THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
II
Gl
O 11 D N A iN C E
GAZETTEER OF SCOTLAND:
A SURVEY OF SCOTTISH TOPOGliAFHY,
Statistical, §iagntpTrir;tl, iiiiiJ fjistaiicil
EDITED BY
FRANCIS H. GROOME,
A.SSISTANT KDITOK OF ' Til K CI.OBE ENCYf'LOI'.Eni.V. '
rvN^^s^^^^,
VOLUME II.
E D I N B U E G II :
THOMAS C. JACK, GRANGE PUBLISHING WORKS.
LONDON: 4.^ LUDGATE HILL.
GLASGOW: 48 GORDON STREET. ABERDEEN 26 BROAD STREET.
18 8 4.
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Ardviaick Castle, Suthcrlandt-liirt;.
l.iiili Arkai-f, Iiiveiiic'ss-.sliiie.
IX
'1
Cndgluill Hijuse, Ceres, t.fufchiie.
Ciaigicvar Castle, Loocliel-Cushnie, Aberd-unshiru.
(lid iMiin-wbin Custle, liutlierhuidsliiie.
Duiii'ubiii Castle, Siitlimlaiidshlre.
XI
Dunottar Castle, Kiucaidiue.^htre, in the lith eeutury. Kn.piii Slezer's TUeatruia Scot(it (lOl'y).
Dimkuld, Pcrlhshiie, in Uie 17tli Leiitury. From Slezers TutiUrum itodtt (lo'JJ).
XII
Lj(f^^^
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Fort Aui^ustus, Invrness- shire.
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frciidraught lluuse, /Vbunicuiishiiu, wiUi thu luiiis of the old C'astlu
XIII
Sculptured Front of Old College, Glasgow (founded in 1450).
Piirt of the (iiiadniuglc, Old College, (Jlasgow.
XIV
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Gordon Castle, Monysliire. From Nattfcs' Scotia i)«/)(0(«.
Iiivertic.ss at tlic cmi of tlio ITtli cMiliiry. I'roiii SlczcrV Tlii:«ti-am Si-oIki (ic.'.t:}).
XV
Perth ill the 17ih uoiituiy. From Slezei's T/uatrum Scout (1693).
I'.us.T ut lviiliooni:ikie, ' crths liic, iii l.i.^l vuiilu.y.
XVI
ORDNANCE GAZE
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CORWAR
Corwar, an estate, with a mansion, in Colraonell parish, S AjTshire, 3^ miles ESE of Banhill station.
See COLMONFXL.
Cor3miulzie. See CoRRiEsniiziE.
Coryvreckan. See Cokkievrechan
Coshieville, a place, with an inn, in Strath Appin, Dull parish, Perthshire, 5i miles W by N of Aberfeldy, on a road leading northward to Tummel Bridge, over a pass 1262 feet high.
Cessans. See Glamis.
Costa, a headland at the northern extremity of the mainland of Orkney, on the mutual border of Evie and fUrsay parishes. Projecting to a point 4 miles EXE of the Brough of Birsay, it comprises a hill 478 feet high, and presents to the ocean a bold precipitous cliff. See Evie.
Costerton House. See Crichtox.
Cotbum, a hill (559 feet) on the i_utual border of Turriff and ilonquhitter parishes, N Aberdeenshire, i^ miles NE of the town of Turriff.
Cotehill, a loch, measuring 1 J by 1 furlong, in Slains parish, E Aberdeenshire, 1 mile W by X of the church.
Cothal, a place with factories of tweed and woollen cloth in Fin tray parish, Aberdeenshire, on the left bank of the Don, 7k miles XNW of Aberdeen, and 2| NXW of Dyce Jimction. The factories were established in 1798, and are famous for both the quantity and the quality of the tweeds which they turn out.
Cotiiiemuir. See Keig.
Cotton, a village in Auchindoir and Kearn parish, W Aberdeenshire, 7 furlongs ESE of Rhynie.
Coul, a mansion in Contin parish, SE Ross-shire, a little NE of the parish chm'ch. Built in 1821, it is a handsome edifice, with finely-wooded policies ; its owner. Sir Arth\ir-Geo. -Ramsay Mackenzie, eleventh Bart, since 1673 (b. 1865; sue. 1873), holds 43,189 acres in the shire, valued at £5215 per annuni
Coul, a mansion in the parish and 1 mile EXE of the station of Auchterarder, SE Perthshire.
Coulatt, a loch on the mutual border of Knockando and Dallas parishes, Elginshire, 4 mUes "W by X of Knockando church. Lying 1100 feet above sea-level, it measures li by 1 furlong, and sends off the Burn of Coulatt, flowing 6^ miles E and SSE to the Spey, 7 furlongs SSE of the said church. — Ord. Sur., sh. 85, 1876.
Coull, a coUier hamlet in Markinch parish, Fife, If mile XW of Markinch town.
Coull, a parish of S Aberdeenshire, whose church stands 3;^ miles XX W of Aboj-ne station, this being 32i miles W by S of Aberdeen. It is bounded X by Leochel- Cushnie, E by Lumphanan, S by Aboyne, W by Logie- Coldstone and Tarland-Migvie. Irregidar in outline, it has an utmost length from XXE to SSW of 5f miles, a varjdng breadth of 5| furlongs and 4| miles, and an area of 9053 acres. The drainage is carried mainly to the Dee, but partly also to the Don — by the Bum of Tarland to the former, and to the latter by the Bum of Corse. In the extreme SE the surface sinks to 410 feet above sea-level, thence rising westward to Scar Hill of Tilly- duke (984 feet), and northward to *Mortlich (1248), Leadhlich (1278), *Crag (1563), and Loanhead (994), where asterisks mark those summits that culminate on the confines of the parish. The rocks are all of primary formation, the eastern hills consisting chiefly of reddish, the western of grepsh, granite ; and the soils vary from gravel-mixed clay to loam and moorish uplands. A ' Druidical ' circle on Tomnaverie, a number of small cairns upon Corse Hill, and ti-aces of the Terry Chapel on Xewton of Corse make up the antiquities, with the ruined castles of Corse and Coull. The latter at the opening of the 13th century was the seat of the great Durward family, of whom it was said that, a Durward dying, the church bell of Coull tolled of its o^vn accord. A stately pile, it measured some 50 yards square, and had five turrets and four hexagonal towers. Corse Castle bears date 1581, and, though long roofless, is compara- tively entire. The lands of Corse, forming part of the barony of Coull and O'Xeil, were in 1476 bestowed on 19
COUPAR-ANGUS
Patrick Forbes, armour-bearer to James III. , and youngest son of the second Lord Forbes. Among his descendants were Patrick Forbes (1564-1635), Bishop of Aberdeen from 1618 ; and his son, John Forbes (1593-1648), the scholar and Episcopalian confessor, whose estate was repeatedly ravaged by the famous freebooter Gilderoy. The bishop's male line failing with his grandchildren, Corse passed to the Forbeses of Craigievar, and now is held by the late Sir John Forbes' second son, James Ochoncar Forbes, Esq. (b. 1837 ; sue. 1846), who owns 1946 acres in the shire, valued at £1679 per annum. His modem mansion, near the old castle, is 3^ miles NW of Lumphanan station, and 4J NE of CouU church. Two proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 2 others holding between £100 and £500, and 1 between £50 and £100. In the presbytery of Kincardine O'Xeil and synod of Aberdeen, CouU has since 1621 given off the Corse di\-ision quoad sacra to Leochel-Cushnie ; the living is worth £202. The church (1792 ; restored 1876 ; 220 sittings) has a fine-toned bell that was cast in Holland in 1644. A public school, with accommodation for 103 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 83, and a grant of £79, 12s. 6d. Valua- tion (1881) £4006, 15s. 7d. Pop. (1801) 679, (1831) 767, (1851) 734, (1871) 824, (1881) 783.— Ord Sur., sh. 76, 1S74.
Coull, Braes of. See Lintrathex.
CouUin. See Cuchullix.
Coulmony House. See Ardclach.
Coulport, a hamlet on the W side of Roseneath parish, Dumbartonshire, on Loch Long, 4 miles N by W of Cove. It maintains a feiry across Loch Long to Arden- tinny, and has a new pier, erected in 1880, when also seve- ral acres were laid out for feuing purposes. The Kibble Crystal Palace, in the Glasgow Botanic Gardens, was removed from Coulport in 1872.
Coulter, a loch in the S of St Ninians parish, Stirling- shire, near the foot of the Lennox Hills, 6;^ miles SSW of Stirling. "With an utmost length and width of 5 and 3 furlongs, it is shallow towards the "W, but very deep to the NE ; contains perch and pike ; and sends off its superfluence by Auchenhowie Bum to the Carron. Dur- ing the great earthquake of Lisbon (1735) it was vio- lently agitated, and sank about 10 or 12 feet. — O/d. Sur., sh. 31, 1867.
Coulter, Lanarkshire. See Culter.
Coultra. See Balmerixo.
Countesswells, an estate, with an old mansion, in Peterculter parish, Aberdeenshire, 4f miles WSW of Aberdeen. Its owner, ilajor And. GammeU of Drum- tochty Castle, holds 5208 acres in the shire, valued at £5470 per annum. There are a post oflBce of Countess- wells under Aberdeen and a public school.
Coupar-Angus, a to^^m and a parish partly in Forfar, but mainly in Perth, shire. The town stands in the centre of Strathmore, near the left bank of the Isla, on a small tributary of that river, 4J miles SE of I31air- gowrie, 12| XE by X of Perth, and 15 XW of Dundee ; whilst its station, the junction for Blairgowrie, on the Scottish Midland section of the Caledonian, is 15| miles from Perth, 22 from Dimdee, 62f N by W of Edinburgh, and 79^ XE of Glasgow. The part of it on the left bank of the rivulet is in Angus or Forfarshire ; and, being the older portion, occasioned the whole to be called Coupar-Angus. Dating from a remote antiquity, the town was long a time-worn, decayed, and stagnant place, but within recent years has undergone great revival and improvement, and become a centre of much traffic and a seat of considerable trade. It is governed by nine police commissioners, under selected sections of the general police and improvement act of Scotland, adopted in July 1871 ; and has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, branches of the Bank of Scotland, the Union Bank, and the Xational Bank, a local savings' bank, five jirincipal inns, a gas company, a town-house with a steeple, a literary associa- tion, masonic and good templar lodges, a Bible society, a young men's Christian association, bowling and curling clubs, and a volunteer corps. In 1874 a much-needed
2S9
COUR
water supply was iutroJuccJ, at a cost of nearly £4000, from springs on the Pitcur estate, Avhich are guided to a reservoir close to the Dundee turnpike, containing 55,000 gallons. There are three linen- works, a tannery, farina works, a brewery, and steam saw-mills. A grain market is held on Thursday, and cattle markets fall on the third Thursday of every month but June, August, September, and October. The Queen has driven thrice through Coupar- Angus, on 11 Sept. and 1 Oct. 1S44, and 31 Aug. 1S50. Henry Guthrie (1600-76), Bishop of Dunkcld, was a native. A Roman camp here, imme- diately E of the churchyard, is supposed to have been formed either by Agricola or LoUius Urbicus, and seems to have been a square of 1200 feet, with two strong ramparts and wide ditches ; but now is represented only by remains of the eastern part of the ramparts. In 1164 King Malcolm the ilaiden founded the Cistercian abbey of St Mary's within the area of this Roman camp. A large and stately structure, richly endowed by several of the Scottish kings and by the Hays of Errol, it passed at the dissolution to the Balmerino family. An ivy- clad fragment, in the SW corner of the churchyard, is all that is left of it, a beautiful arch having been demolished in 17S0 to furnish material for the parish church. This, dating originally from 1681, was in great measure reconstructed in 1780, and thoroughly rebuilt in 1859. Other churches are the Free, U.P. (1790), Evangelical Union (1789), Original Secession (1826), and Episcopal (1847). A new one-story public school, erected (1876-77) at a cost of £2700, with accommoda- tion for 502 children, had in 1880 an average attendance of 299, and a grant of £286, 18s. 6d. Pop. (1793) 1604, (1841) 1868, (1861) 1943, (1871) 2149, (1881) 1959.
The parish, containing also the villages of Arthur- stone, Balbrogie, and AVashington, is bounded N by Alyth, NE by Meigle, SE by Meigle and Kettins, S by Cargill, and NW by Caputh, Blairgowrie, and Bendochy. Its greatest length, from NE to SW, is 6 miles ; its lireadth varies between 5 furlongs and 2| miles ; and its area is 4769| acres, of which 184 are in Forfarshire, and 70^ are water. The Lsla, winding lOg miles ' in many a loop and link,' roughly traces all the northern and north-western border ; along it lies a considerable ex- tent of haugh-land, protected by embankments, 7 feet high, from inundations by the river. The rest of the area mainly consists of the level grounds of Strathmore, but is bisected from NE to SW by a ridge, along which runs the great highway from Perth to Aberdeen, and which commands a splendid view of the Sidlaw Hills along the one side of the strath, and of the Grampian ilountains on the other. In the extreme SW the sur- face sinks to 100 feet above sea-level, thence rising to 224 near Keithick, 172 at Kemphill, 210 at Easter Den- head, and 208 near Arthurbank. The formation is Old Red sandstone ; and the soil is mainly a good sandy loam. Mansions are Balgersho House, Keithick House, lsla Park, Balbrogie, Arthurstone, Denliead, Kinloch, and Bankhead ; and 6 proprietors hold 'each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 15 of between £100 and £500, 14 of from £50 to £100, and 45 of from £20 to £50. Giving olf a portion quoad sacra to Meigle, Coupar-Angus is in the j)resbytery of Jleigle and synod of Angus and Mearns ; the living is worth £442. Valua- tion (1882) £16,297, 14s. 2d., of which £1844, 16s. Id. was for the Forfarshire section. Pop. of civil parish (1801) 2416, (1831 ) 2615, (1861) 2929, (1871) 3055, (1881) 2819, of whom 265 were in Forfarshire ; of q. s. parish (1871) 2797, (18S1) 2i,i&.—0rdSur., shs. 48, 56, 1868. See the Rev. C. Rogers' and Major-Gen. A. S. Allan's licntal Look and Jli^torical Notices of the Abbey of Coupar-Aiifjus {2 vols., Grampian Club, 1879-80).
Cour, a mansion in Saddell parish, Kintyre, Argyll- shire, on Kilbrannan Sound, 7i miles N by E of Carra- dale.
Courance, a hamlet in Kirkmichael parish, Dumfries- shire, 9 miles NW of Lockerbie, under wliich it has a post office. Courance House is the seat of John Seton- Wightman, Esq. (b. 1846 ; sue. 1879), who owns 2750 aiTes in the .shire, valued at £1705 i)er annum. 290
COVESEA
Courthill. See Lanoside.
Cousland, a village in Cranston parish, Edinburgh- shire, ;!^ miles ENE of Dalkeith, under which it has a post office. It was burned by the Protector Somerset in 1547, at the time of the battle of Pinkie. A chapelry of Cousland was annexed to Cranston parish about the era of the Reformation ; its chapel stood on the SW side of the village, and has left some remains.
Couston. See Bathgate.
Couthally. See Cowtiially.
Couttie, a hamlet in Bendochy parish, E Perthshire, on the right bank of the lsla, 1 mile NW of Coupar- Angus.
Cove, a fishing village in Nigg parish, Kincardineshire, with a station on the Caledonian railway, 4f miles S by E of Aberdeen, under which it lias a post office. At it are St Mary's Episcopal church (1868), a public and an Episcopal school, an hotel, and a harbour, which, mainly natural, or very slightly improved by art, serves often as a place of refuge to boats in high north-easterly winds. The fishermen engage in various kinds of fishery, and have considerable reputation for the drying and smoking of haddocks. A cave enters from the beach in the vicinity, and probably gave name to the village. Pop. (1861) 385, (1871) 450, (1881) 550.
Cove, a charming watering-place in Roseneath parish, Dumbartonshire, to the right or E of the entrance to Loch Long, IJ mile WNW of Kilcreggan, and 6 miles by water WNW of Greenock. Of modern growth, and conjoined as a police burgh with Kilcreggan, it comprises a number of neat villas and cottages. At it are a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, a steamboat pier, and Craigrownie quoad sacra church. See Kilcreggan and Craigrownie.
Cove, a fishing hamlet in Cockburnspath parish, Berwickshire, 3 furlongs E of Cockburnspath station. Its harbour, 3 furlongs further to the eastward, is ap- proached through a sloping tunnel, which, hewn out of soft rock, is 65 yards long, and just wide enough to admit a horse and cart ; it has a pier for ii.sliing-boats on a little bay, surrounded by cliffs 100 to 200 feet in height. The hamlet, consisting of little more than a score of one-story cottages, had a fishing population of 21, of whom no fewer than 11 perished, within -h mile of home, in the disastrous gale of 14 Oct. 1881.
Cove, an estate, with a mansion, in Kirkpatrick- Fleming parish, Dumfriesshire, on the left bank of Kirtle Water, 1 mile W of Kirkpatrick station.
Cove. See Ulva and CAOLisroitT.
Cove-a-Chiaran. See Campbeltown.
Covesea (j)Opularly Causca), a little village on the coast of Di"ainie parish, Elginshire, 5J miles NNW of Elgin, and 3^ W of Lossiemouth. The shore here is rocky, precipitous, and strikingly picturesque. In one place a gently sloping road leads through a natural arch, with stately pillars, to a stretch of fine natural meadow on the beach, shut in to the landward by smooth and mural Old Red sandstone cliffs, GO to 100 feet high ; elsewhere are caves, fissures, arches, stacks, and fantastic forms of rock, various and romantic as the ruins of a vast city, and far too numerous to be appreciablj' damaged Ibr ages to come by either the elements or the hand of man. Two pecidiarly interesting objects are an isolated rock, which, looking like an inverted pyramid, is 60 feet high, 30 across the top, but only 8 aci'oss the base ; and the Laird's Stable, a cavern, which, once the abode of a hermit, was used as a stable by Sir Robert Gordon of Gordon.stown during the '45. In another cave, near llopeman, have been found a flint arrow-head, bones of tlic beaver and the crane, and other traces of prehistoric occui)ancy ; and the roof of a third is sculptured with figures of the half-moon, sceptre, fish, and suchlike symbols of ancient Celtic art. A reef or chain of skerries, extending parallel to the coast, about J mile from the shore, was the scene of many shijiwrecks ; but since 1846 it has been crowned with a lighthouse, built at a cost of £11,514, and showing a revolving light, visible at the distance of I85 nautical miles. The light a]>])ears in its brightest state once every minute, and, from W by
COVINGTON
COWPITS
N i N to SE by E ^ E, it is of the natural appearance ; but from SE by E ^ E to SE J S, it has a red colour. See pp. 323-337 of Jas. Brown's Round Table Club (Elgin, 1S73).
Covington, a hamlet and a parish iu the Upper Ward of Lanaikshire. The hamlet stands lietvreen the Clyde and the Caledonian railway, \\ mile X by E of its station and post-to^vn Thankerton, this being 33^ miles S\V of Edinburgh and 36J SE of Glasgow ; at it is the parish chmxh (230 sittings), an old building enlarged in the early part of last century. A neighbouring tower, built in 1442 by Lindsay of Covington barony, is now a fine ruin ; and Covington Mill was the place where that famous martyr of the Covenant, Donald Cargill, was seized by Irving of Bonshaw in May 16S1.
The parish, containing also the villages of Thankerton, Kewtown of Covington (7 furlongs XXE of Thankerton), and Hillhead (f mile XXE of the church), comprises the ancient parishes of Covington and Thankerton, united some time between 1702 and 1720. Bounded XW by Pettinain, E by Libberton, SE by Syming- ton, and "W by Carmichael, it has an utmost length of 5 miles from XXE to SSW, viz., from the Clyde below Brown Ford to the top of Tinto ; its greatest breadth, from E to W, is 2g miles ; and its area is 5167| acres, of which 53 are water. The Clyde, here winding 3| miles west-north-westward and northward, roughly traces all the boundary with Libberton ; and three or four bums run to it through the interior or on the borders of the parish. In the extreme XE the sur- face sinks to 630 feet above sea-level, thence rising to 829 at Hillhead, 1049 near Wellbrae, 1013 at Chester, 661 at Thankerton bridge, and 2335 on Tixxo ; it is divided among meadows or low well-cultivated fields along the Clyde, pastoral slopes, and heathy uplands. Nearly two-fifths of the entire area are under the plough, and about 80 acres are in wood. Other antiquities than Covington Tower are a cairn, three camps, and a ' Druidical temple.' Here, in 1S28, his father being parish minister, was bom the late Lord Advocate, "Wil- liam Watson, who in ISSO was raised to the peerage as Baron Watson of Thankerton. St John's Kirk is the only mansion : and 2 proprietors hold each an annual value of more, 2 of less, than £500. Covington is in the presbytery of Biggar and synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the living is worth £265. A public school at Xewtown of Covington, ^"ith accommodation for 70 children, had (ISSO) an average attendance of 44, and a grant of £48, 3s. Valuation (1882) £6487, 9s. Pop. (1801) 456, (1831) 521, (1861) 532, (1871) 454, (1881) 444.— Crrf. Sur., sh. 23, 1865.
Cowal, the mid eastern district of Argyllshire. Its north-western extremity is an isthmus between the head of Loch Fyne and the boundary with Perthshire ; whilst its north-eastern is a range of mountains along the boundary with Perth and Dumbarton shires, to the head of Loch Long ; and all the rest is a peninsula bounded E by Loch Long and the Firth of Cl3'de, S by the Kyles of Bute, and W by Loch Fyne. Its length, from the head of Glen Fyne on the XXE to Lamont Point on the SSW, is 37 mUes ; and its greatest breadth is 16 J mUes. It comprehends the parishes of Lochgoil- head and Kilmorich, Dunoon and Kihnun, Strachur and Stralachlan, Inverchaolain, Kibnodan, and Kilfinan, and the quoad sacra paiishes of Ardentinny, Inellan, Kiru, and Sandbank, with the chapelries of Strone, Toward, Kilbride, and Tighnabruaich. See Argyllshire.
Cowcaddens. See Glasgow.
Cowdailly. See Cowth.a.lly.
Cowdenbeath, a village in the S of Beath parish, Fife, 2 miles WS W of Lochgelly, and 3 furlongs X by W of Cow- denbeath station on the Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee section of the Xorth British, this being 5J miles EXE of Dunfermline. It has a post office under Lochgelly, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph depart- ments, a Free church, and a public school ; and in the neighbourhood are the extensive collieries of the Cowden- bea^th Coal Co. Pop. (1861) 1148, (1871) 1457, (1881) 2712.
Cowden Castle, a mansion in Muckart parish, Perth- shire, 2J miles EXE of Dollar. Occupjang the site of an ancient fortalice, which belonged to the see of St Andrews, it is the seat of John Christie, Esq. (b. 1824 ; sue. 1859), who owns 1672 acres in the shire, valued at £1625 per annum.
Cowdenhill, a hamlet near Borrowstounness, NW Linlithgowshire.
Cowdenknowes, an estate, with a mansion, part ancient and part modern, in Earlston parish, BerAvickshire, on the left bank of Leader Water, 1 mile S of Earlston village. Its strong old tower, with deep pit beneath and ' hanging tree ' outside (the latter cut down barely 50 years since), was the seat of those ancestors of the Earls of Home whose feudal cruelties called forth the malediction —
' Vengeance ! vengeance ! when and where ? Upon the house of Cowdenknowes, now and ever mair.'
Their estate has long been alienated, and now is held by William Cotesworth, Esq. (b. 1827), who owns 2331 acres in Berwick and Roxburgh shires, valued at £2702 per annum. Behind the house rises Earlston Black Hill (1031 feet), a picttiresque conical eminence, crowned with remains of a Roman camp. All know the plaintive air and one at least of the three versions of the ballad —
' " O the hroom, and the bonny, bonny broom. And the broom of the Cowdenknowes," And aye sae sweet as the lassie sang I' the bught, milking the ewes."
But the broom-sprinkled braes and haughs of Cowden- knowes— ' one of the most classical and far-famed spots in Scotland' — ^had been sadly stripped of their golden adornments by the so-called march of agrictdtural im- provement, when, in the winter of 1861-62, the hand of Xature nipped what man had spared. See pp. 133-137 of Lauder's Scottish Rivers (ed. 1874).
Cowey's Linn, a waterfall of 35 feet in leap in Eddie- stone parish. Peeblesshire, on a head-stream of Eddlestone Water, 3 miles X by W of Eddlestone village.
Cowgate. See Ditsdee, Edixeuegh, and Macch- lixe.
Cowglen, a hamlet and a mansion in Eastwood parish, Renfrewshire, 2 ndles W by S of PoUokshaws. Coal and limestone are worked iu the vicinity.
Cowhill Tower, a mansion in Hol}"wood parish, Dimi- friesshire, on the right bank of the Xith, 4^ miles XXW of Dumfries.
Cowie, a fishing village and a stream of Kincardine- shire. The village, in Fetteresso parish, stands on the X side of Stonehaven Bay, and f mile X by E of Stone- haven town. Anciently it was a free burgh, under charter of Malcolm Ceannmor, who, on a rock over- looking the sea, is said to have built a small fortalice — • the Castle of Cowie. Of this some vestiges remain, while its First Pointed chapel, which afterwards be- longed to Marischal College, Aberdeen, is a picturesque ruin, with a burjing-ground still in use. Cowie House, hard by, is a seat of Alex. Innes, Esq. of Raemoir (b. 1812 ; "sue. 1S63), who o-wns 4750 acres in the shire, valued at £2847 per annum. Cowie Water, rising on the western border of Glenber\ie parish at 1000 feet above sea-level, winds 13 miles eastward through the rocky and wooded scenery of Glenbervie and Fetteresso parishes, and at Stoxehavex falls into Stonehaven Bay. It is fairly stocked with small trout ; is subject to high freshets, which often do considerable damage ; and is crossed, | mile XXW of Stonehaven, by the grand fourteen -arched Glenury Viaduct of the Aberdeen rail- way, which, in one part 190 feet high, commands a fine view of the river's ravine, the vale and town of Stone- haven, Dimnottar Castle, and other features of the sur- rounding landscape. — Ord. Sur., shs. 66, 67, 1871.
Cowiefauld, a hamlet in Strathnnglo parish, Fife, 2 miles WSW of Strathmiglo \illage.
Cowie's Linn. See Cowey's Lixx.
Cowlairs. See Gl.\sgow.
Cowlatt, Loch. See Coulatt.
Cowpits, a village in Inveresk parish, Edinburghshire,
COWSHAVEN
on the right bank of the Esk, U mile S of Mussel- bui-<;li.
Cowshaven. See ABEnroiTv.
Cowthally, a ruined castle in Carnwath parish, Lanark- shire, on the edge of a moss H mile NW of Carnwath viUage. From the reign of Da'vid I. (1124-53) to 1603 it was the seat of the powerful family of Somervillc, which, ennobled in 1430 under the title of Baron Somer- ville, became extinct in 1870 on the death of the nine- teenth Lord. P.urned by the English in 1320, but aftenvards rebuilt, it was surrounded by moat and ram- part, and accessible only by a drawbridge. James Y. and VL were both entertained here with great magni- ficence, the latter punningly remarking that the castle rather should be called Goiv-daily, because a cow and ten sheep were killed there every da}'. See Drum and the eleventh Lord Somerville's curious Memorie of the Somervilles (2 vols., 1815).
Coxton, an old castellated mansion in St Andrews- Lhanbride parish, Elginshire, 2 miles ESE of Elgin. A tall square structure, ^^'ith turrets at the angles, it bears date 1644, but is fully a century older; and it was the residence of the Inneses of Invermarkie, but belongs now to the Earl of Fife. See vol. 1. of Billings' Baronial Antiquities (1845).
Coyle or Coila (popularly Kill), a stream of Kyle dis- trict, AjTshire. It rises in the S of Ochiltree parish close to the boundary with Coylton, and winds 14i miles north-westward to the river Ayv, at a point 3j miles E of the town of Ayr. It makes a cascade, 25 feet ^vide and 15 feet in fall, under the ridge on which stands Sundrum House ; its yellow trout are good, Init not over plentiful ; and at llillmunnoch, on its bank. Burns makes the ' Poor and Honest Sodger ' return to his ain dear maid.
Coylton, a village and a parish in Kyle district, Ayr- shire. The village stands 2 miles W by N of Drongan station and 6 ESE of Ajt, under which it has a post office, and consists of two parts, Coylton proper and New Coylton. It is traditionally said to have got its name from the 'Auld King Coil' of Coilsfield, but figures in old records as Quiltoun and Cuiltoun.
The parish, containing also the villages of Craighall, Woodside, Rankinston, and Joppa, is bounded N by Tarbolton, E by Stair and Ochiltree, S by Dalmellington, SW by Dalr}Tnple, W by Ayr, and NW by St Quivox. Its greatest length, from NNW to SSE, is 8^ miles ; its breadth varies between 7 furlongs and 3§ miles ; and its area is 11,752| acres, of which 160| are water. From a little below Stair church to just above Mainholm, the river Ayk winds 7f miles west-south-westward along all the northern and north-western border ; to it flows the Water of CoYiiE, latterly through the NE interior, but chiefly along the boundary with Ochiltree and Stair. Lochs Mautnaham (1 J x J mile) and Snipe (li x § furl. ) lie on the Dalrymple border ; and on the Ayr border is Loch I'ergus (3x1 furl.). Where the Ayr quits the parish the surface sinks to less than 50 feet above sea- level, thence rising to 139 feet near Craighall, 356 at Raithhill, 253 near Joppa, 799 at Craigs of Co3de, 1241 at Ewe Hill, 1122 at Brown Rig, and 1426 at Benwhat, which last, however, culminates just beyond the southern border. Coal, ironstone, trap rock, sandstone, lime- stone, and potter's clay are worked, the recent great increase in the population being due to mining develop- ment ; plumbago was mined, from 1808 till 1815, on the farm of Laigh Dalmore ; fire-clay abounds in the neigld)Ourhood of a limestone (|uarry ; and Water-of- Ayr stone, used for hones, was raised for some years on Knocksho"gle farm. The soil of the holms or flat grounds along the streams is light and loamy, on a sandy or gravelly bottom ; elsewhere it is inostly a poor cohesive clay on a stilf, cold, tilly subsoil, with patches of moss or peat. About 70 per cent, of the entire land area is in tillage, 23 in pasture, and 7 under wood. Antiquities are a large stone, Ijy tradition associated with tlie name of ' Auld King Coil ;' the castellated por- tion of Sundrum House ; fragments of the old parish church ; and the sites of two pre-Reformation chapels. 292
CRAIG
A field on Bargleuch has yielded four stone coflins ; and silver coins of Elizabeth, James VI., and Charles I. have been dug up on Bargunnoch farm. JMansions are Sundrum, Gadgirth, Rankinston, Martnaham Muir, and Oakbank ; and the property is divided among 14 land- owners, 6 holding each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 3 of between £100 and £500, 1 of from £50 to £100, and 4 of from £20 to £50. Coylton is in the presbytery of Ayr and synod of Glasgow and Ayr ; the living is worth £331. The church, built in 1836, is a good Gothic edifice, with a tower upwards of 60 feet high, and contains 744 sittings. Two public schools, Coylton and Littlemill, with respective accommodation for 293 and 220 children, had (1880) an average attend- ance of 191 and 134, and grants of £162, 12s. 6d. and £96, 19s. Valuation (1860) £10,481, (1882) £20,454, 8s. 9d., including £911 for railway. Pop. (ISOl) 848, (1831) 1380, (1861) 1604, (1871) 1440, (1881) 3100.— Ord. Sur., sh. 14, 1863.
Crag or Craiglich, an eminence (1563 feet) on the mutual border of CouU and Lumphanan parishes, Aber- deenshire, 7^ miles SSW of Alford.
Craggie or Creagach, a loch on the mutual border of Lairg and Rogart parishes, SE Sutherland, 3^ miles ENE of Lairg village. Lying 525 feet above sea-level, it measures 1 mile by 2J furlongs, and, with a stiflish breeze, affords as good trouting as any in Sutherland. — Ord. Sur., sh. 102, 1881.
Craggie or Creagach, a loch in Tongue parish, Suther- land, receiving the superfluence of Loch Loyal, and sending ott' its own to Loch Slaim, through two short reaches of the river BoRGiE, each 1 furlong long. L)'- ing 369 feet above sea-level, it is 1§ mile long from S to NNE ; varies in breadth between IJ and 3h furlongs ; and contains magnificent trout and salmo-ferox, mth occasional salmon and grilse. One of its trout scaled 8\hs.— Ord. Sur., sh. 114, 1880.
Craibstone. See Aberdeen, p. 17.
Craichie. See Dunnichen.
Craig, an estate, with a mansion, in Colmonell parish, S Ayrshire, on the Stinchar, 2 miles ENE of Colmonell village.
Craig, an estate, with a mansion, in Kilmaurs parish, Ayrshire, between Carmel Water and the river Ir\ane, 4 miles W by S of Kilmarnock. Its owner, Allan Pol- lok-Morris, Esq. (b. 1836; sue. 1862), holds 165 acres in the shire, valued at £846 per annum.
Craig. See Neilston.
Craig, a hamlet and a coast parish of Forfarshire. The hamlet, Kirkton of Craig, stands on the brow of a gentle acclivit}', 1^ mile SSW of Montrose, and com- mands a splemlid view over Montrose Basin and town away to the Grampians.
The parish, containing also the fishing villages of Ferryden and Usan or Ulysses' Haven, comprises the ancient parishes of Inchbrayock or Craig and St Skeoch or Dunninald, united in 1618. It is bounded N by Montrose Basin and the mouth of the South Esk, SE by the German Ocean, S bj^ the Dysart section of j\Iaryton and by Lunan, SW by Kinnell, W by Far- nell, and NW by Maryton proper. Its utmost length is 5| miles from ENE to WSW, viz., from the Ness to tiny Nicholls Loch upon Ross Muir ; its width varies between 1^ and 2J miles ; and its area is 4865j acres, of which 345J- are foreshore, and 137i water. The northern border slopes gently do-\vii to Montro.se Basin ; and Rossie island there, lying at the head of the South Esk's eOlucnce to the sea, and separated from the mainland only by a narrow channel, belongs to Craig, but will be separately noticed. The E coast is rocky, and toward the S precipitous, at Boddin Point rising rapidly to 200 feet above sea-level. On the Ness, or most easterly point of the coast, where the South Esk falls into the sea, is a lightliouse, whose light, fixed white till 1881, is now double intermittent or occulting, visible at a distance of 17 nautical miles. The interior, with gradual southward and south-westward ascent, forms, for the Tuost part, an undulating table- land ; and, attaining 234 feet near Balkeillie, 426 near
CRAIG
Balstout, and 503 near the Keformatory, commands from many points extensive views. The rocks are chiefly erujjtive and Devonian, and include greenstone, amj-gdaloid, sandstone, and limestone. A eoai-se sand- stone is worked in several quarries for building ; lime- stone was long extensively worked ; and many varieties of beautiful pebbles are found in the amygdaloid. The soil in the E is sandy, westward inclines to moorish, and in the central and much the largest section is a strong rich loam. Fully five-sevenths of the entire area are in cultivation, a little less than a fourth being either in pasture or commonage, whilst some 300 acres are under wood. An old castle stood on the coast, in the immediate vicinity of Boddin, and has left slight vestiges called Black Jack ; and a square earthen bat- tery, traditionally said to have been thrown np by Oliver Cromwell, stood on a small headland at the mouth of the South Esk. The most interesting antiquity, however, is the strong castle of the barony of Craig, — a barony nearly identical with the present estate of Rossie. Frequently mentioned by Scottish chroniclers, it stood on the N side of the parish, and is now represented by a tower and gatewaj", and by part of a dwelling-house added in 1639. Mansions are Rossie Castle, Dunninald House, and Usan House ; and the property is divided among 4 landowners, 1 holding an annual value of over £5000, 2 of over £2000, and 1 of over £400. Craig is in the presbytery of Brechin and synod of Angus and Meams ; the living is worth £360. The parish church, erected in 1799, is a good building with a square tower SO feet high, and figures finely in the landscape ; a Free church is at Ferryden. Four public schools — Craig, Ferryden Senior, Ferryden Infant, and "VVesterton — with respective accommodation for 143, 160, 165, and 42 children, had (18S0) an average attendance of 99, 144, 165, and 25, and grants of £8S, Os. 6d., £91, Is., £132, 10s., and £32, 3s. Rossie Reformatory, towards the soirth-westem comer of the parish, oh miles SW of Montrose, was established in 1857, and had on an average 72 inmates in 1880, when its total receipts were £1193, inclusive of a Treasury allowance of £1093. Valuation (1882) £12,486, 8s. 2d., including £1225 for railway. Pop. (1801) 1328, (1831) 1552, (1861) 2177, (1871) 2402, (1881) 2589.— Ord. Sur., sh. 57, 1868.
Craig or Craig-of-Madderty. See St David's.
Craigallion, a loch in Strathblane parish, SW Stir- lingshire, 2 miles AVSW of Strathblane station. Lying 380 feet above sea-level, it measures 3| furlongs by 1^, and has finely-wooded shores.
Craigandarrocb. See Ballater.
Craiganeoin, a deep natm-al amphitheatre in Moy and Dalarossie jtarish, Inverness-shire, 1 mile SE of Moy church. Surrounded by high rocks, and accessible only through one narrow passage, it was used in old tiu.es by the Highland caterans for concealing their wives and children during their raids into the low countr}- ; and was the scene of a skii-mish in the '45, known as the Rout of Moy.
Craiganfhiach or Raven's Rock, a precipitous crag in the W of Fodi-lertj" parish, Ross-shire. It gives off a ver}' distinct echo, and is near a strong chalj^beate spring, the Saints' Well.
Craiganoin. See Craigaxeoix.
Craiganroy, a commodious and safe harbour in Glen- shiel parish, Ross-shire, at the S corner of Loch Duich.
Craigarestie, a chief summit of the Kilpatrick Hills, in Old Kilpatrick parish, Dumbartonshire. It cul- minates 1^ mile NKE of Bowling, on the SW side of Loch Humphrey, at 1166 feet above sea-level.
Craigbamet, an estate, \vith a mansion, in the W of Campsie parish, S Stirlingshire, If mile W by N of Campsie Glen station. Its o\vner, Major Chs. Graham- Stirling (b. 1827 ; sue. 1852), holds 3343 acres in the shire, valued at £1716 per annum.
Craigbeg, a hill, 1054 feet high, in Dm-ris parish, Kin- cardineshire, 5^- miles ESE of Banchory.
Craigbhockie and Craigboddich, two lofty cliffs in
CRAIGDOW
Loth parish, Sutherland, confronting each other on
opposite sides of a small burn running to Loch Glen.
Craigcaffie Castle, the old square tower of the NeU- sous in Inch parish, Wigtownshire, 3^ miles NE of Stranraer. It was surroimded by a fosse, but never could have been a place of much strength ; now it is occupied b)- farm labourers.
Craig Castle. See Auchixdoir axd Keakx, and Castle Craig.
Craigchailliach,a summit(2990feet)in the Finlarig sec- tion of Weem parish, Perthshire,3;i miles K by W of Killin.
Craig Cluny, a precipitous granite height in Crathie parish, Aberdeenshire, IJ mile E of Castleton of Brae- mar. It overhangs the public road, and is clothed far up with rowan, weeping birch, and lofty pines. See Charters Chest.
Craigcrook Castle, a picturesque old mansion in Cramond parish, Edinburghshire, nestling at the foot of the north-eastern slope of Corstorphine Hill, 1 mile W of Craigleith station, and 3^ miles W of Edin- burgh. Built probably in the 16th century by one of the Adamsons, it was sold in 1659 to John Mein, in 1670 to John HaU, in 1682 to Walter Pi-ingle, and in 1698 to John Strachan, who, dying about 1719, be- queathed for charitable uses all his propertj* — 334 acres, valued now at £1259 per annum. From early in this century till 1814 it was the residence of the publisher, Archibald Constable (1775-1827), whose son and bio- gi'apher, Thomas (1812-81), was bom here, and who in 1815 was succeeded by the celebrated critic and lawyer, Francis Jeffrey (1773-1850). The latter describes it as ' an old narrow high house, 18 feet wide and 50 long, with irregular projections of all sorts, three little staircases, turrets, a large roimd tower at one end, and an old garden (or rather two, one within the other), stuck close on one side of the house, and surrounded with massive and aged walls, 15 feet high.' He straightway set about the task of reformation ; and during the thirty- five summers that he passed at Craigcrook, by extending and remodelling the gardens (a prototype of those of ' Tully-Yeolau ' in Scott's Waverley), and by additions to the house in 1835 and earlier, he made it at last a lovely and most delightful spot. See Cockburn's Life of Lord Jeffrey (2 vols., Edinb. 1852).
Craigdaimve, a sea inlet on the W side of North Knapdale parish, Argyllshii'e, branching from the Sound of Jiu'a near Keils Point.
Craigdam, a hamlet in Tarves parish, Aberdeenshire, 1\ mile SW of Tarves village. At it are a U. P. church (1806 ; 600 sittings) and a girls' public school.
Craigdarroch, an estate, Avith a mansion, in Glencaim parish, Dumfriesshire, 2\ miles W of Moniaive. Its owner, Robert Cutlar Fergusson, Esq. (b. 1855 ; sue. 1859), holds 2264 acres in the shire, valued at £1755 per annum. Craigdarroch Burn, rising upon the eastern slope of Cornharrow Hill at 1500 feet above sea-level, close to the boundary with Kirkcudbrightshire, runs 6 miles east-by-southward to the vicinity of Moniaive, where it unites with Dalwhat and Castlefern burns to form the river Cairx. — Ord. Sur., sh. 9, 1863.
Craigdarroch, an estate, with a modern mansion, in Contin parish, SE Ross-shue, 4 miles WSW of Strath- peffer. The mansion stands amid romantic scenery, near the north-eastern shore of Lcvch Achilty.
Craig-David. See Bervie Brow.
Craigderg, a ridge of granitic rocks in Inverness parish, Inverness-shire, adjacent to the side of Loch Dochfour. An ancient watchtower stood upon it, and is sujjposed to have been an outpost of Castle-Spiritual.
Craigdhuloch, a stupendous cliff in the SW comer of Glenmuiek parish, Aberdeenshire, adjacent to the boundary with Forfarshire. It overhangs the S side of the small, dark, sequestered Loch Dhuloch ; soars to the height of more than 1000 feet; and is thought by some observers to be grander than the famous rocks of Lochnagar.
Craigdow, a loch (If x \h furl.) on the mutual border of Kirkoswald and Maybole parishes, W Ayrshire, 3i miles SW of Maybole town.
2P3
CRAIGELLaCHIE
CRAIGFORTH
Craigellachie (Gael, crcag-eagalach, ' rock of alarm '), a bold aiul wooded height(1500 feet) on the mutual border of Duthil and Alvie parishes, E Inverness-shire, near the left bank of the Sjiey, above Aviemore station. It gave the clan Grant their slogan or war-cry, ' Stand fast, Craigellachie. '
Craigellachie, a village in the N of Aberlour parish, W Hantl'sliire, lincly seated, 300 feet above sea-level, on the left bank of the Spey, which here receives the Fid- dich, and here is crossed by a handsome iron bridge, with round embattled towers at the angles and a single arch of 100 feet span, erected in 1815 at a cost of £8000, as also by the viaduct (1857) of the Great North of Scotland railway. The junction of the Jlorayshire, Keith, and Strathspey sections of that system, it is 12^ miles SSE of Elgin, 14| WSW of Keith, 68 XW by W of Aberdeen, 33^ NE of Boat of Garten, and 121f N by E of Perth ; and has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, two insurance agencies, gas-works, an hotel, an Established church, with 116 sittings, and a girls' school, vnth. accommoda- tion for 81 children. "Water has been introduced, and building actively carried on since the summer of 1880, when a new street was sanctioned round the top of the lofty quartz crag above the station, on feus given off by Lord Fife at £8 per acre. — Ord. Sicr., sh. 85, 1876.
Craigencat, a hill on the N border of Dunfermline parish, Fife, | mile E by S of Loch Glow, and If SSE of Cleish village. Rising to an altitude of 921 feet above sea-level, it mainly consists of basaltic rock, which is quarried for dykes and road-metal, and it exhibits very regular basaltic columns with many horizontal divisions.
Craigend, a farm on the N border of Newabbey parish, Kirkcudbrightshire, 3J miles NW of Newabbey \'illage. A rocking-stone on it, 15 tons in weight, may be put in motion by a child.
Craigend, an estate, with a mansion, in Strathblane parish, Stirlingshire, 3^ miles N by W of Milngavie. The mansion, Craigend Castle, was built in 1812, and is a splendid edifice, standing amid fine grounds ; its owner is the ex-diplomatist, the Right Hon. Sir Andrew Buchanan, G.C.B., of Dunburgh, Bart. (cr. 1878), who, born in 1807, succeeded his father in 1860, and holds 883 acres in the shire, valued at £948 per annum.
Craigend, a hamlet and a moor in Campsie parish, Stirlingshire. The hamlet lies on Powburn, adjacent to the Blane VaUey railwa}', 2 miles E by S of Strathblane station. The moor extends from the southern -sdcinity of the hamlet to the boundary with Baldernock, and attains an altitude of 634 feet above sea-level.
Craigend, a village in Perth East Church parish, Perth- shire, 2 miles S of Perth. At it are a public school and a U.P. church (1780 ; 413 sittings).
Craigend, a mansion in Liberton parish, Edinburgh- shire, near Craigmillar Castle, 2J miles SSE of Edin- burgh. Built in 1869, it is a large edifice in the Gothic style, and has, at the SE corner, a circular tower 60 feet high.
Craigendarroch. See Ballatek.
Craigends, an estate, with an old mansion, in Kil- barchan parish, Renfrewshire, on the right bank of the Gryfe, 3 miles NNW of Johnstone. Its owner, .John Charles Cunninghame, Esq. (b. 1851 ; sue. 1866), holds 3136 acres in tlie shire, valued at £9985 per annum, in- cluding £2508 for minerals.
Craigengelt, an estate in the SW of St Ninians pni-ish, Stirlingshire, W of Loch Coulter, and 5J miles WNW of Denny. It includes a considerable mass of the Lennox Hills, and contains a circular cairn or mound called the Ghost's Knowe, which, 300 feet in cir- cumference, is engirt by twelve very large stones. This is one only out of several artificial inounils, clothed with fine grass, and called the Sunny Hills ; and Craigengelt is believed to have been, in olden times, the scene of many tragical events.
Craigengower, a liill in Straiton parish, Ayrshire, 9 furlongs SE of Straiton village. Rising to a height of 1160 feet aViove sea-level, it is crowned with a handsome 294
monument to Colonel Blair, who fell in the Crimea ; and it commands an extensive view.
Craigenputtoch, a lonely farm at the head of Dun- score parish, in Nithsdale, Dumfriesshire, lying, 700 feet above sea-level, at the SW base of Craigenputtoch Moor (1038 feet), 10 miles WSW of Auldgirth station, and 15 WNW of Dumfries. From May 1828 to May 1834 it was the home of Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) and his wife, Jane Welsh (1801-66), she having inherited it from her father, whose ancestors owned it for many long generations, going back, it may be, to great John Welsh of Ayr (1570-1623). Here he wrote Sartor Ee- sartus, here received two visits from Lord Jeffrey, and hence sent Goethe a description of his residence as 'not in Dumfries itself, but 15 miles to the NW, among the granite hills and the black morasses which stretch west- ward through Galloway, almost to the Irish Sea. In this wilderness of heath and rock our estate stands forth a green oasis, a tract of ploughed, partly enclosed, and planted ground, where corn ripens,, and trees afford a shade, although surrounded by sea-mews and rough - woolled sheep. Here, with no small effort, have we built and furnished a neat substantial dwelling ; here, in the absence of professional or other office, we live to cultivate literature according to our strength, and in our own peculiar way.' In 1807, the 3-ear succeeding the death of Mrs Carlyle, he bequeathed the estate — 773 acres, valued at £250 per annum — to Edinburgh Uni- versity, to found ten equal competitive 'John Welsh bursaries,' five of them classical, five mathematical. — Orel. Sicr., sh. 9, 1863. See Carlyle's Reminiscences (1881), and his Life by J. A. Froude (1882).
Craigenscore, a mountain in the N of Glenbucket parish, W Aberdeenshire, 21 miles N of the church. It has an altitude of 2000 feet above sea-level.
Craigentinny (Gael, creag-an-teine, ' rock of tire '), an estate, with a mansion, in South Leith parish, Mid- lothian, lying between Edinburgh and the Firth of Forth, 2;^ miles EXE of the city. The property of Samuel Christie-ililler, Esq. (b. 'l811 ; sue. 1862), it extends over only 652 acres, yet is valued at £5739 per annum. This high rental is due to the fact that here are the most extensive meadows in Scotland, all of which have been under regular sewage irrigation for upwards of 35 years. The produce is annually sold to cow-keepers at £16 to £28 (in one year £44) an acre, and the gi'ass per acre is estimated at from 50 to 70 tons. It is cut five times a year ; and two men suffice to keep the ditches in order {Traits. Eight, and Ag. Soc, 1877, p. 24).
Craigenveoch, a mansion in Old Luce parish, Wigtown- shire, on the N side of Whitefield Loch, 3;^ miles ESE of Glenluce. Built in 1876, it is a splendid Scottish baronial pile, the seat of Admiral Right Hon. Sir Jn. Chs. Dalrymjile Hay, third Bart, since 1798 (b. 1821 ; sue. 1861), who, having previously represented Wake- field and Stamford, was in 1880 elected member for the Wigtown burghs, and who owns 7400 acres in the shire, valued at £6601 per annum.
Craigflower, an estate, with a mansion, in Torryburn parish, SW Fife, 3:^ miles E of Culross. It was the i)ro- perty of the Right Hon. Sir Jas. Wm. Colvile of Ochil- tree (1810-80), Indian jurist and privy councillor, who owned 1002 acres in the shire, valued at £2279 per annum.
Craigfoodie, a hill and a mansion in the N of Dairsi' parish, Fife. The hill, culminating 3^ miles NE ot Cupar, at 554 feet above sea-level, presents to the SW a mural front, partly consisting of columnal basalt. The mansion stands on the SE slope of the hill, If mile NW of Dairsie station.
Craigford, a village in St Ninians parish, Stirling- shire, distant 1 mile from Bannockburn.
Craigforth, an estate, with a mansion, in Stirling parish, Stirlingshire. Tlie mansion stands on the right bank of the river Forth, 2 miles WNW of the town ; and, together with the estate, takes name from a bohl and wooded crag. It is a seat of Geo. Fred. Wil. Callander, Esq. of Akukinglass (b. 1848 ; sue. 1851),
CRAIG-GIBBON
CRAIGIELANDS
who holds 601 acres in Stirlingshire, and 51.670 in Ai'gyllsliire, valued respectively at £1886 and £5626 per auuum. Here lived and died the antiquary, John Cal- lander (1710-S9).
Craig-Gibbon, a summit in a detached section of Metliven parish, Perthshire, 3h miles SSW of Dunkeld. One of the Lower Grampians, it rises to a height of 1263 feet above sea-level, and is surmounted by an obelisk.
Craig-Gowan, a wooded height (1437 feet) in Crathie and Braemar jiarish, SAV Aberdeenshire, 9 furlongs S by E of Balmoral. On it are Prince Albert's Cairn (1863), and others, the first of which was reared on 11 Oct. 1852, by the Queen, the Prince Consort, and all the royal children, according to age. See Balmoral and p. 101 of the Queen's Journal (ed. 1877).
Craighall, a village in the NW of Coylton parish, Ayrshire, on the left bank of the river Ayr, and 4 miles E b)- N of AjT town.
Craighall, an estate, with a ruined, castellated man- sion, in Ceres parish, Fife. The ruined mansion stands on the N side of a deep wooded den, traversed by a bm-n, 3 J miles SE of Cupar ; and, buUt by Sir Thomas Hope, King's Advocate to Charles I., still presents a grand appearance. See Pinkie.
Craighall, an estate, with a mansion, in Rattray parish, Perthshire, 3 miles N of Blairgowrie. * A modern- ised ancient edifice, on a pentnsulated rock, rising 214 feet sheer from the Ericht, and formerly defended on the land side by a fosse and two towers,' the mansion ■was visited by Scott in the summer of 1793, and was one of the prototypes of ' Tidly-Veolan' in Wavcrley. The Rattrays of Craighall-Rattray are said to date back to the reign of Malcolm Ceannmor (1057-93) ; and the present proprietor, Lieut. -Gen. Clerk Rattray, C.B. (b, 1832 ; sue. 1851), holds 3256 acres in the shire, valued at £2928 per annum.
Craighall, New, a collier village on the mutual border of Liberton and Inveresk parishes, Edinburghshire, near New Hailes station on the North British, and 2 miles WSW of Musselburgh. At it are an Established chapel of ease (1878), built, like the houses, of brick, and the Benhar Coal Co. 's school, which, with accommodation for 403 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 240, and a gi-aut of £166, 6s. Pop. (1861) 336, (1881) 978.
Craighall, Old, a collier village, with a school, in Inveresk parish, Edinburghshu'e, If mile SSW of Musselburgh.
Craighead. See Cajipsie.
Craighead, a village in Redgorton parish, Perthshire, on the left bank of the Almond, 1 mile N by W of Alraondbank station.
Craighead, an estate, with a mansion, in Blantyre parish, Lanarkshire, on the left bank of the Clyde, 1 mile S of Bothwell village.
Craighead, a place where Caaf Water forms a fine cascade in a narrow wooded dell, on the mutual boun- dary of Dairy and Kilwinning parishes, Ayrshire.
Craiffheads, a village connected with Barrhead town, in Renfrewshire.
Craighirst, one of the Kilpatrick Hills in Old Kil- pati-ick parish, Dumbartonshire, 2\ miles N of Dun- tocher. It has an altitude of 1074 feet above sea- level.
Craighlaw, an estate, with a handsome modern man- sion, engirt by w-ell-wooded policies, in Kirkcowan parish, Wigtownshire, IJ mile W by N of Kirkcowan village. Its owner, Malcolm Fleming Hamilton, Esq. (b. 1869 ; sue. 1876), holds 6300 acres in the shire, valued at £2577 per annum.
Craighom. See Alva, Stirlingshire.
Craig House, a fine old, many-gabled Scottish man- sion ill St Cutlibcrts parish, Midlothian, on the north- eastern slope of wooded Craiglockhart Hill, 2j miles SW of Edinburgh. Haunted ('tis said) by the ghost of one Jacky Gordon, it belonged to Sir William Dick, Knight, of Braid, who, from being Lord Provost of Edin- burgh, and possessor of £226,000, equal to £2,000,000 of our present money, died in the King's Bench a pauper
in 1655. Lons: after, it was the residence of the his- torian, John Hill Burton (1809-81).
Craigie, a village and a parish in Kyle district, Ajrr- shire. The village stands 4 miles S of Kilmarnock, under which it has a post ofiice.
The parish, incluiling part of the ancient parish of Barnweill, was itself united to Riccarton till 1647. It is bounded N by Riccarton, NE by Galston, E bv INlauchline, SE by Tarbolton, SW by Monkton, anil NW by Symington. Rudely resembling a triangle, with south-westward apex, it has an utmost length from NE to SW of 5| miles, an utmost breadth of 4i miles, and an area of 6579J acres, of which 3 are water. Cessxock Water winds 1 mile along the Galston border ; but the drainage is mostly carried southward or south-westward by the Water of Fail and the Pow Burn. The surface is undulating, attaining 507 feet above sea-level near Harelaw in the NW, and 458 near Pisgah in the S, heights that command a brilliant panoramic view, away to Ben Lomond, Jura, and the Irish coast. Coal, both bituminous and anthracitic, has here been mined in several places and at different times, though never with much success ; whilst the work- ing of limestone of the finest quality has lately been aban- doned, chiefly on account of the distance from railway. Great attention is paid to dairy -farming, more than half of the entire area being in pasture, whilst about 170 acres are under wood. William Roxburgh (1759-1815), physician and botanist, was born at Underwood in this parish. Its chief antiquities are artificial mounds, which either were seats of justice or military encampments, and the ruins of Craigie Castle, \^ mile WSW of the church. A very ancient structure, this was the seat, first of the Lindsays, and then of the Wallaces of Craigie. (See LocHRTAN House, Wigtownshire.) Mansions are Cairnhill, Barnweill, and Underwood. Craigie is in the presbytery of Ayr and synod of Glasgow and Ayi' ; the living is worth £300. The church, erected in 1776, stands at the village, as also does a public school, which, with accommodation for 126 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 40, and a grant of £30, 14s. Valuation (1882) £10,724, 5s. 2d. Pop. (1801) 786, (1831) 824, (1861) 730, (1871) 618, (1881) 590.— Ort^. Hxir., sh. 22, 1865.
Craigie, an estate, with a mansion, in St Quivox parish, Ayrshire, on the right bank of the river Ayr, and 1^ mile E by S of Ajt town. Wallacetown lies on the estate, whose owner, Rich. Fred. Fothringham Camp- bell, Esq. (b. 1831 ; sue. 1860), holds 2099 acres in the shire, valued at £3770 per annum.
Craigie, an estate, with a mansion, in Dundee parish, Forfarshire, near the Fii-th of Tay, 2 miles E by N of Dundee town. Its owner, David Chs. Guthrie, Esq. (b. 1861 ; sue. 1873), holds 309 acres in the shire, valued at £979 per annum.
Craigie. See Perth and Belhelvie.
Craigie, a village in Caputh parish, Perthshire, 4J miles WSW of BlairgowTie, under w-hich it has a post office.
Craigie or Creagach, Loch. See Borgie.
Craigiebams. See Duxkeld.
Craigiebuckler. See Banchory-Devenick,
Craigiebum, an estate, with a mansion, in JIoflFat parish, Dumfriesshire, on the right bank of Jloffat Water, 2g mdes E of Mott'at town. Craigicljurn Wood was a favourite haunt of the poet Burns about 1789, the birthplace of Jean Lorimer, his 'Chloris.'
Craigiehall, an estate, with a mansion, in the SE of Dalmeny parish, Linlithgowshire, on the left bank of the Almond, 7 furlongs W of Cramond Bridge, and 3J miles W by S of Davidson's Mains. Its owner, James Charles Hope Vere (b. 1858 ; sue. 1872), holds 2217 acres in Mid and West Lothian, valued at £5433 per annum. (See also Blackwood, Lanarkshire. ) The park around the mansion is finely wooded ; and the Almond, where skirting it, forms a picturesque cascade beneath a rustic bridge. See Dalmexy.
Craigielands, a neat modern village in Kirkpatrick- Juxta parish, Dumfriesshire, near Beattock station, and
295
CRAIGIEVAR
2i miles SSW of Jlottat, under which it has a post otfice. Craigiclands House, a modem mansion, is in its southern vicinity.
Craigievar (Gael, creagach-bharr, ' the rocky point '), a hamlet and an estate, with a mansion, in Luniphanan and Leochel-Cushnie parishes, central Aberdeenshire, 35 and 4g miles NNW of Lumphauan station, this heing 27 miles W by S of Aberdeen, under which there is a post ofiice of Craigievar. The liamlet has a public school ; and fairs for cattle, sheep, and horses are held at it on the Friday before the third Wednesday of April, the Friday before 26 Jlay (or 26th, if Friday), the Thursday after the last Tuesday of June 0. s., the day of July after St Sairs, the Thursday after the second Tuesday of August 0. s., and the Friday after the first Tuesday of September 0. s. The estate belonged to the Jiortimcrs from 1457 and earlier down to 1610, when it was purchased by "William Forbes of Menie (1566-1627), a cadet of the Forbeses of Corse, who, ' by his diligent merchandising in Denmark and other parts, had become extraordinary rich.' His son and namesake (1593- 1648), a zealous jCovenanter, and the breaker up of the freebooter Gilderoy's band, was created a baronet in 1630 ; his sixth descendant, the present and eighth baronet, Sir William Forbes (b. 1836 ; sue. 1846), holds 9347 acres in the shire, valued at £8539 per annum. The Mortimers are said to have commenced the castle, but to have been stayed by lack of funds ; by William Forbes it was finished in 1626. Built of granite, a tall, narro-n- clustered tower, seven stories high, it is in the best style of Flemish castellated architecture, one of the most perfect specimens extant, and as such is figured in five of Billings' i)lates — three showing the exterior ^vith its corner tuiTcts, corbelling, and crow-stepped gables ; one, the banqueting hall, with mighty fireplace, oaken furnishings, and ' curiously plaistered ' ceiling and chimney-iiiece ; and the fifth, a bedroom, not so unlike Queen Mary's at Holyrood. — Orel. Sur., sh. 76, 1874. See vol. i. of Billings' Baronial Antiquities (1845).
Craiglea, a hill (1737 feet), with a slate quarry, in Fowlis- Wester parish, Pertlisliire, on the Logiealmond estate, 6| miles NW of Methven Junction. The slate vein is of excellent quality; yields two kinds of slates, the one dark blue, the other of a sea-green hue ; and has long been worked to the extent of above 1,200,000 slates a year.
Craigleith, an islet of North Berwick parish, Had- dingtonshire, 1 mile N of North Berwick town. Measur- ing 14 by 1 furlong, it rises to a height of 80 feet ; consists of greenstone, bare and barren ; and is inhabited only by rabbits, jackdaws, and sea-fowl. In 1814 Sir Hew Dalrymple bought it from the Town Council for £400.
Craigleith, an extensive sandstone quarry near the W border of St Cuthberts parish, Edinburghshire, J mile E of Blackball village, and 2 miles W bj' N of Edinburgh ; close to it is Craigleith station on the Leith branch of the Caledonian. Belonging to the upper group of the Calciferous Sandstone scries, it i)rcsent3 a deep excavation 12 acres in area, and longsu]i)>]ied most of the stone with which the New Town of Edinburgh was built, its original rental of only £50 rising to £5500 during the great building ))criod in Edinburgh, from 1820 till 1S2G. The Craigleith stone is of two kinds — the one of a fine cream colour, called liver rock ; the other of a greyish white, called feak rock. Three trunks of great fossil coniferous trees have been here discovered.
Craigleoch, a cliff on the western verge of Rattray parisli, rerthshire, at a very romantic gorge in the chaiiml of tlie river Ericht, a little al)ovc Craigjiall.
Craiglockhart, an ancient baronial fortalice in Lanark ptirish, Lanarkshire, on the right bank of Mouse Water, opposite Jerviswood. It jirobably was erected by some remote ancestor of the Lockliarts of Lee ; but it figures very slightly in either records or tradition ; and it now is a ruined, lofty, pictures(|Ue tower.
Craiglockhart, a wooiled basaltic hill in Colinton parish, Jlidlothian, I mile ESE of Slateford, and 2.J 296
CRAIGMILLAR CASTLE
miles SW by W of Edinburgh. Attaining a height of 550 feet above sea-level, it commands a wide westward view, awaj^ to the frontier Grampians ; at its base is a skating-pond, formed in 1873 by Mr Cox of the Edin- burgh Gymnasium. It got its name from the neigh- bouring square tower or keep, built by an ancestor of the Lockliarts of Lee about the middle of the 13th century, and now rejiresented by only the basement arched story ; and in turn it has given name to a man- sion, a poorhouse, an Established mission church, and a hydropathic establishment, in its vicinity. The mansion, built about 1823, stands between the hill and Slateford, on the verge of a wooded bank, sloping down to the Water of Leith. The Edinburgh Poorhouse, at the back or SE of the hill, was built in 1869, and, as enlarged in 1878, has accommodation for 827 inmates. The church, an iron one, opened in 1880, is near the old tower, as this again is near the hydropathic establish- ment, which occupies a commanding site to the SW of the hill, and which, designed by Alessrs Peddie & Kinnear, was erected during 1878-80, being a plain but dignified edifice, rustic Italian in style, with central tower, slightly projecting wings, and accommodation for 200 visitors.
Craigluscar, a hill (744 feet) in Dimfennline parish, Fife, 3 miles NW of Dunfermline town. A limestone quarry near its summit exhibits a bed of trap interjposed between two of limestone.
Craiglush, a loch (2 x ^ mile) in Caputh parish, E Perthshire, traversed by Lunan 13urn, which runs from it 1 furlong south-south-eastward to the beautiful Loch of Lows.
Craigmaddie, an estate in Baldernock and Strathblane parishes, Stirlingshire, 2 miles NE of Milngavie. It contains a stately modern mansion ; a fragmentary ruin of the moated tower of the Galbraiths, dating from 1238 or earlier ; a group of cairns, alleged to mark the scene of a battle between the Danes and the Picts ; that singular cromlech known as the Auld Wives' Lift ; a lake of about 10 acres ; a fine expanse of park and wood ; and an extensive moor, rising to an altitude of 633 feet, and going into junction with Craigend Aloor.
Craigmark, a mining village in Dalmellington parish, Ayrshire, 1 j mile NNW of Dalmellington town. Pop. (1861) 543, (1871) 616, (1881) 383.
Craigmarloch, a small village on the mutual border of Kilsyth parish, Stirlingshire, and Cumbernauld parish , Dumbartonshii'e.
Craigmile, an' estate, with a mansion, in Kincardine O'Neil parish, S Aberdeenshire, 1^ mile E of Torphins station.
Craigmill, a small village in the Clackmannanshire section of Logic parish, at the southern base of Abbey Craig. It formerly was notorious for the smuggling of whisky.
Craigmill. See Rattuay.
Craigmillar Castle, a grand old ruin in Liberton parish, Midlothian, 3 miles SE of I'^dinburgh. Crown- ing the brow of a gentle eminence, it commands from its topmost roof a magnificent view of Arthur's Seat, the S side of the city, the firth and the shores of Fife, Aber- lady Bay, and the Pentlands ; and itself consists of a lofty square keep or tower, an inner ivy-clad court, and a quadrangular embattled wall, 30 feet high, with circular corner towers — the whole engirt by an outer rampart or else, in places, by a moat. The ' new part,' to the W, was added so late as 1661 ; the keep must be older than 1427 (the earliest date preserved) ; but much of the building, as it stands to-day, was reared most likely after its burning by Hertford in 1544. ' On the boundary wall,' says Sir Walter Scott, 'may be seen the arms of Cockburn of Ormiston, C'ongalton of Con- galton, ]\loul)ray of Barnbouglc, and Otterl)urn of Red- ford, allies of the Prestonsof Craigmillar ; whilst in one corner of the outer court, over a ])ortal arch, are the arms of the family, three unicorns' heads couped, with a cheese-i>ress and barrel or tun, a wretched rebus to express their name ' — this sculptured fragment bearing date 1510. Within are the noisome diniu'fons, in whose partition wall a skeleton was found bricked up (lil3);
CRAIGMORE
the kitchen, with mighty oven ; Queen Mary's bower, ■\rith two or three dubious relics ; her bedchamber, measuring but 7 by 5 feet, yet having two \vindows and a fireplace ; and the great banqueting hall, 36 feet long, and 22 feet broad, with walls 10 feet in thickness, chimney 11 feet wide, a barrel-vaulted roof, and deep embrasured windows, on the stone seat of one of which may be faintly traced a diagram of the old game of the ' Walls of Troy. ' The name of this place occurs pretty early in the national records, in a charter of mortifica- tion granted in 1212 by William, son of Henry de Craigmillar, whereby he gives, ' in pure and perpetual alms,' to the church and monastery of Dunfermline, a certain toft of land in Craigmillar, in the southern part leading from the town of Xidreif to the church of Liberton, which Henry de Edmonton holds of him. Later, Craigmillar belonged to one John de Capella, and from him it was purchased in 1374 by Sir Simon Preston, whose descendants retained it for nearly three centuries, and, during that pei'iod held the highest offices in the magistracy of EtUnburgh. In 1478 John, Earl of ilar, 'ane fair and lustie man,' was here im- prisoned b}' James III. , his brother, and only removed to meet his doom by treacherous lancet in the Canon- gate ; and James V., with Gawin Douglas, his tutor, was sent here during his minority, when the pest was raging in Edinburgh. Queen Marj^, after her return in 1561, made Craigmillar so frequent a residence, that a neighboui'ing hamlet, where her French retinue lodged, retains to this day the name of Little France ; in December 1566 we read of her lying here sick, and ever repeating these words, * I could ■wish to be dead. ' Here, too, in the same month, her divorce from Darnley was mooted by Both well, Murray, Le thing- ton, Argyll, and Huntly, in the so-called ' Conference of Craigmillar,' and propounded to Mary herself; and to Craigmillar it was at fii'st proposed to have Darnley conveyed, instead of to Kirk of Field. Mary's son, James VI. , is said to have planned at Craigmillar his matrimonial excursion to Denmark; and Mary's de- scendant. Queen Victoria, in 1842 drove by its ruins, which have been sketched and Avi'itten of by 'fat, fodgel' Grose, Sir Walter Scott, Thomson of Duddingston, Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, Hill Burton, and many others. — Ord. Sur., sh. 32, 1857. See vol. i. of Billings' 5aro«iaZ Antiquities (ISio), a.n.^ Historical Sketches of Craigmillar Castle (Edinb. 1875).
Craigmore, a precipitous hill, 1271 feet high, in Aber- foyle parish, Perthshire, flanking the Laggan's northern bank, and culminating 1 mile XW of Aberfoyle hamlet.
Craigmore. See Bex-ax-Armuinn.
CTaig-na-Ban, a roimded, granitic, fir-clad hiU (1736 feet) in Crathie and Braemar parish, SW Aberdeenshire, 1| miie SE of Abergeldie. On it, to save his own life, a wizard is said to have hunted do^^m a -n-itch and handed her over to justice ; and on it Prince Frederick William of Prussia gave the piece of white heather (emblem of good luck) to the Princess Royal on the day of their betrothal, 29 Sept. 1855.
Craig-na-Faoilinn, a stupendous crag, 934 feet high, in Durness parish, Sutherland, overhanging the public road at the head of Loch Eriboll, near the mouth of Strath Beg.
Craignafeile, a stack or rocky tower-like islet off the NE coast of the Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire, near a cascade falling to the sea, in the vicinity of Loch Staffin. It presents some resemblance to a statue in Highland costume ; hence the name crcag-na-fheilidh, ' the rock of the kilt.'
Craignaiolar or Creag na h-Iolaire (Gael, 'eagle's crag'), a rocky hill (1750 feet) projecting from a moun- tain range, in Duthil parish, Elginshire, 3:^ miles NNW of the parish church. It has several fissures, one of which, near the western extremity, cuts it sharply from top to bottom. See also Bex-ax-Armuinx.
Craignair. See Buittle.
Craigneil, an ancient fortalice in Colmonell parish, SW Ayrshire, near the left bank of the Stincliar, 7 fur- longs S of Colmonell village. Built in the 13th century,
CRAIGNISH
it was a hiding-place of Robert Bruce ; was afterwards a feudal prison and place of execution ; and is now a picturesque ruin, crowning a rock}- mount, and com- manding a view of the Stinchar's valley from Penmore to Knockdolian.
Craignethan, a ruined castle or, rather, fortified manor-house, in Lesmahagow parish, Lanarkshire, ^ mile ENE of Tillietudlem station on the Lesmahagow branch of the Caledonian, and 5i miles WXW of Lanark- It stands on the left bank of the river Xethan, 1|- mile above its influx near Crossford village to the Clyde ; and is said to have been rebuilt by the celebrated architect. Sir James Hamilton of Fynnart, commonly kno^vn as the Bastard of Arran. He was beheaded in 1540, but three years later the family estates were restored to his son. Sir James Hamilton of Evandale. Popularly iden- fied with the ' Tillietudlem ' of Old Mortality, Craig- nethan, to quote James Hunnewell's Lands of Scott (1871), 'is a mere shell and wreck of its former self; yet, like most ruined castles, it is not wanting in pictm-esqueness and romance. It is approached by a road like that described in the novel — jsteep, winding, and stony, and leading through a ford of the Nethan. This is a shallow stream, flowing over a rocky bed, and bending around a point that rises, with grey crags and steep, gi'ass or tree clad banks, to a commanding eleva- tion, on which is the castle, built of sandstone, now faded and weather-worn. The extent of Craignethan once was great ; even now there is a large garden -nithin its walls. The keep, at the outer or river side, is very ruinous ; and indeed the whole structure is much dila- pidated, large quantities of materials having been taken from it for the construction of ignoble buildings. But there can still be found in it many picturesque combina- tions of wall and tower, of stone-arched ceiling, or of broken vaulting, streaming with graceful ivy-sprays, or of shattered battlements, garlanded with shrubbery. A story told of many old residences is told of this : Queen Mary is said to have occupied, dm'ing several days before the battle of Langside, a large hall, yet partly existing, and called the Queen's Room. Craig- nethan has been an important fortress, held by Hamil- tons, by Haj's, and by Douglases. The scenery around it has some degree of grandeur as well as beauty ; and Sir Walter, on his visit in 1799, was so much pleased with the place, that the proprietor oflered him use for life of a small house within the walls. I was told that the novel is commemorated here by quite a large periodi- cal festivity, held bv the families of farmers and others, and called the Tillietudlem Ball. '— C/rcZ. Sur., sh. 23, 1865. See also J. B. Greenshield's Annals of the Parish of Lesmahagoiu (Edinb. 1864).
Craigneuk, a mining Aillage in Dalziel parish, Lanark- shire, If mile WXW of Wishaw, and If ESE of Motherwell. Forming since 1874 part of Wishaw police burgh, it has a Primitive Methodist chapel, a small Roman Catholic school, and a pubKc school. Pop. (1S61) 716, (1871) 1377, (1881) 2330.
Craignish, a South Argyll parish on the W coast of Argyllshire, adjoining the steamboat route from Glas- gow, via the Crinan Canal, to Oban, and containing the hartdet of Ardfern, -nnth a post oflice under Lochgilp- head, 18 miles to the SE. It anciently was called indiscriminately Kilmorie and Craignish, and it retains a burial-ground and a ruined chapel, still bearing the name of Kilmliori. Its south-south-western half is pen- insidar, and its entire outline approaches that of a scalene triangle, with south-south-westward vertex. Its peninsula is bounded E by Loch Craignish and W by the Atlantic Ocean ; on its other sides the parish bor- ders on Kilninver, Kilchrenan, and Kilmartin. Its greatest length, from NXE to SSW, is 11 miles, and its average breadth is about 2 miles. The extent of coast is fully 16 miles. Loch Craignish, o]iening from the lower part of tlie NE side of Loch Crinan, pene- trates 6 miles to the XNE, and diminishes in width from 3 miles at the mouth to 7 furlongs near the head, where it forms a commodious harbour, with good anchorage. Craitruish Point Hanks the W side of the loch's mouth, ^ 297
CRAIGNOOK
and terminates the parish's peninsula ; and both that point and the small neighbouring island of Garbhreisa are faced A\-ith cliffs. A sti-ait, called Dorusmore or the Great Door, between Craignish Point and Garbhreisa, is swept by a rapid tidal current, but has a deep channel, and is usually traversed by the steamers from Port Crinan to Oban. Abreast of the mainland, chiefly in the S and within Loch Craignish, are upwards of twenty islands and numerous islets and rocks, serried round with ro- mantic cliffs. The peninsula commences, in the south- south-western extremity, in a near point ; extends to a length of about 6 miles ; widens gradually to 2J miles ; swells, on the eastern side, into numerous green eminences of 300 feet and less in elevation ; has, along Loch Craignish shore, a narrow strip of land ; and is cut there into numerous little headlands and winding baylets. A flat tract, less than J mile broad, and very slightly elevated above the sea ; extends from the western shore across the head of the peninsula to a rivulet in the E, running along the boundary with Kilmartin. The district N of that tract is partly a section of the valley of Barbreck, extending upward from the head of Loch Craignish, and mainly a rugged, heathy, hilly region, attaining an extreme altitude of 700 feet above sea-level, and commanding, from its higher points, extensive and diversified views. There are twelve lakes, many rills, and numerous perennial springs. The prevailing rock is claj^ slate. The soil of the arable grounds is principally a loamy mould, less fertile than it looks to be. Much good land, or land which might be profitably reclaimed, lies waste. Re- mains of a large, strong, mediaeval fortalice are near the north-western boundary ; and vestiges of rude forts, supposed to be Scandinavian, are in eleven places. Craignish Castle, standing on the peninsula, 2^ miles from the point, includes a strong old fortalice, which withstood a six weeks' siege by Colkitto, but is mostly a good modern mansion, rebuilt about 1832 ; its owner, Fred. Chs. Trench-Gascoigne (b. 1814), holds 5591 acres in the shii-e, valued at £1013 per annum. Other man- sions are Bakbukck and Dail ; and the property is divided among 6 landowners, 3 holding each an annual value of £r00 and upwards, 2 of between £100 and £500, and 1 of from £50 to £100. Craignish is in the presbytery of Inverary and synod of Argyll ; the living is worth £215. The church, 8 miles NW of Kilmartin, was erected in 1826, is a neat edifice, and contains 500 sittings. There is also a Free Churcb preaching station. Craignish public and Barbreck girls' schools, with re- spective accommodation for 85 and 41 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 35 and 33, and gi-ants of £43, 10s. 6d. and £41, 4s. Valuation (1882) £3889, 12s. Id. Pop. (1801) 904, (1831) 892, (1861) 618, (1871) 481, (1881)451.
Craignook. See Craigneuk.
Craignure, a hamlet in Torosay parish. Mull island, Argyllshire, on a small bay of its own name, at the SE end of the Sound of Mull, 2\ miles NW of Achnacraig. It has an inn, a post-office under Oban, and a steamboat pier.
Craigo, a village, with a public school, in Logiepert parish, Forfarshire, on the North Esk's right bank, with a station on the Aberdeen section of the Caledonian, 3^ miles NNW of Dubton Junction, and 6^ NNW of Jlontrose. Craigo House, Ih mile S by E of Craigo station, is the property of Thos. Macpherson-Grant, Esq., W.S. (b. 1815; sue. his cousin, Thos. Carnegy, Esq., 1856), who holds 4713 acres in the .shire, valued at £7082 per annum. Pop. of village (1861) 359, (1871) 376, (1881) 124, a decrease due to the stoppage of a flax .spinning-mill and a bleachfield. See Logikpkut.
Craigoch, a ])urn in Portpatrick parish, Wigtownshire, running 4 miles west-south-westward to the North Chan- nel at Dunskcy Castle, 5 furlongs SSE of Portpatrick town. It KUii]ilios a small artificial lake, stocked with trout, in the vicinity of Dunskey House.
Craigowl. See Glammi.s.
Craigphadrick, a wa«ded hill in Inverness parish, Inverne-sshire, between Beauly Firth and the valley of 208
CRAIGSTON CASTLE
the Ness, If mile W of Inverness tovra. Terminating th 3 north-western hill-flank of the Great Glen of Scotland, it rises to an altitude of 430 feet above sea-level ; and its rocky tabular summit is crowned with a double- walled, rectangular vitrified fort, 240 feet long and 90 wide, which commands an extensive view. The palace of King Brude, near the river Ness, which Columba visited in 565, was by Dr Reeves identified vdih Craig- phadrick ; but Skene observes that ' it seems unlikely that in the 6th century a royal i)alace should have been in a vitrified fort, on the top of a roclcy hill nearly 500 feet high, and it is certainly inconsistent with Adamnan's narrative that the vSaint .should have had to ascend such an eminence to reach it' {Cellic Scotland, ii. 106, note, 1877).
Craigrie, a village in the parish and 5 furlongs WSW of the town of Clackmannan.
Craig Rossie, a green hill on the mutual border of Auchterarder and Dunning parishes, Perthshire, 2^ miles E by S of Auchterarder town. It is one of the most conspicuous of the Ochils, rising to an altitude of 1250 feet above sea-level.
Craigrostan. See Craigrotston.
Craigrothie, a village, -n-ith a public school, in Ceres parish, Fife, IJ mile WSW of Ceres town. It is a burgh of barony, governed by a bailie and councillors. Pop. (1861) 308, (1881) 192.
Craigrownie, a quoad sacra parish in Roseneath parish, Dumbartonshire, comprising the police burgh of Cove and Kilcreggan. It is in the presbytery of Dum- barton and sjniod of Glasgow and Ayr ; the stipend is £120. Its church stands at the E side of the entrance to Long Loch, near Barons Point ; in its vicinity is Craigro\vnie Castle. Pop. (1871) 1103, (1881) 1136. See Cove and Kilcreggan.
Craigroy, an eminence in the W centre of Ross-shire, 5 miles ESE of the head of Loch Maree.
Craigroyston or Rob Roy's Cave, a cavern in Buchanan parish, Stirlingshire, at the E side of Loch Lomond, 7 furlongs N by W of Inversnaid. It occurs, within a steep rugged rock, a little above the water's edge ; is wild and deep ; and has a narrow entrance, partly concealed by fallen blocks. Robert Bruce spent a night in it after the battle of Dalrj' ; and Rob Roy frequented it as a place of consultation with his subalterns for planning his raids.
Craigs, a hamlet in Liberton parish, Edinburghshire, 5 furlfyigs NE of Liberton village.
Craigs. See Duntocher.
Craigs, a mansion in the parish and 2 mUes ESE of the town of Dumfries.
Craigs, Stirlingshire. See Rum ford.
Craigskean, an old baronial fortalice, now reduced to a ruinous frngment, in Maybole parish, Ayrshire.
Craigs of Blebo. See Blebo Craigs.
Craigs of Coyle. See Coyltox.
Craigs of Ness, a rocky gorge on the mutual border of Straiton and Dalmellington parishes, Ayrshire, in the course of the river Doon, immediately below its efflux from Loch Doon. Cliffs on each side, 230 feet high, are richly clothed with shrubs and trees, and form so close a gorge as to leave a width of not more than 4 or 5 yards for the fretting current of the river.
CraigspajTOW, a hilly section of Newburgh parish, Fife, projecting southward from the main body of the parish, and rising to an altitude of about 600 feet above sea-level.
Craigston. See Barra.
Craigston Castle, a mansion in King-Edward parish, NW Al)crdeenshire, 4^ miles NNE of Turriff. Founded in 1004-7 by John Urquhart, Tutor of Cromarty, it con- sisted originally of a central tower and tAvo projecting wings, but was so altered by connecting archwork as to be made quadrangular, and is now an interesting edifice, with beautiful grounds and plantations ; among its por- traits are three by Jameson and four of the dethroned Stuarts. The present owner, Francis Edward Romulus Polhud-Uniuhart (b- 1S48 ; sue. 1871), holds 3998 acres in the shire, valued at £2856 per annum.
CRAIGTHORNHILL
CRAIL
Craigthornhill, an estate, with a mansion, in Glas- ford parish, Lanarksliire, 5 miles S by E of Hamilton.
Craigton. See Peteeculter.
Craigton, a village in IMonikie parish, Forfarshire, 5 miles "SVNW of Carnoustie, under which it has a post office.
Craigton, an estate, with an old mansion and a bleach- iield, in the Dumbartonshire section of New Kilpatiick parish. The mansion stands near the eastern base of the Kilpatrick Hills, 3J miles NE of Duntocher ; is a large edifice of 1635 ; and has been converted into domiciles for the operatives of the bleaclifield. The bleachfield lies on Craigton Burn, a rivulet rising on the Kilpatrick Hills, and running 3 J miles south- eastward to the Allander ; and contains all appliances for the best treatment of yarns. A public school adjoins it.
Craigton, a village in Airlie parish, "W Forfarshire, 4 miles S\V by W of Kirriemuir. See Airlie.
Craigton, an estate, with a mansion, in Abercoru parish, Linlithgowshire, 2 miles NW of Winchburgh station.
CraiguUian, a loch in Strathldane parish, SW Stir- lingshire, If mile WSW of Strathblane village. "With an utmost length and breadth of 3| and 1 J fui'longs, it lies 380 feet above sea-level, on a j^lateau that terminates in an imposing range of basaltic columns, popularly called the Pillar Craig.
Craig Vinean, a long, wild, wooded ridge of hill in Little Dunkeld parish, Perthshire, between the con- fluent Tay and Bran, culminating 1§ mile W of Inver village, at 1247 feet above sea-leveL Diversified all over with rocky protuberances, sharp undidations, and deep hollows, it both contains charming close views within its ovm recesses, and commands wide prospects from its vantage-grounds ; and it forms a romantic feature in the envii'ons of Dunkeld.
Craigwood, a pyramidal hill (558 feet), with a terrace around it, in Dunkeld parish, Perthshire, a little to the E of Dunkeld town. It commands a very fine view of Dunkeld, and of the mountain-passes diverging thence.
Crail, a seaport town and a parish of the East Neuk of Fife. A royal and parliamentary burgh, the town is picturesquely situated in a gullj!", beyond which the red- roofed houses rise again. It is 2-| miles WSW of Fife Ness, 10 SE of St Andrews, and 4^ NE of Anstruther station, this being 38f miles NE of Edinburgh ; and on the Anstruther and St Andrews railway, now (1882) in course of construction, it is to have a station of its own. It dates from remote times, figuring so far back as the first half of the 9th century as a seat of commerce with the Netherlands, an important fishing and fish-curing station. And still it retains an old-woiid character ; still down towards the sea rise massive, antique dwelling- houses ; and though the gates are gone, the name of ' 2)orts ' preserves their memory. A royal castle or palace, the occasional residence of David I. (1124-53), surmounted the low cliff a little E of the harbour, but, excepting the merest fragment of a wall, has wholly dis- appeared. So old, however, is the parish church, that many have fancied the ' sair Sanct ' himself may have prayed ^^ithin its walls — a fancy forbidden by the style (Second Pointed) of its architecture. As repaired in 1828, it contains 900 sittings, and consists of an aisled nave, 80 feet long ; a chancel, reduced from 55 to 22§ feet ; and a western tower, with stunted octagonal spire. The SW porch has been destroyed, but the dedication cross is yet decipherable on the walls, into which has been built a far more ancient cross, sculp- tured with animals and other emblems. Till 1517 this church of St Macrubha was held by Haddington Cistercian nunnery, whose prioress, with Sir William ilyreton, then made it collegiate, for a provost, ten pre- bendaries, a sacrist, and choristers. On 9 June 1559, John Knox, attended by a 'rascal multitude,' preached from its pulpit his Perth 'idolatrous sermon,' with the usual outcome of pillage and demolition ; and to it in 1648 the Earl of Crawford presented James Sharp, arch- bishop that was to be. The castle had a chapel dedi-
Seal of Crail.
cated to St Rufus ; and the site of another, at the beach to the E of the town, is known as the Prior Walls. A Free church and a U.P. church are in the town, which further has a neat town-hall, a post office, with money order, savings' baidc, and telegraph departments, a branch of the Commercial Bank, a local savings' bank, 7 insur- ance agencies, a public library, a principal inn, two public schools, a brewery, and gas-works. The neigh- bouring golf links are small and uneven, gi'eatly inferior to those of Balcomie, IJ mile further to the eastward. The harbour is hard to enter, and neither the oldest nor the best ; for the ancient havi-n, Roome Bay, i mile eastward, is naturally larger and better sheltered, and could, at comparatively trifling cost, be converted into a deep, safe, and accessible anchorage for fully 200 ves- sels. But at present Ci-ail's commerce comprises little more than import of coals, and the export of grain and potatoes, for a small surrounding district ; and the harbour re- venue was only £82 in 1867, £134 in 1874, £190 in 1880, and £126 in 1881. Fish- ing is carried on to a noticeable extent, but to an extent much less than at some other towns and villages of Fife, or indeed at Crail itself in the days when its sun-dried haddocks were widely famous as ' Crail capons. ' Of late years Crail has become a favourite resort of summer visitors, for whose accommodation several handsome villas have been built. The burgh, first chartered by Robert the Bruce in 1306, is governed by a provost, 2 bailies, a treasurer, and 5 other councillors ; with St Andrews, Oupar, Kilrenny, the two Anstruthers, and Pittenweem, it retm-ns a member to parliament ; the municipal and parliamentary constituency numbering 190 in 1882, when the corporation revenue and burgh valuation amounted to £226 and £3444. Pop. (1841) 1221, (1861) 1238, (1871) 1126, (1881) 1145.
The parish is bounded N by St Leonards and Kings- barns, NE by the German Ocean, SE by the Firth of Forth, S by Kilrenny, SW by Carnbee, and NW by Dunino. Its utmost length, from E to W, is 6f miles ; its breadth varies between 1 and 2§ miles ; and its area is 6782f acres, of which 399^ are foreshore. The coast, 6 miles in extent, is bold an cT rocky, and little diversified by creek or headland. Its most marked features are Fife Ness at the N side of the entrance of the Firth of Forth, and the skerries of Carr and Balcomie. Kippo Bum traces 2§ miles of the Kingsbarns, and Chesters Burn 2 miles of the Dunino, boundary ; whilst a rivulet runs to the Firth at the town. The land rises steeply from the shore to a height of from 20 to 80 feet above sea-level, thence swelling gently west-north-westward to 300 feet near Redwells, 400 near Kiugsmuir House, and looking all, in a general view, to be flat, naked, and uninterest- ing. It has little wood, and not a lake or hill or any considerable stream to relieve its monotony ; but com- mands, from its higher grounds, a very lovely and ex- tensive prospect. The prevailing rocks are of the Car- boniferous formation. Sandstone, of good quality for all ordinary purposes, occurs in almost every quarter ; and limestone abounds, but lies too deep to be easily worked. Coal and ironstone have both been mined ; and clays have been dug for local brickyards. The soil varies in character, from the richest black loam on the immediate seaboard, to thin wet clay in the NW ; and the rent has varied accordingly, from £1, 10s. to £8 an acre. Between Balcomie and Fife Ness is an ancient stone work, supposed to date from the 9th century, and l)opularly known as the Danes' Dyke ; other anticjuities are the ruined fortalices of Barns, Balcomie, and Airdrie. These are all separately noticed, as likewise are the
299
CRAILING
mansions of Kingsmuir, Kirkmay, and Wormistone. Eight proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 6 of between £100 and £500, 11 of from £50 to £100, and 14 of from £20 to £50. Crail is in the presbytery of St Andrews and synod of Fife ; the liv- ing is worth (1882) £379. The two public schools, East and West, with respective accommodation for ISO and 142 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 110 and 84, and grants of £91, 12s. and £56, 14s. lid. Valuation (1882) £11,631, 6s. 8d. Pop. (1801) 1652, (1831) 1824, (1S61) 1931, (1871) 1847, (1881) 1740.— Ord. Suri, sh. 41, 1857. See the Rev. C. Rogers' 3:(!istcr of tlie Collegiate Church of Crail (Grampian Club, 187'7).
Crailing, a village and a parish of Teviotdale, in Roxburghshire. The village stands on Oxnam Water, IJ mile ESE of Nisbet station on the Jedburgh branch of the North British, 4^ miles NE of Jedburgh, and 7 SSW of Kelso, under which it has a post oiEce.
The parish, containing also the village and station of Xisbet, comprises the ancient parishes of Crailing, Nisbet, and Spittal. It is bounded NW and NE by Roxburgh, E by Eckford, SE by Oxnam, SW by Jedburgh, and W by Anerum. Its greatest length, from N by W to S by E, is 4| miles ; its greatest breadth, from E to W, is 4 miles ; and its area is 6043^ acres, of which 78 are water. The Teviot, ^^inding 4^ miles east-north-eastward on the Jedburgh border and through the interior, here from the S receives OxxAM Water, whose last 2J miles belong to Crailing. The surface, where the Teviot quits the parish, sinks to 150 feet above sea-level, thence rising to 619 feet near Littlelonley, on the S side of the river ; on the N, to 774 at Peniel Heugli and 527 near Blackrig jdantation. On Peniel Heugh is the Yv'^aterloo Column, 150 feet high, whose top is gained by a spiral staircase, and which bears inscription, ' To the Duke of Wellington and the British Army, AVilliam Kerr, sixth Marquis of Lothian, and his tenantry, dedicate this monument, 30 June 1815.' These heights excepted, most of the parish consists of parts of the lowest, warmest, richest, and most lovely region of the Teviot's basin. The rocks of the hills are eruptive, those of the valley Devonian; and sandstone, of fine building quality, has been quarried in two places. The soil in general is a light loam. About 300 acres are imder wood, less than lOUO are in permanent pasture, and nearly all the rest is under the plough. A Roman road may still be traced in the west ; and two camps, supposed to be Roman, have left some vestiges on Peniel Heugh. David Calderwood, the Church historian, here entered on the ministry about 1604 ; and Samuel Rutherford (1600-61), the eminent Covenanting di\ane, was the son of a Nisbet farmer. MouNTEViOT, a seat of the Marquis of Lothian, is one of the three chief mansions, the others being Palace and Crailing House, a plain modern mansion, which crowns a gentle eminence above the wooded banks of Oxnam Water. Its owner, Jn. Paton, Esq. of Crailing (b. 1805 ; sue. 1826), holds 1493 acres in the shire, valued at £2323 per annum, and shares nearly all this parish with the Marquis, the latter owning its northern, and the former its southern, division. Crailing is in the presbytery of Jedburgh and synod of .Merse and Teviotdale ; the living is worth £370. The church, rebuilt about the middle of last century, is a very plain structure containing 300 sittings A Free church contains 262 sittings ; and a public school, with accommodation for 81 cliildren, had(1880)aii average attendance of 63, and a gi-ant of £49, 9s. 6d. Valuation (1882) £9374, 19s. 6d. Pop. (1801) 669, (1831) 733, (1861) 673, (1871) 657, (1881) 638.— On/. Sur., shs. 17, 25, 1864-65.
Crammag or Crummag, a precipitous headland on the W coast of Kirkmaiden parish, Wigtownshire, 5 miles NW of the Mul) of Galloway. It is cut olf from tlie neighbouring moi>T by remains of a trench and a vitrified ram part.
Cramond, a village in the NW corner of Edinburgh- shire, and a pari.>5h partly also in Liidithgowshire. Tlie village is pr<-ttily situatc<I on the Firth of Forth, at the E side of tlie mouth of tlie river Almond, 5 miles S of 300
CRAMOND
Aberdour, 3 WNW of Craigleith station on the Leith branch of the Caledonian, and 5 WNW of Edinburgh, with which it communicates four times a day by omnibus. Its name in Celtic signifies ' the fort upon the Almond ;' and it occupies the site of an important Roman station, which was connected by a fine military way with the great English Watling Street and with Antoninus' Wall, and which has yielded coins of eleven emperors, three altars, a ))avemeut, and other Roman remains. From 1628 to 1730 it gave the title of Baron to the family of Richardson. At it are a post ofiice, boys' and girls' schools, and the parish church.
The parish, containing also the seaport of Granton, the villages ofDAVinsoN's Mains and Cuamond Bridge, and a small part of Leith burgh, is bounded N by the Firth of Forth, E by St Cuthberts, S by Corstorphiue, SW by Kirkliston, and W by Dalmeny. Its greatest length, from E to W, is 4 J, or from ENE to WSW 5|, miles ; its greatest breadth, from N to S, is 2 miles ; and its area is 6662 acres, of which 704| are foreshore, and 42J are water, whilst 1185 belong to Linlithgowshire. Cramond Island, f mile NNE of the village, may be reached at low water on foot, and, measuring 3 by 1^ furlongs, aflbrds pasturage for a few sheep ; IJ mUe further is another still smaller basaltic islet. Inch Mickery. The shore line, 5 miles long, is fringed at places with low beds of mussel-mantled rocks, and backed by a terrace, marking the former lower level of the land ; the walk along it from Grauton to Cramond village is one of the pleasantest round Edinburgh. The Almond winds 3§ miles east-north-eastward and north-north- eastward to the Firth, roughly tracing all the Linlith- gowshire boundary ; from Craigiehall onward its banks are finely wooded. The surface, though undulating, nowhere much exceeds 200 feet above sea-level, except iu the S which includes the northern slopes, but not the tower-crowned summit (520 feet) of fir-clad Cor- STORPHINE Hill. The whole, however, is so richly adorned with mansions and parks, woods and well- cultivated fields, as everywhere to present a charming aspect. The trees include the four splendid sycamores of Braehead, Cammo, Cramond House, and Craigiehall, which, with respective height of 101, 75, 89, and 70 feet, girth 12f, ISJ, ISi, and 16^ feet at 1 foot from the ground ; and Cramond House has also a beech and an oak, 85 and 60 feet high, and 26^ and 10 feet iu circum- ference. The rocks belong mainly to the Calciferous Limestone series, but diorite intrudes on Corstorphiue Hill, and basalt at five dillcrent localities — on the coast, at the Almond's mouth, and on its banks higher up. Clay ironstone has been raised here by the Curron Com- pany ; and a mmeral sining, iu the grounds of Barnton, as Marchfield Spa enjoyed once some medicinal celebrity. The soil is various, but on the whole is good. Oyster and other fisheries have greatly declined in value, but employment is given by Granton's industrial establish- ments, by the ink and chemical works of Caroline Park, by the British and Oriental Ship Coating Com- pany, and by Cramond Iron Company, which dates from 1771. Families formerly connected with this parish were those of Hope of Grantouu, Ramsay of Barnton, Howison of Braehead, Adamson of Craigcrook, Inglis of Cramond, Argyll, and Balmerino : amongst its illus- trious natives or residents were John Law of Lauriston (1671-1729), projector of the Mississippi scheme; Geo. Cleghorn (1716-89), professor of anatomy in Dublin University; Jas. Hamilton, M. D. (1749-1835); John Philip Wood (1760-1838), antiquary; Archibald Con- stable (1775-1827), the celebrated publisher; his sou and biographer, Thomas Constable (1812-81) ; Scott s darling, Marjorie Fleming (1803-11); Francis Lord Jetfrey (1773-1850), the famous critic; and Andrew Lord Rutherford (1791-1851), an eminent judge of ses- sion. At Jlarchfield, too, the late William Sharpe ot Hoddam bred ilarthaLynn, the dam of Voltigeur, from whom all the best racing blood in England is tlfsceuded. Cramond House, a little eastward from the village, is a handsome and commodious mansion, founded about 1680, and greatly enlarged in 1772 ; a square three-storied
CRAMOND BRIDGE
CRATHES CASTLE
tower to the XW is the only remains of a 15th century palace of the Bishops of Dunkekl. Its present owner, successor of the Inglises, is Lieut. -Col. John Cornelius Craigie-Halkett (b. 18-30 ; sue. 1877), who holds 637 acres in Midlothian, valued at £2520 per annum. Other mansions are Barntox, Bkaehead, Broomfield, Craig- CROOK, Dry law, Lauristox, JIuiRHorsE,Cammo or Xeav Saughtux, and Silverkxowes ; and 10 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 7 of between £100 and £500, 7 of from £50 to £100, and 23 of from £20 to £50. Cramond is iu the presbytery of Edinburgh and sjTiod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the li\"ing i5 worth £480. The cruciform parish church, originally dedicated to St Columba, was rebuilt in 1656, and, as enlarged in 1701 and ISll, contains 958 sittings. Other places of worship are noticed imder Graxtox and Davidsox's Maixs ; and five public schools — Cramond, Cramond female, Davidson's Mains, Granton mixed and infant, and Lennie — with respective accommodation for 164, 70, 123, 211, and 62 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 86, 58, 98, 209, and 49, and grants of £67, 6s., £46, 5s., £67, 9s., £16-3, 4s. 6d., and £36, 12s. Valuation (1860) £23,078, (1882) £38,606, of which £983 belonged to the Linlithgowshire section, and £3600 was for railwavs, waterworks, &c. Pop. (1801) 1411, (1831) 1984, (1861) 2695, (1871) 3020, (1881) 2945, of whom 84 belonged to Linlithgowshire. — Orel. Sur., sh. 32, 1857. See John P. Wood's Ancient and Modern State of the Parish of Cramond (Edinb. 1794).
Cramond Bridge, a hamlet in Cramond parish, at the boundary between Edinburgh and Linlithgow shires, on the river Almond, and on the Queensferry highroad, 5 miles WXW of Edinburgh, and IJ mile SSW of Cramond village. It has a post office under Cramond, a good inn, and an eight-arched bridge, erected in 1823. See Beaehead.
Cramond Regis. See Bakxtox.
Crane, a deep triangular lochlet (§ x J furl. ) in Dunsyre parish, E Lanarkshire, amid the moorish south-western Pentlands, 1100 feet above sea-level, and 3^ miles NW of Dunsyre village. It abounds with perch and pike.
Cranloch. See St Axdrews, Elginshire.
Crannich. See Weem.
Cranshaws, a Lammermuir hamlet and parish in the N of Berwickshire. The hamlet lies, 676 feet above sea-level, on the right bank of "Whitadder Water, 16 milfs SE by E of Haddington, and 9 KW of Dunse, under which it has a post office.
The parish consists of two sections, which are sepa- rated from each other by a strip (J mile broad at the narrowest) of Longformacus, and the northernmost of which contains the hamlet. This, with an utmost length and breadth of 2| and 22 miles, is bounded N by the Gamelshiel section of Stenton in Haddington- shire, E and S by Longformacus, and W by Whitting- ham in Haddingtonshire. The southern and larger division measures 5^ miles from E to W ; has a varying width, from X to S, of IJ and 3| miles ; and is bounded KW, N, and E by Longformacus, S by Greenlaw and Westruther, and SW by Lauder. Including 30^ acres of water, the total area is 8738;^ acres, of which 2589 belong to the northern, and 6149:^ to the southern, por- tion. The Whitadder runs 3| miles on or near to the northern and eastern border of Cranshaws proper, whose highest points are Cranshaws Hill (1245 feet) and Main- slaughter Law (1381) ; whilst Dye Water runs 5 miles east-by-southward along all the northern boundary of the lower division, whose surface rises from less than 700 feet above sea-level to 1298 on Dunside Hill and 1522 on Blyth Edge. The rocks are Silurian ; and much of the soil is poor, the arable land along the streams amounting to only some 900 acres. A tumulus crowns Mainslaughter Law, which is said to have got its name from the battle fought in 1402 between Hejibum of Hailes and the Earl of Dunbar. The fine old peel tower called Cranshaws Castle, standing towards the centre of the northeni section, measures 40 bv 24 feet, and is 65 feet high ; a former stronghold of the Douglases, and the haunt of a drudging brownie, it now is the seat of the eldest son
of the Earl of Morton, Sholto-George-Watson Douglas, Lord Aberdour (b. 1844), who, holding 2551 acres in the shire, valued at £1050 per annum, divides this parish with 2 other landowners. It is in the presbytery of Dunse and sjtioiI of Merse and Teviotdale; the living is worth £200. The church, at the hamlet, was built in 1739, and contains 120 sittings ; whCst a public school, with accommodation for 55 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 35, and a grant of £52, 14s. 6d. Valuation (1882) £2492, 16s. Pop. (1801) 166, (1831) 136, '1861) 134, (1871) 142, (1881) 106.— Ord. Sur., sh. 33, 1863.
Cranston, a parish en the XE border of Edinburgh- shire, containing the villages of CorsLAXD, Edgehead, and Ford, the last being i mile W by N of Pathhead, and 4J miles ESE of Dalkeith, under which it has a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and tele- graph departments. Irregular in outline, Cranston is bounded XW by Inveresk ; X by Tranent, and E by Ormiston and Humbie, in Haddingtonshire ; SW by Crichton and Borthwitk ; and W by Xewbattle and Dalkeith. Its greatest length, from XX'W to SSE, is 42 miles ; its breadth, from E to W, varies between 3^ fur- longs and 3g miles ; and its area is 5102J acres, of which 2f are water, and 677^ belong to the Cakemuir section, lying If mile S of the SE angle of the main body. Ttxe Water, here a very small stream, bisects the parish north-north-eastward, running chiefly within the beautiful parks of Oxenford and Prestouhall. "\^^lere, below TMiitehouse mill, it passes into Ormiston, the surface sinks to 300 feet above sea-level, thence lising north-westward to 500 feet near Airfield and 637 near Mutton Hole, whilst in the Cakemuir section it attains an altitude of over 1000 feet. The formation belongs to the Carboniferous Limestone series ; and sandstone, limestone, and coal are largely worked, the last in Edgehead and Prestonhall collieries. About 250 acres are under wood ; and nearly all the remaining area, with the exception of rather less than a third of the Cakemuir division, is in a state of high culrivation. Cranston Dean Bridge, over the Tyne, on the southern border, with three semicircular arches, each 17 feet in span and 46 high, is a modem structure ; as likewise is Lothian Bridge, also over the Tyne, which, 82 feet high, has five semicircular arches, each 50 feet in span, sitrmounted by ten segment arches of 54 feet in span and 8 feet of rise. Cakemuir Castle is the chief and almost sole antiquity ; the quaint old manse, near Prestonhall, having been de- molished forty or fifty years since. A hospice formerly, connected with that of Soutra, it bore the monkish inscription — ' Diversorium infra, Habitaculum supra. ' To the Cranston family this parish gave the ritle of Baron in the peerage of Scotland from 1609 till the death of the last and eleventh Lord in 1869. The man- sions are Oxextord and Prestoxhall, 4 proprietors holding each an annual value of more, and 1 of less, than £500. Cranston is in the presbytery of Dalkeith and sjTiod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the living is worth £372. The parish church, near Ford, the second built within this century, is a good Gothic edifice, with a tower ; and at Ford itself is a U. P. church. Two public schools, Cousland and Cranston, with respective accommodation for 93 and 116 children, had (1880) an average attendance of S3 and 113, and grants of £63, 6s. and £99, 4s. Valuation (1882) £9048, including £19 for a shoi't reach of the !Macmerry branch of the X'orth British. Pop. (1801) 895, (1831) 1030, (1861) 1035, (1871) 1036, (1881) 998.— Ord. Sur., shs. 32, 33, 1857- 63.
Cranstonhall. See Glasgow.
Craspul or Craisaphuill, a loch (4| x 1^ furl.) in Durness parish, XW Sutherland, 1 fuilong W of Dur- ness manse, and ^ mile XE of Loch Bhrlay, like which it is fed by subterraneous tunnels through limestone rocks, and abounds in excellent trout.
Crathes Castle, a mansion in Banchory -Teman parish, XW Kincardinesliire, ^ mile X of the left bank of the Dee, and Ig WXW of Crathes station, this being 14 miles WSW of Aberdeen, and 3 E by X of Banchory. A
301
CRATHIE AND BRAEMAR
line old chateau-like btriictuiv, with a lofty gi-anite tower, s([uare and turreted, it was built partly iu 152S, partly at later periods, and is the seat of the Burnetts of Leys, whose founder, Alexander de Burnard, in 1324 obtained a charter of lauds in Kincardineshire. His great-grand- son, Robert Burnett (flo. 1409), was the first ' Baron o' Leys,' a title familiar from an ancient ballad ; and Thomas Burnett, twelfth proprietor of Leys, and imcle iif Bishop Gilbert Burnett, was in 1626 created a baronet of Nova Scotia. His eighth descendant. Sir Robert l>umett of Leys, eleventh Bart. (b. 1S33 ; sue. 1876), iiwns 12,025 and 84 acres in Kincai'dine and Aberdeen shires, valued at £5007 and £109 per annum. See Banchory -Terxan.
Crathie and Braemar, a large parish of SW Aberdeen- j-hire, whose church stands, 920 feet above sea-level, near the left bank of the Dee, 7^ miles W by S of Ilallater station, and 51 of Aberdeen, under which Crathie has a post office.
The parish, containing also the village of Castletok, comprises the ancient parish of Braemar, annexed at a period unknown to record. It is bounded N by Kirk- inichael in Banffshire, and by Strathdon ; NE by Glen- muick ; SE by Glenmuick, and by Gleuisla in Forfarshire ; S by Kirkmichael and Blair Athole, in Perthshire ; W by the Glenfeshie portion of Ahne, in Inverness-shire ; and XW by Duthil-Rothiemurchus, also in Inverness-shire. Irregular in outline, it has a varying length from E to W of 8^ and 24 miles, a varying width from N to S of 9J and 16| miles, and an area of 183,2371 acres, of which 9S0f are water. The Dee, rising close to the Inverness-shire border, runs 11 miles south-south-east- ward to the Geldie's confluence, and thence winds 25^ miles east-north-eastward, mostly through the middle of the parish, but for the last 4| miles along the Glenmuick boimdary. During this course it descends from 4060 feet above sea-level at its source to 1318 where it receives the Geldie, 1214 at the Linn of Dee, 1108 at Victoria Bridge near Mar Lodge, 872 opposite Crathie manse, and 720 at the Girnock's confluence in the furthest E ; its principal affluents here, all of them rising in Crathie and Braemar, and all de- scribed in separate articles, are Geldie Burn, Lui Water, Ey Burn, Quoich Water, Clunie Water with its tributary GaUader Burn, Feardar Burn, Gelder Burn, and Girnock Burn. Lakes, witli their utmost length and breadth, and with their altitude above sea-level, are Loch Etch- achan (4 X 3i furl. ; 3200 feet). Loch Brodichan (21 x 1 furl. ; 2303 feet). Loch Callader (6J x 1^ furl. ; 1627 feet), Loch Ceannmor (1 J x f furl. ; 2196 feet), and Lochxagar (2^ X 1| furl. ; 2570 feet), besides thirteen smaller tarns. From W to E the chief elevations to the left of the Dee are *Braeriach (4248 feet), *Bex Mac- DHUi (4296), Derry Cairngorm (3788), Carn a ilhaim (3329), Cam Crom (2847), Sgor Mor (2666», Carn j\Ior (2057), *Beinna' Chaoruinn(3553), Beinn Bhreac(3051), Meall na Guaille (2550), Creag a Bhuilg (2190), *Bena- I'.OURD (3924), Carn Elrig Mor (2068), Carn Eas (3556), Cam na Drochaide (2681), 'Ben Avon (3843), Carn Liath (2821), Jleikle Elrick (2318), *Meikle Geal Charn (2533), * Brown Cow Hill (2721), Culardoch (2933), Craig Leek (2085), Meall Alvie (1841), Leac Ghorm (1946), Tom Bhreae (2276), An Creagan (1857), and Creag Mhor (1643), where asterisks mark those summits that culminate on the borders of the parish. To the left or W and S of the Dee rise Caiuxtoul (4241 feet). The Devil's Point (3303), *Monadh Mor (3651), Beinn Bhrotain (3795), Carn-Cloich-mhuilinn (3087), Duke's Cliair (2010), Carn Geldie (2039), *Carn an Fhilleir (3276), •AnSgarsoch (3300). Cnapan Garbh (2206), Carn Liath (2676), * Beinn lutharn Mhor (3424), Mor Shron (2819), Cam Aosda (3003), * The Cairnwell (3059), Sron Dubh(1909), Carn an Tuirc (3340), * Cairn na Glasha (3484), Creaf' Choinnich (1764), Carn nan Sgliat (2260), Creag nan Leachda (2549), Meall an t-Sluichd (2771), Creag Doineanta (1910), the Princess Royal's Cairn (1479), Ripe Hill (1678), Cam Fiaclan (2703), •Locii- NAOAU (3786), Princess Alice's Cairn (1278), Prince Albert's Cairn (1437), Creag a Ghaill (1971), *Conach- 302
CRAWFORD
craig Hill (2777), *Meall Gorm (1809), and Creag Ghiubhais (1593). Containing thus parts or the whole of three of the four highest summits in Scotland, Crathie presents a landscape as varied as it is beautiful — its clear-flowing salmon river and sweep of valley with broad plantations, green fields, and stately mansions, its rounded corries and narrow glens, its somlare deer-forests and heathery grouse moors, all set in a ring of trackless, serrated mountains. (See Aberarder, Alt-na-Giutha- sACH, Carr, Caiiixaqueex, Charters Chest, Coruie- MULZiE, Craig-Cluxy, Craig-Gowax, Craig-na-Bax, Garrawalt, Moxaltrie, etc.) The prevailing rock is granite, alternating in jdaces with gneiss, lime- stone, and quartz, near Castleton traversed by a vein of serpentine ; the soil of the arable lands is generally a light sandy loam. Woods and natural forests of Scotch firs, larch, and birch must cover an enormous area, acres on acres of rocky hillside having been planted with millions of trees, both native and foreign, within the last hundred years, whilst in Mar Forest are firs from two to three centuries old, and containing 100 or 200 cubic feet of timber (pp. 273-275, 2'raiis. Highl. and Ag. Soc. , 1874). The mansions are Balmoral Castle, Aber- geldie Castle, Ixvercauld House, and Mar Lodge ; the Queen, the Earl of Fife, and Farquharson of Inver- cauld holding each an annual value of more, and 31 other proprietors of less, than £100. Giving off since 1879 the quoad sacra pai-ish of Braemar, Crathie is in the presbytery of Kincardine O'Neil and S3'nod of Aberdeen ; the living is worth £370. The parish church is a plain edifice of 1806, seated for 800, and adorned ■\\'ith a two-light stained-glass window, erected by Her Majesty in 1873 to the memory of Xorman Slacleod, who preached his first sermon as court chapdain here on 29 Oct. 1854. At Easter Bal- moral, on the opposite bank of the Dee, across a sus- pension bridge, is Crathie Free church, ^vith a spire ; other places of worship are noticed under Castletox. Besides the school there, Crathie public, Aberarder, Abergeldie female, and Crathie Side schools, with re- spective accommodation for 98, 184, 39, and 67 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 65, 15, 18, and 35, and grants of £48, 2s., £22, 17s., £14, 6s., and £46, 8s. 6d. Valuation (1860) £7868, (1881) £14,430. Pop. (1801) 1876, (1831) 1808, (1861) 1574, (1871) 1566, (1881) l61B.—0rd. Sur., shs. 65, 64, 75, 1870-76. See the Rev. .Tames M. Crombie's Braemar and Balmoral (2d ed. 1875).
Craufurdland Castle. See Crawfxjrdland.
Crawford, a village and a parish in the upper ward and the south-eastern extremity of Lanarkshire. The village, toward the NW corner of the parish, stands on the left bank of the Clyde (here crossed by a chain bridge of 75 feet span), opi)osite the influx of Midlock and Camps Waters, and adjacent to the Caledonian railway, 2| miles SE of its post-town and station, Abington, this being 43J miles SW of Edinburgh. Enjoying anciently the privileges of a burgh of barony, it was, prior to the railway period, an important resting-place for travellers, but now is little more than a rural hamlet, with an hotel, the parish cliurch, and a public school.
The parish, containing also the village of Leadhills, is traversed for 12^ miles by the main trunk of the Caledonian, wliich here attains its summit level (1012 feet), and here has the stations of Abington and Elvan- foot. It is bounded N by Lamington ; NE by Culter ; E by Tweedsmuir, in Peeblesshire ; SE by Jloflat and Kirk- ]iatrick-Juxta, in Dumfriesshire ; S by Closeburn, and SW by Durisdeer and Sanquhar, all three also in Dum- friesshire ; W and NW by Crawfordjolin. Its utmost lengtli, from N to S, is 144 miles ; its breadth, from E to W, varies between IJ and llg miles; and its area is 68,839i acres, of which 313 are water. Evax Water is formed by several head-streams in the E of the parish ; otherwise the drainage system has been alreadj' sketched under the Clyde, which here from its source near the soutliern boundary takes a northerly course of 28 miles, and wliich here receives, on the left hand, Powtrail, Elvan, and Glengonner Waters, ami, on the right, Little Clydes
CRAWFORDJOHN
CRAWFURDLAND CASTLE
Bum and Midlock and Camps Waters — all of tlieni rising in Crawford, and all of them separately noticed. Where the Cl3xle quits the parish, the surface sinks to 800 feet above sea-level, these rising southward, south-eastward, and eastward to mountain watersheds of the Southern Highlands, which separate Clydesdale from Nithsdale, Annandale, and Tweeddale The chief elevations from N to S to the W of the Clvde are Eavengill Dod (1758 feet), Wellgrain Dod (1813), Lousie Wood Law (2028), Dun Law (2216), Green Lowther (2403), and Ballencleuch Law (2267) ; whilst to the E rise South- wood Rig (1556), the Pinnacle (1819), *Coomb Dod (2082), YearngiU Head (1804), Wintercleuch Fell (1804), *Whiteside Hill (1817), and Earncraig Hill (2000), where asterisks mark those summits that culminate on the borders of the parish. The glens or vales for the most part have considerable breadth of bottom, and are partly dry, partly wet and spongy. The rocks are in places metamorphic, but chiefly Silurian. Roofing slate has been worked in one small quarry ; lead ore is extensively mined at Leadhills, where also many valuable minerals, as gold, silver, calamine, blende, manganese, malachite, azure copper ore, iron pjTites, etc., have been found. The soU on the banks of the Clyde, and near the mouths of its affluents, is variously alluvial, loamy, sandy, and gravelly ; that of nearly all the remaining area is moorish. About 2200 acres are arable, less than 160 are under wood, and all the rest is either pastoral or waste. Crawford Castle, or Tower Lindsay, on the right bank of the Clyde, opposite Crawford village, is a ruined baronial stronghold, once defended by a moat ; from the close of the 12th century till 1488 it was the seat of the Lindsays, who in 1398 received the earldom of C^a^^•fo^d. (See Cults and Balcarees.) The parish is traversed b}' a Roman road, branching off near Elvanfoot to Xiths- dale and Annandale, and flanked by two well-preserved Roman camps on Boadsberry HUl and White Camp farm. It also contains three native camps or hill-forts, and the sites of several pre-Reformation chapels. jSTew- ton House is the only mansion ; but the property is divided among 12 landowners, 8 holding each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 1 of between £100 and £500, 1 of from £50 to £100, and 2 of from £20 to £50. Detaclied from Leadhills for church and school and registration purposes, Crawford is in the presbytery of Lanark and synod of Glasgow and Ayr ; the living is worth £335. The church, rebuilt in 1875, contains 2S0 sittings ; and three public schools — Crawford, Daer- Powtrail, and Summit — with respective accommodation for 103, 27, and 53 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 57, 14, and 22, and gi'ants of £71, 93., £27, 16s., and £32, 14s. Valuation (1860) £13,774, (1S82) £22,598, 17s. Pop. of civil parish (1801) 1671, (1831) 1850, (1861) 1590, (1871) 1829, (1881) 1763; oiq. s. parish (1881) 698.— Orel. Sur., shs. 15, 16, 1864.
Crawfordjolm, a village and a parish in the SW of the upper ward of Lanarkshire. The village stands, 950 feet above sea-level, near the left bank of Duneaton Water, 6| miles N by E of Leadhills, and 4 W of its post-town and station, Abington, this being 43^ miles SW of Edinburgh. At it are a post office, 2 inns, the manse, the parish church, and a public school ; and by Dorothy Wordsworth, who, with her brother and Cole- ridge, drove through it in August 1803, it was described as ' a pretty, cheerful-looking village, but one that must be very cold in A\'inter, for it stands on a hillside, and the vale itself is very high gi'ound, unsheltered by trees.' One specialty has Crawfordjohn, that the curl- ing-stones made at it are the best to be found in Scotland.
The parish, containing also Abixgton village, is bounded N by Douglas, NE by Wiston, E by Laraing- ton, SE by Crawford, SW by Sanquhar and Kirkconnel in Dumfriesshire, W by Auchinleck and Muirkirk in Ayrshire. Its utmost length is 12J miles from E by N to W by S, viz. , from Abington to the Ayrshire boundary ; its breadth diminishes from 9| miles in the E to 7 furlongs in the W ; and its area is 26,460^ acres, of which 103;}: are Water. The Clyde flows 2i miles northward along all the
eastern boundary, whilst the south-eastern is traced for 24 miles by its afiluent, Glengonner Water. Snar Water, draining the south-eastern district, runs 6 miles north- ward to Duneaton Water ; and Duxeatox Water itself rises close to the Ayrshire border, and thence winds 19 miles east-by-northward to the Clyde, its first 6j miles following the Douglas, and its last If mile the Wiston, boundary. Where the Clyde quits the parish, the sur- face sinks to 750 feet above sea-level, thence rising to 1130 at Knock Leaven, 1260 at Black Hill, 1400 at Mountherrick, 1584 at Drake Law, 1620 at Rake Law, 1808 at Wanlock Dod (just within Sanqubar), 1616 at Cairn Kinny, and 1843 at Stony Hill (just within Auchinleck). The rocks are mainly metamorphic and Silurian, partly carboniferous ; and they include lime- stone and white sandstone, with traces of coal and of lead and copper ores. The soil of some of the low gi-ounds along the streams is a deep rich loam', of others sandy or gravelly ; whilst here and there on the hill-slopes it is a strong red clay, and elsewhere generally moorish. Some 3200 acres are arable, and not more than 50 are under wood. Vestiges of three old castles are at Moss Castle, Glendorch, and Snar ; and ti-aces of one large ancient camp crown the SE shoulder of Black Hill ; whilst near Shieldholm is another, supposed to be Roman. In 1839, the Eglinton Tournament year. Prince Louis Napoleon, Fi'ench emperor that was to be, arrived at Abington inn, wet, tired, and hungry, from a day's grouse-shooting on Crawford Muir. He could get no sitting-room, so took bis supper by the kitchen fire, slipped away to bed, and early next morning started again on foot. Abington House is the only mansion ; and 3 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and up- wards, 6 of between £100 and £500, and 5 of from £20 to £50. Giving off a small portion to LeadhUls quoad sacra parish, Crawfordjohn is in the presbytery of Lanark and synod of Glasgow and Ayr ; the living is worth £356. The parish church, enlarged and repewed in 1817, contains 310 sittings. At Abington is a Free church ; and three schools — Crawfordjohn, '\^^litecleuch, and Abington — with respective accommodation for 72, 23, and 93 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 64, 12, and 50, and grants of £54, 17s., £27, 8s. 2d., and £53. Valuation (1882) £11,007, 193. Pop. (1801) 712, (1831) 991, (1861) 980, (1871) 853, (1881) 8id.—0rd. Sur., sh. 15, 1864.
Crawford Priory, a mansion in the N of Cults parish, central Fife, near the right bank of the Eden, 3 miles SW of Cupar. Built in 1813 by Lady Mary Lindsay Cra^rford, who in 1808 had succeeded to the Crawford- Lindsay estates on the death of her brother, the twenty- second Earl of Crawford, it was originally a splendid castel- lated edifice in the Gothic style, but fell into neglect and dilapidation, till in 1871-72 it was thoroughly renovated and enlarged, a carriage porch and vestibule being then erected at the S entrance, and a Gothic tower and spire, 115 feet high, at the E side, whilst a portion of the interior was converted into a private Episcopal chapel. It now is a seat of George Frederick Boyle, sixth Earl of Glasgow (b. 1825 ; sue. 1869), who owns 5625 acres in the shire, valued at £9085 per annum. See also CuM- brae, Hawkhead, and Kelburx.
Crawfordton, an estate, with a modem mansion, in Glencairn parish, W Dumfriesshire, IJ mile from Moniaive. Its owner, George Gustavus Walker, Esq. (b. 1831), was county member 1865-68 and 1869-74; and holds 7660 acres in the shire, valued at £3478 per annum.
Crawfurdland Castle, a mansion in Kilmarnock parish, Ayrshire, on the left bank of Crawfurdland Water, 3 miles NE of Kilmarnock town. Comprising a strong, tliick-walled, ancient tower, and a fine modern Gothic centre, it has been for upwards of six centuries the seat of a branch of the Craufurds ; its present holder, Lieut. -Col. Jn. Reg. Houison-Craufurd (b. 1811; sue. 1871), owns 1876 acres in the shire, valued at £1988 per annum. (See also Braehead.) Crawfurdland Water, formed by two head-streams in Fenwick parish, close to tlie Renfrewshire border, winds 8^ miles south-westward
303
CRAWICK
through Fenwick and Kilmarnock parishes, and, IJ mile NNE of Kilmarnock town, unites with the Fenwick to form Kilmarnock Water.— Orrf. Sur., sh. 22, 1865.
Crawick, a rivulet of NW Dumfriesshire, formed, at 780 feet above sea-level and -within a mile of the Lanark- shire border, by the confluence of Wanlock and Spango Waters. Thence it winds 8 miles south-south-westward along the boundary between Sanquhar and Kirkconnel parishes, and fulls "into the Nith f mile WNW of San- quhar town. — Ord. Sur., sh. 15, 1864.
Crawick Mill, a village in Sanquhar and Kirkconnel parishes, Dumfriesshire, on Crawick Water, 1 mile NW of Sanquhar town. It lies within Sanquhar burgh bounds, and has an extensive carpet and tartan factory.
Cray, a place in Kirkniiehael parish, NE Perthshire, on the left bank of Shee Water, 15 miles N by W of Hlairgowrie. Here are a Free church and Cray House, whose Q-wner, Mrs Robertson, holds 437 acres in the shire, valued at £113 per annum.
Crayinch, a wooded islet of Kilmaronock parish, Dum- bartonshire, in Loch Lomond, ^ mile NE of Inchmurrin. Triangular in shape, it measures 2 by 1 J furlongs.
Creack, a village in Auchindoir parish, W Aberdeen- shire, 3i miles SW of Rhynie.
Creagach. See Ciiaggie.
Creca. See Axxan.
Cree, a river of Galloway, issuing from Loch Moan, which lies, 675 feet above sea-level, on the mutual boundary of Ajt and Kirkcudbright shires. Thence it winds 11 miles south-south-westward along that bound- ary, and next 21J miles south-eastward along all the boundary between Kirkcudbright and Wigtown shires, past Newton -Stewart, till at Creetown it falls into the head of Wigtown Bay, the lena jEstiiarium of Ptolemy. On its right lie the parishes of Barr, Colmonell, and Pen- ninghame, on its left of MinnigatT and Kirkmahreck ; and on its left it receives Minnoch Water, Penkill Burn, and Palnure Burn. Navigable for small craft as high as Carty, it assumes near Penninghame House a lake- like appearance, widening at intervals to close on a furlong ; here were of old the celebrated ' Cruives of Cree,' i.e., salmon-traps in the stone cauls or dam-dykes, which, serving the country-folk for bridges, came to be well-known landmarks. Throughout most of its lower course the 'crystal Cree' flows through flat flowery meadows, its banks being only occasionally adorned Avith heathery knolls and lichened or fern-clad rocks ; but from Bargrennan upwards its scenery is wild and moun- tainous, a succession of desolate moorlands. Trout may be caught in considerable quantities in the upper waters ; salmon and sea-trout at several good casts about Penning- hame House ; and smelt or sperling, during March, in the brackish waters of the estuary. — Ord. Sur., shs. 8, 4, 1857-63. See pp. 12-22 of Wm. M'Hraith's Wigtovm- shire (2d ed., Dumf., 1877).
Creebridge, a village, with a public school, in Minni- gaff parish, Kirkcudl)rightsliire, on the left bank of the Cree, opposite Newton-Stewart, with which it is con- nected by a five-arch bridge, erected in 1813 at a cost of £6000.
Creed (Gael. Av^Jiuinn Ghride), a rivulet in the S of Stornoway parish, Lewis island, Ross-shire. Formed by two head-streams at an altitude of 300 feet above sea- level, it winds 9J miles east-south-eastward to the western side of Stornoway Harbour, f mile SSW of Stornoway town. It traverses Loch an Oash and Loch a Chlachain, and makes a fall opposite Sir James Matheson's Grotto, up to which point it abounds in sea- trout, grilse, and salmon. — Ord. Sitr., sh. 105, 1858.
Creeinch. See Crayixch.
Creetown, a small seaport towTi in Kirkmabreck parish, SW Kirkcudbrightshire, on the estuary of the river <Jree or head of Wigtown Bay, 3| miles as the crow Hies NE of Wigtown, and 1 mile S of Creetown station on the Portpatrick railway, this being 64 miles SE of Newton -Stewart, and 43^ WSW of Dumfries. A village, called Creth, occupying its site, was in 1300 the rendezvous of an PZnglish army ; and either that village or a successor to it, bearing the name «f Ferrytown of 304
CREICH
Cree, became nearly extinct in the ISth century. The present town, founded in 1785, embraced some houses which still remained of the old village, and was made a burgh of barony in 1792, to be governed by a bailie and four councillors, elected triennially by the resident feuars. It stands between Moneypool and English- man's Burns, amid a great expanse of beautiful scenery ; and, chiefly consisting of modern houses, each with its garden and orchard, relies in great measure for support on the neighbouring granite quarries. At it are a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and railway telegrajih departments, 2 chief inns, a public school, the parish church (1834 ; 800 sittings), and a neat U.P. church (300 sittings) ; whilst in the immediate neigh- bourhood are the mansions of Barholm and Cassencarie. Capt. Jas. Murray Denniston (1770-1857), author of Legends of Galloway, died at Creetown. Pop. (1841) 984, (1851) 1302, (1861) 968, (1871) 805, (1881) 970.— Ord. Sur., sh. 4, 1857.
Creggans. See SritACHrR.
Creich, a parish of N Fife, extending to within 5 furlongs of the Firth of Tay, and containing the villages of Luthrie and Brunton, each ^vith a post office under, and respectively 54 and 6| miles NW of, Cupar-Fife. It is bounded NW by Flisk, NE by Balmerino, E by Kilmany and Moonzie, S by Monimail, SW by Dunbog, and W by the easternmost section of Abdie, having an utmost length from NNE to SSAV of 3^ miles, a width of 1| mile, and an area of 2341 acres. The sur- face, sinking in the south-eastern corner to less than 200 feet above sea-level, is elsewhere a congeries of hills, which on the NW border attain 568 feet, and at Black Craig in the NE 665 — heights that command a magni- ficent view of the Tay's basin, away to the Sidlaws and the Gi'ampians. Some of the hills are cultivated to the top ; others are partly covered with plantations ; and others, again, are rocky and heathy. Several burns, rising here, unite near Luthrie to form Motray Water, a tributary of the Eden. The rocks, eruptive mainly, include greenstone, am3'gdaloid, clinkstone, and basalt ; and a laminar or stratified trap has been worked in one quarry, basaltic clinkstone in another. The soil is vari- able, ranging from black or thin sharp gravelly loam to clay or moss. On Green Craig is a hill-fort, consisting of two concentric lines of circumvallation ; and a little to the SE are the ruins of the old parish church, and of Creich Castle, which, three stories high, and 47 feet long by 39 broad,' appears to have been a place of very considerable strength, and was defended on one side by a morass, now drained, on the other by outworks. In 1502 the estate around it was acquired from the Littles or Liddels by Sir David Bethune, whose daughter, Janet, Lady Buccleuch, is the ' Lad ye of Branxholm ' in Sir Walter's Lay, and whose great-granddaughter was one of the ' Queen's four Maries ; ' it passed by purchase to the Bethunes of Balfour about the middle of the 17th century. Of Parbroath Castle, a seat of the Setons, in the S of the parish, hardly a vestige remains. Natives were the Rev. Alex. Henderson (1583-1646), the zealous Covenanter, and John Sage (1652-1711), nonjuring Archbishop of Glasgow. Creich is in the presbytery of Cupar and synod of Fife ; the living is worth £282. The parish church, i mile NNW of Luthrie, is a good Gothic structure, built in 1832, and containing 252 sittings. A Free church stands near Brunton. The public school, with accommodation for 80 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 74, and a grant of £59, 8s. Valuation (1882) £4044, 16s. 8d. Pop. (1801) 405, (1831) 419, (1861) 377, (1871) 387, (1881) 386.— On/. Stir., sh. 48, 1868.
Creich, a very large Highland pari.sh in the S of Sutherland, containing, towards its SE corner, the village of Bon.\r-Bridge, and traversed for 5g miles by the Sutherland railway, with Invershin station thereon, 3i miles NNW of Ardgay, and 17^ NW of Tain. It is bounded at its north-western extremity by Assynt and Eddrachillis ; along its north-eastern side by Lairg, Rogart, and Dornoch ; at its south-eastern corner by the upper waters of Dornoch Firth which separate it from
CREID
Edderton in Eoss-shire ; and along its south-western side by Kincardine, likewise in Koss-shire. From SE to NW its greatest length is 31^ miles ; its breadth vaiies between 1| and 9^ miles ; and its area is 110,736f acres, of which 735 are foreshore and 1911^ water, it thus being nearly half the size of all Midlothian. Lakes of the interior, from SE to NW, Avith their utmost length and width and their altitude above sea-level, are Loch MiGDALE (2 miles x 3 furl. ; 115 feet) Loch a' Ghobhair (4x1 furh ; 7-12 feet). Loch an Lagain (7^ x If furl. ; 446 feet), sending off the Evelix, Loch Laro (7ixli furh ; 600 feet), Loch na Claise Moire (7x3 fiu'l. ; 774 feet), Loch na Faichde (4x1^ furl. ; 1400 feet). Loch Garn nan Conbhairean (4 x If furl. ; 1104 feet), and a number of smaller tarns. On the Dornoch border lies Loch BriE (1^ x J mile ; 527 feet) ; on the Rogart, Loch Cracail Mor (6xlJ furh ; 620 feet); on the Kincardine, Loch Ailsh (7 x 4^ furl. ; 498 feet) ; and on the Eddrachillis, Gorm Loch Mor (7x4 furl. ; 846 feet). The river Cassley, issuing from the last, hurries 2O2 miles south-eastward along tlie middle of the parish to the OiKELL, which itself winds So^ miles south- south-eastward and east-south-eastward along all the Kincardine boundary, through Loch Ailsh and the Kyle of Sutherland, to the head of Dornoch Firth, at Bonar- Bridge. At Invershin, lower down than the Cassley, it is joined from the N by the Shix, whose last 5J miles lie either on the boundary with Lairg or through the interior of Creich. The surface, hilly everywhere, in the NW is mountainous, attaining 1090 feet on ileall Moraig, 937 on Meall Mor, 1318 on Cnoc a Choire, 1341 on Beinn an Rasail, 1785 on Beinn na Eoin, 2345 on Meall an Aonaich, and 3273 on Benmore Assynt, the loftiest summit of Sutherland. Benmore is made up of Silurian quartzite and trap ; lower down are carboni- ferous and Old Picd sandstone rocks. Very hard trap has been worked in two quarries : and a small vein of manganese occurs at Rosehall, which, in common with Flode, Pulrossie, and other places, also yields excellent clay ; but coal and shale have been sought for in vain. Woods cover a considerable area round Bonar-Bridge, where the soil of the plough-lands is mostly a light gravelly loam ; and there are several good arable and sheep farms. The largest of the latter is Invercassley, which, extending to 35,000 acres, comprises much black land, lying high, and so exposed to wind and frost. Prof. Harry Rainy, M.D. (1792-1876), was a native. Antiquities are a ' Pictish tower ' and a stone circle near Rosehall, two groups of stone circles near Bonar-Bridge, and, near the church, a vitrified fort on the Dun of Creich and a standing stone, 8 feet long by 4 bro^d, which is said to have been reared on the grave of a Danish chieftain. Rosehall House is the principal mansion, and 3 proprietors hold each an annual value of £1800 and upwards, 3 of between £500 and £830, 4 others of more, and 2 of less, than £100. Creich is in the presbytery of Dornoch and synod of Sutherland ; the living is worth £260. The parish church, on Dor- noch Firth, 3| miles ESE of Ardgay, was built in 1790, and contains 500 sittings. There are also two Free churches of Creich and Rosehall ; and four public schools — Bonar-Bridge, Invershin, Larachan, and Rose- hall— with respective accommodation for 158, 47, 100, and 90 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 60, 20, 47, and 71, and grants of £50, 15s., £34, £53, 13i3. 6d., and £60, lis. 6d. Valuation (1860) £5466, (1882) £11,732, lis. 4d., including £649 for railway. Pop. (1801) 1974, (1831) 2562, (1861) 2521, (1871) 2524, (1881) 2223, of whom 1571 were in Bonar, and 652 in Rosehall, registration district. — Ord. Sur., sh. 102, 1881.
Creid. See Creed.
Creinch. See Ceayinch.
Creoch, Loch. See Cumnock, New.
Cretan, a stream and a sea-loch in the N of Argyll- shire, separating the district of Appin from the parish of Ardchattan. The stream rises 4f miles SSE of Balla- chulish, on the south-western slope of Sgor na h-Ulaidh (3258 feet), at 2500 feet above sea-level, and thence winds 11^ miles west-south-westward to the head of the sea-loch. 20
CRICHTON
The lower part of its glen is finely wooded, and here it receives the Ure, and traverses Loch Fasnacloich ; its waters are strictly preserved, and the salmon and trout fishing is good. — The sea-loch curves 8 miles west-south- westward, nm-th -westward, and south-westward to Loch Linnhe, opposite the upper part of Lismore Island, and nowhere is more than 1| mile broad, whilst narrowing to 2 furlongs at its mouth near Shian Ferry, and to 1 furlong towards its head near Creagan Ferry, being crossed at these two ferries by different routes from Oban to Ballachulish. With an average depth of 15 fathoms, and a spring-tid« of 15 feet, it affords good harbourage in all its lower parts. By Dorothy Wordsworth it is described as ' a large irregular sea-loch, with low sloping banks, coppice woods, and uncultivated grounds, with a scattering of cornfields ; as it appeared to us, very thinly inhabited ; mountains at a distance.' See Glex- ceeeax. — Orel. Sur., shs. 45, 53, 1876-77.
Creth. See Ceeetown.
Crianlarich, a hamlet in Killin parish, W Perthshire, at the mouth of Strathfillan, with a station on the Cal- lander and Oban railwa}-, 5^ miles SE of Tyndrum. Lying 522 feet above sea-level, it has an hotel and a public school, and by coach communicates with Ardlui at the head of Loch Lomond, 9 miles to the SSAV.
Crib Law, a hill (1389 feet) in the Selkirkshire por- tion of Roberton parish, 3 miles ENE of the meeting- point of Selkirk, Roxburgh, and Dumfries shires.
Crichie, a hill (500 feet) in the N of Kintore parish, Aberdeenshire, If mile S by W of Inverurie. Bruce was encamped here in 1308 at the time of his victory over the Comj-ns in Bocetie parish.
Crichie House, a mansion in Old Deer parish, NE Aberdeenshire, | mile SE of Stuartfield.
Crichope Linn. See Closebuex.
Crichton, a parish on the E border of Edinburghshire, containing, at its northern extremity, the village of Pathhead, on the road from Edinburgh to Lauder, 5 miles ESE of Dalkeith, and 3| N of Tynehead station. Tynehead itself and Fala Dam hamlet "(2| miles SE of Pathhead) also belong to Crichton, which is bounded NE by Cranston and by Humbie in Haddingtonshire, SE by Fala, the Blackshiels section of Humbie, the Cakemuir section of Cranston, the CowbraehUl section of Borthwick, and the Falahill section of Stow, SW and W by the main body of Borthwick. Its utmost length, from N to S, is 4i miles ; its width, from E to W, varies between 3§ furlongs and 3^ miles ; and its area is 4821^ acres, of which nearly f acre is water. Ttxe Water, rising close to Tynehead station, meanders 3 miles north-north-eastward along all the western border ; the interior is drained by several subaffluents of Humbie Water. The surface, sinking near Pathhead to close on 400 feet above sea-level, and to 600 at Costerton, attains 804 feet at a point 7 furlongs ESE of the church, and 900 upon Crichton Moss. The rocks belong mainly to the Carboniferous Limestone series, •with a patch of basalt on the higher ground ; limestone has been largely worked ; and coal occurs, though not under conditions to be pro- fitably mined. The soil over fully four-fifths of the area is rich and deep, accessible most of it to the plough, and yielding abimdant crops ; the high lands are shel- tered by belts of thriving plantation. A ri<iug-gi-ound at Longfaugh, commanding a wide and beautiful pro- spect, is crowned by remains of a fort, supposed by some to be a Roman camp ; but Crichton's chief antiijuity is Crichton Castle, a magnificent massive ruin, which forms the grand feature in the landscape, as it rises from a projecting terrcplein within a hundred yards or so of the top of the hill on the Tyne's right bank, ^ mile S of the church. A Turstan de Creicliton is one of the witnesses to the charter of foundation of Holyrood Abbey (1128) ; his most famous descendant was Sir William Crichton, the founder of both castle and church, who, as chancellor of Scotland, was alternately rival and friend of Sir Alexander Livingston, and who in 1440 at Edinburgh Castle beheaded the young Earl of Douglas and his brother — an act of treachery for which his own fortress was taken and dismantled by the Douglases. (See
305
CRICHTON
Douglas Castle. ) In 1445 Sir William was made Lord Crifhton, the third holder of which title lost his estates in 14S4 for joining Albany against James III. After four years' tenure bv the minion Ramsay, they were granted in 14SS to Patrick Hepburn, first Earl of^BoTHWELL, by whose great-grandson, Darnley's murderer, they were once more forfeited in 1567. Nine years later James VI. bestowed them on his ill-starred cousin, Francis Stewart, fifth Earl of Bothwell; and subsequently they passed through the hands of a dozen proprietors, from one of whom, Hepburn of Humbie {c. 1649), the Castle was nicknamed Humbie's Wa's, till at last they came to the Callendars. Queen Mary feasted in the castle hall, on occasion of the marriage here of her natural brother. Sir John Stewart ; but Crichton's chief interest lies, with most readers, in the visit paid to it by ' Marmion. ' Scott's lines describe the ruin faithfully : —
' Crichton ! though now thy miry court
But pens the lazy steer and sheep;
Thy turrets rude, and tottcr'd keep. Have been the minstrel's loved resort. Oft have I traced within thy fort,
Of mouldering shields the mystic sense.
Scutcheons of honour or pretence, Quarter'd in old armorial sort,
Remains of rude magnificence. Nor wholly yet has time defaced
Thy lordly gallery fair ; Nor yet the stony cord unbraced. Whose twisted knots, with roses laced.
Adorn thy ruin'd stair. Still rises unimpair'd below The courtyard's graceful portico Above its cornice, row and row Of fair hewn facets richly show
Their pointed diamond form.'
'Crichton,' he adds in the Notes, 'is a large ruinous castle on the banks of the Tyne, built at different times, and ^vith a very dilferent regard to splendour and accom- modation. The oldest part of the building is a narrow keep or tower, such as formed the mansion of a lesser Scottish baron ; but so many additions have been made to it, that there is now a large courtyard, surrounded by buildings of different ages. The eastern front of the court is raised above a portico, and decorated with entablatures bearing ancliors. All the stones in this front are cut into diamond facets, the angular projections of which have an uncommonly rich appearance. The inside of this part of the building appeal's to have con- tained a gallery of great length and uncommon elegance. Access was given to it by a magnificent staircase, now quite destroyed. The soffits are ornamented with twin- ing cordage and rosettes ; and the whole seems to have been far more splendid than was usual in Scottish castles.' So that Crichton still offers a signal contrast to its grim square neighbour, Borthwick, even although, since Sir Walter's day, its courtyard has been encum- bered by the fall of a huge portion of the massive north- eastern tower. Costerton House, 3^ miles ESE of Pathhead, at the eastern extremity of the parish, is the principal mansion, the seat of David Ainslie, Esq. ; and the property is mostly divided among 5 heritors. Crichton is in the presbytery of Dalkeith and .synod of Lothian and Tweeddale ; the living is worth £353, exclusive of manse and glebe. The collegiate church of SS. JIary and Kentigern, 1| mile SSW of Pathhead, was founded in 1449 for a provost, 8 pre- bendaries, a sacrist, and 2 singing boys. Second Pointed in style, it was to have been cruciform, but never received the nave, so now comprises a chancel, with sedilia ; transej)ts, the northern of which is blocked up with an un.siglitly vault ; and a massive, square, sad<lie-backed tower. The chancel, which, serving for parish church, contains 500 sittings, is disfigured by a gallery, and several of the windows have been blocked up ; but the whole might at no great cost be restored to its pristine beauty. A public school, with accommoda- tion for 209 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 183, and a grant of £174, lis. Valuation (1882) £8343, including £532 for railway. Pop. (1801) 923, (1831) 1325, (1861) 1364, (1871) 1223, (1881) 1094.— Ord. Snr., slis. 32, 33, 1857-63. See Billings' Baronial 306
CRIEFF
and Ecclesiastical Antiquities (1845) ; Sir Thos. Dick 'La.wiiev's Scottish Rivers {new gA. 1874); and J. W. SmaU's Leaves from my Sketch Books (1880).
Crichup Linn. See Closeburn.
Criech. See Creich.
Crieff (Gael, crubha, ' haunch '), a to^\•n and a parish of central Perthshire. The town stands on ground ascending from the Earn's left bank, 100 to 400 feet above sea-level, at the terminus of the Crietl" Junction and the Crieff & Methven branches of the Caledonian, opened respectively in 1856 and 1866. By road it is 6h miles E by S of Connie, and by rail 18 W of Perth, 108 SW of Aberdeen, 38 WSW of Dundee, 9 NNW of Crieff Junction, 26 NNE of Stirling, 62^ NNW of Edinburgh, and 56;^ NNE of Glasgow. Boldly rest- ing on a sunny or southward slope, and sheltered from cold winds by pine-clad eminences, this ' Montpelier of Scotland ' has long been famous for its pure, dry climate no less than for its exquisite sunoundings. ' From every street,' to quote the Beauties of Upper Strathearn, ' a landscape of rare sweetness and beauty is disclosed. The valley, here widening to 10 or 15 miles, is studded E, S, and AV, as far as the eye can reach, with mansions and villages, embowered in oak or pine woods. Here and there the Earn — no mean stream — is seen gliding along its winding course, now with the dash of a mountain torrent, and anon with the measured tread of a royal pageant, till the eastern view is lost under the receding slopes of the Ochils. On the N and NAV the Grampians, with Bex Choxzie (3048 feet) for centre piece, rear their dark forms against the sky-line, in summer and autumn shining in their natural bloom.'
Charters were dated from Crieff so long ago as 1218, and for centuries it has been recognised as the capital of Strathearn, the seat of the great civil jurisdiction of tlie Earls Palatine till 1483, and of the criminal courts of the Stewards or Seneschals down to the abolition of herit- able jurisdiction in 1748. The 'kind gallows of Crieff,' whence sometimes of a morning a score of plaids had dangled in a row, still stood at the western end of tlie town, when Scott came hither in 1796 ; and he notes in Waverley how the Highlanders M'ould touch their bonnets to it, with the ejaculation — ' God bless her nain sell, and the Tiel tamn you ! ' To this day may be seen the ponderous iron stocks, and near them an octagonal stone fleur-de-lis, 10 feet in heiglit, tlie cross of the burgh of regality of Drummond (1688) ; whilst further to the eastward is the Cross of Crieft', transferred to its present position little more than a century since from the ancient barony of Trowan, and by some archieolo- gists pronounced to be of Norman, by others of Runic, character {Sculptured Stones of Scotland, 1867). Other antiquities the town has none ; for its massy Tolbooth of 1685, with cage and clock-tower and corbie-stepped gables, was demolished in 1842 ; and, though it gave shelter to the great Montrose, Crieff dwindled into a mere kirktown between 1483 and 1683. Then it began to revive, George Drummond of Milnab, afterwards provost of Edinburgh, giving off pieces of his lands in feu ; but on 26 Jan. 1716, it was burned to the last house by 350 of the Chevalier's Highland adherents. For some years it lay in ruins ; but from 1731 James Drum- mond, titular third Duke of Perth, bestirred himself in the work of repair and improvement, laying out James Square and extending the town westward, whilst found- ing a large linen factory. This was destroyed in tlie '45, when tlie loyal town narrowly escaiied a second singeing, and the Drummond estates were forfeited to the Crown. By the commissioners, however, who managed them from 1752 to 1784,* bleacliing, tanning,
* In 1784 the Drummond estates were conferred by George III. on Captain James Druiiininnd, who claiiiicd to be heir-male of Lord .Tohn Drummoiid, brother of the third Duke of Perth, and who, In 1707, was created Haron Perth. They now are held by his grand-daughter, Clementina Heatlicdte-Drumniond -Wil- loughby. Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, and Joint Hereditary Chamberlain of Kngland, having been uiisiiecessfully claimed (lSfJS-71) by George Drummond, Earl of Perth and Melfort, aa nearest heir-male of the third Duke. See Dkliimu.n1) Castlk, Pkktu, and Strathearn.
CRIEFF
paper-making, and other imlustries were fostered to a height that bade fair to make Crietf an important industrial centre ; and the woollen manufacture was added in 1812, about which time three whisky distil- leries, with eight malting house, were also started. The last were all closed in 1S28 ; and, generally speaking, Crielfs mauufaetui'es received a signal blow from tlie termination of the great war with France, as well as from changes in fashions, machinery, and modes of transit. Prospects brightened once more with the opening of the railway ; and since 1856 Crieft .\\s made rapid progress, so that, where scarcely thirty years ago villas and cot- tages ornees were 'almost totally wanting,' they now may be counted by dozens, and only within the last decade £200,^^00 has been expended on new buildings. Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy here passed the night of 9 Sept. 180-3 ; and on 10 Sept. 1842 the Queen drove through the town, which has given birth to the poet David Mallet (1700-65), the chemist Prof. Thos. Thomson (1773-1852), and Prof. Jas. Gibson, D.D. (1799-1871).
The old Drummond Arms, where Prince Charles Edward, after reviewing his forces, held a stormy council of war (3 Feb. 1746), was recently feued to the Commercial Bank of Scotland, and premises for the bank and a large hotel have been built. The Royal, too, one of three other hotels, besides two temperance ones, has been greatly enlarged ; but the chief hospice <br tourists and invalids is Strathearn House, the large hydropathic establishment, erected in 1867 at a cost of £30,000, 1 mile NNE of the station. It stands 440 feet above sea-level, on the southern slope of the sheltering Knock, in grounds 70 acres in extent ; and is a dignified Elizabethan structure, four stories high, and 345 feet long, with a turreted square tower and 200 apartments, of which the dining and drawing rooms are 84 feet long, 30 ^vide, and 15 and 30 high. It has Tm-kish and other baths in great variety ; and its water-sup- j)]y, 20,000 gallons per diem, is brought from springs, gathered in a reservoir an acre in extent, and 4 miles distant, and by Prof. Brazier of Aberdeen was reported to be one of the finest and purest waters he had ever examined. At or near the town are a post office, with money order, savings' bank, insurance, and telegraph departments, branches of the Bank of Scotland and the British Linen Co., Clydesdale, Commercial, Korth of Scotland, and Union Banks, a local savings' bank, an ugly to'ssTi-house (1850), containing a mechanics library, a masonic lodge, a recreation ground (1880), gas-works, a commodious station (improved 1873), a cemetery, a bridge across the Earn (rebuilt 1867-68) three manufac- tories of woollen shirtings, blankets, tweeds, and plaid- ings, two chemical manure works, two tanneries, and one distillery. There are two Saturday papers published — the Liberal Stratlicarn Uerald (1856) and the Liberal- Conservative Cr if ff Journal [Idibl). Tuesday is market- day, and fairs are held on the first Tuesday of every mon*h ; but the famous Michaelmas Tryst, where 30,000 black cattle would be sold by the Highlanders to English drovers for 30,000 guineas and upwards, was removed to Falkirk about 1770. MacKy, in his Joanicy Throiujh Scotland (1723), has sketched its humours with a vigorous hand ; and Robert Donn's Gaelic poem describes the home-sickness that came over him while counting of droves in its enclosures.
Nowhere is the great building acti\-ity of modem Crieff displayed more markedly than in its schools and churches. The ancient parish church of St Thomas was demolished in 1787, when forty gold coins of Robert I. were found in its Gothic walls. On its site arose the plain East church, with an ill-designed bell-tower ; but this, in turn, in 1881 gave place to a goodly Gothic edifice in Strathearn Terrace, built at a cost of £4500, and seating 1000 worshippers. The "West church, built as a chapel of ease in 1838, and raised to quoad sacra status in 1864, also contains 1000 sittings. In 1881 the Free church was rebuilt in Comrie Street, at a cost of £4500, exclusive of site ; and, Scoto-Gothic in style, has 860 sittings and a massive tower, whose .slated spire
CRIEFF
rises to 120 feet. The U.P. church (533 sittings) was rebuilt in 1837 ; St FiUan's Roman Catholic church (200 sittings) in 1871; and St Columba's Episcopal church (600 sittings) in 1877, the last at a cost of £6000, in the Early Decorated style, with a spire 130 feet high. There are, moreover. Baptist and Independent chapels. Thomas Morison, native of Muthill, and builder in Edinburgh, d}-ing in 1826, left the residue of his fortune to accummulate to the value of £20,000, with which, in 1859, was founded Morison's Academy, a Scottish Baronial structure, standing in gi-ounds 10 acres in extent, just to tlie N of the town, whilst St Mar- garet's College, at the E end of Crieff, was afterwards purchased by the seven trustees for the rector's residence and boarders. As remodelled in 1878, the Academy has a rector, English, mathematical, and modern languages masters, and a lady superintendent, and gives a liberal education to 120 boys and girls of the upper and middle classes. Taylor's Institution, under 6 managers, was founded by William Taylor of Cornton, tallow chandler in Crieff (d. 1841), for the children of the poor of the parish, and in 1859 was enlarged by addition of a female industrial school. It and the public school, with respective accommodation for 252 and 450 children, had
(1880) an average attendance of 211 and 309, and giants of £170, 9s. and £247, 4s.
Having adopted the General Police and Improvement Act in 1864, Crieff is governed by a senior and a jimior magistrate and 10 police commissioners. Its municipal constituency numbered 560 in 1882, when the bm-gh valuation'amounted to £20, 439, the revenue being £1098, including* assessments. Pop. (1776) 1532, (1792) 2071, (1835) 3835, (1851) 3824, (1S61) 3903, (1871) 4027
(1881) 4469, of whom 110 were in Muthill parish, and 3 in that of Monzievaird and Strowan.
The parish comprises two divisions, united by a strip 5 furlongs wide at the narrowest, and belonging — the southern to Strathearn, the northern to Gleualmond. The southern, containing the town, is bounded NE by Monzie and FowUs-Wester, SE by Madderty and the Innerpeftray section of ilonzie, S and SW by Muthill, and W by 5lonzievaird-Strowan ; whilst the northern, containing Corriemuchloch hamlet, is almost enclosed by the main and outlying portions of !Monzie and Fowlis-Wester. The utmost length of the whole is IO5 miles from SSE to NXW, viz. , from the Earn at Stra- geath Ferry to the summit of Beinn na Gainimh ; the utmost wi(ltn of the southern division is 3^ miles from E to W, of the northern 7i miles from SE to XW ; and the area of the entire parish is 20,546| acres, of which 162 are water, and 90| lie detached within Fowlis- AVester. The Earn winds 4 J miles south-eastward, roughly ti-acing all the iluthill boundary ; and its tributary, Tueiiet Water, flows 2 miles southward along the Monzievaird and Strowan border, which higher U]' is traced by Barvick Burn. The Shaggie Burn, another of the Tm'ret's affluents, has here a west-south- westerly run of 1^ mUe, and it.'self receives Keltie Burn, flowing 4^ miles south-south-eastward along the boundary with Monzie. Lastly, the Almuxd takes a winding east-south-easterly course of 10 miles in the northeru division, during which it descends from 870 to 500 feet above sea-level. The surface, sinking at the SE corner to less than 100 feet, thence rises to 911 feet on the Knock of Crieff, 1196 on the Hill of Callander, and 2498 on Stonefield Hill ; in the Glenalmond i)ortio!i the chief elevations are Beinn na Gainimh (2367 feet), Meall Reamhar (2186), and Dun ilor (1520). The rocks are chiefly Old Red sandstone in the south, and clay- slate in the N ; the soil near the town is a pretty ricli loam, but elsewhere ranges from sandy or gravelly to stiff, reddish, tilly clay. With the exception of some 560 acres under wood, the whole almost of the Strath- earn division is under cultivation ; the Glenalmond portion, on the other hand, is everywhere Highland in character. Anti(iuities are the Roman camp of Fen- Docii, Clach-xa-Ossian, a fort on Dun Mor, and a cairn on tlie opj)osite hill. Ferx Thwer is the prin- I cipal mansion ; and 8 proiirietors liold each an annual ' 307
CRIEFF JUNCTION
value of £500 and upwards, 11 of between flOO and £500, 32 of from £50 to £100, and 60 of from £20 to £50. Crietf is in tlie presbytery of Auchterarder and sjTiod of Pertli and Stirling ; the living is worth £293. Valuation (1868) £17,926, 13s. 2d., (1882) £30,680, 15s. Sd. Pop. (1801) 2876, (1831) 4786, (1861) 4490, X1S71) 4598, (1881) 4852.— Orrf. Sur., sh. 47, 1869. See S. Korner's I'ambles ronnd Crieff and Uxcursicnis i7i(othe IIighlands{Edinh. 1858); Bean'tiesof Upper Strath- earn (Crieff, 1854 ; 3d. ed. 1870) ; and Orieff, its Traditions and Characters, with Anecdotes of Strathearn (Edinh. 1S81).
Crieff Junction, a station in Blackford parish, Perth- shire, at the deflection of the Crietf Junction railway from the Caledonian, 2^ miles SSW of Auchterarder, and 9 SSE of Criefl'.
Criffel, a barren though verdant granitic mountain- group of SE Kirkcudbrightshire, commencing in New- abbey parish near the Kith, and running south-westward across Kirkgunzeon, Urr, and Colvend, down almost to the shore of the Solway Firth. It culminates in conical, peaked Knockendoch (1867 feet), 2^ miles S by W of Newabbey village, and from this ' huge Criffel's hoary top,' as Wordsworth calls it, commands in clear weather a map-like \dew of the Solway's basin and the Cumber- land mountains beyond, with far-away glimpses of Arran, Ireland, and the Isle of Man. 'Drayton,' saj-s Dorothy Wordsworth, 'has prettily described the con- nection this neighbourhood has with Cumberland when he makes Skiddaw say —
' " Scurf ell from the sky, That Annandale doth crown, with a most amorous ej'e Salutes me every day, or at my pride looks grim, Oft threat'ning me with clouds, as I oft threat'ning him." '
According to a prophecy ascribed to Thomas the Rhymer, ' in the evil day coming safely shall nowhere be found except atween CrifFel and tha sea.' — Ord. Sur., sh. 5, 1867.
Crimond (anc. Creichmont, ' clay hill '), a hamlet and a coast parish of Buchan, NE Aberdeenshire. The hamlet, Ij'ing 2J miles inland, is 3 miles ESE of Lonma}' station, 8| SE by S of Fraserburgh, and 9 NW of Peterhead, under which it has a post office.
The parish, containing also the fishing hamlet of Rattray, formerly a royal burgh, 2 miles to the ENE, is bounded SW, NW, and N by Lonmay, NE and E by the German Ocean, and SE by St Fergus in Banffshire (detached). Its utmo.st length is 6§ miles from ENE to WSW, viz. , from Rattray Head to a little beyond the Loch of Kininmonth ; its width in an opposite direction varies between 1| and 2| miles ; and its area is 6281^ acres, of which 243^ are water, and 148i foreshore. The coast-line, 2§ miles in extent, includes the low, rocky, shelving promontory of Rattray Head ; and else- where presents a broad band of flat beach, backed by bent- covered sand-hills. The interior rises abruptly from the shore to 106 feet above sea-level near the coastguard station, and, thence descending gradually towards the centre, ascends again gently southward and south-west- ward to 136 feet near South Mosstown, 228 at Upper Ridinghill, and 284 at Lochhills. Loch STR.\TnBEG, 2§ miles long, and from 2 to 4i furlongs broad, lies on the northern border, and receives burns and runnels draining the interior ; the Loch of Kininmonth (3x1 furl.), in the SW, has been recently drained. Streams of pure water are scarce, most being tainted with iron. Dark blue granite prevails in the E ; red granite, gene- rally in a cruml)ling condition, is found in the W ; trap rock is also abundant ; and limestone was at one time quarried. The soil near the coast is light and sandy ; towards the centre is generally of a black loamy nature, resting on a clay bottom ; and elsewhere is cold and wet. Nearly five-sevenths of the entire area are arable, less than one-eighth is pastoral, and plantations cover a considerable extent. Crimond estate belonged once to the Earls of Errol, whilst Logic was the seat of a branch of the Gordons ; but both belong now to Ethel, daugliter (b. 1869) of the late Sir Alex. Banner- man of CiuMONMOGATE. Logie was the scene of the 308
CRINAN
fine old Jacobite song, 0 Logic o' Biichan, believed to have been written about 1736 b}' George Halket, schoolmaster at Rathen ; and at a spot called the Battle Fauld, tradition points out the grave of the hero of the famous ballad, Sir James the Rose. A circular mound, called Castle Hill, at the E end of Loch Strathbeg, was the site of a castle of Com}-n, Earl of Buchan ; and near it are the First Pointed ruins of St ]\Iary's chapel of Rattray ; whilst on the farm of Netherton of Logie is an ancient Caledonian circle in a high state of preserva- tion. John Farquhar (1751-1826), known as 'the rich Farquhar of Fonthill,' was a native. Rattray House is the principal mansion ; and 3 proprietors hold each an annual value of more, 5 of less, than £100. Giving off a south-western portion to the quoad sacra parish of Kininmonth, Crimond is in the presbytery of Deer and synod of Aberdeen ; the living is worth £296. The present church, at the hamlet, was built in 1812, and, containing 500 sittings, has a steeple and clock ; its ruined predecessor, near the manse, f mile N by W, is said to have been a prebend of St Machar's at Aberdeen in 1262, and bears date 1576. A public school, with accommodation for 142 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 98, and a grant of £84, 2s. Valuation (1881) £5997, 12s. 7d. Pop. of civil parish (1801) 862, (1821) 900, (1841) 767, (1851) 893, (1871) 887, (1881) 827 ; of ecclesiastical parish (1881)815. — Ord. Sur., shs. 97, 87, 1876.
Crimonmogate, a mansion in Lonmay parish, Aber- deenshire, 1^ mile W of Lonmay station. Grecian in style, with a hexastyle granite portico, it was built towards the middle of the present century at a cost of £10,000 ; in its finely-planted grounds is a granite obelisk to the memory of Patrick Milne, who bequeathed the estate to the Banuermans. The present owner. Sir George Bannerman of Elsick, tenth Bart, since 1682 (b. 1829 ; sue. 1877), holds 7660 acres in the shire, valued at £7745 per annum.
Crinan, a village, a sea-loch, and a canal, in Argyll- shire. The village, called sometimes Port-Crinan, stands in Kilmartin parish, on the northern side of the sea- loch, not far from the W end of the canal, 5^ miles WNW of Lochgilphead, under which it has a post office ; at it are an excellent inn, a wharf and slip, and a lighthouse. The steamers, in the line of communica- tion between Glasgow and Oban, call at it ; and here the Queen and Prince Albert spent the night of 18 Aug. 1843 on board the royal yacht. — The sea-loch, extend- ing 4^ miles north-westward, opens into the upper part of the Sound of Jura, adjacent to the mouth of Loch Craignish ; and leads the way, round Craignish Point, to the passage, between Scarba and Luing islands, to the Firth of Lorn. Its head is narrow and tame ; but most of its north-eastern side is rich in interesting features ; and its mouth, 3 miles wide, between Craig- nish and Ardmore Points, with a group of islets in its own waters, and with the northern extremity of Jura in front, is strikingly ])icturesque. — The canal goes from the middle of the AV side of Loch Gilp, 9 miles west- north-westward, to Loch Crinan, in the vicinity of Crinan village, and enables vessels of 200 tons burden, from the upper Firth of Clyde to the Firth of Lorn, to avoid the difficult and circuitous passage of 70 miles round the Mull of Kintyre. Projectecl by Sir John Rennie in 1793, at an estimated cost of £63,678, it was opened in 1801 at an actual cost of £141,810 ; and even then other loans had to be obtained, which by 1814 had burdened the Company with a debt of £67,810. It is cut chiefly through chlorite schist, traversed by trap dykes, and showing indications of great geognostic dis- turbance ; and has eight locks between Loch Gilp and the summit-level (59 feet), and seven between that and Loch Crinan, thirteen of these locks being each 96 feet long and 24 wide, and the other two 108 feet long and 27 wide. The average depth of water is only 10 feet, the canal being fed by reservoirs on the hill above, whose bursting (2d Feb. 1859) washed away part of the banks and choked the channel for upwards of a mile with dihris. The repairs took a sum of £12,000, which was disbursed
CRINGLETIE
by Government. The canal is used chiefly by small coasting and fishing vessels, by goods steamboats plying between the Clyde and Inverness, and by an elegant, roomy, and well-appointed steamboat conveying passen- gers between large steamers at Ardrishaig and Port- Crinan. Since 1818 the canal has been managed by the Commissioners of the Caledonian Canal. Its revenues arising from the tolls have, on the average, been barely sufficient to cover the current expenses of maintenance and repair. The receipts and expenditure, in most years, have been nearly equal, in the year ending 30th April 1S64 being £3605 and £4545; in 1869, £4316 and £4394 ; in 1873, £4614 and £4727 ; in 1876, £5057 and £4341 ; in 1878, £5966 and £4381 ; and in 1879, £5730 and £4929, whilst the passages in the last-named year numbered 2668.
Cringletie, an estate, with a mansion, in Eddlestone parish, Peeblesshire, 3 miles KNW of Peebles. The mansion, standing on a finely-wooded plateau, to the right of Eddleston Water, was rebuilt in 1863 in the old Scotch manor-house style, and contains some fine family portraits by Gainsborough, Raebum, and othere. For more than two centuries it has been the seat of a branch of the Murraj's, which has produced a gallant soldier and an eminent judge — Col. Alex. Murray (d. 1762), and Jas. Wolfe Murray, Lord Cringletie (1760-1836). The son and namesake of the latter (b. 1814) holds 5108 acres in the shire, valued at £2647 per annum.
Crocach. See Cbokach.
Crocketford, a village on the mutual border of Urr and Kirkpatrick-Durham parishes, Kirkcudbrightshire, near Achenreoch and Milton Lochs, 9 miles "WSW of Dumfries. Founded by the Buchauites in 1787, it has a post office under Dumfries, and a public school ; near it is Crocketford House.
Croe, a clear-flowing river of Glenshiel parish, SW Koss-shire, formed by two head-streams at an altitude of 180 feet above sea-level, and nmning 5^ miles west- north-westward — latterly along the Kintail border — to the head of Loch Duich. It abounds in sabnon and sea- trout, but is preserved. — Orel. Sur., sh. 72, 1880,
Croftanrigh. See Dalrt and Edixbuegh.
Crofthead. See Neilstox.
Crofthead, a large mineral village in Whitburn parish, SW Linlithgowshire, 3| miles S by W of Whitbm-n village, and 1^ mile EXE of Crofthead station on the Morningside section of the North British, this being 6| miles SSW of Bathgate. It has itself a Free church and a public school ; and it practically forms one with Fauldhouse and Greenbum villages, lying 1 mile WSW and I mile SW. See FArLDHOusE.
Croftinloan, an estate, with a mansion, in Logierait palish, Perthshire, near the left bank of the Tay, 2 miles SE of Pitlochrie. Its owner. Admiral Jack Henry Murray (b. ISIO), holds 110 acres in the shire, valued at £225 per annum.
Croftmartaig, a hamlet adjoining the village of
ACHAKX.
Croftness, a hamlet, with a Christian Knowledge Society's female school, in Glenlivet quoad sacra parish, Banflshire.
Crofts. See Ceossmichael.
Crogo, a hamlet in the SE of Balmaclellan parish, KE Kirkcudbrightshire, 1^ mile XXW of Corsock.
Croick, a quooxl sacra parish in Kincardine parish, Ross-shire, whose church (1827), manse, and school stand in the Black Water's sequestered valley, 10 miles W of its station and post-town, Ardgay. It is in the presby- tery of Tain and sjTiod of Ross ; the minister's stipend is £120, with a manse and a glebe worth each £5 a year. — Orel. Sur., sh. 102, 1881. See Kincardine.
Crokach, a loch in Assynt parish, Sutherland, 3 miles X of Lochinver. Lying 380 feet above sea-level, it is 1| mile long, and from ^ furlong to 3 furlongs wide ; is studded with thirteen islets ; and contains fine, well- shaped trout.
Crokach, a loch in the SW corner of Reay parish, Sutherland, 5^ miles W by X of Forsinard station. Lying 950 feet above sea-level, it contains two islets,
CROMARTY
and presents an irregular outline, with utmost length and breadth of 5^ and 4 furlongs.
Crolin. See Croulix.
Crom, a loch on the mutual border of Fodderty and Kincardine parish, Ross-shire, 7J miles NW of the head of Loch Glass. Lying 1720 feet above sea-level, it has an utmost length and breadth of f mile and 3^ lurlongs^ and communicates with the river Carron.
Cromack. See Ceammag.
Cromal or Cromwell's Mount, a circular elevation in Ardersier parish, XE Inverness-shire, on the ridge of hill behind Campbeltown. It rises about 20 feet above the adjacent level of the ridge ; is crowned by an ancient Caledonian fort, with a rampart 5 feet high and 360 feet in circumference ; and commands a very extensive view, including parts of seven or eight counties.
Cromar, a sub-district of Aberdeenshire, on the X side of the middle reach of the river Dee. It comprehends the parishes of Coull, Tarland^ and Logie-Coldstone, and a small part of Glenmuick.
Cromarty, the county town and a parish of Cromarty- shire. A seaport and parliamentary burgh, the town lies low on the southern shore of the Cromarty Firth, 2 miles W by S of its Sutor-guarded entrance, 4J miles E by S of Invergordon by water and 8 by the shore-road and Invergordon ferry, llf SSE of Tain, 9 XXE of Foitrose, and 19^ XXE of Inverness. For more than three centuries the sea has been steadily gaining on its site, so that where the old biirgh stood is covered deep by each returning tide ; but at a remote period the sea came higher up than now, and its ancient margin is marked by an eminence that, rising abruptly from the level to a height of 100 feet, next forms a tableland, and thence sweeps gently upward to the Southern Sutor. On the said eminence, right above the town, stood the old castle of the Urquharts, a massy, time-worn building, battlemented, stone-roofed, and sis stories high. It was rased to the ground in 1772, and its place is occupied by Cromarty House ; hard by, a column, 40 feet high, is sur- mounted by Handyside Ritchie's life-size statue (1859) of Cromarty's most celebrated son, the stonemason geolo- gist and author, Hugh Miller (1802-56). Even before his day the antique gabled houses of 'Old Cromarty' had mostly disappeared ; but their successors have in turn grown old, and the whole place presents an appear- ance of picturesque decay and desolation, 30 out of its 287 domiciles standing imtenanted in 1881. The Bay of Cromarty forms one of the finest natural harbours in the world, and during winter storms ship after ship comes pressing into it for shelter. Thither they are guided by a lighthouse, whose fixed red light is visible for 13 nautical miles, and which was built on the Point in 1846 at a cost of £3203. From a commodious quay, constructed in 1785, and repaired and extended in 1880, goods valued at £25,000 were shipped to London in 1807. But by the railwa}' the commerce of Easter Ross has been diverted to Invergordon ; and fishing and fish- curing are now the only industries of Cromarty. It still is head of the fishery district between Findhorn and Helmsdale Loch, in which during 1880 there were cured 2223 barrels of white herrings, besides 1504 cod, Ung, and hake, — taken by 298 boats of 2451 tons ; the persons employed being 904 fishermen and boys, 8 fish-curers, 12 coopers, and 831 others, and the total value of boats, nets, and lines being estimated at £30,505. A brewery, a hemp and cloth factory, and one or two timber-yards have all been closed ; two fairs have become extinct ; but a weekly market is held, in name at least, on Tues- day. There are three churches — the 16th century parish church, described as ' a true Presbyterian edi- fice ;' an Established Gaelic church, built about 1785 ; and a Free church : and Cromarty has besides a post office, with money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, branches of the Caledonian and Commer- cial Banks, 5 insurance agencies, 3 hotels, a neat town- hall (1782) with cupola and clock, a masonic lodge, and 3 benevolent societies. A royal burgh once, it was reduced in 1672 to the rank of a burgh of barony, but by the Reform Act of 1833 unites with the other five
309
CROMARTY
Wick burghs in returning a member to Parliament ; and, having adopted the General Police and Improvement Act of 1862, is governed by a provost, 9 councillors, and 9 police commissioners. Its parliamentary and muni- cipal constituency numbered 83 in 1882, when its valua- tion amounted to £1922. Pop. (ISOl) 1993, (1831) 2215, (1851) 1988, (1861) 1491, (1871) 1476, (1881) 1352,
Tlie parish, forming the north-eastern extremity of the Black Isle peninsula, is bounded N by Cromarty Firth, SE by the Moray Firth and Rosemarkie, SW by Rosemarkie, and W by Resolis. Its utmost length, from NE to SW, is 7i miles ; its width, from NW to SE, varies between 1 J and 2h miles ; and its area is 7060 acres. The coast-line, 9h miles long, presents for 3 miles to the Moray Firth a huge brown wall of beetling precipice, rising to 225 feet near JI'Farquhar's Bed, and 463 at the Southern Sutor, whose highest knoll is termed the Gallow Hill, from its having been the place of execution. The northern shore, on the other hand, all along Cro- marty Bay, is fringed by the level strip, already noticed, behind which the green bank slopes ujiwards to a height in places of 100 feet ; further inland the surface ascends to the broad AuDMEANACii ridge, attaining 241 feet near Newton, 477 near Bannan, and 548 near Glenurquhart. The Sutor, or ' Hill of Cromarty,' to quote Hugh J\Iiller, ' is one of a chain belonging to the great Ben Nevis line of elevation ; and, though it occurs in an Old Red sand- stone district, is itself a huge primary mass, upheaved of old from the abyss, and composed chiefly of gi'anitic gneiss and a red splintery hornstone. It contains also numerous veins and beds of hornblend rock and chlorite schist, and of a peculiar-looking granite, of which the quartz is white as milk, and the felspar red as blood.' In the cliff are two lines of caves — one hollowed by the waves long centmies ago, and another that the surf is still busy scooping out. I\Iany of the former — as the Doocot or Pigeon Caves, and the inferior though better- kno^\'n Droi)ping Cave — 'are lined with stalactites, de- posited bj' springs that, filtering through the cracks and fissures of the gneiss, find time enough in their passage to acquire what is known as a petrifying, though, in reality, only an incrusting quality.' Garnets are plenti- ful along the shore, where, too, are the Clach Malloch or Cursed Stone, an enormous granitic boulder, and five vast natural archways in the rocks. But for full exposi- tion of Cromarty's sermons in stones the reader himself must turn to Hugh Miller's Scenes and Lcjends of the North of Scotland (1835) and My Schools and School- masters (1854), which further record its memories of JIacbeth, Thane of Cromarty ; of Wallace's fabled defeat of the English, 4 J miles SW of the town ; of the Chap- lain's Lair; of the Black Years (1694-1701); of the Meal ilob (1741), etc. Towards the close of the 13th century one William Urquhart of Cromarty was heritable sherifi" of the county ; among his descendants was the ail-but admirable Sir Thomas Urquhart (1613-60), trans- lator of Rabelais, and author of 128i folio quires of MS., wherein he discussed as many or more original inventions. That wily statesman, Sir Geo. Mackenzie of Tarlaat (1630- 1714), was created Viscount Tarbat in 1685 and Earl of Cromartie in 1703. His second son, Kenneth, who became a baronet in 1704, obtained the extensive estate of Cromarty ; but his eldest son. Sir Geo. Mackenzie, member for the shire, was driven by bankruptcy to sell it in 1741 to William Urquhart of ItlELDHUM. Five years later the earldom was attainted in the person of George, third Earl, for his part in the '45 ; nor was it revived till 1861, and then in favour of his fourth descendant, Anne Hay-Mackenzie, Duchess of Suther- land, with limitation to her second son, Francis, Viscount Tarbat. There are now in the ]>arish 6 lesser land- owners, 1 holding an annual value of between £100 and £500, 2 of from £50 to £100, and 3 of from £20 to £50 ; but much the largest proprietor is Col. Geo. Wm. Holmes Ross of Cromarty House (b. 1825 ; sue. 1852). His estate extends over 7946 acres, of which 4112 arc arable, 2625 in pasture, and 1209 under wood ; its rental has been raised, by reclamations and other inn)rovenients, 310
CROMARTYSHIRE
from £5144 in 1850 to £6128. The soil is principally loam, but clay abounds in some parts, and moorish soil in others ; and the rent of an acre ranges from 10s. to 60s. The moorish land reclaimed at a cost of £20 per acre was previously under wood ; on the other hand, all the available waste has been planted (pp. 107-111 of Trans. Uighl. and Ag. Soc, 1877). Cromarty is in the pres- bytery of Chanonry and synod of Ross ; the living is worth £399. Prior to the Reformation there were six chapels within its bounds, three of which were dedicated to SS. Duthac, Bonnet, and Regidus ; but scarcely a vestige remains of any one of them ; whilst a Red or Trinitarian priory, founded about 1271, has vanished utterly. In 1875-76 two new board schools were built at a cost of £6000 in the town and at Peddicston, 4 J miles to the SW. With respective accommodation for 300 and 120 children, these had (1880) an average attendance of 164 and 40, and grants of £134, 8s. 6d. and £19, 5s. Pop. (1801) 2413, (1831) 2901, (1841) 2662, (1861) 2300, (1871) 2180, (1881) 2009.— On/. Sur., sh. 94, 1878. See P. Payne's Life of Hugh Miller (2 vols., 1871), andWm. Fraser's Earls of Cromartie : their Kindred, Country, and Correspondence (2 vols., 1876).
Cromarty Bay, a southward expansion of Cromarty Firth, 4§ miles wide across a chord drawn west-by- soiithward from Cromarty to Newhall Point, the distance from that chord to the inmost recess of the shore being 1^ mile. Its sandy south-western corner, ofi'ering at low-water a broad expanse of foreshore, is known as Udale Bay.
Cromarty Firth, the estuary of the river Con.vn, in Ross and Cromarty, commencing between Marj'burgh and Dingwall, 5| miles N of the head of Beauly Fii'th, and thence extending 19| north-eastward and eastward to the Moray Firth, where its entrance, 7 furlongs broad, is guarded by the North and South Sutors, 400 and 463 feet high. Its width is If mile near Kinnaird House, 1§ at Kiltearn manse, 1 at Balconie Point, 1 J at Alness Bay, f at Invergordon, and 7| miles from the head of Udale Bay north-eastward to the head of Nigg Bay ; but that of its channel nowhere exceeds 9 furlongs above Invergordon. On its right lie the parishes of Urquhart, Resolis, and Cromarty, on its left of Ding- wall, Kiltearn, Alness, Rosskeen, Kilmuir Easter, Logie Easter, and Nigg ; and it receives the Peft'ery, Ault- grande, and Alness rivers on its left side, which is closely followed by the Highland railway. Again we must turn to Hugh Miller for a description of the broad and deep lowest reach, as viewed from the Moray Fii'th in a clear morning of summer : — ' The foreground is occupied by a gigantic wall of bro^^Ti precipices, beetling for many miles over the edge of the firth, and crested by dark thickets of furze and pine. A multitude of shapeless crags lie scattered along the base, and we hear the noise of the waves breaking against them, and see the reflected gleam of the foam flashing at intervals into the darker recesses of the rock. The waters find entrance, as de- scribed by liuclianan, through a natural postern scooped out of the jniildle of this immense wall. The huge pro- jections of clilf on either hand, with their alternate masses of light and shadow, remind us of the out-jets and buttresses of an ancient fortress ; and the two Sutors, towering over the opening, of turrets built to command a gateway. The scenery within is of a softer and more gentle character. We see hanging woods, sloping pro- montories, a little quiet town, and an undulating line of blue mountains, swelling as they retire into a bolder outline and a loftier altitude, until they terminate, some 20 miles away, in snow-streaked, cloud-cajiped Ben Wyvis.'— On?. Sur., shs. 83, 93, 94, 1881-78.
Cromartyshire, a county, interlaced with Ross-shire, in the N of Scotland. It comprehends an ancient sheriirdom, hereditary in the family of Unpihart ol' Cro- marty, and detached districts annexed in tlie latter part of tlic 17th century, at the instance of Viscount Tarbat, afterwards Earl of Cromarty. The ancient sherifl'dom, or olil shire, comprises Cromarty parish, the greater part of Resolis parish, and an undefined portion of the Mullbuy ; and is usually stated to have a length of about
i®RAT
T^^TiTBARTHOLOMtW EDINBURGH
i f F [ rllj J ji^x^AULY; CROMAilTrAlTiD MORAY
J
CROMBIE
16 miles, a breadth of about 6h or 7 miles, and an area of about 39,690 acres. The detached districts are a district surrounding Tarbat House, on the NE seaboard of Cromarty Firth ; a district commencing on the Dor- noch Firth a little E of Tain, and extending eastward to the Moray Firth in the vicinity of Geanis ; two small tracts in Kincardine pai-ish, adjacent to the river Carron ; a district extending west-north-westward from the vici- nit}"^ of Dingwall, and including Castle-Leod and part of Ben Wyvis ; two tracts on the N of respectively Loch Fannich and Loch Nid ; a tract along the S side of the middle and upper parts of Little Loch Broom ; the large district of Coigach, lying between Loch Broom and Sutherland, and extending to Loch Enard and Rhu More promontory ; and the Summer islands, lying in the N side of the mouth of Loch Broom. These eight are esti- mated to measure aggi-egately about 344 square miles, or 220,586 acres. The ancient valuation of the property was £12,896 ; but the modern valuation of the property, and all the other modern statistics, are merged into those of Ross-shire. Tlie county has a court of lieuten- ancy of its own ; but it has no sheriff or even sheriff- substitute of its own ; and, as to its fiscal affairs, its parliamentary representation, and even its parochial distribution and its territorial character, \vith tlie ex- ception only of Cromarty parish, it is always practically treated as simplj'- a component part of Ross-shire.
Crombie, a small village and an ancient parish in the SW extremity of Fife. The village stands 1^ mile S of Cairneyhill, and 3^ miles SW of Dunfermline. The parish is now incorporated with Torryburn, comprising that part of it to the S of the Burn of Torry, and also certain detached lands, which, distant 7^ miles, are annexed quoad sacra to Saline. Its church stood on a commanding site, overlooking the Firth of Forth, and is now represented by some ruins.
Crombie, a burn in Kingoldrum parish, Forfarshire. It rises 2 miles JT of Kingoldrum village ; runs past that village ; describes a semicircle toward the E ; proceeds If mile west-south-westward; and falls into the river Jlelgum.
Crombie, a burn in the S of Inveraven parish, Banff- shire, rising close to the Aberdeenshire border, at 2400 feet above sea-level, and running 7:^ miles north-north- westward to Livet "Water at Tombae.
Crombie, a burn and an old castle in Marnoch parish, Banffshire. The burn, rising near the Ordiquhill border, runs 3 miles southward to the Deveron at Marnoch manse ; and the castle stands on the right side of the bm-u, IJ mile N of the said manse. Supposed to be very ancient, and looking to have been a place of some strength, it now consists of three stories, but formerly was much higher ; and belongs now to the Earl of Seafield.
Crombie Point, a small headland, a small harbour, and a hamlet in Torryburn parish, SW Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 1^ mile SE of Torryburn village, and If W by N of Charlestown. The harbour is a calling place of the Granton and Stirling steamers.
Cromdale, a parish, chiefly in Elginshire, but partly also in Inverness-shire. In its Elginshire portion, on the Spey's right bank, is Cromdale station on the Strathspey section of the Great Iv'orth of Scotland, 3 miles NE of Granto\vn station and 21 SW of Craigellachie Junction ; near it are a post office under Grantown, a new public school (1877), the parish church (1809; 900 sittings), and a viire suspension footbridge (1881) over the Spey, 195 feet in span.
The parish, till 1870 mainly in Inverness-shire, con- tains also the town of Ghantown ; the station of Dava, at the XW border, Sh miles NNW of Grantown ; the station of Advie ; and the station of Broomhill, 3| miles SSW of Grantown. It is bounded XW by Eilin- killie; NE by Knockando; E by Inveraven, and SE by Kirkmichael, in Banffshire ; S by Abernethy, and SW by Duthil, in Inverness-shire ; and W by Ardclach, in Nairnshire. Its utmost length, from NE to SW, is 16 miles ; its utmost breadth, from N W to SE, is llg miles ; and its area is 64,253 acres, of which 899;^ are water. The Spey winds 20^^- miles north-eastward along the border
CROOK
and through the interior, descending in this course from about 680 to 480 feet above .sea-level ; and the Divie and Dorbock, feeders of the Findhorn, rise in the NW corner of the parish, the Dorbock issuing from Lochin'- DORB, which, 2^ miles long and from IJ to 5 furlongs broad, lies at an altitude of 769 feet on the Edinkillie boundary. To the S of it lie Loch an t-Sithein (2f x 1 furl.), Lochan Dubh (1 x 4 furl. ), and Loch Ruigh a' Bhuair (2x1 furl.). Chief elevations to the left or W of the Spey, from NE to SW, are Gallow Hill (1210 feet), Geal Charn (1487), Carn na h-Eige (1673), Larig Hill (1783), Creag a' Bharrain (1324), Cam an Loiti (1798), Carn na Doire (1294), Carn Bad na Caorach (1557), Craig Tiribog (1586), and Beinn Mhor (1545); whilst to the right, on the Banffshire and Inverness- shire border, rise Tom a Chait (1646 feet), Creag an Tarmachain (2121), Carn Eachie (2329), and Tom Biath (1163), tliese latter belonging to the heathy Cromdale Hills. Granite is a predominant rock ; and limestone of prime quality abounds in places, and has been largely worked for both building and manure. The soil of the haughs along the Spey is very fertile ; that of the other arable lands is generally thin and dry. Barely a tenth of the entire area is under the plough, and woods and plantations cover at least as much, the country round Granto\vn, and indeed the whole strath of the Spey, being finely adorned with trees. On May 1, 1690, the war in Scotland between James VII. and William of Orange was virtually ended by the affair of the Haughs of Cromdale, when, at a spot 2h miles E by S of Crom- dale station, the dragoons of Sir Thomas Livingstone surprised Buchan's sleeping Highlanders, 800 in number, slaying more than 300, and taking 100 prisoners. The ruined castle of Muckerach is separately noticed, as like^ase is Castle-Grant, whose owner, Ian Charles Grant- Ogilvie, eighth Earl of Seafield (b. 1851 ; sue. 1881), is almost the sole proprietor. In the presbytery of Abernethy and synod of Moray, Cromdale comprises the ancient parishes of Inverallan and Advie, and is now divided into the quoad sacra parishes of Inverallan and Cromdale, the latter being worth £298, with manse and glebe. Besides two schools in Grantown, four public schools — Achanarrow, Ad\ae, Cromdale, and Dava — with respective accommodation for 70 90, 100, and 50 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 33, 34, 55, and 29, and grants of £40, 2s., £26, lis., £35, 16s., and £36, 13s. 6d. Valuation (1881) £13,554, 2s., of which £1627, 18s. was in the Inverness-shire section. Pop. (1801)2187, (1831) 3234, (1861) 3943, (1871) 3817, (1881) 3642, of whom 1166 were in Cromdale quoad sacra parish. — Ord. Sur., shs. 74, 75, 84, 85, 1876-77.
Cromlix, a barony in Dunblane parish, Perthshire, around Dunblane town. Cromlix Cottage, 4 miles N of Dunblane, is a seat of the Hon. Arthur Hay Drum- mond, the late Earl of KinnouU's third son (b. 1833 ; sue. 1866), who owns 7465 acres in the shire, valued at £4240 per annum. The mineral wells of Cromlix are noticed in connection with Duxblaxe Hydropathic Establishment.
Cromore. See Eeisoet, Loch.
Cromwell Park, a village, with bleach-works, in Red- gorton parish, Perthshire, on the left bank of the Almond, 1^^ mile NW of Almondbank.
Cromwell's Fort. See Ayr and Inverness.
Cromwell's Mount. See Broxmouth.
Crona, two small flat islets of Assynt parish, Suther- land, 5 furlongs SW of Oldany island.
Cronberry, a village of recent origin in Auchinleck parish, Ayrshire, 2 miles NE by N of Lugar. It owes its origin to iron-works of the Eglinton Iron Co., and has a school in connection therewith. Pop. (1871) 997, (18S1) 799.
Crook or Creuch, a summit (1446 feet) on the western border of Kilmalcolm parish, Renfrewshire, f mile from the A3'rshire border, and 5 miles S by W of Greenock.
Crook, a place on the N border of St Ninians ii;irish, Stirlingshire, on tiie Haimock rivulet, 1^ mile ESE of Stirling. Miss Elizabeth Hamilton (1758-1816) resided at it whilst writing her Cottagers of Glenburnie.
311
CBOOK
Crook, an inn on the mutual liorder of Tweedsmuir and Dmiunielzier parishes, S Peeblesshire, standing, 746 feet above sea-level, near the left bank of the Tweed, 1 J mile NNE of Tweedsmuir church and 12 miles SSE of Biggar, under which it lias a post oflice. A well-known hostelry in the old coaching days, it now is only a resort of anglers for the head-waters of the Tweed. Nether Oliver Dod (1673 feet) culminates f mile to the WSW.
Crook, Forfarshire. See CuuicK.
Crookedholm, a village in Kilmarnock parish, Ayr- shire, on the right bank of the Irvine, li mile ESE of Kilmarnock town, and f mile N of Hurlford Junction. At it are a public school and a worsted siiinning-mill, in connection with carpet factories in Kilmarnock. Pop. (1S61) 6-20, (1S71) 770, (ISSl) 657.
Crook of Alves, a hamlet in Alves parish, Elginshire, 8i furlongs N of Alves station.
Crook of Devon, a small old village in the Kinross- Bhire section of Fossoway parish, on the left bank of the Devon, at its sharp westward bend or crook, witli a station on the Devon Valley section of the North British, 14 mile ENE of Rumbling- Bridge, and 6 miles WSW of Kinross. It is a burgh of baronJ^
Crookston, an estate, with a ruined castle, on the E border of Abbey parish, Renfrewshire. The estate be- longed in the 12th century to Robert de Croc, a gentle- man of Norman ancestry, and passing by marriage in the 13th to the illustrious family of Stewart, was then united to the estates of Darnley, Neilston, Inchinnan, and Tarbolton. It was held by Henry, Lord Darnley (1546-67), who became the husband of Queen Mary ; and in 1572 was granted to his younger brother Charles Stewart, fifth Earl of Lennox. Afterwards it passed through many hands to the Duke of Montrose, and was purchased from the second Duke in 1757 by Sir John Maxwell of PoUok. The castle stands on the summit of a wooded slope, overhanging the left bank of Levern Water, 3 furlongs above its influx to the White Cart, and 3J miles ESE of Paisley. Once a massive edifice, with centre, two lofty towers, and battlemented wings, surrounded by a rampart and a moat, it now consists of only one shattered tower, 50 feet high. John Wilson, Tannahill, Motherwell, Burns, and many anony- mous poets have celebrated Crookston in verse ; and most persons, though on little better authority than loose tradition, believe that it, not Wemyss, was the scene of Lord Darnley's betrothal to Queen Mary in 1565, and the place where they spent the days im- Diediatel}- after their marriage. A stately j'ew, known as 'the Crookston Tree,' standing a little to the E, and popularly regarded as having been a favourite haunt of the royal lovers, became eventually blasted and leafless, less from natural decay than in consequence of being hacked and hewn by relic-hunters for pieces to be con- verted into snuff-boxes and small ornamental ai'ticles, till it was eventually rooted up by Sir John Maxwell in 1817. Common tradition, too, asserts that Queen Mary from Crookston Castle viewed the battle of Langside, — a tradition adopted by Wilson in his poem of the Clyde, and by Sir Walter Scott, both in his novel of The Abbot and in his History of Scotland; but the castle is 3A miles W by N of the battlefield, is completely hid from it by intervening heights, and, moreover, was in the rear, not of the Queen's army, but of the enemy. — Ord. Siir. , sh. 30, 1866. See David Semple's Tree of Crocston : being a Refutation of the Fables of the Courtshi}) of Queen Marie and Lord Darnley under the Yew Tree (Paisley, 1876).
Crookston, an estate in Borthwick and Stow parishes, Edinburghshire. Its mansion, in the NE of Stow, stands on the left bank of flala Water, If,' mile N of Fountainhall station, and is the seat of John Borthwick, Esq. (b. 1825; sue. 1846), who holds 9723 acres in Edinburgh and Berwick shires, valued at £5851 per annum. See Borthwick.
Croot, a loch (12 x jf furl.) in Kirkmichael parish, Ayrshire, near Ijarnsheau Loch, and 3J miles NE of Kirkmichael village.
Crosbol. See Cuaspul. 312
CROSSGATES
Crosby. See Tkoon and Duxdonald.
Cross. See Luce, Water of.
Cross. See Bakvas, Lewis.
Crossall, a sTnall eminence in Dalmeny parish, Lin- lithgowshire, If mile ESE of Queensferry. It is sur- mounted by remains of an ancient stone cross, and, in pre-Reformation times, was a station of devotees on pilgrimage to Dunfermline.
Cross and Bumess, a united parish in the N of Orkney, comprising the south-western and north- western limbs of Sunday island, and also, in its quoad civilia estate, the island of North Ronaldsha3\ It contains a post office of the name of Sanday, with money order and saviags' bank departments, under Kirkwall ; and, bordered on the E for 1^ mile by Lady parish, is on all other sides surrounded by the sea. Cross, which forms the south-western section, terminates in a dismal moor of 200 acres, separating it from Bukness. Well sheltered by Eday from westerly winds, it presents a diversified surface, which rises at two points to more than 300 feet above sea-level, and breaks down, at one of its heights, in a coast precipice perforated by curious caverns ; a considerable lake is occasionally visited by flocks of wild swans. Burness, separated on the E from the greater part of Lady parish by Otterswick Bay, has flat shores and a verdant fertile surface. The rocks are sandstone, sandstone flag, and a little limestone. The neiglibouring sea-waters produce enormous quantities of shell-fish. This parish is in the presbytery of North Isles and s)mod of Orkney ; the living is worth £245. There are two parish churches. Cross, with 248 sittings, and Burness with 262. In May 1880, in making ex- cavations for the foundations of an addition to the manse, it was discovered that the old building, lately demolished, had been standing on the ruins of an ancient broch. For schools and population see Sanday.
Crossbasket, an estate, with a mansion, in the NE corner of East Kilbride parish, Lanarkshire, f mile W by S of High Blantyre station.
Crossbost, a hamlet in Lochs parish, Lewis island, Outer Hebrides, Ross-shire, on the northern shore of salt-water Loch Luirbost, 9 miles SSW of Stornoway, imder which it has a post office. Near it are a new Free church (1881), and Luirbost public schooL
Crosschain Hill. See Fala.
Crossfield Hill. See Unst.
Crossford, a village in the N of Lcsmahago parish, Lanarkshire, near the left bank of the Clyde, imme- diately above the Nethan's influx, 4^ miles NW by W of Lanark, under which it has a post office. At it are Free and U. P. churches; and near it are the ruins of Ckaignethan. ' In 1686,' saj's honest Patrick Walker, ' many people gathered together about Crossford, where there were showers of bonnets, hats, guns, and swords, which covered the trees and ground ; companies of men in arms marching along the water side ; coni[)anies meeting comjianies all through other, and then all falling to the ground, and disap])earing, and other companies appear- ing the same way. I went there three afternoons together, and, as I could observe, there were two of the people that were together saw, and a third that saw not ; and though I could see nothing, yet there was such a fright and trembling upon those that did see, that was discernible to all from those that saw not,' etc. (Cham- bers's Domestic Annals, ii. 485). Pop. (1841) 431, (1861) 530, (1871) 543, (1881) 816.— O^t^. Sur., sh. 23, 1865.
Crossford, a village, with a public school, in Dunferm- line parish, Fife, Ih mile WSAV of Dunferndine town.
Crossford. See Glencaiiix, Dumfriesshire.
Crossgatehall, a hamlet in Inveresk parish, Edin- burghshire, 2 miles SSE of Inveresk station.
Crossgates, a village on the inutual border of Dun- fermline and Dalgety parishes, Fife, with a station on the North ]'>ritish railway, 3^ miles ENE of Dunferm- line. Inhabited chiefly by colliers, it is surrounded at near distances by extensive coal mines ; adjoins lines of mineral railway, communicating with St David's har- bour on Inverkeithing Bay ; and has a post office, with
CROSSGATES
CROSSPOL
money order, savings' bank, and telegraph departments, 2 hotels, a U.P. church (1802; 531 sittings), and a public school, -which, with accommodation for 160 children, had (ISSO) an average attendance of 124, and a grant of £91, 2s. Pop. (1841) 646, (1861) 1115, (1871) 1181, (1881) 1215.
Crossgates, a hamlet on the "W border'of Cults parish, Fife, 3 furlongs SW of Pitlessie.
Crossgellioch, a wild mossy moor in Carsphairn parish, N Kirkcudbrightshire. Three Covenanters, plain country men, when returning from a conventicle in the vicinity, in the winter of 1684, were met here by Claver- house and a party of his men, and were summarily shot. Their bodies were bm-ied on the moor ; and, at a recent period, were found embalmed in the moss, ' shrouded in their hosen, in their coats, and in their bonnets, exactly as they fell.'
Crossgills, a hamlet in Ruthwell parish, S Dum- friesshire, 3 furlongs NW of Ruthwell station.
Crosshall, a colliery village in the SW of Polmont parish, Stirlingshire, 2^ miles SSE of Falkirk.
Crosshall, an ancient monument in Eccles parish, Ber- %vickshire, 1 mile N of Eccles village. It comprises a monolithic sandstone pedestal, 9 feet square and 2^ high, and a monolithic sandstone column, rising fully 10 feet from the pedestal, through which it passes deep into the ground, and carved in its N and S faces with curious sculptures. It is thought by some antiquaries to have been raised to the memory of a Percy of Northumberland, by others to have been erected after the second crusade, in the latter half of the 12th century, to the memory of the father of Sir John de Soulis. The place where it stands was formerly called Deadriggs, and is tradition- ally said to have been the scene of a bloody battle.
Crosshands, a village, with a public school, in Mauch- line parish, Ayrshire, 2 miles KNW of Mauchline village.
Crosshill, a village in Kirkmichael parish, AjTshire, and a quoad sacra jjarish partly also in Kirkoswald and Maybole parishes. The village stands on the left bank of Girvan Water, 3 miles SE of Maybole, and 2S NE of Kilkerran station. Chiefly consisting of a long regular street of one-story houses, running at right angles from the river, it has a post office under Maybole, with money order and savings' bank departments, a principal inn, an Established chui'ch (1838), a Free chui'ch, and a school. The quoaA sacra parish, constituted in 1853, is in the presbytery of Ayr and s}'nod of Glasgow and Ayr ; its two public schools, Crossbill and Kilkerran Hillside, with respective accommodation for 270 and 61 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 159 and 52, and grants of £125, 14s. and £39, 3s. Pop. of village (1841) 116-3, (1861) 1107, (1871) 835, (ISSl) 740 ; of?, s. palish (1871) 1372, (1881) 1284, of whom 1006 were in Kirkmichael. — Orel. Sur., sh. 14, 1863.
Crosshill, a south-eastern outbreak of Baillieston village, in Old Monkland parish, Lanarkshire.
Crosshill. See Govanhill.
Crosshill. See Strathave^.
Crosshouse, a village in Kilmaurs parish, Ayrshire, on Carmel Water, 2^ miles W of Kilmarnock, and 1 mile SSAV of Crosshouse station. At it is the handsome Established church (1882 ; 450 sittings) of a quoad sacra parish, formed out of Kilmaurs and Dreghorn, and also a public school. Coal has long been wrought in the vicinity, and ironstone during the last 12 or 13 years. Pop. of village (1861) 468, (1871) 713, (1881) 631 ; of q. s. parish (1881) 2424.
Crosshouses, a hamlet in Kettle parish, Fife, 2 miles SE by E of Kettle village.
Cross Isle, a small island in Dunrossness parish, Shetland, off the mouth of Quendal Bay, 3^ mUes WNW of Sunburgh Head.
Crosskirk, a place on the SW coast of Westray Island, Orkney, distant 1 mile from Westray manse. A pre-Reformation church here was used by Presby- terians till about 1776, and then became ruinous ; its ancient burjing-ground is still in use.
Crosslee, a hamlet in Stow parish, Edinburghshire,
on the south-eastern verge of the county, near Gala Water and Bowland station, 3 miles S of Stow village, under which it has a post office.
Crosslee, a village in Houston parish, Renfrewshire, on the left bank of the Gryfe, 2^ miles NW of John- stone station. A cotton mill, built here in 1793, was burned down about 1858 ; and the villagers now are mainly employed in the neighbouring oil-works of Clippens. Pop. (1861) 383, (1871) 379, (1881) 400.
Crossmichael, a village and a parish of central Kirk- cudbrightsliire. The village, pleasantly-seated on the left bank of the lake-like Dee, with a station upon the Glasgow and South-Western, 3| miles NW of Castle- Douglas, has an inn and a post office ; but its cross, St Michael's, round which was held a Michaelmas fair, has long since disappeared.
Containing also Clarebrand hamlet and a north- western outskirt of Castle -Douglas, the parish is bounded NE by Kirkpatrick-Durham and Urr, SE by Buittle, S by Kelton, SW by Balmaghie, and NW by Parton. Its utmost length, from NAV to SE, is 5g miles ; its breadth, from NE to SW, varies between 2f and 4| miles ; and its area is 10,148J acres, of which 220J are water. The Dee winds 44 miles south-south-eastward along all the boundary with Balmaghie, Urr Water 4| along that with Kirkpatrick-Dm-ham and Urr ; and in the interior are Lochs Culgruft (2x1 furl.), Erncrogo (3 X li), RoAX (3i X 2g), and Smaddy (1 x f ), with three or four tinier lakelets. The surface, which sinks along the Dee to less than 200, and along Urr Water to less than 100, feet above sea-level, has a general north- north-westerly rise, being studded by a number of low eminences, and culminating at 711 feet on the western shore of Loch Roan. The rocks are chiefly Silurian ; and the soils of the arable lands, along the streams and among the hills, which in places are cultivated up to the top, are extremely various, including fine alluvium and rich loam, -with some tilly clay, but chiefly present- ing a sandy character. Near Glenlochar Bridge stood an abbey, whose history is utterly lost ; and of six moats, the largest and best-defined is that of Crofts, which rises in several stages to a round grassy plat, 280 feet in diameter, and commands a beautiful prospect. Weapons and urns, supposed to be Roman, have been found ; and a cau-n at Blackerne yielded in 1 756 a silver ring and an amber bead, now in the Edinburgh Antiquarian iluseum. Mansions are Greenlaw, Glenlochar Lodge, Danevale Park, MoUance, and Ernespie ; and 10 proprietors hold each an annual value of £500 and upwards, 17 of be- tween £100 and £500, 2 of from £50 to £100, and 7 of from £20 to £50. Crossmichael is in the presbji;ery of Kirkcudbright and synod of Galloway ; the living is worth £339. The parish church, at the hamlet, was built in 1751, and contains 650 sittings ; in the grave- yard is a tombstone to ' William Graham, shot dead by a party of Claverhouse's troop, for his adherence to Scotland's Reformation Covenants, 1682.' There is also a U.P. church, near Castle-Douglas; and two public schools, Crossmichael and Clarebrand, with respective accommodation for 200 and 100 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 89 and 79, and grants of £96, Is. 6d. and £88. 7s. 6d. Valuation (1860) £10,725, (1882) £15,024, '4s. lOd. Pop. (1801) 1084, (1831) 1325, (1861) 1536, (1871) 1492, (1881) lZi3.—0rd. Sur., sh. 5, 1857.
Crossmill. See Corsemill.
Crossmyloof, a village in the NW comer of Cathcart parish, Renfrewshire, 1 mile NE of Pollokshaws, and 1^ SSW of Glasgow, under which it has a post and telegraph office. At it are a public school, an Established mission station, and an extensive bakery, started in 1847. At a council of war here, according to a popular myth, Queen Mary, on the morning of the battle of Langside, laid a small crucifix on her hand, saying, 'As surely as that cross lies on my loof, I will this day fight the Regent,'— hence the name Orossmyloof. Pop. (1841) 587, (1861) 939, (1871) 988, (1881) 1195.
Crosspol, a bay in the S of Coll island, Argyllshire. It measures 2 miles across, but lies exposed to tlie S and
313
CROSSRAGUEL
the SW, and is profusely studded with sunken rocks. A sandy beach, about a mile long, fringes it on tlie N, and is the chief feature of its kind in Coll.
Crossraguel, a ruined Clngniac abbey in Kirkoswald parish, Ayrshire, 2 miles SW of Maybole. It seems to have derived its name (Lat. CmxRcjaJis, 'king's cross') from a cross of St Oswald, King of Xorthumbria {oh. 643), but itself was dedicated to the Virgin ]\Iary, and was founded about 1240 by Duncan, first Earl of Car- rick, for Clugniacs of Paisley, from which it was made exempt in 1244. The last of its abbots, Queutin Kennedy, in 1562 held a famous dispute with John Knox at ]\laybole ; he died in 1564, when a pension of £500 a year'was conferred upon George Buchanan out of the abbey's revenues. Their bulk was granted to AllanStewart, who, as commendatorvisitingthebounds of Crossraguel in 1570, was pouncedon by Quentin'suephew, Gilbert, fourth Earl of Cassillis, and carried olf to the sea- castle of DuNTRE, there, in the Black Vault, to be ' roasted in sop ' until he consented to subscribe ' a five- year tack and a nineteen-year tack and a charter of feu of all the lands of Crossraguel, with all the clauses necessar for the great King of Carrick to haste him to hell ' (Cham- bers's Dom. Ann., i. 65-67). To the Earl's desire, how- ever, to turn it to his own account we probably owe the partial preservation of the abbey. Its ruins. Second Pointed in style, comprise some portions of the domestic buildings on the S side, the walls of the church, and the square chapter-house, with high arched roof upborne by a clustered pillar. The roofless church is a narrow aisleless oblong, measuring internally 160 by 25 feet, and divided nearly midway by a gabled wall, containing a doorway.