satatae Pr rey Wy RIC ee ee pipe hee tue eb? ae a OO othe arian’ 1 ddd ad tt added hod ‘
daediduta Veda Vip dhe aanded de Veae hs SAME RTM CRP NR
PAN LAD Ded ald Le Peet
" EMR CPM ee Se we Cea a ‘ ' 4 hwas aa ede Le vA a: ude Wedd dia a hd at Cue * bege ha tag bo 04 ' 4 ' ta ye. as ‘a Cee aay Wek tae) thVadlaae a4 ” i] ‘bade ere werk” sa ie cd om) Vaedehee & bOON OL wae WARK ANN On ARTO MR CN OR OORT RMR NO RH hha + au eb vel we ee ee eas | Wap th MoU tod A te ik at AT Db ete TR YM AS Ste Oe Os TR ARN NWA DM eT Wh wf DO) Tae RY 5, che Pee ew eer mame er eee Bry eae ene Tr UD sr eH WO Oe Se had Led ht ed ee BAG sales Pin ee a ee Te ee ee rt DOOR RAO UCR Od AC Oe N ve pee ee aa OE Re Eee eA hae Le ae Bp ee ae a be Bd abe bY a dldedlie bead a a ed Peed PA eet alee Peete WANE RR HICH DCM IN TTR tata dH TL ae tea a WB Wed ea ae elie eb ' ‘ 4 al ADA ANISM ONAL MA ae
ee Ad tt VOOtr er thea ee Paw) PA ae eae Eee ee ELE EE) OW lee ih eae aad Q a) ORAL DOE CORR OLR COR Rane OE ea ENN x ,
’ ere Ta te ee | Re RAT it ne GRAS RIO 4a ; y ORS rer Wm a WRN ICN MCR RN rT CNN SUCH R ey
' ra " La a desvetaea MAS) Ped { Se ea a alee ag bed a ely radeaul DIN Coe Ik Nees. . 4 7) PERO ESS MION HRN) WP TA THY A yt td sil a abot ast tg a pacites iy wr ed kD ates bol et } VAM gis ye hal ea RCs POOR eo
) > 2. yew ia ah baad 7 aaa JE Ty a hea New ach d aden aes OU dia dip
, a awit 2 hw ‘ LAs daeee Aa aa ARLE pen AS BLN VD ty Gy , Yad t
4 phen 4 art dtd aries a - & ; va Re, ‘ iar RN te he leg yt wi ea Ae, 7 ' ee er ee ee i ee a Bee rc a UREA COE N , ‘anne N vu A idehd 2 24 Dal ey te A NOOO CE ATC HOA Oe AUR NAS ALMA NA A " a , Vite eet) ru ‘ 5 : ' Anti SRA IR LE Ome 4 84 bs ANS ATER EAM TR AE Ro hue
Lie £4 OC ee ee daa ae ) Dae of ei he
ed a aioe at eh " wan) YL tee Hasy La tee GP Pra wave ey " Pasay ah Ny | Ma ede en ala hae hah rv a? A i it Tee 4 EUW ANN raha
)
LEA ae hae Le ACU SS AAA eat whith et bo dep eer ®
Py aed te hed MEL Ad edd PTO eR REY wee hye Db ge Be le Dae tt bu
NY Nina hay a Ne BE WAR COR COC eee RA
DA RN CO IC RC Ad dp Uw VL td IY HE Med Poe Ate nat wr a 4 : a
Lae aa att hea baie arnt: WT MAE Ar ytd sa
A SACRA RR MRR ROL a Kad ee) ate vag Stidd ela debs D ped Pe Py Ghee Te WDD Pet idaw Qed dd OOO. OCLC Laer sd tae wa
de Va hoe eal?) PRO ete
SO CCE, MANA a
y atee tury NGS tl var ale a Phd
, sien eye 2%
at ‘\ hey Sty ry KERR RY PCRS OCH REA RRL iY va waar “hha tte ry Ney , Ve aehaeterearkeaa ery
) 4 x : ; A ae ny aa » why a DORR KOO AWN a ae
ae a'V Cae ay SUA 3p MOND kas Resa GR 8 a "boi Gh
PAN
Lae bey hie rn | ei 4
eed a by ey
. ‘i ‘whee eae ‘ wre Ma
har) tas > ee we ) ahs he eib at S Wee
i } Yoo gs 4 Ce: ; ? 1 Gant PEN RRR: Ce te a Po deR 4h 1 he ate - rey? 4 Va aa ees
VI de A Peed itd peed)
He eehys 1} . wt tit) 1 ied 6 bed Pedederd Cr ee ‘ Mi Row bY
\
“9
aN
iat
ax eddie @
x f apy AP ged
aa A ‘ ; 4 » la at ,
} : sie jae Vo MID eed gd Lk dd i ene
atl He P d vude tt 48 4 ” * LAA aig chads thar awe lhe ka i ois a . sau eit Ce ety
Wie-de elated Whey ¥) t. 1 ada. Fe} Cob Ste fee ie toed oh alana yea dla ad dee Sar Matin dons CED Rr?) Be Ne | 1d 49 dere? iaw det) of ie ee iad) bdewid ER, ee : ws eee “gs bale Tod me Gh Bete) ah hm eee i dd Leeds tad pide rd bad wh al) oe ava
‘eas sia {isa saeidiad ‘ 44ie ibe Leis a he ee ee oe oe ee Te Bs
vA i ven {* ia Bt data a HRC ESI A , 4nd VO a ed 1b te de@ de & a aia Sas peta
aida 2! 4G ‘did i re were tee ‘ vie hig Ne Wat i eee eC Tk ee ee Ne ey DY Bad Meh Ld be panded de hed Sut debe
Pa? ; } F 4 REMCCOR CLT MY ROOT OI CRA bt Hae ie. fa Fs Via dae ya ' LB, ! * 7 ‘ : ond rr ae | $49 ‘ a4 ed hd we Raed de ‘ 5 Meta Sy sue aE bg eth ns Ltt bed dl pays Fad | P as ie tap LAP iG HUES bed ad aad dhs UR Sie Lore dA > ba yr weed Lease hee tid VA We Fad bb &) Emel mite t brat thin kat, Pt A . ' ) PE 2 ded Gath had atk Eee a ap
va, FAA De Dm dee 8,0 Habe fh, d) des
J Aa oe } cH Ma A Rial ae Beh dw
Opis he
4 advan SV did ang ihe ; N The ted 4 « enineil ’ Mele ag ole ‘ : ‘ ‘ ‘ 5 / ne ahs hed Nat dod aa fa pda ey « aw Te eee ; $ tie tLe Baw hake es Fates -, Ay Sc4he “ie ; sud Ly be ah UL One mri ee oe Pe ab sae ake Seat dkewirh ea oe ee bide dobett Fede et ake ne Tyr g +4 Pd ae igs t rie 4 ch he ore Bee ee etry P 4444 vid bike eb : aah d @h iW hae Per eae ty Van uf nthe <A eth rh et Fe Rn Ma lage de Md ede NL Bae in . Tiss bay ce Y wer q DOE eo ems Tv ne ved Sele teat iL UD, Rd dil awe bee deeb a 4 set elt see dh ads Per ys der ei ‘ sd ted ' COO Ee maa were ist Pk Cid we bed ce de Ged De O91 ca e. bi ; ae ih. site | 0 Pere ro Ore ic WiC Ren Mock reir eck Cee ete SOOO MCR Cy Where Citak I it Trp SF TAP OH ANA Her I ape meet cw oh ee ign peek y pei al Sad ud fhe did, aay ee ee tt he A Ct bie ake at ert hae “3 rt pap ay bh os i oe bd bed bd te oe did We Oe dhe a P a eee oy re
Wit Vd ddd de BEE ae Beet ee is rs . ) vei r ' aay rar these tcetes Lote Pen ee as ar att : dad aad ood Va dine bd OF RAD atk Ankara 9 9 bint ire
iad e RDA Gol hd Ra ae Susie MN MAE ah) skied nT WL are Aine EP ar HER CIR a : tlaibee RAINE LN at A AL A yy iedrd ht D ) eat haa aa dana A ee i te J ’ laid Cade pied WE! a aaa Aaa aa TP ee De oe Oe ar ‘ ¥ ’ J i eek ee ee ees ee | ‘ PlQiddteodis ceva sl ke hidew sedidd pi Sadi de be CVE eae ae be hapa ts AAR AL ee ee ee ee ee ee ee bet ee DA eed 2 aot ed Ha Sb ede MAC eh eke akd eC hde DPE a dome ti Vb de a Pe On Be ie bed oe
inven’
ihe « + Fig iM os re My ak
ue ee
PPL) baa ere bid &
ise d- wa foleed a edad ORLA! SG bedded Be ROOM ueCtent SATIRE Vs reine Rad ot dal Madd Dea 7 POST CN ATU a eed cae f ne a Ae) $4 WEL be tied ALAA 2 sore bite) tah @ eb an poeta eet ean ee a iy rg cu Oo : rip wi tee et) wi dade pak 4 4 RN AML Tt WW kepada og Y ea hte Her een ae erent EEA Aa ed ed de a bry tht URES aR ae ann eae. ree ate Fn at yo hema Sk be dea i HOLL a del deeds dean ateeede wv iy NOUT Woke A Ee hid Fe ede fe ee: hy! ne a oa pte ac We bt Wee or ok te be Ye | eo 4 ei sb ThA be wea d 4h ed paelh HIS RAH, a wor ee ~ ee PA ee ee i) De a pea he ted ot a oe a hea ey SEAR AO Aa Deb Melboe ie yy Be to Oe a Hib Taare pate BA VAY A AGeAD. beak eaewet lara a eee dineas CENCE} Ue AA Ae Ball tee 0 Sere istaiek Meee ee eH Ini My Wdaded Dy reaeda ea ce ray ree ately rd DTW wh Ld eed og do AN ety Cee oy ‘ 7 LAD OR Dr De) Re ee A EWP er i eh) ae oe ee cen eee + Co A ee De ee LL aed Db tod we Gear eas F « ak ‘ ee Aa a a atte j B Scie ot a a itias Miae Lira anche fai AGE sete! Aap! Luts 1 Rd) ASE 2 a9 ‘ 4 + * TA ieee kk poe at Vaid ea Ad in dod ery U a se ee ,, Cee en Me Yn tudeb as a ee ee rc oe * se oAN RN Ce ele bi Asin avery CSUR CAUCE Ue ato SUR Rare) Gose Moveth de dooh ve 4“ na £' Ce es a PM Le aa TY Dd gigs Bad Mb RED ak id dy i F 1 Denon dete ed Ew Ot ES sot get PLUM LAA ames Vie ied ddd ib diode i TOASTS ROA MCt A fer I gaat ete Bbaeehayyt Aiaddd tad we daha eed sae d lo ee ede Dak SU OUCC RA RS Kn EO Wine ae as ot bate ed SNES CTO ital ce Mat aoa ie ee ay * POC OOR OURO aE OLE e KROL EE cA CRE DRC HIEY 4 j * me ee ft ee se ‘4 1 Doe A BA AA te) OF eat 4 748 i ‘ f ee . ‘ Pea v dd dd CES oD eee aad Me FIND: aie bd ofr Mew bs Ake vad ‘ ore re ( : ; ‘ PES WARE a Ree Ce A IY ee ey ee ACCT cn ee) : Popa aia ty ea aan en) pee ie cies Mh eG Le Re date US AA LAS Ak A SF aS Ua tee Bd lied ee se a Abe) ‘Sf vita ee en behalf let aa sortie se the tae ade et Pi dedi a sia bb dl ; Livudae tpi vide ‘ ded ated aed 44 ee ha WeWie sy 4 4 7 tat « CP dd add EA bd Ee bore ed a eed dod dd De Sra yy Pe aad Tame tata iy ets a
1B | a ” ME rare Ue RO OUn TOURER ‘ 1D ed ed Ca dided wok Adie & ats a eed ee bed deh by bee
“ i ee Mt ee Re ’
bog a
=<
wy a i AW ede ie iy oe ts Seay aft
‘
fe vite: hoe Nr hy j sce ieee iy
‘ % “ aleve ee eo
“ oe aS Bes bie
ey ns sale Ora *
‘ Pw be Wohnort Pm A IRI A
Dirrichirni ec eR EG Bris ded ey 7
sek ae fat yt : in "Ui oii i ne ie h ce -
© Hed rbd ediatek faa At i wika ‘ asad bie Gaeda had bh Onksh ‘ w#itaad ia 414 wt 4 iad *. 4 ‘a ae ‘wt ‘ Tepe Ve its ‘a yay uN ah | ae ribe Hn au
Me ieee I A WHEE ¢ { Vw te
By
0 te
< ‘ = * \ ee \ ' ‘ Py 4 ( , . j i 4 = / A i f " 4 i za s : x \ 2 f ‘ / a az of : Se } ; opt i ; i s a ae ‘ ‘ G © 5 } - =a ; r . - N 2p * t eS bran i uh ak ; i 7 ~
JOURNAL
OF THE
WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
VOLUME 17, 1927 COONAN ASF;
UTE BES
X ?
5» J wid: BOARD OF EDITORS WILuIAM J. PETERS AGNES CHASE JOHN B. REESIDE, JR. DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM BUREAU PLANT INDUSTRY NATIONAL MUSEUM ASSOCIATE EDITORS L. H. Apams S. A. RoHWER PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY E. A. GOLDMAN G. W. StTosE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY R. F. Griees J. R. SWANTON BOTANICAL SOCIETY ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Roger C. WELLS CHEMICAL SOCIETY
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY EXCEPT IN JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER, WHEN MONTHLY BY THE
WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ERRATA
Vol. 17, 1927
Page 1: add to footnote 2: Leroy F. Patron, The sandstone dikes around Rockwall, Texas. Hollands Mag. (Dallas) 44(6): 5, 86. June, 1925.
Page 185, line 1: for ‘‘moldings and’’ read ‘“‘molding sand.”
Page 187, line 8: for ‘0.2mr’’ read ‘‘2zar.”’
Page 212, line 29: for ‘‘Leon Piérre’’ read “Léon Pierre.”’
Page 327, line 7: for ‘“‘components’’ read “‘component S.”’
Page 349: move second paragraph to top of page so that it becomes part of proceed- ings of 701st meeting.
Page 442, line 1: delete inferior 4 and read “‘1-Hydroxybenzene-4-diazosodiumsul- fonate.”’
Page 443, line 24: the graphic formula should read:
H
| KSO;( > N—N- SO;K - 3H,0 |
SO3K
BOARD OF EDITORS
ee: J. Maucay > ‘aw Aqnrs CHASE _ oramruent or TRRRESTRIAL MAGNETISM BUREAU PLANT INDUSTRY
paemooiare EDITORS gee , \ Re ey ee IO . " PRILOSOPHICAL 5 socrerr Nee ie - BNTOMOLOGICAL socTETY ven fog Oe A ctaag GWE Srogm <<: *~ 3 ae ‘ "BIOLOGICAL SOCIRTE.- a GEOLOGICAL BOCIETY Bes Re. F. Griecs: ie pie Si 2 ee: i, ee SWANTON ; ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY
EB, Wicuers CHEMICAL SOCIETY
Doce: ACADEMY OF SCIENCES >
a »
Ma. Royan AND. “GuILrorp AVES, “ 2 =. _ Baurwone, Maryan
Mi r, ‘ary 43, 1923, at the ee ae at Battiare Md., ee eee the 12. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for on 1103, fey of Sead 3, 1917. Authorized on iy 5h 7
- Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences aoe
This Journat, the official organ of the Washington Academy of Sai ms to present 2 brief record of current scientific work in Washington. Tothisendi it publi shes: (1) short original papers, written or communicated by members of the Academy; (2) short notes of current scientific literature published in or emanating from Washington ry (3) proceedings and programs of meetings of the Academy and affiliated Societies; (4) notes of events connected with the scientific life of Washington. TheJournat is issued semi-monthly, on the fourth and nineteenth of each month, except during the summer when it appears on the nineteenth only. Volumes corres ond to calendar years. Prompt publication is an essential feature; a manuscript renenina the editors on the fifth or the twentieth of the month will ordinarily appear, on request from the author, i in the issue of the JoURNAL for the following fourth or nineteenth, respectively.
Manuscripis may be sent to any member of the Board of Editors; they should ie Sea elearly typewritten and in suitable form for printing without essential changes. ie: editors cannot undertake to do more than correct obvious minor errors. References should appear only as footnotes and should include year of publication. To facilitate the work of both the editors and printers it is suggested that footnotes be numbere¢ serially and submitted on a separate manuscript page.
Illustrations will be used only when necessary and will be confined to text eae it or diagrams of simple character. The cost of producing cuts for illustrations must be partly met by the author. ae
Proof.—In order to facilitate prompt publication no proof will be sent to authors — unless requested. It is urged that manuscript be submitted in final form; the editors _ will exercise due care in seeing that copy is followed.
Authors’ Reprints.—Reprints will be furnished at the following schedule of prices.
Copies 4 pp. 8 pp. 12 pp. 16 pp. Cover. 50 $.85 $1.65 $2.55 $3.25 $2.00 100 1.90 3.80 4.75 6.00 2.50 150 2.25 4.30 5.25 — 6.50 3.00 200 2.50 4.80 Beto: 7.00 3.50 250 3.00 5.30 6.25 00 4.00 x
‘An additional charge of 25 cents will be made for each split page.
Covers bearing the name of the author and title of the article, with inclusive | pagi- Ci nation and date of issue, will be furnished when ordered. ae
As an author will not ordinarily see proof, his request for extra. copies or or wees Z should invariably be attached to the first page of his manuscript.
The rate of Subscription per volume 18........0.00ceereee Be Se See ere $6.00" Semi-monthly: numibers. . 2 2.55 bas cle Sew pieces oo Cee a Se oe cones Se pe Wau Monthly numiGens: vii c oe ccc. vente eas 30 eee kates aeeees sp etenee rs al inate . 50
Remittances should be made payable to ‘‘Washington Academy of Sciences, and addressed to the Treasurer, R. L. Faris, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C,
European Agent: Weldon & Wesley, 28 Essex St., Strand, London.
Exchanges.—The JourNnat does not exchange with other publications.
Missing Numbers will be replaced without charge, provided that claim is made within thirty days after date of the following issue.
*Volume I, however, from June 19, 1911, te December 19, 1911, will be sent for $3.00. Special rate= i, are given to membere of scientific societies affiliated with the Academy
JOURNAL
OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Vou. 1/ JANUARY 3, 1927 Newt
GEOLOGY.—On the origin of the “rock wall” at Rockwall, Texas. L. W. SrerHenson, U. 8. Geological Survey.
There is in Texas, about 20 miles northeast of Dallas, a town by the name of Rockwall, the county seat of Rockwall County. The town derives its name from a natural feature which is locally called the “rock wall.” Mr. Sidney Paige? investigated the “rock wall’ in 1909, and the following paragraphs are quoted from his account of it:
For many years reports of a more or less definite nature have been circu- Jated describing the wonders of the ancient wall surrounding the town of Rockwall, Texas. The writer was able during the past winter to spend a few days investigating this supposed historic structure. It proves to be not a wall, but a number of disconnected sandstone dikes, strictly speaking, not surrounding the town, but trending in many directions. As exposures are few, they have been discovered in such scattered localities in the town’s environs as to suggest the idea that they were fragments of a ruined wall.
* % * *
Though good exposures are infrequent, owing to the depth of the soil, a peculiar condition affords ample opportunity to observe the dikes in place. These latter are natural courses for underground waters, and wells are often located on them. Though these wells are filled with water, the rock forming the dike, removed during the sinking of the well, may be examined at leisure.
I have recently had an opportunity to examine one of the so-called rock walls at a locality at the west edge of the town at a point where it intersects the Dallas-Greenville road. The town is located at the crest of the west-facing slope of the valley of the East Fork of Trinity River (sometimes called Bois d’Are Creek), south of the valley of
1 Published by permission of the Director, U. S. Geological’ Survey, Washington, D.C. Received November 30, 1926.
2 PaIGE, SipneEy, The ‘‘rock wall” of Rockwall, Texas. Science n. ser. 18: 690-691. 1909.
1
2 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 1
Squabble Creek. ‘The wall where I saw it intersects the road about a quarter of a mile west of the center of the town, at an altitude 45 or 50 feet lower than the top of the hill. The owner of the land at this place has made several excavations along the side of the wall, which here trends several degrees west of north, and an appropriate sign at the side of the road invites the interested traveller to view the ancient archaeological structure, which he is permitted to do after the payment of a small entrance fee.
Paige’s interpretation, that the wall is not an artificial structure but is in the nature of a sandstone dike, is doubtless correct, but his ex- planation of the cause of its wall-like appearance needs modification. He says:
The dikes are of various sizes, varying from an inch in thickness to eighteen inches or two feet. They stand vertically, or nearly so, and have in cases been followed downward fifty feet or more, always imbedded in the lime muds. They are composed of exceedingly fine-grained quartz sands, cemented by calcium carbonate. So far as observed they do not vary appreciably in width | through vertical range. Two joint systems, one nearly horizontal, the other
vertical, have cut these dikes in such a manner as to suggest masonry walls, 1.e., they are composed of oblong blocks in horizontal layers.
The ‘wall’ which I saw is not a solid sandstone dike broken by horizontal joints, but is composed of a series of alternating, more or less lens-like horizontal layers of clay and sandstone. The clay layers reach a maximum of an inch or more in thickness, and the sandstone layers may attain a thickness of as much as 6 or 8 inches. ‘The sand- stone beds are cut by vertical joints perpendicular to the face of the wall. Some of the sandstone layers thin down and pinch out in a lens-like manner, and some of them divide into two layers separated by clay. ‘The combination of horizontal bedding and vertical jointing in the sandstone layers, gives to the dike its masonry-like appearance. The relatively thin clay layers simulate the mortar of an artificial wall. The vertical joints are irregularly distributed and do not occur in the form of “‘broken joints,’’ as would be expected in a true masonry wall. ‘Two views of the dike are shown in plate 1.
Paige did not reach a definite conclusion as to the origin of the dikes. He states that the fissures may have been due to drying or to earth movements, and that the material filling them may have come from below or from above. ‘The fissures are too deep, I think, to have been formed by desiccation from the surface downward. Earth move- ments that produced and widened joints into fissures seem adequate to account for them. Since the dikes are horizontally stratified the
.
JAN. 3, 1927 STEPHENSON: ORIGIN OF “ROCK WALL’? IN TEXAS 5)
materials must have been washed in from above and were probably deposited in standing water in the fissures. The fissures must have
A. View of one of the sandstone dikes or rock walls in an excavation on the east or up-slope side, at the west edge of Rockwall town; the dike has here been disturbed by
soil creep which has tipped it over, least below, most above, widening the spaces between the hard sandstone layers.
B.
and sand layers are in undisturbed relation to each other, showing the lenslike character
of the sandstone layers; the argillaceous chalk or chalky marl which is cut by the dike is shown on the left.
Tiew of the same dike in an excavation on the down-slope side where the clay
remained open during the time they were being filled with clay and sand. If the fissures were opened on a land surface, and were filled by
¢
4 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 1
sediments carried by surface water, one would expect strong cross bedding in the dikes with some coarse foreset beds similar to the bedding found in delta deposits, and he would expect the sediments to be mixed with oxidized substances, leaves, seeds, sticks, bones, and other surficial materials. Instead the sediments are clean and uniform with the exception of the scattered fragments of gray unoxidized clay, and I am therefore inclined to the opinion that the fissures were formed under water, probably that of a shallow sea during the latter part of Upper Cretaceous time.
The dike at the west edge of Rockwall cuts the Pecan Gap tongue of the Annona chalk, of Upper Cretaceous age, which here consists of argillaceous chalk or chalky marl, nearly free from sand. Two or 3 feet below the surface the chalk is practically fresh, showing only slight signs of weathering and oxidation. ‘The chalk forms the upper part of the west-facing slope of the hill and the only source of sand that seems adequate to furnish the sandy material of the dike is the Wolfe City sand member of the Taylor marl, which in the next county to the north lies stratigraphically beneath the chalk. I have not seen the Wolfe City sand in the immediate vicinity of Rockwall, but it probably underlies the chalk there. Paige mentions “thinly bedded flaggy sandy limestone” near Rockwall, but does not give the exact locality. The beds of the Pecan Gap chalk at this locality dip at a low angle toward the east, so that the Wolfe City sand, if present, may have come to the surface within a few miles to the west, where it was subject to erosion at the time the dikes were formed in late Cretaceous time. |
The sandstone layers consist of medium-grained gray calcareous sand cemented with calcite. Scattered through the sand composing the sandstone layers are considerable numbers of mechanically in- cluded clay fragments, the largest noted being about three-fourths of an inch long.
Mr. C. 8. Ross has examined thin sections made from one of the sandstone layers and he describes it as follows:
The sand grains are predominantly quartz, but there are many grains of feldspar and chert, and a very few of muscovite. Most of the grains are sharply angular but some are subangular. A few are well rounded or have one border that is well rounded and the other angular, as if rounded grains had been fractured. The calcite cement has replaced or corroded some of the sand grains and especially the feldspar. A veinlet of calcite cuts one of the sections.
JAN. 3, 1927 HAY: SKULL OF EQUUS LAURENTIUS 5
Mr. Ross also examined a thin section made from a sample of the Wolfe City sand from near Wolfe City, about 40 miles northeast of Rockwall, and he says of it:
The mineral grains are predominantly quartz, but smaller amounts of feldspar, mica, and other minerals, are present. The grains are sharply angular for the most part. The cementing material is finely granular calcite. The sand grains average about 0.05 mm. in diameter.
Compared with the material from the dike this sample of Wolfe City sand is quite similar in type and angularity of the sand grains, and the inclos- ing calcite is somewhat similar in habit. The sand grains differ greatly in size, however, since those in the dike average about 0.2 mm., while those in the Wolfe City specimen are only 0.05 mm. in diameter.
So far as the evidence goes, therefore, the sand composing the dikes might well have been derived from the Wolfe City sand, but the samples compared are geographically too far apart to warrant basing a final conclusion upon them.
PALEONTOLOGY.—On the type skull of Equus laurentius Hay. OLIVER P. Hay, U.S. National Museum.
In 1913? the writer described as belonging to a new species of Equus (EF. laurentius) a nearly complete skull which had been found on a sandbar of Kansas River, near Lawrence, Kansas. Prof. J. E. Todd told the writer that with this skull were picked up the base of an antler of an elk and the femur of a carnivore. ‘The femur was regarded by Dr. Roy E. Moodie as belonging probably to a species of Smilodon.
In an excellent paper published recently* entitled ‘‘The evolution of the horse: A record and its interpretation,’ Dr. W. D. Matthew, of the American Museum of Natural History, on his page 181, men- tioned, with other species, Hquus laurentius and added as follows: “The last is based upon a recent skull mistakenly supposed by the author to be of Pleistocene age.’”’ No reasons were given for this statement. On reading this the writer became anxious to see that skull once more and to determine for himself whether or not he had fallen into error. The skull is now in the temporary possession of Dr. Childs Frick, of the American Museum, New York, and on the writer’s request Dr. Frick generously sent the specimen.
It appears to the writer that two questions are involved. First,
1 Received Nov. 2, 1926. ? Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 44: 584-591. PI. 72,73. 1918. 3 Quart. Rev. Biol. 1: 139-185. 1926.
6 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 1
is the skull of Recent or of Pleistocene age? Second, is it specifically identical with any of the breeds of the domestic horse, Hquus caballus?
In case the skull is that of a modern horse it must have been buried within 300 years or less; also very near the place of discovery, for, excepting the loss of the free portions of the nasal bones, it shows no abrasions. Furthermore, the lower jaw was found with the skull. Without doubt it had been buried in a river deposit, either of sand or possibly of sandy muck. Under such conditions one would expect a modern skull to be little or not at all mineralized, to be soft and friable, and to be of relatively light weight on drying out. Often bones of elephants, mastodons, and horses, which have been in such deposits since the early Pleistocene are so soft that they must be handled with the greatest care to prevent crumbling.
Now, the skull found at Lawrence is in no such condition. The specimen, skull and lower jaw, is heavy, charged and colored with iron carbonate, and hard. When an area of the skull has been covered many hours with a pad of wet paper the bone does not soften, as it might be expected to do. It seems to the writer that the conditions for fossilization must have been extraordinarily favorable in order that a skull might, within 300 years, reach such a stage of preservation.
Does the type of HL. lawrentius present characters which distinguish it from Hquus caballus? The skull is that of one of the smaller horses, the basilar length being 490 mm. (not 481). It has been spoken of as an “Indian pony.’ It ought to be compared with the smaller breeds of the domestic horse. Unfortunately there is, in the U. 8. National Museum, no good specimen of the small horses from the western plains, and probably there is none in the American Museum. At hand is a skull obtained in Arizona by Dr. Walter Hough, of the U. S. National Museum. It is weathered and somewhat damaged. |
The writer has taken renewed measurements of the skull from Lawrence and measurements of the Arizona skull. From these measurements have been determined the indices of the important parts according to Prof. H. F. Osborn’s method;! and the corresponding indices have been compared. They have also been compared with indices obtained from the skulls of Hquus lamber from Alaska, Equus niobrarensis, and Equus przewalsku. All of these forms show differ- ences in the structure of their skulls, but these differences are small and apparently might fall within individual variations. The writer be- lieves that no one would, without other characters, base a species on
4Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. new ser. 1: 85. 1912.
JAN. 3, 1927 STANDLEY: NEW PLANTS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA a
such closely similar indices; nor would one, because of these resem- blances, refer all of these horses to one species. We seem still com- pelled to depend on the structure of the teeth and on variations in size of the animals.
- The upper cheek teeth are present in the Arizona horse, but they are somewhat shattered, and the second premolars are missing from their sockets. The teeth of the two horses are in about the same stage of wear. The tooth line measures the same in both and the individual teeth are of practically the same size in the two. In both horses the protocones are short. The postprotoconal valleys appear to differ in that those of the Arizona horse are directed more strongly outward than in EL. laurentius. The fossettes of the latter are markedly broader than those of the Arizona horse, and the enamel which surrounds the fossettes is little folded. The hinder one has a very shallow infold in the rear and another infront. Except this, the front wall of the hinder fossette has no undulations. The front wall of the anterior fossette may or may not have a shallow infold; in its inner hinder corner is an M-shaped infold. In the case of the fossettes of H. lawrentius the confronting lines of enamel are considerably more folded than in the Arizona horse and the complication somewhat exceeds that of a large domestic horse at hand.
The writer believes that the type skull of Equus laurentius is a real fossil and that it belonged to a horse of probably early Pleistocene age. It appears only fair that those who regard it as a part of a modern horse shall present evidences therefor.
BOTANY.—WNew. plants from Central America—VI.1 Pau C. STANDLEY, U.S. National Museum.
The new species of plants, chiefly trees and shrubs, described here are all natives of Panama or Costa Rica, and most of them have been collected by myself during the past two years. The Panama species are probably the only new ones awaiting description from the region of the Canal Zone previous to the publication of a flora of that area.
Most interesting of the new plants described is Parmentiera V alerit, a large tree belonging to a group hitherto represented in Central America by only two known species, both of which are trees much inferior in size to this one.
‘ Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. For the last preceding paper of this series see This JourNaL 15: 472. 1925. Received Nov. 2, 1926.
8 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 1
Lacistema pedicellatum Standl., sp. nov.
Shrub or tree 2—7.5 meters high, the branchlets slender, terete, when young densely strigillose; stipules lance-triangular, 1.5—2 mm. long; petioles slender, 3-8 mm. long, strigillose; leaf blades elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, 8—11.5 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, cuspidate-acuminate, with acute or obtuse tip, . cuneate to obtuse at base, membranaceous, remotely and obscurely serrulate, green and glabrous above, paler beneath, sparsely and minutely strigillose, densely pilose along the costa and in the axils of the lateral nerves; racemes solitary in the leaf axils, 3.5-6.5 cm. long, slender, laxly flowered, the rachis densely sordid-hispidulous, the bracts puberulous, much shorter than the pedicels, the pedicels 1-2 mm. long, glabrous; sepals 3 or 4, broadly rounded, glabrous; disk large, 4-lobate; stamen glabrous, the cells divergent; ovary very sparsely setose, the style short, the stigmas 3, longer than the stamen; fruit subglobose, 4 mm. in diameter, sparsely puberulent; seeds 3.
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 679251, collected along the Rio Culebra above Santa Isabel, Province of Col6én, Panama, near sea level, Aug. 10, 1911, by H. Pittier (no. 4152). Collected also on hills north of Frijoles, Canal Zone, Dec. 19, 1923, Standley 27426.
The most closely related species is L. Pittieri Blake, of Venezuela. Both are marked by the pedicellate flowers, those of most species being sessile in the bracts. L. Putter: differs from the Panama plant in its densely hispid ovary and entire leaves.
Heisteria longipes Standl., sp. nov.
Glabrous shrub, the branchlets slender, green; petioles slender, 7-12 mm. long; leaf blades elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 8-12 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, abruptly obtuse-acuminate or obtuse, acute at base, thin, the lateral nerves 7 to 9 on each side, slender; pedicels in fascicles of 2 or 3, slender, 1—-1.5 cm. long; fruiting calyx rotate, purplish red, 2 cm. broad, subentire; petals 6, ovate-deltoid, acute; stamens 12, slightly longer than the petals; fruit oval, 8 mm. long.
Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 679090, collected along the Trini- dad River, Canal Zone, Panama, July, 1911, by H. Pittier (no. 4006).
The leaves are much like those of H. macrophylla Oerst., the most widely distributed species of Central America, but in that the pedicels are shorter than, or rarely equal, the fruiting calyx.
Heisteria latifolia Standl., sp. nov.
Small tree, 4 meters high, glabrous, the branchlets obtusely angulate, green; petioles thick, stout, about 2 cm. long; leaf blades elliptic or broadly elliptic, 27-32 cm. long, 12-15 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded or obtuse at base, sub- coriaceous, lustrous above, the lateral nerves about 16 pairs, subarcuate, anastomosing near the margin; pedicels usually geminate, 1 cm. long; fruiting calyx subentire, rotate, red, 2-2.5 cm. broad; fruit oval, 12 mm. long.
Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 679256, collected along the Rio Culebra above Santa Isabel, Province of Col6n, Panama, near sea level, Aug. 10, 1911, by H. Pittier (no. 4156).
JAN. 3, 1927 STANDLEY: NEW PLANTS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA 9
Distinguished from all the other Central American species of the genus by the very large, broad leaves, borne on comparatively long petioles.
Hydrangea inornata Standl., sp. nov.
Scandent shrub, the branchlets terete, covered with brown, longitudinally suleatulate bark, when young tomentulose, the internodes elongate; petioles 1—2 em. long, glabrous; leaf blades elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 8-23 cm. long, 3.0-11 cm. wide, acutely acuminate or abruptly contracted into a short acumen, acute or subobtuse at base, coriaceous, entire, glabrous on both surfaces, the lateral nerves 5 to 8 on each side, arcuate, prominent beneath, the ultimate nerves closely reticulate, prominulous beneath; inflorescences ample, short-pedunculate, 5-9 cm. broad, the cymes umbellately arranged, many-flowered, the rachises stellate-tomentulose, the axes of the first order 1-3 em. long, equaling or surpassing the rest of the cyme, the pedicels 1-4 mm. long or the flowers sessile; flowers all fertile, pink; sepals 4, much broader than high; petals 4, 2 mm. long; stamens 8, the filaments 1.5 mm. long, the anthers small; styles 3 or 4; hypanthium broadly cup-shaped, glabrous, 1.5 mm. wide.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 577962, collected in forests at Tuis, Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, altitude 700 meters, December, 1900, by H. Pittier (no. 14068).
This Costa Rican plant appears to be related to H. ecuadorensis Briq., and belongs to the Section Cornzdia, Subsection Monosegia B. Aphananthae, as outlined by Briquet.2
Aside from the Panama species here described, an one other Hydrangea is known from Central America, H. Oerstedit Briq., which is frequent in the higher mountains of Costa Rica. It is a large woody vine with broad cymes which bear numerous bright pink sterile flowers. It is a very handsome plant when in full flower, and quite as showy as the cultivated hydrangeas.
The juvenile plants of H. Oerstedii are very different in general appearance from the adult ones. They are very slender, with coarsely toothed leaves only 1 to3 cm. long. These juvenile plants are abundant nearly everywhere in the mountains of Costa Rica, closely investing tree trunks and even fence posts. The writer for several years has been familiar with this form, and had often wondered to what family it might belong. It was only during the past winter, after close study, that the true relationship of this juvenile form was recognized, and even then it was hard to credit the evidence, so different in aspect are the two states of the plant. The juvenile plants are many times more plentiful than adult ones.
In 1922 I collected in Salvador on the Volcano of San Salvador juvenile plants of this genus, but at that time did not recognize their relationship. The Salvador plant may be the immature form of H. Oerstediz, or perhaps it belongs to a species not yet described.
2 Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot. Genéve 20: 396. 1919.
10 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 1
Hydrangea panamensis Standl., sp. nov.
Shrub, the branchlets terete, brown, when young appressed-stellate-tomen- tose, the internodes short; petioles stout, 1-1.5 cm. long, stellate-tomentose; leaf blades oblong, elliptic, or ovate, 8-10.5 cm. long, 3-4.5 cm. wide, obtuse at apex or rounded and emarginate, obtuse at base, coriaceous, entire, above dark green, furnished with remote microscopic appressed stellate scalelike hairs, beneath brownish, sparsely and microscopically stellate-pilose, the lateral nerves about 6 on each side, straight, laxly anastomcsing close to the margin, prominent beneath, the reticulation of the ultimate nerves incon- spicuous; inflorescences dense, pedunculate, 3.5 cm. broad; bracts caducous, 1.5-2 cm. long, rounded at apex, stellate-tcmentcse on the outer surface: axes of the first order umbellately arranged, about 1 cm. long, densely brown- tomentose, about as long as the upper part of the cyme; flowers sessile or short- pedicellate; sepals 4, broadly triangular, obtuse, broader than long; petals 4, rounded, 2 mm. long, glabrous; stamens 8; styles 3 or 4; hypanthium campanulate, glabrous, rounded at base, 1.5 mm. wide.
Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 678998, collected along the Rio Fat6, Province of Colén, Panama, near sea level, July, 1911, by H. Pittier (no. 3919).
The collector reports that the plant was epiphytic upon a Sloanea tree. The corolla is described as yellow, and the bracts and calyx as purple.
This Hydrangea is noteworthy in its habitat, since most of the tropical American species occur only in the high mountains. The Panama species belongs to the same group as H. inornata, and in Briquet’s key to the species would run to H. Mathewsi: Briq., a Peruvian plant with rugcse-nerved, obo- vate, crenate-denticulate leaves.
To H. panamensis are to be referred, probably, juvenile specimens collected by the writer (no. 27431) near Frijoles, Canal Zone, in 1923.
Erythrina panamensis Standl., sp. nov.
Shrub or tree 1-6 meters high, the young branchlets whitish-sericeous; branches armed with stout conic prickles; petiole and rachis at first sericeous but soon glabrate, the petiole sometimes prickly; leaflets deltoid to ovate- deltoid, the terminal leaflet often rounded-deltoid, 11-24 cm. long, 6.5-18.5 em. wide, abruptly or gradually acuminate or long-acuminate, entire, thin, above bright green and glabrous or glabrate, beneath pale, sericeous with slender straight whitish hairs; racemes about 12 cm. long, the rachis tomen- tulose, the pedicels 2-4 mm. long; calyx 14-17 mm. long, tubular-campanulate, 5-6 mm. thick, minutely strigillose with whitish hairs or almost wholly glab- rous, the margin shallowly bilobate, the lobes subequal, rounded; standard red, glabrous, linear-oblong, obtuse, about 6 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, attenu- ate at base; keel petals cohering above, 11-12 mm. long; pod long-stipitate, 11-20 em. long, about 1.5 cm. thick, 4 to 13-seeded, strongly and abruptly constricted between the seeds, at first densely whitish-sericeous, later glabrate; seeds red, about 9 mm. long, 6 mm. thick.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 677253, collected about the Agua Clara Reservoir near Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama, February 5, 1911, by H. Pittier (no. 2656).
JAN. 3, 1927 “STANDLEY: NEW PLANTS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA RE
The following Panama collections represent the same species: Rio Indio de Gattin, Canal Zone, Mazon 4808. Near Gattin, Goldman 1854. Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Standley 31352. Cana, Williams 782. Be- tween Gorgona and Gatun, Pzttzer 2287.
The writer previously’ referred most of this material to EH. costaricensis Micheli, but more ample Costa Rican material of that species proves that the Panama Erythrina is distinct. E. costaricensis may be distinguished readily by the loose matted tomentum of the leaves.
DYSOPSIS GLECHOMOIDES (Rich.) Muell. Arg.
It seems worth while to record here the occurrence in Costa Rica of Dysop- sis, a monotypic genus of the family Euphorbiaceae, not reported previously north of the Andes of Ecuador. Specimens were collected by Prof. Juvenal Valerio and the writer (no. 43770), Dec. 31, 1925, on the Cerro de las Vueltas, Province of San José, Costa Rica, at an altitude of 3,000 meters. The plant is an inconspicuous succulent herb, growing in wet forest. Various writers have stated that in general appearance it resembles Hydrocotyle, but when growing it scarcely suggests that genus, although it does have a striking re- semblance to certain species of Pilea.
Euphorbia Valerii Standl., sp. nov.
Slender shrub 3-4.5 meters high, sparsely branched, glabrous throughout the branches about 1 cm. thick at apex and bearing there a few leaves, densely covered with the scars of the fallen leaves; leaves alternate, the petioles stout 1.5—-2.5 cm. long; leaf blades narrowly oblanceolate-oblong, 35-40 cm. long 9-10 em. wide, entire, obtuse, gradually narrowed from near the apex to the acute base, abruptly decurrent upon the petiole, the lateral nerves obsolete; peduncles arising in the axils of the uppermost leaves, stout, 18-24 cm. long; flowers numerous, the pedicels 1—1.5 cm. long, arranged in 3 or 4 times dicho- tomous cymes 7 cm. long and 9 cm. broad; bracts of the inflorescence cadu- cous, not seen; involucre broadly campanulate, reddish, about 7 mm. long, 10 mm. wide, the lobes ovate-quadrate, their margins laciniate; styles united almost to the apex; immature capsules subglobose, more than 1 cm. in diameter. ,
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,251,433, collected in wet for- est at Los Ayotes, in the Sierra de Tilardn, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, altitude about 700 meters, Jan. 21, 1926, by Paul C. Standley and Juvenal Valeri (no. 45338).
Euphorbia Valeri is referable to Boissier’s group Laurifolia, which has been recognized by some botanists as a separate genus, Huphorbiodendron. No species of this group has been reported from Central America. Euphorbia Sinclairiana Benth., described from Gorgona Island, Colombia, is, to judge from its description, closely related to the Costa Rican plant, and it may be that the two are conspecific. The involucres in L. Sinclairiana are described as smaller, and the leaves as acutely short-acuminate.
3 Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 20:180. 1919.
12 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 1
Only two or three plants of H. Valerii were found, growing in very dense and wet forest. The branches, when broken, yield a copious flow of white latex. The sap of the related species of Mexico is known to cause blistering and painful inflammation of the skin. :
Loasa grandis Standl., sp. nov.
Coarse herb 1.5-2.5 meters high, branched only above, the branches stout, hollow, hispid with slender divaricate stinging hairs, and covered with dense, very short hairs hooked at apex; leaves alternate, the petioles 4.5-7 em. long, pubescent like the stems; leaf blades in outline elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 16-30 cm. long, 12-24 cm. wide, the uppermost much reduced, acute or acu- minate, at base rounded to shallowly cordate, shallowly lobed, the lobes 4 or 5 on each side, broadly triangular, obtuse or acute, irregularly dentate; leaves thin, above along the nerves short-hispid, scabrous, beneath hispid along the costa, furnished along the nerves with slender nail-shaped hairs, elsewhere scaberulous; flowers numerous, arranged in a large much-branched panicle bearing a few reduced leaves, the pedicels 2-3 cm. long; sepals broadly ovate, about 1 cm. long, acute, 5 or 7-nerved, sparsely serrate-dentate, scabrous; petals pale green, cucullate, almost orbicular, about 3 cm. long, rounded at apex, furnished on both sides with minute nail-shaped hairs; scales oval, petaloid, 7 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, broadly rounded at apex, glabrous, bearing outside below the apex 3 small conic appendages; staminodia 2 opposite each scale, linear-attenuate, about equaling the filaments, ciliate at the middle; stamens numerous, the filaments free, glabrous, inserted continuously be- tween the staminodia, 1 cm. long; anthers oblong, almost 2 mm. long; ovary 1-celled, densely hispid, with 5 parietal placentae, the ovules numerous; style columnar, about 12 mm. long, the stigma obtuse; immature capsule more than half superior, the free portion hispid with very slender, short hairs. :
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,251,425, collected in wet for- est near Tilardn, on the road to El Silencio, in the Cordillera de Tilardn, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, altitude about 625 meters, in January, 1926, by Paul C. Standley and Juvenal Valerio (no. 44558).
The plant seems to be rare, since it was seen only once in the several weeks spent in exploration of the Cordillera of Tilaran. The large flowers are rather handsome.
This has little in common with the two other species of Loasa known from Costa Rica. Of the latter, L. speciosa Donn. Smith is known only from the volcanoes of Irazti and Turrialba and the adjacent slopes. Its orange-yellow bell-shaped flowers are about 6 cm. long, and very showy, but they are well protected, since the long hairs, as in other species of the genus, sting quite as painfully as any nettle. On Irazti this species is known as “campana’ and at Las Nubes it is called ‘‘ortiga veinticuatro.” The latter name is given because the pain from the sting is said to last 24 hours.
The other Central American species has been described as Loasa bipin- nata Donn. Smith, but it appears to be only one of the forms of L. triphylla Juss., which is widely distributed in South America. Above the Isthmus of
JAN. 3, 1927 STANDLEY: NEW PLANTS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA 13
Panama it is known from Chiriqui in Panama and from Costa Rica and Veracruz. In many parts of Costa Rica it is an abundant and pernicious weed of the forests. Many are the anguished exclamations I have heard from companions on botanical excursions who have brushed against the plant, for the stiff hairs penetrate ordinary clothing with the greatest ease. In Costa Rica this plant often is called ‘‘ortiga”’ (nettle), but the more usual name is “pringamosca,” evidently a corruption of the term “‘pringamoza,”’ which is given elsewhere in Mexico and Central America to various stinging plants.
Ardisia myriodonta Standl., sp. nov.
Plant woody or suffrutescent, 0.3-1 meter high, the branchlets terete, stout, glabrous, toward the apex minutely brown-punctate; petioles slender, 8-16 mm. long, glabrous; leaf blades oblong-elliptic, 12-25 cm. long, 4.5—9.5 em. wide, subabruptly short-acuminate, long-attenuate toward the base, thinly membranaceous, glabrous, along the margin densely red-punctate, the lateral nerves about 18 on each side, subarcuate, prominent beneath, the margin pectinate-serrate, the teeth very numerous, close-set, very narrow, attenuate, unequal; inflorescence small, sessile, 3.5 cm. long, many-flowered, dense, tripinnately paniculate, the flowers subcorymbose, the pedicels 3-5 mm, long, glandular-lepidote, the bracts deciduous; sepals 5, nearly free, lance-oblong, attenuate, 2 mm. long, densely punctate, very minutely cilio- late-dentate; fruit globose, black, 6 mm. in diameter, glabrous, sparsely ver- ruculose-punctate.
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,251,625, collected on Barro Colorado Island in Gattin Lake, Canal Zone, Panama, November, 1925, by Paul C. Standley (no. 40848). No. 40841 from the same locality also repre- sents the species.
Related, according to description, to A. pellucida Oerst., of Mexico and Guatemala, which has longer petioles and broadly ovate sepals. Flowers of the Panama plant are, unfortunately, not available. It is remarkable for its low stature, most of the Central American Ardisias being large shrubs or small trees.
Vincetoxicum pinguifolium Standl., sp. nov.
Large scandent herb, the branchlets terete, densely covered with minute divaricate hairs and sparsely divaricate-hirsute with hairs about 2 mm. long; petioles slender, 2-4 cm. long; leaf blades rounded-ovate, 5.5-9.5 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, abruptly short-acuminate, deeply cordate at base, the sinus narrow, the basal lobes broadly rounded, the blade multiglandular at base, green above, paler beneath, on both sides soft-pubescent with very minute, dense hairs, the lateral nerves about 5 on each side, prominent beneath; inflorescences umbelliform, few-flowered, the peduncle 6-16 mm. long, the pedicels 10-25 mm. long, minutely pubescent, the bractlets subulate, 2-3 mm. long; calyx lobes lance-ovate, acute, 3 mm. long, minutely pubescent out- side; corolla reddish brown, minutely puberulent outside, within pilose with few long white hairs, deeply lobate, the lobes 6 mm. long, ovate, obtuse: corona shorter than the gynostegium, annular, fleshy, black, irregularly corrugate; immature follicles long-tuberculate, densely hirsute.
14 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 1
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,251,722, collected in wet forest on Barro Colorado Island in Gattin Lake, Canal Zone, Panama, November, 1925, by Paul C. Standley (no. 40946). Nos. 40871 and 41116, from the same locality, represent the same species.
In this large genus, whose species are so badly in need of critical revision, it is difficult to suggest the relationship of the plant here described. It has not been possible to refer it to any of the few species reported previouslae from Central America.
The extremely fine and dense pubescence of the leaves makes them feel soft and greasy to the touch.
Vincetoxicum edule (Hemsl.) Stand. Gonolobus edulis Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 331. 1882.
Vincetoxicum pseudobarbatum (Pittier) Standl.
Gonolobus pseudobarbatus Pittier, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 13: 105. J. 14. 1910.
Vincetoxicum dubium (Pittier) Standl. Gonolobus dubius Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 13: 106. f. 15. 1910.
Vincetoxicum viridiflorum (Mey.) Standl.
Cynanchum viridiflorum Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseq. 141. 1818. Gonolobus viridiflorus Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 6: 61. 1820.
Lycianthes Maxonii Standl., sp. nov.
Slender branched erect shrub 1-3 meters high; branchlets at first minutely pilose with incurved lustrous hairs, later subterete, glabrous; leaves solitary, subequal, the petioles 4-6 mm. long; leaf blades oblong-obovate to cuneate- obovate, 9-13 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, abruptly short- or long-acuminate (acu- men short and obtuse or 15 mm. long and attenuate), cuneate or obtuse at base, thin, at first minutely punctulate, in age glabrous, above deep green, paler beneath; inflorescences sessile in the leaf axils, 1 to 3-flowered, the pedicels slender, 6-22 mm. long, glabrous, divaricate or recurved; calyx cup-shaped, 2.5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, glabrous, whitish, bearing near the truncate subscarious margin (about 1 mm. below the margin) 5 very short, wartlike, greenish tubercles; corolla violet, stelliform, 5 mm. long, glabrous outside, deeply lobed, the lobes linear-oblong, acute; filaments equal, 1.5 mm. long, glabrous, the anthers oblong, 3.5 mm. long, connate, obtuse, dehiscent by minute apical pores; fruit subglobose, bright red, about 1 cm. in diameter, 4-seeded.
Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 1,180,543, collected in wet forest on Barro Colorado Islandin Gattin Lake, Canal Zone, Panama, June 6, 19238, by William R. Maxon (no. 6808).
The following additional collections from Barro Colorado Island belong here: Standley 31365, 31326, 40880, 41088, 41145.
JAN. 3, 1927 STANDLEY: NEW PLANTS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA 15
Lycianthes Maxonzi is related, apparently, to the Guatemalan L. cerato- calycia (Donn. Smith) Bitter, which has a calyx with usually 10 appendages, and a corolla 15 mm. long.
Lycianthes Maxonii var. appendiculata Standl., var. nov.
Like the typical form in habit and foliage; pedicels solitary; calyx furnished with 5 filiform divaricate teeth about 1.5 mm. long, inserted well below the truncate margin.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,217,917, collected in moist forest along the Rio Tapia, Province of Panama, Panama, by Paul C. Stand- ley (no. 28040).
In the long spreading calyx appendages this plant is strikingly different from the typical form, but since there are no other distinguishing characters, it is probably only a variant of the plant found on Barro Colorado Island.
Lycianthes solitaria (Blake) Standl.
Solanum solitarium Blake, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 24: 21. 1922.
Solanum calochromum Blake, published on the same page, is a synonym of Lycianthes nitida Bitter, both names being based in part on the same collections.
Solanum hirsutissimum Standl., sp. nov.
Plant herbaceous or suffrutescent, sparsely branched, about 1 meter high, the branchlets stout, densely pilose with soft divaricate several-celled hairs 4-5 mm. long, densely prickly, the prickles stout, laterally compressed, divaricate or recurved, minutely glandular, 5-10 mm. long, at base 2.5-6 mm. broad; leaves solitary, the petioles 2.5—5 cm. long, pilose and prickly like the stems; leaf blades broadly ovate or rounded-elliptic, 13-19 cm. long, 9-16 em. wide, acute or obtuse, at base truncate or subcordate, shallowly lobed, the lobes about 5 on each side, broadly triangular, acute or obtuse, up to 2.5 em. long; leaves densely pilose on both surfaces, armed on the nerves with long straight prickles, the hairs of the upper surface long, simple, those of the lower surface sessile or short-stipitate, multiradiate at apex, the rays elongate, several-celled, simple hairs often mixed with the stellate ones; pedicels pseudo- lateral, solitary or geminate, slender, 1.5—2 em. long, densely pilose, unarmed, recurved in fruit; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed to the middle, outside densely pilose with slender simple glandular hairs, 17 mm. long, about 20 mm. broad, thin, the lobes broadly ovate, obtuse or. acutish; corolla 2 cm. long, densely glandular-pilose outside; stamens equal, the anthers subsessile, connivent, 11 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, dehiscent by apical pores; ovary densely hirsute; fruit globose, orange-colored, about 3 cm. in diameter, smooth, sparsely hir- sute, the hairs long, bearing at the base numerous very short rays; seeds numerous, compressed, 2.5 mm. wide, scrobiculate.
Type in the U. 8S. National Herbarium, no. 715419, collected along the Rio Dupi, eastern Chiriqui, Panama, near sea level, Dec. 19, 1911, by H. Pittier (no. 5217). The following collections also belong here:
PanaMA: Rio Tapia, Province of Panama, Standley 30659, 28293, 26157.
16 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 1
This plant is weedy in habit and ordinary in appearance, and should be referable to some earlier described species, but I have been unable to find any description or named specimens with which it agrees.
Solanum allophyllum (Miers) Standl.
Pionandra allophylla Miers in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 174. 1854.
Cyphomandra allophylla Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 417. 1882.
Solanum ellipsoideibaccatum Bitter, Repert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 11: 486. 1913.
The specific name is too much like S. allotophyllum Dammer, but since the two are derived from different Greek words, both may be maintained in the genus.
[Capsicum macrophyllum (H. B. K.) Standl.
Witheringia macrophylla H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 14. 1818. Bassovia macrophylla Coulter, Bot. Gaz. 16: 145. 1891.
-Parmentiera Valerii Standl., sp. nov.
Tree about 12 meters high, the trunk 40 cm. in diameter, the crown narrow, sparsely branched, the branchlets ochraceous, glabrous, furnished with numer- ous pale lenticels; leaves subopposite, often fascicled at the nodes, the petioles slender, glabrous, 4-7 mm. long; leaflets 4-7, usually 5, slender-petiolulate, elliptic to obovate, 2.5-5 cm. long, acute, at base attenuate or cuneate, entire, glabrous, blackish when dried; flowers and fruits borne on the lower part of the trunk, fasciculate, the pedicels 2—2.5 cm. long; calyx green, spathaceous, cleft on one side to the base, rounded at apex, glabrous, 3.2—-4 em. long; corolla white, 6—-7.5 cm. long, glabrous, funnelform, the tube 6-7 mm. thick, 2-3 cm. wide in the throat, the lobes short, undulate; imma- ture fruit about 20 cm. long and 4 ecm. thick, green, smooth; seeds oval, compressed, about 6 mm. long.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,251,451, collected in wet forest near Naranjos Agrios, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, altitude 700 meters, Jan. 29, 1926, by Paul C. Standley and Juvenal Valerio (no. 46411).
Only one tree of this species was seen in the Cordillera of Tilara4n. This was 100 large to be climbed, and it was only by throwing sticks at the high crown that imperfect specimens of the leaves could be obtained. ‘The leaves seemed very immature, and when fully grown they probably exceed consider- ably the dimensions indicated in the description. :
The two other species of Parmentiera known from Central America have uniformly three leaflets and winged petioles.
JAN. 3, 1927 CHRISTIE AND COBB: RHIGONEMA 17
ZOOLOGY .—Rhigonema (Isacis Serjabin, 1914; ?/sacis Baylis & Daubney, 1926; nec Jsacis Lespés, 1856), nemas inhabiting the intestine of millipeds1 J. R. Curistrze and N. A. Coss, Bureau of Plant Industry.
The first rhigonema adequately described was Ascaris infecta Leidy, 1849, from North America,—redescribed and figured in “A Flora and Fauna within Living Animals,’ Smithsonian Contributions to Knowl- edge, Washington, 1853; a second was Rhabditis acuminata D’ Udekem, 1859, from Europe; a third, the type species, Rhigonema brevicolle Cobb, 1898, from Australia; a fourth, Jsacis multipapillata Serjabin, 1914, from British East Africa. These rhigonemas constitute a very distinct and easily recognized homogeneous generic group.
ISACIS
The rhigonemas have been wrongly referred to Jsacis, Lespés, 1856.2. We consider it impossible, from the literature or in any other way, satisfactorily to determine the nema from the investigation of which Lespés proposed his insufficiently characterized genus [sacis, and therefore think the name Jsacis should be abandoned. ‘The various efforts to rehabilitate it have resulted only in additional uncertainty and confusion. Of the well founded nemic genera, estab- lished, some of them before the date of Lespés’ article, some of them later, there are several to which Lespés’ nema might conceivably be assigned, but always with so much uncertainty as to make such a course wholly impracticable,—e.g. Deplogaster, Rhabditis, Anguillula, one or more of the Oxyuridae, and several others. Lespés said his specimens closely resembled Leptodera Dujardin; were three-lipped, oviparous, and with the vulva near the middle of the body. He declared the male sexual armature identical with that of Leptodera, except that there was no bursa. Lespés gave no clear indication that his specimens possessed a pharynx;—we presume his word ‘‘bouche”’ should be translated, ‘mouth,’ and not “pharynx” or ‘throat.’ His “three tubercles” we take to be the three lips he later mentioned, faintly shown also in his illustrations. The illustrations show the presence of two equal spicula, but whether joined distally, as in some rhabdites, is left uncertain. He clearly figured the accessory piece,—
1 Received Nov. 27, 1926. 2 Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. Zool. 5-6: 335. 1856.
18 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 1
in fact, of all the characters he listed, the nature of the accessory piece was one of the most clear and unmistakable.
Nevertheless the characters he gave do not adequately define either a species or a genus.
ISACIS AND RHIGONEMA
While the features described by Lespés are inadequate for the characterization of either a species or a genus, they are ample, in our opinion, to exclude from Rhigonema any species having them. Yet Serjabin carefully described a Rhigonema, his R. multipapillata, and referred it to Isacis Lespés; (perhaps following Diesing,—a course we are unable to understand, for it is very manifest that Diesing’s ‘‘Tsacis Lespés’’ designates a practically meaningless collection of either unrecognizable or incompatible forms). The same course has been followed by Baylis and Daubney, whose text seems to indicate that they used Serjabin’s description as a main source for the characteriza- tion of their Isacis Lespés. ,
RHIGONEMA, COBB, 1898.
Cylindroid nemas having the following average size and form :—
O.8_ 4.0,,B.3 25°54719 92. O.8_ 4.5,, 9.5 95 92. 4g 23° 3.6, 4. Be Sie er, a ee aes 45°" sae
with a more or less acute conoid posterior extremity; cuticle colorless, exceedingly finely striated, faintly winged if at all, sometimes with exceedingly minute retrorse prickles, especially anteriorly; lateral chords one-sixth to one-third as wide as the body; musculature oxyuroid,—e.g. in R. wnfectum, 16 equivalent fields, 4 in each quadrant; anteriorly subtruncate with three very flat, thin, mobile lips overlying an exceedingly shallow vestibule, leading to a small but definite triquetrous pharynx, this latter armed in front with three broad, in- wardly arcuate, lobed and denticulate, more or less retrorse onchia joined into a transverse triangle, at the blunt corners of which they are so “hinged” together as to be worked by antagonistic muscles: (1) very weak ‘‘extensors’”’ passing from the onchia radially outward and very slightly forward, the muscles doubtless aided by the elasticity of the labial region; (2) powerful retractors passing from the onchia backward and outward. Cephalic papillae, four, submedian, small;
JAN. 3, 1927 CHRISTIE AND COBB: RHIGONEMA 19
circular depressed amphidial openings small, but larger than the papillae, and arranged in practically the same circlet with them near the margin of the head. Oesophagus unusually broad and strong, with a more or less indistinct pharyngeal swelling but very distinct, broad, even napiform, highly muscular cardiac bulb, set off, fore and aft, by distinct constrictions and armed with a large triple corrugated valve. A circlet of nine (3 double; also 3 single, opposite the onchia and alternating with the 3 double) saccate, cephalic, often pigmented glands empty into the pharynx. Large cardia flat, three-lipped. The faintly tessellated intestine is set off by a distinct constriction. Renette bilateral. Anterior lip of the vulva usually more or less papilliform and slightly retrorse. ‘ ?’, the details as figured by Leidy, except that the pear-shaped swelling between each ovary and uterus should be regarded asaspermatheca. In young but mature females elongated cephalated sperms may occur in the unpaired enlargement sometimes present near the vulva. The numerous ellipsoidal, smooth eggs are deposited after segmentation has begun. Males with two equal spicula without accessory piece. ‘o. Nobursa. There is a single pre-anal ventral papilla in addition to the small pre- and post-anal “‘submedian”’ ones. ‘Type species, R. brevicolle.
Habitat: Parasitic in the intestine of millipeds.
_Julus and Spirobolus, both hosts of rhigonemas, represent groups of millipeds consisting of numerous species found in many different parts of the world. This fact, together with the morphology and dis- tribution of the known rhigonemas, warrants the prediction that species of Rhigonema will prove numerous. Parona’s Isacis modiglianir, 1896, may perhaps prove to be a rhigonema.
As the millipeds have come down to us from as long ago as the carboniferous era with relatively little morphological, and therefore presumably little physiological, change, their parasites are of unusual interest. Should the latter also have meanwhile evolved similarly, it is not unreasonable to expect from this source hints as to the primi- tive form of some nemic structures.
20 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 1
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES
PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY 940TH MEETING
The 940th meeting was held in the auditorium of the Cosmos Club on Saturday evening, May 15, 1926. The meeting was called to order by Presi- dent Bowts at 8:17, with 55 persons in attendance.
The program for the evening consisted of an address by Dr. Joun C. Mbreian on The Meaning of EKvolution in Indiidnal Experience. Discussed by Messrs. HawkEeswortn, C. A. BRiaas, CrirTENDEN, WRiGHT, Bowiz, TUCKERMAN, MAarMeErR, THONE and:others.
9041ST MEETING
The 941st meeting was held jointly with the Washington Academy of Sci- ences and the Chemical Society on Saturday evening, May 29, 1926, in the Auditorium of the Cosmos Club. The meeting was called to order by Presi- dent Burasss of the Academy at 8:16 P.M. with 144 persons in attendance.
The program for the evening consisted of an address by Professor ERNST CouHEN of the University of Utrecht, on the subject: Metamorphosis of matter and the alleged constancy of our physico-chemical constants. The address was illustrated with lantern slides and with experiments. Discussed by Messrs. WasHBuRN, Norris, Hupson, Hey, Sosman, Linp, Wricut, and WHITE.
942D MEETING
The 942d meeting, the first meeting following the summer intermission, was held at the Cosmos Club on Saturday evening, October 2, 1926. The meeting was called to order by President Bowi1k at 8:16 p.m. with 52 persons in attendance.
The program for the evening consisted of an address by Dr. H. U. SverpRuP Director of the Geophysical Institute B of Bergen, on The tides on the north Siberian shelf; their bearing on the existence of land in the Arctic Sea, and their dynamics (Illustrated with lantern slides).
The address was published in Turis JouRNAt for Dee. 3, 1926.
The subject was discussed by Messrs. BreIT and Marmer. On behalf of the Society President Bowizr thanked the speaker for his interesting address.
Upon call for informal communications Mr. W. D. Lamserrt called atten- tion to the work of Esclangon on the hypothesis of a cosmic tide due to the translation of the solar system through space. ‘This was discussed by Messrs. Breit and Wootarp. Mr. HawkeswortsH then spoke on a mathematical development of the law of disintegration of radium.
943D MEETING
The 943d meeting was held at the Cosmos Club on Saturday evening, October 16, 1926. The meeting was called to order by Vice-President AuLT at 8:17 p.m. with 65 persons in attendance.
The program for the evening consisted of an address by Dr. C. G. ABBor, on A new observatory in Southwest Africa. (Illustrated with lantern slides.) The speaker described the present state of the investigation of the Smith- sonian Institution on the variation of the sun. For fifteen years, measure-
JAN. 3, 1927 PROCEEDINGS: PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY Fes
ments were carried on by the method of Langley at Mount Wilson, Califor- nia, from 1905 to 1920. Beginning with July, 1918, daily observations, as far as possible, have been continued at Calama, Chile, and at Mount Monte- zuma, Chile, up to the present time. Starting with October, 1920, observa- tions were continued at Mount Harqua Hala, Arizona, until October, 1925, when the station was removed to Table Mountain, California, where the daily observations are still going on.
A comparison of the daily values at Mount Montezuma and Mount Har- qua Hala indicates an average daily divergence of about 4 per cent. A considerable number of days failed of observations at both stations, and a large number failed of record at one station or the other. Hence it appeared that the satisfactory study of the variation of the sun requires at least one, and preferably two additional stations, to be located in the most cloudless and favorable high-altitude regions to be found in the world.
The National Geographic Society, appreciating this need, and the world- wide bearing of the observations of the sun’s radiation, made a grant to Dr. ABBOT in the year 1925 to enable him to select the best available station in the eastern hemisphere, equip an observatory, and carry it on for approxi- mately four years.
The speaker described the conditions desirable and the evidence which pointed to Algeria, Baluchistan and Southwest Africa as the most promising countries for the location. He described the investigations which were made in these countries, which resulted in the selection of Mount Brukkaros in Southwest Africa of which the altitude is 5,202 feet, the longitude, 17° 48’ E and the latitude 25° 52’ 8. As this station is situated in the central part of the Hottentot Reservation it was necessary to obtain permission of the Hottentots to locate there. The road, garage, reservoirs, observing tunnels and dwelling house were prepared during the summer of 1926, under the direc- tion of Mr. A. Dryden, Inspector of Public Works for the Government of Southwest Africa.
An expedition under Mr. W. H. Hoover, field director, with Mr. F. A. Greeley, assistant, provided with sixty cases of apparatus and accessories, landed at Cape Town on September 13, 1926, and it was expected that actual observations on Mour:t Brukkaros would be undertaken by the end of October.
The average rainfall in the region is 35 inches. It occurs mainly in the months of February and March, so that the months of December and Janu- ary which are the least satisfactory at the stations on Table Mountain and Montezuma will be very good months at Mount Brukkaros. The speaker was at or near Mount Brukkaros for twelve days in early March, which is the height of the rainy season, and during his stay eleven days of the twelve would have been satisfactory for the solar radiation observations.
Doubt having been expressed by various critics as to the reality of the variation of the sun, and as to the reality of the influence which, according to Clayton, solar variation reflects on the weather, the speaker exhibited a number of slides confirming these supposed effects. Numerous slides illus- trative of the journey of explorations and the stations engaged in solar radiation work were shown. (Author’s abstract.)
The address was discussed by Dr. Brett.
944TH MEETING
The 944th meeting was held at the Cosmos Club on Saturday evening, October 30, 1926. The meeting was called to order by President Bowin at 8:17 with 36 persons in attendance.
22 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, NO. 1
The program for the evening consisted of two papers. The first by W. P. WHITE was on Improvements in galvanometer stabilizers. Apparatus, particu- larly galvanometers, can be shielded from horizontal disturbances by hanging with wires or cords. Julius (1895), who used three wires, showed that the suspended body is apt to perform vibrations about a horizontal axis through its own center of gravity. He tried to avoid these by attaching his wires at the same level as the center of gravity and subsequently arranged to place the galvanometer so that its head came at the point of least motion, that is, at the center of gravity. This produced a relatively complicated and expensive apparatus. He put his dampers also at the level of the center of gravity. These dampers were crossed vanes of sheet metal attached to the stabilizer and immersed in pots of heavy oil.
In some cases it has been found that these secondary rotational oscilla- tions are negligible. When this is the case the construction can be much simplified. A suggestion coming from the Reichsanstalt is that the damper should be put below. This is both easier and more convenient and tends to damp the secondary oscillations, which Julius’ arrangement damps as little as possible.
With swing coil galvanometers exceedingly slight changes of level produce large deflections, and it seems probable that an instrument suspended from three long, slender wires would be tipped through differential expansion if the room temperature is not especially uniform and constant. This difficulty is almost entirely avoided if the instrument is suspended from two wires which hang from two opposite arms of a horizontal cross whose two other arms are supported from above and which is free to shift its position slightly in case the wires expand differently.
Heavy oil is an admirable damper. An instrument floating in the center . of a moderately large tank of it—one containing perhaps from twenty to forty dollars worth of oil—would probably be stabilized for almost any con- ceivable conditions. Damping is almost indispensable with suspended bodies (oil damping is generally used), but the damper transmits some motions while it quenches others. If the vessel of oil is relatively wide impulses coming from its walls, that is, from the building, are largely damped by the oil itself before they reach the suspended apparatus. Damping alone, however, will not insure complete absence of vibration because the damper has no action until some motion is present.
Since the vibrations of apparatus, especially of suspended apparatus, are largely influenced by resonance, general conclusions can not be drawn from the performance in a few instances. (Author’s abstract.)
The paper was discussed by Messrs. Bowin, McKrruan, TuCcKERMAN and HUMPHREYS.
The second paper of the program was by G. R. Wait on The magnetic per- meability of iron and magnetite in high-frequency alternating fields. (Illustrated with lantern slides). Arkadiew measured the absorption of electric waves by two parallel wires, and found that the permeability of iron and nickel wires varied with the wave-length. The values for both iron and nickel decreased to very small values when the wave-length was decreased to 1.3 cm. He explained this decrease in the ferro-magnetic property in iron and nickel on the basis of the natural vibrations of the elementary magnets. From these results, together with those of other workers, particularly those of Kart- schagin and those of Wwedensky and Theodortschik, the conclusion was drawn that the elementary magnets had several periods of oscillation. In
JAN. 3, 1927 PROCEEDINGS: GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 23
view of the attention this subject has received and must continue to receive in the field of magnetism, the author undertook a repetition of the work of Wwedensky and Theodortschik.
Two experimental methods have been followed, the one making use of a high-frequency oscillating tube circuit and a resonating circuit, the other employing two high-frequency tube circuits and one audio-frequency circuit. The former is known as the resonance method and the other as the heterodyne beat method.
Various forms of iron, such as filings, wires, and powder, were used as well as magnetite in the form of crystals and powder. The resonance method extended from about 50 to 160 meters wave-length, while the heterodyne beat method covered the range from about 80 to 1,700 meters.
Wwedensky and Theodortschik found an abnormal increase in the perme- ability of iron wires at about 100 meters which was attributed by them to the resonance of the elementary magnets. The present investigation failed to confirm this result. Although apparent anomalies at first were found, it was discovered that they were all due to resonance between various parts of the ‘circuit. Upon eliminating this difficulty no abnormal change in permeability over the range covered was found. Consequently, the author feels justified in concluding that if elementary oscillators exist, hey have failed to resonate at the frequencies employed.
Various errors in the work of Wwedensky and Pheadertchit were pointed out. Some of these may have been largely responsible in producing the ap- parent anomalies observed by them. (Author’s abstract.)
The subject was discussed by Messrs. BAuER, McKEEHAN, SOSMAN and Breit. The complete paper will be published in an early number of the Physical Review.
Upon invitation of the President, Dr. BAurR explained informally the status of the International Research Council and affiliated Unions.
H. A. Marmer, Recording Secretary.
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
406TH MEETING
The 406th meeting was held in the Cosmos Club May 6, 1925.
Program: T. A. JAGGER: Engulfment in volcanism. The speaker called attention to the published result of measurement of volume of rock engulfed! in the explosive eruptions at Kilauea in May, 1924. Engulfment accounted for 253 times the amount ejected explosively. This observation was made by Mr. R. H. Finch at the Observatory. The engulfed rim rock equalled over seven billion cubic feet, equivalent to a cylindrical column reaching down 3,000 feet below the bottom of the remnant pit, and having the diameter of that bottom. This breccia must partially choke the vent to great depths. The explosions appeared to be actuated by steam, rising through orifices in the jumble of fallen crags, ejecting nothing but old and mostly crystalline rocks, ‘and vented by different parts of the bottom area. The explosion phe- nomena followed three months of down-faulting and crateral subsidence, and accompanied acceleration of engulfment already initiated. Engulfment phenomena in great volume have been common in the past without any explo- sion. ‘The sequence of phenomena from 1914 to 1924 agrees with the hypoth-
1 Bull. Haw. Vole. Obs., December, 1924.
24 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 1
esis that tension of magma opened fault rifts in the larger edifice, lava in the pit shaft lowered hydrostatically, the pit walls collapsed into the rift when deprived of the magmatic pressure, ground water entered the shaft between hot lava below and a plugged vent above, and a geyser mechanism resulted. Thereafter the gas tension in the magma reasserted itself, the lava rose and shut off the ground water, and in July the lava reappeared for a fortnight in the bottom of the pit.
Dr. E. 8. SHEPHERD suggests that the enormous amount of weathered rock engulfed would feed oxygen in the form of ferric iron oxide to new attack by hydrogen, so that a large amount of heat would be liberated, and the ferric iron would be reduced to ferrous. The abundant surfaces of the breccia would make diffusion possible in a rising magma charged with hydrogen, resulting in oxidation of the hydrogen thoroughly but not too rapidly, and in oxidized gas at the surface of the lava lakes. This is what we find. An excess of ferric over ferrous oxide in the engulfed material of only one percent more than in the glass would raise the temperature of one tenth of the breccia from 20°C. to 1200°C. yielding heat enough to keep the voleano going for years. (Author’s Abstract.) ;
J. D. Srars, Recording Secretary.
SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS
The Smithsonian Institution has received recently the botanical library which was presented to the Institution several years ago by Captain John Donnell Smith, of Baltimore. This is one of the finest private botanical libraries of the United States, and is especially rich in works relating to the flora of tropical America.
Mr. ExuswortH P. Krurie and Mr. ALBERT C. SmitH, of the National Museum, who are engaged in botanical exploration in Colombia, have had headquarters for several weeks at Cartagena. This port is of interest be- cause it is the type locality of many species described by Jacquin over 150 years ago. A visit has been made also to Turbaco, where Humboldt collected the types of many plant species.
x
GS OF THE ACADEMY AND
ne Antropol Society. ee of the affiliated societies wil appear on this page if a he thirteenth and the twenty-seventh day of each month.
Popes, :
on The Philosophical Society . eee ae pe ae See a ao o The Geological Society... isc. es oS eee
Oe a8 He 0ew 66 te te ae ee es hae erin) o:
Screntiric NOTES AND News.
oe of % Xi Zé t ~ ge ~~ ms
Vol. 17 January 18, 1927 No. 2
pee AF egy nia
ey laa~ ge ae JOURNAL (x 48291927. %)
PRY | of
A 14 21S SIONAL ME
OF THE
WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
BOARD OF EDITORS
D. F. Hewerr S. J. MaucuLy AGNES CHASE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM BUREAU PLANT INDUSTRY
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
L. H. Apams S. A. RoHwer PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY E, A. GoLtpMAN G. W, STose BIOLOGICAL SOCIBIY GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY R. F. Griaes J. R. Swanton _ BOTANICAL SOCIETY ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY
E. WicHERS CHEMICAL SOCIETY
>
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY
EXCEPT IN JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER, WHEN MONTHLY BY THE
WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
’ Mr. Royant AnD GUILFORD AVES. BALTIMORE, MaryLanD
Entered as Second Class Matter, January 11, 1923, at the post-office at Baltimore, Md., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at speciai rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917. Authorized on July 3, 1918
Ret %
a,
; This ae the official « organ ee he present a brief record of current scientific work in Washingto (1) short original papers, written or co short notes of current scientifie lite (3) proceedings and programs of meeti: notes of events connected with the scienti semi-monthly, on the fourth and nineteenth of e when it appears on the nineteenth only. Volumes corre publication is an essential feature; a manuscript rea the twentieth of the month will ordinarily appear, on 8 isstfe of the Je OURNAL for the cies fourth or nine
. M anuseripis may. be sent to any mpuiier of th Board of clearly typewritten and in suitable form for printing editors cannot suderiate to do more Bee ier oO
ee met. hy the author. . aaa Proof.—In order to frethitate. soni pabeatorh no saceat will bat sen
unless requested. ba is urged that manuscript be submitted in final fo.
se exercise due care in seeing that copy is followed. : _ Authors’ eres: Pee Pe will be furnished at i the followin sched le
Copies 4pp. sé pa. 12 pp. paca tl 50 | $.85. $1.65 $2.55 rem 100 P00 BBO. med 180 Sie 22a ee OA es Oreo 200: 32 bo A. 80 5. Hoe, 200 Pa tag ene 45 5 AD aA 6. 25 e.!
An aditionn! charge of 25 cents will be made for each split p page. : Covers bearing the name of the author ‘and title oF the article, t! incl p nation and date of i issue, will be furnished when ordered. en As-an author will not eRe see proof, his raqnus for extra copies should invariably be attached to the first page of ae Epes ay, be a The rate of Subscription per ois i Semi-monthly sa Osa EMEC Monthly MUMIDOER., yi ake ici an es oii wlan as ok a dias win alee sme
_ Remittances should ‘be made payable to ‘acento. hence of StienmeaY ant addressed to the Treasurer, R. L. Faris, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Waking pe European Agent: Weldon & Wesley, 28 Essex St., Strand, London. ay . Exchanges.—The JouRNAL does not exchange with other publications. Missing Numbers will be replaced without charge, provided that claim i is ‘ma e€ within thirty days after date of the eto Ee issue, eS see
~ *Volume ‘a however, from June 19, 4911, to December 19, 1911, will be neat ne $3. 00. “Spocial rates are given to members. of scientific societies affiliated with. the Solver iiens te a ih
Boek
tips
JOURNAL
OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Vor. 17 JANUARY 18, 1927 No. 2
SPECTROSCOPY .—Regularities in the arc spectrum of lanthanum.' W. F. Meccers, Bureau of Standards.
Although regularities among lines of the spark spectrum of lantha- num (La II) have been known for some time,” nothing concerning the structure of the arc spectrum of this element (La I) has heretofore been published. With the aid of new data, the analysis of the La II spectrum has recently been extended,? and the first regularities in the La I spectrum were detected. The new descriptive material included an extensive list of temperature classifications of lanthanum lines by Dr. King and Miss Carter,‘ and some unpublished Zeeman-effects ob- served by the late Professor B. E. Moore. The temperature clas- sification has been especially valuable on account of its division of the La lines into two sets, one set (La I) characterizing the neutral atom and the other (La II) the ionized atom of lanthanum. The mul- tiplets in either spectrum have a large wave length range so that estimation of line intensities becomes very difficult and there is further- more a possibility that certain deviations from the intensity rules might be expected for heavy atoms like La. Nevertheless, the es- timates of line intensities by King and Carter have been very useful in the construction of multiplets and it appears that the intensity rules are usually fulfilled, at least qualitatively. In asimilar manner deviations from the Landé g values might be expected to produce some strange Zeeman-effects for La I lines since such have already
1 Published by permission of the Director of the Bureau of Standards. Received December 9, 1926. 2Porpow, Ann. der Physik, 45: 147. 1914. Pautson, Ann. der Physik, 45: 1203. 1914. Goupsmit, Kon. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, 33: No. 8. 1924. 3 Muaeers, J.O.8.A.&R.8.I1. In press. 4 Kine and Carter, Astrophys. Journ. In press.
25
26 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 2
TABLE 1.—ReEwuativeE TERMS IN THE La I Spectrum
TERM TERM LEVEL
SYMBOL VALUE SEPARATION OR TEMES SA TSORES) a2D, 00.07 a?P, b?P, a?D, b?D, c?D, d2D, a2F, b?F, c2F, dF, e2F, | I, I, II, IV, a‘D, a‘F, béF, atG 1053 .2 a’?D3 1053 .24 a‘F, 2668 .27 a’P, a2D, b’D, c?D, a2F, b2F, c2F, a*b, a‘F, b4F, a4G 341.8 a‘F; 3010..0- 484 .6 ath, 3494 .6- 627 .0 a‘hs 4121 64 I 14804 .1 a2D, atF aD. 15031.77 a2D, a‘F 1506 .7 ial 15196 .8 a2D, a‘F a2D3 16538.411 a’F, 16856 .97 a?D, a‘F 1053 .3
b2D2? 17699.8 a’F, 17910.24
7 a2D, a‘
247 3 b2p; 17947.1 4 a4G; 18156.97 a2D, atl CDs alsin a a2D, a‘F 447 .0 N20 a‘G. 18603.9-|: 525.4 a‘Gs 19129.3- c2p3; 19379.4]4 a’?P, 20019.1| 7 a2D, a‘F 988 .1 a4F, 20083.0/7 a2D, a‘P 178.3 aiGe 20117.44 eee WOO A= 290.8 IT OBS 2) = 425.0 a4F, 20763.2 - 620.8 2B 20972 1 ler a2D, a‘F a4F; 21384.0 J 475.8 bab ee21447.9 2 e2F,? 21662.5 a2D, a4
JAN. 18, 1927 MEGGERS: ARC SPECTRUM OF LANTHANUM 27
cro, VAECE _ spranatvon Sens
at, (22246.67 a2D, a‘P 192.8
atD2, 22439 .4- 364.9
a‘D3 22804.3- 498 9
a4D, 23303 .2.)
dF; 23875.07 a2D, at 534.7
a@F, 24409.74
b4F, 24507 .83 a2D 476.5
b’F; 24984.3-
e7F,? 25218.1| 7 a2D 396 .0
b4F, 25380. 3- 424 9
e?F3;? 25643.0}. 616.7 bal. 125997'.04
III 21022 .7. a2D, a‘F
b?P1? 27968.77 a2 953.7
bP? 28722'.4.
d?D3? 29502 .37 a2D 62.7
d2D.? 29565 .0.
IV 30788 .5 a2D
V 30897 .0 a2D
been noted*® for La II lines. Even though the available Zeeman- effect data for La I lines are not very precise, they nevertheless serve to identify most of the important levels in the doublet- and quartet- systems of spectral terms.
The relative terms, comprising 48 levels in the La I spectrum are presented in Table 1 in which the successive columns contain (1) the term symbol for each level, (2) the relative energy value on the basis of a?D. = 0.0, (8) the level separations of the complex terms, and (4) asummary of the term combinations. Until better criteria are availa- ble the spectroscopic symbols suggested for several of the levels must remain in doubt; five of the levels are tentatively represented by Roman numerals.
5 Goupsmit, Kon. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, 33: No. 8. 1924.
28 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 2
As in scandium’ and yttrium,’ likewise in lanthanum the lowest energy (normal state) of the atom is represented by a doublet-D, and the first metastable state by a quartet-F term. According to the theory of Heisenberg and Hund? the former results from the ds? configuration of 3 electrons, and the latter from d?s; the first triad of quartet terms (4D, ‘F, ‘G) arising from the d2p arrangement.
It is of interest to compare the interval ratios of the metastable quartet-F term with the theoretical values, since in yttrium a most remarkable agreement was found’ for the analogous term. The interval rule is indeed obeyed by this term almost equally well in all three spectra (Se I, Yt I, La I), as can be seen from the following:
Separations Ratios Theoretical a aes gos Ag ot — 900 OO mene OO 21 Se 66.955 42°) $2.5) 4. 380.8 = 9 00) 27 aie OGe ee onus 39 Yt 264.1 °°: 7199 4 9: 14103 = QL00 Fs 706 onee 57 La 627-0 9: 4846". :, 341.8) = 900: 2) 6) 9aire ee ao0
If this is not a coincidence it indicates that small, progressive changes in the interval ratios occur for analogous terms in spectra of elements In successive periods.
The combinations of terms in Table 1 are given in detail in Table 2, beginning with combinations of doublet with doublet terms. These are followed in order by doublet-quartet, quartet-quartet, and quartet-doublet combinations. The symbols and term values of the low levels are placed at the head of the table, and the data for the higher levels at the left margin. The differences of the combining term values are represented in the body of the table by the vacuum wave numbers of the spectral lines. Wave length data are printed immediately above the wave numbers, and are followed by parentheses containing intensity estimates and temperature classes as given by King and Carter. The wave lengths shorter than 5500A are from the measurements of Wolff!® and the longer ones are by Kiess;" the former being converted from Rowland’s scale to the International Angstrom scale of wave lengths in which the latter were measured.
6 Mreaarrs, This Journat 14: 419. 1924. 7Meaaers, This Journan 14: 419. 1924. Meraaers and Moors, This Journau 15: 207. 1925. Mraaers and Kiuss, J.0O.8. A. & R.8.1., 12: 417. 1926. § HEISENBERG, Zeitschr. f. Phys. 32: 841. 1925. Hunp, Zeitschr. f. Phys. 33: 345. 1925. 9 Mreaaers and Moors, This Journau 15: 207. 1925. 10 WourFrF, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Phot. 3: 395. 1905. 11 Kiuss, Sci. Pap. Bur. Stand. 17: 324. 1921.
yan. 18, 1927
Vv 30897 .0
‘LV 30788.5
d2D3? 29502 .3
d2Do? 29565 .0
b?2P2? 28722 .4
b2Pi? 27968.7
III 27022.7
e2F'3? 25643 .0
e2F4? 25218.1
d?F4 24409.7
d?F'3 23875.0
c?F'4? 21662 .5
b2F4 21447.9
b?F3 20972.1
a2P2 20019.1
a2Pi 20197 .4
e2Ds 19379 .4
e2D2 18172.3
b?D3 17947.1
b?D2? 17699 .8
a2F4 17910.2
3349 .81(3 IIT A) 29843 .88
3362.03(12 IIT A) 29735 .42
3514.07 (20 II A) 28448 .93
os 2
28511.8
3613.10(30 II) 27669.18
— 2
25969 .7
4065 .58(30 IT) 24589. 80
4137.02 (40 I) 24165.17
4280 .27(100 1) 23356 .47
4380.56(12 II A) 22821.74
4850.79(20 1) 20609 .44
4901.86 (25 I)
» 20394.75
19918.9
5271.19(150 I) 18965.78
5455.11(400 I) 18326 .36
5839.78(20 IT A) 17119.19
5917.62(15 II A) 16894 .01
16646.6
5930.60(400 I) 16857 .05
MEGGERS: ARC SPECTRUM OF LANTHANUM 29
TABLE 2.—ComBINaTIONS IN THE La I SpectTRUM
a2De 00.0
3235.64(5 IIT A) 30896 .90
3247 .03(8 II A) 30788 .50
3388.60(12 IL A) 29502 .27
3381.42(15 II A) 29564 .95
3480.61(8 III A) 28722 .40
3574.41(50 IT) 27968 .68
3699 .54(12 III A) 27022 .87
3898 .60(40 IT) 25642 .97
4187 .31(125 I) 23874 .97
4766 .90(100 I) 20972 .15
4993 .85(20 IT) 20019 .06
4949 .76(200 I) 20197 .36
5158 .69(80 I) 19379 .38
5501.35(300 T) 18172 .32
5570.38(5 II A) 17947 .11
5648 .26(80 IIT) 17699 .69
30 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, NO. 2
TABLE 2—Continued
a2D3 1053.2
a2F3 16856.9
a?D3 16538 .4
a2D»2 15031.7
15196.8
14804 .1
atp 23303 .2
atDs 22804 .3
atDo 22439 .4
atD1 22246 .6
atk; 21384 .0
atl’s 20763 .2
atF3 20338 .2
atFe 20083 .0
b‘F’s 25997 .0
btF4 25380.3
b1F3 24984 .3
btF2 24507 .8
atGs 20117.4
atGs
19129.3
atGu 18603 .9
atGs 18156.9
6325 .92(150 1) 15803 .62
6455 .98(300 I) 15485 .25
13978.5
7068.32 (100 II) 14143 .73
7270.08(5 II A) 13751.24
4493 .14(25 I) 22249 .93
4596 .18(10 I) 21751. 12
21386 .2
5072.12(1 III A) 19710. 14
5185 .89(20 IT) 19285 .18
5253 .46(100 I) 19029 .80
4109.49(15 II A) 24327 .09
4177 .47(30 I) 23931.18
4262.35(15 IT A) 23454. 67
5696.19 (40 I) 17550.73
5845 .02(6 IT A) 17103 .85
a?2Do 00.0
5930 .60(400 TI)
16857 .05
6044.85(2 IIT A)
16538 .44
6650 .80(100 I A)
15031.65
6578 .52 (400 T)
15196.81
6753 .04(50 I A)
14804 .07
a ?
22804.3
4455.24(10 IT A)
22439 . 12
4493 .82(10 I A)
22246 .57
ae 2
20338.2 |
4977 .92(8 IT A)
20083.11
24984.3
4079. 18(40 I)
24507 .87
5506.07 (40 II) 18156.76
———— Sanna
JAN. 18, 1927
aiD. 23303 .2
a4D3 22804 .3
a‘D> 22439 .4
aD; 22246 .6
atFs 21384 .0
atF, 20763 .2
aiF 20338 .2
atF2 20083 .0
biFs 25997 .0
btF4 25380 .3
b4F3 24984 .3
biF2 24507 .8
atGs 20117.4
atGs 19129.3
atGy 18603 .9
atG3 18156 .9
II 27022 .7
e&F3? 25643 .0
e? Fy? 25218 .1
d?Fs 24409 .7
a‘F; 4121.6
5211.87 (300 IT) 19181.65
5791.33 (400 I) 17262 .40
6007.37(50 III A) 16641 .63
4570. 14(250 I) 21875 .06
4702 .63(10 I) 21258 .77
6249 .92(500 I) 15995.79
6661.40(80 I A) 15007.71
6903.07(1 ITI A) 14482 .31
21096.5
20288. 1
MEGGERS: ARC SPECTRUM OF LANTHANUM
TABLE 2—Continued
atFy 3494.6
5046 .87(60 IIL) 19808 .76
5177 .30(300 IT) 19309. 73
5588 .35(80 IT) 17889 .42
5789 .23(250 I) 17268 .66
5935.26(15 IT A) 16843 . 80
4442 67(12 IT) 22502 . 67
4567 .92(200 I) 21885. 67
4652 .12(20 I) 21489 .61
6394.24 (600 1) 15634.76
6616.59(80 I) 15109 .37
14662.3
22148 .4
4602 .04(20 IIT) 21723 .42
4779 .90(4 IT) 20915.13
20293 .2
5050.56 (80 IT) 19794 .26
5145.42 (200 IT) 19429 .36
5631.22(100 I) 17753. 24
5769.37 (80 I) 17328 .12
5855.58(15 IIT A) 17073 .00
4468 .98(25 11) 22370 .22
4549 .51(50 I) 21974.24
4650.35 (15 1) 21497 .75
6410.98 (300 I) 15593 .93
6600.17(50 IT A) 15146 .97
4163.30(8 III A) 24012 .65
4417.11(6 III) 22632 .89
4501.59(10 IT A) 22208 .15
21399 .7
dl
a‘F 2668.2
4964.81(4 IIT A) 20136.1€
5056 .46(80 IT) 19771.20
5106.24 (150 IT) 19578 .44
5657 .74(50 IT) 17670.00
5740.65 (100 I) 17414 .82
4479 .82(15 II A) 22316 .08
21839 .6
6454.51(200 I) 15488 .77
4104 .88(60 I) 24354 .43
22974.8
32 JOURNAL OF THE
WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
TABLE 2—Concluded
_vou. 17, No. 2
atk’; atk, atl’; atl. 4121.6 3494.6 3010.0 2668.2 dF: ? 4791.38(5 IT) 4714 .13(5 I) 23875 .0 20380 .4 20864 .98 21206 .92 cE? 5699 .38(5 IIT) 5502.66(10 ITI) 5359.72(2 III A) 21662 .5 17540 .91 18168 .01 18652 .52 b2F4 5769 .99(25 III A) 5568 .48(50 IL) 5422.09(3 III A) 21447.9 17326.25 17953 .25 18437 .96 b?F3 5720.03(10 III A) 5565.74 (20 IT) ? 20972.1 17477 .59 17962 .10 18303 .9 a?P2 5877 .63(2 IIT A) 5761.84(60 I) 20019.1 17008 .96 17350.76 a?Pi 5703 .29(10 TIT) 20197 .4 17528 .90 eDs 6293.57(80 II A) 6107 .27(12 II A) 5982 .34(5 III A) 19379 .4 15884 .85 16369 .43 16711.26 c2De 6593.46 (60 I) 6448.15(60? II A) 18172.3 15162 .37 15504 .05 b?Ds 6917.24(10 III A) 6692 .88(30 I A) 6543 .15(500 I) 17947 .1 14452 .65 14937.13 15278 .95 b?De —= % 6650.80(100 I A) 17699.8 14689 .8 15031.65 a? === 2 6934.98(50 ITT) 6709 .50(200 I) 17910.2 13788 .6 14415 .76 14900. 14 a?F3 iy 7219.88(15 II A) © 7045.93 (300 IT) 16856.9 13362.3 13846. 83 14188 .67 a?D3 7664 .33(10? IIT) u a 2 16538 .4 13043 .87 13528 .4 13870 .2 a?De 8316.03(2 IV A) 8086 .07(15 IIT) 15031.7 12021.67 12363 .55 II 8203.39(1) K 7979.75(3n?) K 15196.8 12186 .73 12528. 30 I 8839.67(1) K 8476 .48(2) K 14804. 1 11309 .54 11794.11
Comparisons of the 3-electron spectra, Sc I, Yt I, La IJ, can best be drawn from energy diagrams, and for this purpose references will be made to Figures 1, 2, and 3, in which the various spectral terms are plotted as rectangles at distances from the zero axis proportional to their energies.. The vertical height of each rectangle represents the range of the sub-levels in the term; the increase of these separa-
JAN. 18, 1927 MEGGERS: ARC SPECTRUM OF LANTHANUM 33
tions with atomic number is very noticeable. Each line connecting two spectral terms represents all the combination possibilities between the sub-levels of the combining terms, that is, a mulivplet of spectral lines.
40000
30000
20000
10000
25 25 2D 2p 20 = Js 20. ve 4g = 25 4p 4p H fe 4¢ 5G 4G
Fig. 1—Energy diagram for the Sc I spectrum
Whereas in Yt I the quartet-F is about 11000 em.— above the doub- let-D term, in La I it is only about 3000 units high. The value of quartet-F relative to doublet-D has not yet been established in Se I, although the intersystem combinations have been sought for diligently. ‘The reason is probably found in the weakness of these connecting lines. In the spark spectra of these three elements a remarkable increase of intensity of intersystem combinations was observed? as the atomic number increased. A similar state of affairs is now strikingly evident in the are spectra; no intersystem connection has been detected in Sc I, the strongest one in Yt I has intensity 20, while in La I the strongest one is marked 500. In the absence of intersystem combinations for Sc I the low quartet-F term in Fig. 1
JAN. 18,1927 WHERRY: SOIL REACTIONS OF SAPROPHYTIC ORCHIDS oO
is tentatively placed 10000 cm. above doublet-D. Laporte has pre- dicted” that this difference will be about 11000 cm.—.
My plan is to extend the analysis of the La I spectrum in con- nection with investigations of the Zeeman-effects and hyperfine structures of the spectral lines. I take this opportunity to thank Dr. King and Miss Carter for their kindness in lending me their tables of intensities and temperature classes in advance of publication, and I wish also to acknowledge the helpfulness of Professor Moore’s ob- servations of Zeeman-effects in giving clues for this analysis.
PLANT ECOLOGY.—The soil reactions of some saprophytic orchids. Epe@ar T. Wuerry, Bureau of Chemistry.
The soil reaction preferences of a number of native orchids have been recorded by the writer in three previous papers, the most com- plete list of data being in “‘Soil Acidity.”” Subsequent to the prepara- tion of that article opportunities have been presented to study many of the included species further, as well as to extend the work to others. The results to date on the saprophytic species commonly known as Coral-roots are here tabulated, and supplementary notes on a color form of one of them and the range of another are given.
TABLE 1.—So1t REeaAcTIONS OF SEVEN SAPROPHYTIC ORCHIDS
SOIL REACTION-RANGF AND APPARENT OPTIMUM (X)
SPECIES STUDIED STATES IN NUM- : - Sten Ge (Cc. = CORALLORRHIZA) WHICH TESTS Ber or | Medi- Sub- | Minim- Minim- (H, = HEXALECTRIS) WERE MADE TESTS acid acid acid = alk. . — oh || seal aren Rosia Pers aaa eee aS f= mo Vile he) 2 teal Wamactlata (mUIt.)......+0--8- Md.-Me. 25 |—|x{|X}]}x}]x}]—|—|—-|— exouonvoOrniza . 2628. . wc ee: Va.-Md. 50 |}—}x{|x|]Xj]x]—}|—|—|]— ee rridart@or. ii. phe ee. Si) ANG OY .-Me. QDi ie be ex) | x: (ox) 2p xe Pa SLCTIONG 4. occa) k Oa. Va.-Md. 25 |}—}|—|—|x|x|X/]x/]x]— (OL SPF 15 er ee Mich.-Ont. 10 | —| —| —| —| x |X] x] x] — Wrriicranilia...........0......) Ela: 5 |—}| —| —| —| —| x] X}] x] — iaspleata. (aplit-)t. s. $228 220.0 ¢Bla.-Md. 25 |—|—|.—| —| x | x|X]|]x]|x p p
The data presented in Table 1 have been obtained chiefly by stirring up the soil from the immediate vicinity of the plant roots with four times its volume of distilled water, allowing the mixture to settle for
22 Laporte, Zeitschr. f. Phys. 39: 123. 1926. 1 Received Dec. 13, 1926. 2Smithsonian Report 1920: 264. 1922.
36 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 2
several minutes, and determining the active acidity or alkalinity of the extract with a double-wedge comparator. The summarized results are grouped in reaction-classes designated by names rather than by numerical values, in accordance with suggestions recently published in ‘‘Soil Reaction in Relation to Horticulture.®”’
In the course of these studies a well-marked pale form of the Autumn Coral-root, Corallorrhiza odontorhiza Nutt., has been recog- nized, and as no such form of this species appears to have been named, it is here placed on record as:
Corallorhiza odontorhiza forma flavida n. f.—Plant in every respect like the typical form of the species except in the lack of all traces of purple color, the lip being pure white without spots, and the sepals, ovaries, bracts, and stem being dull yellow, of varying shades of Ridgway’s no. 23.
Type locality, ravine west of Pierce Mill, Washington, D. C., just outside of Rock Creek Park, in the Piedmont physiographic province; collected by Mrs. Nellie C. Knappen, September 15, 1924; type specimen in the U. 8S. National Herbarium, no. 1,285,622.
A large colony was found by the writer a few hundred meters north of Bull Run Postoffice, Fairfax County, Virginia, October 13, 1926, also in the Pied- mont, and the accompanying illustration is made from a photograph taken there. Three stalks from this locality have been deposited in the National Herbarium, preserved in a mixture of acetic acid, ethanol, formaldehyde, and glycerol, in which their color and texture appear to remain essentially unchanged. The habitat at both localities is a thin oak-pine woods on clayey soil, of low subacid reaction, active acidity 10-25, (pH 6.0-5.6).
It is also desired to place on record an extension of range of the Crested Coral-root Hezalectris spicata (Walt.) Barnhart. The nor- thernmost locality at which this plant appears to have been reported in the literature is Williamsburg, in the Coastal Plain of Virginia, where it was found by the late E. J. Grimes. There are, however, specimens in the U. S. National Herbarium collected by Miss M. J. Rathbun at Delaplane, in the Blue Ridge of Virginia, considerably further northwest. In mid-August, 1923, a single flowering stalk of this species was found by Miss F. W. Layton on an islet in Rhodes River, about 12 kilometers southwest of Annapolis, in Anne Arundel County, in the Coastal Plain province of Maryland, its range being thus extended into a new state, and to a point 150 kilometers north of Williamsburg and 125 kilometers east of Delaplane. The plant was pressed and deposited in the National Herbarium. In July of
3 Amer. Hort. Soc. Bull. 4. 1926. 4 Rhodora 24: 150. 1922.
JAN. 18, 1927 WHERRY: SOIL REACTIONS OF SAPROPHYTIC ORCHIDS oO”
the following year another stalk appeared a few meters away; this was not disturbed, but did not reappear in 1926, nor could any trace of the species be found this year in spite of the most careful search of the vicinity. Evidently, as in the case of certain other native orchids (e.g., Bastphyllaea corallicola, Isotria verticillata, Trvphora trianthophora,) the roots may lie dormant in the ground for two years or more without sending up flowering stalks, but in time attain suffi- cient vigor to bloom, produce seed, and so keep the species from dying out.
Fig. 1.—Corallorrhiza odontorhiza forma flavida n.f. Bull Run, Va.
The Crested Coral-root has been studied at a number of localities, and proves to be essentially a neutral, calcareous soil plant. In Tennessee it has been observed to grow both in the cedar glades, rooted in small.accumulations of alkaline soil in crevices of limestone rock, and in rich woods in the mountains, where the rocks are not calcareous, but local conditions have favored the thorough decomposi- tion of plant debris into neutral leaf-mold. The habitat at Delaplane,
38 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, NO. 2
Va., corresponds to the second of these. Along the Atlantic Coast the soils are predominantly acid, but coquina and shell-marl outcrop in some places, and masses of oyster-shells accumulated by the Indians provide a source of lime for soil-neutralization elsewhere. At the localities of this orchid observed in Florida—where, by the way, it blooms in May, not July or August, as sometimes stated—the soil is sandy, but shell material of one or the other of these origins lies not far beneath the surface, so that the reaction is essentially neutral. The same relation holds at the town of Bluffton, 8. C., at the south edge of which a large colony occurs, blooming in mid-June. At Williamsburg, Va., the lime comes from a stratum of large Pecten shells. The Rhodes River islet, on which the plant reaches its north- easternmost known point, is underlain chiefly by clay giving rise to acid soil, but at one end there is a thin deposit of oyster-shells, evi- dently marking a temporary Indian settlement, and it is here that the plant has obtained a foothold. The seeds which started this colony presumably came from as yet undiscovered localities along the shores of Chesapeake Bay or adjacent estuaries, where calcareous outcrops are occasional, and it would be interesting to search for these, although the encroachment of civilization has probably destroyed most of them.
ENTOMOLOGY .—Noies on and descriptions of Syrphid flies of the subfamily Cerioidinae.. RaymMonp C. SHANNON, Bureau of En- tomology. (Communicated by 8. A. RoHweEr.)
Considerable additional information on the Cerioidinae which may be regarded as supplemental to my previous paper on this group, “The Syrphid-flies of the subfamily Cerioidinae in the U.S. National Museum Collection,’ was obtained by the writer while examining certain European collections during a trip to Europe in the summer of 1925.
I wish especially to thank Professor Hervé-Bazin, Major E. E. Austen, and Professor Mario Bezzi for the facilities they afforded me in this work. |
The Cerioidine flies are the most attractive in appearance of the Syrphidae and this, together with their comparative rarity, have made them highly. prized by collectors. There appears to be a sur-
1 Received Nov. 16, 1926. 2Ins. Ins. Mens. 13: 48-65. 1925.
JAN. 18, 1927 SHANNON: SYRPHID FLIES 39
prisingly large number of species for the unusual type of develop- ment which characterizes the subfamily.- More than 120 species are known, mostly from the tropics, and, as a rule, the species are very dis- tinct in form and color. Comparatively few synonyms (about ten) have been made in the group, although thirty writers have proposed names for the species.
The resemblance of the different species of Cerzoidinae in appear- ance and behavior to various species of Hymenoptera, combined with the coincidental occurrence of the resemblants in the same region, is extraordinary and seemingly indicates true mimicry. Most of them simulate different species of wasps while a few have the appearance of certain saw-flies. The two most striking features of their similarity are the greatly extended antennae (long in the Hymenoptera and short in most Syrphidae) and the greatly constricted abdomen in the majority of the forms of these flies. The species resembling saw- flies have the abdomen broad throughout but the anterior corners are yellow, giving the flies the offhand appearance of having the abdomen petiolate basally.
One of the latter group, from Australia (Tenthredomyia mellivora), has been reared from larvae found feeding on the honey in the nest of a species of native bee. Mr. Rohwer has shown me a species of saw-fly, Pterygophorus cinctus Klug, from the same region which it closely resembles. The larvae of this genus of saw-flies are gre- garious and feed on the foliage of the eucalyptus trees. Froggat has recorded that cattle are poisoned and killed when they feed upon these larvae which are migrating down the tree trunks. It is possible that the adult saw-flies retain the poisonous qualities of the larval stage and, if this is the case, it may be that they are purposely let alone by predaceous enemies. ‘This, if true, would indicate that the resemblance which the fly bears to the saw-fly may be of more im- portance than mere chance resemblance.
The pupa of a number of species of Cerioidinae have been found on tree trunks but only in one other species, Cerioides conopoides (Lin- naeus) is there anything known of the larval habits of these flies. Larvae of C. conopoides have been found in the sap of diseased pop- lars and other trees and in ulcers on elms.
Prior to the writer’s paper, noted above, only one generic name, Cervoides, was valid in the subfamily. Two others, Certa and Sphizi- morpha, have been repeatedly used, sometimes for the purpose of indicating generic differences between species, although Ceria is a
40 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, NO. 2
preoccupied name and Sphiximorpha, at the time of its erection, was given the same genotype which had been previously assigned to Ceriordes.
In the writer’s treatment of the subfamily, four genera, Ceriordes, Monoceromyta (originally considered as a subgenus’), Tenthredomyia, and Polybiomyva (the last two being newly proposed) were recognized; and, insofar as the material (rather limited in exotic forms) at hand permitted, the species were located in their respective genera. More- over, he called attention to the apparent absence of another generic type, as follows: “‘It appears that there should be a fifth group or genus which is not represented in the material at hand. It should be of a more generalized nature characterized by an unconstricted abdomen and a short or absent antennifer.”’
A species which fits these requirements was found in the collection of M. Hervé-Bazin, namely Cerioides petri Hervé-Bazin, from Kumanotaira, Karuizawa, Japan. This species is made the type of the new genus Primocerioides.
The writer has examined seventy-seven species of Cervoidinae (27 species recorded in his first publication) and finds that all of them may be placed without difficulty in the four genera he defined in his previous paper, except C. petri Hervé-Bazin, which, as has just been stated, becomes the type of anew genus. The species not seen by the writer have been located in their respective genera as well as the pub- lished descriptions will permit. A list of the genera with the species which they contain is appended at the end together with the dis- tribution of each species.
The geographic distribution of the genera turns out to be remarkably consistent. . |
Primocerioides (1 species)—Palearctic (Japan).
Tenthredomytia
Subgenus Tenthredomyia (16 species)—Holarctic, usually northern latitudes or high altitudes (such as the Canadian zone). Subgenus Pterygophoromyia (3 species)—Australia.
Monoceromyia (40 species)—Mainly in the tropics of both hemispheres. Two species occur in Australia; twelve in Africa, none in Europe or temperate America.
Cerioides (35 species)—In all continents.
Polybiomyia (15 species)—Tropical America and southwestern United a one species from Malaysia (Aru Islands) and one from Natal,
rica.
3 Bull. Brook. Entom. Soc. 16: 33. 1922.
JAN. 18, 1927 SHANNON: SYRPHID FLIES 41
Cerioides is the most widely distributed of the genera and at the same time contains the most diverse set of species.
Polybiomyia is mainly confined to the new world. The occurrence of one species of the genus, P. smaragdina (Walker), remarkable for its entirely green metallic coloration, in the Aru Islands of Malaysia, is of particular interest inasmuch as Crepidomyza ventralis (Walker), a genus and species of the Xylotinae, also occurs in the Aru Islands; all other species of Crepidomyia are known only from South America. Polybiomyia divisa (Wiedemann), recorded from Natal, Africa, is peculiar in its venation and could well be considered as a different subgenus.
Pterygophoromyia, a subgenus of Tenthredomyia, differs from all other Cerioidinae (except Primocerioides?) in having a plumose * filament (the plumula) attached to the thorax just below the squama, the absence of which was formerly considered to be one of the char- acters of the subfamily.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF CERIOIDINAE
A 1. Antennal process (antennifer) very short or absent, rarely equaling half the length of first antennal joint. B 1. Abdomen not constricted basally; eyes pilose Primoceriodes, new genus B 2. Abdomen constricted basally; eyes bare. C 1. Metasternum membranous behind............ Cerioides Rondani C 2. Metasternum completely girdled with chitin Polybiomyia Shannon
A 2. Antennifer very elongate, distinctly longer than first antennal joint B1. Abdomen very slightly and progressively narrowed basally, an-
femoncormensibrieht yellow. s.:...5.:.:5:: Tenthredomyia, Shannon See biunala absent...) 5: .. +. oe Tenthredomyia, sensu stricto Go2> Plumula. present. -. 2.0.0.0. Pterygophoromyia, new subgenus
B 2. Abdomen strongly constricted at juncture of the first and second segments, usually the main length of the second segment contracted iHEOLAlOnehpEhlOley ci sos ele SEL: Monoceromyia, Shannon.
Primocerioides, new genus
Genotype Ceriodes (sic!) petri Hervé-Bazin, Ann. Soc. Entom. France 83: 414. 1914.
The characters given in the key will serve to distinguish this new genus. The absence of the antennifer and the nonconstricted abdomen mark this genus as the most generalized one in the sub-family Cerzoidinae.
The genotype, which is peculiar in several respects, is the only species known in this genus. The pubescence is unusually developed, the eyes and face being distinctly pilose; the first antennal joint is long, the second short, and the third fairly long; the third longitudinal vein is straight and bears an appendix projecting into the first posterior cell.
4Suannon, A reclassification of the subfamilies and genera of North American Syr- phidae, Bull. Brook. Entom. Soc. 16: 67. 1921.
42. JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 2
Only the type specimen, a male, in the collection of M. Hervé-Bazin, is known. Type locality, Kumanotaira, Karuizawa, Japan.
AUSTRALIAN CERIOIDINAE
Four species of Cerioidinae have been described to date from Aus- tralia. Three other species are now at hand and a possible fourth has been mentioned in a paper by G. H. Hardy, ‘‘Notes on some Australian Syrphidae.”’ ‘This latter species may be the same as the one described below as Monoceromyia hardyi, new species.
KEY TO SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN CERIOIDINAE
A 1. Antennifer not developed; abdomen constricted basally; third vein moderately curved downwards, without appendix on the loop Cerioides breviscapa (Saunders) A 2. Antennifer very elongate, longer than first antennal joint. ; B 1. Abdomen not constricted basally; plumula present TENTHREDOMYIA (Subgenus PrERYGOPHOROMYIA) C1. First tergite entirely orange red; second almost entirely black without callosities; third tergite of male with a prominent tubercle T. saundersi Shannon C 2. First tergite biackish with yellow anterior corners; second largely yellow with a pair of lateral callosities; the third without tubercle. D 1. Meso- sterno- and pteropleura with yellow T. ornata (Saunders) D 2. Mesopleura only with yellow......... T. mellivora, new species B 2. Abdomen strongly constricted basally ; plumula absent MONOCEROMYIA C1. Thorax without yellow markings except on the humeri, noto- pleurae and scutellum; wings entirely infuscated M. austeni, new species C 2. Thorax with numerous yellow markings; wings infuscated only on amMbEnory DORGERM eae ia. ee M. hardyi, new species
CERIOIDES BREVISCAPA (Saunders)
Cera breviscapa Saunders, Trans. Entom. Soc. London 4: 65. 1847. | Ceriodes breviscapa (Saunders) Hardy, Australian Zoologist 2: 13. 1921. This species has some affinities with species of Monoceromyia and Ten- thredomyia. Originally recorded from Port Philip, South Australia. Hardy reports one specimen from South Australia and four from New South Wales. Type.—In the British Museum.
Genus TENTHREDOMYIA Shannon
Subgenus Pterygophoromyia, new subgenus
Typre.—Tenthredomyia saundersi Shannon.
The subgenus Pierygophoromyia is characterized by the presence of a small but distinct plumula (a plumose filament attached to the thorax just below the squama). The subgenus, so far as known, is confined to Australia.
JAN. 18, 1927 SHANNON: SYRPHID FLIES 43
TENTHREDOMYIA (PTERYGOPHOROMYIA) ORNATA (Saunders)
Cerza ornata Saunders, Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond. 4: 64, pl. 4, fig. 3, 3a, 3b. 1845.
Ceria australis Macquart (synonym?) Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 4: 128. 1849.
“Cerioides ornata Saunders,’ Hardy, Australian Zoologist 2: 13. 1921.
Tenthredomyia australis (Macquart) Shannon, Ins. Ins. Mens. 13: 54. 1925.
A male specimen at hand (previously recorded by the writer as T. aus- tras Macquart) agrees with 7’. ornata except in some particulars found in the original description as regards the abdominal coloration. The original description and figure indicate that the basal segment is reddish, margined behind with yellow, with the anterior corners yellow and equal in length to the second segment. The female is figured and shows only four seg- ments, the first of which equals the third in length. There should be five segments shown for the female, and apparently that which is intended for the first is the first and second combined, which together equal the length of the third. The specimen at hand differs from the description and figure in having the first segment more extensively darkened; but it agrees otherwise with the type of C. ornata according to my examination of the type. The type of C. ornata has the fourth tergite margined behind with yellow, con- trary to the impression given in the description.
The description of C. australis (Macquart) agrees with 7. ornata except that the first antennal joint is stated to be as long as the antennifer, and in the figure given for C. australis the first joint is shown to be as long as the antennifer and equal in length to the following two combined. The first joint in 7’. ornata is scarcely more than half the length of the antennifer and the three joints are nearly of equal length.
Hardy states under ‘‘Cerioides ornata Saunders” that there were two species standing in the collection of the Macleay Museum under this name. One was characterized by a pair of callosities on the second segment, the other not having these callosities. These callosities are present in 7’. ornata (Saunders) and J. mellivora (new species, described below) but are absent in 7’. saunderst. They are less developed in the female than in the male.
Tenthredomyia (PTERYGOPHOROMYIA) mellivora, new species.
Closely related to JT. ornata Saunders. Differs chiefly in having the yellow on the pleurae confined to the mesopleura and in having the second sternite black with the hind margin yellow and the third tergite entirely black. In T. ornata the second tergite is almost entirely yellow and the hind margin of the third is yellow. The ocellar triangle of the male is equilateral and the callosities on the second tergite are more prominent than in 7. ornata. In the female the eyes converge as closely together at the vertex as in the male but widen rapidly downwards; the center of the front has a very large black spot which includes the ocelli. The fifth tergite is obscurely reddish yellow. Length, about 12 mm., not including antennifer which is 1.5 mm.; antennifer and antenna combined, 5 mm.; wing 13 mm.
Described from two males and four females; eight additional specimens are
- in the British Museum.
Type.—Male; allotype female, in the British Museum; paratypes in the U.S. National Museum. Cat. No. 40105 U.S. N. M.
Two specimens have been reared and the puparia are mounted with the specimens and bear the label ‘‘Larvae live on honey in native: bee’s nest.’’ (Note by donor). . a
Type locality.—Burpengary, South Queensland, (T. L. Bancroft).
44 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, NO. 2
TENTHREDOMYIA (PTERYGOPHOROMYIA) SAUNDERSI Shannon
Tenthredomyia saundersi Shannon, Ins. Ins. Mens. 18: 53. 1925. Original description based on a single male. ‘The collection of the British Museum contains one male and four females. The species is nearest to T. ornata Saunders. In addition to the characters given for the male in the original description attention may be called to the differences existing be- tween the females of the two species. The front is much narrower in 7. saundersit and widens rather gradually downwards; the black spot on the front is much smaller and below the middle; first tergite reddish yellow, the sides yellow, a little darkened at the middle of the hind margin; second tergite velvety black with a bright yellow hind margin; abdomen without callosities; the yellow spot on the pleurae confined to the mesopleura. Type.—In U. 8. National Museum. Type locality—New South Wales: Sidney (January, 1900, Mackay). Other localities—Queensland: Burnett River (T. L. Bancroft); Mackay (G. Turner).
Genus MonocEeRomyIA Shannon
Monoceromyia SHANNON, Bull. Brook. Entom. Soc. 17: 32. 1922; Ins. Ins. Mens. 18: 50. 1925.
The only intimation of the occurrence of this genus in Australia was that given by Hardy in the Australian Zoologist (vol. 2, p. 13, 1921). He calls attention in this publication to a species occurring in Queensland and New South Wales which has a greatly constricted abdomen and has the third vein of the wing deeply looped into the first posterior cell. No mention is made of the length of the antennifer, but a further characteristic noted by Hardy, namely, that the wing is infuscated above the third vein except the area within the deflected portion of the third vein, indicates a possible rela- tionship with the species here described under the name M. hardy.
Monoceromyia hardyi, new species
Male.—Rather small species, mostly dark with reddish yellow and yellow markings. Ocellar region black, remainder of vertex yellow; frontai triangle yellow, very broad and short; antennifer yellowish brown, distinctly longer than first antennal joint; antenna reddish brown, relative length of joints 1:0.75: 0.60; the base of the third joint nearly equal to its length; style two- thirds the length of the third joint, dark brown; face bright yellow with a black median stripe extending from base of antennae to oral margin and on each side of the face a black stripe extending from the oral angle upwards to the eye; thorax black, humeri and notopleural regions yellow; a pair of small, submedian, prescutellar, yellow spots and another pair of more elongate, sublateral spots which spread on to the postalar calli; scutellum yellow with median black spot bordering on anterior margins, meso- and sternopleurae with yellow spots, the pteropleura partly reddish yellow; legs largely red- dish yellow, the femora and tibia partly dark brown; abdomen rather strongly constricted at juncture of first and second segments, third and fourth seg- ments globose; first and second tergites reddish yellow, third and fourth black with reddish yellow hind borders; hypopygium reddish brown; an- terior border of wing deeply infuscated; the third vein deeply looped into first posterior cell, without appendix on the loop, the portion of the wing within the deflection and behind the third vein hyaline. Length 11 mm., plus antennifer 12 mm.; wing 8 mm.
JAN. 18, 1927 SHANNON: SYRPHID FLIES 45
Type.—Male, in British Museum. Type locality Queensland: Brisbane (November 12, 1912, H. Hacker). Named for G. H. Hardy, student of Australian Syrphidae.
Monoceromyia austeni, new species
Male.—A larger species than the above, from which it is easily differen- tiated by the separated eyes, which at their greatest approximation are fur- ther apart than the width of the first antennal joint; antennifer and antennae entirely reddish brown; face slightly concaved, rising below to a moderate, keel-like tubercle; thorax black except for humeri and notopleural callosities and hind margin of the scutellum; legs reddish brown, all the femora with rather broad, subbasal dark bands; abdomen strongly constricted on basal half of second segment; first tergite black; second yellow on basal half with a dorsal, median dark line; posterior half of second tergite black, third and fourth tergites blackish with narrow yellow hind borders; hypopygium reddish brown; wings entirely smoky; third vein with loop and a short ap- pendix attached to loop. Length 13.5 mm., with antennifer 14.60 mm., wing 11 mm.
Type.—Male, in British Museum.
Type locality Queensland: Brisbane (November 24, 1912, H. Hacker).
Named for Major E. E. Austen, the noted dipterologist of the British Museum.
NEW SPECIES OF ASIATIC CERIOIDINAE Cerioides meijerei, new species
Large, nearly black species, very close to C. fruhstorferz de Meijere.
Female.—Head black, sides of face with a large yellowish spot and a smaller one on eye margin opposite antennal base; antennifer very short, its length about half its breadth; antenna black; first and second joints very elongate, of equal length; the third very small, but little longer than broad, style black; mesonotum black with a very obscure yellow spot on humerus and notopleura; hind margin of scutellum yellowish; pleurae black with an obscure yellowish stripe on mesopleura; legs almost entirely dark reddish brown: abdomen blackish; anterior corners faintly yellowish; petiole of second segment dark brown; second segment greatly constricted and elongate, the two basal segments equal in length to remainder of abdomen; hind margin of third tergite narrowly reddish brown; anterior half of wing deeply infuscated; posterior half faintly infuscated; third vein deeply looped into first posterior cell; the loop without an appendix. Length 18 mm.; wing 13 mm. One female.
C. fruhstorferi differs in having the yellow facial markings much smaller and in having the third vein but little deflected.
Type.—In British Museum.
Type locality—Indo China: Haut Mekong. Tong Lap. (March 30, 1918, R. V. de Salvaza).
Named for Professor J. C. H. de Meijere, who has worked extensively on the Cerioidinae as well as many other groups of Dzptera.
Tenthredomyia brunettii, new species
Rather small species, superficially related to Monoceromyia dimidiatipen- nis (Brunetti) of India and resembling the North American species T. tridens (Loew) and T. anchoralis (Coquillett).
46 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 2
Male and female.—Head yellow with black markings as follows: Male, a stripe extending from foremost ocellus to the occipital margin, a spot on Sch side between the base of antennifer and eye; a small median stripe which fades out half way to the antenna; a black stripe on each side extending be- tween oral margin and eye. I[emale, the ocellar markings extend as a stripe from the occipital margin to the ocelli, whence a fork extends from each side to the eye, and, continuing along the eye margin, come together and in so doing inclose a yellow spot which lies before the ocelli. Antennifer yellow below, black above, twice the length of first antennal joint which in turn is about equal to the length of each of the other two joints; lower portion of head, behind the lower facial stripes, bright yellow; the yellow of the humerus and notopleura converging into a single spot; a pair of sublateral mesonotal stripes behind the suture; scutellum entirely yellow; meso-sterno- and pteropleurae with yellow; femora yellow, more or less marked with black preapically; tibiae yellow, more or less darkened apically; tarsi more or less darkened; first tergite black with yellow sides, the yellow converging basally; second, third and fourth tergites black with yellow hind borders; hypopygium of male and fifth tergite of female black; anterior border of wing irregularly infuscated, hyaline behind. Length 11 mm., plus antennifer 12 mm.; wing 8 mm. Two males, one female.
Type male and allotype female.—In British Museum.
Type locality.—British Baluchistan: Quetta (June 2, 1902, C. G. Nurse).
Monoceromyia dimidiatipennis (Brunetti) most closely resembles this species. Besides the abdominal constriction it differs in being more ex- tensively black. The post oral region is black, the humeral and notopleural yellow markings are separated; and no yellow occurs on the pteropleura.
Named for Mr. E. Brunetti, in recognization of his contributions to our knowledge of Indian Dizptera.
Tenthredomyia hungkingi, new species
Approaches Tenthredomyia tridens (Loew) of North America very closely in size, structure, and color.
Female.—Head largely black; the posterior orbit (space between upper occipital margin and hind margin of eye to ocelli to eye) yellow, a yellow spot present above each antenna; the face yellow with a median black stripe from base of antennifer to oral margin; antennifer reddish yellow; antennae black, mesonotum black, humeri, a small spot on notopleura, a pair of sub- lateral, postsutural stripes and scutellum yellow; yellow marking on pleurae confined to meso- and sterno-pleurae; legs reddish yellow; femora more or less darkened around the middle; first tergite black with anterior corners yellow; second, third and fourth tergites black with rather narrow yellow hind borders; fifth tergites black; wings infuscated on anterior half. Length 12 mm., plus antennifer 13 mm.; wing 10 mm. Two females.
T tridens differs in having the yellow on the posterior orbit divided by the black extending from the ocellar region, the pteropleura partly yellow and the yellow on the hind borders of tergites two, three, and four expanding on their outer ends (contracting in JT. hungkingi, particularly on the fourth tergite).
Type.—In British Museum.
Type localityx—China: Hsikon, near Tieotean: (June 17, 1906, F.. M. Thomson) Tientsin, (June 15, 1906, JeeaN ls Thomson).
Named for Teou Hung-King, (452-536 A.D.) one of the first Chinese naturalists to record observations on Syrphidae—namely Lristalis tenax (Linnaeus). :
JAN. 18, 1927 SHANNON: SYRPHID FLIES 47
Monoceromyia salvazai, new species
A large, nearly black species.
Male.—F ace yellow, flat, with a median raised line extending from anten- nifer to oral margin which is black; a yellow spot on eye margin opposite base of antennifer; remainder of head black; antennifer and antennae black; antennifer nearly as long as two basal antennal joints; third joint a little more than half the length of second; style black basally, white apically; thorax black with only hind margin of scutellum obscurely yellow; legs largely blackish, the femora apically becoming reddish brown; abdomen strongly constricted at second segment which is as long as the third and _ fourth eombined and reddish brown on the more constricted portion; abdo- men otherwise black: wings infuscated anteriorly; third vein sharply looped downwards and with an appendix attached to loop. Length 21 mm., with antennifer, 23 mm.; wing 14mm. One male.
M. obscura (Brunetti) resembles M. salvazaz in general appearance and color but is a smaller and more slender species with the mesonotum sub- quadrate. In M. salvazaz the mesonotum is much longer than broad.
Type.—In British Museum.
Type locality—Luang Prabang: Ban Sen Savouane (March 16, 1920, R. V. de Salvaza).
Named for Mr. R. V. de Salvaza, the collector.
Monoceromyia wiedemanni, new species.
Fairly large, nearly black species, very closely allied to M. obscura Brunetti.
Male.—Head black, a pair of yellow spots, one on eye margin opposite base of antennifer, and a large yellow marking on each side of face; an- tennae black, the joints of equal length, the basal two equal to length of antennifer; style grayish; thorax black with yellow only on the humeri and hind scutellar margin; legs brownish black; abdomen strongly constricted at second segment, which is as long as the following two segments, the con- stricted portion brownish; extreme hind edge of third tergite brown, slightly raised; remainder of abdomen shining black; the fourth tergite towards the hind margin with a deeply impressed transverse line; wings deeply infuscated anteriorly; third vein moderately looped downwards. Length 15mm., with antennifer, 16.5 mm.; wing 11 mm. One male.
M. obscura differs in having the antennifer shorter, less than length of the two basal antennal joints; the frons yellow in the male, and no constriction before the hind margin of the fourth tergite.
Type.—In British Museum.
Type locality—Indo China: Luang Prabang, Ban Nam Mo. (March 3, 1918, R. V. de Salvaza).
Named for C. R. W. Wiedemann, the first to describe a species of Ceriodi- nae from the Asiatic region (Ceria javana, 1824).
Monoceromyia wallacei, new species
A rather large species, predominantly black, with yellow and brownish markings. Closely allied to M. tridecimpunctata (Brunetti).
Female.—Head black, a yellow spot on eye-margin opposite base of an- tennifer; face with a broad yellow stripe on each side; antennifer reddish yellow; antennae reddish brown, first joint a little longer than second which is equal to third; the two basal joints equal to antennifer; thorax with yellow on the humeri, a small spot on notopleura, a pair of postsutural stripes,
48 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 2
hind margin of scutellum, and part of the meso- and sternopleura; legs reddish brown, tarsi darker, basal halves of tibiae yellowish; anterior corners of first tergite yellow, sides of constricted portion of second tergite yellow- ish brown; hind margins of second, third and fourth tergites narrowly yellow, all three of which are slightly rimmed; fifth tergite black; wings dilutely in- fuscated on anterior margin; third vein moderately looped, without appendix. Length 17 mm., with antennifer 18.5 mm.; wing 14 mm. Described from one female.
Type.—In British Museum.
Type locality.—Celebes: Macassar (1857, A. R. Wallace).
Named for the famous naturalist, A. R. Wallace, who collected it.
Monoceromyia hervebazini, new species
A large black species with yellow markings.
Male.—F ace yellow with a median longitudinal black stripe which at the base of the antennifer sends out arms to the eye margins; remainder of head black; antennifer and antenna blackish, last joint dark brown; style whitish; thorax black with humeri yellow, a small yellow spot at outer end of trans- verse suture; meso- and sternopleurae partly yellow; legs reddish brown, more yellowish on basal half of hind femur; first tergite black; the second con- stricted and elongated, one-fourth longer than the third, yellowish on the most slender portion, with a dark median stripe; posterior third broadened, blackish; third tergite black, hind border yellow, the sides rimmed, the im- pressed line crossing the tergite along the anterior margin of the yellow border; fourth tergite black, the sides rimmed, the impressed line crossing the tergite near its hind border and producing a deep constriction, behind the constric- tion the tergite is brownish, with the extreme hind edge yellow; hypopygium black; wing rather dilutely infuscated on basal and anterior half, leaving the outer posterior quarter, nearly hyaline; length 18 mm., plus antennifer 19.5 mm.; wing 14 mm. Two males.
Monoceromyia trinotata de Meijere has the third and fourth tergites deeply constricted near the hind margins by means of impressed lines, but this species is smaller, more slender, second abdominal segment much more elongate and possesses a number of yellow markings which are absent in M. hervebazint.
Type.—In British Museum.
Type locality —Shanghai, China (1854, Fortune).
Named for M. Hervé-Bazin, an eminent dipterist of France, who is greatly interested in the Chinese fauna, having made a very extensive col- lection there.
KEY TO THE ASIATIC SPECIES OF CERIOIDINAE AT HAND. (Measurements do not include antennifer)
A 1. Antennifer undeveloped; third vein deeply looped; abdomen strongly constricted basally; black species with yellow facial markings; 18 mm. (indo > Chimg)) Rus RE Se tem ere Cerioides meijerei Shannon
A 2. Antennifer greatly elongated.
B 1. Abdomen not, or very slightly, constricted basally, with yellow apical corners: TENTHREDOMYIA.
C 1. Thorax with yellow only on humeri and disk of scutellum. (China)
T. grahami Shannon
JAN. 18, 1927 SHANNON: SYRPHID FLIES 49
C 2. Pleurae with yellow and additional yellow markings on mesonotum. D 1. Yellow on notopleura confluent with yellow on humeri; ptero- pleura partly yellow (Baluchistan)....... T. brunettii, Shannon D 2. Yellow on notopleura widely separated from that on humeri; pteropleura without yellow (China)....T. hungkingi Shannon B 2. Abdomen strongly constricted at second segment; with or without yellow basal corners: MONOCEROMYIA C 1. Third tergite equal to or longer than the second; pleurae without yellow markings; 20 mm. (China)......M. pleuralis (Coquillett) C 2. Third tergite much shorter than second. D 1. Entire body, including wings, blackish except a pair of narrow, yellow facial stripes and white style; 25 mm. (Philippines) M. petersi (Speiser) D 2. Wings with strong contrast between the infuscation on anterior border and the hyalinity of posterior border; head and usually the body with more yellow. E 1. Pleurae entirely black. ~ F 1. Thorax black except hind scutellar margin; male without deep impressions on tergites; 20 mm. (Indo China) M. salvazai, Shannon F 2. Thorax with humeri at least obscurely yellow.
G 1. Antennifer as long as combined length of first and second joints; 15 mm. (Indo China). .M. wiedemanni Shannon
G 2. Antennifer shorter than the two basal joints 15 mm. CTVANG FE ola ee than eee, LS M. obscura (Brunetti)
E 2. Pleurae marked with yellow. F 1. Meso-sterno- and pteropleurae marked with yellow.
G 1. Post oral region black; mesonotum without post sutural markings or prescutellar spot; scutellum yellow with a median black spot dividing the yellow; 20 mm. (Malasia)
M. javana (Wiedemann)
G 2. Post oral region yellow; mesonotum with a pair of yellow post sutural stripes and a prescutellar spot; scutellum black, the hind margin yellow; 16 mm. (India)
M. trinotata (de Meijere) F 2. Meso- and sternopleurae only with yellow; mesonotum with a pair of post sutural yellow stripes. G 1. Post oral region yellow; 16 mm. (India; Malacca?) M. ?tridecimpunctata (Brunetti) G 2. Post oral region black; 18 mm. (Celebes) | M. wallacei Shannon I’ 3. Mesopleura only with yellow; post sutural stripes obscure browment6 sme (Ching) 2. te 25 00 2.22 oe: M. wui Shannon
LIST OF THE SPECIES OF CERIOIDINAE
Arranged according to the present generic concept. Those species marked by an * have been examined by the writer.
PRIMOCERIOIDES Shannon
“petri (Hervé-Bazin) (Cerioides) Japan
50 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 2
CERIOIDES Rondani
North and Central America and the West Indies
cylindrica (Curran) (Ceria) California *durani Davidson Arizona *loewil (Williston) (Ceria) California ontarioensis (Curran) (Ceria) Ontario signifera (Loew) (Ceria) U.S. (?) Mexico *willistoni (Kahl) (Ceria) = signifera
(Loew)? Pa., Md., La., Tex.
South America
*barbipes (Loew) (Ceria) Brazil
bigotii (Williston) (Ceria) Brazil, Bolivia boliviana (Kertesz) (Ceria) Bolivia *braueri (Williston) (Ceria) Brazil
facialis (Kertesz) (Ceria) Paraguay flavosignata (Kertesz) (Ceria) ~ Bolivia, Peru *meadei (Williston) (Ceria) Brazil
*miki (Williston) (Ceria) Brazil nigripennis (Williston) (Ceria) Mexico
picta (Kertesz) (Ceria) Boliva, Peru pyrrhocera (Kertesz) (Ceria) Bolivia *roederii (Williston) (Ceria) Brazil sackeni (Williston) (Ceria) Brazil superba (Williston) (Ceria) Mexico trichopoda (Kertesz) (Ceria) Bolivia variabilis (Kertesz) (Ceria) Bolivia, Peru vicina (Kertesz) (Ceria) Peru
wulpii (Williston) (Ceria) Brazil, Bolivia
Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africa
*subsessilis (Illiger) (Ceria) Europe, ete.
Asia and Malaysia
*decorata (Brunetti) (Ceria) India fruhstorferi (de Meijere) (Ceria) India fulvescens Brunetti (Ceria) India *meijerei Shannon Indo China triangulifera Brunetti (Ceria) India
Africa
bezzi Hervé-Bazin
Australia
*breviscapa (Saunders) (Ceria) South Australia
JAN. 18, 1927 SHANNON: SYRPHID FLIES dl
TENTHREDOMYIA Shannon
North America
*abbreviata (Loew) (Ceria) Eastern North America *proxima (Curran) ‘Ceria) = abbreviata
(Loew) Canada, New England *anchoralis (Coquillett) (Sphiximorpha) New Mexico pictula (Loew) (Ceria) Southern United States sartorum (Smirnov) (Cerioides) Turkestan *snowl1 (Adams) (Sphiximorpha) New Mexico *tridens (Loew) (Ceria) West of the Rocky Mountains
Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africa
*conopoides (Linnaeus) (Musca) Mediterranean countries, Persia *vespiformis (Latreille) (Ceria) Mediterranean countries.
Asia, Malaysia
*annulifera (Walker) (Ceria) New Guinea *brevis (Brunetti) (Ceria) India *brunettii Shannon Baluchistan compacta (Brunetti) (Ceria) India *dimidiatipennis (Brunetti) (Ceria) India *orahami Shannon China *hungkingi Shannon China metallica (Van der Wulp) (Ceria) New Guinea ornatifrons (Brunetti) (Ceria) India relicta (Walker) (Ceria) Aru Islands (Saunders)? relictura (Walker) (Ceria) Aru Islands Australia
(Belongs to subgenus Pterygophoromyia) australis (Macquart) (Cerra) = ornata
(Saunders)? Tasmania *mellivora Shannon South Queensland *ornata (Saunders) (Ceria) New South Wales *saundersi Shannon New South Wales
MonocEROMYIA Shannon
North America
*eacica (Walker) (Ceria) Mexico *daphnaeus (Walker) (Ceria) Jamaica *tricolor (Loew) (Ceria) West Indies, Florida *veralli (Williston) (Ceria) | Panama
South America bicolor (Kertesz) (Ceria) Peru, Bolivia lynchiu (Williston) (Ceria) Brazile Europe None
52 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 2
Asia and Malaysia
anchorata (Bigot) (Sphiximorpha) lateralis (Walker)?
annulata (Kertesz) (Cerioides)
bakert Shannon = petersi (Speiser)
(Synonymy based on a comparison of M. petersi in Bezzi’s collection.)
erux (Brunetti) (Ceria) *eumenioides (Saunders) (Ceria) *fenestrata (Brunetti) (Ceria) flavipennis (de Meijere) (Ceria) *hervebazini Shannon *himalayensis (de Meijere) (Ceria) “Savana (Wiedemann) (Ceria) *lateralis (Walker) (Ceria) *obscura (Brunetti) (Ceria) *patricia (Brunetti)
*petersi (Speiser)
*pleuralis (Coquillett) (Sphiximorpha) *polistoides (Brunetti)
*salvazi Shannon
similis (Kertesz) (Cerioides) tibialis (Kertesz) (Cerioides) *tridecimpunctata (Brunetti) (Ceria) *trinotata (de Meijere) (Cerioides) *wallacei Shannon
*wul Shannon
*wiedemanni Shannon
Africa
afra (Wiedemann)
ammophilina (Speiser) (Cerioides) brunneipennis (Loew) (Ceria) *caffra (Loew) (Ceria)
congolensis Bezzi
frenata (Loew) (Ceria) *vambiana (Saunders) (Ceria) *hopei (Saunders) (Ceria)
maculipennis (Hervé-Bazin) (Cerioides)
*neavei (Bezzi) (Cerioides) *pulchra (Hervé-Bazin) (Cerioides) *speiserl (Hervé-Bazin) (Cerioides)
A ustralia
*austeni Shannon *hardyi Shannon
Borneo Fuhosho; Toyenmongai
Philippines
India India India India China India Malaysia Malaysia India India Philippines Japan India
Indo China Formosa New Caledonia Indo China India Celebes China
Indo China
Cape of Good Hope Kilimandjaro
South Africa
South Africa Belgian Congo Cape of Good Hope Gambia
Sierra Leone Belgian Congo Uganda
Belgian Congo, Rhodesia
Uganda
Queensland (ueensland
JAN. 18, 1927 SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS 53
POLYBIOMYIA Shannon
North and Central America
arietis (Loew) (Ceria) Mexico
*bellardil Shannon Texas _*bergrothi (Williston) (Ceria) Mexico *captis Curran Mexico *engelhardti Shannon Arizona *macquarti Shannon Texas, Mexico *nigra (Bigot) (Sphiximorpha) Mexico *pedicellata (Williston) (Ceria) . Mexico *rufibasis (Bigot) (Sphiximorpha) Mexico
*sayl Shannon Arizona *schnablii (Williston) (Ceria) Mexico *schwarzi Shannon Panama *townsendi (Snow) (Ceria) Texas, New Mexico, Arizona
Malaysia *smaragdina (Walker) (Ceria) Aru Islands Africa *divisa (Walker) (Ceria) Natal
Errata to the “‘Syrphid-flies of the subfamily Ceriodinae,’”’ R. C. Shannon,>
Ceriodinae, spell Ceriozdinae.
Ceriodes, spell Cerioides.
acica Walker, p. 64, spell caczca Walker.
Quotation marks should be placed about the descriptions of Polybromyza captis Curran and Cerioides durant Davidson, given in the keys, in order to give these authors full credit for these species. |
SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS
ARTHUR M. Piper has been appointed Assistant Geologist in the Geo- logical Survey and has been assigned to the Water Resources Branch.
S. SpeNcER Nye, Junior Geologist in the Geological Survey, has been transferred from the Geologic Branch to the Water Resources Branch.
The twenty-fifth anniversary of the establishment of the National Bureau of Standards was celebrated on December 4, 1926, by an exhibit of apparatus and methods at the Bureau, a reception and luncheon, and a dinner in the evening at which Dr. S. W. Srrarton, the first director of the Bureau, was a guest.
5 Ins. Ins. Mens. 13: 48-65. 1925.
54 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, NO. 2
The annual exhibit representing work of the departments of the Carnegie Institution of Washington was held at the Institution on December 11 to 13, 1926.
Professor THEODOR VON KarRMAN, dean of the Aerodynamic Institute of the University of Aachen, Germany, gave a series of six lectures at the National Museum on Modern development of aerodynamic theories, on De- cember 3 to 13, under the auspices of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics.
The Pick and Hammer Club met at the Geological Survey on December 11. W. T. THom reported on the symposium on the hypothesis of con- tinental sliding, held at the New York meeting of the Association of Petro- leum Geologists; and A. C. Lawson described his recent trip through Africa.
The Petrologists’ Club met at the Geophysical Laboratory on December 14. G. Tuneu described his observations on Oxidation of low-grade por- phyry copper ores; H. EK. Merwin and H. 8. WasHinaton discussed The relation of the optical properties to the composition of monoclinic pyroxenes; and W. T. ScHALLER gave brief notes on Hydrates of the borax group.
At a joint meeting of The AcapEmy and the Chemical Society on December 16, 1926, the first part of the program consisted of the presentation of the John Scott Medal and an award of one thousand dollars to Dr. Harvry C. Hayes of the Navy Department in recognition of his work on sonic sounding. The presentation was made by a representative of the Board of Directors of City Trusts of Philadelphia, and was acknowledged by Assistant Secretary WarRNER of the Navy Department and by Dr. Hayres. The second part of the program consisted of a lecture by Professor J. N. BrONsTED, of the University of Copenhagen, on The metal-amines and their significance for the physical chemistry of solutions.
The Acapemy held its annual meeting at the Bureau of Standards Tuesday evening, January 11. Dr. G. K. Buresss, the retiring president gave an illustrated address on the work of the Bureau, after which the laboratories were open for inspection, tests of various kinds being shown.
Initial arrangements are being made for the repair of the CARNEGIE during 1927 in accordance with the appropriation made by the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institution of Washington on December 10, 1926, for the rehabilitation of that vessel, which must precede the three-years’ cruise to begin in 1928.
Mr. Grsu returned to Washington from his trip in Europe December 23 and is now preparing his report on the conferences held with various European scientists interested in earth-currents and atmospheric electricity.
Mr. O. Daut, who was aviator and assistant to Dr. SverpRuUpP during the Arctic Drift Expedition of 1922 to 1925, was appointed to the staff of the Department beginning January 1 and has been assigned to the work being done by Drs. Breit and Tuve.
--=_
JAN. 18, 1927 SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS Sy9)
The time of the Third General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics at Prague has been set, for the general meetings, from September 4 to 11, 1927; preliminary meetings of the various sections preceding the general meetings are expected to begin August 28.
Messrs. Ratpo W. G. Wyckorr and STERLING B. HEeNpDRIckKs have re- signed from the staff of the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, to take up X-ray investigation at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, in New York.
Commander N. H. Heck has returned to Washington after completing inspection duty in the Hawaiian Islands.
Professor A. S. HircuHcock has returned from Cuba, where he spent about a month collecting grasses. He visited the Jata Hills near Guanabacoa accompanied by Brother Léon of the Colegio de La Salle. These barren serpentine hills east of Havana support a characteristic vegetation. The pine woods of Pinar del Rio were investigated in company with Brother Léon and Professor Roig, botanists who have done much to increase our knowledge of Cuban plants. Stops were made at two laboratories having facilities for visiting scientists. The first called Harvard House, is under the auspices of Harvard University, and is located at Soledad, near Cienfuegos, on a sugar plantation. In connection with Harvard House is a fine botanical garden. The second laboratory is in charge of the Tropical Plant Research Founda- tion, which has its Cuba division at Baragué (Province of Camaguey) ona large sugar plantation. Through the courtesy of the United Fruit Company Professor Hitchcock was able to visit the Company’s plantations at Guaro and Preston (Province of Oriente) and to investigate the pine forests of the Sierra Nipe.
* SPS Fe a on ae. ee es ete a ify Ni ae BE eae ne se ete et et Ke eer Sere. : ‘ x = Ly veer et ae wi’ = + ay CNet ; ce - ~ a Savy ois at: : Gj ¥y xed s ~ by a ee rod
AFFILIATED ‘SOCIETIES —
| January 20, ‘Tue AcapEmy. . anuary | 22s The Philosophical Becty: Wenkae
Sanronp: The problem of magnetic analysis. (Ilustrated.) : Hey: The constant of gravitation. (Illustrated.) y, sana 26. The Geological Society.
y ~ The Biological Society. - _ The Botanical Society.
' The Entomological Society. _
. ‘The Se ea Society, Program:
“ .
a
ee Seen et ee ate een f ey
Po Ar re
ee es -inae. Rayaonp C. Soe eT
| Sctmwrrere Notes AND Nees ly ee
Aa conc sep Gee ae. Recording Secretary: W. D. Dawes Coast and Geodetic Treasurer: R. L. Faris, Coast and Geodetic Survey.
v
ace ees ei ala) Sea n 7 es ee
ol. 17 : FEBRUARY 3, 1927 No. 3
ae %
we
; ? en CER SS ee be 2 bee CWRU MIAT Gre ts co, : Shes ~ owe F Tey ani Meee : 7 fe Pre <4:402/ <<) * SOR af dee . } | 1 / : a . : — Ss > & = . R, ns - Vn Tin - exn3 3 34 a Ss “SIONAL NYS > i
OF THE
WASHINGTON ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES
higeid - BOARD OF EDITORS
~Wiiiiam J. Perers Aenrs CHASE J. B. Rensipg, Jr.
t DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM BUREAU PLANT INDUSTRY NATIONAL MUSEUM
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
L. H. Apams S. A. RoHWER PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
E, A. GotpMan G. W. Stross BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
R. F. Grieas J. R. SWANTON BOTANICAL SOCIETY ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY
E. WicHERS CHEMICAL SOCIETY
PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY
EXCEPT IN JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER, WHEN MONTHLY BY THE
WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Mr. Royau anD GUILFORD AvEs. BALTIMORE, MarYLAND
Entered as Second Class Matter, January 11, 1923, at the post-office at Baltimore, Md., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917. Authorized on July 3, 1918
This J OURNAL, the official org yy present a brief record of currents (1) short original papers, written short notes of current scientific litera’ (3) proceedings and programs of me notes of events connected with the scientifi
semi-monthly, on the fourth and nineteenth of n when it appears on the nineteenth only. Volumes corres} Sie aie is an essential ch will oral a manuser: it reach
M esac may be sent to any arate of the’ Béard re} 3 glearly typewritten and in suitable form for printing without ess editors cannot undertake to do more than correct obvious min should appear only as footnotes and should include year of publ _ the work of both the editors and printers it is suggested that | _ gerially and submitted on a separate manuscript page. |
_ Illustrations will be used only when necessary and will be con mn or diagrams of simple character. The cost of producing cuts for il us ! partly met bytheauthor. _ apse Proof.—in order to facilitate prompt publication no proof I be sent to unless requested. It is urged that manuscript be submitted i in final orm; th will exercise due care in seeing that copy isfollowed. _ i Authors’ Reprints,—Reprints will be furnished the following. se
Copies 4 pps ous 8 pp. § 12 pp.
~—680 $.85 ~—61.65 82. 5
100 1.90 © 3.80 475
150, 2.05. 430 e505 2
200 DON La RO ee Rane On ; 250 es oe Ze a 6. ae ;
Cover bearing the name ae aie author and title of the sateen wit inel nation and date of issue, will be furnished when ordered.
As an author will not pen see proof, his Pome for extra ‘copie or rep i should invariably be attached to the first page of his eae es SS et a lle
The rate of Subscription per volume oe ie Seeger : esvese Monthly numbers.....-...+.+-+eeceeeeeseeeseeessesecescerseeees
Remittances should be made payable to “Washington Academy of Gownten addressed to the Treasurer, R. L. Faris, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Weslenaie European Agent: Weldon & Wesley, 28 Essex St., Strand, London. Exchanges.—The Journau does not exchange with other publications. — of sae Missing Numbers will be replaced without charge, bee that. claim i is within thirty days after date of the eee’ issue,
z "4 : er 4 wes aes ek, Fate ie
*Volume I, however, from June 19, 1911, ‘to Hieaiiber 19, 1911, will he ate for $3. 00. ‘Special rates are given to members of scientific societies | affliated with ee Academy
JOURNAL
OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES iY FEBRUARY 3, 1927 No. 3
PETROLOGY .—An analctte-rich rock from the Deccan traps of India. N. L. Bowen. Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington. :
In a study of the thin sections of a large collection of specimens of the Deccan traps in the possession of Dr. H. S. Washington a type was noted with a large proportion of a clear isotropic groundmass. ‘This has a very low refractive index and is therefore quite distinct from the glassy groundmass occasionally found in some of the ordinary traps. The isotropic substance is, in fact, analcite and in other respects the rock is so unusual that its occurrence seems worthy of note.
The specimen is labelled ‘‘Deccan trap N.W. base of Ketool Hill, Cutch, India,” and has the general appearance of an ordinary trap. The weathered surface has occasional pits that suggest amygdules but are in reality produced by the weathering out of olivine crystals which show as clear grains on the fresh break and are the only con- stituent of the rock identifiable in the hand specimen.
Under the microscope the rock is found to consist principally of analcite and pyroxene with a fair amount of olivine, as the small phenocrysts already noted, some nephelite, a little biotite, and rather abundant grains of an opaque ore mineral.
The pyroxene occurs as clusters and patches of minute felted prisms, some of which have the appearance of irregular individual grains in ordinary light, the composite character being clearly revealed, how- ever, under crossed nicols. They average about 0.1 mm. in length and not more than } that amount in width. The high extinction angle and high refractive indices (above 1.70) mark it as augite. It probably makes up nearly one-half the rock. Analcite acts as a matrix between the patches and streaks of augite but another mineral is found to be
1 Received December 23, 1926. 7
58 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, NO. 3
interstitial to the prisms of augite of the felted mass when they are not too crowded to permit a determination of its presence. It has low refraction but, unlike the analcite, has a definite birefringence. Oc- casionally, on the border between augite clusters and analcite, definite prismoids of this mineral were observed which had weak birefringence, parallel extinction, negative elongation, and higher index than analecite but much lower than augite. They are in all probability nephelite.
In one thin section a rounded area about 2 mm. in diameter was noted in which the mineral constituents are somewhat different from those in the main mass. The mineral determined as probably nephe- lite is the principal constituent and in it are contained prisms of a pyroxene which, unlike the augite of the main rock, is decidedly green and undoubtedly somewhat acmitic. In addition to this there are grains of a strongly pleochroic deep-brown amphibole. ‘This patch is, on a minute scale, analogous to the blebs of a pegmatitic character often seen in igneous rocks, especially those of an alkaline type.
Of the constituents of the main mass of the rock, again, analcite is perhaps a little less abundant than pyroxene. It occurs as a ground- mass to the patches and clusters of augite prisms and its own distribu- tion is therefore correspondingly patchy. It is entirely isotropic in thin section and the refractive index is between 1.485 and 1.495. Acid dissolves the mineral with separation of silica and the solution shows alumina and soda. There is no tendency for analcite to occur as euhedral individual crystals resembling leucite such as are common in analcite basalts. The patches of analcite are, however, granular, the border between grains being ordinarily marked by filaments of some substance of higher index and the shapes of the individuals strongly suggesting the polyhedral outlines appropriate to analcite.
Olivine is present as crystals that sometimes show an approach to euhedral outline but are generally of irregular shape and make up perhaps 10 to 15 per cent of the rock. ‘They may be as much as 2 mm. in diameter and therefore far exceed in size the grains of any other mineral. The refractive index y = 1.70 and 2V is nearly 90° so — that the olivine must contain approximately 10 per cent FeO. In some grains it is entirely fresh and in others it may be completely transformed to serpentine.
Mica occurs in very subordinate amount and its relations to the pyroxene and ore suggest that it has been formed by reaction of the alkalic liquid with these minerals. Its strongest absorption is a pale brown and is in the normal position for biotite.
FEB. 3, 1927 BLAKE: NEW ASTERACEAE FROM COSTA RICA 59
The ore mineral appears as small grains often of approximately octahedral shape.
Feldspar is entirely absent.
The Deccan traps are a thick series of basaltic lavas of the plateau type.2. They are normally of ordinary basaltic composition and are made up almost exclusively of augite and plagioclase. ‘The present rock is decidedly different. ‘There is no information regarding its mode of occurrence and therefore no definite assurance that it is a lava, but the extremely fine prisms of augite suggest a rate of cooling that is consistent with such a mode of occurrence.
It is not possible to interpret the rock as an ordinary basalt in which analcite has replaced plagioclase for the augite has neither the granular character produced by extremely rapid chilling nor the ophitic char- acter produced by somewhat less rapid chilling in ordinary basalt. The minute prisms are, indeed, such as appear to be characteristic of alkaline basalts. The presence of nephelite suggests the possibility that the rock was a nephelite basalt now strongly analcitized.
The evidence that analcite takes the place of other minerals, .princi- pally nephelite, is not clearly to be made out and is rather suggested than proved by its patchy distribution and the fact that nephelite rather than analcite is the matrix of the pyroxene prisms where they are most closely crowded. Occasionally, however, a seam of analcite is to be seen lying along the imperfect prismatic cleavage of nephelite. On the whole it would appear that the rock is a nephelite basalt which has suffered analcitization, but the possibility that it is an analcite basalt and the analcite dominantly primary can not be excluded.
In either case it is apparently the first example from the Deccan traps of a rock of such strongly alkaline affinities.
I am much indebted to Doctor Washington for the opportunity of examining his collection of these rocks.
BOTANY.—WNew Asteraceae from Costa Rica. S. F. Buaxe, Bureau of Plant Industry.!
The four new species described in this paper form part of the ex- tensive collections of plants made in Costa Rica in 1924 and 1925-6 by Paul C. Standley of the U. S. National Museum. Notes on cer- tain other species are added.
2H. S. Wasuineton. Deccan Traps and other Plateau Basalts. Bull. Geol. Soe.
Amer,, 33: 765-803. 1922. 1 Received December 23, 1926.
60 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 3
Archibaccharis irazuensis Blake
Hemibaccharis trazuensis Blake, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 20: 551. 1924.
Dr. Johann Mattfeld of Berlin has called my attention to the fact that in describing the genus Hemibaccharis? I overlooked Heering’s genus Archi- baccharis,* founded on Baccharis hieraciifolia Hemsl. and B. hirtella DC. Of the 15 species recognized in my treatment, several have already been transferred to Archibaccharis in Standley’s ‘““Trees and Shrubs of Mexico.” The six following species (all Mexican or Guatemalan) require transfer.
Archibaccharis corymbosa (Donn. Smith) Blake
Diplostephium corymbosum Donn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 23:8. 1897. Hemibaccharis corymbosa Blake, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 20: 553. 1924.
Archibaccharis flexilis Blake Hemibaccharis flexilis Blake, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 549. 1924.
Archibaccharis glandulosa (Greenm.) Blake
Baccharis glandulosa Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 40: 36. 1904. Hemibaccharis glandulosa Blake, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 20: 546. 1924.
Archibaccharis hieracioides Blake | Baccharis hieraciifoia Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 129. 1881. Not B. hieractfolia Lam. 17838. Archibaccharis hieraciifolia Heer. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 21: Beiheft 3: 40. 1904, as to synonym only.
Hemibaccharis hieracioides Blake, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 20: 547. 1924.
Heering’s treatment of this species is far from clear. Although he pub- lished the name as ‘‘A. hzeracizfolia Heering n. spec.’”’ and cited Hemsley’s synonym with a mark of interrogation, he apparently did not consider the plant referred to (Pringle 6257) a new species, for he gave no diagnosis, merely remarking that Hemsley’s description called for leaves attenuate at both ends and petioled or subsessile, while in his plant they were sessile and auriculate. Pringle 6257 is in fact the type number of Baccharis glandulosa Greenm. (1904), a species distinct from B. hieracizfolia Hemsl. In the case of his second numbered species, Heering was similarly ambiguous, listing it as “A. hirtella Heering n. spec.,’ but citne “B. hirtella DO ex deser.”’ and “B. hirtella Klatt! Leopoldina X X. (1884), p. 4” among the synonyms. On the whole, it seems advisable to treat these two names of Heering as representing new combinations rather than new species. A third species, Archibaccharis schultzit Heer. (1. c. 41), based on Liebmann 425, is mentioned by Heering with a few words of description quite insufficient to permit the recognition of the species in the absence of specimens.
Baccharis hieraciifolia Hemsl. was based on Bourgeau 951 and 1230, both from Desierto Viejo, Valley of Mexico. Both numbers, as represented in the
2 Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 544. 1924. 3 Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 21: Beiheft 3: 40. 1904.
FEB. 3, 1927 BLAKE: NEW ASTERACEAE FROM COSTA RICA 61
Kew Herbarium, belong to the species with naked petioles, Archibaccharis hieracioides. ‘The specimen of Bourgeau 1230 in the U. S. National Her- barium, however, is A. glandulosa (Greenm.) Blake, with amplexicaul- based leaves.
Archibaccharis salmeoides Blake
Hemibaccharis salmeoides Blake, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 20: 548. pl. 50. 1924. Archibaccharis simplex Blake
Hemibaccharis simplex Blake, Contr. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 20: 547. pl. 49. 1924. Gnaphalium rhodarum Blake, sp. nov.
Annual, leafy; stem lanate-tomentose and stipitate-glandular; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, green and glandular above, arachnoid-tomentose be- neath, short-decurrent: heads rosy, medium-sized, in close glomerules crowded in a small panicle.
Single-stemmed, 24-30 cm. high or more, erect, the stem or the few branches simple below the inflorescence, lanate-tomentose with whitish wool, densely so toward apex, toward base glabrescent, exposing the dense stipitate glands; leaves nearly uniform, 2.5—5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, with attenuate dark callous tips, broadest toward base and decurrent in rather broad wings 3-8 mm. long, repand, very narrowly revolute-margined; heads campanulate- subglobose, about 4mm. high and thick, glomerate at tips of the usually few and short branches of the panicle, the glomerules 1-1.8 em. thick; pistillate flowers 37, hermaphrodite 10; involucre 4 mm. high, about 3-seriate, some- what graduate, the phyllaries broadly ovate to oblong, obtuse or slightly apiculate, somewhat erose, the concealed green base arachnoid, the tips bright rosy or becoming light brown in age; corollas whitish; achenes oval- oblong, plump, 0.7 mm. long, papillose, otherwise glabrous; pappus bristles white, deciduous separately, not thickened above.
Cosra Rroa: In paramo, Cerro de las Vueltas, Province of San José, alt. 2700-3000 meters, 29 Dec. 1925-1 Jan. 1926, Standler y & Valerio 43623 (type no. 1,258,330, U. S. Nat. Herb.); in open forest, same data, Standley & Valerio 48961; Cerro de Buena Vista, alt. 3100 meters, 19 Jan. 1891, Put- tier 3433.
Pittier’s plant was determined by Klatt as Gnaphalium roseum H. B. K., to which G. rhodarum is related. In G. rosewm, however, the leaves are persistently tomentose above and much less conspicuously decurrent.
The specific name is Latinized from ‘podapés,' rosy, a word given in Schrevelius’ Lexicon but not in Liddel! and Scott.
Gnaphalium subsericeum Blake, sp. nov.
Low herb; stem simple, white-lanate-tomentose; leaves rather few, linear, attenuate, green above, closely subsericeous-tomentose with white hairs beneath, not decurrent; heads small, numerous in a small dense cymose panicle; phyllaries narrow, blackish green below the obtusish firm white tips; corollas reddish-purple above.
Stems 11-16 cm. high, erect, solitary (or paired?) from an apparently perennial slender root, densely and subsericeously lanate-tomentose; leaves nearly uniform (the upper only slightly shorter), about 12 above base of
62 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 3
stem, 3.5-6 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, attenuate to a callous brownish tip, sessile, not narrowed at base, entire, firm, above deep green, glabrescent or glabrate, very narrowly revolute- margined, the narrow green costa evident beneath; heads campanulate, 4 mm. high, 2.8 mm. thick, glomerate on the very short branches, forming a very dense rounded panicle 3-3.5 em. thick; pistillate flowers 69, hermaphrodite 8; involucre 4 mm. high, about 5- -seriate, rather strongly graduate, the outer phyllaries ovate, obtuse, the inner linear, obtuse or acutish, all with narrow greenish midline below, bordered by whit- ish, then by a narrow line of shining yellow brown, blackish or greenish black below the white chartaceous apex, thinly arachnoid below; achenes angled, 0.6 mm. long, nearly glabrous; pappus bristles apparently deciduous in groups, those of the hermaphrodite flowers slightly stouter than the pistillate, but not clavate-thickened.
Costa Rica: Wet meadow, La Palma, Province of San José, alt. 1600 meters, 3 Feb. 1924, Standley 32941 (type no. 1,226,057, U.S. Nat. Herb. iy
Evidently related to Gnaphalium salicifolium (Bertol.) Sch. Bip. (G. rhodanthum Sch. Bip.), which ranges from Mexico to Guatemala. In Gnaphalium salicifoltum the stem is distinctly indurate below or even suffrutes- cent, and densely leafy, the leaves are less attenuate, persistently tomentose above and not subsericeous beneath, the heads distinctly larger, and the phyllaries usually purple-tinged. |
RENSONIA SALVADORICA Blake, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 13: 145. 1923. Bie) 1° This species, the only representative of its genus, was described from three
collections made by Mr. Standley in the Department of Ahuachapan, Salva-
dor, in January 1922. The original material was in mature fruit, and did
not show the character of the ray corollas. The description of the genus
can now be completed from further material of the same species collected in
January 1926 at five different localities in the Cordillera of Tilara4n, Province
of Guanacaste, Costa Rica, at 500-700 meters altitude, by Paul C. Standley
and Juvenal Valerio (nos. 44224, 45572, 45828, 46083, and 46455). The specimens are described as collected from erect or ascending, usually sub- scandent, rarely epiphytic shrubs 1—4.5 m. high, common in moist or dry for- est. The following characters should be added to the generic description: Corollas all yellow; rays 8, fertile, 1-seriate, spreading, about equaling the disk (tube hispidulous above, 1.38 mm. long; lamina oval-oblong, shallowly
or rather deeply 2-lobed, with one of the lobes sometimes bidentate, 3.8-5
mm. long, 2.6 mm. wide, hispidulous on back chiefly on the nerves, 8-9-
nerved, 2 of the nerves much stronger than the others); ray achenes usually
with a pappus of a single stout hispidulous awn or tooth (0.8 mm. long or less) on the inner side; pappus of disk achenes a short, thick, hispidulous-
ciliolate crown, usually prolonged into 1-3 unequal teeth or short awns 1.2
mm. long or less.
Hieracium sphagnicola Blake, sp. nov.
Section Crepidisperma; phyllopodous; basal leaves oblanceolate, up to 17 cm. long, thin, sparsely long-pilose; stem rather tall, bearing 0-2 elongate leaves below the middle, sparsely long-pilose below, loosely cymose-branched above. bearing 5-8 heads on elongate, flexuous, flocculent, finely glandular, and apically pilose peduncles; involucre narrowly campanulate, 8-11 mm. high, stipitate-glandular and sparsely pilose, chiefly toward base; achenes
FEB. 3, 1927 BLAKE: NEW ASTERACEAE FROM COSTA RICA 63
; t ’ cated ' AV : g at / ASV GE ‘ f A / t ' j > “leg c Ah Y 4 i , A ae La od ef / i & g J ) / Le, y i y
Fig. 1. Rensonia salvadorica Blake (drawn from Standley & Valerio 45572).—A, portion of plant, X1; B, fruiting head, <6; C, disk floret and pale, X5; D, ray floret, X4; EH, stamens, X10; F, style and nectary of disk floret, X10; G, style branches of ray floret, X10.
64 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, NO. 3
distinctly tapering above or nearly columnar, 3-4 mm. long; pappus brownish, 5 mm. long.
Plants apparently tufted, 35-85 cm. high, from slender, vertical (?) root- stocks; basal leaves oblanceolate or obovate, 7-17 cm. long (including the slender petiole, this 1.5-9 cm. long), 8-18 mm. wide, obtuse or rounded, bluntly callous-apiculate, tapering at base, remotely denticulate (teeth dark, glandular-callous, up to 0.5 mm. long), green on both sides, above sparsely pilose, especially toward margin, with brownish hairs (these minutely hispidu- lous, about 3 mm. long, with darker brown, somewhat pustulate base), beneath similarly pilose chiefly along costa, the petioles more densely pilose; stem leaves similar to the basal but narrower, 6—11.5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, densely pilose-ciliate at base; stems 1-2 together, very slender, branching above or sometimes from near base, below pilose with loosely reflexed hairs like those of the leaves, practically glabrous near middle, above sordid- flocculent and finely stipitate-glandular with short, several-celled hairs; bracts subtending the upper peduncles small and narrow or minute; peduncles monocephalous, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, flexuous and often divaricate, the glands blackish below, yellowish above, the longer hairs blackish; involucre some- what graduate, the phyllaries blackish green, lance-oblong or the outer lanceolate, obtuse to subacuminate (the inner 1—-1.3 mm. wide), the glandular hairs yellowish-tipped, blackish below; flowers about 23, their corollas yellow, 14 mm. long (lamina 9 mm.), deeply 5-toothed (teeth 3.5-4.5 mm. long), the teeth essentially glabrous; achenes brownish black or purple brown, short- tapering at base; styles pale.
Costa Rica: Common in open sphagnum bog, Laguna de la Chonta, northeast of Santa Maria de Dota, Province of San José, alt. 2000-2100 meters, 18 Dec. 1925, Standley 42139 (type no. 1,252,630, U. S. Nat. Herb.). Also collected at same place and date under no. 423438.
Readily distinguished from H. zrasuense Benth., H. standley: Blake, and H. abscissum Less., the only other species known from Costa Rica, by its foliage and pubescence. | .
Hieracium standleyi Blake, sp. nov.
Section Crepidisperma; phyllopodous, eriopodous; basal leaves small, sparsely long-pilose; stem scapose, short, bearing linear bracts at base of peduncles, otherwise naked, glabrous below; peduncles 3, long, monocepha- lous, above flocculose, finely glandular, and sparsely pilose; involucre rather broad, 9-11 mm. high, the phyllaries lanceolate to oblong, obtuse to acutish, broad (the inner 1.5-2 mm. wide), pilose at base and along midline, not glandular; achenes obscurely tapering above, 2.5-3.8 mm. long; pappus brownish, 4.5 mm. long.
Perennial, 1-stemmed, 17 em. high, from a short praemorse rootstock with elongate slender rootlets, pilose-tufted at base with somewhat rusty hairs; basal leaves about 6, obovate, 3.5-4 em. long (including the petioliform base, this about 1 cm. long), 1 em. wide, rounded, bluntly callous-apiculate, taper- ing at base, obscurely and bluntly callous-denticulate, firm, above light green, sparsely pilose (hairs 1.5-3 mm. long, whitish, with small dark pustulate base, minutely hispidulous but not obviously many-celled), beneath pale green, sparsely long-pilose chiefly along costa and the 4-5 pairs of lateral veins; scape 3-headed, the unbranched portion 1.8 cm. long, practically glabrous, the lowest peduncle 13.5 em. long, 1-headed and with an abortive lateral head, subtended by a linear-spatulate bract 2 cm. long and 1 mm.
FEB. 3, 1927 LEONARD: NEW PLANTS FROM HISPANIOLA 65
wide, sparsely pilosulous below, above loosely flocculose and densely short- glandular with small, blackish-based, many-celled, yellowish glands, toward the head also loosely pilose with blackish-based hairs, the 2 other peduncles about 7.5 em. long; involucre campanulate, 7-10 mm. thick (as pressed), rather strongly graduate, the outermost phyllaries lance-triangular, 2-4 mm. long, obtuse, blackish-green, pilose at base and along midline (the hairs blackish below, whitish above), the inner phyllaries about 13, narrowly oblong, obtuse, or acutish, thinner and paler above, with black, sparsely pilose midline; corollas ‘‘bright yellow,” about 10 mm. long (lamina 7 mm. long), with 5 glabrous teeth (1.3-1.8 mm. long); achenes deep purple-brown; styles blackish-green.
Costa Rica: Scarce, in paramo, Cerro de las Vueltas, Province of San José, alt. 2700-3000 meters, 29 Dec. 1925-1 Jan. 1926, Standley & Valerio 43624 (type no. 1,253,331, U.S. Nat. Herb.).
This species, represented by a single specimen, is apparently nearest the Mexican Hieracitum junceum Fries, but is abundantly distant in involucral characters from that species as described in Zahn’s monograph.
BOTANY.—Fourteen new species of plants from Hispaniola. E. C. Lronarp, U. 8. National Museum. (Communicated by PauL C. STANDLEY.) 7
The fourteen species of flowering plants here described from the island of Hispaniola belong to several families, and all but three are based upon material collected by the writer in the course of his visit to the mountains of northern Haiti during the winter of 1925-26. Of the two exceptions, one is a Brunfelsia found by Dr. W. L. Abbott - on the Samand Peninsula, Dominican Republic, and the other two are new grasses from Furcy, southern Haiti, described by Agnes Chase from specimens obtained by the writer on a visit to that region in company with Dr. Abbott, in 1920.
Phthirusa siegeri Leonard, sp. nov.
Stems branched, erect or ascending, 20 to 50 cm. high, glabrous, the upper internodes compressed narrowly winged, broadened at the nodes, the lower internodes terete, light gray; leaves firm, leathery, oblong-obovate or oblong- elliptic, 4 to 7.5 em. long, 1.5 to3 em. broad, rounded or obtusish and apiculate at apex, gradually or somewhat abruptly narrowed to a short (2 to 5 mm. long) petiole, glabrous on both surfaces, drying olive-green, the midrib on lower surface and the petiole sharply triangular in cross-section, the lateral veins 3 or 4 pairs, inconspicuous in younger leaves; flowers 2 to 4 in racemes 1.5 to 3 em. long, in the axils of the upper leaves, the rachis light gray-fur- furaceous, flattened, broadened at the insertion of the pedicels; pedicels 1 to 2 mm. long, gray-furfuraceous; cupule shallow, about 2 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, gray-furfuraceous, obscurely lobed, the lobes deltoid, obtuse; calyx
1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Received December 29, 1926.
66 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, NO. 3
minute, entire; petals 6, yellowish without, reddish within, thick, linear-
oblong, 2 to 5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. broad at base, gradually narrowed from
middle to an acute tip;,stamens 6, attached to the petals about 1 mm. above their base, the 3 sterile ones 1.5 mm. long, excavate on the margins below the
triangular sterile anther (this 0.75 mm. broad), the 3 fertile stamens 1 mm.
long, their anthers oval, apiculate, about 0.05 mm. broad; style fusiform,
scarcely 2 mm. long; berry oval, black, 1 cm. long, 6 mm. broad, minutely reticulate.
Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no 1,149,122, collected from a tree on a dry plain east of the Atalaye Plantation, vicinity of St. Michel, Départ- ment du Nord, Haiti, altitude 350 meters, November 18, 1925, by H. C. ' Leonard (no. 7166).
Additional specimens examined:
Harti: Mt. La Mine, vicinity of St. Michel, November 19, 1925, Leonard 7227. Dry bank along the Puilboreau road, north of Ennery, Départ- ment de |’Artibonite, altitude 400 meters, January 17, 1926, on Poztea multiflora (Sw.) Uro., Leonard 8903; February 13, 1926, Leonard 9715. Dry thickets on mountain slope southeast of Ennery, January 19, 1926, Leonard 8971.
Phthirusa siegert is easily distinguished by the short, stout, few-flowered, light gray-furfuraceous racemes, large black oval berries, and small yellow- ish flowers. The species is named for Mr. E. J. Sieger, manager of the
United West Indies Corporation, who assisted me greatly in my work at St. Michel.
Coccoloba revoluta Leonard, sp. nov.
Small tree with numerous spreading branches; bark light gray; young twigs puberulent, striate, slightly swollen at the nodes, the internodes 1 to 2.5 cm. long; ocreae 5 mm. long, obliquely 2-lobed at tip, the lobes short, obtuse; petioles 3 to 4mm. long, 2mm. broad at base, flat, puberulent above, glabrous beneath; leaves ovate, 2 to 4.5 cm. long, 1.5 to 3 cm. broad, rounded or obtuse at apex, subcordate at base, firm, revolute, drying olive-green, glabrous and prominently but minutely reticulate on both surfaces, the principal nerves 4 to 5 pairs, obscure above, prominent beneath; flowers and fruit not seen.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,149,188, collected in a dry thicket several miles north of the Atalaye Plantation, vicinity of St. Michel, Départment du Nord, Haiti, altitude 350 meters, December 26, 1925, by E. C. Leonard (no. 8499). No. 7244, collected November 20, 1925, at the same locality is of this species.
In shape and texture of leaf blades this species closely resembles C. pilonis Urb. and C. krugiz Lindau, but in neither of these species is the upper surface of the leaf blades prominently reticulated, and both have longer and more slender petioles.
Coccoloba fulgens Leonard, sp. nov.
Small tree 3 to 6 meters high; stems, leaves, and inflorescence glabrous; twigs reddish brown; ocreae 5 to 8 mm. long, oblique at tip, soon deciduous; petioles 2 to 10 mm. long; leaf blades oblong-elliptic to obovate, 2 to 5 em. long, 15 to 25 cm. broad, round at apex, narrowed from middle to petiole,
acutish or obtuse at base, entire, firm, shining, yellowish green when dry, both surfaces coarsely and prominently reticulate, the lower surface minutely
FEB. 3, 1927 LEONARD: NEW PLANTS FROM HISPANIOLA 67
glandular-punctate, the principal lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs; racemes solitary, terminal on small branches, 2 to 3 cm. long, the fruits 20 to 35, somewhat crowded; ocreolae 0.75 mm. long; flowers not seen; pedicels 1 mm. long; fruit reddish brown, pyriform, 6 mm. long, 4 mm. thick, the accrescent sepals closed over fruit, triangular, blunt, about 2.5 mm. long.
Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 1,300, 397, collected in a thicket on the Puilboreau Pass between Ennery and Plaisance, Départment de 1’ Arti- bonite, Haiti, altitude 900 meters, January 23, 1926, by E. C. Leonard (no. 9145).
In fruit and shape of leaf blades this plant resembles C. obtuszfolia Jacq. but that species has puberulent stems and petioles, a longer and more slender rachis, and larger leaves.
Aeschynomene aurea Leonard, sp. nov.
Herbaceous, branched at base, the branches slender, erect or ascending, leafy to the summit, striate, sparingly and minutely strigose with white hairs, or the hairs on the tips of the branches spreading; stipules sessile, ovate or lanceolate, rounded at base, acute or acuminate, prominently nerved, sparsely strigillose or glabrous; leaves 1.5 to 3 cm. long, hispidulous with white hairs, the petioles 3 to 4 mm. long, the petiolules 0.5 mm. long, the leaflets 6 to 11 pairs, 5 to 6 mm. long, 2 to 2.5 mm. wide, oblique and subcordate at base, oblique and obtuse at apex, prominently reticulate-veined beneath; flowers few, in axillary or terminal racemes up to 3 cm. long; pedicels 5 to 10 mm. long, pubescent with white, appressed or spreading hairs; bracts ovate, 1.5 mm. long, acutish, prominently parallel-veined; calyx 4 mm. long, sparsely strigillose, 2-lipped, the 2 lower lobes obtuse, the 3 upper ones triangular and acuminate; corolla golden yellow, the standard ovate to suborbicular, about 9 mm. long, 8 mm. broad, more or less pubescent with- out, the claw cuneate, 2 mm. long, 2 mm. broad above, the wings ob- liquely obovate, as long as the standard, the claw slender, the keel curved, obliquely truncate, about 5mm. long; stamens diadelphous, the united portion of the filaments 4.5 mm. long, the free portion 1.5 to 2 mm. long; ovary stipitate, 5 mm. long, minutely pubescent; style about 4 mm. long, abruptly bent, glabrous above, pubescent below; pods 2 to 2.5 cm. long, flat, 3 to 5- jointed, reticulate, appressed-pubescent, deeply constricted below, the tip hair-like, about 5 mm. long.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,300,172, collected on the Puilboreau road above Ennery, Départment de l|’Artibonite, Haiti, altitude 800 meters, January 13, 1926, by E. C. Leonard (no. 8818).
Aeschynomene aurea is closely related to A. tenuis Griseb., a Cuban species, but the two plants differ strikingly in several respects. The stems of A. tenuis are glabrous and bear but few leaves which are mostly near the base, the leaflets are narrower, the flowers smaller, and the pods glabrous or but very sparsely strigillose, very obscurely reticulate, and thick-margined. The stems of A. aurea are strigose and leafy to the summit and the pods are appressed-puberulent, prominently reticulate, and not thick-margined.
Galactia retrorsa Leonard, sp. nov.
Twining vine; stem retrorsely pilose with yellowish hairs about 0.5 mm. long; stipules retrorsely pilose, 3 to 4 mm. long; petioles 2 to 6 cm. long, re- trorsely pilose; leaflets 3; petiolules pilose with yellowish, appressed or ascend-
68 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 3
ing hairs, those of the lateral leaflets 1 to 2 mm. long, those of the terminal one 5 to 10 mm. long; leaf blades oblong-elliptic, rounded at both ends, firm, entire, the upper surface with a few hairs on the mid-rib, the lower surface velvety-appressed-pilose, the hairs on midrib denser and yellowish, the veins reticulate but not prominent; flowers numerous, in axillary racemes reaching 6 cm. in length; peduncles very short or none, the pedicels slender, 2 to 3 mm. long, pilose with minute, whitish, spreading, retrorse or appressed hairs; calyx slightly 2-lipped, about 5 mm. long, minutely appressed-pilose or a few of the hairs ascending, the lobes 1.5 mm. long, triangular, with an awnlike tip; corolla bright purple, about 8 mm. long, the standard orbicular, 5 mm. broad, emarginate, the claw 3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, narrowed to 0.5 mm. at base, the wings obovate, 5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, the keel curved, rounded, emarginate, about 3 mm. long; stamens diadelphous, the tube and single stamen 5.5 mm. long, the free portion of the 9 united stamens 0.5 mm. long, the stamen tube narrowed above; stigma 3 mm. long, appressed- pubescent.
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,149,590, collected on hillside near small stream on the north slope of Mt. Platanna, in the vicinity of St. — Michel, Haiti, altitude about 350 meters, December 7, 1925, by E. C. Leonard (no. 7811). No. 8119, collected in the vicinity of Marmelade, and no. 9228 from Plaisance, are to be referred to this species. They were taken from fruit- ing plants and differ from the type in their relatively shorter leaf blades and more sparsely pubescent stems. The pods are 2.5 to 3 cm. long, 5mm. broad, slightly curved, abruptly narrowed at the apex to a short curved tip, and appressed-pilose with minute yellowish hairs. The seeds are dark greenish brown or black, flat, 3.5 mm. long and 2 to 2.5 mm. broad.
This well-marked species is characterized by the large rounded-elliptic leaflets, densely flowered, sessile racemes, and yellowish retrorse pubescence of stem and petiole.
Trichilia truncata Leonard, sp. nov.
Shrub or small tree 1 to 3 meters high; young twigs puberulent, the older twigs glabrous or sparingly puberulent, the lenticels round, about 0.5 mm. in diameter, prominent; leaves odd-pinnate; rachis 2 to 6 cm. long, puberulent; petiolules thick, 1 to 2 mm. long; leaflets 3 or 5, subopposite, 4 to 11 cm. long, 2 to 5 cm. broad, firm, leathery, drying bright green, extremely variable, cuneate or narrowly obovate, broadest above the middle, gradually narrowed from the broadest portion to the base, the margins straight or curved, en- tire, truncate and 3-lobed at apex, or, if narrowed, undulate or coarsely toothed, the apex and teeth or lobes blunt, the upper surface glabrous, the midrib impressed, the lower surface with prominent puberulent midrib and veins, the principal lateral veins 5 to 11 pairs, the secondary ones reticulate; flowers racemose, terminal, in the axils of the upper leaves, the racemes small, about 1 em. long, the branches puberulent; pedicels 1 mm. long, puberulent; lobes of the calyx triangular, acute, pubescent; flowers not seen; fruit obovoid, 7 to 10 mm. long, velvety-pubescent.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, ‘no. 1,300,370, collected along the Puilboreau road, vicinity of Ennery, Haiti, altitude 900 meters, January 21, 1926, by E. C. Leonard (no. 9095). Additional specimens were collected near Marmelade, altitude 800 meters, December 20, 1925 (Leonard 8275 and 8288). No. 8288 consists of seedlings about 30 em. high with both juvenile and mature leaves. The juvenile leaves are linear, 8 to 18 em. long, 0.3 to 1 cm. wide, and blunt at apex.
FEB. 3, 1927 LEONARD: NEW PLANTS FROM HISPANIOLA 69
This strange plant is found in thickets on the broken lime-capped summits of the higher mountain ranges of northern Haiti. It is probably related to T. pallida Sw., which it closely resembles in all respects except in the peculiar cuneate, truncate or lobed leaves. 7’. cunezfolia Urb., a species found in the Dominican Republic, has this type of leaf but the lobes are tipped with
prominent spines. Croton ekmanii Leonard, sp. nov.
Monoecious aromatic shrub about 1 meter high; branches slender; young twigs minutely stellate-pubescent and pilose (each long hair a prolonged ray of one of the stellate hairs); older twigs smooth, gray; petioles very slender, 1 to 3 cm. long, rather sparingly pilose and stellate-pubescent; leaf blades ovate, 2 to 5 cm. long, 1.5 to 2.5 em. broad (those of the short axillary branches much smaller), obtusish and apiculate at apex, rounded or subcordate at base with a very narrow sinus, thin, entire or undulate, the upper surface dull green, sparingly stellate-pubescent, becoming papillose and subscabrous on loss of the pubescence, the veins obscure, the lower surface grayish green, pilose and stellate-pubescent, the long hairs predominating on the younger leaves, the 4 to 6 lateral veins and midrib rather prominent; glands 1 or 2 pairs on the petiole at base of leaf blade, slender, hair-like, 1 to 1.5 mm. long; flowers few, in smali axillary racemes up to 1 cm. long; pistillate flower solitary, the pedicel 1.5 mm. long, pilose and stellate-pubescent, the sepals triangular, 1.5 mm. long, 0.5 mm. broad at base, the styles branched, clawed at tip, bearing several white stellate scales; capsule (Immature) densely white-stellate-pubescent; staminate flowers 4 to 6, subsessile on a slender rachis, sparingly pilose and stellate-pubescent, the sepals ovate-lanceolate, slightly faleate, 1.25 mm. long, 0.75 mm. broad, acutish at apex, the petals obovate, pilose at base, shorter than the sepals; stamens 16 to 20, the fila- ments glabrous, the anthers, oval, about 0.5 mm. long; mature fruit not seen.
Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 1,301,545, collected along stream on the Atalaye Plantation, vicinity of St. Michel, Départment du Nord, Haiti, November 17, 1925, by E. C. Leonard (no. 7030).
This species is readily distinguished by its thin ovate leaves, slender petioles with hairlike glands, and by the two types of pubescence.
Thouinia milleri Leonard, sp. nov.
Shrub or small tree reaching 4 meters in height; bark smooth, reddish brown, the lenticels prominent; young twigs appressed-puberulent; petioles 1.5 to 8 mm. long, glabrous; leaflets 3; petiolules 1 mm. long; lateral leaflets oblong-ovate or oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2 to 10 cm. long, 1 to 1.5 em. broad, the terminal leaflet linear-lanceolate, 10 to 25 em. long, 1.5 to 2.2 em. broad, all obtuse and apiculate at apex, narrowed at base, firm, serrate, the teeth low, tipped by the excurrent latera! veins, glabrous above, puberu- lent beneath, the midrib and lateral veins prominent on lower surface, the lateral veins numerous, parallel, widespreading, joining the midrib nearly at right angles, the veinlets prominently reticulate; flowers numerous, in crowded, axillary and terminal racemes 3 to 6 cm. long; pedicels slender, 3 to 4mm. long, puberulent; sepals 4, obovate, ciliate with minute blunt hairs composed of square or oval cells, dissimilar, 2 of the sepals keeled, 1 mm. long, the other 2 concave, 1.75 mm. long; petals white, cuneate, 3 mm. long, the apex truncate, undulate, bearing a pair of small bearded scales on the claw 0.75 mm. above its base; stamens 8, the filaments slender, slightly exceeding
70 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 3
the petals; anthers white, oval, 0.5 mm. long; ovary 0.5 mm. long, winged; ovules 2.
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,300,595, collected at the base of a cliff along the Gonaives road about 5 miles from Ennery, Départment de l’Artibonite, altitude 325 meters, February 3, 1926, by E. C. Leonard (no. 9472). ‘Two additional specimens from Haiti were examined, one collected among rocks at the mouth of the caverns north of St. Michel, December 5, 1925, by Leonard (no. 7750); the other near l’Arcahaie, March 10, 1925, by G.S. Miller (no. 267). Muller 267 is a twig bearing leaves and a raceme of mature fruit. ‘The samaras are greenish, spreading, obovate, the dorsal edge straight, the ventral curved, 2 cm. long, 7 mm. broad, somewhat striate, and puberulent. The seeds are obovate, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. broad and sparingly puberulent.
T. patentinervis Radlk., a Cuban species, is closely related to this plant, but has leaf blades not exceeding 7 cm. in length and smaller flowers.
Tetrazygia brevicollis Leonard, sp. nov.
Round-topped shrub about 2 meters high; bark light gray, smooth; young branches sparingly and minutely stellate-furfuraceous; petioles 3 to 6 mm. long, gray-stellate-furfuraceous; leaves often erect, the blades oblong-elliptic, 3 to 5 em. long, 1 to 2cm. broad, acutish or obtuse at apex and tipped by a blunt mucro 0.5 mm. long, rounded at base, firm, entire, revolute, the upper surface shining, the midrib channeled, the lateral veins obscure, the lower surface light gray, densely and smoothly stellate-furfuraceous, 5-nerved, the first pair of nerves slender and near the margin of the leaf blade, joining the midrib at base, the midrib and second pair of nerves prominent, the latter joining the midrib about 2 mm. above the base, the lateral nerves numerous, wide-spreading, slender, impressed; flowers 1 or 2 on each of the pair of ter- minal peduncles; peduncles 13 mm. long, slightly flattened, furfuraceous, sub- tended by the upper pair of leaf blades; pedicels 1 mm. long; calyx rather sparsely white-stellate-furfuraceous, the tube 2 mm. long, the lobes :trian- gular, acuminate, 3.5 mm. long, spreading; corolla not seen; fruit (¢mmature in specimen examined) oval, 5 mm. long, 4 mm. thick, sparsely stellate- furfuraceous, becoming glabrous.
Type in the U. 8S. National Herbarium, no. 1,149,939, collected on a dry slope six miles north of the Atalaye Plantation, vicinity of St. Michel, Départ- ment du Nord, Haiti, altitude 400 meters, December 26, 1925, by E. C. Leonard (no. 8461).
This species is very close to 7. longicollis Urb. & Cogn., but differs in having smaller leaves and inflorescence and a much shorter calyx tube. T. longicollis is described as having a calyx tube 7 to 8 mm. long, panicles 3 to 5 cm. long, and leaves reaching 6 cm. in length.
Hyptis congesta Leonard, sp. nov.
Herbaceous, about 50 cm. high; stem erect, or ascending at base, simple or sparingly branched, square, the angles rounded, the four sides prominently channeled, finely striate, closely puberulent with white curved hairs, also sparingly pilose above, 4 mm. thick; petioles 1 to 3 cm. long, white-tomentose and pilose; leaf blades oblong-ovate, 2 to 5.5 em. long, 1 to 2.5 em. broad, cordate at base, gradually narrowed to an acute or acutish apex, both surfaces tomentose, the lower surface whitish and strongly reticulate, coarsely serrate
FEB. 3, 1927 LEONARD: NEW PLANTS FROM HISPANIOLA 7]
‘the teeth crenulate, the axils of the leaves with short branches bearing small leaves; floral bracts similar to and intergrading with the stem leaves; flowers in short cymes, the cymes crowded in a terminal spikelike cluster at the sum- mit of the stem; pedicels 1 to 2mm. long, puberulent; calyx 8 to 9 mm. long, 4mm. broad at throat, 3 mm. at the rounded base, 10-nerved, tomentose, the margin ciliate, the teeth abruptly linear, 2 to 2.56 mm. long, involute, pilose; corolla light purple or lavender, pubescent at least above, about 5 mm. long, the upper lip obcordate, spreading, the lower lip 3-lobed, the lobes rounded, reflexed; stamens 4, didynamous, the filaments about 1 mm. long, pilose, the anthers oval, 1.5 mm. long; style reaching mouth of corolla, the stigma 2- lobed, the lobes spreading; mature nutlets not seen.
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,149,437, collected on dry calcareous slopes north of Mt. La Cidre, Départment du Nord, Haiti, alti- tude 300 meters, November 30, 1925, by E. C. Leonard (no. 7594).
This species is well marked by the crowded terminal inflorescence and the white-tomentose reticulate leaves. It is probably related to H. pectinata CE) Port.
Solanum gonaivense Leonard, sp. nov.
Shrub about 2 meters high; branches slender, terete, grayish, stellate- pubescent; spines in pairs at the base of the leaves and branches, 2 to 5 mm. long, slender, recurved, glabrous; leaves 1 to several on minute axillary branches, rosulate; petioles 0.5 to 1 mm. long; leaf blades oblong or narrowly obovate, 3 to 8 mm. long, 2 to 3 mm. wide, rounded at apex, narrowed or rounded at base, both surfaces stellate-tomentose, entire, the midrib and the 2 or 3 pairs of lateral veins obscure; flowers few, solitary and terminal on the leaf-rosettes; pedicels 1 to 4 mm. long, stellate-tomentose; calyx 3 to 4 mm. long, stellate-tomentose, the lobes 4, linear-oblong, unequal, 3 to 4 mm. long, 1 mm. broad, rounded at apex; corolla white, 8 to 9 mm. long, the tube 1 mm. long, the lobes 4, narrowly lanceolate, blunt at apex, minutely stellate- pubescent without, glabrous within, stamens 4, attached to corolla tube 0.5 mm. above the base, the anthers linear-lanceolate, 6 to 7 mm. long, blunt at apex, subcordate at base, the filaments 0.5 mm. long; style 8 mm. long, glabrous, ovary globose, 0.75 mm. in diameter, glabrous; mature fruit not seen.
Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 1,301,034, collected in an arid thicket on the Ennery Road about 8 miles northeast of Gonaives, Départ- ment de |’Artibonite, February 19, 1926, by E. C. Leonard (no. 10,007).
This plant is closely related to S. microphyllum (Lam.) Dun. and may be merely a variety or form of that species. It differs chiefly in the much smaller leaves and flowers.
Brunfelsia abbottii Leonard, sp. nov.
Shrub; older stems gray, minutely reticulate, glabrous, papillose, sometimes flaky, the tips pubescent with small curved hairs; petioles about 5 mm. long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent with small curved hairs; leaf blades lance- elliptic, 6 to 10 cm. long, 2 to 3 em. broad, gradually narrowed to base, acuminate at apex, both surfaces sparingly pubescent, minutely reticulate above, minutely scurfy (?) beneath, the midrib impressed above, prominent beneath; flower terminal; calyx 1 cm. long, glabrous and somewhat scurfy, the lobes oblong, 2.5 mm. long, 2mm. broad, obtuse or subtruncate, narrowed
72 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, No. 3
slightly at middle; coro!la white (?), 8.5 to 9 cm. long, the tube slender, about* 7 mm. broad at throat, gradually narrowed to 3 or 4 mm. at base, glabrous without, pubescent within, especially at throat, the limb 3.5 em. broad, spread- ing, the lobes rounded; stamens didynamous, the upper pair reaching nearly to the throat, the lower pair about 5 mm. shorter; anthers lunate, about 4 mm. long, the filaments attached at center of concave side; style exceeding the lower pair of stamens; stigma 2.5 mm. broad; ovary 2 mm. long, oval, glabrous.
Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 1,147,362, collected on the upper slopes of Loma Atravezada, base of Punta Cabrén, Samang Peninsula, Dominican Republic, altitude 300 to 600 meters, December 14, 1923, by W. L. Abbott (no. 2987). Abbott’s 280 collected on the summit of Pil6n Azticar near Saman4, altitude 500 meters, December 18, 1920, belongs to this species. This specimen consists of a twig bearing leaves and a single fruit. The leaves are thinner and slightly larger than those of the type. ‘The fruit is almost globular, glabrous, and about 18 mm. in diameter, the pericarp glabrous, shining, and yellow within. The seeds are light brown, 2.5mm. long, 2mm. broad, round at both ends, oval in cross-section, with a straight and a curved side, and deeply but minutely reticulate.
This is a very distinct species which bears but little resemblance to any Brunfelsia hitherto described from the West Indies.
Calamagrostis leonardi Chase, sp. nov.
Plant perennial; culms 60 to 100 cm. tall, slender, ascending, solitary or few together, compressed, glabrous; nodes dark, glabrous, the lower genicu- late; sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes, strongly nerved, the lower minutely retrorsely pu- bescent, shredded in age, the upper glabrous; ligule hyaline, 3 to 4 mm. long, erose; blades lax, flat, 6 to 20 em. long, 2 to 5 mm. wide, scabrous, mostly min- utely ciliate and in some leaves, sparsely pilose on the upper surface; panicle finally long-exserted, pale, nodding, 12 to 20 em. long, 2 to 4 cm. wide, loosely flowered, the slender ascending scabrous branches 2 to 5 em. long, mostly in small fascicles, evenly dis- tributed; spikelets erect on slender scabrous pedicels 2 to 5mm. long; glumes about 4.5 mm. long, equal or the first very slightly shorter, abruptly acute, sca- brous on the back and keel, the margins thin, both commonly purple-tinged toward the apex; floret nearly equaling the glumes, the callus bearing copious white hairs about half as long as the floret; lemma 4 to 4.2 mm. long, scabrous on the back and bearing a slender scabrous awn, flexuous and divergent at maturity, a little above the middle, the margins and apex of the lemma thin; palea about 3.5 mm. long; rachilla joint about + the length of the floret, or slightly longer, long-pilose with white hairs on the outer side and with a few hairs at the summit.
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no 1,076,783, collected on red clay, open mountain top, in the vicinity of Furcy, Haiti, 1300 meters altitude, May 26, 1920, by E. C. Leonard (no. 4325). A second collection was made on Mt. Tranchant, in the vicinity of Furcy, Leonard 4370.
This species, the only one known from the West Indies, is most nearly re- lated to the South American C. beyrichiana Nees, from which it differs in
4
Fig. 1.—Spikelet of Calamagrostis leonardt, x 5 dia.
ommB SS, L927 LEONARD: NEW PLANTS FROM HISPANIOLA (3
the abruptly acute not attenuate glumes scarcely exceeding the sessile floret (in C. beyrichiana the floret is raised on a short curved rachilla-joint), in the more divergent, more flexuous awn, and in the more copious hairs on the prolonged rachilla joint.
Leptochloa monticola Chase, sp. nov. Plants perennial in dense tough clumps; culms 90 to 100 cm. tall, erect, rigid, simple, scabrous below the . slightly constricted glabrous nodes; leaves firm, the sheaths mostly over- lapping, minutely ciliate at the truncate summit, otherwise glabrous, the lower somewhat twisted and shredded in age; ligule very minute, almost obsolete; blades 20 to 30 cm. long, 2 to 6 mm. wide (flattened out) involute, somewhat tortuous and with a very thick midrib, glabrous on the outer surface, scabrous, strongly nerved and obscurely pilose on the inner, pungent-pointed, tapering to a narrow base, the blades bending forward past the culm, bringing the outer surface upward; panicle short-exserted, purplish, about 30 cm. long, and 8 cm. wide, the common axis stiff, ridged and scabrous, the numerous racemes approximate, those of the middle as much as 10 cm. long, the upper and lower shorter, all rather stifiy ascending; spikelets distant about half their own length on the slender scabrous rachis, 8 to 10 mm. long, 6 or 7 flowered, the appressed scabrous pedicels 0.5 to 1.5 mm. long; glumes lanceolate-ovate, acute, bronze-tinged Fig. 2.—Spike- with strong scabrous keels and thin margins, the first 2.5 let and floret of to 3 mm. the second 3.5 to 4 mm. long; rachilla joints 0.3 Leptochloa mon- to 0.4 mm. long, pilose at the summit; lemmas 4.5 to 5 ttcola, X 5 dia. mm. long, lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, the midnerve slightly exserted from between two minute teeth, densely long-pilose at the base, on the midnerve toward the base, and on the lateral nerves from the base to the middle; palea about 1 mm. shorter than the lemma, concave between the keels, the margins sparsely pilose.
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,077,272, collected on summit of Pic de Brouet, in the vicinity of Furcy, Haiti, altitude about 1300 meters, June 13, 1920, by E. C. Leonard (no. 4751), “common on the summit.”’
This robust species is very different from any known species of Leptochloa especially in the forwardly bent involute blades, which are found only in species (like Ammophila breviligulata Fern.) of windswept areas.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES
THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
— O457TH MEETING
The 945th meeting was held in the auditorium of the Cosmos Club on November 13, 1926. The meeting was called to order by President Bow1E at 8:21 with 43 persons in attendance.
The program for the evening consisted of two papers, followed by motion
74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 17, NO. 3
pictures of the total solar eclipse of 1926. The first, by W. P. Warre was on A new method of avoiding trouble from lag in mercury contact thermostats.
The paper deals with a form of the familiar mercury-contact type of ther- mostat or temperature-controller. In that type the ‘‘bulb,” which is really a gigantic thermometer, contains a mercury contact which turns a heater off or on, so as always to bring the temperature to the fixed value for which the regulator is set. In all such regulators there is a delay, or lag, in getting the heat from the heater to the bulb, so that the heat is always turned on, or off, a little too late. The temperature thus keeps running by the true value, oscillating around that. The resulting temperature variations can be mini- mized by making the oscillations quicker, which makes them also smaller.
In this form of regulator a very fine heater, inclosed within the bulb, pro- vides for very quick oscillations. This heater is connected with the regular bath heater. Whenever heat is turned on it znstantly raises the temperature of the bulb, which at once shuts the heat off, only to be turned on again as quickly. Exceedingly rapid oscillations are possible, though a period of a few seconds is preferred. This device is generally more convenient in opera- tion than one where the oscillations are produced by mechanical means, since it adds no moving parts. It applies the minimum of heat to a very small part of the bulb; hence it avoids most of the temperature uncertainty which results when the oscillations are quickened by causing the main heater to heat the bulb from the outside. (Author’s abstract.)
The paper was discussed by Mr. STIMson.
The second paper by Mr. G. F. Taytor, was entitled Description of a new type of thermostat. (Illustrated with lantern slides.) A new type of thermo- stat is described in which a spherical piston completely submerged in mercury takes the place of a bare mercury to metal contact. The piston is made of one or more small spheres. Each of the spheres is surrounded by a small air space. The surface tension of the mercury as it is forced into the air space exerts a pressure on the piston causing its motion. The piston raises or lowers a magnetized steel weight which makes and breaks electrical contact. The bulb of the thermostat is made of a spiral coil of thin-walled copper tube ; inch in diameter supported on a frame made of four strips of brass. The piston and contacts are supported in the center of the coil. The bulb is filled with torulene and the piston with mercury. A special valve is provided to keep the mercury and the torulene separate. The torulene will pass freely in either direction through the valve but the mercury will not pass. The in- strument may, therefore, be turned in any position without mixing the liquids. An overflow cup at the top of the piston which furnishes mercury and keeps the piston submerged is made in a cellular or honeycomb form so that the mercury will not escape even if the cup is inverted. The instrument has heavy contacts and may be used without a relay to break a current of about four ampheres.
Experiments were described in which a large number of metals and alloys were tried in order to find one which would carry the greatest current with a minimum of deterioration. Pure radium showed the least deterioration, but electrical contact sometimes failed to accompany mechanical contact. An alloy of 80% radium and 20% platinum was found most satisfactory. A method was described for making disc contacts of this non-malleable mate- rial. The contacts, which are held tightly together by magnetic attraction, are separated by a spring which causes a sudden and decided break, this, however, at the expense of sensitivity. When very close control is desired, the spring and magnet are not used. In this case the interval between make
FEB. 3, 1927 PROCEEDINGS: PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY 79
and break was between 20 and 40 microns for the thermostat tested. The thermostat is set to any desired temperature by raising or lowering the pin with its attached piston, using sufficient pressure to force the mercury past the piston. A spherical piston, three millimeters in diameter, and about .001 em. smaller than the tube in which it fits, will support a pressure of 50 grams and the weight supported appears to be proportional to the number of spheres used. A piston of ten spheres should support 1.5 kg. If more than one sphere is used in making the piston, they are strung on a catgut cord. A somewhat larger piston made of a larger number of spheres would: do work sufficient to operate mechanical devices such as steam valves or even doors. A thermo-regulator made on this plan has given very satisfactory service for three years in a cold storage plant. ‘The regulator controls the temperature of the brine tank by starting and stopping the compressers. It is also pro- posed to operate the pen of a thermograph by using a piston to operate the tracing pen instead of a bimetal of Bordon type. The piston being more sturdy would be less susceptible to vibration and would carry the pen along a straight line instead of a curved line. These instruments are covered by U. S. Public Service Patent No. 1484802, reissue No. 15890. (Author’s abstract.)
The paper was discussed by Messrs. Wurrr and ApDAMs.
Following the presentation of the papers, motion pictures of the total solar eclipse of 1926 were shown. ‘This was made possible through the courtesy of Mr. JAMES STOKLEY of Science Service.
946TH MEETING
The 946th meeting was held at the Cosmos Club on Saturday evening, November 27, 1926. The meeting was called to order by President Bow1r at 8:17 with 33 persons in attendance.
The program for the evening consisted of two papers. The first by F. L. MOouLeER was on Spectra excited by atomic hydrogen. (Illustrated with lantern slides.) Hydrogen from a Wood discharge tube flowed into a tube containing metal vapor and the spectrum emitted by the mixture was photographed, Ob- servations of Bonhoeffer (Zeitschr. f. Phys. chem. 116: 391, 1925) with sodium and mercury are confirmed. Sodium and cadmium gave strong emission of their first resonance lines and no other lines or bands. Potassium showed the first resonance line faintly. Mercury gave the complete hydride band spectrum and also faint emission of the resonance line at 2537 A. caesium, magnesium thallium and zine gave no line or band spectra. The excitation energies of the observed lines and bands are, except for 2537 of mercury, less than 3.8 volts, though many lines of lower energy did not appear. There are two pos- sible explanations of the radiation. ‘The metal atom may be excited in a three body collision with two hydrogen atoms. In this case the entire energy of recombination of hydrogen, 4.38 volts, should be available for excitation. The <