press, Washington, D. C. China, W. E. 1927. Notes on the biology of Aepophilus honnairei Sign. (Hemip- tera-Heteroptera) . Entomol. mon. Mag., 63: 238-241. Darlington, P. J., Jr. 1964. Insects of Campbell Island. Coleoptera: Carabidae. Pacific Ins. monogr., 7 : 335-339. Ekman, S. 1953. Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick and Jackson, London. Garth, J. S. 1955. The case for a warm-temperate marine fauna on the west coast of North America. Pp. 19-27. In: Essays in the natural sciences JULY 1968] HAGEN & CALTAGIRONE A NEW KARPINSKIELLA 241 in honor of Captain Allan Hancock, on the occasion of his birthday, July 26, 1955. Univ. So. Calif. Press, Los Angeles. Herring, J. L., and H. C. Chapman. 1967. A new species of Omania from Micro- nesia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 69: 354-359. Jeannel, R. 1941. Coleopteres Carabiques — Faune de France 39 (1), Paris. Leech, H. B., and H. P. Chandler. 1956. Chap. 13. Aquatic Coleoptera, pp. 293-371. In: Usinger, R. L. Aquatic Insects of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. Moore, I. 1957. A northern extension of range for Endeodes basalis LeConte. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 33: 140. 1964. A new species of Endeodes from Sonora, Mexico. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 40: 57-58. Spilman, T. J. 1966. A new species of Martinius from Cuba (Coleoptera: Lim- nichidae) . Coleopt. Bull., 20: 123-125. Van Duzee, M. C. 1923. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. The Hemiptera (True Bugs, etc.). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 12: 123-200. Van Dyke, E. C. 1918. New intertidal rock-dwelling Coleoptera from California. Entomol. News, 29: 303-308. Weygoldt, P. 1966. Moos-und biicher-scorpione. A. Ziemsen Verlag., Witten- berg. A New Nearctic Species of Karpinskiella (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) K. S. Hagen and L. E. Caltagirone University of California, Berkeley In the Pteromalidae, T omicobia is one of a few genera that contain species that attack adult scolytid beetles (Hopkins 1913, Reid 1957, Hedqvist 1959, Bushing 1965). Mr. M. M. Furniss, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Moscow, Idaho, reared a pteromalid from adults of Den- droctonus in Utah and suspected it to be T omicobia. At the time. Dr. W. D. Bedard, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Berkeley, California, was studying the biology of T omicobia tibialis Ashmead associated with Ips in California, but did not rear any from Dendroctonus (Bedard 1965). This apparent difference in scolytid host preference prompted Mr. Furniss to send specimens of his Utah material to Dr. Bedard for comparison. Dr. Bedard discovered that though extremely close in resemblance there was a difference in the number of antennal ring segments between the Utah and California specimens. The Utah specimens were brought to our attention for identification. We have decided that the Utah specimens belong in the genus Karpin- skiella, which is closely related to T omicobia. Both genera are separated The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 241-248. July 1968 242 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 0. 2 mm 0.1 mm Figs. 1-7. Karpinskiella paratomicobia Hagen and Caltagirone. Fig. 1. Antenna of female. Fig. 2. Right mandible of female. Fig. 3. Maxillary palpus. Fig. 4. Venation of forewing. Fig. 5. Venation of hind wing. Fig. 6. Lateral view of mesothorax. Fig. 7. Male genitalia, ventral view. JULY 1968] HAGEN & CALTAGIRONE A NEW KARPINSKIELLA 243 from all other pteromalids by the peculiar form of the abdomen (Hedqvist 1959). The presence of three antennal ring segments separates Karpinskiella from Tomicohia; the latter genus has only two ring segments. Dr. Z. Boucek of Prague who described the genus Karpinskiella (Boucek 1955), concurred that the Utah species was congeneric with Karpinskiella but distinct from the only described species; thus the range of this Old World monobasic genus is now extended into the Nearctic region. Dr. B. D. Burks of the U. S. National Museum had already discovered that Karpinskiella occurred in North America, for he had determined specimens from California as belonging to this genus (Bushing and Bright 1965). This species is apparently still unde- scribed. We are proposing a name, and describing the Utah species of Karpin- skiella at this time so that Mr. Furniss can refer to a known taxon in his research on the biology of this parasite (Furniss 1968). The majority of the paratypes are point mounted, but ten specimens are mounted on slides in a modified Faure mounting medium (Quednau 1964) . The specimens on slides were cleared in chloralphenol. The specimens were mainly examined with a Leitz stereo microscope at magnifications up to 96 X, using an incandescent lamp illuminator with a blue ground glass filter. The numerical measurements shown in the description are mostly in millimeters and are followed by values enclosed in parentheses; these are ranges in mm found in the specimens indicated in Table 1. The numerals with a colon between them are values expressing proportions determined by using an eye piece micrometer. Karpinskiella paratomicobia Hagen and Caltagirone, new species Female. — Length of holotype 3.04 mm, $ paratypes (2.30-3.20 mm). Head black with purplish and greenish metallic reflections when viewed from different angles; orbits and base of clypeus metallic bluish green; mandibles reddish brown, apices black. Antenna with scape yellowish brown ; pedicel and ring segments shiny, piceous; flagellum dark brown clothed with grayish, flattened, appressed hairs arranged longitudinally. Thorax black with metallic reflections; mesonotum with bronzy dark purplish metallic reflections from certain angles; scutellum dark greenish bronzy without purplish tinge. Legs mainly yellowish brown; coxae dark brown ventrally, darker and with metallic reflections laterally; femora slightly darker than tibiae and tarsi. Wings hyaline with iridescent reflections; discal hairs brownish; submarginal and stigmal veins dark brown, marginal and postmarginal veins yellowish brown. Caster dark brown, smoother, finely reticulate and less reflective than rest of body, sides with faint purplish reflections. Head slightly wider than thorax, twice as wide as thick, one-fourth wider than 244 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 high; width 1.02 m m (0.8-1.02) ; oral margin truncate. Clypeus strongly out- lined twice as broad as long with longitudinal converging striae, apical margin with two obtuse teeth. Fronto-vertex finely densely punctate, distance between punctures shorter than half the diameter of punctures; genae shagreened; silvery hairs semi-erect, scattered. Eyes 0.48 mm high (0.35-0.48), one third higher than wide with pale scattered inconspicuous short erect setae. Ocelli forming an obtuse triangle, lateral ocelli closer to center ocellus than to eye margins. Gena 0.29 mm (0.22-0.29), one-half height of eye. Antenna (fig. 1) arising below middle of face at a level slightly above lower margin of eyes; scape slender, cylindrical nearly attaining middle ocellus, length 0.48 mm (0.35-0.48) ; pedicel about twice as long as wide, longer than three ring segments; length flagellum plus pedicel and ring segments 0.96 mm (0.70-0.99). Left mandible tridentate, ventral tooth longest, curved inwardly and dorsally; middle tooth triangular with ventral edge longer than dorsal; dorsal tooth broadest apically and truncate; right mandible (fig. 2) similar to left but with dorsal tooth slightly notched thus appearing quadridentate. Maxillary palpi (fig. 3) 4 segmented, labial palpi 3 segmented. Thorax one-third longer than wide, widest just before tegulae, slightly less than half as thick as long; disc of mesoscutum densely craterleted, crater rims contiguous; scutellum becoming finely reticulate, coarse posteriorly; scattered setae inconspicuous, short, dark; fimbriae near propodeal spiracle. Pronotum from base to connection with head about four times wider than long, collar 8 times wider than long. Notaulices oblique, attaining one-half distance of mesonotal disc longitudinally and one-third distance mesad from sides, mesal apices of notaulices separated by a distance slightly more than one length of a notaulix (23 :30). Axillae about as wide as long, separated by a distance about one of their widths. Scutellum somewhat flattened. Propodeum with median longitudinal Carina bifurcated at posterior fourth; surface enclosed by diverging carinae smooth; on each side with a lateral plica almost reaching the spiracle: spiracle short-oval, near round; a large depression situated mesad of each spiracle and another smaller but deep impression on each side just mesad of caudal origin of lateral plicae. Mesoepimenon and mesoepisternum sculptured as in figure 6. Forewings nearly as long as body, three times longer than wide, broadly rounded apically; fringe short; discal setae from basal fourth to apex, brownish, separated from each other by one of their lengths. Veins (figs. 4, 5), submarginal extends not quite to one-half length of wing, twice as long as marginal and shorter than post marginal. Hind wing three times longer than wide, extends to apex of forewing’s post marginal vien, tapers to narrowly rounded apex from basal third. Foreleg with femur over three times as long as wide (64:20), thickest just beyond middle; fore tibia slightly shorter than femur (60 : 64) slightly constricted at middle on inner side. Middle femur four times longer than wide (60 : 15) ; middle tibia about eight times longer than wide (80 : 11). Hind leg with femur nearly 4 times longer than wide (80 : 19), and tibia slenderer (80 : 15), slightly dilated apically, with one spur; tarsal segments from base 20, 10, 9, 5, 10 in proportional lengths. Gaster oval, subsessile, not quite twice as long as wide or high. First gaster tergite slightly longer than second; third, fourth and fifth subequal slightly shorter than second; sixth tergite about as long as second and last one-third JULY 1968] HAGEN & CALTAGIRONE — A NEW KARPINSKIELLA 245 as long as sixth tergite. Apical margin of last sternite straight, without median projection. Surface finely reticulate, with scattered semi-erect pale setae; sixth tergite with scattered erect setae near posterior margin, last tergite with erect setae at apex dorsally. Ovipositor held obliquely in repose with apices directed dorsally, third valvula about twice as long as wide, truncate apically. Male. — Length of allotype 2.24 mm, paratypes ranging from 2.11 to 2.81. Similar to female, differing as follows: mandibles both tridentate, legs darker brown, gaster about one-third longer than wide about as long as thorax, genitalia as in fig. 7. Holotype female. — Selected from a series that emerged from bark of Pseudotsuga menziesii infested with Dendroctonus pseudotsiigae Hopkins collected by M. M. Furniss at Barney Top (34 miles east) AND Little Valley (9 miles west) of Panguitch, Garfield County, Utah; bark collected in September, 1960, yielded adult parasites the following spring. Hopkins No. 41431. Deposited in the United States National Museum, catalog number 70206. Allotype, same data as that of holotype. Paratypes, among the 115 specimens, there are some with the same data as above, and others, all collected by M. M. Furniss, with the following collection data: Horse Creek, (34 miles east) of Panguitch, Utah, collected 2—4 Sep- tember 1959 and emerged from isolated host beetles, D. pseudotsugae the following spring; these specimens bear Hopkins No. 41836-A. Another lot emerging from P. menziesii bark infested with D. pseudot- sugae collected along the road between Birch Creek and Mud Lake (30 miles east-northeast) and Five Mile Bench (5 miles west) of Panguitch, Utah, Hopkins No. 41485. Paratypes are deposited in the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C., the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa; the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, the University of California Insect Survey Collection, Berkeley, the U.S.D.A. Forest Service Inter- mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Science Labora- tory, Moscow, Idaho, and in the collection of the National Museum in Prague, Czechoslovakia. There is no conspicuous variation in the type series other than size and a slight color variation in legs and gaster; the color is darker in some specimens. The variation in size of certain structures measured in part of series is shown in Table 1. The posterior propodeal bifurcation of the median carina in a few paratypes begins near the middle of the propodeum instead of at the posterior fourth. The number of erect setae arising from the dorsum of submarginal vein varies between 11 and 14, but the space between the one or two setae near the apex of the submarginal (on the para- stigma) and next basal setae is conspicuous and greater than between 246 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 H cd -M a bD Sh T3 CD i!x! (N < a ° ^n OV +1 CO cvi cq nH + 1 t-- (M lO + 1 CO q CO +1 'ch LO l> + 1 lO cd ov rH +1 CO OV oq VO +1 Csl c5 CO q +1 VO 00 00 CH- uO (N (U i-O o <1^ CO O ft fu CO « 3 0) Ph 0) 3 S CO ' — ! ^ bC > H (M JULY 1968] HAGEN & CALTAGIRONE — A NEW KARPINSKIELLA 247 any of the other setae; most setae separated by at least one of their lengths. Karpinskiella paratomicohia differs in many characteristics from K. pityophthori Boucek, apparently the only other species described in the genus. Karpinskiella paratomicohia is larger, blackish with subtile metallic reflections and with the mesonotum sculptured with dense, small, circular, contiguous craterlets compared to the other species which is small, dark shining metallic greenish blue and with its mesonotal surface sculptured with polygonal reticulations. The scape of K. paratomicohia attains the median ocellus and the funicle segments are longer than broad while in Boucek’s species the scape is much shorter and the funicle segments are transverse. The pronotum in K. pityophthori is quite declivous anteriorly dropping off immediately from the anterior margin of the mesonotum while in the new species the pronotum is flat almost collar-like at the mesonotal margin before tapering toward head, and the mesopleural ventral limit is distinctly margined in the smaller species. The distinct median carina and lateral posterior plicae on the propodeal disc also serve to distinguish K. paratomicohia from K. pityophthori, for the latter species lacks distinct propodeal carinae. The male genitalia of K. paratomicohia is rather similar to that of K. pityophthori as illustrated by Hedqvist (1963), but the lateral margins of the digiti are inwardly arcuate in the later species and nearly straight in the former. Literature Cited Bedard, W. D. 1965. The biology of Tomicobia tibialis parasitizing Ips confusus in California. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 23: 77-82. Boucek, Z. 1955. Parasiti Kurovce Pityophthorus polonicus Karp, z pienin.- Ministers two lesnictwa Instytut Badawczy lesnictua., 11: 83-92. Bushing, R. W. 1965. A synoptic list of the parasites of Scolytidae in North America north of Mexico. Canad. EntomoL, 97 : 449-492. Bushing, R. W. and D. E. Bright. 1965. New records of hymenopterous para- sites from California Scolytidae. Canad. EntomoL, 97 : 199-204. Furniss, M. M. 1968. Notes on the biology and effectiveness of a new species of Karpinskiella Boucek parasitizing adult Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins in Utah. Ann. EntomoL Soc. Amcr. (In press). Hedqvist, K. 1959. Notes on Chalcidoidea. IV. Genus Tomicobia Ashm. Opusc. EntomoL, 24: 177-184. 1963. Die Feinde der Borkenkafer in Schweden. I. Erzwespen (Chalcidoi- dea). Studia Forestalia Suecica, No. 11, 176 pp. Skogsbiblioteket, Stockholm, Sweden. Hopkins, A. D. 1913. Summary 270th Meeting of the Society — Oct. 2, 1913. Proc. EntomoL Soc. Wash., 15: 160. 248 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 Reid, R. W. 1957. The bark beetle complex associated with lodgepole pine slash in Alberta. Part III. Notes on the biologies of several hyme- nopterous parasites. Canad. EntomoL, 89: 5-8. Quednau, F. W. 1964. A contribution on the genus Aphytis Howard in South Africa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) . J. Entomol. So. Afr., 27 (1) : 86-116. Pheromone-mask by the Female Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., an Attraction Regulator^ (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) J. A. Rudinsky Oregon State University, Corvallis A new phenomenon is described in which the female Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), masks its own pheromone and rapidly stops the mass attraction of flying beetles; the stridulation of the male was found to trigger this masking. The effect of all pheromone including the residue in the frass is negated, but the primary attraction to host oleoresin and terpenes is not affected. Earlier studies showed that unmated, sexually mature female beetles of this species feeding in the bark of the host tree produce an attractant that aggregates the population around the invaded tree (Rudinsky, 1961; McMullen and Atkins, 1962). Both sexes respond hut in the ratio of two males to one female. The attracted females search for a suitable place to enter the bark and the males enter the individual female galleries and copulate, often some time later. At this point, the population aggregation to such a tree or log drops very suddenly. Since it is known that mating stops the pheromone production, the field methods used in earlier attraction studies (Rudinsky, 1963) were modified to eliminate mating as the act terminating the attraction. Briefly, 30 sexually mature but unmated females were introduced into the bark of log sections and sealed off by a metal screen (mesh 24 X 24) to prevent entry of males but allow escape of volatile at- ^ This study was supported by National Science Foundation Grant No. GB-3407. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 248-250. July 1968 JULY 1968 ] RUDINSKY DENDROCTONUS PHEROMONE-MASK 249 tractive substances and the normal falling of frass from galleries. The females produced the pheromone and attracted beetles in flight several hours after introduction. Field tests were made with live and killed males and females in various combinations and the changes in response of flying Douglas-fir beetles were noted. When the attractive females were killed, their pheromone and its residue present in the frass were not masked although the introduced males stridulated as usual and remained over the entry holes of the dead females for four days. On the other hand, when the females remained alive the masking occurred rapidly after the introduced males stridulated. The mask was repeatedly interrupted and restored when the stridulating males were moved off and on the screen. Clearly the female masks her own attractant. It was also clear that the male’s stridulation on the screen triggered the masking action. As soon as the stridulation began, the attraction ceased and no additional beetles flew to the log. Males whose elytral declivity was clipped off exhibited normal arrestment behavior, as shown in previous studies by Jantz and Rudinsky (1965) except that they could not stridulate, and no mask occurred. Although stridulation is apparently the necessary trigger under normal conditions, the mask was induced without stridulation when these males with cut elytral declivity were allowed to enter unscreened entry holes of attractive females and mate there. Also, when normal males were allowed to enter the gallery, they no longer stridulated continuously but the mask, of course, remained. The question arose whether the mask affects the known primary attraction to oleoresin and terpenes, especially alpha-pinene, camphene and limonene (Rudinsky, 1966a). The response to these substances was comparable to previous tests, however, and showed the usual ratio of one male to two females. The speed of both the masking effect and the resumption of attrac- tion must be emphasized. The mask was immediate after all females had been found by males. This is quantitatively striking because at peak flight 700-900 beetles per hour may be attracted before the mask. After the males were removed, attraction began again in eight minutes, at the earliest, and ten minutes, at the latest (68°F). This speed is essential to the regulating effect of the mask. Essential also is the spatial relationship. Proximity appears to be a critical factor before the male responds to the female and begins to stridulate. The males released on the screened log crawled around and began to orient themselves to the females’ entry hole and to 250 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 stridulate only when about % inch away. When two log sections, one with attractive females and the other with females joined by males (i.e. masked attraction), were placed six inches apart, only a few beetles were attracted and only to the unmasked attraction. Other logs attracted some flying beetles when part contained females joined by stridulating males and part did not. In another test males were introduced into holes and screened 2 inches from the entry holes of pheromone-producing females; they did not stridulate and the females did not mask the attractant. These tests indicate that the mask of each female is restricted to the area near its entry hole. The survival value of this masking phenomenon is clear. Mating is assured because the virgin females attract twice as many males as females to the invaded host although the sex ratio in the natural population is 1 : 1 (Rudinsky, 1966b). The mask prevents the aggrega- tion of unneeded males as well as their unnecessary exposure to predators, and since it stops the attraction of other females also it prevents too dense invasion of the host with resultant overcrowding and starvation of the brood. It is important also that the female can annul the mask quickly if the male should be destroyed before she is mated. The survival effect is also seen in relation to overcoming- host resistance, i.e. since the mask is spatially limited, it does not prevent the mass invasion essential to killing the Douglas-fir tree (Rudinsky, 1966b). The fact that the attractiveness of oleoresin and terpenes is not masked assures optimal utilization of the host. This survival value suggests a new possibility of control of the most de- structive bark beetle in Pacific Coast Douglas-fir stands through manipulation of the masking substance. Literature Cited McMullen, L. H., and M. D. Atkins. 1962. On the flight and host selection of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. (Cole- optera: Scolytidae). Canad. EntomoL, 94: 1309-1325. Jantz, 0. K., AND J. A. Rudinsky. 1965. Laboratory and field methods for assaying olfactory responses of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. Canad. EntomoL, 97 : 935-941. Rudinsky, J. A. 1961. Developments in forest pest research at Oregon State University. Proc. Ann. Meeting West. Forest Pest Committee, pp. 14-15. 1963. Response of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. to volatile attractants. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst. 22: 23—38. 1966a. Scolytid beetles associated -with Douglas-fir: response to terpenes. Science, 152: 218-219. 1966b. Host selection and invasion by the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., in coastal Douglas-fir forest. Canad. EntomoL, 98: 98-111. JULY 1968] MAYO — MAYFLIES FROM ECUADOR 251 Two New Species of the Genus Baetodes from Ecuador (Ephemeroptera : Baetidae) Velma Knox Mayo Tucson, Arizona While in residence in a mining camp in Macuchi, Eucador the writer collected a series of mayflies belonging to the genus Baetodes Needham and Murphy (1924). The locality is situated on the west side of the Andes about half way between Guayaquil and Quito at an altitude of about 6000 ft. In this series of Baetodes are two different species of nymphs which I herein describe as new: Baetodes spinae and Baetodes levis. The genus Baetodes is at present comprised of one adult from Vene- zuela, B. spinijerum Traver (1943) and three species of nymphs from Brazil. Baetodes serratus Needham and Murphy (1924), Baetodes species No. 1 Needham and Murphy (1924) and Baetodes itatiayanus Demoulin (1955). Needham and Murphy established the genus Baetodes in 1924. They summarized the characteristics of the genus as follows: “the nymphs are stiff, long-legged bare tailed concolorous forms, having drooping, simple, oval gills on segments 1—5 only of the abdomen, having stout rather few-jointed antennae, and greatly reduced palpi and glossae. The middle tail is rudimentary. The dorsal crest of the femora bears a single line of long brown spines.” Traver (1944) summarizes the generic characters of the nymphs of this genus in Notes on Brazilian Mayflies: “nymphs of this genus are unique among known genera of the subfamily Baetinae in possessing but 5 pairs of gills, all of which turn downward along the sides of the body; and in the total lack of hairs on the tails. The middle tail is a very short stub. Hind wings are lacking.” Edmunds (1950) summarizes the characteristics of the nymphs of the genus. The abdominal terga are wider than the sterna so points of at- tachment of gills to terga near pleural fold are closer to the mid- sternum than to the mid-tergum. Consequently the abdominal gills show up better from the ventral view than from the dorsal. Baetodes spinae Mayo, new species (Figs. 1, 2, 11, 13, 14, 15, 25) Nymph.^ — Length; body 3-4 mm. General color pale amber. Head pale amber; ocelli grey; turbinate eyes of males show through as orange; antennae pale yellow; mouthparts as in figs. 1, 2, 11, 15, 25; articulations on labrum reddish brown; labrum pale bordered with brown, 4 long spines behind apical margin The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 251-257. July 1968 252 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 JULY 1968] MAYO — -MAYFLIES FROM ECUADOR 253 on either side of midline, numerous shorter hairs posterior to these; fringe of hairs around margin, short along anterior border and longer on sides; labial and maxillary palpi white; basal segment of labial palpi longer than other two segments together; posterior border of head narrowly rimmed with reddish brown. Intersegmental membranes pale yellow. Pronotum amber, anterior border concave, posterior border with wide hump at midline composed of two spines washed with brown; mesonotum amber with pale midline; mesoscutellum with 2 blunt posterior, sublateral spines; two slightly roughened ridges on mesonotum anterior to spines on mesoseutellum ; small spine posteriomedially on metanotum; wing pads elongated ; reddish brown in mature specimen. Coxal articulations with pleuron heavily sclerotized and dark reddish brown; legs long; femora pale yellow except joinings with tibiae reddish brown with 6 or more reddish brown hairs along anterior borders; tibiae and tarsi with minute reddish brown spines along ventral crest; claws reddish brown, with row of subapical denticles. Abdominal terga amber; paler posteriorly; posterior borders of terga 1-8 touched with pale brown; abdominal terga with prominent median spine on each seg- ment; spine on segment 1 stouter and longer than those on 2-10 (fig. 13) ; gills white; present on abdominal segments 1-5 and two finger-like gills on each coxa; those on abdomen oval (fig. 14) decreasing in size posteriorly. Cerci without hairs, terminal filament short. Holotype nymph, V. K. Mayo, 30 June 1943, Rio Amayo, Macuchi, Ecuador; in collection University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Paratypes, 7 nymphs same data, same deposition as holotype. Baetodes levis Mayo, new species (Figs. 3, 4, 12, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22) Nymph. — Length: body 3-4 mm. General color pale reddish brown; inter- segmental areas pale yellow; head pale reddish brown on vertex, pale yellow below, midline pale yellow; ocelli grey, larger ones rimmed with blaek on inner margins (fig. 16) ; turbinate eyes of males show through as orange; antennae pale yellow; labrum distinctly brown; maxillary and labial palpi white. Mouth- parts as in figures 3, 4, 12, 18, 22. Thoracic dorsum pale reddish brown, mottled with pale reddish brown laterally; midline pale yellow; pronotum smooth, without spines, concave along anterior margin and streaked with dark reddish brown laterally; mesonotum suffused with darker reddish brown along anterior margin; small median spine posteriorly on metanotum. Median spines on all abdominal terga, not erect, but directed posteriorly (fig. 21). Gills white; present on abdominal segments 1-5, attached to posterolateral corners of abdominal <- Fig. 1. Left mandible B. spinae Mayo. Fig. 2. Right mandible B. spinae Mayo. Fig. 3. Left mandible B. levis Mayo. Fig. 4. Right mandible B. levis Mayo. Fig. 5. Left mandible B. serratus N. and M. Fig. 6. Right mandible B. serratus N. and M. Fig. 7. Left mandible B. sp. No. 1 N. and M. Fig. 8. Right mandible B. sp. No. 1 N. and M. Fig. 9. Labrum B. serratus N. and M. Fig. 10. Labrum B. sp. No. 1 N. and M. Fig. 11. Labrum B. spinae Mayo. Fig. 12. Labrum B. levis Mayo. Fig. 13. Lateral view of B. spinae Mayo. Fig. 14. Gill from B. spinae Mayo. 254 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 JULY 1968] MAYO — MAYFLIES FROM ECUADOR 255 terga near low pleural fold; paired finger-like gills on coxae; coxal articulations with pleuron dark reddish hrown. Pleural sclerites and coxae amber narrowly outlined with reddish hrown. Legs pale yellow; femora yellow except for dark reddish brown at joinings with tibiae with few dark reddish brown hairs on dorsal crests; distal half of tarsi reddish brown; long claws with row of denticles subapically (fig. 19) ; all claws similar; minute spines on ventral crests of tibiae and tarsi. Thoracic sterna pale yellow; abdominal sterna amber, paler than terga. Cerci without hairs, outer ones about two thirds length of body, terminal filament short. Holotype nymph, V. K. Mayo, 30 June 1943, Rio Amayo, Macuchi, Ecuador; in collection University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Paratypes, 6 nymphs same data, same deposition as holotype. Discussion. — the presence of spines on the pronotum and mesonotum of B. spinae separates this species from B. levis, on which the pronotum and mesonotum are smooth. There is also a marked difference in the mid-dorsal abdominal spines of the two species; those of B. spinae are larger and erect; those of B. levis are much less prominent and pointed posteriorly (figs. 13 and 21). The general coloring of B. levis is darker than that of B. spinae. There are differences in details of the mouthparts: the basal segments of labial palpi of B. spinae are longer than those of B. levis; hairs on the apical segments are much longer on B. spinae than on B. levis; there are numerous minute hairs on the glossae of B. spinae which are lacking on B. levis. Details of the labrum and labium differ in the two species (figs. 11, 12, 15, 18) . The thumb on the mandible of B. spinae is somewhat longer than that of B. levis (figs. 1, 3) ; the maxillary palpi of B. spinae is much shorter than that of B. levis (figs. 22, 25), There are some characteristics that are the same on both species; i.e., the ocelli, antennae, legs, claws, pleura and cerci. The paired coxal gills and abdominal gills are the same on both species. The following is an account of the known species of nymphs of the genus with a comparison of each to the new species, B. spinae and B. levis: Baetodes serratus Needham and Murphy (1924), Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 17 October 1919, J. C. Bradley. Length: body 7-8 mm; median abdominal spines on each segment all directed posteriorly and pointed; median spine on metascutum, fairly large in relation to Fig. 15. Labium B. spinae Mayo. Fig. 16. Head B. levis Mayo, showing ocelli. Fig. 17. Labium B. serratus N. and M. Fig. 18. Labium B. levis Mayo. Fig. 19. Claw I B. levis Mayo. Fig. 20. Labium B. sp. No. 1 N. and M. Fig. 21. Lateral view of abdomen B. levis Mayo. Fig. 22. Maxilla B. levis Mayo. Fig. 23. Maxilla B. serratus N. and M. Fig. 24. Maxilla B. sp. No. 1 N. and M. Fig. 25. Maxilla B. spinae Mayo. 256 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 3 abdominal spines; no spines on pro- or mesonota; points of attachment of abdominal gills low on terga; no gills on coxae; general coloring dark brown; overall appearance altogether different as B. serratus is twice the length, with dark brown coloring in contrast to the very pale B. spinae and B. levis ; absence of gills on coxae of B. serratus separates that species from both B. spinae and B. levis; abdominal spines of B. serratus are altogether different from those of B. spinae; not erect, but directed posteriorly and pointed; abdominal spines of B. levis are similar to those of B. serratus, but more blunt ; median spine on metanotum of B. serratus is larger in comparison with abdominal spines than that of either B. spinae or B. levis; no spines on pro- or mesonotum in B. serratus as in B. spinae; abdominal gills not as low as those on B. spinae and B. levis; details of mouthparts differ (figs. 5, 6, 9, 17, 23) ; basal segments of labial palpi of B. serratus not as long as those of B. spinae; apical segments of B. serratus with minute hairs in contrast to the longer hairs on the corresponding segments of B. spinae (figs. 15, 17) ; the glossae of labium of B. serratus with fewer hairs than on glossae of B. spinae; on labrum row of hairs in back of apical margin of B. serratus differs from that of B. spinae and B. levis (figs. 9, 11, 12). Baetodes sp. No. 1 Needham and Murphy (1924). Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 17 October 1919, J. C. Bradley: length: body 4.75 mm. Two finger-like gills on each coxa ; no abdominal spines ; abdominal gills arise close to low pleural fold; color dark brown; gills on coxae similar to those of both B. spinae and B. levis. The complete absence of ab- dominal spines separates this species from both B. spinae and B. levis; details of mouthparts differ (figs. 7, 8, 10, 20, 24). Baetodes sp. from Ariranha River, Nova Teutonia, Brazil, February 1962, F. Plaumann: from collection of University of Utah; length: body about 4 mm, only one finger-like gill from each coxa; slight elevation at midline along posterior border of pronotum; median abdominal spines similar to those of B. spinae; spine on metascutum larger with relation to abdominal spines than spine on metascutum of B. spinae and B. levis ; pleuron similar to that of B. spinae and B. levis ; 4-6 reddish brown hairs on anterior border of femora as on femora of B. spinae and B. levis; general coloring darker than B. spinae and B. levis; resembles B. spinae but has only one finger-like gill from each coxa; only a slight elevation at midline along posterior border of pronotum; no spines in that position as in B. spinae. Baetodes itatiayanus Demoulin (1955) : Demoulin states that there are no ocelli on B. itatiayanus; these are present on B. spinae and B. JULY 1968] MAYO — MAYFLIES FROM ECUADOR 257 levis (fig. 16) as well as on other known species of the genus; there is no mention of gills on the coxae of B. itatiayanus; these are present on both B, spinae and B. levis; he also states that abdominal gills arise ventrally; in B. spinae and B. levis the gills arise on the tergum close to the low pleural fold; the basal segment of the labial palp of B. itatiayanus is shorter than that of B. spinae and B. levis. The writer wishes to acknowledge the help of Dr. Jay R. Traver who has contributed much advice and has loaned the following specimens: B. serratus and B. sp. No. 1 from the Cornell collection, and B. sp. from Ariranha River, Nova Teutonia, Brazil from the collection of the University of Utah. Literature Cited Demoulin, G. 1955. Une mission biologique Beige au Brazil. Ephemeropteres. Inst. roy. d. sci. natur. Belg. Bull., XXXI, 20: 20-22, Bruxelles. Edmunds, G. F. 1950. New records of the mayfly Baetodes, with notes on the genus. Entomol. News, 61 (7) : 203-205. Needham, J. G. and H. Murphy. 1924. Neotropical mayflies. Bull. Lloyd Library, 24, Entomol. Ser., 4: 55-56. Traver, J. R. 1943. New Venezuelan mayflies. Entomol. Venezolena, 2 (2) : 79-98. Baetodes 94-98. 1944. Notes on Brazilian mayflies Bol. Mus. Nac. ZooL, 22: 20. COLLECTIONS DONATED R. L. UsiNGER Hemiptera Collection I wish to announce that my collection of Hemiptera numbering 62,000 specimens has been given to the University of California at Berkeley. As in the past, type specimens, unless otherwise committed, are deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Unique types that were deposited “on loan” are now deposited permanently in the California Academy of Sciences. — R. L. Usinger, University of California, Berkeley. Stanley F. Bailey Thrips Collection The cosmopolitan collection of thrips accumulated by Dr. S. F. Bailey was donated to the Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis con- current with his retirement this year. This significant addition to the Department’s teaching and research facilities consists of 15,000 slides of 1,271 identified species, and includes 375 paratypes and 26 primary types. Dr. Bailey’s extensive reprint library has been accessioned as an integral part of the collection . — Robert 0. Schuster, University of California, Davis. 258 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 3 SCIENTIFIC NOTES Cultivated Snapdragon a Host of Tobacco Budworm. — Heliothis virescens (Fabr.), known as the Tobacco Budworm, has been reared locally a number of times, feeding on Nicotiana Bigelovii (Torr.) S. Wats., a native plant that grows as a weed in yards and vacant lots. Since this plant appears in midsummer, most of the rearings emerged in late summer. At hand is a specimen bearing the date “Emerged VIII.18.60.” In the fall of 1962 larvae of this species were found in large numbers on cultivated Snapdragon {Antirrhinum majus L.) in my own yard in San Jose, Calif. A considerable amount of damage was done, approaching defoliation on some plants. Both leaves and flower buds were eaten. Larvae were noted in early October. One was retained alive, pupated in a cell in earth 12 Novmber 1962, and emerged as an adult 19 March 1963. The wide difference in emergence dates (March, August) suggests that there must be a spring brood as well, but this brood has so far not been detected here. Adults of this moth appear at porch lamps occasionally, even in the city. Heliothis virescens seems to he one of the several species of moths able to survive in or adapt to suburban environment. — J. W. Tilden, San Jose State College, San Jose, California. Predation by Adelocera and Alaus (Coleoptera; Elateridae). — At Man- zanita Lake, Lassen Volcanic National Park, on 13 June 1960, at dusk an individual of Adelocera was seen climbing a seedling pine about six feet in height. The beetle was first noticed when about one foot from the ground. It climbed with a jerky mechanical movement and finally climbed out onto a side limb near the top of the seedling. Here it began to feed on aphids that formed a colony at the tip of the limb. The beetle was preserved and proved to be Adelocera profusa Canad. [= Lacon hrevicornis (Lee.)]. The aphids appear to be Dilachnus sp., possibly ponderosae (Will.). The pine seedling was one of several among a group of mature cone- bearing Pinus ponder osa Doug. var. Jeffreyi Vasey, and presumed to belong with them. On 10 July 1966, in a stump of Ponderosa Pine near Long Barn, Tuolumne Co., California, numerous larvae of Chalcophora angulicollis (Lee.) were found together with several larvae of Alaus melanops Lee. Some of this wood was brought to San Jose, and from it a number of specimens of Chalcophora eventually emerged. Some of the buprestid larvae were placed in a large can with chips of wood and a larva of Alaus was inadvertently included. When the can was examined about a month later, only the elater larva remained, it having eaten about a dozen larvae of Chalcophora in that time. The prey-predator relationship between Chalcophora angulicollis and Alaus melanops was observed also by Ronald Stecker of San Jose State College (personal communication) during field work in Idaho. — J. W. Tilden and Bruce A. Tilden. — San Jose State College, San Jose, California. JULY 1968] ZOOLOGICAL. NOMENCLATURE 259 ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Announcement A. (n. s.) 81 Required six-month’s notice is given on the possible use of plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the following names listed by case number (see, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 25, pt. 1, 24 May 1968) : 1819. Suppression of Brachyrhinus Latreille, 1802 (Insecta, Coleoptera). 1823. Suppression of Julus pallipes Oliver, 1792, type-species for Tropisoma C. L. Koch, 1844 (Diplopoda). Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7, England. Those received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. — W. E. China, Acting Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. CORRECTIONS The following errors in issues of the journal over the past several years have been reported. These are listed and corrected below. — Ed. Buckett, J. S. 1966. The mantid Stagomantis limbata (Hahn) in California (Orthoptera: Mantidae). Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 42 (1): 57-58. The caption for the figures on page 57 erroneously states that the male is on the left and the female on the right. The female is on the left, and the male is on the right and the caption should read: “Fig. 1. Stagomantis limbata, female. . . . Fig. 2. Stagomantis limbata male. . . .” — /. S. Buckett, University of California, Davis. Johnson, C. D. 1967. Notes on the systematics, host plants, and bionomics of the bruchid genera Merobruchus and Stator (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 43 (4) : 264-271. An error was made on page 264 in listing Merobruchus major (Fall) as a new combination. J. C. Bradley (1947. Contributions to our knowledge of the Mylabridae, seu Bruchidae (Coleoptera) with especial reference to the fauna of Northeastern America. Psyche, (1946) 53: 41) was the first to use M. major as a new combination. — Clarence D. Johnson, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. Parker, F. D., and R. M. Bohart. 1968. Host-parasite associations in some twig-nesting Hymenoptera from western North America. Part H. Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 44 (1) : 1-6. The name ‘^‘‘Monodontomerus anthidii (Ashmead)” appearing five times on pages 2 to 5 is in error and should read “Microdontomerus anthidii (Ashmead).” — F. D. Parker, Entomology Research Division, A. R. S., U. S. D. A., Columbia, Missouri. 260 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44 , NO. 3 ©bttuarg Natir? Dr. Robert L. Usinger, Honored Member of the Society, died of cancer on Tuesday, 1 October 1968. Dr. Usinger, an internationally known hemipterist and systematist was professor of Entomology and past Chairman of the Division of Entomology at the University of California, Berkeley. A memorial fund has been established entitled “The Robert Leslie Usinger Memorial Fund for Entomology.” Those who wish to con- tribute, please make checks payable to the Regents of the University of California and address all contributions c/o Dr. Ray F. Smith, Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. 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J I □ Chlordane lor mosquito abatement. | I NAME [ j AFFILIATION | I ADDRESS I I CITY STATE 71 P I Vol. 44 OCTOBER 1968 No. 4 THE Pan-Pacdfic Entomologist EIGHME — A new species of Pulverro from California 261 UESHIMA — New species and records of Cimicidae with keys 264 JOHNSON — The status of Bruchus distinguendus Horn 279 NAYAR AND COLE — A new species of Criorhina Meigen from California 285 NAYAR AND COLE — A new species of Mallota from North America 287 DOUTT— The genus Brachygrammatella Girault 289 NAYAR AND COLE — Two new species of Eristalis Latreille from western North America 294 WASBAUER — Some sex associations in the Brachycistidinae 297 FENDER — A new subspecies of Cantharis hatchi McKey-Fender 300 MAYO — Some new mayflies of the subfamily Leptohyphinae 301 COPE — Notes on larval and adult habits of Vandykea tuber culata Linsley 308 WILLIAMS — Two new scorpions from western North America 313 WICKMAN AND SEMINOFF — Notes on the biology of Eucrossus villicornis LeConte 321 HYNES — The immature stages of Hesperoconopa dolichophallus (Alex.) 324 GUSTAFSON AND LANE — An annotated bibliography of literature on salt marsh insects and related arthropods in California 327 PHILIP — Overlap between Nearctic and Neotropical faunae of Tabanidae in western North America 332 JOHNSON- — A redescription of Acanthoscelides aequalis (Sharp) 336 OBITUARY 335 SCIENTIFIC NOTES 339 INDEX TO VOLUME 44 341 SOCIETY NOTICES SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1968 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD R. 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LAWRENCE, KANSAS The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. 44 October 1968 No. 4 A New Species of Pulverro from California (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae) Lloyd E. Eighme Pacific Union College, Angiuin, California The genus Pulverro was proposed by V. S. L. Pate in 1937 to include a discrete group of Pemphredonine wasps that are restricted in their distribution to western North America. The genus is char- acterized by the mesonotum which extends forward to overhang the pronotum, and the venation of the forewing which shows a stump or spur on the transverse cubital vein. These two characteristics serve particularly to separate the genus Pulverro from its two most closely related genera, Ammoplanus Giraud and Ammoplanops Gussakovskij . Pate described the genus on the basis of a new species, P. mescalero from the southwestern United States and the species P. columbianus from British Columbia, which had been described by Kohl and placed by him in the genus Ammoplanus. Pate described four other species for the genus from a very few specimens of only one sex in each case. Specimens of the species presently being described were first col- lected by the author in the late summer of 1965 in the Marble Mountains Wilderness Area in Siskiyou County, California. Seven specimens were taken, six females and one male. The following summer four speci- mens were taken, two females and two males in an adjacent area of the Marble Mountains. In 1967 in the Salmon-Trinity Alps area just south of the Marble Mountains 95 specimens were taken, 70 females and 25 males. Most of these were taken at one restricted locality near the edge of an open meadow at 7000^^ elevation. Males and females were taken with the same sweep of the net from the blossoms of Heracleum in full sunlight during the late afternoon. No evidence of nesting was found. Only a few scattered specimens were taken in adjacent areas within ten miles of the major collecting site. This new species appears to be closely related to P. columbianus, but differs from it in the male in the size and shape of the clypeal spine which is greatly abbreviated, more texturing on the clypeal disk. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44 : 261 - 264 . October 1968 262 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 6 5 7 Fig. 1. Front view of head of male holotype. Fig. 2. Front view of head of female. Fig. 3. Lateral view of male holotype. Fig. 4. Ventral view of mandible of male holotype. Fig. 5. Forewing of male holotype. Fig. 6. Ventral view of genitalia of male paratype. Fig. 7. Ventral view of abdomen of male holotype. OCTOBER 1968] EIGHME — NEW PULVERRO 263 larger supraorbital foveae, darker antennae and a larger ventral tooth on the mandibles. Both Kohl and Pate refer to the female of P. columhianus as having a clypeal spine but the female of the new species has no evidence of a clypeal spine. Holotype of the new species deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes will be distributed to the University of California at Davis, the U. S. National Museum and the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. Pulverro monticola Eighme, new species Male holotype. — Length 3.5 mm. Color, black with golden brown front tibia and tarsi, apex of front and middle femora, base of middle and hind tibia, apex of middle tibia; midtarsi and hind tarsi reddish brown except mid basitarsus golden brown; mandible ivory with reddish tip; terminal segments of palp ivory, basal segments reddish brown. Mandible bidentate, bearing small translucent tooth on ventral margin. Clypeus with dorsal margin not sinuate, narrowed to a point laterally, with raised triangular medial portion less densely clothed with pubescence, tessellate in texture, with ventral border depressed, dorsal apex bearing low rounded prominence with sharp declivity from apex of triangular area to frontoclypeal suture. Tentorial fovea prominent. Face above frontoclypeal suture clothed with silver flattened pubescence that becomes narrower and sparser toward vertex. Texture of head granular to minutely rugulose. Antenna black, with reddish brown on apical margin of scape and apical points of segments 3-5. Second segment of antenna triangular, last four segments somewhat flattened, terminal segment spatulate. Supraorbital fovea minute, oblong, near apex of eye, distance from eye margin about equal to length of fovea. Thorax shining, finely punctate. Mesonotum thrust forward over pronotum with anterolateral angles produced to form squarish appearance from above. Suture between mesonotum and metanotum depressed and foveolate. Propodeum strongly rugose, posterior face flattened and vertical with prominent central fovea. Abdomen shining, minutely rugulose with posterior portions of each tergite granulate and bearing a fringe of fine pubescence. Seventh tergite spiny at apex. Second sternite with transverse arcuate groove anteriorly. Third sternite with indistinct straight transverse groove. Sixth sternite with sharp fold laterally forming an angle bearing small carina in mid-lateral area, trimcate posteriorly with shiny, slightly arcuate margin. Last sternite spatulate with long fine pubescence and margined posteriorly with eleven pointed teeth. Female. — Similar to male except as follows: clypeus with dorsal margin sinuate, bordering antennal socket for one-half its circumference. Central area of clypeus smooth and shining, roundly tumid with no abrupt declivity on dorsal margin. Ventral border slightly arcuate in medial portion, bearing long, slender setae. Tumid ridge extending dorsally from antennal socket forming medial depression. Tentorial fovea obscure. Texture of head finely impunctate. Antenna golden brown beneath, black above, terete. Mandible without ventral tooth. Supraorbital fovea linear, as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and extending to margin of eye. Pygidium elongate trigonal, straight, strongly margined laterally, apex narrowly rounded, shining surface with few scattered punctures and some granulation in apical area. Last abdominal sternite plain, with no lateral carinae. 264 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Holotype male, Bear Basin 7000 feet, Siskiyou County, Cali- fornia, 9 August 1967 (L. Eighme) (CAS). Paratypes, 24 males, 70 females, same data as holotype; 6 females, 1 male, Ukonom Lake 6200 feet, Siskiyou County, California, 10 August 1965 (L. Eighme) ; 2 males, 2 females. Marble Valley 6000 feet, Siskiyou County, California, 10 August 1966 (L. Eighme) . Literature Cited Pate, V. S. L. 1937. Studies in the Pemphredonine Wasps I. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 63: 89-125. 1939. Studies in the Pemphredonine Wasps II. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 64: 373-419. New Species and Records of Cimicidae with Keys (Hemiptera) Norihiro Ueshima University of California, Berkeley Since the monograph of Cimicidae (Usinger, 1966) was published, the following species have been discovered, mainly in Southeast Asia. Also new records are at hand for several species, a new genus has been discovered from Africa (Usinger and Carayon, 1967) and 2 new species have been added to the genus Paracimex (Ueshima, 1968) . The new totals for the Cimicidae are 23 genera and 83 species. Details as to biology, cytology and experimental hybridizations of these new species will be published later. The types, unless otherwise stated in the description, will be deposited in the U. S. National Museum. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. R. L. Usinger (Division of Entomology, University of Calif., Berkeley) for his help in many ways. Also, I am indebted to the following persons: T. C. Maa (Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii), Dr. J. T. Marshall (SEATO Medical Research, Bangkok, Thailand), Dr. T. Wongsiri (Rice Protection Re- search Center, Bangkok, Thailand), Dr. A. J. Beck and Mr. Boo-Liat Lim (Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) and Dr. H. E. Fernando (Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Ceylon). This study was supported by the U. S, Public Health Service Grant GM-13197. Cimex insuetus Ueshima, new species (Fig. 1) Female.- — Head 0.7 mm wide; slightly longer than wide, 30:28; interocular space 5 times as wide as eye, 20 : 4. Antennae 1.9 mm long; proportion of The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 264-279. October 1968 OCTOBER 1968] UESHIMA NEW CIMICIDAE 265 Fig. 1. Cimex insuetus Ueshima, female (Celeste Green, original). 266 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44 , NO. 4 segments 6 : 24 ; 24 : 17. Rostrum 0.75 mm long; proportion of segments 14 : 9 : 8. Pronotum 0.95 mm wide ; slightly less than twice as wide as long, 38 : 21 ; produced forward antero -laterally ; sides rounded and narrowed posteriorly; lateral margins with about 15 serrate long bristles, longer than width of first antennal segment; discal bristles slightly longer than distance between bristles. Mesonotum-scutellum with ill-defined row of 10-14 fine bristles posteriorly and two longitudinal rows of 4 finer bristles. Hemelytral pads less than twice as wide as long, 24 ; 13; discal bristles rather scattered, longest ones as long as on pronotum. Abdominal tergites clothed with rather long bristles, longer than distance between bristles; bristles on lateral margins strongly serrate. Paragenital sinus OCTOBER 1968] UESHIMA NEW CIMICIDAE 267 deeply and narrowly cleft on fifth ventral segment, the surrounding area heset with bristles. Ectospermalege in cleared specimens appearing as transverse dark area enclosed in a membrane. Legs relatively slender; fore femora less than 4 times as long as greatest width, 38 : 10, slightly shorter than fore tibiae. Hind femora a little less than 4 times as long as greatest width, 42 : 12. Male. — Like female. Paramere about % as long as width of genital segment at base. Size. — Male (slide mounted), length 4.7 mm, width (pronotum) 0.9 mm, (abdomen) 1.85 mm; female (slide mounted), length 5.1 mm, width (pronotum) 0.95 mm, (abdomen) 2.1 mm. Holotype female, allotype male, and a series of paratypes, in bat cave (on guano), Saraburi, Thailand, 25 September 1966 (N. Ueshima). The host species of bats is not clear, since 5-6 species of bats were inhabiting the cave. The collector could not reach to the roosting sites of the bats. In addition to this species, there was another species of cimicid, Stricticirnex parvus, in the cave. The external morphology of this species is unique in the genus Cimex. Superficially C. insuetus looks like Stricticirnex, particularly in the development of the pronotum, rather scattered long bristles and paler color. However, it clearly belongs to Cimex. From experimental hybridization studies, this species is closely related to C. hemipterus (unpublished) . Cimex serratus Ueshima, new species (Fig. 2) Female. — Head 0.85 mm wide; nearly 14 wider than long, 34 : 28; interocular space 5 times as wide as eye. Antennae 1.65 mm long; proportion of segments 7 : 21 : 20 ; 17. Rostrum 0.7 mm long; proportion of segments 8:9:9. Pronotum 1.2 mm wide; slightly more than twice as wide as long, 49 : 23; about 1.45 times as wide as head, 49 : 34; longest bristles at sides about 0.12 mm long, equal to width of first antennal segment; bristles at sides bent and thickened apically and serrate at tips and on outer sides; discal bristles longer than distance between bristles, serrate at tips and on outer sides. Scutellum with bristles posteriorly, about 20 on each side. Hemelytral pads nearly % again as wide as long, 33 : 21 ; lateral bristles bent and thickened apically and serrate at tips and on outer sides; discal bristles longer than distance between bristles, serrate at tips and on outer sides. Abdominal bristles longer than distance between bristles and serrate at tips. Paragenital sinus deeply and narrowly cleft, surrounding area naked. Legs with hind femora about 3 times as long as wide, 44 : 15; hind tibiae 14 longer than femora and longer than width of pronotum, 55 : 49. Male. — Like female. Paramere slightly more than % as long as width of genital segment at base, 37 : 27. Size. — Male (slide mounted), length 5.6 mm, width (pronotum) 1.25 mm, (abdomen) 2.5 mm; female (slide mounted), length 5.3 mm, width (pronotum) 1.2 mm, (abdomen) 2.6 mm. 268 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Holotype female, allotype male, and a series of paratypes, Seoul, Korea, 17 August 1963 (Chang-Eon Lee), ex Pipistrellus abramus. This species is close to C. flavifusca but differs by the long and serrate bristles on the pronotum, hemelytral pads and abdominal tergites, and by the long hind tibiae and small pronotum. Key to the Species of Cimex (A revision of Usinger’s 1966 key) 1. Hind margin of fifth (fourth visible) ventral abdominal segment in female narrowly cleft (paragenital sinus) on right side at spermalege. Hind femora usually more than 2.6 times as long as wide. 2 Paragenital sinus roundly emarginate on right side. Hind femora usually less than 2.6 times as long as greatest width. Nearctic region. Bats. Pilosellus Group. 13 2. Area around paragenital sinus with bristles like those on other of abdominal venter. Hind margins of hemelytral pads broadly rounded on inner halves. Hemipterus and Lectularius groups. 3 Area around paragenital sinus naked. Hind margins of hemelytral pads usually only feebly rounded, their inner margins broadly con- tiguous. Palearctic region. Bats. Pipistrelli Group. 6 3. Pronotum less than 2.5 times as wide as long at middle. Hemipterus Group. 4 Pronotum more than 2.5 times as wide as long at middle. Lectularius Group. 5 4. Pronotum distinctly less than twice as wide as long at middle. Head longer than wide. Second antennal segment longer than interocular space. Bats. Thailand. insuetus Ueshima, n. sp. Pronotum distinctly more than twice as wide as long at middle. Head wider than long. Second antennal segment shorter than interocular space. Man, bats, chickens. Tropics. hemipterus (Fabr.) 5. Ratio of head width to third antennal segment 1.45 (SD 0.079). Man, bats, chickens. Cosmopolitan. lectularius (Linn.) Ratio of head width to third antennal segment 1.78 (SD 0.096). Pigeons, pied flycatcher. Western Europe. columbarius Jenyns 6. Hind femora slender, 3.4 or more times as long as wide. Antennae relatively long, ratio of head width to third antennal segment less than 1.4. Bakharden Cave, Russia. cavernicola Usinger Hind femora 3.4 times or less as long as wide. HW/3rd antennal seg- ment more than 1.4. 7 7. Hind femora stout, 2.36 times as long as wide. Antennae relatively short, HW/3rd ant. ratio 1.84. Burma. burmanus Usinger Hind femora 2.54-3.37 times as long as wide. HW/3rd ant. ratio 1.75 or less. 8 8. Longest bristles at sides of pronotum longer than width of first antennal segment, more than 0.13 mm. Bristles of abdominal tergites mostly longer than distance between bristles. British Isles. pipistrelli Jenyns Longest bristles at sides of pronotum usually shorter than or subequal to width of first antennal segment, 0.13 mm or less. Bristles of ab- dominal tergites usually shorter than distance between bristles, es- OCTOBER 1968] UESHIMA — NEW CIMICIDAE 269 pecially at middle. - 9 9. Size small; pronotum less than 1.4 mm wide. Oriental. 10 Size larger; pronotum more than 1.42 mm wide. European. 12 10. Bristles at sides of pronotum mostly serrate on outer sides apically. Scutellum with more than 20 bristles on either side posteriorly. 11 Bristles at sides of pronotum scarcely serrate on outer sides. Scutellum with less than 15 bristles on either side posteriorly. Bats. Japan. japonicus Usinger 11. Hind tibiae shorter than width of pronotum. Third antennal segment longer than pronotal length. Bristles of abdominal tergites shorter than distance between bristles. Bats. China. flavifusca Wendt Hind tibiae longer than width of pronotum. Third antennal segment shorter than pronotal length. Bristles of abdominal tergites longer than distance between bristles. Discal bristles of abdomen serrate at tips. Bats. Korea. serratus Ueshima, n. sp. 12. Bristles at middle of hemelytral pads 0.1 mm or more, mostly longer than distance between bristles. Germany, Hungary. dissimilis (Horvath) Bristles at middle of hemelytral pads less than 0.1 mm, shorter than distance between bristles. Germany, France, Czechoslovakia. stadleri Horvath 13. Head relatively broad; pronotum less than 1.6 times as wide as head. 14 Head relatively narrow; pronotum more than 1.6 times as wide as head. — _ 15 14. Bristles at sides of pronotum subequal to width of first antennal seg- ment. Northern California and Nevada. antennatus Usinger & Ueshima Bristles at sides of pronotum longer than width of first antennal seg- ment. S.W. United States and Mexico. incrassatus Usinger & Ueshima 15. Longest bristles of hind tibiae longer than width of tibia (1.25). Size small; pronotum 1.1 mm wide. Minnesota, Illinois, Michigan, Quebec. brevis Usinger & Ueshima Longest bristles of hind tibiae shorter than or subequal to width of tibia. Pronotal width usually 1.2 mm or more. 16 16. Longest bristles at sides of pronotum long and thin, over 0.2 mm and not or only feebly serrate. Longest bristles of hind tibiae almost as long as width of tibia (0.90 mm). Eastern United States to Colorado. adjunctus Barber Longest bristles at sides of pronotum usually less than 0.2 mm, thicker and distinctly serrate. Longest bristles of hind tibiae shorter, 0.8 or less times as long as width of tibia. 17 17. Hemelytral pads relatively short and broad, nearly twice as wide as long, ratio of width to length 1.8-1.9. Calif., Ore., Idaho, Montana, B. C. latipennis Usinger & Ueshima Hemelytral pads longer and narrower, ratio of width to length 1.6 or 1.7. Western U. S. pilosellus (Horvath) Cacodmus bambusicola Ueshima, new speeies (Fig. 3) Female. — Head 0.8 mm wide; half again as wide as long, 31 : 20; interocular space 6 times as wide as eye. Antennae 2.1 mm long; proportion of segments 10 : 23 : 20 : 22. Rostrum 0.65 mm long; proportion of segments about 9:7 : 9. 270 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Fig. 3. Cacodmus bambusicola Ueshima, female (Celeste Green, original). Pronotura 1.3 mm wide; slightly less than twice as wide as long on median line, 52 : 28 ; sides slightly more rounded anteriorly than posteriorly ; anterior margin evenly shallowly concave, scarcely sinuate behind eyes; hind margin OCTOBER 1968] UESHIMA NEW CIMICIDAE 271 relatively shallowly concave; longest hairs of lateral margins longer than first antennal segment. Mesonotum-scutellum completely devoid of bristles. Hemelytral pads approximately % again as wide as long, 36 : 23 ; inner margins straight. Abdomen densely bristled, bristles longest laterally and posteriorly. Para- genital sinus shallowly emarginate on sixth segment. Ectospermalege tubular, as long as sixth segment, and tapering. Hind femora about 3 times as long as greatest width, 51 : 18, slightly shorter than hind tibiae, 51 : 55. Tibiae nearly straight but inwardly slightly inclined apically. Middle femora as long as middle tibiae, 45 : 45. Male. — Paramere more than % as long as terminal abdominal segment at base, 21 : 37, extending across preapical segment; tapering but not sinuate. Size. — Male (slide mounted), length 5.0 mm, width (pronotum) 1.25 mm, (abdomen) 2.25 mm; female (slide mounted), length 5.6 mm, width (pronotum) 1.3 mm, (abdomen) 2.4 mm. Holotype female and allotype male, Bukit Lagond, Selangor, Malaysia, on T ylonycteris pachypus (Boo-Liat Lim #2248). Addi- tional specimens include 2 females and 2 males from the type locality, 11 April 1953 and a series of an additional collection from Buitenzorg, Java, 18 February 1910 (Bryant and Palmer Coll.) listed under C. sumatrensis by Usinger (1966). This species is close to C. sumatrensis but differs by the shape of ectospermalege and shorter middle tibiae. Cacodmus burmanus Ueshima, new species (Fig. 4) Female. — Head 0.85 mm wide; less than % again as wide as long, 34 : 25; interocular space 5 times as wide as eye. Antennae approximately 1.8 mm long; proportion of segments 8 : 20 : 20 : 22. Rostrum 0.6 mm long; proportion of segments about 8:7:8. Pronotum 1.45 mm wide; twice as wide as long on median line, 58 : 29; sides slightly more rounded anteriorly than posteriorly; anterior margin evenly shallowly concave; hind margin shallowly emarginate; longest hairs of lateral margins much longer than first antennal segment. Mesonotum-scutellum devoid of bristles. Hemelytral pads about twice as wide as long, 41 : 22 ; inner margins straight. Abdomen bristled, bristles longest laterally. Paragenital sinus shallowly concave on sixth segment. Ectospermalege tubular, as long as sixth segment, bent to left and tapered at apex. Hind femora about 2.5 times as long as greatest width, 41 : 17; slightly shorter than hind tibiae, 42 : 43. Tibiae nearly straight. Middle femora slightly longer than middle tibiae, 38 ; 36. Male. — Paramere more than 14 as long as terminal segment at base, 23 : 40, reaching to middle of preapical segment; tapering but not sinuate. Size. — Male (slide mounted), length 5.2 mm, width (pronotum) 1.5 mm. 272 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Fig. 4. Cacodmus burmanus Ueshima, female (Celeste Green, original). OCTOBER 1968] UESHIMA NEW CIMICIDAE 273 (abdomen) 2.5 mm; female (slide mounted), length 5.6 mm, width (pronotum) 1.45 mm, (abdomen) 2.6 mm. Holotype female and allotype male, and a male paratype, Kokareet, Burma, ex Tylonycteris pachypus (FEA collection). Types are in the Genova Museum. This species is close to both C. bambusicola and C. sumatrensis but differs by the shape of the ectospermalege, shape of the hemelytral pads, and short legs. Key to the Species of Cacodmus (A revision of Usinger’s 1966 key) 1. Last 2 antennal segments subequal or the fourth segment longer than third. Male paramere short, reaching only onto penultimate (eighth) ventral segment. 2 Third antennal segment longer than fourth. Male paramere long, reaching across penultimate (eighth) ventral segment to seventh segment 7 2. Size relatively large, width of pronotum 1.9 mm. Africa. 3 Size smaller, width of pronotum 1.17-1.45 mm. Orient (India, Burma, Java, Sumatra, Malaya). 4 3. Male paramere evenly curved and tapered, reaching slightly beyond middle of penultimate segment. Spermalege short, stumpy. Uganda. ignotus Rothschild Male paramere abruptly tapered near middle, bent inward at apex and reaching nearly to base of eighth segment. Congo. sinuatus Usinger 4. Fourth antennal segment subequal to third. Male paramere sinuous. Spermalege short. India. indicus Jordan & Rothschild Fourth antennal segment longer than third. Male paramere not sinuous. Spermalege elongate and tubular. 5 5. Hind tibiae longer than pronotal width. Spermalege nearly straight. Malaysia, Java. bambusicola Ueshima, n. sp. Hind tibiae shorter than pronotal width. Spermalege bent to left near apex. 6 6. Width of hemelytral pads subequal to length of hind femora and longer than middle femora. Burma. burmanus Ueshima, n. sp. Width of hemelytral pads subequal to length of middle femora and shorter than hind femora. Sumatra, Java, Malaysia. sumatrensis Ferris & Usinger 7. Pronotum less than twice as wide as long. Paremere longer than width of genital segment. Ectospermalege twisted apically. S. Africa. sparsilis Rothschild Pronotum twice or more than twice as wide as long. Paramere shorter than width of genital segment. Ectospermalege bent but not twisted at apex. 8 8. Pronotum 1.24^1.5 mm wide, less than twice as wide as head. Longest bristles at sides of pronotum less than % mm. N. Africa. vicinus Horvath Pronotum 1.5-1. 7 mm wide, twice as wide as head. Longest bristles at sides of pronotum more than % mm. S. Africa. villosus (Stal) 274 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Fig. 5. Stricticimex parvus Ueshima, female (Celeste Green, original). OCTOBER 1968] UESHIMA — NEW CIMICIDAE 275 Stricticimex parvus Ueshima, new species (Fig. 5) Female. — Head 0.6 mm; slightly wider than long, 23 : 21; interocular space 6 times as wide as eye; labrum with 6-7 pairs of bristles; 5 bristles (3 longer and 2 medium) along inner margin of each eye in addition to about 10 pairs on vertex. Antennae about 2 mm long; proportion of segments 6 ; 18 : 30 : 19; second antennal segment shorter than width of head, 18 : 23 ; second and fourth antennal segments subequal. Rostrum 0.5 mm long; proportion of segments 8:6: 5.5. Pronotum 0.7 mm wide; twice as wide as long, 28 : 14; bristles about 0.2 mm, anterolateral angles only slightly produced; side margin rather smoothly rounded and slightly convergent posteriorly; side margin with 15-17 stiff bristles on each side. Hemelytral pads % as long as wide (15.5 : 12) and straight on inner sides, narrowed and rounded laterally and posteriorly. Longest bristles at sides about as long as those on pronotum. Abdomen suboval ; second and third segments with 3-4 ill-defined rows of bristles, remaining segments with 2 rows of bristles and with cluster of bristles on terminal segment. Under surface with much finer and numerous bristles on posterior part of each segment. Paragenital sinus sinuate broadly on hind margin of third tergite sublaterally. Ectospermalege broad at opening, directed inwardly and then bend downward. Legs long and slender; hind femora about 4.5 times as long as greatest width, 37 : 8, tibiae about % again as long as femora, 56 : 37. Male. — Like female. Paramere directed to the left, as long as width of genital segment at base. Size. — Male (slide mounted), length 3.1 mm, width (pronotum) 0.7 mm, (abdomen) 1.45 mm, female (slide mounted), length 3.5 mm, width (pronotum) 0.7 mm, (abdomen) 1.5 mm. Holotype female, allotype male, and a series of paratypes, in bat cave (on guano), Saraburi, Thailand, 25 September 1966 (N. Ueshima). The cave is located in about the middle of a big rock face. The opening is about 20 ft. high and 7 ft. wide, and the inside is about 150 ft. deep and wide and 50 ft. high. The host species of bats may be Tadarida plicata but this is not certain, since 5-6 species of bats were inhabiting the cave. In addition to this species, there is another species, Cimex insuetus, in the cave. Key to the Species of Stricticimex (A revision of Usinger’s 1966 key) 1. Fore femora slightly longer than tibiae. Size small, pronotum 0.6 mm wide. India. pattoni (Horvath) Fore femora slightly shorter than tibiae. Size medium to large, pronotum 0.7 mm or more in width. 2 2. Second antennal segment much shorter than width of head. 3 Second antennal segment longer than width of head. 5 276 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Fig. 6. Leptocimex inordinatus Ueshima, female (Celeste Green, original). OCTOBER 1968] UESHIMA NEW CIMICIDAE 277 3. Hind femora less than 4 times as long as wide. S. Africa. transversus Ferris & Usinger Hind femora 4 times or more as long as wide. 4 4. Second antennal segment longer than length of pronotum at median line. Interocular space as wide as length of second antennal segment. Size smaller. Pronotum 0.7 mm wide. Thailand. parvus Ueshima, n. sp. Second antennal segment shorter than length of pronotum. Interocular space wider than length of second antennal segment. Size medium. Pronotum 1.0 mm wide. Egypt. namru Usinger 5. Third antennal segment more than twice as long as fourth. Size large, pronotum 1.0 mm or more in width. S. Africa. — _ antennatus Ferris & Usinger Third antennal segment less than twice as long as fourth. Size smaller, pronotum less than 1 mm wide. 6 6. Last antennal segment longer than width of head. Longest bristles at sides of pronotum, wing pads and abdomen about 0.37 mm. Kenya. intermedius Ferris & Usinger Last antennal segment subequal to width of head. Longest bristles at sides of pronotum, wing pads and abdomen about 0.31 mm. Belgian Congo. brevispinosus Usinger Leptocimex inordinatus Ueshima, new species (Fig. 6) Female. — Head 0.8 mm wide; as wide as long, 32 : 32; interocular space 4 times as wide as eye. Antennae about 3.1 mm long; proportion of segments 7 : 20 : 66 : 22. Rostrum 1.3 mm long; proportion of segments approximately 13 : 15 : 20. Pronotum 0.9 mm wide; about twice as wide as long, 36 : 17 ; rather evenly rounded laterally and narrowed to hind margin; anterior lobe short, distinctly produced, and subrounded; long bristles at sides much longer than first antennal segment, 0.27 mm long. Hemelytral pads 3 times as wide as long (16 :5), with 7-8 prominent bristles along hind margins. Abdomen on each visible tergite with stiff bristles. Paragenital sinuses on 2 segments, the conspicuously oval apertures at hind margins of fifth and sixth tergites on right side. Paragenital sinus on fifth much larger than on sixth. Hind femora nearly 7 times as long as wide, 73 : 11. Hind tibiae about (4 again as long as femora, 112 : 73. Fore femora with 2 rows of about 20 bristles on ventral face, but no row of bristles on posterior face. Male. — Paramere moderately curved, tapering, and recurved. Size. — Male (slide mounted), length 4.2 mm, width (pronotum) 0.8 mm, (abdomen) 2.0 mm; female (slide mounted), length 4.7 mm, width (pronotum! 0.9 mm, (abdomen) 2.1 mm. Holotype female, allotype male, and a series of paratypes, SiGiRlYA, Matale District, Ceylon, November 3 1966, on Taphozous sp. (probably melanopogon) (N. Ueshima). An additional collection is from Dambulla, Matale District, Ceylon, 3 November 1966, on Tap- hozous sp. (probably melanopogon) (N. Ueshima). This species is close to L. vespertilionis Ferris and Usinger, but 278 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 differs by the absence of a row of bristles on inner posterior face of fore femora. Key to the Species of Leptocimex (A revision of Usinger’s 1966 key) 1. Fore femora without a row of short and stiff bristles on inner posterior face. Ceylon. inordinatus Ueshima, n. sp. Fore femora witli a row of short and stiff bristles (6-20) on inner posterior face. 2 2. Fore femora with distinct longitudinal row of 15-20 bristles on inner posterior face, in addition to 2 rows of ventral face, bristles as long or longer than distance between bristles. Female without distinct aperture for spermalege. Sudan. boueti (Brumpt) Fore femora with ill-defined row of about 6-12 bristles on inner pos- terior face, bristles shorter than distance between bristles. Two rows on ventral face less prominent. Female with 2 exposed or concealed apertures for spermalege. 3 3. Fore femora with 6 bristles in a poorly defined row. Female with very distinct, transversely oval apertures on right side between middle and lateral margin at hind margins of fifth and sixth abdominal tergites. Male paramere briefly bent and tapered apically, Sudan and Iraq. vespertilionis Ferris & Usinger Fore femora with 12 bristles in a distinct row on posterior face, in addi- tion to 2 ventral rows. Female with 2 separate apertures bilaterally, sinuated between fifth and sixth abdominal tergites, tubelike ecto- spermaleges curved. Male paramere very long broadly curved, sickle- shaped, and thin on apical half. Egypt. duplicatus Usinger New Records of Cimicidae Cacodmus vicinus Horvath. — Material examined: 1 $, Hammamet, Tunisia, ex Pipistrellus kuhli (M-18), 26 September 1966 (D. L. Harrison). Usinger’s collection. Cacodmus villosus (Stal). — Material examined: 1 $, mid-Illovo, Natal, ex Pipistrellus nanus, January 1966 (Trevor Schofield). Usinger’s collection. Cacodmus sparsilis Rothschild. — Material examined: 1 Dint., Harrar, Somaliland, May-June 1904 (Citerni). Genova Museum. Gacodmus ignotus Rothschild. — Material examined: 1 $, Senza, Uganda, ex Eptesicus phasma, 1908 (E. Bayon) . Genova Museum. Aphrania recta Ferris and Usinger. — Material examined: 1 9 and 2 $ $, Entebbe, Uganda, ex Eptesicus phasma, 1910 (C. Berti) ; 2 2 2, Entebbe, Uganda, ex Pipistrellus fuscipus, 1907 (C. Berti). Genova Museum. Stricticimex antennatus Ferris and Usinger.- — Material examined: 6 2 2 and 1 $ , Cave, Skoemakerskop, Port Elizabeth, S. Africa, 27 June 1965 (B. G. Dannelly) . Usinger’s collection. Propicimex limai (Pinto). — Material examined: 1^,2 mi. S of Vijes (Media Vista), Departmento del Valle, Colombia, on Molossus major, 16 July 1964 (A. Arata). Usinger’s collection. OCTOBER 1968] JOHNSON — BRUCHUS DISTINGUENDUS STATUS 279 Literature Cited Ueshima, N. 1968. New species of Paracimex (Cimicidae: Hemiptera). Pan. Pac. EntomoL, 44: 47-50. UsiNGER, R. L. 1966. Monograph of Cimicidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Thomas Say Foundation Vol. 7, Entomol. Soc. Amer., 585 pp. UsiNGER, R. L., AND J. Carayon. 1967. Un Hemiptere Cimicidae nouveau d’Afrique centrale. Bull, de IT.F.A.N. 29 (4), ser. A: 1688-1694. The Status of Bruchus distinguendus Horn (Coleoptera : Bruchidae) Clarence D. Johnson Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff Whether Bruchus distinguendus Horn (1873) is a valid name for a distinct species has been unclear since the name was listed in Leng (1920) as a synonym for Acanthoscelides [Bruchus] ohsoletus (Say 1831). I recently examined the two syntypes of B. distinguendus and found one to be ^4. ohsoletus and the other to be a separate and distinct species. Bottimer (1968), after examining the above types, came to the same conclusion and designated the latter specimen as lectotype for B. distinguendus. This specimen is redescribed and other speci- mens which I consider to be members of the same species are de- scribed below. Acanthoscelides distinguendus (Horn) Bruchus distinguendus Horn, 1873:336 (Georgia); Fall, 1910:171 (in key), 178; Blatchley, 1910:1238 (in key), 1239; Pic, 1913:24; Johnson, 1968:1267. Mylahris ohsoletus: Leng, 1920:305. Acanthoscelides distinguendus: Bissel, 1940:846; Bottimer, 1968:286; Johnson, 1968:1266. Male (Lectotype).- — Integument Color. — Head reddish-brown with frons and vertex dark brown, basal three antennal segments red-brown, apical eight dark brown; body and all coxae brown; pro- and mesothoracic femora, tibiae and tarsi red-brown; metathoracic femur, tibia and tarsus light brown. V estiture.- — Head with white hairs; pronotum with dense intermixed white and golden hairs, sparse along dorsal midline; elytron with patches of brown, white and golden hairs, dense white patch between second and third stria about one-third from base and extending to one-third from apex; brown hairs forming bands one-fourth from base, one-half from base and one-fourth from apex; underparts and pygidium with dense white pubescence. Structure, Head. — Elongate, densely punctulate; carina extending from fronto- clypeal suture to vertex; vague transverse sulcus between upper limits of eyes; distance between eyes slightly less than width of eye; eye cleft to about three- The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 279-285. October 1968 280 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Figs. 1-2. A. distinguendus male genitalia. Fig. 1. Ventral view median lobe and endophallus. Fig. 2. Lateral view median lobe, endophallus and parameres. fifths its width by a vertical white pubescent sulcus above antennal base; in lateral view venter of eye parallel with imaginary posterior extension of line parallel with ventral surface of labium; antennal segment one filiform, two OCTOBER 1968] JOHNSON BRUCHUS DISTINGUENDUS STATUS 281 moniliform, three subserrate, four through eleven serrate; segment two one-half as long as first, remaining segments subequal in length; antenna almost reaching apex of elytron. Prothorax . — Disk campanulate; punctate with narrow punctulate fringe at apex; with short median impressed line anterior to basal lobe. Meso- and Metathorax . — Scutellum subquadrate, clothed with dense recumbent white hairs; elytron twice as long as broad; striae deep, punctate, strial intervals punctulate; striae three and four, and five and six closer to one another at base than to adjacent striae; humerus punctulate with scattered punctations, sparsely pubescent, dark brown; mesepimeron, mesepisternum, metasternum and metepi- meron punctulate, metepisternum punctate; hind coxa punctate; hind femur constricted basally and apically, expanded medially to slightly more than width of coxa (fig. 5) ; ventral surface with a carina on inner edge, apex with an acuminate spine about two times as long as width of tibial base and two smaller spines about one-third as long as the first on inner edge; tibia with lateral, anterior, posteromedial and anterolateral carinae, anterior and antero- lateral carinae separated by a shallow sulcus; apex with three spinules and an attenuated straight spine reaching to one-fourth the length of the first tarsomere; slightly sinuate at base of spine; first tarsomere with anterior and lateral glabrous carinae. Abdomen . — First sternum not visible, second, third and fourth of equal length, fifth shorter, emarginate; pygidium punctate, base depressed below base of last sternum, convex in lateral view. Genitalia . — Not dissected. Length, pronotum-elytra. — 2.5 mm. Range of Observed Variations. — Integument Color. — Head uniform reddish- brown varying to uniform dark brown; basal four antennal segments red-brown; body and all legs red-orange to body dark brown and legs dark reddish-brown. Vestiture . — Head with light yellow hairs; pronotum with moderately dense to dense white to light yellow hairs, hairs along dorsal midline light brown to golden-brown; elytron with patches of white, light yellow and dark brown hairs, dense white patch between second and third stria about two-fifths from base and extending to two-fifths from apex, sometimes faint; light brown hairs forming hands one-fourth from base, one-half from base and one-fourth from apex, sometimes faint; underparts and pygidium with dense white to light yellow pubescence, usually more dense on lateral margins of sterna and along midline of pygidium. Structure, Head . — Antenna (fig. 4) reaching to middle of elytron. Prothorax . — Impressed line usually obscured by pubescence. Meso- and Metathorax . — Scutellum quadrate to slightly longer than broad; striae three and four usually closer to one another at base than to adjacent striae; humerus usually glabrous, ground color usually darker than adjacent surfaces; hind femur sometimes expanded medially only to width of coxa; carinae on femur, tibia and first hind tarsomere sometimes faint; large sub- apical femoral spine one and one-half to two times longer than width of tibial base, two smaller spines occasionally two-fifths as long as large spine; large spine at apex of hind tibia sometimes one-third the length of first hind tarsomere. Abdomen . — First sternum usually slightly flattened medially, slightly longer 282 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Figs. 3-5. A. distinguendus. Fig. 3. Ventral view parameres. Fig. 4. Male antenna. Fig. 5. Hind leg. than remaining sterna; sternum two usually slightly longer than three and four. Genitalia. — Figs. 1, 2, 3. Female. — Similar to male except antenna reaching to humerus or slightly beyond; first abdominal sternum usually not flattened medially, about as long OCTOBER 1968] JOHNSON — BRUCHUS DISTINGUENDUS STATUS 283 as or slightly shorter than remaining sterna; last abdominal sternum sub- emarginate. Length, pronotum-elytra. — 1.9 to 2.5 mm. Host plants. — ^Vial seeds Dolicholus erectus Walter: Leon Co. Fla., July, 1924 (C. 0. Handley). Ex seed Mimosa strigillosa Torrey & Gray: Texas: Cameron Co.: Brownsville, June ’21 (J. C. Bridwell). Literature. — Cracca virginiana Linnaeus: Cuchman, 1911:506; Blatchley, 1910:1239. Rhyncliosia erecta and R. intermedia: Bissel, 1940:846. Rhynchosia latifolia Nuttall: Cushman, 1911:506. Location of Type. — Lectotype 8206, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Massachusetts. Specimens Examined. — 35, from the following localities: Florida: Duval Co.: Jacksonville. Flagler Co.: Crescent City, April 1908. Gadsden Co.: Quincy, 10 July 1939. Jackson Co.: Alford, 9 July 1939. Leon Co., July 1924. Nassau Co.: Hilliard. Georgia: Bibb Co.: 10 August 1964, light trap. Louisiana: Nacogdches (sic), 10 July 1907. Mississippi: Choctaw Co.: Weir, 14 July 1921. North Carolina: Moore Co.: Southern Pines, 10 April 1917. South Carolina: Bamberg Co.: Rivers Bridge St. Pk., 27 June 1965. Texas: Aransas Co.: Rock- port, 7 August 1928. Cameron Co.: Brownsville, June 1921. Gregg Co.: Long- view. Colorado Co.: Columbus, 4.6. Kenedy Co.: 29 mi. South Sarita, 14 April 1950. Nacogdoches Co.: 15 mi. E. of Nacogdoches, 7 April 1963. Nueces Co.: Corpus Christi, 17 July 1954. Discussion. — When critically examined this species is not to be confused with any other bruchid in our United States fauna. It most closely resembles A. ohsoletus but the following characters separate the two species. A. ohsoletus has (1) a spine at the apex of the hind tibia which extends to one-third the length of the first hind tarsomere; (2) two small spines at the bases of elytral striae three and four; (3) usually a distinct red spot behind the eye; (4) a larger, more quadrate scutellum; and (5) distinct male genitalia. A. distiriguendus has (1) a spine at the apex of the hind tibia which usually only reaches to one-fourth the length of the first hind tarsomere; (2) no small spines at the bases of elytral striae three and four; (3) no distinct red spot behind the eye; (4) a smaller, more elongate scutellum; and (5) distinctly different male genitalia (figs. 1, 2, 3). The male genitalia of A. distiriguendus have an elongate median lobe and an obtusely rounded ventral valve with a small median projection (fig. 1), which extends ventrally in lateral view (fig. 2). A group of spines and spinules in the endophallus are distinct. This armature varies little among specimens except in some there are three curved spines medially rather than the two shown in fig. 1. The basal endo- phallic “brush” is characteristic of many species currently assigned to the genus Acanthoscelides. The genitalia have a characteristic curva- ture in lateral view (fig. 2) and the parameres are cleft to two-thirds their length (fig. 3). 284 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 As this species has been confused with A. ohsoletus, the host plant Cracca (Tephrosia) virginiana is probably in error as a host for A. distinguendus. As pointed out by Kingsolver (1968), A. ohsoletus breeds in the seeds of this plant. The record of Rhynchosia latifolia as a host for A. distinguendus is probably correct (personal communica- tion, J. M. Kingsolver) . As the Index Kewensis lists Dolicholus as a synonym of Rhynchosia, and Bissell has reared them from this plant, the record of Dolicholus erectus as a host plant would seem to be valid. External structural characters of both A. ohsoletus and A. distinguen- dus resemble more closely those of A. fumatus (Schaeffer 1907), A. griseolus (Fall), A. prosopoides (Schaeffer), and A. rufovittatus (Schaeffer) than they do other species at present included in Acan- thoscelides. Acknowledgments I wish to thank the following people for the loan of specimens: H. R. Burke, Texas A & M University; G. W. Byers, University of Kansas; J. M. Kingsolver, U. S. Department of Agriculture; J. F. Lawrence, Museum of Comparative Zoology; and H. B. Leech, Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences. Support was provided by U. S. Department of Agriculture Grant 12-14-100-9187 (33) and the help is gratefully acknowledged. Literature Cited Bissell, T. L. 1940. Curculionidae, Bruchidae, Lepidoptera, and their parasites, infesting the seed pods of cowpea and various wild plants. Jour. Econ. EntomoL, 33: 844^847. Blatciiley, W. S. 1910. An illustrated and descriptive catalogue of the Coleop- tera or beetles known to occur in Indiana. Bull. Indiana Dept. Geol. and Natur. Resources, Indianapolis., 1385 pp. Bottimer, L. j. 1968. On the location of types of five species of Bruchidae with notes on early American literature of Acanthoscelides ohtectus. Can. Entomol., 100 (3) : 284-289. Cushman, R. A. 1911. Notes on the host plants and parasites of some North American Bruchidae. J. Econ. Entomol., 4 (6) : 489-510. Fall, H. C. 1910. Miscellaneous notes and descriptions of North American Coleoptera. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 36: 89-197. Horn, G. H. 1873. Revision of the Bruchidae of the U. S. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 4: 311-342. Johnson, C. D. 1968. Bruchidae type specimens deposited in United States museums with lectotype designations (Coleoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 61 (5) : 1266-1272. Kingsolver, J. M. 1968. A review of the ohtectus group in Acanthoscelides Schilsky, with designations of lectotypes (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Bruchinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 70 (1): 4-9. OCTOBER 1968] NAYAR & COLE A NEW CRIORHINA 285 Leng, C. W. 1920. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America North of Mexico. New York, 470 pp. Pic, M. 1913. Bruchidae. Junk, Coleopterorum Catalogus. pars 55, 74 pp. Say, T. 1831. Description of North American Curculionides and an arrangement of some of our known species agreeably to the method of Schoenherr. New Harmony, Indiana, 30 pp. Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1907. New Bruchidae with notes on known species and list of species known to occur at Brownsville, Texas, and in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sci., Sci. Bull., 1 (10) : 291-306. A New Species of Criorhina Meigen from California (Diptera ; Syrphidae) J. L. Nayar^ and F. R. Cole University of California, Berkeley Curran (1924) revised the genus Criorhina Meigen and recognized sixteen species. In the Diptera Catalog (1965) of America North of Mexico are now held fourteen species. This paper deals with an additional undescribed species of Criorhina in the California Insect Survey Collection. The type will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Criorhina rufocaudata Nayar and Cole, new species (Figs. 1, 2) Female. — Length, 18.33 mm. Wing length, 13.33 mm. Front dark-brown; vertex slightly shining black; front and vertex with brownish -yellow pile. Ocellar triangle area dark, ocelli light brown. Occiput densely light yellow. Faee produced, slightly concave below antennae; faeial tubercle extremely reduced, narrow shining black stripe medially; golden pollinose along sides from antennal bases to about its tip; black pile along eye margins. Eyes dark with brownish hue; bare. Antennal prominence shining black along outer border and brownish pollinose inwardly; antennae small, dark-brown; first segment brown basally and black apically, minutely pubescent; second segment brownish with concolorous setulae along postero-apical margins; third segment broad, rounded, flattened, base reddish-yellow and apical part black, black, hollow, rounded spot along inner side near base; arista longer than antenna, three- segmented, dark-brown; bare. Cheeks shining black; dark-brown pile along extreme side margins. Thorax before transverse suture and pleurae medially densely light yellow pilose; dorsum behind suture blaek with concolorous long pile; scutellum black, dusted yellow; long, yellow pile. r Research work carried on Fulbright Scholarship for 1967-1968. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 285-286. October 1968 286 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Fig. 1. Criorhina rufocaudata Nayar and Cole. Head (lateral view) . Fig. 2. Criorhina rufocaudata Nayar and Cole. Abdomen (dorsal view). Legs dark-brown; coxae and femora black; femora brown apically; black pilose. Tibiae dark-brown at basal two-thirds and reddish-brown apically; brownish pubescent. Tarsomeres and pulvilli reddish-brown, minutely pubescent; claws yellow basally and black terminally. Wings grayish, veins dark; stigma slightly dusted dark-brown; squamae black, dusted yellowish with long black fringe. Halteres dark-yellow, basally yellowish and knob blackish-brown. Abdomen black; first and second segments dusted grayish-yellow; pile scarce, black on first and dense light yellow on second; third segment shining black, golden pollinose at basal two-thirds, pile black with a few long reddish-brown hairs medio-posteriorly; fourth segment shining black; pile black at basal half and reddish at apical part; fifth segment shining black; pile like distal half of preceding segment. Holotype female. — Black Mtn., Lassen National Forest, Cali- fornia, 5 October 1951. The species comes close to Criorhina tricolor Coquillet with face without pile except along the eyes but can be easily distinguished by the black median stripe on face, antennae dark-brown, third antennal segment with a dark, hollow spot, post-alar calli with black pile, veins dark and in differences of the pile on the abdomen. Literature Cited Curran, C. H. 1924. Contribution to a Monograph of the Syrphidae (Diptera) from North of Mexico. Kans. Univ. Sci. BuL, 15 (1) : 146-159. WiRTH, W. W., Y. S. Sedman and H. V. Weems, Jr. 1965. A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Pp. 611-612. OCTOBER 1968] NAYAR & COLE A NEW MALLOTA 287 A New Species of Mallota from North America (Diptera : Syrphidae) J. L. NayarI and F. R. Cole University of California, Berkeley A study of series of specimens of Mallota in California Insect Survey Collection has been rewarding in discovering an undescribed one, which is named in honor of Dr, J. A. Powell, Department of Ento- mology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley. The types will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Mallota powelli Nayar and Cole, new species (Figs. 1, 2) Male. — Length, 14.11 mm. Wing length, 11.66 mm. Eyes dark-brown, con- tiguous short distance below median ocellus; bare. Vertex black, raised upwards; ocelli brown; ocellar triangle area and occiput with long, golden-yellow pile. Frons black, dusted grayish immediately below fusion of eyes; sides pollinose yellow with golden pile. Antennal prominence brownish-yellow; antennae small; first and second segments dark-brown with black setae along apical border of first and caudo-lateral borders of second; third segment about as long as broad, yellow pollinose; arista plumose, dark, longer than antenna. Face golden yellow medially, slightly concave below the antennae, sides dusted with yellow pollen, facial tubercle not prominent; long yellow pile along inner margin of eyes; mouth edge reddish-yellow; cheeks shining dark-brown; grayish pubescence along facial line, dusted with sparse yellow pollen; long, silvery pile along extreme postero- lateral borders. Thorax shining black; anterior part of meso-scutum dusted grayish; bare; rest of thoracic dorsum and pleurae medially covered with yellow pollen and long, dense, yellow pile. Scutellum subtranslucent, brownish-yellow, extreme side margins shining black; long, yellow pile. Squamae dark-brown with concolorous long fringe. Halteres dark-brown. Legs black, coxae and femora shining black; long, black pile; tibiae blackish- yellow, apex of hind tibia more brownish as compared to fore and mid-tibiae; covered with minute, black setae except yellowish near apical parts; tarsomeres of first and second legs black with yellow tinge; yellow pubescent; hind basi- tarsus and second and third tarsomeres brownish and remaining tarsal segments black; clothed with yellow pubescence intermingled with some black spines; claws brownish basally and black apically. Wings grayish, hyaline; basal part of wing along with veins black; prominent brown spot extending from part of bifurcation of radial sector to slightly beyond radio-medial cross-vein; veins yellowish before spot and blackish distally; stigma dark-brown; vein R 4_,.5 forming shallow, broad loop about middle of discal cell. Abdomen dark with brownish tinge, broader than thorax, widest at second segment, gradually narrowing posteriorly. First segment black; grayish pile; ^ Research work carried on Fulbright Scholarship for 1967—1968. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 287-289. October 1968 288 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Fig. 1. Mallota powelli Nayar and Cole. Wing. Fig. 2. Mallota powelli Nayar and Cole. Head (lateral view) . second, third and fourth segments brassy-metallic; dense, long yellow pile laterally, black basally and medially and reddish posteriorly. Segments fifth to eighth with long, reddish-yellow pile. Female. — Length, 15.33 mm. Wing length, 10.33 mm. Eyes dark, widely separated. Frons longer than broad, narrowing above; dusted yellow. Vertex with black pile. Antennal prominence crescentric, deep-yellow; third antennal segment broader than long. Reddish pile more along posterior borders of second to fourth abdominal segments. The species comes close to Mallota hautias (Walker) in the pile on abdomen but can be easily recognized by the plumose arista, face yellow, squamae brown and R 4+5 forming a broad, shallow loop. The drawings of the male genitalia have been presented by Nayar (1968, figs. 54, 55) . Holotype male. — Mckay Creek, Sonora Pass, Mono County, California, 18 August 1966 (C. A. Toschi). 18 paratype males; 8 OCTOBER 1968] DOUTT — SYNOPSIS OF BRACHYGRAMMATELLA 289 collected on 26 July 1966, 5 by P. Rude and 3 by J. Powell at Jackson Co., Mt. Ashland 65-7100 ft., Oregon; 2, Mt. Barcroft, 13,000 ft., California (J. Powell) ; 1, Sagehen Crk., Nevada Co., California, 15 July 1966 (P. Rude) ; 3, Blue Canyon, Sonora Pass, Tuolumne Co., California, collected on 18 August 1960, 20 August 1959 and 30 August 1960 by J. W. MacSwain, D. D. Linsdale and P. D. Hurd respectively; 1, Mono Co., California, 25 August 1954 (H. F. Madsen) ; 1, Lily Lake, Modoc Co., California, 11 July 1957 (J. Powell) ; 1, Saddlebag Lake, Mono Co., California, 27 July 1954 (J. Powell) ; 1, Mckay Creek, Sonora Pass, Mono Co., California, 78 August 1966 (E. lessen) . Allotype female, Tioga Lake, Mono Co., California, 3 August 1956 (C. D. MacNeill) ; 2 paratype females; 1, Lincoln Cr., Sierra Co., California, 24 August 1955 (H. F. Madsen) ; 1, Mt. Ashland, Jackson Co., Oregon, 65-7100 ft. (J. Powell). Literature Cited Nayar, j. L. 1968. Male genitalia of Eristalinae from California. (Syrphidae : Diptera). Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 44 (2): 153-167. The Genus Brachygrammatella Girault (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) Richard L. Doutt University of California, Berkeley For years the sole representative of Brachygrammatella was a single, crushed and fragmented female specimen mounted under a fractured piece of a coverslip on a slide with other chalcids. This individual, collected in 1914 in north Queensland, was described by Girault as Brachygrammatella nebulosa. (Girault, A. A., 1915, Mem. Queensland Mus., 3 : 147). In 1958 a female of a new species of Brachygramma- tella was caught in a suction trap in Pretoria, South Africa, by D. P. Annecke. Six years later additional specimens of this same new species were reared from eggs of Batrachomorpha capeneri Linnavuori (Hemip.) by A. L. Capener and D. P. Annecke at Warmbaths, Trans- vaal, South Africa. In their classification of Trichogrammatidae, Doutt and Viggiani (1968) recognized Brachygrammatella but combined with it, as a subgenus, all of the species described in Pseudbrachy- gramma Girault. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 289-294. October 1968 290 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Fig. a. Forewing of Brachygrammatella nebulosa Girault. Fig. B. Forewing of B. ventralis Doutt. Fig. C. Sketch showing anterior projection of ovipositor, B. ventralis Doutt. Fig. D. Forewing of B. perplexa (Girault). The genus Brachygrammatella Girault is now defined as follows; Forewing rounded apically, disc densely covered with short cilia, vein tracks r-m, Cu, and R partially complete becoming indistinct apically. Costal cell well developed; marginal vein broad, somewhat convex on dorsal surface, heavily setaceous; stigmal vein short, broad. Forewings clouded beneath venation, darkest under stigmal vein. Hindwings moderately broad for family. Female antenna with two annelli, two short and wide funicle segments; club broad at base tapering to point apically, consisting of one or two segments. Antenna inserted above OCTOBER 1968] DOUTT SYNOPSIS OF BRACHYGRAMMATELLA 291 level of lower margin of eyes. Maxillary palp of single segment. Middle femur with two apical spurs, the inner spur large and projecting forward; middle tibia with spur that is spinose or branched; midtarsus with basal segment elongate, longest tarsal segment. Ovipositor not exserted. Key to Subgenera and Species 1. Forewing with setae immediately beneath marginal vein, middle tibia without large spines on outer surface, hindwing with abundant setae, club two-segmented in both sexes. (Subgenus Brachygrammatella) 2 Forewing with bare area immediately beneath marginal vein, middle tibia with large spine or spines on outer surface, female club of single segment, hindwing with setae in two or more distinct lines converging apically. (Subgenus Pseudbrachy gramma) 3 2. Marginal vein four times as long as wide ; setae on marginal vein rather fine and numerous (about 20), continuing on to wing blade in a triangular cluster beneath marginal vein. nebulosa Girault. (Fig. A) Marginal vein about three times as long as wide; about eight large, coarse setae on marginal vein, approximately the same number under- neath stigmal and apex of marginal vein. salutaris Doutt, new species. (Figs. E, F) 3. Ovipositor extended anteriorly in membranous pouch beneath thorax and forward of midcoxal bases. ventralis Doutt, new species. (Figs. B, C) Ovipositor not extended forward beneath thorax. 4 4. Forewings dusky with contrasting transverse hyaline band across wing blade just distad of venation; body colored yellow and black with silver band on dorsum of abdomen near apex; abdomen long, ovipositor well developed. speciosissima (Girault). (Figs. G, H) Forewings not so patterned. perplexa (Girault) —dubia (Girault) S (Fig. D). {New synonymy) When Girault described the genus Pseudbrachy gramma (Girault, A. A., 1915, Mem. Queensland Mus., 3 : 148) he recorded the male as unknown yet on the same page he proceeded to describe P. dubia from a single male specimen. The male club of P. dubia is described as consisting of two segments but the club is missing from the type specimen. No other authentic male specimen of the subgenus Pseud- brachygramma has been seen. Although the type specimens are poorly mounted, there are apparently only primary sexual differences between the two individuals and nothing to justify their separation as two species. It is likely that P. dubia is the male of P. perplexa and they are herein synonymized. Brachygrammatella ventralis Doutt, new species. In the Girault collection at the Queensland Museum there is a single female specimen labeled in Girault’s handwriting '^‘‘Pseudbrachy gramma speciosissima Gir. 9. Indooroopilly, window, January 1930,” and in 292 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Fig. E. Antenna of female B. salutaris Doutt. Fig. F. Wings of B. salutaris Doutt. Fig. G. Wings of B. speciosissima (Girault). Fig. H. Midfemur, tibia and tibial spur, B. speciosissima (Girault). an unpublished manuscript Girault noted that in addition to the type specimen of P. speciosissima he had collected “a female, Indooroopilly (Brisbane) on a window in my home, January, 1930.” This is un- doubtedly the same individual, but the Indooroopilly specimen is misidentified for it is not P. speciosissima and is quite distinct from all other Brachygrammatella because of the anterior projection of the valvifers. It is therefore described as follows: OCTOBER 1968] DOUTT- — SYNOPSIS OF BRACHYGRAMMATELLA 293 Female. — Body length 0.56 mm, abdomen 0.32 mm, ovipositor length along venter from tip of abdomen to forward extension of valvifers 0.44 mm. Thorax and base of abdomen orange dorsally, ventral areas dark brown; apical third of abdomen with small orange band dorsally and large orange spot laterally; legs brown with each segment somewhat lighter apically; head orange shading into light brown on lower face and cheeks; eyes and ocelli crimson. Wings fumated with light band across disc beyond venation. (Figure B). Antennal club typically of single segment, funicle two-segmented. Ovipositor originates near middle of abdomen but valvifers extend in a membranous pouch anteriorly beneath thorax and forward of midcoxal bases. The structure of the ovipositor sets this species apart from all others in the genus. The color and wing pattern superficially resemble speciosissima and this may have caused the misidentification by Girault. The type is in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane. It is under a coverslip with an undetermined mymarid and male trichogrammatid. The locality is Indooroopilly (Brisbane), Queensland, January 1930, on a window, A. A. Girault. Brachygrammatella salutaris Doutt, new species. Female. — Body length from 0.56 to 0.71 mm. Body mostly yellow with about five dark brown cross-bands on abdomen dorsally; the pleural and ventral areas of abdomen and thorax tinged with brown. Coxae, femora and tibiae brown but apices of these segments and the tarsi are pale. Antennae golden; head yellow shading to brown on face and cheeks. Wings hyaline except for dark band across wing at apex of venation. Subcostal and premarginal veins yellow; marginal and stigmal veins brown. Ovipositor originates near middle of abdomen, beneath apex of mesophragma. Club two-segmented and typical of subgenus Brachygrammatella (Figure E). Marginal vein with about eight stout, coarse setae and a similar number clustered in area immediately beneath junction of marginal and stigmal veins. (Fig. F). Male. — Similar to female. The species is related to B. nebulosa Girault, but that species has much finer and more numerous setae both on the marginal vein and clustered in a triangle on the wingblade immediately beneath it. The marginal vein of B. nebulosa is proportionately longer and its stigmal vein is smaller. Described from two females and one male. The holotype female and the allotype male are probably from eggs of Batrachomorpha capeneri Linnavuori on Combretum species with Terminalia sericea, Warm- baths, Transvaal, South Africa, February 1964, collectors A. L. Capener and D. P. Annecke. A paratype female collected in a suction trap, Pretoria, South Africa, March 1958, D. P. Annecke. Type and allotype in collection of Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria. 294 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Paratype at Division of Biological Control, University of California, Berkeley. Summary As presently constituted, the genus Brachygrammatella consists of five species. Four are from Queensland without host records and one is from South Africa associated with the eggs of the hemipteron, Batrachomorpha capeneri. Two new species are described, namely Brachygrammatella ventralis Doutt and B. salutaris Doutt. The species B. duhia (Girault) is a synonym of B. perplexa (Girault). This work was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grants GB 1833 and GB 4658. Literature Cited Doutt, R. L. and G. Viggiani. 1968. The classification of the Trichogrammati- dae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) . Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. {in press). Two New Species of Eristalis Latreille from Western North America (Diptera : Syrphidae) J. L. Nayar and F. R. Cole University of California, Berkeley This paper deals with two new species of Eristalis Latreille from Western North America. The types will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Eristalis californicus Nayar and Cole, new species (Figs. 1, 2) Female. — Length, 11.54 mm. Wing length, 9.54 mm. Eyes dark-brown with a longitudinal stripe of dense yellow hair along inner border. Vertex and ocellar triangle brownish -yellow ; sparsely pubescent. Occipital pile shining yellow. Frons with sides parallel up to about half way from vertex to antennae, widening gradually about one-third width of head at level of antennae; facial stripe broad, brownish and bare. Face produced into a rounded, shining low tubercle. Frons and face covered with long, whitish -yellow pile. Antennae short; first and second segments brownish; third dark-brown with basal grayish margin; arista orange; bare. Thorax shining with brownish hue, without stripe, sides yellowish with blackish tinge from humeral calli to scutellum; yellowish pollinose. Pleurae brownish- yellow; yellow pile. Legs orange-yellow; coxae and trochanters brownish-yellow; femora at base with long, oval patch of short, black bristles imparting black The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44 : 294^296. October 1968 OCTOBER 1968] NAYAR & COLE NEW ERISTALIS 295 Fig. 1. Eristalis californicus Nayar and Cole, profile of head of female. Fig. 2. Eristalis californicus Nayar and Cole, abdomen, female. Fig. 3. Eristalis vandykei Nayar and Cole, profile of head of female. Fig. 4. Eristalis vandykei Nayar and Cole, abdomen, female. tinge to region; fore and mid-tibiae at apical one-fourth, hind tibiae at apical third and tarsi brownish; yellowish pile on legs, tarsal segments with inter- spersed, sparse, short, black setae. Wings hyaline with yellow tinge; stigma, squammae and halteres yellow. Abdomen brownish-yellow; first segment yellow with median, light brownish, wide stripe occupying about one-fifth width of segment; second segment with pair of triangular, lateral yellow spots, basal and sub-apical brown bands complete, joined medially by wide light brown stripe, running about one-third width of 296 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 segment, wide posterior border yellow; third and fourth segments with extremely wide, brown cross-bands medially, anterior and posterior bands narrow and whitish -yellow ; fifth segment with apical, narrow, yellow margin; shining, long, yellow pubescence along borders of segments and small brownish hairs on dorsum of abdomen. Holotype female,- — Redlands, California, 1913 (F. R. Cole). The single vertical band of hair on eyes, a patch of short, black setae on base of femora and band pattern of abdomen should make this distinct species easily recognizable from Eristalis nemorum (Linn.) . Eristalis vandykei Nayar and Cole, new species (Figs. 3, 4) Female. — Length, 12.61 mm. Wing length, 10.15 mm. Eyes with indistinct vertical band of grayish-yellow pubescence running about two-thirds length from vertex towards base. Ocellar triangle black with brownish ocelli; long, black pile. Frons blackish from vertex to antennal bases, upper half shining and lower part dull; triangular area from base of antennae to eye margins with short yellow pile and whitish tomentum underneath. Antennal prominence blackish-brown at basal half, shining yellowish terminally, covered with long yellow pile basally and bare apically. Face nearly twice as wide as frons at vertex, shining, light grayish-yellow; yellow pubescent up to median less prominent central bump; facial median stripe yellow basally, brownish terminally; sparsely hairy and dusted brownish apically. Cheeks and mouth border shining black; bare except extreme outer border with long yellow pile. First and second segments of antennae shining black; third segment and arista brownish; arista plumose at basal half. Thoracic dorsum and pleurae black; without vittae on mesonotum; thin, yellow pile dorsally and dense along lateral borders. Scutellum conclorous with mesoscutum basally but brownish towards tip, covered with dense, yellow pile. Legs black; tips of femora, anterior one-third of hind femur, basal half of fore-tibiae, anterior two-thirds of mid-tibiae, basal half of hind tibiae, metatarsi and second tarsomere of all legs yellow or brownish-yellow; pile yellowish on yellow areas and blackish on black parts and a patch of rounded oval, black, short bristles at bases of femora. Wings hyaline, prominent brown spots basally and medially; stigma dark-brown; halteres pale-yellow; squamae whitish-yellow with concolorous fringe. Abdomen black, longer than thorax, narrowing gradually posteriorly; first segment grayish with concolorous pile; second segment with two dark, opaque bands, posterior wider than anterior; third and fourth segments with only posterior, dark, opaque band and fifth segment with narrow, posterior yellow margin; small, black hairs dorsally and yellow pile along lateral borders. Holotype female. — Longs Peak Inn, Colorado, 12 July 1926 (E. C. Van Dyke) . 1 paratype with similar data but collected on 13 July 1926. The species comes close to Eristalis arhustorum Linn, in the basal joint of middle tarsi being yellowish but stands distinct in the markings of the wings and abdomen. OCTOBER 1968] WASBAUER BRACHYCISTIDINE SEX ASSOCIATIONS 297 Some Sex Associations in the Brachycistidinae (Hymenoptera : Tiphiidae) Marius S. Wasbauer California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento The phenomenon of sexual dimorphism is evident to a greater or lesser degree in nearly all groups of non-parthenogenetic animals, but nowhere is it so strikingly obvious as in certain groups of aculeate Hymenoptera. Thus in the Mutillidae, Tiphiidae, and some Bethylidae, the sexes differ to such an extent that each presents a greatly different array of traits. From a theoretical point of view, this could be of advantage, providing the systematist with a greater number of char- acters with which to define the taxa in a heirarchy. In practice, however, the difficulties encountered in dealing with a duality of phenotypes more than offsets any advantages inherent in such a system. Keys and descriptions must be lengthened or separate keys presented to accommodate the two sexes. The difficulty in associating the sexes rests on several interdependent factors : first, the degree of dimorphism ; second, the state of knowledge of the biology of the organism; and third, the distribution, both geographic and seasonal. In the tiphiid subfamily Brachycistidinae, sexual dimorphism is as pronounced as in almost any group of terrestrial animals, and indeed, at the present state of the knowledge of the group, no morphological traits except size have been found that could be used to correlate the sexes. The biology of the subfamily remains a mystery, although I speculated that the host might be larvae of the Scarabaeidae (Was- bauer, 1966) . Females are rare and the few opportunities I have had to attempt to induce oviposition on possible hosts have resulted in failure. Correlation by coincident geographical distribution is normally a perilous means and depends on location of an area with a depauperate fauna. Fortunately, such an area exists in the Channel Islands off the coast of Santa Barbara County, California. Three of the islands, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel form an east-west chain varying from about fifteen to twenty-eight miles from nearest land. Repeated collecting efforts over the past thirty years have yielded a single species of brachycistidine male, Brachycistis agama (Dalla Torre), from these three islands. Recently, I received a collection of Brachycistidinae from the Los Angeles County Museum. In this material there was a female, collected on San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara County, California, 29 July 1939 by Lloyd M. Martin. Examination of this specimen shows it to be Glyptometopa francisca Mickel and Krombein. A specimen The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44 : 297 - 299 . October 1968 298 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 of Brachycistis agama from the same collection bears identical col- lection data. The presumptive evidence in this case seems sufficient therefore to warrant placing Glyptometopa in synonymy with Brachy- cistis. Another site which has been collected intensively for nocturnal Hymenoptera is the sand dunes near Antioch, Contra Costa County, California. Four species of Brachycistis have been taken there: B. inaequalis Fox, B. agama (D.T.), B. petiolata Fox, and B. imitans Malloch. Of these, only B. imitans and B. agama are commonly taken. B. petiolata and B. inaequalis are known from the area by a single record each. I have seen nine female specimens in the collections of the U. S. National Museum and California Insect Survey from the Antioch dunes, all of which I consider conspecific and belonging to an undescribed species of Stilbopogon Mickel and Krombein. Since Glyptometopa is associated with Brachycistis agama {agama group), it seems certain that the Antioch Stilbopogon represents the female of Brachycistis imitans {petiolata group). The type species of Stilbopogon is S. alutacea Mickel and Krombein, described from Doming, New Mexico. Examination of the distribution patterns of species in the Brachycistis petiolata group shows that Brachy- cistis elegantula Cockerell and Casad is the only one which occurs in the area occupied by Stilbopogon alutacea. It could be logically con- cluded, then, that Stilbopogon alutacea is the female of Brachycistis elegantula. There is another species, however, Brachycistis indiscreta Fox which occurs in the same area, and is in the same size range as B. elegantula. In addition, although the preponderance of characters place it in the agama group, B. indiscreta does show some affinities with the petiolata group. For these reasons, the name S. alutacea Mickel and Krombein should be retained until such time as there is a definite sex correlation with one or the other of the males mentioned above. In summary, the following nomenclatorial action is proposed: Brachycistis Fox Glyptometopa Aslimead (new synonymy) Stilbopogon Mickel and Krombein (new synonymy) Brachycistis agama (Dalla Torre) Glyptometopa francisca Mickel and Krombein (new synonymy). I have selected a plesiotype from the Antioch, California series of females here associated with Brachycistis imitans and have provided a description of it as follows: Brachycistis imitans Malloch Plesiallotype female. — Shining, light medium brown, sparsely punctate, OCTOBER 1968] WASBAUER BRACHYCISTIDINE SEX ASSOCIATIONS 299 punctures shallow, scattered, nearly absent on head and dorsum of thorax, large, shallow, first degree density on proepisternum ; mesonotum with irregular longitudinal row laterally; first degree density on dorsolateral angles of pronotum, mesonotum and propodeum, posterodorsal, posterolateral angles of propodeum and expanded portion of mesepisternum, each pucture giving rise to a long straight straw colored hair; first metasomal tergum irregularly closely punctate, succeeding metasomal terga nearly impunctate except for irregular, curved row laterally. Head. — Subquadrate, broader than long, width at widest point (just above compound eyes) 1.15 the length (measured from vertex to apex of clypeus) ; vertexal impressions short, linear, diverging posteriorly, each giving rise to several stout hairs; compound eye removed from level of posterior margin of vertex by less than twice its length; setose genovertical sulcus attaining level of posterior margin of compound eye; mandibles slender, bidentate, wider at level of inner tooth than at base, antenna somewhat flattened, scape densely setose beneath for its entire length, with dense tuft of posteriorly directed hairs at apex dorsally, the longest hairs of which are longer than the scape; first four antennal segments in a ratio of 3.0 : 1.0 : 1.0 : 1.2; clypeus greatly reduced, visible only as narrow trapezoid extending between centers of antennal sockets ; underside of head shining with sparse but noticeable punctures, each puncture giving rise to a long, slender hair. Maxillary cardo with a group of long slender hairs; maxillary palpi six segmented; labial palpi four segmented; gular orifice relatively short, rounded posteriorly, 0.3 as wide as head at level of mandibular insertions. Mesosoma . — ^Width ratios of thoracic nota: pronotum 1.00; mesonotum 1.11; propodeum 0.86; propodeum trapezoidal, 0.68 as wide at base as at apex; pro- thoracic leg short, tibia without spines on anterior surface, posterior surface with pair of closely set, spatulate spines apically and a longer, more slender spine ventrad of these; basitarsus ventrally with two spines directed posteroventrally, basal spine twice length of apical spine, anteriorly with four comb spines, suc- cessively increasing in length, apex with single long, flattened spine, nearly as long as basitarsus, second and third tarsal segments with long, flattened lateroapical and apical comb spine, penultimate segment with short, sharp apical spine; mesotibia with five ill-defined spine rows on anterior surface, spines short, flat, those of dorsal row somewhat spatulate, metatibia with three ill-defined spine rows on anterior surface, spines longest at apex. Metasoma . — First metasomal segment without distinct petiole; pygidium gently convex without sulci or ridges. Length. — 5.0 mm. The plesiallotype bears the following data: “Antioch, Contra Costa County, California. VIII-19-1952. R. Schuster Collector.” With the kind permission of Dr. J. A. Powell (California Insect Survey) it has been deposited on indefinite loan at the California Academy of Sciences. Literature Cited Wash AUER, M. S. 1966. Revision of the male wasps of the genus Brachycistis in America North of Mexico. Univ. Calif. Publ. EntomoL, 43: 1-96. 300 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 A New Subspecies of Cantharis hatchi McKey-Fender^ (Coleoptera : Cantharidae) Kenneth M. Fender Linfield Research Institute, McMinnville, Oregon In describing Cantharis (Cultellunguis) hatchi, Dorothy McKey- Fender (1950) noted two atypical females from Catalina Island in which the elytra are entirely testaceous rather than piceous and con- sidered them likely to represent a good subspecies. A collection of Cantharidae from the University of California at Davis, California, kindly loaned me by Dr. Robert 0. Schuster, includes a series of eleven males and six females of this variant, all from Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, California. Cantharis (Cultellunguis) hatchi dorothyae Fender, new subspecies Morphologically similar to C. hatchi hatchi McKey-Fender. Testaceous, meta- sternum piceous to brunneous, knees black, abdomen piceous to brunneous, male last two sternites somewhat paler, female apical half of last sternite flavous, 1 This study was supported by National Science Foundation Grant: GB-6283X. Fig. 1. Basal portions of hind leg of male of Cantharis {Cultellunguis) hatchi dorothyae Fender showing conical projection of metacoxa. Fig. 2. Same of normal metacoxa of Cantharis {Cultellunguis) americana Pic. Symbols: MS, hind margin of metasternum; MC, metacoxa; MT, metatrochanter; MF, metafemur. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 300-3Q1. October 1968 OCTOBER 1968] MAYO — NEW MAYFLIES FROM ECUADOR 301 pubescence cinereous, long erect hairs of elytra sometimes becoming aureous to cupreous towards elytral apices; pronotum a little broader than long. Dimensions. Male: Length 7.5 to 10.5 (av. 9.8) mm; width near elytral bases 1.5 to 2.25 (av. 1.87) mm; antennal length 6 to 7 (av. 6.5) mm. Female: Length 9 to 11 (av. 9.9) mm; width near elytral bases 2 to 2.25 (av. 2.1) mm; antennal length 5.5 to 7 (av. 6.25) mm. Holotype male. — Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, California, 27 May 1932. Allotype female, same locality, 16 May 1932. Paratypes, 10 male and 5 female, same locality, 2 May to 25 May 1932. Cantharis hatchi dorothyae differs from C. hatchi hatchi in having testaceous elytra, from other testaceous species of the subgenus Cul- tellunguis (fig. 2) by the conical projections of the male metacoxae (fig- 1)- A large number of C. hatchi hatchi have been seen from continental California. Whereas there is a bit of variation in the elytral coloration, none can by any means be characterized as testaceous, suggesting that C. hatchi dorothyae is confined to Santa Catalina Island. Literature Cited McKey-Fender, D. 1950. Notes on Cantharis III (Coleoptera : Cantharidae) . Pan-Pac. Entomol., 26 (1) : 25-79, 20 figures. Some New Mayflies of the Subfamily Leptohyphinae (Ephemeroptera : Tricorythidae) Velma Knox Mayo Tucson, Arizona Among the mayflies collected by the writer in Macuchi, Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador were three new species of nymphs of Leptohyphes. Also a male specimen with unique genitalia was taken and herein described as a new genus as follows; Cotopaxi Mayo, new genus (Figs. 1-7) Distinguishing characteristics of Cotopaxi include: unique form of genitalia; membranous processes on wings, absense of hind wings, CuP strongly arcuate, cross veins few in number, compound eyes small, well separated dorsally; small species about 4 mm in body length, wings about 8 mm. The type species of Cotopaxi is C. macuchae Mayo, new species. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 301-308. October 1968 302 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 OCTOBER 1968] MAYO NEW MAYFLIES FROM ECUADOR 303 Cotopaxi macuchae Mayo, new species (Figs. 1-7) Male. — In alcohol; genitalia and wing mounted on slide. Length: body about 4 mm; forewing about 8 mm. Head black except for amber circles between eyes and along posterior margin; eyes small, well separated dorsally (fig. 3) ; ocelli prominent; black around bases. Antennae and bases white. Head white on ventral surface between antennae; dorsally along posterior border with arc-shaped areas of amber. Pronotum black, roughened; close examination reveals honeycombed or lacy effect, like faint amber areas under rough black lace; medial triangular area more uniformly black with apex at posterior border of pronotum. Mesonotum amber or yellowish brown; sutures dark brown; postscutellum darker; supported by apparent heavy ridge which extends from posterior border to center of lateral border of posterolateral humps of scutum. Metanotum honey brown with black along posterior border and black markings on posterolateral angles. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown. Venation as in figure 1; few cross veins. CuP strongly arcuate (fig. 1). Wing membranes attach along posterior borders of mesoscutellum and end in free, well developed blackish membranous processes near midline. No hind wings. Pleuron pale amber, sclerites darker; episternum narrowly bordered with blackish brown; blackish at anterior attachment of wing to pleuron. Prosternum with lateral sclerites pale; basisternum blackish, roughened, appearing as soft black penciling on roughened surface. Mesosternum honey amber; pleural tro- chantin lateral to basisternum honey amber, and shiny smooth. Coxae and trochan- ters black anteriorly; femora amber; tibiae and tarsi missing. On tergum first abdominal segment penciled with black; other segments roughened and blackish about Vs of segment along posterior borders; anteriorly and laterally, hyaline; lateral borders with scalloped appearance. Sternites pale. Wing tips and part of caudal filaments still in subimaginal skin. The genitalia are made up of three entirely different pairs of projec- tions which are here described as ventral, medial, and dorsal structures. Before the genitalia were removed the long dorsal structure was extended out dorsally while the ventral and medial structures were directed downwards at right angles to the dorsal structure. The dorsal projec- tions might represent the forceps. The genitalia are oriented on the slide so that each of the three structures is but slightly overlapping so a good view of each is available. It is believed that the ventral structure is the penes; each penis arises from a chitinized tube (fig. 7) . Laterally <- Fig. 1. Wing of L. {Cotopaxi) macuchae. Fig. 2. Medial structure of the genitalia of L. (Cotopaxi) macuchae. Fig. 3. L. (Cotopaxi) macuchae, dorsal view. Fig. 4. Abdominal segments with the three structures of the genitalia of L. (Cotopaxi) macuchae. Fig. 5. Dorsal view of the three structures of the genitalia of L. (Cotopaxi) macuchae. Fig. 6. Dorsal structure of the genitalia of L. (Cotopaxi) macuchae. Fig. 7. Ventral structure of the genitalia of L. (Cotopaxi) macuchae. 304 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 the sperm ducts terminate in what in all probability, are traces of semen, for on the right side is what appears to be a long spine-like process; on the left at the same level is what appears to be a bristle. Along side of the sperm ducts about two-thirds of the way to the center, the structure is sclerotized. The unsclerotized structure of the terminal lobes extends down the center. On the medial structure each lateral process also arises from a chitinized tube, the rim of which appears to be heavily ringed around each base (fig. 2) . This is more clearly visible than in the ventral lobe. Each lateral process consists of an unsclerotized part and a sclerotized area which has prominent longitudinal wrinkles and terminates apically in long bristles. These wrinkled, sclerotized areas of the two processes are also connected at the base to a tubular structure situated between them; this tubular structure projects out ventrally nearly at a right angle to the whole medial structure. The unsclerotized parts arising from each lateral tube appear to form a clear plate behind or dorsal to the wrinkled structure which terminates near the apical lobes of the lateral processes. The dorsal structure is almost twice as long as either of the others (fig. 6). The tubular structure from which each lateral process arises is likewise clearly visible and the rim appears as a ring around each base. The lateral processes are connected near the base and medially by a clear, narrow cross bar. Each process is paired and the apical halves are very heavily sclerotized. The lobes appear blackish and roughened. On the tips are several long bristles. The lateral processes are separated in the apical halves from the clear plate which is about the same length and terminates in several lobes. Caudal filaments were lost with the subimaginal skin. Holotype male imago, 6 June 1945, V. K. Mayo, Braden Quebrada, Macuchi, Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador. In entomological collection of University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Leptohyphes Nymphs According to Allen (1967) “the characters most useful in distinguish- ing the species in the nymphal stage are : ( 1 ) the shape of the femora, and the relative lengths of the fore and hind femora; (2) the shape and length of the fore femoral spines; (3) the number and arrangement of denticles on the tarsal claws; (4) the shape of the abdominal segments; and (5) the shape and coloration of the operculate gills on segments 2.” All nymphs in the genus have convex fore femora, with band of blunt spicules over highest point (fig. 14) . OCTOBER 1968] MAYO NEW MAYFLIES FROM ECUADOR 305 Leptohyphes ecuador Mayo, new species (Figs. 9, 12, 14-17) Nymph.^ — Length body about 4 mm; caudal filaments about 2 mm. General color amber with dark brown markings. Head blackish, mottled with amber, color pattern of adult showing through; two tubercules covered with white spicules on either side of midline between eyes. Mouthparts as in figures 12, 15-17 ; maxillary palpi three segmented. Antennae amber. Pronotum blackish brown mottled with amber; amber along anterior margin; small tubercles covered with white spicules similar to those on head on either side of midline near posterior border. Mesonotum amber with brown markings of adult pattern; wing pads amber; white spicules on mesonotum in elongated clusters on either side of midline near anterior border, and along anterior borders of wing pads; transverse striations between wing pads. Legs amber; fore femora not quite as wide as hind femora; middle femora narrower; hind femora about 30% longer than fore femora. Spines along anterior borders of middle and hind femora. Hind femora with large projection from distal end (fig. 14) ; projection about % length femur, not quite as big around as tibia; blackish lines from base of projection over half way up femur; row of prominent spines from base of projection entire length of femur, more prominent distally; under high magnification these spines appear as flattened scales, blunt at tips. Tip of projection with minute spicules; few striated oval scales on legs. Claws with 5 marginal denticles (fig. 9). First abdominal tergite with wide dark brown band medially, bordered with amber on anterior, posterior and lateral margins, and wider at midline; segments 2-7 with wide dark brown bands across posterior margins of tergites; bands mottled with amber and large amber spots on either side of midline on segments 8-10; segment 10 with blackish line medially and blackish laterally; lateral portions of tergites amber. Abdomen without tubercles, but with few scattered spicules similar to those on legs. Operculate gills amber with dark brown at base. Sternum with adult pattern showing through; abdominal sternites with triangular darkened areas along midline, dark patches laterally; triangular areas reduced to streaks on segments 8-9. Caudal filaments amber. Holotype nymph, 6 June 1945. V. K. Mayo, Braden Quebrada, Macuchi, Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador; in entomological collection of University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Paratypes, 5 nymphs same data; four in entomological collection of University of Utah; one mounted on slide, in collection of writer. There is one other nymph of the genus Leptohyphes with a projection on hind femora; L. tuberculatus Allen from Peru. On that species there are “round median tubercles” (Allen, 1967) on abdominal terga 5-9. There are no abdominal tubercles on L. ecuador. There are no tubercles on head and thorax of L. tuberculatus small tubercles are present on head and thorax of L. ecuador. Leptohyphes albus Mayo, new species (Figs. 8, 18) Nymph. — Length body 5 mm; caudal filaments about 3.5 mm. General coloring pale yellow. Head pale except for eyes and ocelli. Maxillary palpi two segmented 306 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 4 OCTOBER 1968] MAYO NEW MAYFLIES FROM ECUADOR 307 (fig. 18). Pronotum depressed laterally; dark streak on anterior border of pro- notum lateral to midline; smoky patches laterally. Mesonotum pale except for anterior border narrowly rimmed with reddish brown; anterolateral corners smoky with blackish streaks extending from this area near anterior border on either side midline; dark V-shaped mark on scutellum between wing pads; white spicules on anterior borders of wing pads; pale transverse striations between wing pads. Costal margin of wings shows through as black in wing pads of two specimens; this black costal area is the most prominent marking on body. Hind wing pads pale. Spicules on fore femora same length as those of fore femora of L. ecuador, but more narrow; hind femora very wide; much wider than fore femora; flattened and with prominent reddish brown spines on anterior borders; hind femora 20% longer than fore femora; middle femora with similar spines, but not as wide as hind femora. Claws with five marginal denticles. Abdominal tergites smoky with pale yellow intersegmental areas. Operculate gills smoky at base, pale distally. Sternum pale. Holotype nymph, 7 July 1942, V. K. Mayo, Rio Amayo, Macuchi, Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador; in entomological collection of Univer- sity of Utah, Salt Lake City. Paratypes: 2 nymphs, same data, same deposition as holotype. Leptohyphes tacajalo Mayo, new species (Figs. 10, 11, 13) Nymph. — Length body 4.5 to 5.0 mm; caudal filaments about 3 mm. General color reddish brown to light brown. No tubercules, but head and thorax slightly roughened with minute spicules. Maxillary palpi three segmented (fig. 13) . Pronotum with protuberance along lateral margin near anterior border. Fore femora much more narrow than hind femora. Spicules on dorsal surface of fore femora are more narrow and longer than those of L. ecuador and L. albus; hind femora only about 30% longer than fore femora; hind and middle femora with elevated spineless ridge from distal end extending almost length of femur; flat, long blunt spicules prominent on anterior borders of middle and hind femora; tibiae with row of spines on anterior and posterior margins. Claws with three marginal denticles. Scattered spicules on abdomen; abdominal tergites 2-7 depressed on either side forming troughs in which gills lie. Depressed tergites flattened laterally; flattened area hyaline; segments 6-9 with posterolateral pro- jections. Anterior margins of hind femora fit into curves of depressions on abdomen. Sternites reddish brown except hyaline laterally on segments 2-7. Caudal filaments narrowly banded with dark brown near base. Holotype nymph, 6 June 1945, V. K. Mayo, Braden Quebrada, Macuchi, Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador. In entomological collection 4 - Fig. 8. Labium of L. albus. Fig. 9. Tarsus and claw of L. ecuador. Fig. 10. L. tacajalo, dorsal view. Fig. 11. Labium of L. tacajalo. Fig. 12. Maxilla of L. ecuador. Fig. 13. Maxilla of L. tacajalo. Fig. 14. L. ecuador, dorsal view. Fig. 15. Mandible of L. ecuador. Fig. 16. Labium of L. ecuador. Fig. 17. Labrum of L. ecuador. Fig. 18. Maxilla of L. albus. 308 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 of University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Paratypes, nine nymphs same data, same deposition as holotype. Acknowledgments The writer is greatly indebted to Jay R. Traver and to Richard K. Allen for their suggestions in the preparation of this manuscript. Literature Cited Allen, R. K. 1967. New species of new world Leptohyphinae. Can. EntomoL, 99: 350-375. Notes on Larval and Adult Habits of Vandykea tuber culata Linsley (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) James S. Cope San Jose State College, California The tribe Methiini is represented by a relatively large number of species in North America (Linsley, 1962). Information of biology and habits is lacking for the vast majority of the group and plant associa- tions are known for only a few species. Most species are nocturnal and are commonly attracted to light. During the winter of 1964, cerambycid infested branches of the endemic Cupressus Sargentii Jepson from Butt’s Canyon, Napa County, California were collected by the author. Several adult cerambycids were found in their pupal chambers when the branches were split. These beetles proved to be Vandykea tuberculata Linsley, a rarely encountered species which has one of the most limited distributional ranges of all the Cerambycidae of the Western United States. This peculiar species is known only from small portions of Napa and Lake Counties in Northern California (Linsley, 1961). The host, Sargent cypress, is confined to isolated areas of serpentine soil (Munz and Keck, 1959). Further field observations were made at Mt. St. Helena as well as the Butt’s Canyon area over a two year period. Many infested branches were brought in for laboratory observation. These were kept in glass aquaria with screen covers. Notes on larval and adult behavior were made both in the field and the laboratory. The larval feeding and manner of pupation were observed by splitting the wood longitudinally. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 308-313. October 1968 OCTOBER 1968] COPE HABITS OF VANDYKEA TUBERCULATA 309 Fig. 1. Adult male of Vandykea tuber culata Linsley. and mating and oviposition behavior were noted from freshly emerged adults. Adult Behavior Mating . — Mating behavior was observed in the field, but, a more detailed study was made on adults confined in a small glass aquaria. Adults were kept in the presence of freshly cut branch sections of the host plant. In a resting position the male orients himself on a branch with his antennae pointed out and forward. In this manner the lengths of the antennae often encompass two-thirds or more of the branch circumference and can easily detect any females that may be present. Copulation was usually attempted by the males at the first physical contact with the females. As soon as contact was made the male began 310 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 OCTOBER 1968] COPE HABITS OF VANDYKEA TUBERCULATA 311 to orient himself into the proper copulatory position. The front legs clasped the female between her prothoracic and mesothoracic pairs of legs. The male antennae were held up and directed obliquely backward while those of the female were held at right angles to the body. After the male had attained the proper position, the abdomen was strongly arched under and coupling was achieved. After coupling, the head and pronotum of the male underwent a series of jerky up and down motions. Each mating sequence began with 7 to 10 slow definite up and down movements followed by 10 to 12 rapid jerky movements. Several more joinings occurred, each terminating after 10 to 30 seconds of the violent male motions. A similar mating sequence was observed during a study of the habits of Oeme costata abietis Chemsak (Chemsak, 1965) . There was occasional palpating of the female’s pronotum by the male. This action apparently serves to pacify her since the process is repeated during copulation at signs of agitation or attempts to break away. Similar palpating occurs in numerous species of beetles including many cerambycids (Michelsen, 1963, 1966a and b). Oviposition . — Although the host of this species has been known for some time evidence of Vandykea boring has been difficult to observe in the field. It is now known that the larvae feed only in branches and larger twigs that have recently died from lack of sunlight and are still attached to the living tree. Oviposition was induced in the laboratory by placing adults together with freshly cut branch sections of the host. During the daylight hours the adults remained motionless on the underside of the branches. How- ever, shortly after dark the beetles began both mating and oviposition behavior. The females, whieh had apparently been excited by the volatile odors of the wood, began seeking oviposition niches. The anten- nae were extended forward and slightly out over the surface and the extruded ovipositor was rapidly played over the bark. When a suitable niche was found, the ovipositor was inserted into it and the egg was laid after a series of pulsations of the abdomen. Larval Habits The larvae mine beneath the bark, deeply scoring the hard wood and finely reticulating the surface (fig. 1). A fine light colored granular Fig. 2. Upper left: Larval scoring of surface of sapwood of Cupressus Sargentii. Upper right: Larval scoring of sapwood and adult emergence hole. Lower left: Pupal chamber showing hard frass plug. Lower right: Pupal chamber showing extreme length and frass plug. 312 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL, 44, NO. 4 frass mixed with dark pieces of bark and feces gives a speckeled appear- ance to the frass which is loosely packed into irregular galleries. Large quantities of frass are expelled through small openings cut through the bark. By this means a large portion of the gallery about the feeding larva is kept free of any frass. The galleries may be quite extensive often reaching a length of two feet or more. This work bears a striking resemblance to that of Oeme costata (Chemsak, 1965). Although the galleries of separate larvae never intersect, they either diverge or one larvae tunnels beneath the gallery of another and again returns to the normal feeding area beneath the bark. After completion of feeding, the larvae bore into the heartwood and begin construction of pupal chambers. The larvae enter the heartwood at a right angle to the grain. After boring to a sufficient depth a gradual turn is made and an elongate chamber is constructed parallel to the grain of the wood (fig. 1). The pupal chambers vary greatly in length measuring from 1% to 3 inches long. A hard plug is placed at a constricted point approximately at the midpoint of the chamber (fig. 2) . The plug is a hard pellet com- posed of dark fecal material apparently compacted when still moist. The inside edge of this plug is concave and light in color, and does not appear to be fecal material. The time of pupation appears to be very dependent upon weather. Observations made during the winters of 1965 and 1966 show a sig- nificant variation in the time of pupation. During the winter of 1965 with its very mild rainfall, pupation occurred in October and early November. Transformation took place in early January. However, during the very wet winter of 1966-1967 pupation did not occur until late January and transformation took place in late March and April. Adult emergence occurs through the fecal plug and out the elongate, flanged, emergence hole (fig. 2) . The principle flight occurs in late April and May. A small number of individuals do not mature as rapidly and form a secondary flight in late June. The life cycle is always completed within one year. Present knowledge does not indicate that V. tuherculata is attracted to ultra-violet light. I am indebted to Dr. John A. Chemsak, of the University of Califor- nia at Berkeley, for aiding in the preparation of this manuscript. Literature Cited Chemsak, J. A. 1965. A new subspecies of Oeme costata, with observations on the habits of larvae and adults. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 38: 351-355. OCTOBER 1968] WILLIAMS — NEW VEJOVID SCORPIONS 313 Linsley, E. G. 1961. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part I. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 18: 1-135, 35 pi., figs. 1-16. 1962. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part III. Taxonomy and clas- sification of the subfamily Cerambycinae, tribes Opsimini through Megaderini. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 20: 1-188, figs. 1-56. Michelsen, a. 1963. Observations on the sexual behaviour of some longicorn beetles, subfamily Lepturinae. Behaviour, 22: 151-166. 1966a. On the evolution of tactile stimulatory actions in longhorned beetles. Z. Tierpsychol., 23(3) : 257-266. 1966b. The sexual behaviour of some longhorned beetles. Entomol. Medd., 34: 329-355. Munz, P. a., and D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1-1681, figs. 1-134. Two New Scorpions from Western North America (Scorpionida : Vejovidae) Stanley C. Williams San Francisco State College, California Vejovis utahensis Williams, new species (Figs. 1, 2) Diagnosis. — -Moderate to large species of Vejovis, belonging to subgenus Paru- roctonus. Body uniform straw yellow, pedipalps and walking legs somewhat lighter, pectines whitish; lacking stripes and other contrasting markings on dorsum. Pedipalp hands with palms swollen, strongly granular keels and short fingers. Metasoma with inferior lateral keels present and serrate; inferior median keels smooth to obsolete on segment I, smooth to crenulate on II and III, crenulate to serrate on IV. Pectines with 27 to 31 teeth in males, 17 to 21 teeth in females. Vejovis utahensis appears related to Vejovis mesaensis (Stahnke), Vejovis auratus (Gertsch and Soleglad), and Vejovis aquilonalis Stahnke because of similarities in the following characteristics: short pedipalp fingers; terminal teeth of movable finger of chelicerae subequal on both borders ; light yellow body coloration essentially lacking distinctive dark markings; basic pectinal structure similar. Differs from V. mesaensis in the following ways; ocular diad not Vs carapace width; bristles on inferior surface of metasoma not as numerous; pectinal teeth fewer ; structure of inferior keels of metasoma not similar. Differs from V. aquilonalis and V. auratus in the following ways: inferior median keels of metasoma not all obsolete on segments I to IV ; inferior lateral keels not weak and smooth on segments I to IV. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 313-321. October 1968 314 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 1 Fig. 1. Vejovis utahensis Williams, new species. Dorsal view of liolotype. Fig. 2. Vejovis utahensis Williams, new species. Ventral view of holotype. Holotype Male. — Coloration. — Carapace, mesosoma, metasoma and pedipalps uniform, pale, straw yellow except for obsolescent dusky marking associated with median groove of carapace; walking legs similar but lighter yellow; pectines whitish. Only contrasting color markings are: eyes black, most of ocular tubercule black, pedipalp and cheliceral teeth reddish-amber, aculeus and pretarsal claws reddish-brown. Cuticle almost transparent, with heart showing dorsally; internal organs give mesosoma darker tone; cuticle otherwise unpigmented. Carapace . — Anterior margin somewhat convex, with subtle median emargination, set with eight reddish bristles. Lateral eyes three per group, most anterior eye in each group largest. Median eyes on raised ocular tubercule; one large reddish bristle on ocular tubercule posterior to each median eye; diad slightly more than OCTOBER 1968] WILLIAMS — NEW VEJOVID SCORPIONS 315 Table 1. Measurements (in millimeters) of Vejovis utahensis, new species, holotype and allotype. Holotype (male) Allotype (female) Total length 42.0 54.3 Carapace, length 5.3 6.2 width (at median eyes) 3.9 4.5 Mesosoma, length 9.6 17.8 Metasoma, length 21.3 23.0 segment I, length/width 2.9/2.7 3.0/3.1 segment II, length/width 3.4/2.6 3.7/3.0 segment III, length/width 3.6/2.4 3.9/2.9 segment IV, length/width 4.6/2.3 5.0/2.6 segment V, length/width 6.8/2.2 7.4/2.6 Telson, length 5.8 7.3 Vesicle, length/width 3.7/2.0 4.8/2.6 depth 1.7 2.3 Aculeus, length 2.1 2.5 Pedipalp Humerus, length /width 4.2/1.5 4.8/1.8 Brachium, length/width 4.7/2.0 5.3/2.4 Chela, total length 8.3 9.3 Palm, length/width 4.5/2.4 4.8/2.5 depth 3.5 3.6 Fixed finger, length 3.8 4.5 Movable finger, length 4.8 5.6 Pectines, teeth, left/right 31/30 18/17 middle lamellae 23 14 14 carapace width at that point. Carapace surface densely covered with large granules, parts of ocular tubercule also granular. Mesosoma . — All tergites densely granular; median keels absent on tergite 1, granular to serrate on 2 to 7 ; tergite 7 with two pairs of dentate lateral keels. Sternites smooth; one pair of serrate keels on last sternite. Metasoma . — Lateral keels present and serrate on posterior % of segment I, represented by 4 to 5 serrations on posterior % of segments II and III, reduced to a single posterior granule on IV, crenulate to serrate on anterior half of V. Inferior lateral keels present and serrate on all segments. Inferior median keels smooth to obsolete on segment I, smooth to crenulate on II and III, crenulate to serrate on IV, serrate on V. Inferior median keels set with reddish bristles, 3, 4, 4, 5, pairs on segments I to IV, respectively. Inferior intercarinal spaces of segment V with abundant moderate-sized granules. Telson . — Ventral side with 9 pairs of long reddish hairs; vesicle basically smooth and lustrious but with irregular surface; subtle subaculear tubercule. Pectines . — ^23 subcircular middle lamellae in a single row, each with 4 to 7 reddish hairs; about five accessory middle lamellae anterior to the middle row; 31/30 teeth; 7 to 9 reddish hairs on each fulcrum. 316 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 4 Genital Operculum. — Completely divided longitudinally; genital papillae visible externally. Chelicerae. — Inferior border of movable finger crenulate and with four, subtle, unpigmented denticles; terminal tooth of superior border of movable finger smaller than that of inferior border, but these two closely opposed. Pedipalps . — Palm of chela well swollen inwardly, keels pronounced and heavily granular. Fixed finger, movable finger or palm each distinctly shorter than carapace length; fixed finger shorter than palm. Internal margin of finger irregularly scalloped. Standard Measurements . — Table 1. Allotype Female. — Distinctly larger than holotype, but morphologically similar with following exceptions: pedipalp fingers more elongate; pectines with fewer teeth (18/17 instead of 31/30) ; middle lamellae fewer (14 instead of 23) ; with faint dusky pigment underlying carapace; carapace and tergites not as granular; cuticle lustrious in many areas; pectines smaller in size, no genital papillae, genital operculum not completely divided longitudinally. Standard Measurements . — Table 1. Study of 30 paratopotypes indicated little significant variation from the holotype and allotype. Twelve males varied in carapace length from 1.8 to 5.3 mm, while 18 females varied from 2.8 to 5.8 mm, in length. Pectine tooth count varied from 27 to 31 in males and from 17 to 21 in females. One specimen, an adult female, had median eyes and ocular tuhercule completely lacking black pigment, and one juvenile male, presumably a second instar had faint dusky pigment underlining the inferior keels of the metasoma. Several specimens showed a sug- gestion of diffuse dusky pigment associated with the carapace and with the inferior metasomal keels. The holotype male, allotype and 30 paratopotypes were collected 2 MILES NORTHEAST OF Bluff, Utah, 14 July 1967 by S. C. Williams, M. A. Cazier, and J. Davidson. The holotype and allotype are per- manently deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. This species is here named V. utahensis after the state, Utah, in which it was first collected. In addition to the holotype, allotype and 30 paratopotypes, 83 other paratypes were collected from the following two localities in Utah (U.S.A.), San Juan Co.: % mile west of town of Bluff, 14 July 1967 (S. C. Williams, M. A. Cazier, J. Davidson), 46 males, 20 females; Bluff city limits, in flood plain of San Juan River, 14 July 1967 (S. C. Williams, M. A. Cazier, J. Davidson), 9 males, 8 females. This species is a burrowing form found in fine textured sandy soils in a dune type community. Plants were low growing and sparse in the areas most abundantly occupied. The specimens collected were primarily older individuals, young instars were conspicuously uncom- OCTOBER 1968] WILLIAMS — NEW VEJOVID SCORPIONS 317 mon in the samples. The 115 specimens examined were collected during early evening on the ground surface by means of ultraviolet detection. This was interesting because of the occurrence of an electrical storm and intermittent light showers at the time of collection. This species occurred in sandy habitats where the sand was fine textured and packed and was absent in areas where the sand was coarse and unpacked. Lower areas along the San Juan River flood plain were not occupied. This was the only species found in the Bluff, Utah area even though six different localities were sampled. Vejovis gertschi Williams, new species (Figs. 3, 4) Diagnosis. — Small dark species of Vejovis closely related to Vejovis wupat- kiensis Stahnke. Base color of cuticle brownish-yellow with contrasting dark or dusky markings on most body regions; inferior median and inferior lateral keels of metasoma underlined with dark pigmentation; terminal segments of metasoma darker than preceding segments. Carapace with anterior margin somewhat concave and with median emarginate notch; inferior median and inferior lateral keels of metasoma all distinctly developed, these serrate, crenulate or intermediate; pectinal teeth 16-18 in males, 14-16 in females; chela elongate, palm with crenulate keels medially and smooth keels dorsally and laterally, fixed finger longer than palm, terminal tooth on each finger elongate; chelicerae with inferior border of movable finger smooth. May be distinguished from V. wupatkiensis in the following ways: palms without granulated keels on superior aspect; pedipalp fingers not more than twice the underhand length (may reach twice underhand length, however) ; movable finger of pedipalp not distinctly longer than metasoma V, but essentially the same length or less; distinctly smaller species; has more or less dark obsolescent stripes on dorsum of mesosoma; most of body with dark markings. Holotype Male. — Coloration. — Base color of body brownish-yellow, lighter on legs and venter than on dorsum; carapace with dark dusky pigmentation forming marbled pattern; one pair of obsolescent submedian dark stripes on dorsum of mesosoma, sternites without contrasting pigmentation; diffuse dark pigment underlying much of cuticle of metasomal segments and telson; inferior median and inferior lateral keels of metasoma underlined with dark diffuse pigment; telson with one pair of submedian ventral yellow stripes and one similar pair laterally; pedipalps and walking legs with much of cuticle marked with dusky pigmentation; pectines whitish except for some localized, dusky markings on anterior and middle lamellae; keels on palm of pedipalp outlined with dusky pigment, this extending into proximal region of fingers; ocular tubercule black, articulation point of legs reddish, aculeus reddish-brown, pretarsal claws light red. Carapace . — Anterior margin concave, with distinct median notch, this border set with six reddish bristles; anterior border % width of posterior border; lateral eyes three per group. Median eyes on raised ocular tubercule; one large bristle 318 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Fig. 3. Vejovis gertschi Williams, new species. Dorsal view of holotype. Fig. 4. Vejovis gertschi Williams, new species. Ventral view of holotype. on tubercule behind each eye; diad slightly more than % carapace width at that point. Carapace surface densely but irregularly covered with fine granules. A/esosoma.— Tergites densely covered with fine granules; median keels reduced on tergites 1 and 2, but well developed and crenulate on other tergites; one pair lateral keels absent on tergite 1, reduced on 2, granular on 3 to 6, tergite 7 with two pairs of serrate lateral keels. Sternites smooth and lustrious, last sternite with one well developed pair of crenulate to serrate keels. Metasoma . — Dorsal keels sharply serrate on segments I to IV, ending posteriorly on each segment in a distinctly larger tooth; all dorsal intercarinal spaces with small granules. Dorsal lateral keels serrate, crenulate or intermediate on segments OCTOBER 1968] WILLIAMS — NEW VEJOVID SCORPIONS 319 I to V. Lateral keels serrate to crenulate on posterior % of segment I, posterior 14 of II and on posterior 14 of III, absent on IV, crenulate to granulate on anterior % of V. Inferior lateral keels well developed and crenulate to serrate on all segments. Inferior median keels well developed on all segments, these crenulate on segments I and II, crenulate to serrate on III and IV, serrate on V. Inferior intercarinal spaces agranular. Inferior median keels of segments I to IV set with reddish bristles, 3, 3, 3, 2 pairs respectively; inferior intercarinal space of V with three pairs of reddish bristles. Segments I and II each wider than long, segment III as wide as long, segments IV and V each longer than wide; segment V slightly longer than combined length of segments I and II. Telson . — Ventral side of vesicle with about seven pairs of reddish hairs; ventral side of vesicle with broad shield-like granules giving uneven surface texture. Distinct broad subaculear tubercule and well curved aculeus. Pectines. — Appearing to have middle lamellae with 10 subcircular sclerites in a single row; triangular fulcra; 17 teeth per comb; each sclerite of middle lamella with 1 to 3 brownish-red hairs; each fulcrum with about 2 hairs. Genital Operculum . — Completely divided longitudinally; genital papillae well developed and visible externally. Surface of genital operculum with six pairs of reddish hairs, Pedipalps. — Palm only slightly swollen, hand elongate; crenulate keels on medial aspect of palm, the other keels of palm also well developed but quite smooth. Fixed finger much longer than palm, movable finger same length as carapace. Opposing margins of fingers without pronounced scalloping; distal tooth of each finger strikingly elongate. Chelicerae. — Inferior border of movable finger smooth, completely lacking denticles. Standard Measurements . — Table 2. Allotype Female. — Coloration and morphology essentially as holotype with following exceptions: slightly greater total length; slightly wider carapace and mesosoma; chela slightly longer and more elongate; pectines with fewer teeth (14/15 instead of 17/17) ; middle lamellae composed of fewer sclerites (9 instead of 10) ; cuticle somewhat more lustrious; movable finger slightly longer than carapace. Standard Measurements. — Table 2. Paratypes showed little significant variation from the descriptions of the holotype and allotype. Males varied from 0.7 to 3.0 millimeters in carapace length while females varied from 0.7 to 3.5 millimeters in this length, Pectine tooth count varied from 16 to 18 in males, and from 14 to 16 (predominantly 15) in females. Adult females reached slightly larger hody sizes than adult males. Both sexes had body parts with essentially the same proportions except that adult females had a wider carapace and longer mesosoma. The movable pedipalp finger, carapace and metasomal segment V all had essentially the same lengths, but varied in that any one of these body parts could be longer depend- ing upon the individual being measured. All specimens were charac- teristically dark, but some were somewhat darker than others. The 320 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Table 2. Measurements (in millimeters) of Vejovis gertschi, new species, holotype and allotype. Holotype (male) Allotype (female) Total length 23.0 25.2 Carapace, length 3.1 3.2 width (at median eyes) 2.3 2.5 Mesosoma, length 5.9 7.4 Metasoma, length 11.0 11.3 segment I, length/width 1.4/1.9 1.4/2.0 segment II, length/width 1.7/1.9 1.8/2.0 segment III, length /width 1.9/1.9 1.9/1.9 segment IV, length/width 2.5/1.8 2.6/1.9 segment V, length/width 3.5/1.8 3.6/1.8 Telson, length 3.0 3.3 Vesicle, length/width 2.0/1.2 2.1/1.2 depth 0.8 0.9 Aculeus, length 1.0 1.2 Pedipalp Humerus, length/width 2.8/0.8 3.0/0.9 Brachium, length/width 3.1/1.0 3.3/1.1 Chela, total length 4.7 5.3 Palm, length/width 2.0/1.0 2.3/1.1 depth 1.1 1.2 Fixed finger, length 2.7 3.0 Movable finger, length 3.1 3.4 Pectines, teeth, left/right 17/17 14/15 middle lamellae 10 9 stripes on the mesosoma were much more pronounced on some speci- mens but always obsolescent. The specimen from Wildcat Canyon was so dark that color patterns were obscured, but this darkness was probably due to poor preservation. Most specimens had the terminal segments of the metasoma distinctly darker than the preceding ones. First instars were distinct in that: aculeus blunt; pretar sal claws absent; base color white, but with contrasting dusky markings. The holotype male, allotype and 21 paratopotypes were collected one mile east of San Ysidro, San Diego County, California, 31 December 1966 (S. C. Williams). All specimens were collected during the day under rocks and cardboard on a coastal chaparral hillside. The holotype and allotype are permanently deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. In addition to the holotype, allotype and 21 paratopotypes, an additional 47 paratypes were studied. Paratypes were collected from OCTOBER 1968] WICKMAN & SEMINOFF — EIJCROSSUS BIOLOGY 321 the following localities in San Diego County, California (U.S.A.) : Otay River Valley, on Otay Ranch, 31 December 1966 (S. C. Williams) , 9 males, 13 females; Otay Valley, 10 November 1963, (Benny Nava), 2 males, 1 female; Wildcat Canyon, 5 miles north of town of Lakeside, 9 June 1962 (S. C. Williams), 1 female; Alvarado Canyon, San Diego city, 6 April 1957 (S. C. Williams), 7 females; Alvarado Canyon, San Diego city, 29 December 1963 (S. C. Williams), 1 female and 12 first instars (babies were not born until July 1964) ; San Diego city, 24 January 1965 (Susie Kasai), 1 female. This species appears to be one of the more common species in coastal San Diego county, California. Most of the specimens were collected under rocks and other surface cover, but they also appear to be common under flakes of heat fractured granite rocks. In Otay Valley, 12 speci- mens were removed from an active wood rat {Neotoma sp.) nest. In the Wildcat Canyon study area, the specimen was collected in a pit-trap in a chaparral community recovering from a recent fire. Notes on the Biology of Eucrossus villicornis LeConte (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) Boyd E. Wickman^ and Serje G. Seminoff^ Pacif. SW Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Forest Serv., USD A, Berkeley, Calif. Eucrossus villicornis LeConte, a wood borer, has been found in California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico on Pinus spp., including P. jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. (Linsley, 1962) . It is usually active from April to September. Eucrossus LeConte is monotypic in the subfamily Cerambycinae. Craighead (1923) reared specimens of E. villicornis LeConte at Falls Church, Virginia, from P. torreyana Parry collected at San Diego, California. He states: “The work [of the insect] resembles that of Callidium antennatum.^’’ But it is not clear whether he meant the resemblance applied to all of the boring activity or only part of it. Perhaps our observations can clarify this point. In summer of 1965 we reared E. villicornis from P. jeffreyi logs at Hat Creek, California. The logs had been cut in fall of 1964 near Idlewild, Riverside County, California, from trees infested with Mela- nophila californica Van Dyke (Swain and Wickman, 1968). They had ^Present address: Pacific NW Forest & Range Exp. Sta., Corvallis, Ore. ^ Present address : Camino, Calif. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 321-324. October 1968 322 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 4 Figs. 1 and 2. Eucrossus villicornis. Fig. 1. Pupal chamber at end of larval tunnel in sapwood. Fig. 2. Adult exit hole, center; larval entrance hole, upper left; and larval galleries etching the sapwood before entering the wood. OCTOBER 1968] WICKMAN & SEMINOFF — EUCROSSUS BIOLOGY 323 been allowed to winter in place in the field, and were shipped to Hat Creek in May 1965, then placed outside in cardboard-box rearing cages. The attacks by E. villicornis had apparently been made in mid- summer 1964 shortly after the trees died from the M. calif ornica attacks. Infested logs were radiographed and dissected from June until August in 1965 and again in May 1966 to follow the development and work of E. villicornis. Large larvae were found under the bark in June. By July, the larvae were making pupal chambers, and by August, they were pupae and callow adults in the wood. In 38 pupal chambers examined in August 1965, we found; 4 pupae, 18 callow adults, 7 pupae presumably destroyed by ostomid larvae, and 9 pupae dead and covered with a fungus. E. villicornis^ started emerging from the logs at Hat Creek on 12 August, several weeks after M. californica, and stopped emerging in October. One adult emerged in May 1966. All other adults present in the logs were dead. Larvae worked under the bark, making winding galleries until they were late instar in June and July 1965. Then they bored straight into the wood across the grain to a depth of 40 mm (range 12—76 mm). The larval tunnel in the wood was plugged with coarse, stringy frass — all the way to the pupal chamber (fig. 1). The pupal chamber is at right angles to the larval tunnel and parallel with the wood grain. The chamber was 40 to 70 mm long and 6 mm in diameter (fig. 1). Pupae were creamy white, 13 to 22 mm long. In each log dissection they were oriented head downward in the stand- ing log. Our observations on boring habits are similar to those made by Tyson (1966) except the larvae in Jeffrey pine did not chew exit holes through the bark before pupating as he reported for Pinus sahiniana. The adults we reared varied in length from 15.5 to 22 mm. The beetles appear to be nocturnal in babit (Linsley, 1962) ; emerging adults were attracted to a black light placed near infested logs. Adult exit holes in the bark were oval, similar to tbe larval entrance holes (fig. 2) . The adults collected had a 1 : 1 sex ratio. This insect appears to have a 1-year life cycle in its normal range, but when reared further north in cooler climates (as at Hat Creek) it may have either a 1-year or a 2-year life cycle. The dead pupae found in 1965 and dead adults found in 1966 could have been killed by the lindane sprayed on the logs to control M. californica. ® Determined by Dr. J. A. Chemsak, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley. 324 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Literature Cited Craighead, F. C. 1923. North American cerambycid larvae. Canada Dep. Agr. Bull., 27: 41-239. Linsley, E. G. 1962. The cerambycidae of North America. Part III. Taxonomy and classification of the subfamily cerambycinae, tribes Opsimini through Megaderini. Univ. Calif. Publ. EntomoL, 20: 1-188. Swain, K. M., and B. E. Wickman. 1967. Lindane can help control California flatheaded borer in Jeffrey pine. U. S. Forest Serv., Pacific SW Forest & Range Exp. Sta. Res. Note PSW-162, 5 pp., illus. Tyson, W. H. 1966. Notes on reared cerambycidae. Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 42: 201-207. The Immature Stages of Hesperoconopa dolicho phallus ( Alex. ) (Diptera : Tipulidae)^ C. Dennis Hynes California State Polytechnic College, San Luis Obispo There are five species of Hesperoconopa now recorded from the continental United States. The immature stages and their habitats are not described although Alexander (1948, 1949) has indicated that they must be either aquatic or subaquatic. Several larvae and pupae of Hesperoconopa dolichophallus (Alex.) were taken in the backwaters and small tributaries of the White River in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. Second, third, and fourth instar larvae, and pupae were found in patches of fine to coarse sand which were submerged beneath depths of one to twelve inches of swiftly flowing, cold water. Pupae were also taken from habitats where the water had recently receded. The larvae are difficult to separate from those of the genus Dicranota, with which they are associated, because of similarity of body coloration, but closer examination reveals the typical eriopterine head capsule of Hesperoconopa. The following description is based on ten last instar larval specimens and will serve for all instars except the first, which has not been observed. The pupal description is based on one male and seven female specimens. Hesperoconopa dolichophallus (Alexander) Last Instar Larvae . — Length 10.4-12.6 mm; dextrosinistral and dorsoventral diameters both 0.5-0.6 mm. Body brown, elongate, vermiform, tapering slightly anteriorly. Seventh abdominal segment with dark ring of setae at posterior margin ; ^ This investigation is supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB-4532. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 324-327. October 1968 OCTOBER 1968] HYNES IMMATURE STAGES OF HESPEROCONOPA 325 2 3 4 Fig. 1. Lateral view of terminal segments of H. dolichophallus. Fig. 2. Lateral view of anterior end of H. dolichophallus. Fig. 3. Lateral view of female cauda of H. dolichophallus. Fig. 4. Lateral view of male cauda of H. dolichophallus. occasionally expanded because of invagination of terminal segments. Ninth abdominal segment extremely setulose, with elongate pencils of setae (fig. 1), bifurcate at extreme tip, lacking spiracles. Four opaque, white anal lobes, posterior pair slightly longer than anterior pair, latter often retracted in preserved specimens. Length of head capsule 0.425-0.442 mm; dextrosinistral diameter at mandibular articulation 0.102-0.119 mm; antennal length and width subequal; maxillae bilobed and blunt with anterior apices not extending beyond anterior margin of labrum; lateral and ventral bars spatulate, directed sharply mesad at posterior margins. 326 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 ventral bars blunt with no teeth at anterior ends; dorsal bars not spatulate pos- teriorly; ocular plates membranous except for area just anterior to premaxillary suture; anteclypeal fold from posterior edge of mandibular articulation curved mesally and cephally continuing caudally to slightly arcuate antennal buttress; lateral bar separated from antennal buttress and dorsal bar by suture; lateral areas of clypeus lightly sclerotized back and slightly beyond level of posterior margin of antennal buttress, medial area membranous; frons membranous to posterior quarter of head capsule; posterior quarter of frontal area sclerotized on either side of membranous medial area, joining at tip with no apparent suture. Pupa . — Length 5. 6-7.0 mm; females slightly longer than males; dextrosinistral and dorsoventral diameters both 0.79-0.90 mm. Body terete, gradually tapering from thorax to cauda, thorax and wing pads black, abdomen white with cauda dark brown to black. Cephalic crest bearing two tubercles on either side of midline, ventral tubercles smaller, dorsal tubercles curving ventrally, with elongate setae at tip; pronotum smooth, dark brown to either side of medial white vitta, lateral edge with three elongate setae; anterior margin of mesonotum (fig. 2) with two or three irregular spines adjacent to midline, shorter spinous processes scattered over surface extending from pseudosuture over dorsal crest to just beyond midlength of notum; face of dorsal crest dark brown, remainder of notum light brown, mesonotal breathing horns absent, or at most, represented by small patch of delicate, short setae, metanotum slightly darkened and roughened by small folds medially, armed with four setae near lateral margins, bases of halteres bulbous. Roughened area on anterior third of abdominal segments three through seven, elongate pencils of setae present on all segments. Eye sheath roughened with two small spines arranged transversely on scape, pedicle, and first flagellar segments, one spine on each following segments progressively smaller toward tip of flagellar sheath; leg sheaths roughened with outer sheaths extending nearly to posterior margin of roughened area of third abdominal segment. Female cauda (fig. 3) with dorsal ventral sheath curving upward with tip having spines directed abruptly basally and laterally, ventral sheaths elongated with tips angling dorsally, then curving ventrally; male cauda (fig. 4) with black tubercle armed with yellow spine arising from outer ventral margins of both sheaths of outer dististyles, second set of spinous tubercles arising from tips of tergal arms, directed dorsally and caudally. The larvae of this genus may be separated from the larval forms of all other genera on the basis of the cone-shaped caudal end. The pupal forms may also be readily identified by the retention of this structure as a finger-shaped projection on the homologous segments of the pupal cauda. Characteristics such as the elongate pencils of setae, reduction of the pupal breathing horns, and the body movements of Hesperoconopa are very similar to those of the genus Cryptolabis (Hynes, 1963) and to a lesser extent the genus Rhabdomastix, and must indicate the close relationship of these genera. Literature Cited Alexander, C. P. 1948. Records and descriptions of North American crane-flies (Diptera). Part VII. The Tipuloidea of Utah, I. Amer. Midland Natur., 39: 1-82, 62 figs. OCTOBER 1968] GUSTAFSON & LANE — SALT MARSH INSECTS 327 1949. Records and descriptions of North American crane-flies (Diptera) . Part VIII. The Tipuloidea of Washington, I. Amer. Midland Natur., 42: 257-333, 65 figs. Hynes, C. D. 1963. Description of the immature stages of Cryptolabis magnistyla Alexander (Diptera: Tipulidae). Pan-Pac. EntomoL, 39: 255-260. An Annotated Bibliography of Literature on Salt Marsh Insects and Related Arthropods in California Joel F. Gustafson and Robert S. Lane San Francisco State College, California The Pacific Coast Entomological Society in 1966 established a special committee whose concern was to be “the salt marsh habitat.” The Society voted to undertake the encouragement of the publication of notes and observations of insects and other related arthropods of the salt marsh, particularly of central California. In order to facilitate such work, the following annotated bibliography is presented. Standard references, indexes and abstracts were employed in develop- ing this bibliography. Only references appropriate to California are included in this manuscript. An extended series of references on salt marsh arthropods are on file at the Entomology Departments of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco and at San Francisco State College. This bibliographic file will be kept as current as possible. The greatest share of the references in the literature refer to European salt marshes. It is our opinion that a considerable body of information exists in the literature relating to the species of terrestrial arthropods inhabiting the salt marsh environment. However, most of these sources of information are not available to a search based upon words or phrases indicating the specific habitat. That is, the bulk of the informa- tion extant is contained within taxonomic articles, the titles of which do not disclose the habitats of the species treated. Readers are encouraged to submit additional references based upon their familiarity with the taxonomic literature so that we may expand what we know to be only a first approximation of the existing informa- tion on the terrestrial arthropods of the salt marsh habitat. Aarons, T. 1953. Salt marsh mosquito survey in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1950-53. Proc. Calif. Mosquito Control Assoc., 22: 75-78. (A survey of Aedes squamiger in S. F. Bay marshes.) The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 327-331. October 1968 328 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Aarons, T., J. R. Walker, H. F. Gray, and E. G. Mezger. 1951. Studies of the flight range of Aedes squamiger (Coquillet). Proc. Calif. Mosquito Control Assoc., 19: 65-71. (Contains flight records on A. squamiger and A. dorsalis in S. F. Bay Region.) Blackwelder, R. E, 1932. The genus Endeodes LeConte. Pan-Pacific Entomol., 8: 128-136. (Melyrid beetles collected from San Francisco to San Diego near high tide mark in damp areas under rubbish are described. Biological notes on each are included.) Bohart, R. M. 1948. Differentiation of larvae and pupae of Aedes dorsalis and Aedes squamiger. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 50: 216-217. 1956. Identification and distribution of Aedes melanimon and Aedes dorsalis in California. Proc. Calif. Mosquito Control Assoc., 24: 81-83. (Distinctions based upon larval characters and male genitalia provide identification of the two species. A. dorsalis primarily coastal south- eastern, eastern and northeastern in its distribution in Calif. A. melan- imon primarily central valley in Calif, and with populations in coastal southern Calif, northeastern and eastern; extending east to Colorado and north to Oregon and Montana.) Bohart, R. M., E. C. Mezger, and A. D. Telford. 1953. Observations on the seasonal history of Aedes squamiger. Proc. Calif. Mosquito Control Assoc., 21: 7-9. (Contains egg-pupal development during fall to spring months of a marsh near Bolinas, California.) Carl, G. A. 1937. Flora and fauna of brackish water. Ecology, 18: 446-453. 1 map, 2 graphs. (A brackish water community located at the entrance to Stanley Park, Vancouver, B. C., contains water-boatmen, damsel fly nymphs, and midge fly larvae in large numbers in the mud.) Carpelan, L. H. 1957. Hydrobiology of the Alviso Salt Ponds. Ecology, 38: 375-390. (Discusses ecology of six salt ponds. Presents observations on phys- ical, chemical and biological factors. Lists species of all life (plant, vertebrate and invertebrate) in ponds 1-6 with increasing salinities. Pond 1 contains brackish bay water. Pond 6 contains water about four times that of ocean water.) Carpenter, S. J., W. W. Middlekauff, and R. W. Chamberlin. 1946. The mosquitoes of the southern United States east of Oklahoma and Texas. Amer. Midland Natur., Monogr. 3, 292 pp. {Aedes taeniorhynchus occurs along the Pacific Coast from Peru to California, and breeds in salt marshes flooded by tides or rains. The following are also salt marsh breeders: Aedes dorsalis, A. sollicitans, Culex salinarius, C. bahamensis, Anopheles atropos, and A. crucians bradleyi.) Chamberlin, J. C., and G. F. Ferris. 1929. On Liparocephalus and allied genera. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 5: 137-143, 153-162. (Four species of staphylinid beetles taken from the reefs of Moss Beach, California, are described in terms of their biology, morphology. OCTOBER 1968] GUSTAFSON & LANE SALT MARSH INSECTS 329 and taxonomy. All species were found in rock crevices and under algae, extending out to about the half-tide mark.) Chapman, H. C., and G. Grodhaus. 1963. The separation of Aedes dorsalis Meigen and A. melanimon Dyar. Calif. Vector Views, 10: 53-56. (Description of taxonomic characters that can be used to separate adult females of these two insects. Specimens studied were obtained from larval samples taken from salt marshes in the Eureka area of Humboldt Co.) CoQUiLLETT, D. W. 1902. New Diptera from North America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25: 83-126. DE LA Torre-Bueno, J. R. 1913. Some new and little-known Heteroptera from the Western United States. Entomol. News, 24: 20-23. {Gerris gillettei L. and S. taken from Garfield, Utah, on brackish water. ) Dodds, C. T. 1923. A new salt marsh mealy bug (Eriococcus palustris) . J. En- tomol. and Zook, 15: 57-60. (Description and biology of E. palustris Dodds (Homo.) occurring on the upper surface of the leaves of salt-marsh cord-grass (Spartina foliosa Trin.) in the San Francisco Bay region. Pseudo coccohius claus- seni Timberlake (Hymen.) parasitized a large percentage of them.) Essig, E. 0. 1926. Insects of Western North America. The MacMillan Co., New York, 1035 pp. (Specific references: (1) sugar beet leaf-hopper (Homo.), Eutettix tenellus (Baker), found on annual saltbushes (p. 212) ; (2) Cord grass scale (Homo.), Chionaspis spartinae Comstock, abundant on cord or salt marsh grass around S. F. Bay region (p. 310). (3) Pseudococcus salinas (Cockerell), coastal area of Calif, on salt marsh grass (p. 284- Homo.); (4) P. timberlakei Cockerell (Homo.) — S. F. Bay region on salt marsh grass; (5) Yucca mealybug, Puto ambigua (Fullaway) : infests pickleweed in S. F. Bay region (p. 286-Homo.) ; (6) Trirhabda flavolimbata (Menn) : this Chrysomelid (Col.) is a general feeder on pickleweed in Calif, (p. 472) ; (7) Gerris gillettei Lethierry and Severin (Hemip.) : Western sp. occurring in Calif., Utah, Montana, and Colo- rado. Reported in brackish water in the latter (p. 364) ; (8) littoral shore bug, Saida littoralis (Linn.) : frequent damp and wet areas in marshes, near the shores of streams and ponds in Calif, (p. 365 Hemip.) : (9) the brown salt marsh mosquito, Aedes dorsalis (Meigen) : larvae live in salt marshes and other habitats. Common and troublesome along the Pacific Coast from Calif, to British Columbia (p. 537-Dipt.) ; (10) Calif, salt marsh mosquito, Aedes squamiger (Coquillet) : larvae inhabit salt marshes and tide pools along coast of middle and Southern Calif, (p. 538-Dipt.) ; (11) Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) : reported only from Southern Calif, in West. Larvae live in brackish tide pools along the coast (p. 538-Dipt.) ; (12) Ephydra millbrae Jones: swarms over surface of brackish water pools in S. F. Bay region (p. 609- Dipt.: Ephydridae) ; (13) Ephydra viridis (Hine) — salt marshes of S. F. Bay region (p. 609-Dipt.) ; (14) Scatella intermedia Cresson, Jr.: salt marshes of S. F. Bay region. Nothing known concerning larval habits (p. 609-Dipt.) .) 330 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL, 44, NO. 4 Ferris, G. F. 1918. The California species of mealy bugs. Stanford Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser., 78 pp. (Morphology of Trionymus distichlii Ferris distributed along the Pacific Coast of Calif, on the leaves or in the axils of salt marsh grass {Distichlis spicata) — pp. 69-70. Often associated with Pseudococcus salinas (Cockerell) pp. 52-53, and P. timberlakei Ckll. — p. 54. The latter is known only from the San Francisco Bay region.) Horn, G. H. 1893. The Galerucini of Boreal America. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 20: 57-144. {Trirhabda spp. are covered on pages 63 to 73. Description of T. flavolimbata (Mann), a general feeder on pickleweed in Calif, and southern Oregon (Coleoptera) .) Hutchinson, G. E. 1931. On the occurrence of Trichorixa Kirkaldy (Corixidae, Hemiptera-Heteroptera) in salt water and its zoogeographical signif- icance. Amer. Natur., 65: 573-574. (A single species of Trichorixa Kirkaldy (T. Wallengreni) ranges across the Pacific from California to China.) Jones, B. J. 1906. Catalogue of the Ephydridae, with bibliography and descrip- tion of new species. Univ. Calif. Publ., Tech. Bull., Entomol., 1: 153-198. (Description of Ephydra millbrae which is quite common along the southwest shore of San Francisco Bay (esp. about Millbrae). They breed in salt marsh pools relatively unaffected by the tide and with a salinity value often much greater than that of the bay itself (up to 4.2% ) . Puparia frequently parasitized by Chalcid flies as they float on the water surface attached to pieces of vegetation.) Lowe, H. J. 1932. Observations on the breeding habits of Aedes squamiger. Proc. 3d Ann. Conf. Mosquito Abt. Offic. Calif., paper no. 1. Luxton, M. 1964. Some aspects of the biology of salt-marsh Acarina. Acaro- logia, fasc. h. s. (Contains a good introduction to ecology of salt-marsh Acarina, based upon studies in South Wales.) Mulhern, T. D. 1963. Mosquito control technology in wildlife areas. Calif. Vector Views, 10: 39-42. (The coastal tidal marshes about San Francisco Bay represent one of the wildlife areas of concern to mosquite control workers in Calif., and as such it is recommended that natural control methods be sought where insecticidal control may be impractical. Principally concerned with Aedes dorsalis.) Saunders, L. G. 1928. Some marine insects of the Pacific Coast of Canada. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 21: 521-545. (Taxonomy and biology of 8 species of intertidal insects (Dipt. & Col.) collected on the West Coast of British Columbia. Larvae and pupae were found in the algal growths on the rocks, or swarming nearby when the tide was receding.) Smith, L. M., and H. Lowe. 1948. The black gnats of California. Hilgardia, 18: 157-183. (The Bodega black gnat, Holoconops kerteszi Kieffer, spends its larval stage in damp sand at or slightly above high-tide level at the borders OCTOBER 1968] GUSTAFSON & LANE SALT MARSH INSECTS 331 of brackish water pools (where the salt concentration of the sand is roughly 640 ppm) . Adults emerge from mid-April until early October, and feed on man, domestic animals, and birds.) Van Dyke, E. C. 1918. New inter-tidal rock-dwelling Coleoptera from California. Entomol. News, 29: 303-308. (Description of three new species of beetles collected along the Calif. Coast in the crevices of rocks so situated that they are submerged by high tides (Carabidae: Thallassotrechus nigripennis ; Hydrophilidae : Ochthebius lapidicolis ; Eurystethidae : Eurystethes siibopacus) .) WiRTH, W. W. 1949. A revision of the clunionine midges with descriptions of a new genus and four new species (Diptera: Tendipedidae) . Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 8: 151-182. (The following species are reported from the California coast: Eret- moptera browni Kellogg, Tethymyia aptena Wirth, Telmatogeton mac- swaini Wirth, Paraclunio trilobatus Kieffer, and Paraclunio alaskensis (Coquillett) .) To assist readers wishing to know more about the salt marsh com- munity, the additional references are offered as an introduction into the literature of the salt marsh habitat. Chapman, V. J. 1960. Salt Marshes and Salt Deserts of the World. Interscience Pub. Inc., N. Y., pp. 392, figs, and photos. (Contains taxonomic and ecological treatments of plants and dynamics of salt marsh and saline habitats.) Hedgpeth, J. W. 1957. Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology. Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir 67, 1296 pp. (An outstanding treatment of all phases of shore, estuarine, sand, mudflat, and marsh studies.) Hinde, H. P. 1954. The vertical distribution of salt marsh phanerogams in relation to tide levels. Ecol. Monogr., 24: 209-225. (The vertical distribution of three major seedplants from a salt marsh on San Francisco Bay is controlled by the degree of tidal emer- gence and submergence to which they are subjected.) Lauff, G. H. 1967. Estuaries. Report 10, Amer. Assn. Advance. Sci., 776 pp. (An excellent treatment of the dynamics of estuarine biology.) Mason, H. L. 1957. A Flora of the Marshes of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, p. 878. (Primary emphasis is on lowland marsh plants of California.) Purer, E. A. 1942. Plant ecology of the coastal salt marshlands of San Diego County, California. Ecol. Monogr., 12: 82-95. (Nine species of salt marsh plants from 12 stations located in San Diego Co. were studied as to their distribution, habitat, and individual characteristics.) 332 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Overlap Between Nearetic and Neotropical Faunae of Tabanidae in Western North America (Diptera) Cornelius B. Philip National Institutes of Health, Pub. Health Serv., U. S. Dept. H. E. W., Hamilton, Montana Among insects, Diptera are some of the most widely dispersed and successful colonizers and Tabanidae are good representatives of the strong fliers. Oldroyd (1954) propounded a theory that tabanids radiated into both southern and northern hemispheres from progenitors which originated in South America and he cites evidence based on the African fauna to support this novel idea. Even if so, this does not necessarily explain why primitive elements of this family in North America have moved less strongly into the temperate and boreal areas than have the more specialized chrysopines and tabanines. There has not been systematic or intensive collecting of tabanids in the predominantly arid regions on either side of the western political United States— Mexican border, typified by the Sonoran Desert (Shreve, 1951) or Sonoran Biotic Province (Dice, 1943). However, available data indicate that there has been penetration and movement southward as well as northward by these flies in modern times. Western parts of Merriam’s Lower Sonoran Zone also coincide but the tabanid fauna in the eastern extension of this zone is of only incidental interest in the present discussion. The relative paucity of tabanid collections in the expansive arid areas of southwestern U.S.A. and northwestern Mexico probably also relates in part to stringencies of breeding of these mostly semi-aquatic insects. The available distributional records of the indigenous tabanid fauna reinforce observations that the frequent southern geographic limitation of the Nearetic fauna to the area north of the political boundary of Mexico is arbitrary and one more of convenience than of biological reality. Nevertheless, there is no practical, comprehensive zoogeographic substitute for these two regional concepts. The tabanid fauna indigenous to the area discussed below comprises 3 genera of the phylogenetically primitive subfamily Pangoniinae, namely, Apatolestes, Esenbeckia, and Pilimas ; 2 of the more specialized Chrysopinae — Silvius and Chrysops; and 5 of the higher Tabaninae — Bolbodimyia, Stenotabanus, Leucotabatius, Hybomitra, and Tabanus. It seems not unlikely that a sixth tabanine genus, Haematopota {H. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 332-335. October 1968 OCTOBER 1968] PHILIP TABANIDAE IN THE SOUTHWEST 333 americana Osten Sacken extends from Alaska to New Mexico), will be found extending southward along mountain chains into northern Mexico, The number of species (only 21 plus infraspecific forms) that have been actually recorded on both sides of the political border west from New Mexico and the State of Chihuahua is relatively small (Philip, 1965). These are Apatolestes aitkeni Philip, Esenbeckia delta Hine, and E. incisuralis (Say) (Ariz., Sonora) ; Silvias (Assipala) ceras Townsend (N. Mex., and Chih. to Chis.) ; Pilimas californica (Bigot), Chrysops coquilleti Hine, and C. noctifer Osten Sacken (Calif., Baja Calif.), C. facialis Townsend (Ariz., N. Mex., Sonora), C. pachycerus Williston (Calif, to Utah, Baja Calif., Sonora) and var. hungerfordi Brennan (Ariz., N. Mex., Chih.), C. virgulatas Bellardi (Calif, to Tex., Sonora and Chih. to Jalisco), C. wileyae Philip (Oreg. and Utah to Calif., Baja Calif.) ; Bolbodimyia atrata (Hine) (Ariz., Sinaloa to Jalisco) ; Stenotahanus flavidus (Hine) (Ariz., Sonora), S. guttatulus (Townsend) (N. Mex., Utah, Chih.); Leucotabanus ambiguus Stone (Ariz., Gnat.) ; Tabanus dorsifer Walk. (Ariz., Tex., Chih. to Nueva Leon and Chis.), T. erythraeus (Bigot) (Ariz., Chih. to Mor. and Vera Cruz), T. gilanus Townsend (Ariz. to Texas, Chih.), T. laticeps Hine (Pac. Coast to Baja Calif., courtesy of Dr. L. L. Pechuman), T. morbosus Stone (Ariz., Sonora), T. punctifer Osten Sacken (western U.S.A., Baja Calif, to Chih.), r. subsimilis Bellardi (Ariz. to eastern U.S.A., Chih. to northeastern and central Mex.) and ssp. nippontucki Philip (Calif, to Tex., Sonora and Chih. to Jalisco) . This limited total of 4 pangoniine species, 7 chrysopines, and 11 tabanines is nearly twice as great, however, as the combined totals to the east of 2 chrysopines and 6 tabanines found on both sides of the Texas-Mexican border, and of 1 chrysopine and 3 tabanines found both in southern Florida and the Neotropical Antilles. These totals of over- lapping species are hardly significant in comparison to the remaining totals of 271 recognized Nearctic and 196 Mexican-Antillean species (excluding infraspecific forms). Practically no tabanid species that are not rarities are known to be precinctive in the Sonoran and adjacent desert areas. One such, how- ever, is Chrysops latifrons Brennan which is restricted to, but abundant in the Death Valley area in southern Nevada and southwestern Califor- nia. Species that are customary inhabitants of the arid environments, such as Esenbeckia delta Hine, certain of the pachycera group of Chrysops, Stenotahanus cribellum (Townsend), and Tabanus subsimilis ssp. nippontucki Philip, are customarily more pallid than their con- geners. The Ricardoa group of the genus Esenbeckia is typically Mexican while only 3 of 27 species have crossed into U.S.A. 334 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 The remarkable genus Apatolestes has had a burst of speciation of 12 species in southern California and Baja California with extensions of 4 into Arizona and of one as far north as western Montana. Only 4 have crossed into northwestern Mexico. It is puzzling that certain obvious relatives occur in Chile but none are known in between. Bolbodimyia atrata (Hine) , a member of a genus elaborated in the Neotropics, has become isolated in famed Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona, where several females have been taken over the years. The male of this distinctive species was described from Jalisco, Mexico (Philip, 1954) and Dr. L. L. Pechuman has seen it from Durango and Sinaloa. Silvius subgenus Assipala is represented by 4 species from Central America and Mexico. One of them, S. ceras Townsend, has moved northward into the Gila River drainage of New Mexico and it extends south as far as Chiapas. Other species restricted to the desert areas in southern Arizona and/or New Mexico, and adjoining northern states of Mexico are: Apatolestes aitkeni Philip, C. facialis Townsend, and Stenotahanus flavidus (Hine) . Reverse penetration from the north has undoubtedly occurred in the case of the large, aggressive Tahamis punctifer Osten Sacken which occurs not uncommonly from southwestern Canada throughout western U.S.A. A specimen has been taken as far south as the tip of Baja California at San Luis del Cabo ; others in Sonora and Chihuahua. This species has a preference for breeding in brackish water; a female was identified by a farm laborer who killed it while biting him on the neck in salt flats near Battle Mountain, Nevada. He was later hospitalized with tularemia and a primary ulcer at the site of the bite. “Deer fly fever,” a form of tularemia, has been reported in several western states, and the usually associated vector, Chrysops discalis Will., is another brackish water breeder. No cases of this form of the disease have been reported from the actual Sonoran Desert Region (Jellison, 1950) nor are there other known disease agents transmitted by tabanids there. This is very probably because no suitable search has been made locally for pathogens in these bloodsucking flies. Tularemia (form unspecified) has been reported (unpublished) by American physicians in residents south of the border below Yuma, Arizona. The genus Hybomitra has been an especially vigorous colonizer in temperate, boreal, and circumpolar regions of the northern hemisphere with southern extensions in North America along the principal mountain chains in eastern and western U.S.A. Early reports of 2 Nearctic species in mountainous areas of central Mexico have not since been confirmed, but subsequent description of 3 other species described only OCTOBER 1968] PHILIP — TABANIDAE IN THE SOUTHWEST 335 from Mexico strongly suggests that such known “expansionists” among the group as H. lasiophthalma (Macquart) will eventually be found to have penetrated south along Mexico’s western mountain chains. In summary, while certain tabanid species are characteristically found in the Sonoran Desert and adjacent areas, present information is still inadequate for data on the Tabanidae to contribute significantly to the overall faunal picture. Literature Cited Dice, L. R. 1943. The biotic provinces of North America. Univ. Mich. Press, 78 pp. Jellison, W. L. 1950. Tularemia: Geographical distribution of “deerfly fever” and the biting fly, Chrysops discalis Williston. Public Health Rep., 65: 1321-1329. Oldroyd, H. 1954. The horse-flies of the Ethiopian Region. Volume III. Sub- families Chrysopinae, Scepsidinae and Pangoniinae and a revised clas- sification. 489 pp. Philip, C. B. 1954. New North American Tabanidae (Diptera) . Part V. A striking new Bolbodimyia from Mexico. Wasmann J. Biol., 12: 29-33. 1965. Family Tabanidae. In Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H., and Coulson, J. R. (eds.) : A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. U. S. Dep. Agr. Handb. No. 276, pp. 319-342. Shreve, F. 1951. Vegetation of the Sonoran desert. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. No. 591, 192 pp. QPbttuarij Nnltrp Howard Lester McKenzie, President-elect of the Society, died of cancer on 17 October 1968. Mr. McKenzie was internationally known for his systematic research on mealybugs. He was an Entomologist in the Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis. 336 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 A Redescription of Acanthoscelides aequalis (Sharp) (Coleoptera : Bruchidae) Clarence D. Johnson Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff A recent study of the types of Acanthoscelides (Bruchus) aequalis Sharp has revealed that this species is one of several closely related species that are separated most readily by critical study of the male genitalia. These species are primarily Mexican in distribution but A. aequalis is found as far north as southern Texas. Sharp’s original description is such that it is impossible to identify and distinguish between this species and those that are closely allied to it. A redescrip- tion and synonymy follows. Acanthoscelides aequalis (Sharp) Bruchus aequalis Sharp, 1885: 481 (Mexico: Guanajuato, Toxpam) ; Schaeffer, 1907: 292, 304; Fall, 1910: 173; Pic, 1913: 13. Mylahris aequalis: Leng, 1920: 305. Acanthoscelides aequalis: Blackwelder, 1946: 758; Bridwell, 1952: 50 (host plants) ; Kingsolver, 1965: 128. Male. — Integument Color. — Head black, labrum red-orange; basal four antennal segments red-orange, apical seven dark brown; thorax and abdomen black; pro- coxa, basal one-third to one-half of meso- and metafemora and sometimes hind tarsus brown, remaining portions of legs red-orange or legs all red-orange except for procoxa. Vestiture. — Body with white, golden, or intermixed white and golden recumbent pubescence; eye with medial fringe of sparse white hairs; postocular lobe with short white setae; postocular patch of dense white hairs; pronotum and elytron clothed with moderately dense white or golden pubescence; mesepimeron, mes- episternum, metasternum and metepimeron clothed with moderately dense white pubescence; metepistemum and lateral one-fifth to one-fourth of hind coxa dense white pubescent; abdominal sterna with uniform dense white pubescence; pygidium with dense white or intermixed white and golden pubescence. Structure, Head. — Short and broad, densely punctulate; frons with median glabrous elevated line extending from frontoclypeal suture to vertex; usually vague transverse sulcus between upper limits of eyes; distance between eyes about as wide as eye width; eye cleft to two-thirds its width by a white pubescent vertical sulcus above antennal base; in lateral view venter of eye parallel with imaginary extension of line parallel with ventral surface of labium; antennal segment one filiform, two, three and four moniliform to filiform, four sometimes shorter than adjacent segments, five to ten usually serrate, eleventh subacute apically; five and eleven about as long as broad, six to ten about twice as broad as long (fig. 4) ; antenna reaching to humerus or slightly beyond. Prothorax. — Disk campanulate; punctulate with many scattered coarser punc- The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 44: 336-339. October 1968 OCTOBER 1968] JOHNSON BRUCHID REDESCRIPTION 337 Figs. 1-5. A. aequalis. Figs. 1-3, male genitalia. Fig. 1. Ventral view median lobe and endophallus. Fig. 2. Lateral view median lobe, endophallus and para- meres. Fig. 3. Ventral view parameres. Fig. 4. Male antenna. Fig. 5. Hind leg. 338 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 tures; narrow punctulate fringe at apex; short median impressed line on median basal lobe. Meso- and Metathorax.- — Scutellum black, quadrate, clothed with moderately dense to dense recumbent white or white and golden hairs; elytron slightly less than twice as long as broad; striae deep, punctate, strial intervals punctulate; distance between striae at base subequal; humerus punctulate, glabrous, shiny black; mesepimeron, mesepisternum, metasternum, metepimeron and hind coxa punctulate, metepisternum with some coarser punctures; hind femur constricted basally and apically, expanded medially to about width of coxa (fig. 5) ; ventral surface without carina, sometimes with three or four small acuminate teeth on inner ventral margin; femur armed with a subapical acuminate spine one to one and one-half times as long as width of tibial base and two acuminate spines about one-third as long as first spine; tibia with lateral and posteromedial glabrous longitudinal carinae; anterior carina obsolete, may be represented by a dark line; apex with three to four spinules, spine one-sixth or less as long as first tarsomere; without sinus at base of spine; first tarsomere with anterior glabrous longitudinal carina, usually lacks lateral and medial carinae. Abdomen. — First sternum slightly flattened medially, posterior margin not con- vex, in a straight line, about as long as remaining sterna; sterna two to four unmodified, fifth emarginate; pygidium punctate, convex in lateral view. Genitalia. — Figs. 1, 2, 3. Female. — Similar to male but last abdominal sternum subemarginate. Length, Pronotum-Elytra. — 1.2 to 1.6 mm. Host Plants. — Pseudabutilon lozani (Rose) : Mexico: Colonia, Anabuac, 14 May 1941 (Bibby & Morena). Literature . — Malvaceae, Bridwell, 1952: 50. Location of Type. — British Museum (Natural History). Specimens Examined. — Ten, from the following localities: Texas: Cameron Co.: Brownsville: VI (Wickham). Mexico: Guanajuato: Guanajuato (Salle). Sinaloa: 12 mi. W. Rosario, 30 January 1964, sweeping (P. M. Estes) ; 12 mi. N. Mazatlan, 28 August 1965 (C. D. Johnson). Veracruz: 29 mi. SE Jalapa, 900', 26 December 1963 (C. W. O’Brien) ; 27 mi. NW Veracruz, 300', 26 December 1963 (L. & C. W. O’Brien) . Discussion. — On the basis of external structures, A. aequalis is prob- ably more closely related to Ahutiloneus idoneus Bridwell than to any other named United States form. Information given in this paper and by Kingsolver (1965) allows one to readily separate these two species. The male genitalia of the two species are quite distinct. A. aequalis male genitalia have a short median lobe with a gently rounded ventral valve (fig. 1) ; a distinctive curvature of the median lobe in lateral view (fig. 2) ; and parameres (fig. 3) which are very different from A. idoneus. As with most Nearctic Bruchidae, the endophallic armature with its characteristic hooks, spines, and spinules serve better to separate species than most any character of the male genitalia. In A. aequalis the presence of the nine to eleven small spines disposed medially in the endophallus separates this species from any known to me. OCTOBER 1968] JOHNSON BRUCHID REDESCRIPTION 339 Acknowledgments For the loan of specimens I thank R. T. Thompson of the British Museum (Natural History) ; J. M. Kingsolver of the U. S. Department of Agriculture; L. B. and C. W. O’Brien of the University of California, Berkeley; and P. M. Estes of the University of California, Riverside. I wish to thank the U. S. Department of Agriculture who provided support for this research in the form of Grant 12-14-100-9187 (33). Literature Cited Blackwelder, R. E. 1946. Checklist of the Coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Vol. 4. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 185; 551-763. Bridwell, 1. C. 1952. A new genus of Bruchidae affecting Hibiscus in Argentina (Bruchinae: Acanthoscelidini) . J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 42: 49-50. Fall, H. C. 1910. Miscellaneous notes and descriptions of North American Coleoptera. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 36: 89-197. Kingsolver, J. M. 1965. On the genus Abutiloneus Bridwell (Coleoptera: Bruchi- dae). Coleopt, Bull., 19: 125-128. Leng, C. W. 1920. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America North of Mexico. New York, 470 pp. Pic, M. 1913. Bruchidae. Junk, Coleopterorum Catalogus. pars 55, 74 pp. Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1907. New Bruchidae with notes on known species and list of species known to occur at Brownsville, Texas, and in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sci., Sci. Bull., 1: 291-306. Sharp, D. 1885. Bruchidae. Biol. Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera 5; 437-504, Tab. 36. SCIENTIFIC NOTES Two new parasites of the Douglas-fir gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) A — In 1966 a study of the insects infesting the cones and seeds of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, was undertaken in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California. Only Torymus sp. (Hymenoptera : Torymidae) and Platygaster sp. nr. americana (Hymenoptera : Platygasteridae) (Koerber, 1960, U. S. For. and Range Expt. Sta. Tech. Paper, No. 5; Hedlin, 1961, Canad. Entomol., 93: 952-967) had been reported to parasitize Contarinia oregonensis Foote, the most destructive pest of the Douglas-fir seed crop (Johnson and Heikkenen, 1958, For. Sci., 4: 274-282; Koerber, 1960). During this investigation Torymus sp., Tetrastichus strobilus Burks (Hyme- noptera : Eulophidae) and Zachalochlora milleri Crawford (Hymenoptera : Ptero- 1 From a thesis submitted to the graduate division of San Jose State College, San Jose, California, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the M.A. degree in Biology, 1967. 340 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 44, NO. 4 malidae) were found parasitizing C. oregonensis larvae in their galls. Dissection of C. oregonensis galls revealed the presence of many hymenopterous larvae. Four teneral adults of T. strobilus were discovered. Only one breastplate of C. oregonensis was found, suggesting that T. strobilus is an external parasite of this species. T. strobilus was also observed to parasitize Glypta evetriae Cushman, an ichneumonid parasite of Barbara colfaxiana (Kearfoot). Three T. strobilus adults emerged from the pupal skin of G. evetriae, indicating that it is an internal larval parasite of this species. T. strobilus apparently ean act either as a primary or secondary parasite. Three adults of Z. milleri were also found as external parasites in the galls of C. oregonensis. In both of these two newly- discovered parasitic species only one individual was found with each C. oregonensis larva. Old host records of these two parasitic species were most likely based on their common occurrence in the same group of cones with other seed-destroying insects. Since 1938 T. strobilus has been thought to parasitize the Douglas-fir cone moth, B. colfaxiana (Keen, 1958, U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull., No. 1169) . Z. milleri, similarly, has been reported to parasitize only seed moths of the genus Laspeyresia (Keen, 1958). — Gerald J. Bringuel, University of California, Berkeley. A New Host Record for Anthrax limatulus vallicola Marston (Diptera: Bombyliidae). — Last instar larvae of Anthrax limatulus vallicola Marston (deter- mined by N. Marston) were collected from cells of Anthophora edwardsii Cresson (determined by J. W. MacSwain) 22 miles east of Bakersfield, Kern Co., Califor- nia. Two collections were made; the first on 11 February 1966, and the second on 4 March 1966. The larvae began pupating on 14 March. The pupae were plaeed head upward in 75 mm deep holes in packed soil, which were formed by pushing a pencil into the substrate. The pupae were then covered over with soil, and the surface was moistened to form a crust in which the emerging pupae could remain upright. This method was apparently not necessary because adults emerged successfully from a few pupae which were placed on their side on the soil surface. Twenty-one larvae were collected and 17 of these reached the adult stage. Adult emergence in the laboratory began between 2 April and 5 April, and extended to 9 May 1966. Eight of the 17 adults emerged between 12 April and 20 April. No bombyliid activity was noticed at the collection site on 2 April 1966, which might indicate that emergence in the laboratory was somewhat earlier than that occurring naturally in the field. Information on the biology of this subspecies (as Anthrax sp., nr. fur) was published by Linsley and MacSwain (1942, Amer. Midland Natur., 27: 402-417). They had recorded this bombyliid from Anthophora linsleyi Timberlake at a site a few miles away from the A. edwardsii locality. An earlier article by the same authors (1941, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 40: 126-137) may also refer to this subspecies. They found primarily larvae of Anthrax sp., nr. fur in a high percentage of Osmia cells, but none of these larvae were able to complete their development, due apparently to something unfavorable in the Osmia cells. At the same locality (3 mi. S. Pittsburg, Contra Costa Co., Calif.) 10% of the A. edwardsii cells were parasitized by this A. sp., nr. fur. A summary of the information on Anthrax limatulus vallicola, as well as the other species in the albofaciatus group, has been compiled by Marston (1964, J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 37: 89-105). — S. Paul Welles, Jr., University of California, Berkeley. OCTOBER 1968] INDEX TO VOLUME 44 341 INDEX TO VOLUME 44 Acarina Acaridae, 70 Acronyches maya, 180 rarus, 181 westcotti, 182 Akre, behavior of liisterids with army ants, 87 Allen, new Serratella, 122 Amphorophora pacifica, 214 Andrena (Onagrandrena) camissoniae, 144 Aneflomorpha martini, 32 rufipes, 31 Aneflus (Aneflus) maryannae, 27 Aneflus (Protaneflus) sericatus, 26 Aneflus protensis pallidus, 142 Anelaphus nitidipennis, 33 Antomartinezius fritzi, 234 Arnaud, note on Ergates spiculatus spiculatus, 81 note on discovery of Thaumalea, 83 note on occurrence of Paradejeania, 85 Atopsyche cordoba, 17 Baetodes spinae, 251 levis, 253 Bedard, sugar-pine cone beetle, 7 Bidentogon helferorum, 198 Bohart, host-parasite associations, 1 new Nyssoninae, 228 Brachygrammatella ventralis, 291 salutaris, 293 Bringuel, note on new parasites of Con- tarinia oregonensis, 339 Buckett, new California milliped, 198 correction, 259 Burdick, note on distribution of Hydro- metra, 81 Buxton, note on separation of Blattella, 168 Cacodmus bambusicola, 269 burmanus, 271 Caltagirone, a new Karpinskiella, 241 Cameron, note on Sirex in smog-killed trees, 168 Cantharis (Cultellunguis) hatch! dorotbyae, 300 Chelonethida, 137, 236 Chthoniidae, 51 Chemsak, new Elaphidionini, 26 Cheumatopsyche pitella, 18 Chthonius (Chthonius) pacificus, 55 Chthonius (Hesperocbthonius) ore- gonicus, 52 Cimex insuetus, 264 serratus, 267 Cirripedia, 236 Clement, nesting habits of Euparagia, 34 Cole, two new Spilomyia, 211 a new Criorhina, 285 a new Mallota, 287 new Eristalis, 294 Coleoptera Bruchidae, 279, 336 Cantharidae, 300 a y a 1^1 a p Cerambycidae, 26, 81, 86, 140, 308, 321 Elateridae, 258 Histeridae, 87 Limnichidae, 236 Melyridae, 236 Pselaphidae, 38, 112 Scarabaeidae, 69 Scolytidae, 7, 248 Staphylinidae, 203, 236 Tenebrionidae, 218, 236 Collections Donated, 257 Collembola, 236 Collins, new Serratella, 122 Cope, habits of Vandykea tuberculata, 308 Corrections, 259 Cotopaxi macucbae, 303 Criorhina rufocaudata, 285 Cryptochia califca, 22 Cupila multifossa, 43 Denning, a new North American Tri- choptera, 17 Diptera Asilidae, 171, 179 Bombyliidae, 340 Cecidomyiidae, 339 Phoridae, 70 Sciomyzidae, 70 Syrphidae, 44, 119, 125, 153, 211, 285, 287, 294 Tabanidae, 332 Tachinidae, 85 Thaumaleidae, 83 Tipulidae, 324 Dolichetropis flavida, 192 Doutt, synopsis of Brachygrammatella, 289 Doyen, phylogenetic position of Edrotes, 218 Edrotes leechi, 218 Edwards, note on Costa Rican Ephemer- idae, 82 Eighme, new Pulverro, 261 Ephemerella sequoia, 122 Ephemeroptera Baetidae, 251 Ephemerellidae, 122 342 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. 44, NO. 4 Ephemeridae, 82 Heptageniidae, 129 Tricorythidae, 301 Epinysson arentis, 229 desertus, 231 torridus, 232 Eristalis californicus, 294 vandykei, 296 Eristalis (Lathyrophthalmus) lalitai, 119 haileyburyi, 121 Evans, Mexican intertidal insects, 236 Fellin, note on trapping male Pleocoma, 69 Fender, new Cantharis subspecies, 300 Freeman, note on separation of Blattella, 168 Frommer, book review, 72 Gagne, note on Grylloblattid locality,, 83 Gardner, new California milliped, 198 Goeracea oregona, 25 Grigarick, revision of Cupila, 38 new pselaphid genus, 112 Grissell, nesting habits of Euparagia, 34 Gustafson, salt marsh insects, 327 Hadrocistis bicolor, 187 slanskyae, 188 Hagen, a new Karpinskiella, 241 Hemiptera Cimicidae, 47, 145, 264 Hydrometridae, 81 Saldidae, 236 Hill, new aphid from Rubus, 214 Homoptera Aphididae, 214 Hurd, foraging of squash bee, 58 Hymenoptera Andrenidae, 144 Apidae, 6 Apoidea, 58 Dorylinae, 87 Eumenidae, 2 Formicidae, 71, 87 Masaridae, 34 Megachilidae, 3 Pteromalidae, 241 Siricidae, 168 Sphecidae, 3, 228, 261 Tiphiidae, 184, 297 Trichogrammatidae, 289 Hynes, immature stages of Hesperoco- nopa, 324 Ironeus submetallicus, 29 Johnson, correction, 259 Bruchus distinguendus status, 279 Bruchid redescription, 336 Jones, rocky intertidal Staphylinidae, 203 Karpinskiella paratomicobia, 243 Lane, salt marsh insects, 327 Leech, recent literature, 68, 86 note on distribution of Ergates pau- per, 86 Lehmkuhl, Epeorus life histories, 129 Lepidoptera Hepialidae, 83 Hesperiidae, 81 Lycaenidae, 79 Noctuidae, 258 Oecophoridae, 78 Tortricidae, 85 Leptocimex inordinatus, 277 Leptohyphes ecuador, 305 albus, 305 tacajalo, 307 Limnephilus kalama, 19 alvatus, 21 sierrata, 19 Linsley, new Elaphidionini, 26 a new Onagrandrena, 144 MacSwain, a new Onagrandrena, 144 Mallota powelli, 287 Martin, Mexican Asilidae, 179 Mayo, mayflies from Ecuador, 251 new mayflies from Ecuador, 301 Mellinus imperialis, 235 Michelbacher, foraging of squash bee, 58 Microdon fergusoni, 44 brawni, 44 Muchmore, new chthoniid pseudoscor- pions, 51 Nayar, new species of Eristalis, 119 variations in Eristalis tenax, 125 male genitalia of Eristalinae, 153 two new Spilomyia, 211 a new Criorhina, 285 a new Mallota, 287 new Eristalis, 294 Neonysson berbsti, 229 Obituary Notices Robert L. Usinger, 260 Howard Lester McKenzie, 335 Opler, note on myrmecophily in Icaricia and Philotes, 79 note on Hepialus sequoiolus, 83 Orthoptera Blattidae, 168 Grylloblattidae, 83 Paracimex chaeturus, 47 inflatus, 50 Parataracticus arenicolus, 182 OCTOBER 1968] INDEX TO VOLUME 44 343 Parker, host-parasite associations, 1 correction, 259 Parks, Efferia, Eicherax and allies, 171 Philip, Tabanidae in the Southwest, 332 Poliaenus abietis, 140 Polydesmida Vanhoeffeniidae, 198 Powell, note on discovery of Esperia sulphurella, 78 note on record of Zeiraphera hespe- riana, 85 Proceedings, Pacific Coast Entomolog- ical Society, 76 Pseudoscorpionida (see Chelonethida) , 236 Pulverro monticola, 263 Pygmactium steevesi, 113 Real, notes on crepuscular nature of Celaenorrhinus, 81 Recent literature, 68, 86 Rudinsky, Dendroctonus pheromone- mask, 248 Schuster, revision of Cupila, 38 new pselaphid genus, 112 Roncus pacificus identity, 137 collections donated, 257 Scorpionida Vejovidae, 313 Seminoff, Eucrossus biology, 321 Smith, the Arctopsychinae of Idaho, 102 Spilomyia banksi, 211 oregonensis, 213 Stricticimex parvus, 275 Synneurus maderae, 233 Thompson, a new Australian Microdon, 44 Tilden, B. A., note on predation by Ade- locera and Alaus, 258 Tilden, J. W., note on snapdragon host of tobacco budworm, 258 note on predation by Adelocera and Alaus, 258 Trichoptera Goeridae, 22 Hydropsychidae, 102 Triorla, 175 Tyson, new California Cerambycidae, 140 Ueshima, new species of Paracimex, 47 biology of Primicimex, 145 new Cimicidae, 264 Usinger, book review, 73 collections donated, 257 Vejovis utahensis, 313 gertschi, 317 Wasbauer, new male Brachycistidinae, 184 Brachycistidine sex associations, 297 Welles, note on new host record for Anthrax limatulus vallicola, 340 Wheeler, G. C., note on rediscovery of Manica parasitica, 71 Wheeler, J., note on rediscovery of Man- ica parasitica, 71 Wickman, Eucrossus biology, 321 Williams, new vejovid scorpions, 313 Zoological Nomenclature, 57, 259 Zuska, note on Tyrophagus and Megase- lia, 70 MAILING DATES FOR VOLUME 44 No. 1 28 June 1968 No. 2 12 July 1968 No. 3 21 October 1968 No. 4 11 January 1969 I V ^ ^ V'. \-7 '* . ‘i.' - » . f.' ■ ■' '-’i-'.r' -i. . U '■-%.■■ ■ i J-.t ; . I,;- ■~-{ V 'M. ■. ', ■ ’ 1 ■ .: I _ "U i' • '• "tt I I * ' ■ j- ; . '_ 5 • “ tr.’-.'|V -I ■■" , • >1 '■ v : ’ ', v 5 .' -',■ -ft >"(■.:• n -■, ' t'-'t ' *'■<■. -1 'ji,' s C'l « I J . ;i r 'J ■ - • 'i --- 'i. ‘ -i) -i .i«i- -' ' '■ > T -r '.. 't . ■ ’ fS (i ■ ■ ■t 1 : I , L . rl'j^ , ''. . ; ..■ ■■l•>. 1 . '/f , ■ ' : . '< i ;< ir ••. 1 . 1 1 < t , . \ i u , t ■■ . T !.< -■■'<’ I -_ 4 » p"-^, .♦ \ ■^. . |, -.. F, '■ :;f- ■■■‘. ,1“ Jl. (^<1 •(■.■: tirf'''" I rV I. : ;-* M- f -■. K L ^ I Published by the Pacific Coast Entomological Society in cooperation with The California Academy of Scienees VOLUME FORTY-FOUR 1968 EDITORIAL BOARD R. W. THORP, Editor R. 0. SCHUSTER, Assistant Editor E. G. LINSLEY HUGH B. LEECH E. S. ROSS P. D. HURD, JR. P. H. ARNAUD, JR., Treasurer W. H. LANGE, Advertising PUBLICATION COMMITTEE 1968 1969 1970 Jerry A. Powell, Chairman H. V. Daly D. D. Linsdale Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. W. E. Ferguson D. P. Furman San Francisco, California 1968 CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 44 Akre, R. D. The behavior of Euxenister and Pulvinister, histerid beetles asso- ciated with Army ants 87 Allen, R. K. and D. L. Collins A new species of EphemereUa [Serratella) from California 122 Arnaud, P. H., Jr. Rearing of Ergates spiculatus spiculatus (LeConte) from a house beam at Saratoga, California 81 Discovery of the genus Thaumalea in central California 83 Occurrence of Parade jeania rutilioides nigrescens in San Fran- ciseo, California 85 Bedard, W. D. Additions to the knowledge of the biology of Conophthorus lam- bertianae Hopkins 7 Bohart, R. M. New Nyssoninae from North and South America 228 Brinquel, G. J. Two new parasites of the Douglas-fir gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote 339 Buckett, J. S. Correction 259 Buckett, J. S. and M. R. Gardner A new genus and species of milliped from northern California 198 Burdick, D. J. Distributional information on Hydrometra martini Kirkaldy 81 Buxton, G. M. and T. J. Freeman Positive separation of Blattella vaga and Blattella germanica 168 Cameron, E. A. Sirex juvencus californicus in smog-killed trees in southern California 168 Chemsak, J. A. and E. G. Linsley New species of Elaphidionini from Mexico 26 Clement, S. L. and E. E. Grissell Observations of the nesting habits of Euparagia scutellaris Cres- son 34 11 Cope, J. S. Notes on larval and adult habits of Vandykea tuberculata Linsley 308 Denning, D. G. New and interesting North American Trichoptera 17 Doutt, R. L. The genus Brachygrammatella Girault 289 Doyen, J. T. The phylogenetic position of Edrotes and a new species of the genus 218 Edwards, J. G. Large Costa Rican Ephemeridae 82 Eighme, L. E. A new species of Pulverro from California 261 Evans, W. G. Some intertidal insects from western Mexico 236 Fellin, D. G. Further observations on trapping male Pleocoma with female- baited traps 69 Fender, K. M. A new subspecies of Cantharis hatchi McKey -Fender 300 Frommer, S. L Book Review: The Crane Flies of California 72 Gagne, W. C. A Grylloblattid locality in Oregon 83 Grigarick, A. A. and R. 0. Schuster A revision of the genus Cupila Casey 38 Gustafson, J. F. and R. S. Lane An annotated bibliography of literature on salt marsh insects and related arthropods in California 327 Hagen, K. S. and L. E. Caltagirone A new Nearctic species of Karpinskiella 241 Hill, A. R. A new species of aphid from Rubus parviflorus in California 214 iii Hynes, C. D. The immature stages of Hesperoconopa dolichophallus (Alex.) .. 324 Johnson, C. D. Correction 259 The status of Bruchus distinguendus Horn 279 A redescription of Acanthoscelides aequalis (Sharp) 336 Jones, T. W. The zonal distribution of three species of Staphylinidae in the rocky intertidal zone in California 203 Leech, H. B. Recent literature 68, 86 Distribution of the cerambycid beetle Ergates pauper Linsley 86 Lehmkuhl, D. M. Observations on the life histories of four species of Epeorus in western Oregon 129 Linsley, E. G. and J. W. MacSwain A new species of Onagrandrena associated with Camissonia campestris 144 Martin, C. H. New Mexican Acronyches and Parataracticus 179 Mayo, V. K. Two new species of the genus Baetodes from Ecuador 251 Some new mayflies of the subfamily Leptohyphinae 301 Michelbacher, A. E. and P. D. Hurd, Jr. Late season foraging activities of Xenoglossa gabhii crawfordi Cockerell 58 Muchmore, W. B. Two new species of chthoniid pseudoscorpions from the western United States 51 Nayar, J. L. Two new species of Eristalis from India 119 Abdominal band-variations in Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus) 125 Male genitalia of Eristalinae from California 153 Nayar, J. L. and F. R. Cole Two new speces of Spilomyia Meigen 211 A new species of Criorhina Meigen from California 285 IV A new species of Mallota from North America 287 Two new species of Eristalis Latreille from western North America 294 Obituary Notices Robert L. Usinger 260 Howard Lester McKenzie 335 Opler, P. A. Myrmecophily reported for Icaricia acmon and Philotes enoptes hayensis 79 Unusual numbers of Hepialus sequoiolus Behrens in Sonoma County 83 Parker., F. D. Correction 259 Parker, F. D. and R. M, Bohart Host-parasite associations in some twig-nesting Hymenoptera from western North America. Part II 1 Parks, L. Synopsis of robberfly genera allied to Efferia and Eicherax, including a new genus 171 Philip, C. B. Overlap between Nearctic and Neotropical faunae of Tabanidae in western North America 332 Powell, J. A. Discovery of Esperia sulphurella (F.) in California 78 A record of Zeiraphera hesperiana Mutuura & Freeman in Cali- fornia 85 Proceedings, Pacific Coast Entomological Society 76 Real, H. G. Notes on the crepuscular nature of the species of Celaenorrhinus group 81 Rudinsky, J. A. Pheromone-mask by the female Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., an attraction regulator 248 Schuster, R. 0. The identity of Roncus pacificus Banks 137 V Collections Donated 257 Schuster, R. 0. and A. A. Grigarick A new genus of pselaphid beetle from southeast United States ____ 112 Smith, S. D. The Arctopsychinae of Idaho 102 Thompson, F. C. A new Australian Microdon with a name change 44 Tilden, J. W. Cultivated snapdragon a host of tobacco budworm 258 Tilden, J. W. and B. A. Tilden Predation by Adelocera and Alaus 258 Tyson, W. H. New California Cerambycidae — 140 Ueshima, N. New species of Paracimex 47 Cytology and bionomics of Primicimex cavernis Barber 145 New species and records of Cimicidae with keys 264 Usinger, R. L. Book Review: Ectoparasites of Panama 73 Collections Donated 257 Wasbauer, M. S. New genera of male Brachycistidinae with a redescription of Brachycistellus Baker and a key to North American genera ____ 184 Some sex associations in the Brachycistidinae 297 Welles, S. P., Jr. A new host record for Anthrax limatulus vallicola Marston 340 Wheeler, G. C. and J. Wheeler The rediscovery of Manica parasitica 71 Wickman, B. E. and S. G. Seminoff Notes on the biology of Eucrossus villicornis LeConte 321 Williams, S. C. Two new scorpions from western North America 313 Zoological Nomenclature 57, 259 vi Zuska, J. 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Azodrin® Insecticide • Bidrin® In- secticide • D-D® Fumigant • Nema- gon® Soil Fumigant • Vapona® Insecti- cide • Ciodrin® Insecticide • Gardona® Insecticide • Cio-Vap® Insecticide • Planavin® Herbicide • ATGARD® Swine Wormer • Phosdrin® Insecticide • Task® dichlorvos dog anthelmintic • No-Pest® Insecticide Strip. For complete information on any of the Shell products for agriculture write Shell Chemical Com- pany, Agricultural Chemi- cals Division, 110 West 51st St., New York, N. Y 10020. IV INSECTS Economic and Non-Economic Foreign and Domestic Collecting Data and Scientific Names Write for catalogue listing — 25 orders, over 1600 items — Special Collections Combined Scientific Supplies Rosemead, California 91770 Tel. (213) 573-1680 A Service for the Field Testing & Evaluation of Agricultural Chemicals Under Western Conditions Entomology Chemistry Floriculture Engineering Plant Pathology Trojan Laboratories Box 518 Montebello, California 90640 (213) 721-9574 HmCfJLKS PESTICWiiS PROTECT HIGH YHHJES HERCULES TOXAPHENE (insecticide-toxicant) Controls more than 200 harmful insects . . . Protects cotton, lettuce, seed alfalfa, tomatoes, lima beans and many other western crops. HERCULES DELNAV® (insecticide-miticide) Controls citrus red mites and thrips . . . Kills grape leafhoppers. FAST ■ EFFICIENT ■ ECONOMICAL Write for technical information and recommendations. HERCULES INCORPORATED THE ALCOA BUILDING • ONE MARITIME PLAZA • GOLDEN GATEWAY CENTER • SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 94111 Worms? Not a one! Don’t worry about them even up to harvest... just use THURICIDE®90TS^! Not a chemical, Thuri- CIDE 90TS is a microbial insecticide which singles out and destroys only the leaf-chewing larvae of certain lepidopterous in- sects (caterpillars, loop- ers and hornworms, in- cluding imported cabbage worm and cabbage loop- ers). Thuricide 90TS is harmless to just about everything else, including man! Use Thuricide 90TS right up to harvest to control worms on lettuce and many cole crops such as cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli. It is also used on tomatoes, potatoes and melons. It is used extensively on forest trees and ornamentals for the control of gypsy moth, cankerworm and linden looper. Stop imported cabbage worms and loopers in your cole crops the safe way— use Thuricide 90TS ! If your dealer doesn’t stock Thuricide 90TS, he will get it for you. Write for literature. Stauffer Chemical Company, Agricultural Chemical Division, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Fresno, Bakers- field, California; North Portland, Oregon. ♦THURICIDE is a trademark of Bioferm Division, International Minerals & Chemical Corp. READTHE LABEL, HEED THE LABEL AND GROW WITH STAUFFER CHEMICALS Stauffer ^CHEMICALS _ W Vll INSECT PINS $4. / 1000 (10 Pkgs.) (Plus Postage) PROMPT DELIVERY CLAIR ARMIN 191 W PALM AVE. LOWEST PRICES IN U.S. REEDLEY, CALIF. 93654 COMMERCIAL AND RESEARCH ENTOMOLOGISTS Obtain more accurate population counts with a light-weight motor-fan unit which sucks insects into nets D-VAC MOTOR-FAN VACUUM INSECT NETS BACK-PACKS AND HAND MODELS —also— BENEFICIAL INSECTS INSECTARY GROWN AND FIELD COLLECTED Tricho gramma sp. and Green Lacewings Write for Brochures D-VAC CO. P. O. Box 2095 RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA Vlll INSECT MUSEUM SUPPLY Jewell Ave., Lake City, Minnesota— Wm. 0. Powers and Lawrence Hoffman LOCATION FOR: Insect Museum Supply Schmitt-type Field Box $4.25 Insect Museum Supply Schmitt-type Field Box WITH WHITE POLY- ETHYLENE FOAM PINNING BOTTOM $5.00 Insect Museum Supply Spreading Board $1.50 Insect Museum Supply Cornell-type glass-topped drawer $7.50 Insect Museum Supply Cornell-type glass-topped drawer WITH WHITE POLYETHYLENE FOAM PINNING BOTTOM $8.75 Insect Museum Supply California Academy-type glass-topped drawer $7.50 Insect Museum Supply U.S.N.M.-type glass-topped drawer $8.00 Insect Museum Supply Philadelphia Academy-type glass-topped drawer $7.50 Insect Museum Supply Cabinet to hold 12 of above types of drawers $85.00 SPECIAL SIZED DRAWERS, BOXES, CABINETS CUSTOM MADE TO YOUR LIKING. Write lor information and prices. 1021 8th Ave. So., Moorhead, Minnesota— Jack R. Powers LOCATION FOR: CUSTOM PRINTED PIN LABELS — printed with 4 pt. type on 100% cotton fiber ledger paper (colored papers and PRICE CARD on request) Elephant brand INSECT PINS — Excellent quality — Sizes 00, 0, 1,2, 3, 5 — $3.95 per 1000 Minutien nadein — $1.00 per 500 pkg. Custom Printed GUMMED MICROSCOPE SLIDE LABELS— $3.85 per 1000 GLASS TOPPED INSECT DISPLAYS FOR TEACHING DRAWER LABELS, MAMMAL TAGS, ALCOHOL LABELS, Printed to your specifications IX PUBLICATIONS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131 pages). 1921-1930. Price $2.50 per volume. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST. Vol. 1 (1924) to present. Price $6.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or $1.50 per single issue. MEMOIR SERIES. Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. A 320-page book which summarizes the knowledge of the Anoplura of the world. Published October 1951. Price $6.00. (Plus 350 postage.)* Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family T etranychidae by A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. This worldwide treatment deals with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders” and includes descriptions of 33 new species. 472 pages. Published July 1955. Price $10.00. (Plus 500 postage.)* Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae by David C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. This 173-page revision of Nearctic shield-back katydids includes descriptions of one new genus and 13 new species and subspecies. Published July 1968. Price $4.00. (Plus 250 postage.)* * (Add 5% sales tax on all California orders. Members of the Society will receive a 20% discount.) Send orders to: Pacific Coast Entomological Society c/o California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 X Anyway You Put It JViagara Gives Maximum Protection For best results, see your local Niagara Field Representative Putting Ideas to Work in Agricultural Chemistry NIAGARA CHEMICAL DIVISION Home Office: Middleport, New York YAKIMA, WASHINGTON • FRESNO, RICHMOND, AND RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA XI ENTOMOLOGICAL EXCHANGES AND SALES Small Carpenter Bees (Ceratina) of the World. — ^Wanted for purchase or exchange for California insects. Write H. V. Daly, Division of Entomology, Univ. California, Berkeley 94720. SOCIETY NOTICES Advertisement of Exchanges. — A special advertising page is now available to members who wish to advertise entomological exchanges, sales, announcements, etc. We can offer Society members an ad in four issues for $1.50 per line. Ads will be arranged in order of their receipt. Contact the Advertising Manager, W. H. Lange, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616. Sale of Past Issues. — We are overstocked in early issues of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, and need to reduce our inventory to provide more storage space. Therefore, we can offer Society members complete sets of volumes 1 through 16 (1924 through 1940) at the extremely reduced rate of $1.50 per volume or $24.00 for the entire first 16 volumes. These are available to Society members only, on a first-come, first-serve basis as long as the surplus lasts. Contact the Treasurer, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. New Memoir. — The third volume of the Memoir Series published by the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was published on 12 July 1968. It is entitled “Re- visionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae” and is authored by David C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. The authors revise the Nearctic shield-back katydids (Orthoptera) in this 173-page memoir which is illustrated by 37 figures. Twenty- two genera and 112 species and subspecies are discussed. One genus and 13 species and subspecies are described as new. The price is $4.00 plus 250 postage (and 5% sales tax on all California orders). Society members will receive a 20% discount. Contact the Treasurer, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. The Salt Marsh Habitat Committee. — At a meeting in 1966 of the Society, a lecture on the ecology of the mud flat-salt marsh habitat was presented. Follow- ing this meeting a number of the members expressed concern regarding the rapid disappearance of this habitat due to commercial development. Subsequently, the salt marsh habitat committee was appointed. The first recommendation of the committee was that the Society encourage studies concerning the salt marsh habitat in central California. The Society approved this in 1968 and recommended that notes and observations of salt marsh insects (and other terrestrial arthropods) be submitted to the editor of the Pan- Pacific Entomologist for publication. It is our hope that this action, an indication of scientific concern and interest, will stimulate similar concerns by entomological societies in other geographic locations. — Joel F. Gustafson, chairman, San Francisco State College, California. THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Information for Contributors Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author. Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi- cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes. Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Robbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616. Typing . — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8% X H inches are not accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text, not in headings. Number all pages consecutively and put author’s name at the top right-hand corner of each sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes should be typed on a separate sheet. First page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript should include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if not affiliated, (5) the shortened title (running headline) not to exceed 38 letters and spaces when combined with the author’s last name or names, (6) the complete name and address to which proof is to be sent. Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style. References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format: Essig, E. 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2 : 211 - 212 . 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp. Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966, 47(21) : 8585-8601. Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot- notes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively for each table. Use only horizontal rules. Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and original drawings (no photographs of drawings). Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimensions of the printed page (4% X 6% inches). If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the printed page. Drawings should be in India Ink and at least twice as large as the printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. Include a metric scale on the drawing or state magnification of the printed illustration in the legend. Arrange figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1 mm. On the back of each illustration should be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he wishes the illustration and/or cut returned to him at his expense. Cuts and illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed. Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed Explanation of Figures and placed following Literature Cited. Do not attach legends to illustrations. Proofs, reprints, and abstract. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof will be charged to the author. Proof returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published. Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of $13.00 per page. This is in addition to the charge for reprints and does not include the possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for immediate publication. Private investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds to cover this charge may apply to the Society for a grant to cover the page charges. A mark in the appropriate box (society grant desired) on the reprint order form will suffice as an application. All articles are accepted for publication only on the basis of scientific merit and without regard to the financial support of the author. for low cost residual larvae control If you are interested in residual mosquito larvae con- trol at low cost, we would like to send you information about Heptachlor. Heptachlor granules have proved effective and low in cost for residual control in irriga- tion ditches, log ponds, fields that required flooding, and other problem areas. Heptachlor has remained effective for as long as 13 weeks, in tests. Best results are obtained if Heptachlor is applied before flooding occurs. For technical literature, we invite you to mail the coupon. Another product from THE GROWING WORLD OF O-VELSICDL FOR MOSQUITO ABATEMENT USE CHLORDANE— Chlordane is highly effective for control of mosquito larvae and adults in residential areas and parks. For complete information, please fill out and mail the coupon. (g) COPYRIGHT VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORP., 1967 , I Velsicol Chemical Corporation I I 341 E. Ohio Street, Chicago. Illinois 60611 | i Gentlemen: Please send me literature and | I technical Information on: I j □ Heptachlor for low cost residual mos- • I Quito larvae control. ! I □ Chlordane for mosquito abatement. | I NAME I j AFFILIATION | I ADDRESS I I CITY STATE ZIP I I