September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 FILE I<: bo x a Mitridae Dikgicet aa Mette WILLIAM H. DAL SECTIONAL LIBRARY DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS THE MITRIDAE OF THE WORLD Part I. The Subfamily Mitrinae by WALTER O. CERNOHORSKY Auckland Institute and Museum Auckland, New Zealand Worldwide Mitridae The gastropod family Mitridae, popularly known as mitre! shells, is a member of the rachi- glossate group of Neogastropoda, and, with the closely related families Volutomitridae and Vol- utidae, belongs to the superfamily Volutacea. Species live in tropical and temperate waters in all major geographical provinces, but species con- centration is highest in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly the Indo-Pacific. The major- ity of species live in shallow water of the intertidal zone, where they are found buried in clean, muddy or silty coral sand, or beneath rocks and coral and in crevices of coral reefs. Only a few species live beyond the littoral zone, at depths not exceeding 1,465 metres. Known since Upper Cre- taceous times, when Mitridae presumably evolved from a fasciolariid ancestor, more species are living today then have been recorded during the family’s long geologic history. Although 2,630 names have been proposed for species of Mit- ridae, only 840 names are considered to be valid. Recent species number 375, and fossil species 461 (this figure appears to be inflated due to the inclu- sion of probable synonyms). In part 1, 123 Recent and 79 fossil species belonging to 11 generic groups are described and illustrated. In addition, 168 European Tertiary species are listed. The subfamilies Imbricariinae and Cylindromitrinae will be dealt with in part 2. Family Characters Mitridae are characterized by fusiform, elongate-ovate or cylindrical shells which have convex or angulate whorls, usually a narrow aper- ture, from 3 to 11 folds on the columella and a distinct siphonal notch. The shell-surface of mitre shells is rarely smooth and bears a sculpture con- sisting of grooves, striae, pits, folds, ribs or granu- lations. In 2 fossil genera the columella has only 1 or 2 folds, while in the Recent deep water South African genus Charitodoron Tomlin, the col- umella is edentulous. Although a rudimentary operculum is present in the veliger stage, this is absorbed during growth and disappears in the early juvenile stage. Mitridae are occasionally confused with Turridae and Columbellidae, but they resemble species of Volutomitridae most closely. The following are the salient taxonomic differences between the two families: Mitridae A. Animal without an operculum B. Protoconch conoidal and multispiral or slightly papillose and paucispiral C. First posterior columellar fold larger and longer than second fold, folds close-set D. Siphonal canal notched E. Radula with rectangular or bow-shaped, multicuspid rachidians Volutomitridae A. Animal sometimes with an operculum B. Protoconch mammillate and paucispiral C. First posterior fold shorter and smaller than second fold, folds wide-spaced D. Siphonal canal unnotched and spout- shaped E. Radula with wishbone-shaped, unicuspid rachidians 1The American spelling is miter. [19-419] 274 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky The protoconch in Mitridae is conoidal and multispiral, but in some vexilline genera, i.e. Austromitra, Pusia and Thala, the protoconch is slightly papillose and paucispiral (Plate 248). The animal has a moderate or large foot which is bluntly truncated anteriorly and pointedly rounded posteriorly, and is particularly long in sand-dwelling species, in which it may extend beyond the apex of the shell. The mantle is thin, 10 Plate 248. Types of protoconchs in Mitridae. Conoidal- multispiral (Figs. 1-9) Papillose-paucispiral (Figs. 10-12). Fig. 1. Mitra nivea Broderip from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 2. Subcancilla attenuata (Broderip) from the tropical eastern Pacific. Fig. 3. Domiporta filaris (Linnaeus) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 4. Neocancilla clathrus (Gmelin) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 5. Scabricola desetangsii (Kiener) from the Indian Ocean. Fig. 6. Imbricaria conularis (Lamarck) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 7. Pterygia nucea (Gmelin) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 8. Vexillum (Costellaria) cophinum (Gould) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 9. V. (C.) nodospiculum Cernohorsky from the Philip- pine Islands. Fig. 10. Vexillum (Pusia) tricolor (Gmelin) from the Mediterranean. Fig. 11. Thala foveata (Sowerby) from the Caribbean. Fig. 12. Austromitra rubiginosa (Hutton) from New Zea- land. papillae are absent, the siphon is long or short, thick or slender and simple at the distal end. The eyes are simple, the pupil is either unicoloured or ringed, and the eyes are situated near the extrem- ity of the broad base of the tentacles. The probos- cis is very long or moderately short and the tenta- cles are pointed. The animal of the South African deep water genus Charitodoron lacks eyes ac- cording to Barnard (1960). Animals are dioecious, the penis is variable but generally curved and pointed and situated behind the right tentacle; in life the penis lies entirely under the mantle facing towards the apex of the shell. The proboscis con- tains an odontophore which is secured to the wall by a pair of nerve tissues. Salivary glands are paired or coalescing and parts of the hypobran- chial gland are modified for the secretion of di- bromingotin; this purple mucus has an obnoxious odour and considerable staining properties but is harmless to humans. Vayssiere (1901) and Risbec (1955), in their study on the anatomy of Mitridae, reported the presence of a““venom gland” in some species of Mitridae. This particular gland, which is called the “accessory proboscis’ by Kohn (1970), is a slender, pointed organ which was ob- served by the writer to protrude and retract at moderate speed when the animal is handled. The real function of this “accessory proboscis” is un- known according to Kohn (1970), but the gland in the Caribbean Thala foveata (Sowerby) is actually used in killing prey. Sand-dwelling Mitridae are carnivorous, and the large Vexillum species have been observed to feed on small sand-shrimps. Reef-dwelling Mit- ridae are presumed to be detritus feeders subsist- ing on microorganism attached to the hard sub- strate. Kohn (1970), in his study of the food habits of the reef-dwelling Mitra (Strigatella) litterata Lamarck, found the species to be vermivorous and to feed on sipunculid worms, particularly Phas- colosoma scolops (Selenka & DeMan) and As- pidosiphon elegans (Chamisso and Eysenhardt). Mitridae deposit their egg-capsules on a suita- ble substrate, in the case of reef-dwelling species on rocks or coral boulders and in the case of sand- dwelling species on weed. The egg-capsules are claviform or banana-shaped, and are deposited in loose asymmetrical clusters of 15 to 100 capsules per cluster. Each capsule containing 100 to 500 white, cream or translucent-yellow eggs (Plate 2). According to Ostergaard (1950), Mitridae have a free-swimming veliger larva, reaching the free- swimming stage 2 weeks from the date of incuba- tion. Spawns have been described and illustrated [19-420] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae DEO 1mm Plate 249. Egg capsules of Mitrinae. Fig. 1. Mitra (Mitra) idae Melvill. Mission Point, California (from J. Cate, 1968, textfig. 8) [no dimensions given]. Fig. 2. Mitra (Strigatella) paupercula (Linnaeus). Nakuna, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands. Fig. 3.M.(S.)tristis Broderip. Bahia de los Angeles, Mexico; height of capsule c. 2.0 mm (from Wolfson, 1969, fig. 1, as M. dolorosa Dall). by Ostergaard (1950), Cernohorsky (1966, 1970), Zavodnik (1967), J. Cate (1968) and Wolfson (1969). Mitridae have their share of natural enemies and sand-dwelling species appear to fall prey to molluscan predators more frequently than reef- dwellers. Naticidae and Muricidae are the main predators, and drill round holes up to 3 mm in diameter on the periphery of the penultimate and antepenultimate whorls. Bursidae and Cymatiidae will also attack species of Mitridae. Radulae The radulae of Mitridae are of the rachiglossate type, with 3 teeth per row, formula 1-1-1. Only the genus Pterygia Roding, has a radula which lacks OT Aa ANT VA A aie wN B LO.1mm Plate 250. Radula of Mitra mitra (Linnaeus), type-species of the genus Mitra. Complete transverse row. Fig. A. rachidian or central tooth. Fig. B. lateral tooth. lateral teeth (formula 0-1-0). The length of the radular ribbon fluctuates from 3% to 21% of shell- length, and the number of rows of teeth per 1 mm of ribbon length vary from 5 to 190. In the subfam- ily Mitrinae the rachidian teeth are subquadrate or rectangular and have deeply rooted cusps (Plate 250A), and the laterals are 1.75 to 4.0 times as broad as the rachidians and carry numerous cusps (Plate 250B). The radular teeth in the Im- bricariinae are considerably modified but still es- sentially of the mitrine type, while the radula of Cylindromitrinae consists of only rachidians but no lateral teeth. In the Vexillinae the rachidians are bowshaped, and tri-cuspid to multicuspid and the laterals are smaller, sickle-shaped, unicuspid and of a similar type as in the Muricidae (Plate 251). The front end of the radular ribbon shows considerable wear on the teeth particularly in the first one or two dozen rows of teeth; the end of the ribbon has up to a dozen thin, and as yet not fully developed replacement teeth, termed the nas- centes. Radular studies in the Mitridae have proved invaluable in a supra-specific classifica- tion and in the evaluation of relationships within groups of families. Distribution Recent Mitridae live in warm and temperate waters of both hemispheres, extending from Latitude 42°N to 42°S. The majority of Mitridae however, inhabit tropical seas and most species live in the Indo-Pacific region. In the subfamily Mitrinae alone, 87 species inhabit the tropical Indo-Pacific, 15 live in the tropical eastern Pacific, 6 in the western Atlantic, 5 in the eastern Atlantic (2 of which are shared with the Mediterranean-Adriatic region), 6 on the southern tip of South Africa and 4 on the southern part of Australia (1 species being shared with New Zea- land) (Plate 252). Mitridae made their first appearance during the Upper Cretaceous in Europe, North America and India; during the Eocene they penetrated as far as Indonesia and New Zealand; and in the Miocene extended out to various Pacific Island groups. During the Miocene the major generic groups [19-421] 276 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky were already well represented. The glacial periods of Europe decimated the once flourishing Mio-Pliocene mitrid fauna, and only 4 species now survive in the Mediterranean-Adriatic re- gion. Other species, e.g. Mitra (Sohlia) car- bonacea (Hinds) and Cancilla scrobiculata cros- niert Cernohorsky, migrated during the glacial period to warmer waters of northwest Africa, where they became established and still survive but having become extinct in the Mediterranean. A 1 oo ee DOMIPORTA a n) VVVVV WWW ¥ es 2 Se, 3 , aaa ae " Mite? CHARITODORON (Tie IMBRICARIA ) 5 ee Oe ‘ — —_ valine A / of AHH) 6 l SUBCANCILLA V h—= 71) ee 7, MAS Asipp— LANKA a vA NEOCANCILLA is VEXILLUM Plate 251. Radulae types in the Mitridae. Only one-half row of the radula is illustrated (formula 1 + 1 + 1). Fig. 1. Mitra (Mitra) coffea Schubert & Wagner Pacific Ocean. Fig. 2. Mitra (Strigatella) Pacific Ocean. Fig. 3. Charitodoron pasithea Tomlin from South Africa (after Barnard, 1959, fig. Llc, as Mitra (Dibaphus) bathybius Barmard). from the scutulata (Gmelin) from the Fig. 4. Imbricaria conularis (Lamarck) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 5.1. olicaeformis (Swainson) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 6. Subcancilla lineata (Broderip) from Panama. Fig. 7. Neocancilla papilio (Link) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 8. Domiporta filaris (Linnaeus) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 9. D. praestantissima (Roding) trom the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 10. Seabricola variegata (Gmelin) from the Pacific Ocean. [19-422 ] During the Tertiary, when there was no Panama land bridge separating the Caribbean from the eastern Pacific, there was a free intermingling of species drawing on a common genetic pool. The Panama land bridge barrier was in full operation during early Pleistocene (Woodring, 1966), and separated the once common fauna in two marine biological provinces. The morphological similar- ity between some eastern Pacific and Caribbean mitrid analogues, e.g. M. swainsonii-M. antillen- | \ I\IV VEXILLUM Ww AUSTROMITRA 15 Fig. Fig. 11. S. desetangsii (Kiener) from the Indian Ocean. 12. Pterygia nucea (Gmelin) from the Pacitic Ocean (full row; formula 0 + 1 + 0). Fig. 13. Vexillum (Vexillum) plicarium (Linnaeus) from the Pacitic Ocean. Fig. 14. Vexillum (Pusia) patriarchalis (C Pacific Ocean. rmelin) from the Fig. 15. Austromitra rubiginosa (Hutton) from New Zea- land. Fig. 16. Zierliana woldemarii (Kiener) from the Philippine Islands. Fig. 17. Thala gratiosa (Reeve) from the Gulf of California (after McLean, 1967, fig. l—as Mitromica solitaria C. B. Adams). Fig. 18. T. jeancateae Sphon from the Galapagos Islands (after Sphon, 1969, fig. 1). September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 277 sis, M. effusa-M. barbadensis, M. inca-M. nodulosa and Thala gratiosa-T. foveata, clearly suggest a common ancestry during the Tertiary. Classification The Linnaean species of Mitridae were origi- nally contained in the Linnaean genus Voluta, with the exception of a single species which was assigned to Buccinum. Lamarck (1798) proposed the genus Mitra for the species formerly con- tained in Voluta, and Roding (1798) proposed Vexillum and Pterygia in the same year. Swainson (1831) proposed the family-group Mitridae, and the superficially similar Volutomitridae Gray, 1854, previously assigned to either the Volutidae or Mitridae, have in the meantime been segre- gated in a family of their own. Thiele (1929) arranged the living species of Mitridae in 23 generic units, while Wenz (1943) proposed a generic arrangement for both fossil and living Mitridae consisting of 35 generic groups. In a recent study of supra-specific sys- tematics of the Mitridae and Volutomitridae, the writer (1970) proposed a more modern arrange- ment of living and fossil Mitridae with the reten- tion of 28 generic units. This re-evaluation has been based on shell-features, anatomy, distribu- tion and phylogeny, and generic groups formerly based only on the colour of the shell or perios- tracum (e.g.Atrimitra Dall), have been discarded, as they are of no value in modern taxonomy. Two important changes have been made in this paper: the generic groups Fusimitra Conrad and Sohlia Cernohorsky, have been removed from the Im- bricariinae and assigned to the Mitrinae. Lectotypes of species (where more than one specimen is present in the type-series and no holotype has been selected by the original au- thor), have been selected throughout this paper and this selection is a formal lectotype designa- tion. In the selection of lectotvpes we have been guided by the original author’s cited dimensions and illustrations; ifno dimensions or illustrations were given, the specimen most closely contorm- ing to the description has been selected as the lectotype. In cases where the illustration does not contorm with the description or the illustration consists of two composite species, more weight has been placed on the description. — Plate 252. World distribution of Recent Mitrinae. The number of living species is indicated for each of the major oceanic regions. [19-423] 278 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Below are listed the recognized generic and specific taxa for the subfamily Mitrinae appearing in part | of this monograph. Those preceded by a dagger (+) are fossil only. The list contains 202 fossil and living world-wide species and sub- species, of which 123 are living. The 168 Euro- pean Tertiary species listed on p. 227, have not been included in this list, since the majority of species described by Bellardi are probable synonyms and cannot be considered to constitute recognized taxa. List of Recognized Taxa Family Mitridae Swainson, 1831 Subfamily Mitrinae GENUS Mitra Lamarck, 1798 Subgenus Mitra Lamarck, 1798 mitra (Linnaeus, 1758). Type. Recent, Indo- Pacific papalis (Linnaeus, 1758). Recent, Indo-Pacific stictica (Link, 1807). Recent, Indo-Pacific bovei Kiener, 1838. Recent, Red Sea to western India cardinalis (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, Indo-Pacific nubila nubila (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, Indo- Pacific nubila lamarckii Deshayes, 1832. Recent, Hawaiian Islands rossiae Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indian Ocean ambigua Swainson, 1829. Recent, Indo-Pacific coffea Schubert & Wagner, 1829. Recent, Indo-Pacific fasciolaris Deshayes in Laborde & Linant, 1834. Recent, Red Sea imperialis Roding, 1798. Recent, Indo-Pacific incompta (Lightfoot, 1786). Recent, Indo- Pacific eremitarum Roding, 1798. Recent, Indo-Pacific guttata Swainson, 1824. Recent, Indian Ocean solida Reeve, 1844. Recent, East Australia inquinata inquinata Reeve, 1844. Recent, East Asia, Japan tinquinata buddhaica Vredenburg, 1923. Miocene, Burma ttittabweensis Vredenburg, 1923. Miocene, Burma tsinguensis Vredenburg, 1922. Miocene, Burma pele Cernohorsky, 1970. Recent, Polynesia, Hawaiian Ids. chinensis Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Recent, In- dian Ocean, China, Japan tsemicincta K. Martin, 1931. Eocene, Indonesia [19-424] tsubscrobiculata d’Orbigny, 1852. Miocene, In- dia, Burma tbirmanica Vredenburg, 1923. Miocene, Burma tloochooensis MacNeil, 1960. Miocene, Ryukyu Islands tquilonensis Dey, 1962. Miocene, India triplicata von Martens, 1904. Recent, Indian Ocean, N.W. Pacific nivea (Broderip, 1836). Recent, Pacific Ocean ustulata Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific ancillides Broderip, 1836. Recent, Tuamotu Archipelago variabilis Reeve, 1844. Recent, Australia chalybeia Reeve, 1844. Recent, West Australia cookii Sowerby, 1874. Recent, S.E. Australia carbonaria Swainson, 1822. Recent, Australia, New Zealand *multisulcata Harris, 1897. Miocene, S.E. Au- stralia glabra Swainson, 1821. Recent, Australia tcoxi (Ludbrook, 1958). Pliocene, S.E. Australia picta Reeve, 1844. Recent, South Africa latruncularia Reeve, 1844. Recent, South Af- rica aerumnosa Melvill, 1888. Recent, South Africa subflava (Kuroda & Habe, 1971). Recent, Japan tnotoensis (Masuda, 1967). Miocene, Japan tdainitiensis Makiyama, 1927. Pliocene, Japan thukusimana Nomura & Zinbo, 1935. Miocene, Japan tishidae Masuda, 1967. Miocene, Japan tkurakiensis Hatai & Nisiyama, 1952. Pliocene, Japan tcosibensis Otuka, 1937. Pliocene, Japan ttakii Ozaki, 1958. Pliocene, Japan thectori Hutton, 1905. Eocene, New Zealand fulgurita Reeve, 1844. Recent, E. Indian Ocean, W. Pacific tjunghuhni K. Martin, 1880. Mio-Pliocene, In- donesia tgranatinaeformis K. Martin, 1884. Miocene, N.E. Indian Ocean, W. Pacific; Pliocene, In- donesia gilbertsoni (J. Cate, 1968). Recent, West Aus- tralia orientalis Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Recent, west coast tropical South America idae Melvill, 1893. Recent, tropical east Pacific semigranosa von Martens, 1897. Recent, west coast tropical South America fultoni E. A. Smith, 1892. Recent, tropical east Pacific caliginosa Reeve, 1844. Recent, ? west coast tropical South America September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 279 tfusiformis fusiformis (Brocchi, 1814). Mio- Pliocene, Europe fusiformis zonata Marryat, 1818. Recent, Adri- atic Sea, Mediterranean, tropical east Atlantic cornicula (Linnaeus, 1758). Recent, Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, tropical east Atlantic goreensis Melvill, 1925. Recent, tropical west Africa nigra (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, tropical east At- lantic Subgenus Fusimitra Conrad, 1855 tconquisita Conrad, 1848. Type. Eocene- Oligocene, S.E. United States tscotlandica Trechmann, 1925. Eocene, West Indies tuvasana Dickerson, 1915. Eocene, California tneta Gardner, 1945. Eocene, Texas ttitan Gabb, 1873. Miocene, Caribbean swainsonii swainsonii Broderip, 1836. Recent, tropical east Pacific swainsonii antillensis Dall, 1889. Recent, N. Carolina, Caribbean tswainsonii dunbari Olsson, 1932. Miocene, northern South America tlimonensis Olsson, 1922. Miocene, Central and South America tsieversi Rutsch, 1934. Miocene, Venezuela therlineri Maury, 1917. Miocene, Caribbean Subgenus Eumitra Tate, 1889 talokiza Tenison-Woods, 1880. Type. Miocene, S.E. Australia tdictua Tenison-Woods, 1880. Miocene, S.E. Australia tdiductua Tate, 1899. Pliocene, S.E. Australia tuniplica Tate, 1889. Miocene, S.E. Australia tmasefieldi (Marshall, 1918). Miocene, New Zealand tealcar (Marshall, 1918). Miocene, New Zealand tTwaitemataensis (Powell & Bartrum, 1929). Miocene, New Zealand Subgenus Nebularia Swainson, 1840 contracta Swainson, 1840. Type. Recent, Indo-Pacific coarctata Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific chrysostoma Broderip, 1836. Recent, Indo- Pacific ferruginea Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo-Pacific rubritincta Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific cucumerina Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo- Pacific chrysalis Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific fraga Quoy & Gaimard, 1833. Recent, Indo- Pacific tardjunoi Beets, 1941. Miocene, Indonesia [19-425] proscissa Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific tabanula Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo-Pacific turgida Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific avenacea Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific solanderi Reeve, 1844. Recent, ? Indian Ocean doliolum Kuster, 1839. Recent, Indo-Pacific atjehensis Oostingh, 1939. Recent, Indo- Pacific; Pliocene, Indonesia maesta Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific suturata Reeve, 1845. Recent, S.E. Asia tvoandervlerki Beets, 1941. Miocene, Indonesia tgerthi Pannekoek, 1936. Miocene, Indonesia tkyaungonensis Vredenburg, 1923. Miocene, Burma tbrachyspira Cossmann & Pissarro, 1909. Eocene, India tsowerbyi sowerbyi dOrbigny, 1852. Miocene, India tsowerbyi sedanensis K. Martin, 1906. Miocene, Indonesia sowerbyi kingae Cernohorsky, 1972. Recent, Indonesia tmolengraaffi K. Martin, 1916. Miocene, In- donesia rosacea Reeve, 1845. Recent, S.E. Asia, N.W. Australia, Japan rubiginosa Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-west Pacific pyramis (Wood, 1828). Recent, Indo-Pacific aurantia aurantia (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, Indo-Pacific aurantia subruppeli Finlay, 1927. Recent, Gulf of Oman and W. India ruepellii Reeve, 1844. Recent, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden ticaonica Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific vexillum Reeve, 1844. Recent, western Pacific fulvescens Broderip, 1836. Recent, Indo-Pacific telescopium Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific testacea Broderip, 1836. Recent, Polynesia lugubris Swainson, 1821. Recent, Pacific Ocean coronata Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo-Pacific amaura Hervier, 1897. Recent, Pacific Ocean aurora aurora Dohrn, 1861. Recent, Polynesia and Hawaiian Islands aurora floridula Sowerby, 1874. Recent, Indo-Pacific vultuosa Reeve, 1845. Recent, Pacific Ocean luctuosa A. Adams, 1853. Recent, Indo-Pacific punctostriata A. Adams, 1855. Recent, Indian Ocean tbomasensis K. Martin, 1916. Miocene, In- donesia tkelirensis K. Martin, 1916. Miocene, Indonesia 280 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky puncticulata Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo- Pacific sanguinolenta Lamarck, 1811. Recent, East Af- rica sophiae Crosse, 1862. Recent, Pacific Ocean crenata (Broderip, 1836). Recent, tropical east Pacific sphoni Shasky & Campbell, 1964. Recent, trop- ical east Pacific effusa Broderip, 1836. Recent, tropical east Pacific belcheri Hinds, 1844. Recent, tropical east Pacific tyasila Olsson, 1930. Eocene, Peru lens (Wood, 1828). Recent, tropical east Pacific muricata (Broderip, 1836). Recent, tropical east Pacific gausapata Reeve, 1845. Recent, Galapagos Is- lands inca dOrbigny, 1841. Recent, tropical east Pacific nodulosa (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil trudis Gabb, 1873. Miocene, Caribbean barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, Florida, Brazil, Ascension Island tacteoglypha Gardner, 1937. Miocene, Florida straminea A. Adams, 1853. Recent, Florida and Caribbean talmagrensis Toula, 1911. Mio-Pliocene, east coast central America tpoas Olsson, 1922. Miocene, east coast central America semiferruginea Reeve, 1845. Recent, Florida and Caribbean twoodringi Vokes, 1938. Miocene, Trinidad Subgenus Dibaphus Philippi, 1847 edentula Swainson, 1823. Type. Recent, Indo- Pacitic multiplicata (Pease, 1865). Recent, Indo- Pacific tcrassilabra (Gabb, 1873). Miocene, Caribbean Subgenus Dibaphimitra Cernohorsky, 1970 florida Gould, 1856. Type. Recent, Florida and Caribbean tPjavanensis Altena, 1938. Miocene, Indonesia *dennanti Tate, 1889. Miocene, S.E. Australia ttranssylvanica Hoernes & Auinger, 1880. Miocene, Europe Subgenus Strigatella Swainson, 1840 paupercula (Linnaeus, 1758). Type. Recent, Indo-Pacific pica (Dillwyn, 1817). Recent, Indian Ocean, N.W. Pacific retusa Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo-Pacific litterata Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo-Pacific auriculoides Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific assimilis Pease, 1868. Recent, Indo-Pacific flavocingulata Lamy, 1938. Recent, Easter Id., Pacific Ocean. scutulata (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, Indo-Pacific decurtata Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific colombelliformis Kiener, 1838. Recent, Indo- Pacific acuminata Swainson, 1824. Recent, Indo- Pacific fastigium Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific pellisserpentis pellisserpentis Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific pellisserpentis astricta Reeve, 1844. Recent, Hawaiian Ids. bellula A. Adams, 1853. Recent, ? Indo-Pacific typha Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific peculiaris Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific tristis Broderip, 1836. Recent, tropical east Pacific tmesolia Pilsbry & Johnson, 1917. Miocene, Caribbean Subgenus Sohlia Cernohorsky, 1970 *conoidea Matheron, 1843. Type. Upper Cre- taceous, Europe carbonacea carbonacea (Hinds, 1844). Recent, tropical west Africa +carbonacea caterinii Meneghini, 1868. Pleis- tocene, Italy GENUS Dentimitra von Koenen, 1890 tcircumcisa (Beyrich, 1854). Type. Oligocene, Europe timpressa (von Koenen, 1890) [name _ preoc- cupied]. Oligocene, Europe trhenana (Gorges, 1941). Oligocene, Europe ttenuis (Beyrich, 1854). Oligocene, Europe tquinqueplicata (Ravn, 1902). Paleocene, Europe tdilatata (Briart & Cornet, 1871). Paleocene, Europe terenifunata (Cossmann, 1896). Eocene, Europe tdegrangei (Oppenheim, 1906). Eocene, Europe tobesa (F. E. Edwards, 1856). Eocene, England teretacea (Gabb, 1864). Eocene, California tsimplicissima (Cooper, 1894). Eocene, Califor- nia tmurietta (Anderson & Hanna, 1925). Eocene, California tclementensis (Hanna, 1927). Eocene, California tmarylandica (Clark, 1896). Paleocene, Mary- land [19-426] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 28] tcolumbellaeformis (kK. Martin, 1931) [name preoccupied]. Eocene, Indonesia trustica (K. Martin, 1931). Eocene, Indonesia GENUS Paleofusimitra Sohl, 1963 telongata Sohl, 1963. Type. Upper Cretaceous, S.E. United States GENUS Charitodoron Tomlin, 1932 barbara (Thiele, 1925). Type. Recent, South Africa agulhasensis (Thiele, 1925). Recent, South Af- rica thalia Tomlin, 1932. Recent, South Africa DOUBTFUL TAXA OF MITRINAE Generic Taxa Rejected From The Mitridae (For detailed discussion on these non-mitrid genera see Cernohorsky, 1970, Bull. Auckl. Inst. Mus., No. 8) Aidone H. & A. Adams, 1853, Gen. Rec. Mollusca, vol. 1, p. 172. Type: by monotypy Mitra insignis A. Adams, 1853. Type locality: Rains Island, Pacific Ocean. The holotype of M. insignis (B.M.N.H. No. 1966465) is a juvenile specimen of the Indo-Pacific columbellid Pyrene ligula (Duclos). Clifdenia Laws, 1932, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 62, p. 196. Type: by original designation C. turneri Laws, 1932. Type locality: Clifden, (Altonian), Mid-Miocene of New Zealand. The holotype of C. turneri (AIM No. TM-177) is a volutid species of the subfamily Scaphellinae. Clinomitra Bellardi, 1888, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 152. Type: by monotypy C. rovasendae Bellardi, 1888. Type locality: Termo-ftoura, Mid-Miocene of Italy. Clinomitra isasynonym of the mitromorphine turrid genus Mitrolumna Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus. Compsomitra Marwick, 1942, Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z., Vol. 72, p. 278. Type: by original designation C. incisa Marwick, 1942. Type locality: Hampden Beach, (Bortonian), Mid-Eocene of New Zealand. Compsomitra is asynonym ofthe volutomitrid genus Waimatea Finlay. Conomitra Conrad, 1865, Amer. Journ. Conchol- ogy, vol. 1, p. 25. Type: by subsequent designa- tion by Fischer, 1884, Mitra fusoides Lea, 1833. Type locality: Claiborne, Mid-Miocene of Alabama. The genus has been transfered to the family Volutomitridae. Cymakra Gardner, 1937, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, No. 142F, p. 421. Type: by original des- ignation C. poncei Gardner, 1937. Type local- itv: Chipola River, Lower Miocene of Florida. The holotype of C. poncei (USNM No. 371438) is a mitromorphine turrid. Diptychomitra Bellardi, 1888, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 152. Type: by subsequent designation by Pace, 1902, D. eximia Bellardi, 1888. Type locality: Termo-foura, Mid- Miocene of Italy. Diptychomitra is a synonym of the turrid genus Mitrolumna Bucquoy, Daut- zenberg & Dolltus. Gosavia Stoliczka, 1866, Sitzungsb. k. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 52, p. 179. Type: by original designation Voluta squamosa Zekeli, 1852. Type locality: Gosau, Upper Cretaceous of Austria. This non-mitrid genus most probably belongs to the family Conidae. Lapparia Conrad, 1855, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 7, p. 260. Type: by monotypy Mitra dumosa Conrad in Wailes, 1854. Type locality: Jackson, Eocene of Mississippi. Lap- paria belongs to the volutid subfamily Vol- utilithinae. Latiromitra Locard, 1897, Exped. Scient. Trav. “Talisman”, vol. 1, p. 321. Type: by monotypy L. specialis Locard, 1897 = Mitra cryptodon Fischer, 1882. Type locality: West of Morocco, Atlantic Ocean, 1900 metres. Latiromitra is a genus in the family Volutomitridae. Microvoluta Angas, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, p. 34. Type: by monotypy M. australis An- gas, 1877. Type locality: Port Jackson, New South Wales, 25 fathoms. The genus belongs in the family Volutomitridae. Mitreola Swainson, 1833, Zool. Illustrations, ser. 2, vol. 3, pl. 128. Type: by subsequent designa- tion by Herrmannsen, 1847, Mitra monodonta Lamarck, 1803. Type locality: Grignon, Paris Basin, Eocene of France. Mitreola is closely related to the still living species of Enaeta H. & A. Adams, 1853, and belongs to the volutid sub- family Lyriinae. [19-427] 282 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Mitricaulis Pilsbry, 1944, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 96, p. 142. Type: by original designation M. incarum Pilsbry, 1944. Type locality: Between Quebrada Alamira and Isla de Macuya, Pachitea River, ? Eocene of Eastern Peru. This non-mitrid genus is probably not a marine member at all, but a freshwater fossil with cerithiacean features. Mitrolumna Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883, Moll. Mar. Roussillon, vol. 1, pp. 115, 121. Type: by original designation Mitra olivoidea Cantraine, 1835. Type locality: Mediterranean. Mitrolumna is a genus in the family Turridae. Mitropsis Pease, 1868, Amer. Journ. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 211. Type: by monotypy M. fusiformis Pease, 1868 (nom. praeocc.) = Columbella paumotensis Tryon, 1883. Type locality: Tuamotu Archipelago. Originally referred to the Mitridae by Pease, the genus actually be- longs to the family Columbellidae. Neoimbricaria von Ihering, 1907, Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, vol. 7, pp. 196, 198. Type: by subsequent designation by Cossmann, 1909, Voluta patagonica von Thering, 1897. Type lo- cality: Patagonia, Miocene of South America. Neoimbricaria closely resembles New Zealand species of Pachymelon Marwick, and the genus would be more appropriately placed in the vol- utid subfamily Alcithoinae. Parvimitra Finlay, 1930, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 61, p. 63. Type: by original designation P. pukeuriensis Finlay, 1930. Type locality: Pukeuri, Oamaru, Otago, (Awamoan), Lower Miocene of New Zealand. The holotype of P. pukeuriensis (AIM No. TM-591) is a volutomit- rid species of the genus Proximitra Finlay, 1927. Peculator Iredale, 1924, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 49, p. 269. Type: by monotypy P. verconis Iredale, 1924. Type locality: Twotold Bay, New South Wales, 15-25 fathoms. Peculator, an offshoot of the Tertiary Con- omitra belongs to the family Volutomitridae. Perplicaria Dall, 1890, Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 3, p. 90. Type: by monotypy P. perplexa Dall, 1890. Type locality: Caloosahatchie beds, Pliocene of Florida. Wil- son, 1948, Nautilus, vol. 61, p. 112, reviewed the systematic position of Perplicaria and assigned the genus to the Cancellariidae. Pleioptygma Conrad, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 14, p. 563. Type: by monotypy Voluta carolinensis Conrad, 1840. Type locality: Natural Well, Duplin County, Upper Miocene of North Carolina. The shell features of Pleioptygma are consistent with the Volutidae, and the genus should be referred to the volutid subfamily Scaphellinae. Proximitra Finlay, 1927, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 410. Type: by original designation Vexillum (Costellaria) rutidolomum Suter, 1917. Type locality: Foot of Mount Horrible, (Otaian), Lower Miocene of New Zealand. Proximitra is a genus in the family Volutomitridae. Vexillitra Marwick, 1931, N. Z. Geol. Surv. Paleont. Bull., No. 13, p. 125. Type: by original designation V. balteata Marwick, 1931. Type locality: Akiripuraho Stream, Whaingaromia, Gisborne District, Mid-Miocene of New Zea- land. Vexillitra is asynonym of the volutomitrid genus Proximitra Finlay. Volutomitra H. & A. Adams, 1853, Gen. Rec. Mol- lusea, vol. 1, p. 172. Type: by subsequent desig- nation by Fischer, 1884, Mitra groenlandica Beck in Moller, 1842. Type locality: Greenland. Volutomitra is the type genus of the family Vol- utomitridae. Volvaria Lamarck, 1801, Syst. anim. sans ver- tebres, p. 93. Type: by monotypy V. bulloides Lamarck, 1801. Type locality: Paris Basin, Eocene of France. The genus, which has been erroneously referred to the Mitridae, belongs to the opisthobranch superfamily Acteonacea. Volvariella Fischer, 1883, Manuel de Con- chyliologie, pt. 6, p. 553. Type: by monotypy V. lamarckii Deshayes, 1865. Type locality: Laversine, Paris Basin, Eocene of France. Simi- lar to Volvaria Lamarck, the genus is referable to the superfamily Acteonacea. Waimatea Finlay, 1927, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 408. Type: by original designation Mitra in- conspicua Hutton, 1885. Type locality: Waihao greensands, (Kaiatan), Upper Eocene of New Zealand. Waimatea is a genus in the family Vol- utomitridae. [19-428] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 283 Doubtful Generic Taxa Butonina Beets, 1943, Leidsche geol. Meded., vol. 13, p. 290. Type: by original designation B. nudata Beets, 1943. Type locality: Buton Is- land, Upper Oligocene of Indonesia. The in- complete and badly preserved type of B. nudata allows only mere speculation as to the familial placement of Butonina. Egestas Finlay, 1927, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 411. Type: by original designation Vexillum waitei Suter, 1909. Type locality: N.E. of Wreck Reef, Stewart Island, New Zealand, 50-54 fathoms. The protoconch, unnotched base and disposition of columellar folds, disassociate Egestas from the Mitridae. Shell features beara resemblance to the latirine species of Fas- ciolariidae, but only an examination of the soft parts can decide the taxonomic position of the genus. Pyrenomitra Eames, 1952, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 236, p. 105. Type: by original designation P. anachis Eames, 1952. Type lo- cality: Rakhi Nala, Upper Eocene of West Pakis- tan. The types of P. anachis are post-veligers (length 3.1 mm) of either a pusiine mitrid or a volutomitrid of the genus Conomitra Conrad. Species Described in the Genus Mitra and Now Excluded from the Mitridae A detailed taxonomic evaluation of these non- mitrid taxa together with a familial re-assignment and synonymy, may be found in Cernohorsky (1972). Three species names are here added to the list. Mitra affinis Lesson, 1842 = Olividae M. alabamensis Tomlin, 1920 = Buccinidae M. albopicta E. A. Smith, 1898 = Volutomitridae M. alizalis Anderson & Hanna, 1925 = Volutomit- ridae M. (Terebrifusus) amoena de Gregorio, 1890 = Buccinidae M. (Conomitra) angulata 1887 = Volutomitridae M. anticoronata Johnston, 1880 = Volutomit- ridae M. apicalis Hutton, 1873 = Volutomitridae M. (Mitromorpha) aptycha Boettger, 1906 = Tur- ridae Heilprin, M. (Cancilla) armorica Suter, 1917 = Volutomit- ridae M. atractoides Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. atypha Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. (Turris) bairdii Dall, 1889 = tentatively Vol- utomitridae M. (Mitreola) bernayi = Volutidae M. berthelini Cossmann, 1897 = Volutomitridae M. biconica Whitfield, 1865 = Turridae M. biconica Sykes, 1911 = Turridae M. bicornis Laws, 1936 = Volutomitridae M. biplicata Philippi, 1847 = Turridae M. biplicata Hanley in Wood, 1856 = Columbel- lidae M. bolaris Conrad, 1833 = Volutidae M. (Mitreola) bonneti Cossmann, 1901 = Volutidae M. brocchii de Serres, 1829 = Columbellidae M. calcarata Sasso, 1827 = Cancellariidae M. carolinensis Conrad, 1841 = Volutidae M. cassida Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. (Mitreola) Cossmann, 1906 = Volutidae M. circumfossa Beyrich, 1854 = Volutomitridae M. citharella Lamarck, 1803 = Volutidae M. citharella dOrbigny, 1850 = Auricula citharella Deshayes, 1835 M. citharelloides Tate, 1889 = Turridae M. claibornensis Conrad, 1860 = Volutidae M. clandestina Reeve, 1845 = Turridae M. clathrata Reuss, 1845 = ? Fasciolariidae M. clathurella Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. coarctata Tenison-Woods, 1880 = Marginel- lidae M. columbellaria Scacchi, 1837 = Turridae M. columbellata Grateloup, 1847 = Columbel- lidae M. columbellina A. Adams, 1853 = Columbel- lidae M. columbelloides Anton, 1839 = Volutidae M. columbulae Brusina, 1865 = Columbellidae M. complanata Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. concinna Beyrich, 1854 = Volutomitridae M. conoidalis Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. conuliformis Cossmann, 1897 = Volutomit- ridae M. corrugata Defrance in Blainville, 1524 = Volutomitridae M. costulata Risso, 1826 = Columbellidae M. cotteaui Cossmann & Lambert, 1584 = Volutomitridae M. crassidens Deshayes, 1835 = Volutidae Cossmann, 1889 chaussyensis [19-429] 284 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky M. crymochara Rochebrune & Mabille, 1885 = Volutomitridae M. cryptodon Fischer, 1882 = Volutomitridae M. daphnelloides Tenison-Woods, 1880 = Tur- ridae M. decussata Dujardin, 1837 = Turridae M. delheidi Glibert, 1957 = Volutomitridae M. dewalquei Briart & Cornet, 1871 = Volutomit- ridae M. diasticta Cossmann, 1897 = Volutomitridae M. distorta Philippi, 1887 = Fasiolariidae M. doliata Conrad, 1833 = Volutidae M. dubia Hutton, 1873 = Marginellidae M. dubia de Gregorio, 1890 = Volutidae M. dumasi Cossmann, 1897 = Volutidae M. dumosa Conrad in Wailes, 1854 = Volutidae M. eburnea Grateloup, 1834 = Marginellidae M. elegans H. C. Lea, 1840 = Buccinidae M. enysi Hutton, 1873 = Volutomitridae M. (Volutomitra) Maltzan, 1884 = Turridae M. extensa von Koenen, 1890 = Volutomitridae M. flaccida Yokoyama, 1928 = Marginellidae M. flemingii Lea, 1833 = Volutidae M. columbellaria var. fulva Brusina, 1870 = Tur- ridae M. fusellina Lamarck, 1803 = Volutomitridae M. fusoides Lea, 1833 = Volutomitridae M. georgiana Conrad, 1850 = Volutidae M. gervillii Payraudeau, 1826 = Columbellidae M. godini Cossmann, 1891 = Volutomitridae M. gracilis H. C. Lea, 1840 = Volutomitridae M. grammatula Dall, 1927 = Turridae M. graniformis Lamarck, 1803 = Volutomitridae M. granulifera Lamarck, 1811 = Muricidae M. groenlandica Beck in Moller, 1842 = Volutomitridae M. haleanus Whitfield, 1865 = Volutidae M. hammakeri Harris, 1894 = Volutomitridae M. haycocki Dall & Bartsch, 1911 = Turridae M. (Pleioptygma) heilprini 1899 = Volutidae M. hondana Yokoyama, 1922 = Volutomitridae M. hordeola Deshayes, 1865 = Volutomitridae M. hualpensis Philippi, 1887 = Buccinacea M. humboldti Lea, 1833 = Volutidae M. hypermeces Cossmann, 1897 = Volutomit- ridae M. inaspecta Deshayes, 1865 = Volutomitridae M. inconspicua Hutton, 1885 = Volutomitridae M. inornata Beyrich, 1854 = Volutomitridae M. insignis A. Adams, 1853 = Columbellidae M. jervisensis Laseron, 1951 = Volutomitridae M. kobayashii Yokoyama, 1927 = Cancellariidae exigud von Cossmann, M. labiata Deshayes, 1865 = Volutidae M. labiata Grzybowski, 1899 = ? Columbellidae M. labratula Lamarck, 1803 = Volutidae M. labrosa Deshayes, 1835 = Volutidae M. lachryma Reeve, 1845 = Columbellidae M. lajoyi Deshayes, 1835 = Volutidae M. lamberti Fleming, 1828 = Volutidae M. lennieri Cossmann & Pissarro, 1901 = Volutomitridae M. leontocroma Brusina, 1866 = Turridae M. (Conomitra) fusoides lepa de Gregorio, 1890 = Volutomitridae M. ligata Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. lineata Schumacher, 1817 =in_ part Oleacinidae and Mitridae M. lineolata Heilprin, 1887 = Volutidae M. longissima Giebel, 1864 = Volutidae M. lyraeformis Swainson, 1821 = Volutidae M. lyrata Sasso, 1827 = Cancellariidae M. marginata Lamarck, 1803 = Volutomitridae M. michaudi Michelotti, 1847 = Turridae M. minima Seguenza, 1880 = Volutomitridae M. miranda E. A. Smith, 1891 = Volutomitridae M. mitraeformis Sasso, 1827 = Cancellariidae M. mixta Lamarck, 1803 = Volutomitridae M. mokattamensis Oppenheim, 1906 = Volutidae M. monodi Knudsen, 1956 = Turridae M. monodonta Lamarck, 1803 = Volutidae M. mooreana Gabb, 1860 = Volutidae M. mortenseni Odhner, 1924 = Volutomitridae M. (Terebrifusus) multiplicata de Gregorio, 1890 = Buccinidae M. murchisoni Miller, 1851 = Volutidae M. mutica Lamarck, 1803 = Volutidae M. namnetica Cossmann, 1897 = Volutomitridae M. nana Miller, 1851 = Fasciolariidae M. nice Nardo, 1847 = non mitrid M. nitida Pictet & Campiche, 1864 = Fas- ciolariidae M. nodosa Borson, 1820 = Strombidae M. obliquata Deshayes, 1835 = Volutidae M. obscura Hutton, 1873 = Volutomitridae M. obsoleta Philippi, 1836 = Turridae M. olivoidea Cantraine, 1835 = Turridae M. olivula Baudon, 1853 = Volutidae M. orcutti Dall, 1920 = Turridae M. othone Tenison-Woods, 1880 = Volutomit- ridae M. pactilis Conrad, 1833 = Volutidae M. paeteli Dohrn, 1860 = ? Columbellidae M. panaulax Cossmann, 1901 = Turridae M. (Mitromorpha) paraptycha Bottger, 1906 = Turridae [19-430] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 285 M. parisiensis Deshayes, 1832 = Volutidae M. parkinsoni Lea, 1833 = Volutidae M. parva J. de C. Sowerby, 1823 = Volutomit- ridae M. pauciplicata Yokoyama, 1928 = Volutidae M. pergracilis Harris, 1899 = Fasciolariidae M. perlonga Martin, 1884 = Turridae M. perminuta Sandberger, 1863 = Volutomit- ridae M. (Strigatella) perturbatrix Maury, 1917 = Volutidae M. (Mitreola) = Volutidae M. pica Reeve, 1845 = Volutomitridae M. pirula Yokoyama, 1922 = Volutomitridae M. piruliformis Muller, 1851 = Volutidae M. (Thala) pleurotomoides E. A. Smith, 1890 = Turridae M. plicifera Yokoyama, 1920 = Volutidae M. (Volutomitra) porcellana Melvill & Standen, 1912 = Volutomitridae or Marginellidae M. porrecta F. E. Edwards, 1856 = Volutomit- ridae M. potomacensis Clark & Martin, 1901 = Fas- ciolariidae M. prevosti Roualt, 1850 = Volutidae M. prisca Deshayes, 1865 = Volutomitridae M. pristina Yokoyama, 1923 = Nassariidae M. (Pleioptygma) prodroma Gardner, 1937 = Volutidae M. pumila J. de C. Sowerby, 1823 = Volutomit- ridae M. cancellina var. quadriplicata Nyst in Dewal- que, 1868 = Volutidae M. rangii Lesson, 1837 = Not a molluse M. raricosta Lamarck, 1803 = Volutidae M. ravni Harder, 1913 = Volutomitridae M. roborea Reeve, 1845 = Fasciolariidae M. rugosa Philippi, 1847 = Volutidae M. lineolata saginata Tucker & Wilson, 1933 = Volutidae M. scabra J. de C. Sowerby, 1823 = Volutidae M. scalariformis Borson, 1820 = Cancellariidae M. secalina von Koenen, 1890 = Volutomitridae M. sellei de Raincourt, 1885 = Volutidae M. parva var. semilaevis F. E. Edwards, 1856 = Volutomitridae M. semimarginata Beyrich, 1854 = Volutomit- ridae M. semisculpta Beyrich, 1854 = Volutomitridae M. (Volutomitra) separanda von Maltzan, 1884 = Turridae M. soellingensis Speyer, 1864 = Volutomitridae M. spinosa Pictet & Campiche, 1864 = ? Turridae pezanti Cossmann, 1906 M. stadialis Hedley, 1911 = Volutomitridae M. staminea Conrad, 1848 = Volutomitridae M. striarella Calcara, 1841 = Turridae M. striata Lea, 1833 = Volutidae M. striata Brusina, 1865 = Columbellidae M. subcostulata @Orbigny, 1852 = Volutidae M. subcrenularis Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. subdecussata QOrbigny, 1852 = Turridae M. subplicata Deshayes, 1835 = Volutidae M. subpontis Harris, 1896 = ? Fasciolariidae M. subsubulata @Orbigny, 1852 = Columbel- lidae M. subulata Grateloup, 1847 = Columbellidae M. sulcifera von Koenen, 1890 = Volutomitridae M. tenuiplicata Vasseur, 1881 = Volutomitridae M. terebraeformis Conrad, 1848 = Buccinidae M. teretiuscula Thiele, 1925 = Volutomitridae M. tetraptycta Cossmann, 1885 = Volutomitridae M. (Thala?) torticula Dall, 1889 = Turridae M. tringa Lamarck, 1811 = Columbellidae M. turgidula Borson, 1820 = Columbellidae M. typostigma Brusina, 1866 = Columbellidae M. umbilicaris Sasso, 1827 = Cancellariidae M. cotteaui var.umbilicata Cossmann & Lambert, 1884 = Volutomitridae M. varicosa Sowerby, 1850 = Turridae M. varicosa Tate, 1889 = Fasciolariidae M. ventricosa Hutton, 1873 = Marginellidae M. vicina Briart & Cornet, 1871 = Volutidae M. vicksburgensis Conrad, 1848 = Volutomit- ridae M. (Conomitra) vincenti Cossmann, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. washingtoniana Weaver, 1912 = Volutidae M. wateleti Briart & Cornet, 1871 = Volutomit- ridae M. (Diptychomitra) werneri Bottger, 1902 = Tur- ridae M. zebra Kister, 1839 = Volutidae M. zekelii Pictet & Campiche, 1864 = Fas- ciolariidae M. zilpha Dall, 1927 = Turridae Spurious species in Mitrinae This section contains names of Mitrinae which are either invalid, unidentifiable or have been suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for taxonomic purposes. Roding, 1798, Museum Boltenianum, pp. 135- 138, created the following nude names: Mitra bivertex, M. caelata, M. cinnamomea, M. elegan- tissima, M. flammeola, M. granularis, M. inops, M. lutea, M. margaritacea, M. nivea, M. nobilis, [19-431] 286 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky M. pulcherrima, M. sanguinea, M. stricta and M. vittata. D’Orbigny, 1850-52, Prodrome de Paléon- tologie Stratigraphique Universelle, created nomina nuda, some of which have been sub- sequently validated by other authors: Mitra re- quieni, M. terebelloides, M. vignyensis all of dOrbigny, 1850, and M. grateloupi dOrbigny, 1852. Mitra miocaenica Dolltus & Dautzenberg, 1886 (non Michelotti, 1847) and M. chrysallidoeformis Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1886, listed in the Feuille des jeunes Naturalistes, Paris, on p. 102, are both nomina nuda. Mitra acarensis Chavanne, 1910 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1910 Mitra acarensis Chavanne, Bull. Cart. géol. Algerie, no. 4, p. 283 (Algeria; Tertiary). Mitra adolphia Risso, 1826 Remarks—This 18.0 mm long species is un- identifiable. Synonymy— 1826 Mitra adolphia Risso, Hist. nat.’ Europe mérid., vol. 4, p. 246 (Europe, subfossil). Mitra agassizii Roualt, 1850 Remarks—The species remains unidentified. Synonymy— 1850 Mitra agassizii Roualt, Mém. Soc. géol. France, vol. 3, p. 499, pl. 18, figs. 13, 13a (Bos d’Arros, Pau, France; Eocene). Mitra aizyensis Deshayes, 1865 Remarks—The small, 9.0 mm long specimen may possibly be a Conomitra. Synonymy— 1865 Mitra aizyensis Deshayes, Desc. anim. sans vert. Bass. Paris, vol. 3, p. 579, pl. 103, figs. 6, 7 (Aizy, Paris Basin: Eocene). Mitra aquini O. Costa, 1844 Remarks—tThe species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1844Mitra aquini O. Costa, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli, vol. 5, p. 62. Mitra babea Valenciennes in Humboldt and Bonpland, 1832 Remarks—This species has not been illus- trated, but the large size, i.e. 54.0 mm, and de- scription suggest a tropical Vexillum species which does not live in West America. Carpenter (1857) commented that several of the species de- scribed by Valenciennes came from the East In- dies, and of those assigned to Acapulco may ap- pear to have crossed the Pacific by the agency of man. Synonymy— 1832 Mitra babea Valenciennes in Humboldt & Bonpland, Voy. Int. Amer. Coq. mar., vol. 2, p. 332 (Acapulco, Mexico); 1857 Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science, for 1856, p. 171. Mitra borniana Risso, 1826 Remarks—The 14.0 mm long specimen is un- identifiable. Synonymy— 1826 Mitra borniana Risso, Hist. nat.’ Europe mérid., vol. 4, p. 246 (Fossile a la Trinite, Europe). Mitra bourguignati Locard, 1892 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable from the description. Synonymy— 1892 Mitra bourguignati Locard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, vol. 37, p. 48 (Mediterranean). Mitra branderi Defrance in Blainville, 1824 Remarks—tThe species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1824 Mitra branderi Defrance in Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 31, p. 492 (Hauteville, France; Eocene). Mitra capucina Roding, 1798 Remarks—Roding refers to Voluta pertusa var. Gmelin, 1791. Gmelin’s species is composed of no less than four different species and Réding’s name remains a nomen dubium. Synonymy— 1798 Mitra capucina Roding, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 136 (Loc- ality unknown). Mitra carnea O. Costa, 1844 Remarks—tThe species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra carnea O. Costa. Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli, vol. 5, p. 63. Mitra cenomanensis Gueranger, 1853 Remarks—tThe species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1853 Mitra cenomanensis Gueranger, Essai paléont. Sarthe, p. 32 (Mans, France; Upper Cretaceous). [19-432] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 287 Mitra cheniourensis Chavanne, 1910 Remarks—tThe species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1910 Mitra cheniourensis Chavanne, Bull. Cart. geol. Algerie, ser. 4, no. 4, p. 283 (Algeria; Tertiary). Mitra cincta Newton, 1891 Remarks—This species was only listed but not described in the Systematic List of the Edwards collection of British Oligocene Mollusca in the British Museum, and is anomen nudum. There is a prior Mitra cincta Roualt, 1850. Mitra cingulata Philippi, 1850 Remarks—The 16.0 mm-long species which was said to resemble M. aurantia (Gmelin, 1791), is unidentifiable. The name is preoccupied by Mitra cingulata Lamarck, 1811. Synonymy— 1850 Mitra cingulata Philippi, Zeit. Malakozoologie, vol. 7, p. 28 (Locality unknown) [non Lamarck, 1811]. Mitra cingulosa Monterosato, 1872 Remarks—Occasionally listed with this au- thor’s name and date in Mediterranean faunal lists. I have been unable to trace a valid descrip- tion for this Italian Pliocene species from Mon- tepellegrino. Voluta clathrata Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—This is an unidentifiable mitrid species. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta clathrata Gmelin, Syst. naturae, ed. 13, p. 3455 (refers to Lister, pl. 819, fig. 34) (American Ocean). Voluta clathrata Link, 1807 Remarks—No references to figures have been cited by the author and the description is too brief for even a generic identification. The name is preoccupied by Voluta clathrata Gmelin, 1791. Synonymy— 1807 Voluta clathrata Link. Beschr. Nat.-Samml. Univ. Ros- tock, p. 127. Mitra clavulus Lamarck, 1811 Remarks—tThe species has not been illustrated and the type is lost. The description resembles a species similar to Mitra vexillum Reeve, but a positive determination is uncertain. Synonymy— 1811 Mitra clavulus Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 219 (Locality unknown). Bulla conoidea Linnaeus, 1767 Remarks—The specific name has been sup- pressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 841 (1968). Mitra crassidens Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable and the types could not be traced. Synonymy— 1829 Mitra crassidens Broderip & Sowerby, Zool. Journal, vol. 4, p. 372 (Locality unknown; collected by Capt. Sir E. Belcher). Mitra crinita Cristofori & Jan, 1832 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1832 Mitra crinita Cristofori & Jan, Cat. Mus. Conch. foss., vol. 2, p. 14. Mitra cucurbitina Philippi, 1850 Remarks—The diagnosis is applicable to about four species in the subgenus Nebularia Swainson. Synonymy— 1850 Mitra cucurbitina Philippi, Zeit. Malakozoologie, vol. 7, p. 27 (China?). Mitra cylindracea Doderlein, 1862 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. The name is preoccupied by Mitra cylindracea Reeve, 1844. Synonymy— 1862 Mitra cylindracea Doderlein, Cenn. geol. terr. mioc. Ital., p. 25 (Italy; Tertiary). [mon Reeve, 1844]. Mitra dacostai Rothpletz & Simonelli, 1891 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1891 Mitra dacostai Rothpletz & Simonelli, Zeit. deut. geol. Gesell., vol. 42, p. 719 (refers to da Costa, 1866, p. 68, pl. 12, fig. 13) (La Vista S. Roque, Canary Islands; Upper Miocene), Voluta decussata Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—The species may not even be a mit- rid. The species depicted in the Chemnitz figure has the appearance of a Peristernia. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta decussata Gmelin, Syst. naturae, ed. 13, p. 3454 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 150, fig. 1395) (Locality un- known). [19-433] 288 Mitridae W. O. Cermohorsky Mitra deluciformis Oppenheim, 1923 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1923 Mitra deluciformis Oppenheim, Eoc. Faun. Her- zegowina, p. 85 (Herzegowina, Yugoslavia; Eocene). Mitra dichroma A. Adams, 1853 Remarks—The type is not in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and the species cannot be identified from the description. Synonymy— 1853 Mitra dichroma A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 19, p. 140 (Locality unknown). Voluta discors Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—Dodge, 1955, p. 93, considers V. dis- cors to be a synonym of the Indo-Pacific Pyrene punctatum (Brugiere, 1789), whereas Hornes, 1856, Abh.k.k. geol. Reichsanst., vol. 3, p. 115, reports the species living in the Mediterranean. Hanley, 1856, Wood’s Index Testaceologicus, p. 106 and Cernohorsky, 1967, Journ. of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 168, considered Voluta discors Gmelin to be a prior name for Mitra maculosa Reeve, 1844. On reviewing the evidence and bearing in mind the different interpretations of the species represented by the solitary Chemnitz figure, it is concluded that Gmelin’s description and figure citation are inadequate for an unequivocal eluci- dation, and Voluta discors is considered to be a nomen dubium. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta discors Gmelin, Syst. naturae, ed. 13, p. 3455 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 150, fig. 1400) (Locality un- known). Mitra douglasensis Tumer, 1938 Remarks—This is a questionable mitrid species which has the appearance of a Latirus Montfort. Synonymy— 1938 Mitra douglasensis Turner, Geol. Soc. America Pap., no. 10, p. 74, pl. 15, fig. 6 (Umpqua River, W. Oregon; Eocene). Mitra ebumea Garrett, 1880 Remarks—This is an unidentifiable small mit- rid, which according to Garrett is similar to M. ancillides Broderip, 1836. The types were de- stroyed in the Hamburg Museum. The name is preoccupied by Mitra eburnea Grateloup, 1834. Synonymy— 1880 Mitra eburnea Garrett, Journ. of Conch., vol. 3, p. 15 (Anaa Id., Pacific [Tuamotus]) [non Grateloup, 1834]. Mitra elegantula Kuster, 1839 Remarks—The figured specimen could be either a small example of Mitra (Nebularia) lugubris (Swainson) or a juvenile of Vexillum (Pusia) tuberosum (Reeve). Synonymy— 1839 Mitra elegantula Kuster, Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 103, pl. 17, figs. 6-8 (Islands of the East Indies). Voluta episcopalis Linnaeus, 1758 Remarks—This specific name has been sup- pressed for taxonomic usage by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 885 of 1969. It refers to what is now known as Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758). Voluta fasciata Schroter, 1804 Remarks—The species is an unidentifiable mit- rid. Synonymy— 1804 Voluta fasciata Schroter, Arch. Zool. Zootomie, vol. 4, p. 40 (Locality unknown). Mitra fasciolarioides Anton, 1839 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1839 Mitra fasciolariodes Anton, Verz. Conchylien, p. 68 (spelling corrected to M. fasciolarioides on p. xvi) (Paris Basin; Eocene). Plate 253 Fig. 1. Mitra mitra (Linnaeus). Bikenibeu, Tarawa Id., Gilbert Islands. 2. Mitra papalis (Linnaeus). Meli Id., Efate Id., New Hebrides. 3, 4. Mitra stictica (Link). 3, Leleuvia Id., Fiji Islands. 4, Bikenibeu, Tarawa Id., Gilbert Islands. 5,6. Mitra cardinalis (Gmelin). 5, Leleuvia Id., Fiji Islands. 6, Vila, Efate Id., New Hebrides. 7,8, 13,14. Mitra nubila nubila (Gmelin). 7, forma bretting- hami E. A. Smith; Yewalu reef, W. off Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 8, Porto Amelia, Mozambique, East Africa. 13, forma propinqua A. Adams; between Porto Amelia and Mocambique, Mozambique, East Africa. 14, spirally corded form; Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. 9, 10. Mitra bovei Kiener. 9, Maskali, French Somalia, East Africa. 10, Dahlak Ids., Red Sea. 1l. Mitra incompta (Lightfoot). Siasi, Sulu Sea, Philippines. 12. Mitra florida Gould. Off Fort Lauderdale, Florida. 15. Mitra nubila subspecies lamarcki Deshayes. Hawaiian Islands. [19-434] 289 Mitridae INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 September 28, 1976 “3 a & Be w ee % = 0) 7s SS * Plate 253 (explanation on opposite page) [19-435] 290 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Mitra gibba Dohrn, 1860 Remarks—The types could not be located in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and the species can- not be identified from the description alone. Synonymy— 1860 Mitra gibba Dohm, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 368 (New Caledonia). Mitra (? Thala) gonatophora Sturany, 1903 Remarks—The small, granulose specimen does not appear to be a Thala and may possibly be a juvenile turrid. Synonymy— 1903 Mitra (?Thala) gonatophora Sturany, Denk. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 74, p. 225, pl. 4, fig. 2 (St. 48-700 metres; St. 51-562 metres, Red Sea). Mitra gosseleti Briart & Cornet, 1871 Remarks—tThe species is either a volutomitrid Conomitra Conrad or a mitrid Dentimitra Koenen. Synonymy— 1871 Mitra gosseleti Briart & Cornet, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lett. Art. Belg., vol. 36, p. 76, pl. 5, figs. 7a-c (Mons, Calcaire grossier, Belgium; Paleocene). Mitra gottardi Vinassa, 1897 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1897 Mitra gottardi Vinassa, Paleont. Ital., vol. 4, p. 159, pl. 19, figs. 7a,b (Gazzo, Italy; Eocene). Mitra gracilis O. Costa, 1844 Remarks—tThe species is unidentifiable. The specific name is preoccupied by Mitra gracilis Lea, 1840. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra gracilis O. Costa, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napol., vol. 5, p. 62 (Mediterranean). [non Lea, 1840] Mitra gracilis Gueranger, 1853 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. The name is preoccupied by Mitra gracilis Lea, 1840. Synonymy— 1853 Mitra gracilis Guéranger, Essai Paléont, Sarthe, p. 32 (Mans, France; Cretaceous). Mitra gracilis Ralli, 1940 Remarks—This species may be either Mitra cornicula (Linnaeus) or Vexillum (Pusia) ebenus (Lamarck). The name is preoccupied by Mitra gracilis Lea, 1840. Synonymy— 1940 Mitra gracilis Ralli, Prak. Akad. Athens, vol. 15, p. 446 (Crete; Neogene). [non Lea, 1840]. Mitra granatina Tenison-Woods, 1877 Remarks—The type has been lost and the species may have been an exotic import as suggested by some writers or possibly the same species as Mitra strangei Angas. The name is preoccupied by Mitra granatina Lamarck, 1811. Synonymy— 1877 Mitra granatina Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas- mania, p. 133 (North coast of Tasmania) [non Lamarck, 1811). Mitra hatchetigbeensis Aldrich, 1886 Remarks—lIt is difficult to state what species the original figure represents, but the subsequent fig- ure by Harris is that of a fasciolariid. Synonymy— 1886 Mitra hatchetigbeensis Aldrich, Bull. Geol. Surv. Alabama, No. 1, p. 28, pl. 6, fig. 3 (Hatchetigbee Bluff, Alabama; Lower Eocene). 1896 Mitra hatchetigbeensis Aldrich, Harris, Bull. Americ. Paleont., vol. 1, no. 4, p. 86, pl. 8, fig. 8 (Black Bluff, Tombig- bee River, Midway stage, Alabama; Lower Eocene). Mitra helvacea Philippi, 1851 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1851 Mitra helvacea Philippi, Zeit. Malakozoologie, vol. 8, p. 84 (China). Mitra juniperus Strickland, 1847 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1847 Mitra juniperus Strickland, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 3, p. 113. Mitra laevissima Grateloup, 1834 Remarks—From the figure it is impossible to ascertain whether this species is a volutid or a mitrid Dentimitra Koenen. Synonymy— 1834 Mitra laevissima Grateloup, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 6, p. 291 (refers to Tabl. Encycl. Meth., pl. 383, fig. 4) (Dax, Gaas, France; Miocene). Mitra lavocati Salvan, 1954 Remarks—This species is either a volutomitrid or mitrid. Synonymy— 1954 Mitra lavocati Salvan, Notes Serv. Min. Marocco, vol. 93, p. 208, pl. 15, fig. 17 (Ganntour, Marocco; Eocene). [19-436] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 291 Mitra leonardiana Risso, 1826 Remarks—The species has not been illustrated and is unidentifiable from the description. Synonymy— 1826 Mitra leonardiana Risso, Hist. nat.l’ Europe mérid., p. 243 (Fossile a la Trinite, Europe). Mitra leopoliensis Alth, 1850 Remarks—The 17.0 mm-long specimen with 2 folds on the columella, is either a fasciolariid or cerithiid. Synonymy— 1850 Mitra leopoliensis Alth, Nat. Abh. k. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 3, p. 222, pl. 11, fig. 20 (Lemberg, Poland; Upper Cre- taceous). Voluta leucosticta Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—The species is anomen dubium. The figure from Knorr cannot be associated with any known species, while the figure from Martyn cited by Gmelin for his var. b, is the species Can- cilla (Domiporta) filaris Linnaeus). Synonymy— 1791 Voluta leucosticta Gmelin, Systema naturae, ed. 13, p. 3457 (refers to Knorr, pt. 2, pl. 3, fig. 7 for the typical species from unknown locality, and to Martyn, vol. 1, pl. 22—Tonga Ids., for his var. b). Mitra leucostoma Swainson in Sowerby, 1825 Remarks—The species was never illustrated and cannot be identified from the brief descrip- tion. The species was compared by the author to Mitra (Nebularia) lugubris Swainson. There is a prior Voluta leucostoma Gmelin, 1791, which is forgotten senior synonym of Neocancilla papilio (Link, 1807). Synonymy— 1825 Mitra leucostoma Swainson in Sowerby, Cat. coll. Tan- kerville, App. p. 27 (Locality unknown). Voluta lineata Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—The figure from Chemnitz depicts a small immature specimen which could be either a Pusiine mitrid or a columbellid. The species is a nomen dubium. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta lineata Gmelin, Systema naturae, ed. 13, p. 3454 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 149, figs. 1378, 1379) (Locality unknown). Mitra lowei Dohrn, 1862 Remarks—The type specimen, supposedly in Hanley’s collection, is not in the British Museum. The species cannot be identified trom the descrip- tion; itcould be either a juvenile Vexillum (Pusia) tricolor (Gmelin) or a small specimen of Mitra cornicula (Linnaeus). Synonymy— 1862 Mitra lowei Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 203 (Ca- nary Islands). Mitra minuta Michelotti, 1847 Remarks—According to Bellardi, 1888, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 21, the type is not in Michelotti’s collection and the species cannot be identified from the brief description. The name is preoccupied by Mitra minuta Roding, 1798. Synonymy— 1847 Mitra minuta Michelotti, Nat. Verh. Maat. Haarlem, vol. 3, p. 313 (Torino, Italy; Miocene) [non Roding, 1798]. Voluta morio Linnaeus, 1767 Remarks—The specific name has been sup- pressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 841 (1968). Euthria (Dennantia ?) mystica Suter, 1917 Remarks—This poorly preserved specimen is a questionable mitrid. Synonymy— 1917 Euthria (Dennantia 2) mystica Suter, N. Z. Geol. Surv. Paleont. Bull., No. 5, p. 32, pl. 12, fig. 7 (Coal beds, Kakahu River, Sth. Canterbury, New Zealand; Mid-Eocene). 1970 Euthria (Dennantia?) mystica Suter, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Mus., No. 8, p. 139. Mitra newtoni Cossmann, 1899 Remarks—This is anomen nudum. It was pro- posed as a substitute name for the nude and preoccupied Mitra cincta Newton, 1891. Mitra novaezelandiae Filhol, 1885 Remarks—This is a nomen nudum. The name was proposed as a substitute name for the unpub- lished taxon Mitra zebra Hutton. Voluta oliva Grateloup, 1847 Remarks—tThe species is either a volutid or a mitrid. The name is preoccupied by Voluta oliva Linnaeus, 1758. Synonymy— 1847 Voluta oliva Grateloup, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, Suppl. pl. 1, fig. 8 (Dax, France; Miocene) [non Lin- naeus, 1758]. [19-437] 292 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Plate 254A. Mitra rosacea Reeve. Living specimen from Queensland, Australia (photo courtesy of Don M. Byrne). Mitra omalii Briart & Cornet, 1871 Remarks—The 11.0 mm-long specimen is a questionable mitrid. Synonymy— 1871 Mitra omalii Briart & Cornet, Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lett. Art. Belg., vol. 36, p. 71, pl. 5, figs. 10a-c. (Calcaire grossier de Mons, Belgium; Paleocene). Mitra ordinata “Pease’’, Garrett, 1880 Remarks—Pease did not describe this species, and Garrett's mention is a nomen nudum as in Paetel’s (1887, Cat. der Conchyl.-Samml. (Berlin), vol. 1, p. 184. Mitra ornata Schubert & Wagner, 1829 Remarks—Schubert & Wagner's species is not conspecific with Mitra ornata of Kiener, 1838. The illustrated specimen has the appearance of a juvenile Pterygia nucea (Gmelin, 1791). Synonymy— 1829 Mitra ornata Schubert & Wagner, Syst. Conch. Cabinet, vol. 12, p. 83, pl. 225, figs. 3098, 3099 (Locality unknown). Plate 254. Mitra cardinalis (Gmelin). Living specimen from Queensland, Australia (photo courtesy of Don M. Byrne). Mitra pallida Pease, 1860 Remarks—The type specimen is lost and the species is unidentifiable from the description, it could be either Neocancilla clathrus (Gmelin, 1791) or N. papilio (Link, 1807). The specific name is preoccupied by Mitra pallida A. Adams, 1853). Synonymy— 1860 Mitra pallida Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 146 (Sandwich Ids. = Hawaiian Ids.) [non A. Adams, 1853]. Voluta pertusa Linnaeus, 1758 Remarks—The specific name has been sup- pressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 841 (1968). Mitra plebeia Dohrn, 1860 Remarks—M. plebeia was described by Dohrn from the Hawaiian Islands, but in a later publica- tion (1861) the author relegated the species in the synonymy of the South African M. latruncularia Plate 255 bo Figs. 1, Mitra ambigua Swainson. 1, Chukwani, Zan- zibar. 2, Zambales, Luzon, Philippines. 3, 4. Mitra coffea Schubert and Wagner. 3, Niue Is- land, Pacific Ocean. 4, off Lautoka, W. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 5, 6. Mitra variabilis Reeve. Feather reef, Gt. Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Mitra eremitarum Roding. 7, Samar Id., Philippines. 8, Rat Tail Passage, Suva reef, Fiji Islands. 9. Mitra fusiformis subspecies zonata Marryat. Gerona, Spain. 10, 11. Mitra inquinata inquinata Reeve. Off Tatsu- gahama, Kii Province, Japan. 12,13. Mitra fasciolaris Deshayes in Laborde and nN we Linant. Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. 14. Mitra fulgurita Reeve, forma yaekoae Habe and Kosuge. Aramot Id., Siassi Ids., New Guinea. 15, 16. Mitra imperialis Roding. 15, Bushmen’s Bay, Malekula Id., New Hebrides. 16, Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. 17, 18. Mitra chalybeia Reeve. 17, Shoalwater Bay, Western Australia. 18, Beagle Ids., Western Australia. 19, 20. Mitra glabra Swainson. Semaphore, South Australia. 21, 22. Mitra carbonaria Swainson. 21, Longreet, New South Wales, Australia. 22, forma badia Reeve; Cape Vlaming, Rottnest Id., Western Australia. [19-438] 293 Mitridae VA. Voli, nor. Liv IFIC MOLLUSC \ 4 INDO-PAC September 28, 1976 BR a. WAT Plate 255 (explanation on opposite page) [19-439] 294 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Reeve. Although the holotype of M. plebeia is very worn and weathered, it is certainly not the same species as M. latruncularia, and to compli- cate matters further, this species, nor the one de- scribed by Dohrn, occur in the Hawaiian Islands. The holotype of M. plebeia has a sculpture of finely punctate spiral grooves, oblique basal cords and 5 columellar folds. Synonymy— 1860 Mitra plebeia Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 368 (Sandwich Islands) [holotype in British Museum (NH) no. 1964413: 23.0 x 8.4 x 11.7 mm]. 1861 Mitra plebeja (sic) Dohrn, Malakozool. Blatter, vol. 8, p. 137. Voluta plicata Bory St. Vincent, 1827 Remarks—This is a synonym of the indetermi- nate Mitra laevissima Grateloup, 1847. The specific name is preoccupied by Voluta plicata Dillwyn, 1817. Synonymy— 1827 Voluta plicata Bory St. Vincent, “Le Liste”, explanations to Tabl. Encycl. Méthodique, pl. 383, fig. 4 (locality un- known) [non Dillwyn, 1817]. Mitra plicata O. Costa, 1850 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable, and the name is preoccupied by Mitra plicata Reeve, 1844. Synonymy— 1850 Mitra plicata O. Costa, Atti Accad. Pontan., vol. 5, p. 388 (non Reeve, 1844). Mitra (Volutomitra) porcellana Melvill & Standen, 1912 Remarks—This species is a subantarctic mar- ginellid or volutomitrid. Synonymy— 1912 Mitra (Volutomitra) porcellana Melvill & Standen, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 48, p. 355, fig. 21 (Scotia Bay, Sth. Orkneys, 9-10 fathoms). 1970 Mitra (Volutomitra) porcellana Melvill & Standen, Cer- nohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 139. Mitra propinqua Garrett, 1880 Remarks—The type is not in the Garrett collec- tion in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, and the species cannot be identified from the de- scription. The name is preoccupied by Mitra propinqua A. Adams, 1853. Synonymy— 1880 Mitra propinqua Garrett, Journ. of Conch., vol. 3, p. 22 (Society Ids.) [non A. Adams, 1853]. Mitra pruinosa Kuster, 1840 Remarks—According to von Martens, 1904, Wiss. Ergeb. deut. Tief. Exp. “Valdivia’, vol. 7, p. 31, Mitra pruinosa Kister is a senior synonym of M. simplex Dunker, 1846, [is Vexillum (Pusia) patulum (Reeve, 1845)]. Kiister’s illustration, however, seems to represent a juvenile specimen of either Mitra (Strigatella) fastigium (Reeve) or M. luctuosa (A. Adams). Synonymy— 1840 Mitra pruinosa Kuster, Syst. Conch. Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 108, pl. 17a, figs. 3-5 (Locality unknown). Mitra pruinosa Reeve, 1844 Remarks—The type of Mitra pruinosa was in the Norris collection and has been sold at auction. The species cannot be identified from the descrip- tion and indifferent figure. The specific name is preoccupied by Mitra pruinosa Kuster, 1840. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra pruinosa Reeve, Conch. Iconica, pl. 22, sp. 171 (Locality unknown) [non Kuster, 1840]. Mitra punctata Swainson, 1829 Remarks—Swainson’s figure depicts a species which is uniformly brown in colour, inflated- ovate, with a short spire and sculpture consisting of spiral rows of fine punctures; the columella is white and has 6 oblique folds and the interior of the aperture is deep brown. A specimen labelled Mitra punctata in the Melvill-Tomlin collection, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, is a melanis- tic individual of Scabricola desetangsii (Kiener, 1838) and not Swainson’s species. The location of the type is unknown, and Swainson’s figure and description cannot be associated with any known living species. Synonymy— 1829 Mitra punctata Swainson, Zool. Illus., ser. 2, pl. 30, fig. 3 (Locality unknown). Mitra pupula Dunker in Schmeltz, 1869 Remarks—This is a nomen nudum. Mitra pusilla King & Broderip, 1832 Remarks—This species which could possibly be a volutomitrid from South America remains unidentified. Synonymy— 1832 Mitra pusilla King & Broderip, Zool. Journal, vol. 5, p. 349 (Locality unknown) [Probably South America]. [19-440] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 295 Mitra reticulata d’ Orbigny, 1850 Remarks—This species is a questionable mit- rid. Marliere, 1939, Mém. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., No. 89, p. 142, includes Mitra reticulata d’Orbigny in the synonymy of M. roemeri Reuss, 1845 with a query. Synonymy— 1841 Cerithium reticulatum Romer, Verst. Norddeutsch. Kreidegebirge, Hannover, p. 79, pl. 11, fig. 18 (Strehlen, N. Germany; U. Cretaceous) [non Perry, 1811]. 1850 Mitra reticulata d Orbigny, Prodr. Paléont. strat. Univer- selle, vol. 2, p. 226 (substitute name for Cerithium re- ticulatum Romer, 1841). Mitra roemeri d’ Orbigny, 1850 Remarks—The species, although similar to Paleofusimitra elongata Sohl, is more closely re- lated to the Fasciolariidae and probably belongs to that family. Synonymy— 1845 Pleurotoma roemeri Reuss, Verst. Bohm. Kreideform., Stuttgart, pt.l, p. 43, pl. 9, figs. 10a, b, d only (Luschitz, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia; U. Cretaceous) [non Pleurotoma roemeri Philippi, 1844]. 1846 Fasciolaria roemeri Reuss, Verst. Bohm. Kreideform., Stuttgart, pt. 2, p. 111. 1850 Mitra roemeri d’Orbigny, Prodr. Paleont. strat. Univer- selle, vol. 2, p. 226 (substitute name for Fasciolaria roemeri Reuss, 1846). 1939 Mitra ? roemeri Reuss, Marliere, Mém. Mus. Roy. d Hist. Nat. Belg., no. 89, p. 141, pl. 8, figs. 5a, b (Bracquegnies, Belgium; U. Cretaceous). Voluta ruffina Linnaeus, 1767 Remarks—The specific name has been sup- pressed for taxonomic usage by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 841 (1968). Mitra sectilis Pease, 1868 Remarks—The type-specimen appears to have been lost, and the species is unidentifiable from the description alone. Synonymy— 1868 Mitra sectilis Pease, Amer. Jour. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 271 (Hawaiian Islands). Mitra semilivida Tenison-Woods, 1878 Remarks—This name is a nomen nudum. Mitra signata Risso, 1826 Remarks—The species has not been illustrated and is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1826 Mitra signata Risso, Hist. nat. L’Europe meérid., vol. 4, p. 245 (Régiones coralligenes, Europe). Voluta slevini Dickerson, 1915 Remarks—This species is a questionable mit- rid. Synonymy— 1915 Voluta slevini Dickerson, Proc. California Acad. Sci- ences, ser. 4, vol. 5, pp. 34, 44, 75, pl. LI, tig. 16 (Live Oak Creek, Tejon formation, California; Eocene) [as Mitra sle- vini on p. 34]. 1925 Mitra slevini (Dickerson), Anderson & Hanna, Occas. Pap. California Acad. Sciences, vol. 11, p. 77. Voluta spadicea Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—Gmelin’s description is not in agreement with the cited figure from Chemnitz, which resembles the species Mitra (Strigatella) scutulata (Gmelin, 1791). The species remains a nomen dubium. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta spadicea Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3454 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 150, fig. 1392) [Locality unknown]. Mitra striatella Bory St. Vincent, 1827 Remarks—The species is an unidentified Mitra of the subgenus Strigatella Swainson. Synonymy— 1827 Mitra striatella Bory St. Vincent, “Le Liste”, explana- tions to the Tabl. Encycl. Méthodique, p. 166, pl. 372, fig. 1 (locality unknown). Mitra subdermestina Michelotti, 1847 Remarks—According to Bellardi (1888), the type-specimen can no longer be found, and the small, 8.0 mm-long species, is unidentifiable from the description. Synonymy— 1847 Mitra subdermestina Michelotti, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maat. Haarlem, vol. 3, p. 313 (Torino, Italy; Miocene). Mitra succincta Swainson in Sowerby, 1825 Remarks—The type of M. succincta has been sold by auction, and the description is appropriate for either Neocancilla clathrus (Gmelin, 1791), N. papilio (Link, 1807) or Cancilla (Domiporta) granatina (Lamarck, 1811). The species is a nomen dubium. Synonymy— 1825 Mitra succincta Swainson in Sowerby, Cat. shells coll. Tankerville, App. p. 26 (Locality unknown). [19-441] Mitridae 296 W. O. Cernohorsky ae pee 1H Tee a o Plate 256 (explanation on opposite page) [19-442] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 297 Voluta syracusana Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—The Buonanni figure cited by Gme- lin for his species has been previously cited by Linnaeus, 1758, for his Murex pusio and by Born, 1778, for the species Mitra (Strigatella) pauper- cula Linnaeus, 1758. The Buonanni figure is am- biguous and could possibly represent Mitrella scripta (Linnaeus) as suggested by Hanley, 1855. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta syracusana Gmelin, Systema naturae, ed. 13, p. 3456 (Refers to Buonanni, 1684, vol. 3, fig. 40) (Syracus). Mitra tahitensis Garrett, 1880 Remarks—The species has not been illustrated and the type has been destroyed in the Hamburg Museum. The description is applicable to either Mitra ambigua Swainson, 1829 or M. coffea Schubert & Wagner, 1829. Synonymy— 1880 Mitra tahitensis Garrett, Journ. of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 30 (Tahiti, Society Islands). Mitra vasconum Oppenheim, 1906 Remarks—The figured fragmented specimen from the Tertiary of France is a rather questiona- ble mitrid. Synonymy— 1906 Mitra vasconum Oppenheim, Zeit, deut. geol. Gesell., vol. 58, p. 89, pl. 9, fig. 10 (Biarritz, Nummulitique zone, France; ? Oligocene). Mitra ventricosa Risso, 1826 Remarks—The species has not been illustrated and is unidentifiable from the description. Synonymy— 1826 Mitra ventricosa Risso, Hist. nat. L’ Europe merid., vol. 4, p. 246 (Subfossil; Europe). Mitra vera Cumberland, 1826 Remarks—The species is not identifiable and may probably not even be a mitrid. Synonymy 1826 Mitra vera Cumberland, Reliqu. conserv., p. 31. Voluta virgata Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—The description itself is too brief and not very illuminating, and the cited figure from Knorr depicts a species which resembles Mitra (Nebularia) ferruginea Lamarck, 1811, and M. (N.) puncticulata Lamarck, 1811, but cannot be posi- tively identified. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta virgata Gmelin, Systema naturae, ed. 13, p. 3457 (Refers to Knorr, pt. 4, pl. 11, fig. 2) (Locality unknown). Mitra vulpina Anton, 1839 Remarks—tThe species has not been illustrated and is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1839 Mitra vulpina Anton, Verz. Conchylien, p. 68 (Grobkalk, Paris Basin; Eocene). Plate 256 Fig. 1. Mitra orientalis Griffith and Pidgeon. Peru, South America. Mitra idae Melvill. 5 mi. S. of Point Conception, California, 8 fms. 2, without periostracum. 3, with periostracum. 4. Mitra swainsonii swainsonii Broderip. Off Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico (specimen without periostracum). 5, 6. Mitra chrysostoma Broderip. 5, Mulinwu, near Apia, Upolu, W. Samoa. 6, Ko Ra Dang Id., S.W. Thailand. 7. Mitra contracta Swainson. Boac, Marinduque Id., Philippines. 8. Mitra coarctata Reeve. Rarotonga, Cook Islands. 9, 10. Mitra ferruginea Lamarck. 9, slender form; Boac, Marinduque Id., Philippines. 10, broad form; Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Ids., 11 fms. 11, 12. Mitra rubritincta Reeve. 11, Bay of Islands, Suva Harbour, Fiji Islands. 12, Nuku'alofa, Tonga Islands. 13-15. Mitra cucumerina Lamarck. 13, Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids. 14, Phuket Id., Thai- land. 15, Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. 16-17. Mitra chrysalis Reeve. 16, forma caledonica Recluz; Bushmen’s Bay, Malekula Id., New Hebrides. 17, Mulinwu, near Apia, Upolu, W. Samoa. to 18-21. Mitra fraga Quoy and Gaimard. 18, slender form; Nimitz beach, Guam Id., Marianas. 19, broad form; Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids. 20, forma rubiginea A. Adams; Pango Point, Efate Id., New Hebrides. 21, Efate Id., New Hebrides. Mitra tabanula Lamarck. Bay of Islands, Suva Harbour, Fiji Islands. 23, 24. Mitra doliolum Kuster. 23, Aramot Id., Siassi Ids., New Guinea. 24, Bushmen’s Bay, Malekula Id., New Hebrides. 25-27. Mitra proscissa Reeve. 25, Bombay, India. 26, corded form; Phuket Id., Thailand. 27, Garner's beach, Queensland, Australia. 28. Mitra suturata Reeve. 15 mi. W. of Anping, Taiwain. 29-32. Mitra rosacea Reeve. 29-30. Off Isshiki, Mikawa Prefecture, Japan. 31, Boac, Marinduque Id., Philippines. 32, Siasi, Sulu Sea, Philippines. 33, 34. Mitra rubiginosa Reeve. 33, Ko Pippi Id., Phuket, S.W. Thailand. 34, Boac, Marinduque Id., Philippines. 35-38. Mitra aurantia aurantia (Gmelin). 35, 36. Vuda Point, W. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 37, smooth form; Durban, Natal, South Africa. 38, Subic Bay, Luzon Id., Philippines. [19-443] 298 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Abbreviations The following institutional abbreviations are used in this paper: AIM - Auckland Institute and Museum, Auck- land AMNH - American Museum of Natural History, New York AMS - Australian Museum, Sydney ANSP -Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia BM(NH) - British Museum (Natural History), London BPBM - Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu DMNH - Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville, Delaware IRSN - Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels LACM - Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History MCZ - Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Massachusetts MHNG - Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva MHNP - Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris MORG - Museu Oceanografico de Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil NMW - National Museum of Wales, Cardiff SAM - South African Museum, Cape Town SDNHM - San Diego Natural History Museum TAU - Tel-Aviv University, Israel UCLA - University of Southern California, Los Angeles USNM - National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. WAM - Western Australian Museum, Perth ZMB - Zoological Museum, Humboldt Univer- sity, Berlin ZMC - Zoological Museum, Copenhagen Acknowledgements The following persons have generously con- tributed information, photographs, specimens, types or working space, which is gratefully acknowledged: R. T. Abbott, Delaware Museum of Natural His- tory; W. Adam—IRSN; A. Barash—TAU; A. Beu, New Zealand Geological Survey; E. Binder— MHNG; W. J. Clench, R. D. Turner, K. J. Boss— MCZ:; P. Clover, Rota Cadiz, Spain; H. Dale, New Hebrides; V. Dan, Manila; S. P. Dance—N MW; A. Deynzer, New York; H. Eker, Sanibel Island; W. kK. Emerson, W. Old jr.—AMNH,; E. Fischer- Piette, B. Salvat—MHNP; T. Habe, National Sci- ence Museum, Tokyo; A. G. Hinton, Port Moresby; E. A. Kay, University of Hawaii, Hono- lulu; B. F. Kensley—SAM; R. Kilias—ZMB; M. Kleckham, Port Moresby; J. Knudsen—ZMC; Y. Kondo—BPBM; H. Ladd, W. Woodring, N. F. Sohl, U.S. Geological Survey, USNM; R. Lumawig, Boac, Philippines; L. Marincovich— UCLA; M. Marrow, Hampton, Australia; H. Matthews, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil; A. McCollim, Port Moresby; N. McDowall, Niue Is- land; T. O'Grady, Linnean Society, London; J. Orr, Johannesburg; W. Ponder, P. Colman—AMS; A. W. B. Powell—AIM; G. Radwin—SDNHM,; H. A. Rehder, J. P. E. Morrison, C. F. E. Roper, J. Rosewater, Division of Mollusks, USNM; E. Rios—MORG; R. Robertson, V. Orr Maes— ANSP; F. Steiner, Mill Valley, California; J. Taylor, J. F. Peake, C. P. NutallI—BM(NH); N. Tebble, Oxford University Museum; B. R. Wilson, S. M. Slack-Smith—WAM,; A. Zilch, Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt a.M. Part of this work was supported by a National Research Council senior postdoctoral Research Associateship with the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Wash- ington, D.C. A monetary grant received from the Delaware Museum of Natural History, Green- ville, is gratefully acknowledged. [19-444] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 299 Selected Bibliography For amore complete bibliography on the family Mitridae, see Cernohorsky, 1970, Bulletin Auck- land Institute and Museum, No. 8, pp. 154-177. Adams, A. 1853. Descriptions of fifty-two new species of the genus Mitra, from the Cumingian collection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, for 1851, part 19, pp. 132-141. Adams, A. 1855. Descriptions of thirty-nine new species of shells, from the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proceed- ings of the Zoological Society of London, for 1854, part 22, pp. 130-138. Adams, A. 1864. On the species of Mitridae found in the seas of Japan. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, vol. 7, pp. 198-201. Adams, C. B. 1852. Descriptions of supposed new species of marine shells which inhabit Jamaica. Contributions to Con- chology, no. 4, pp. 56-68. Barnard, K. H. 1960. The genus Charitodoron Tomlin, 1932. African Mollusca. Part 2. Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata: Rhachiglossa. Annals of the South African Museum, vol. 45, part 1, pp. 1-237, textfigs. Barnard, K. H. 1960. The genus Charitodoron Tomlin, 1932. Journal of Conchology, vol. 24, no. 11, p. 402. Bayer, T. 1942. Observations on Mitra florida Gould. The Nautilus, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 78-80, pl. 7. [F. M. Bayer]. Beets, C. 1941. 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Les mollusques tes- tacés marins des établissement Francais de L’Oceanie. ibid., vol. 77, pp. 145-326. Dohrn, H. 1860a. Description of new species of Mitra from the collection of Hugh Cuming Esq. Proceedings of the Zoolog- ical Society of London, part 28, pp. 366-368. Dohrn, H. 1860b. Zur Kenntnis einiger Arten de Genus Mitra Lamarck. Malakozoologische Blatter, vol. 7, pp. 120-125. Dohrn, H. 1861. Zur Kenntnis von Mitra. Malakozoologische Blatter, vol. 8, pp. 123-139. Fischer-Piette, E. 1942. Les mollusques d’Adanson. Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 85, pp. 103-377, pls. 1-16. [19-445] Mitridae 300 W. O. Cernohorsky AR sin eee: gett 2) Plate 257 (explanation on opposite page) [19-446] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 301 Fischer-Piette, E. 1950. Liste de types décrits dans le Journal de Conchyliologie et conservés dans la collection de ce Journal. ibid., vol. 90, pp. 8-23; 65-82; 149-180. Gabriel, C. J. 1962. 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Faune malacologique du Miocene de la Belgique. 2. Gastropoda Mém. Inst. Roy. Sci. Hist. Nat. de Belgique, vol. 121, pp. 1-197. pls. 1-10. Glibert, M. 1952b. Gastropodes du Miocene Moyen du Bassin de la Loire. Part 2. Mem. Inst. Roy. Sci. Hist. Nat. de Bel- gique, ser. 2, no. 46, pp. 243-450, pls. 1-15. Grant, U. S. and H. R. Gale. 1931. Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California and adja- cent regions. Memoir San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 1, pp. 1-1036, pls. 1-32. Habe, T. and S. Kosuge. 1966. Shells of the world in colour. The tropical Pacific. Osaka. vol. 2, pp. 1-193, pls. 1-68. Habe, T. and S. Kosuge. 1967. The standard book of Japanese shells in color. Osaka, pp. i-xviii, 1-223, pls. 1-64. Hatai, kK. and S. Nisiyama. 1952. Check List of Japanese Ter- tiary Marine Mollusca. Sci. Report Tohoku University, ser. 2, Spec. vol. 3, pp. 1-464. Hedley, C. 1913. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part XI. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, vol. 38, pt. 2, pp. 258-339, pls. 16-19. Hinds, R. B. 1844. Descriptions of new shells trom the collec- tion of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R.N., C.B. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, vol. 11, pp. 255-257. Hoernes, R. and M. Auinger. 1880. Die Gasteropoden der Meeres-Ablagerungen der ersten und zweiten Miocanen Mediterran-Stufe in der Osterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie. Abhandlungen k. k. geol. Reichsanstalt, Wien, vol. 12, part 2, pp. 53-112, pls. 7-12. Iredale, T. 1929. Strange molluscs in Sydney Harbour. Austra- lian Zoologist, vol. 5, part 4, pp. 337-352, pls. 37-38. Iredale, T. 1936. Australian Molluscan notes, No. 2. Records Australian Museum, vol. 19, part 5, pp. 267-340, pls. 20-24. Issel, A. 1869. Malacologia del Mar Rosso ricerche zoologiche e paleontologiche. Pisa, pp. i-xi, 1-387, pls. 1-5. Jickeli, C. F. 1874. Studien uber die Conchylien des Rothen Meeres. Jahrbuch Deutscher Malakologischen Gesellschaft, vol. 1, pp. 17-54. Kay, E. A. 1965. Marine molluscs in the Cuming collection, British Museum (Natural Histroy) described by William Harper Pease. Bulletin Brit. Museum (Nat. Hist.), Zoology, Supplement vol. 1, pp. 1-96, pls. 1-14. Keen, M. 1966. American mollusk types at the British Museum (Natural History) III. Alcide d’Orbigny’s South American collection. The Veliger, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-7, pl. 1. Keen, M. 1971. Sea shells of tropical West America. Edition 2. Stanford, pp. 1-1064, pls. 1-22, textfigs. Knudsen, J. 1956. Marine prosobranchs of tropical West Africa (Stenoglossa). Atlantide Report No. 4. Scientific results of the Danish Expedition to the coasts of tropical West Africa 1945-46. Copenhagen, pp. 7-110, pls. 1-4. Kohn, A. J. 1970. Food habits of the gastropod Mitra litterata Lamarck: relation to trophic structure of the intertidal marine bench community in Hawaii. Pacific Science, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 483-486. Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de. 1798. Tableau encyclopedique et méthodique des trois regnes de la nature. Paris, pls. 287-390. Laseron, C. F. 1951. Notes on the New South Wales Mitras with special reference to their protoconchs. Records Austra- lian Museum, vol. 22, part 4, pp. 335-343, texttigs. Lesson, R. P. 1842. Mollusques recueillis dans la mer du Sud par M. Adolphe Lesson (Genres Mitra et Pleurotoma). Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuvierienne, vol. 5, pp. 141-144. Plate 257 = bo Figs. Mitra aurantia aurantia (Gmelin). 1, Boac, Philippines. 2, forma nanus Reeve, Samar Id., Philippines. 3. Mitra aurantia subspecies subruppeli Finlay. Ras Jagin, Gulf of Oman. 4,5. Mitra ticaonica Reeve. 4, Viti Levu Bay, N.E. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 5, slender form; Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Ids., 10 fms. 6, 7. Mitra vexillum Reeve. 6, Boac, Marinduque Id., Philippines. 7, Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. 8-ll. Mitra fulvescens Broderip. 8, 9. Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Ids., 10 fms. 10, intermediate form; near Caltex Refinery, Batangas Bay, Philippines. 11, forma telum Sowerby; Pango Point, Efate Id., New Hebrides. 12. Mitra telescopium Reeve. Taurama beach, Port Moresby, New Guinea. 13. Mitra ruepellii Reeve. Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. 14,15. Mitra lugubris Swainson. Manava Id., N. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 16-18. Mitra coronata Lamarck. 16, 17. Natadola, S. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 18, Santa Cruz, Zamboanga, Philippines. 19, 20. Mitra amaura Hervier. 19, Moturina Id., New Guinea. 20, Rat Tail Passage, Suva reef, Fiji Islands. 21, 22. Mitra aurora floridula Sowerby. 21, Meli Id., Efate Id., New Hebrides. 22, Wadigi Id., Mamanuca group, Fiji Islands. 23, 24. Mitra luctuosa A. Adams. 23, Vetschies Pier, Durban, Natal, South Africa. 24, Samarai, New Guinea. 25-27. Mitra lens (Wood). 25, 26. Vera Cruz, Panama (specimen without periostracum). 27, Panama (specimen with periostracum). 28, 29. Mitra barbadensis (Gmelin). Buccoo reef, Tobago Id., Caribbean. 30, 31. Mitra puncticulata Lamarck. 30, Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. 31, Nimitz beach, Guam Id., Marianas. 32-34. Mitra nodulosa (Gmelin). 32, St. Vincent Id., Caribbean. 33, Barbados Id., Caribbean. 34, slender, turreted form; Hillborough Reef, N. of Pompano, Florida. 35, 36. Mitra edentula Swainson. 35, Pango Point, Efate Id., New Hebrides. 36, Marau Sound, Guadal- canal, Solomon Islands. [19-447] 302 ~=Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Ludbrook, N. H. 1958. The molluscan tauna of the Pliocene strata underlying the Adelaide Plains, Part V.icGastropoda (Aratoidae to Scaphandridae). Trans. Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 81, pp. 43-111, pls. 1-6. MacNeil, F. S. 1961. Tertiary and Quaternary Gastropoda of Okinawa. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, no. 339, pp. 1-148, pls. 1-21. Macpherson, J. H. and C. J. Gabriel. 1962. Marine Mollusca of Victoria. Melbourne, pp. i-xv, 1-475, textfigs. McLean, J. H. 1969. Marine shells of southem California. Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Science series 24, Zoology, no. 11, pp. 1-104, 54 textfigs. Martens, E. von. 1880. Beitrage zur Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen, Mollusken. Berlin, pp. 181- 336, pls. 19-22. Martin, K. J. L. 1880. Die Tertiarschichten auf Java, nach den Entdeckungen von Fr. Junghuhn. Leiden, pp. 1-164; 1-51; 1-6; pls. 1-28. Martin, K. J. L. 1931. Mollusken aus dem Obereocan von Nanggulan. Wetenschap. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indie, No. 18, pp. 1-56, pls. 1-7. Melvill, J. M. C. and R. Standen. 1901. The Mollusca of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea, as evidenced mainly through the collections of Mr. F. W. Townsend, 1893-1900; with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 327-460, pls. 21-24. Oostingh, C. H. 1939. Die Mollusken des Pliocans von Sitid- Bantam in Java. 2 Abschnitt (Gastropoda II). Ingen. Nederl. Indie Mijnbouw Geol. vol. 6, pp. 119-187, pls. 8-16. Orr Maes, V. 1967. The littoral Marine Mollusks of Cocos- Keeling Islands (Indian Ocean). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 119, no. 4, pp. 93-217, pls. 1-26. Ostergaard, J. M. 1950. Spawning and development of some Hawaiian marine gastropods. Pacific Science, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 75-115, figs. 1-42. Pilsbry, H. A. 1922. Revision of W. M. Gabb’s Tertiary Mol- lusca of Santo Domingo. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 73, part 2, pp. 305-435, pls. 16-47. Pannekoek, A. 1936. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Altmiocanen Mollusken-Fauna von Rembang (Java). Geolog. Inst. Meded. Univ. Amsterdam, no. 60, pp. 1-80, pls. 1-4. Pritchard, G. B. and J. H: Gatliff. 1899. Catalogue of the marine shells of Victoria. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. 11, part 2, pp. 185-208. Ray, H. C. 1954. Miters of Indian waters (Mollusca, Gas- tropoda; Family Mitridae). Mem. Indian Museum, vol. 14, part 1, pp. 1-72, pls. 1-3. Risbec, J. 1955. Considérations sur l’anatomie comparée et la classification des Gastéropodes Prosobranches. Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 45-82, textfigs. Roding, P. F. Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae. Pars secunda. Hamburg, pp. i-viii, 1-199. Rutsch, R. 1934. Die Gastropoden aus dem Neogen der Punta Gavilan in Nord-Venezuela. Abhandl. Schweizer Palaeon- tol. Gesellschaft, vol. 54, pp. 1-88, pls. 1-7. Sacco, F’. 1890. Catalogo paleontologico del baccino terziario del Piemonte. Torino, pp. 138-151 (Mitridae only). Sacco, F. 1904. I molluschi dei terreni Terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Part XXX. Aggiunte e Correzioni; Consideraz- ioni generali; Indice generale dell’ opera. Torino, pp. i-xxxvi, 1-203, pls. 1-31. Shasky, D. R. and G. B. Campbell. 1964. New and otherwise interesting species of mollusks from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. The Veliger, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 114-120, pls. 21-22. Smith, E. A. 1906. On South African marine Mollusca, with descriptions of new species. Annals Natal Govt. Museum, vol. 1, part 1, pp. 19-71, pls. 7-8. Sowerby, G. B. 1892. Marine shells of South Africa. London, pp. 1-89, pls. 1-5. Sphon, G. 1961. Notes on the Mitridae of the Eastern Pacific. I.—Mitra fultoni E. A. Smith. The Veliger, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 32-36, pl. 7. Sphon, G. 1969. Notes on the Mitridae of the Eastern Pacific. Il. The genus Thala, with description of a new species. The Veliger, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 84-88, pl. 6, textfigs. Swainson, W. 1820-1833. Zoological Illustrations, or original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals. London, series 1, vols. 1-3; series 2, vols. 1-3. Taki, I. and K. Oyama. 1954. Matajiro Yokoyama’s The Pliocene and later faunas from the Kwanto region in Japan. Palaeotnological Society of Japan Spec. Paper no. 2, pp. 1-68, pls. 1-49. Tesch, P. in Wanner. 1915. Jungtertiare und Quartare Mollus- ken von Timor. I. Teil. Palaontologie von Timor, Lief. 5, pp. 1-70, pls. 73-82. Thiele, J. Hanfbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Jena, pp. 1-1154, texttigs. Tomlin, J. R. le B. 1920. On certain of Link’s names in the Mitridae. The Nautilus, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 133-134. Turton, W. H. 1933. The Marine shells of Port Alfred, S. Africa. Journal of Conchology, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 370-371. Vayssiere, A. J. B. P. 1901. Etude zoologique et anatomique de la Mitra zonata Marryatt. Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 49, pp. 77-95, pl. 3. Viader, R. 1937. Revised Catalogue of the Testaceous Mol- lusca of Mauritius and its Dependencies. Mauritius Institute Bulletin, vol. 1, part 2, pp. i-xiii, 1-111. Vredenburg, E. 1925. Description of Mollusca from Post- Eocene Tertiary formation of North-Western India: Cephalopoda, Opisthobranchia, Siphonostomata. Mem. Geol. Survey of India, vol. 1, part 1, pp. 1-325, pls. 1-13. Wenz, W. 1943. Handbuch der Palaozoologie. Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia. Berlin, vol. 6, part 1, pp. 1201-1506, textfigs. Wolfson, F. H. 1969. Spawning Notes, I].—Mitra dolorosa. The Veliger, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 282-283, textfigs. Woodring, W. P. 1964. Geology and Paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama. Description of Tertiary Mollusks (Gastropods: Columbellidae to Volutidae). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, no. 306C, pp. 241- 297, pls. 39-47. Woodring, W. P. 1966. The Panama land bridge as a sea barrier. Proceedings American Philosophical Society, vol. 110, pp. 425-433, textfigs. Yokoyama, M. 1920. Fossils from the Miura Peninsula and its immediate north. Tokyo Imperial University College of Sci- ence Journal, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1-193, pls. 1-20. Zavodnik, D. 1967. Uber die Meereschnecke Mitra (Epis- comitra) zonata Marryatt (Gastropoda, Monotocardia) aus der nordlichen Adria. Zoologischer Anzeiger, vol. 178, pp. 389-391, 3 textfigs. Zilch, A. 1934. Zur Fauna des Mittel-Miocans von Kostej (Banat). Typus-Bestimmung und Tafeln zu O. Boettger’s Bearbeitungen. Senckenbergiana, vol. 16, parts 4-6, pp. 193-302, pls. 1-22. [19-448] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 303 [These occasional blank areas occur between genera and subgenera to permit the insertion of new material and future sections in their proper systematic sequence.) [19-449] 304 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Plate 258 (explanation on opposite page) [19-450] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 305 Genus Mitra Lamarck, 1798 Type: Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758) The genus Mitra consists of 120 Recent and about 240 fossil species. Taxa proposed for extinct species undoubtedly contain a high percentage of synonyms in view of the numerous names pro- posed by Bellardi, 1887, for species forms from Mio-Pliocene deposits of Italy. Species of Mitra are characterized by small or large shells, reach- ing a length of 7 inches; they are fusiform, elongate-ovate or inflated and variable in sculpture. The protoconch is cylindrical and paucispiral and the labral wall is always smooth in Mitrinae. The proboscis of Mitra mitra (Lin- naeus), the type species of the genus, is very long, but a shorter proboscis is frequently found in other species. Shells are covered by a thin, trans- lucent or opaque periostracum, and an operculum is absent. The radula ribbon is moderately small, gener- ally 6% to 21% of shell-length, and contains from 35 to 130 rows of rachiglossate teeth; each row contains 3 teeth. The central teeth are generally rectangular, unicuspid or multicuspid and the lat- erals are multicuspid and two to four times the width of the centrals. Rock-dwelling Mitra de- posit egg-capsules on the underside of rocks in an asymmetrical cluster of 15 to 100 capsules. Egg- capsules are generally claviform and contain from 100 to 500 cream-coloured or translucent-yellow, spherical eggs. The genus first appeared during the Early Eocene in Europe, the Caribbean, Indonesia and New Zealand. Recent species of Mitra live in temperate and tropical waters of all major oceans. Species of Mitra are predominantly rock and coral dwellers, but some species, including the type species, inhabit muddy or coralline sand. Species live in the intertidal zone and deeper water, and have been dredged to a depth of 700 fathoms; species living at these depths will tolerate a tem- perature as low as 45°F. Subgenus Mitra Lamarck, 1798 Type: Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758) The shells of the genus are small or large, 5 to 170 mm in length, fusiform or elongate-ovate, smooth, or sculptured with spiral grooves, pits, granules and rarely axial ribs. Whorls are convex or angulate, the aperture is shorter or longer than the spire, the labial lip is thick or thin, simple or crenulate and dentate and the interior of the aper- ture is always smooth. The columella has 3 to 7 prominent, often close-set, oblique and usually parallel folds, with the exception of fossil species of the subgenus Eumitra. The anterior canal is short or produced, straight or recurved, and the Plate 258 Figs. 1-3. Mitra paupercula (Linnaeus). 1, off coast of Cabcaban, Luzon, Philippines. 2, Lomalagi, S. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 3, forma zebra Lamarck; Cebu Id., Philippines. 4,5. Mitra pica (Dillwyn). 4, Mauritius. 5, Phuket Id., Thailand. 6-8. Mitra retusa Lamarck. 6, 7, Natadola, S. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 8, Namoui, Niue Island, Pacific. 9-11. Mitra litterata Lamarck. 9, Cuvu beach, S. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 10, Niue Island, Pacific Ocean. 11, Kahala, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. 12,13. Mitra auriculoides Reeve, forma turturina Souverbie. 12, Ure Id., E. coast of Malekula Id., New Hebrides. 13, Pango Point, Efate Id., New Hebrides. 14-16. Mitra assimilis Pease. 14, 15, Momi reef, W. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 16, broad form; Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. 17-20. Mitra scutulata (Gmelin). 17, broad form: Vuda Point, W. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 18, 19, slender form; Balabac Id., Philippines. 20, form amphorella Lamarck, Manava Id., N. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 21, 22. Mitra decurtata Reeve. 21, off Kao-Hsiung, Taiwan. 22, off coast of Cabcaban, Luzon, Philippines. 23-25. Mitra colombelliformis Kiener. 23, 24, Namoui Niue Island, Pacific. 25, Naviti, Yasawa group, Fiji Islands. 26, 27. Mitra acuminata Swainson. 26, Bushmen’s Bay, Malekula Id., New Hebrides. 27, Meli Id., Efate Id., New Hebrides. 28, 29, 32. Mitra fastigium Reeve. 28, 29, N. Viti Levu, Viti Levu Bay, Fiji Islands (interior tooth prominently developed). 32, Moshinga Id., off Mocimba da Praia, Mozambique, East Africa (interior tooth weakly developed). 30, 31. Mitra tristis Broderip. 30, Santa Cruz Id., Galapagos Islands. 31, Puerto Lobos, Mexico. 33-37. Mitra pellisserpentis pellisserpentis Reeve. 33, broad form; Rarotonga, Cook Islands. 34, broad, smooth form; Mauritius. 35, Rawai, Phuket, Thailand, 36, intermediate form: Ko He Id., Thailand. 37, slender form; Momi reef, W. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 38, 39: Mitra pellisserpentis astricta Reeve. 38, broad form; Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. 39, slender form; Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. [19-451] 306 = Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae siphonal notch is distinct. There are 52 living and 196 fossil species in the nominate subgenus. The subgenus is cosmopolitan in distribution. Synonymy— 1784 Mitra Martyn, Universal Conchologist, vol. 1, pl. 19 (non binomial—work suppressed in Opinion 456 of ICZN) 1798 Mitra Lamarck, Tabl. Encycl. Méth., Paris, pl. 369 (type by tautonymy Voluta mitra Linnaeus, 1758. Opinion 885 of ICZN) 1798 Mitra Roding, Mus. Boltenainaum, p. 135 (type by sub- sequent designation by Montfort, 1810, p. 543: M. epis- copalis (Linnaeus) = V. mitra Linnaeus, 1758) 1815 Mitraria Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, Palermo, p. 145 (type by virtue of art. 67 of ICZN: Voluta episcopalis Linnaeus is V. mitra Linnaeus, 1758) 1823 Mitrolithes Kruger, Gesch. Urwelt, vol. 1, p. 431 (not available—art. 20 of ICZN) 1840 Tiarella Swainson, Treatise Malacology, pp. 130, 131 (type by subsequent designation by Gray, 1847, p. 141: Vol- uta papalis Linnaeus, 1758) [also spelled Thiarella on p. 319—first reviser Herrmannsen, 1847] 1853 Isara H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Mollusca, vol. 1, p. 171 (type by subsequent designation by Cossmann, 1899, p. 153: Mitra bulimoides Reeve, 1844 = M. glabra Swainson, 1821) 1853 Mutyca H. & A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. 1, p. 172 (type by subsequent designation by Pilsbry, 1922, p. 167: M. ancillides Swainson is Mitra ancillides Broderip, 1836) 1864 Mitraxia Binney & Tryon, Compl. writ. Rafinesque, p. 19 (nomen nullum) 1880 Phaeomitra von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Maurit. Seychellen, p. 252 (type by subsequent designation by Coan, 1966, p. 131: Mitra (Phaeomitra) fulvua Swainson, 1829 is Mitra coffea Schubert & Wagner, 1829) 1882 Cucurbita “Megerle MS’, Scudder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 19, p. 93 (published in synonymy of Mitra) 1895 Eumitra Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conchology, vol. 8, p. 99 (type by subsequent designation by Coan, 1966, p. 130: Mitra (Eumitra) episcopalis Linnaeus is Voluta mitra Lin- naeus, 1758 [non Eumitra Tate, 1889] 1900 Fuscomitra Pallary, Journ. de Conchyliologie, vol. 48, p. 263 (type by subsequent designation by Cox, 1936: “Mitra fusca Swainson’ —sensu Reeve, 1844 and auct. non Swain- son, 1824 is Voluta nigra Gmelin, 1791) 1915 Papalaria Dall, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 90, p. 60 (type by subsequent designation by Coan, 1966, p. 131:Voluta epis- copalis Linnaeus is V. mitra Linnaeus, 1758) 1917 Episcomitra Monterosato, Boll. Soc. Zool. Ital., vol. 4, p. 26 [actually privately printed] (type by monotypy Mitra zonata Swainson is M. fusiformis zonata Marryat, 1817) 1918 Atrimitra Dall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 31, p. 138 (type by original designation Mitra idae Melvill, 1893) 1929 Vicimitra Iredale, Australian Zoologist, vol. 5, p. 343 (type by monotypy V. prosphora Iredale, 1929 is Mitra sol- ida Reeve, 1844) 1956 Cryptomitra “Dall MS”, Bryan, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 4, No. 4, p. 39 (nomen nudum) 1966 Volvariella Coan, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 132 (type by original designation Mitra lamarckii Deshayes, 1832) [non Vol- variella Fischer, 1883] Nomenclature—The genus-group name Mitra was proposed by Lamarck and Roding in the same year, i.e. 1798, and the authorship has con- sequently been credited to either one of the two authors. The authorship of Mitra has been clarified by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 885, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., vol. 26, p. 125, where the Com- mission instructs that Lamarck be credited with the authorship of Mitra. Introduced in 1798, the genus name Mitra did not come into general use until 1811 with the appearance of Lamarck’s monograph on the Mitridae (Ann. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, pp. 195-222). Prior to 1798, Mitridae species were included in the genus Voluta by Linnaeus, 1758 and 1767, Born 1778 and 1780 and Gmelin, 1791. [19-452] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 307 Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Color pl. 253, fig. 1; pl. 250) Range—East Africa to Polynesia and Hawaii. Galapagos Islands. Remarks—This widely distributed and com- mon species is one of the largest of the genus, reaching almost 7 inches in length. The animal has a very long, slender proboscis, and after cap- ture and during desiccation, discharges a purple- brown fluid which is harmless to humans but has considerable staining properties. Large speci- mens of M. mitra are still occasionally used by Pacific Island natives as a chiselling tool during boat construction and house building. Habitat—The species lives in coralline and silty sand, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 33 fathoms. During the day, the animal is usually buried in sand but becomes semi-active at the turn of the tide and leaves large tracks in the sand when on the move with a partial covering of sand. The animal is most active at night when it crawls upon the sand substrate in search for food. Description—Shell reaching 170 mm (about 7 inches) in length, elongate-fusiform, heavy and solid, sutures moderately impressed. Whorls 9 or 10 inclusive of protoconch, spire whorls convex and rounded at sutures. Early postnuclear whorls with 5-8 finely punctate spiral lines, last 2-3 whorls generally smooth. Aperture about equal in height to the spire, widening basally, smooth within; outer lip almost perpendicular, thickened at the margin and with distinct, thorn-like denti- cles anteriorly in adult specimens. Columella heavily calloused and with 4-5 prominent folds; anterior canal with a prominent folded callus and oblique spiral cords, siphonal notch distinct. White or cream in colour, ornamented with 5-9 transverse rows of irregular but generally squarish Vv a + re ah) or rhomboidal, bright orange spots on the body whorl and 2 or 3 rows of spots on earlier whorls. Periostracum brown and moderately opaque. Juvenile specimens less than 40 mm in length are short and obese with the aperture longer than the spire, a prominent punctate spiral sculpture on the body whorls and distinct spiral cords on early whorls. The aperture is bow-shaped and the outer lip thin and without denticles. Measurements (mm.)— height of length width aperture 138.0 41.0 67.0 Malolo I., Fiji Ids. 124.0 37.0 62.0 Wakaya L., Fiji Ids. 91.0 30.0 49.0 Palawan I., Philippines 66.0 22.0 38.0 Solomon Ids. 71.6 22.5 36.9 Lectotype of mitra Linnaeus 52.0 17.0 27.0 Guam I., Marianas 15.0 6.5 9.0 (immature) Niihau I., Hawaii Synonmy— 1758 Voluta mitra Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 732 (O. Asiatico); 1955 Dodge, Bull. Americ. Mus. Nat. History, vol. 107, p. 121; 1969 Cernohorsky, Zool. Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 48, p. 356, pl. 2, fig. A (figured lectotype). 1758 Voluta mitra episcopalis Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 732 (name suppressed by ICZN in Opinion 885, 1969). 1798 Mitra carmelita Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 136 (substitute name for Voluta episcopalis Gmelin, 1791). 1833 Mitra apiscapal: Linnaeus, Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage Astrolabe, vol. 2, p. 634, pl. 45 figs. 1-7 (animal and anatomy); 1838 Ktener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 1; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 5; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 3. 1923 Mitra mitra Linnaeus, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 88; 1936 Hirase, Coll. Japanese Shells, ed. 5, p. 70, pl. 100, fig. 13; 1946 Kira, Venus, vol. 14, pp. 219-288; 1959 Kira, Colored Illustrations Shells Japan, vol. 1, p. 89, pl. 34, fig. 16; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 91, pl. 13, fig. 1; 1966 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 105, figs. 2a, b (radula and penis). » BONIN is G ccameasa - a =i = sf , ut Oa wicopan i? DP ericn MALDIVE Ree 8 CHagos COCO6 - KEELING ATOLLS e | PPINE ms, 5 Polou MARIANA @ Me > is | ® shnators e | @..... « yt eu Log . , mwetok ; aut Oth & 1 4 ARSH . @ vy Oo cae a Mejuro Palmyra CAROLINE is | f thin 4| Helen @ 4 + © Vohristmos oy 7 aN PHOENIX 13 | Toxerau is. | | M1 Sa) eo gett is Finis. tg, e - 3 pe es TONGA cook cALeoo fe Sie oh oe EAE Soe | Norfa | ®: EW HEBRIDE 80° 100° u | NEW | ZEALAND Mario Theresa | n 1 495 HF \ 160° 160° Plate 259. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) mitra (Linnaeus). [19-453] 308 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Types—tThe lectotype of M. mitra is in the col- lection of the Linnean Society, London. The type locality is Asiatic Ocean, and is here restricted to Ceram Island, Moluccas, Indonesia, according to Rumphius’ first correct locality indication. Nomenclature—During the 19th century the specific name Mitra episcopalis was almost exclu- sively used for this species. In 1923 Dautzenberg & Bouge re-instated M. mitra into malacological literature and the name has remained in use ever since. Coan (1966, Bull. Zool. Nomenclature, vol. 22, p. 355) petitioned the International Commis- sion on Zoological Nomenclature fora retention of Mitra episcopalis and a suppression of M. mitra. In 1969, in Opinion 885, (Bull. Zool. Nomencl., vol. 26, p. 125), the Commission gave a reversed ruling, and suppressed Voluta episcopalis Lin- naeus, and added V. mitra to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. Records—GULF OF ADEN: Steamer Point, Aden (Shop- land, 1902). EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia; 4 mi. SE of Gedi, Kilifi, Kenya; Malindi, N. of Mombasa, Kenya; Port Mocambique, Mozambique (all USNM); Porto Amelia, Mozambique (AMNH); Twiga Beach hotel, 16 mi. S. of Mom- basa Kenya (Steiner coll.). ZANZIBAR: (USNM). SOUTH AFRICA: Durban (E. A. Smith, 1903). INDIAN OCEAN IS- LANDS: Madagascar (Dautzenberg, 1910); Reunion I. (De- shayes, 1863); Seychelles I. (von Martens, 1880); Mauritius (USNM; AIM); Cocos-Keeling I. (USNM). INDIA: Madras (Melvill & Standen, 1898). THAILAND: Goh Similan I. (USNM). INDONESIA: Pulau Melila, off Sumatra; Paula Bai, Batu group, off Sumatra; Mandi Darrah I. (all USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Lubang I., Mindoro (USNM): Cuyo I., Palawan group (USNM: AIM); Borongan village, Samar (AMNH). CHINA: Whampoa (USNM). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Okinawa I. (\USNM). MARIANAS: Agat Bay, Alutom I. (AIM): Guam I. (USNM; AMNH); Saipan I. (USNM). PALAU IS- LANDS: SE side of Urukthapel I. (USNM); Toagel Passage (AMNH). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Falauik I., S end of Ifaluk Atoll; Kapingamarangi I. (both USNM); Ponape I. (AMNH),. MARSHALL ISLANDS: Ailuk Atoll (USNM): Majuro Atoll (USNM; AMNH); Kwajalein I. (AMNH). WAKE ISLAND: (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Biak I., Schouten Ids. (USNM); SW of Biak wharf (Powell coll.); mouth of Ramu River (AIM): Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.). AUSTRALIA: SW of Point Cloates, West Australia (WAM); Cooktown, Queensland (USNM); Green I., off Cairns, Queensland (USNM); Hope I., Queens- land (Powell coll.). KERMADEC ISLANDS: (Iredale, 1910) SOLOMON ISLANDS: Buka I., Bougainville L.; Treasury I. (both AIM); Honiara, Guadalcanal; Tulagi (both DMNH). NEW HEBRIDES: NE coast of Santa Maria I., Banks group; Port Stanley, Malekula I. (both USNM):; Malapoa Point, Vila harbour, Efate I.; Erakor lagoon, SW Efate I. (both AIM). NEW CALEDONIA: E end of Kuakue Bay, 10-20 ft. (USNM); Plage de Poc, Bourail (AIM). LOYALTY ISLANDS: E end of Beautemps-Beaupre Atoll, 10-20 ft. (USNM). GILBERT IS- LANDS: Abaiang I. (USNM); Betio-Bairaki causeway, Tarawa I. (Holmes coll.); Bikenebiu, Tarawa I. (Cernohorsky coll.). ELLICE ISLANDS: Nukulailai (USNM). WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: Nukuhifala, Wallis I.; Anse de Sigave, Hoorn I. (both USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Malolo I., Mamanuca group; Lomalagi, S. Viti Levu; Manava I., N. Viti Levu (all Cernohorsky coll.); Wakaya I. near Ovalau I. (AIM). TONGA ISLANDS: Pangaimotu reef, Tongatabu I. (USNM): Nuku'alofa, Tongatabu I. (Gay coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Amouli Tutila I. (Harvard-Archbold Exped.); Cape Fatuosofia, Upolu I. (AIM); Apia, Upolu I. (Jackson coll.); Lalomalava, Savaii I. (DMNH). NIUE ISLAND: (McDowall coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Tom’s I., Palmerston Atoll (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Mitirapa, Tahiti; S tip of Motu Pahare, Huahine L.; SE side of Motu Iriru, Raiatea I.; W of Point Hauru, Moorea (all USNM); Makatea I. (DMNH). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Ran- giroa Atoll (USNM). LINE ISLANDS: Palmyra I. (USNM). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: off Waikiki, Oahu, 25-33 faths. (USNM); Niihau I. (AIM); Nanakuli, Oahu I. (DMNH). EASTERN PACIFIC: Galapagos Islands, dredged dead by J. DeRoy. COSTA RICA: dredged live, offshore. (fide G. G. Sphon, the Nautilus, in press). Mitra papalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Color pl. 253, fig. 2) Range—From East Africa to Polynesia. Remarks—This uncommon species has a shell similar to M. stictica (Link), but is larger, the su- tures are more adpressed, the sutural coronations are wider apart and less erect, the spots are smaller, more numerous and crimson-red and the deep punctations are lacking on the body whorl. Habitat—In clean coral sand and among coral rubble, from 1 to 16 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 160 mm (about 6% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, solid and heavy. Whorls 8-9, apart from 2 smooth and white nuclear whorls, spire whorls slightly subangulate; post- nuclear whorls with 3-4 punctate spiral grooves which become weak on the penultimate and obso- lete or absent on the body whorl. Sutures ad- pressed, coronations not erect but following the contours of the sutures. Aperture moderately wide, equal in height or longer than the spire, smooth within; outer lip thickened, perpendicu- lar and crenate with small sharp denticles. Col- umella calloused and with 4-6 prominent, oblique folds, siphonal canal straight, obliquely corded and calloused, siphonal notch prominent. White in colour, ornamented with 3-4 spiral rows of moderately small, quadrate, rhomboidal or trian- gular, crimson-red spots on the penultimate and 15-20 rows on the body whorl; interior of aperture cream or light yellow in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 162.0 = — Capul I., Philippines 104.0 34.0 — Okinawa I. 99.0 41.0 54.0 Manava I., Fiji Ids. 90.0 33.5 52.5 Efate I., New Hebrides Synonymy— 1758 Voluta mitra papalis Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 732 (reference to Buonanni, 1684, pl. 119, = lectotype figures) [O. Asiatico]; 1767 Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, p. 1194; 1953 Dodge, Bull. Americ. Mus. Nat. History, vol. 107, art. 1, p. 121; 1969 Cernohorsky, Zool. Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., vol. 48, p. 356. 1811 Mitra papalis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 197; 1838 Kiener, Spécies général inconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 3, 3a; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, pl. 2, fig. 9; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus [19-454] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 309 Plate 260. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) papalis (Linnaeus). Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7; 1920 Cooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 408, fig. 2 (radula); 1935 Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 49, pl. 2, fig. 7; 1959 Kira, Coloured Illustrations Shells of Japan, ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 89, pl. 34, fig. 15; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 93, pl. 14, fig. 17; 1967 Cross, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 7, fig. 1 (animal). Types—tThe type of M. papalis (Linnaeus), is not in the Linnean collection of the Linnean Soci- ety, London. Cernohorsky (1969) designated the Buonanni figures on plate 119 as the figured lec- totype of the species. The original locality of O. Asiatico is correct and the type locality is further restricted to Ceram Island, Moluccas, Indonesia, as indicated by Rumphius. Records—EAST AFRICA: Porto Amelia, Mozambique (AMNH). ZANZIBAR: (USNM; AMNH). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Mauritius (Viader, 1937); Seychelles Islands; Car- gados Islands (both von Martens, 1880). INDIA: Pambam Is- land (Steiner coll.). INDONESIA: Tijger I., Celebes (IRSN); Borneo [., Moluccas (Harvard-Archbold Exped.). PHILIP- PINE ISLANDS: Jolo, Siasi (USNM); Boac, Marinduque (Alexander coll.); Cebu I.; Leyte I.; Barongan, Samar I. (all DMNH); small cove at Magalawa I., Zambales (Clover coll.): Capul I., NW Samar; Zamboanga, Jolo; Davao, Mindanao (all Deynzer coll.). RYUKYU ISLANDS: (USNM): Okinawa Is- land (USNM). PALAU ISLANDS: (USNM). CAROLINE IS- LANDS: Losap, Mortlocks (DMNH). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Kwajalein Island (AMNH). NEW GUINEA: Biak I., Schouten Ids.; NW reefs at Seles I., Aitape; near Hollandia (all USNM);: Woodlark I., Milne Bay (Kleckham coll.); New Britain Island; Trobriand Islands (both Hinton coll.). ADMIRALTY IS- LANDS: Manus Island (Hinton coll.). AUSTRALIA: off Cook- town, Queensland (Cernohorsky coll.). SOLOMON IS- LANDS: Roviana, New Georgia I. (K. & A. McCollim coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Efate Island (Allan coll.); Mele I., SW Efate I., 2 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Malaita. (DMNH). FIJI ISLANDS: Manava I., N Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.); off Lautoka, W Viti Levu (Mijts coll.). KINGSMILL ISLANDS: (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Tahiti (AMNH). TUAMOTUS ISLANDS: Anaa Island (AMNH). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Kahala, Oahu I., 12 faths. (DMNH). Between Keehi Buoys, Oahu (BPBM): Makua, Oahu, 11 faths. (AMNH): off Makua, Oahu, 5 faths. (Clover coll.). CLIPPERTON @SLANDS: (Hertlein & Hanna, 1960). 180 160 140° \zo° 100 90 aq ( $ iy = NS A 20° eae ejuro 1s on _—[PAPALIS] =. ——-— fines ° 2.@ GALAPAGOS \ b s Soy ° ‘ | S04 piNebrioes gf Wiis = | 20° Mitra stictica (Link, 1807) (Color pl. 253, figs. 3, 4; pl. 261) Range—East Africa to Polynesia. Remarks—This rather common species has been confused with M. papalis by 18th century authors; besides the distinct morphological dif- ferences between the two species, M. papalis is a sand-dweller, whereas M. stictica lives on coral reef platforms. Habitat—On reet platforms, on the underside of rocks and in coral crevices, generally on a hard reef substratum, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 100 fathoms. Plate 261. Mitra (Mitra) stictica (Link). Fig. 1. Specimen from Motu Iriru, Raiatea, Society Ids.; broad, smooth form with long aperture (USNM 675374; 46.4 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from Keokea, Hilo, Hawaiian Ids.; slender, sculptured form with short aperture (USNM 337964; 52.0 mim). [19-455] 310 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Description—Shell up to 75 mm (about 3 inches) in length, similar to M. papalis in form, sutures prominent, whorls flat-sided, numbering from 8-10 inclusive of the protoconch. Post- nuclear whorls with 2-3 spiral rows of deep pits, penultimate and last whorls generally smooth; some individuals, however, are prominently sculptured with spiral rows of pits on all whorls. Coronations at sutures are close-set and promi- nent. Aperture shorter or longer than the spire, smooth within; outer lip thickened and with small, sharp denticles at the margin. Columella calloused and with 4-5 distinct and oblique folds. Siphonal canal straight, heavily calloused, siphonal notch prominent. White in colour, or- namented with 4-7 bright orange or vermillion, rhomboidal and closely spaced blotches which are generally largest near the sutures; early whorls have 2-3 rows of coalescing spots; aperture light yellow within, columella creamy-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 75.0 25.0 33.0 Rarotonga, Cook Ids. 69.0 26.0 35.0 Ovalau I., Fiji Ids. 59.0 22.0 31.0 Utuko, Niue I. 46.0 17.0 23.0 Cook I. 30.0 12.0 15.5 Niihau I., Hawaiian Ids. Synonymy— 1798 Mitra cardinalis Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 135 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, figs. 1355, 1356) [non Voluta cardinalis Gmelin, 1791]; 1966 Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 92. 1807 Voluta stictica Link, Beschr. Nat.-Samml. Univ. Rostock, p. 127 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, fig. 1356; here designated as the lectotype); 1968 Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 215. 1811 Mitra abbatis Perry, Conchology, pl. 39, figs. 2, 3. 1811 Mitra pontificalis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 198 (Indian Ocean); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 2; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 4, fig. 23; 1874 Sow- erby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2; = dee ee ase neeeth Seiesetee See cl eee aL f ae Shyt-—— a. | “ae G amaea . 1935 Dautzenberg, Mém. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 53, pl. 2, fig. 8; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse de Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 955, pl. 1, fig. 1 (figured lectotype). 1817 Mitra coronata Schumacher, Essai nouv. systéme, p. 239 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, figs. 1355, 1356) [non Lamarck, 1811]. 1817 Voluta thiara “Solander MSS”, Dillwyn, Descrip. cat. recent shells, vol. 1, p. 561 (refers to Lister, pl. 840, fig. 68; Tabl. Encycl. Méth., pl. 370, fig. 2, etc.) [Madagascar]. 1934 Mitra strictica (sic) Hirase, Coll. Shells of Japan, p. 70, pl. 100, fig. 12. 1935 Mitra pontificalis var. confluens Dautzenberg, Mém. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 55, pl. 2, fig. 9. 1954 Mitra stictica (Link), Kira, Colored Ilust. Shells of Japan, vol. 1, pl. 34, fig. 14; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 98, pl. 14, fig. 15; 1966 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 106, fig. 7 (radula). 1962 Mitra stricta Kira, Shells Western Pacific Color, vol. 1, p. 99, pl. 35, fig. 14 (nomen nudum). 1967 Mitra (Tiarella) cardinalis (Roding), Habe & Kosuge, Standard Book Japanese Shells in Color, vol. 3, p. 86, pl. 33, fig. 28 (non Voluta cardinalis Gmelin, 1791). Types—tThe types of M. stictica are no longer extant at the Zoological Institute of Rostock, al- though part of the collection described by Link is still there. We therefore designate figure 1356 on plate 147 in Chemnitz, 1780, as the lectotype of M. stictica (Link). The types of M. pontificalis Lamarck, are inthe Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, and the type of Dautzenberg’s variety confluens is in the Institut Royal Sciences Naturelles, Brussels. The types of M. abbatis Perry, and M. thiara (Dillwyn) are lost. No locality was cited by Link, and the locality given by Chemnitz for the specimen figured by him was Batavia, and Batavia (= Djakarta), Java, Indonesia, is designated as the type locality. Nomenclature—Habe & Kosuge (1967) applied Roding’s name M. cardinalis to the stictica of Link and of authors, but R6ding’s taxon is here considered a secondary homonym of Voluta car- dinalis Gmelin, 1791. Records—EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia; Dar-es- Salaam, Tanganyika (DMNH); near Porto Amelia, Mozam- Mudwey, Per! Freres » BONIN | Haw, < ‘Ay : 1s | “Allan Ja co is di, ee ' ‘ on PHILIGPINE |g FAA a @ | | | -_ ae ——<— —_ | NICOBAR ot _ 4 wy Zo F | +3 CEYLON . ss Q } MALDIVE » | ° Ode ee 1S A a \ ‘ fe or" ‘ | Wet Es — — —— ——+- a Yet : Ss; SEYCHELLES 13. i Ss phere ° cHacosC) - - ] = ie Saas g g> ee | oe ICA] & a Ve Christos - 0% -— ° RQUE SAS 1S. sgt 5 * (PHOENIx 15. «Se *. JOKELAU IS Ce ‘é z ‘ Pye . e* ey ts “a NEW. Se HEBRIDES... 0 - Q - 7 4 @ FINS) e@ ® =) ae : 5 Plate 262. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) stictica (Link). [19-456] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 311 bique (both USNM); Twiga beach hotel, 16 mi. S of Mombasa, Kenya (Steiner coll.). ZANZIBAR: (AMNH); Bawe Island (USNM). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Madagascar (Daut- zenberg, 1910); Reunion Island (Deshayes, 1863); Mauritius (USNM); Seychelles Islands (Dautzenberg, 1935); reef off Possession Point, Horsburgh I., Cocos-Keeling Ids. (USNM). INDIA: Pamban Island (Steiner coll.). MALAYSIA: Singapore (Powell coll.). INDONESIA: Pulau Stupai Mentawai I. off Sumatra (USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Pangangon I., Bohol (Steiner coll.); Luzon I.; Samar I.; Cebu I.; Marinduque I. (all DMNH): Cabra I., Mindoro (USNM). RYUKYU IS- LANDS: (USNM): Kadena, Okinawa I. (AMNH); Kadena Cir- cle, Okinawa I. (USNM). MARIANAS: Guam Island; Unai Fanunchuluyan, Saipan I. (both USNM). PALAU ISLANDS: Kayangel Island (USNM). CAROLINE ISLANDS: kusaie Is- land; Ifaluk Atoll (both USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Majuro (DMNH), Rujoru I., Eniwetok Atoll; Ebeye I., Kwaja- lein Atoll; W side of Pinglap I., Jaluit Atoll (all USNM); Arno Atoll (AMNH). NEW GUINEA: Samarai Island (Kleckham coll.); Celeo I., 5 mi. off Aitape (USNM); Mios Woendi L., Padaido Ids. (USNM; AIM); near mouth of Ramu River (AIM). ADMIRALTY ISLANDS: Los Negros Island (USNM). SOL- OMON ISLANDS: Malaita I. (DMNH). AUSTRALIA: Lady Musgrave I., Bunker group, Queensland (AIM). NEW HEB- RIDES: Aneityum I. (DMNH) Pango reef, Efate Island (AIM). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu Island (Melvill & Standen, 1895). GILBERT ISLANDS: Abemama Island (USNM); Onotoa Atoll (Powell coll. and DMNH); Betio-Bairaki causeway, Tarawa I. (Holmes coll.); Bikenebiu, Tarawa I. (Cernohorsky coll.). ELLICE ISLANDS: Vaitupu Island; N. Motu, Nukulaelae (both USNM). KINGSMILL ISLANDS: Ocean Island (AIM); Kingsmill Island (USNM). WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: E coast of Faioa I., Wallis I.; Sigave Bay, Hoorn I., Futuna I. (both USNM). HOWLAND & BAKER ISLANDS: Baker Island (USNM). PHOENIX ISLANDS: Swains Island (USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Leleuvia I., near Ovalau I. (Cernohorsky coll.); Cuvu beach, S. Viti Levu (Cer- nohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku’alota, Tongatabu I. (Gay coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Tutuila Island; Falealupo, Savaii I. (both USNM). NIUE ISLAND: Utuko (McDowall coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Tupapa lagoon, Rarotonga I.; Mauke Island; Tom’s I., Palmerston Atoll; Avatiu Harbour, Rarotonga I. (all USNM). AUSTRAL ISLANDS: Moerai Bay, Rurutu I. (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Tahaa I. (DMNH); NW side of Motu Iriru, Raiatea I.; Taone reef, Tahiti (both USN M). MAR- QUESAS ISLANDS: (Garrett, 1880). LINE ISLANDS: Pal- myra (USNM); Fanning I.; Jarvis I. (both DMNH). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Keokea, Hilo I.: Honokowai reef, Maui (both USNM); Niihau Island (AIM); off Keehi lagoon, Oahu, 100 fathoms (Cross coll.); Kailua Bay, Oahu I. 9 faths., gravelly sand; Makua, Oahu I., 9 faths. (both DMNH); Kauai I., (MCZ). Mitra bovei Kiener, 1838 (Color pl. 253, figs. 9, 10; pl. 263) Range—Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, to the Persian Gulf and western India. Habitat—From the intertidal zone to a depth of 15 fathoms, on sand and rock substratum. Un- common. Description—Shell up to 60 mm (about 24% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, solid, sutures distinct and adpressed on last whorl. Whorls 7-8, apart from white, cylindrical nuclear whorls, spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex. Post-nuclear whorls with 4 or 5 axially lirate spiral grooves, penultimate whorl with 4-7 grooves and body whorl with 12-20 distant and fairly regularly spaced, fine striae and 6-10 oblique cords at the base. Sutures with either prominent or almost ob- solete, axially oriented crenulations and occa- sionally with axial lirae extending over | or 2 pre- sutural spiral grooves. Aperture narrow and elon- gate, longer than the spire, smooth and greenish- brown or purplish brown within; outer lip thick- ened and bluntly crenulate, parietal wall brown, lower part of columella white and calloused and with 4 or 5 prominent folds. Siphonal canal straight and slightly calloused, siphonal notch dis- tinct. Variable in colour, generally off-white, or- namented with irregular and often rhomboidal small spots and 2 broad, interrupted greenish brown transverse bands and occasionally orange-brown spiral lines. Periostracum thin, translucent and brown in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 58.0 19.0 _ Holotype of bovei 35.0 13.4 19.0 Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba 34.0 12.8 20.0 Tarut Bay, Persian Gulf 23.5 10.7 14.9 Holotype of abacophora Synonymy— 1838 Mitra bovei Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coqui- lles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 5 (Red Sea); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 11, fig. 78; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 2, pl. 5, fig. 60; 1920 Cooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 416, fig. 15 (radula). 1888 Mitra abacophora Melvill, Journal of Conchology, vol. 5, p. 286, pl. 2, fig. 22 (no locality given). The holotype of M. bovei Kiener, is in the Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Types Plate 263. Mitra (Mitra) bovei Kiener. Fig. 1. Holotype from the Red Sea (MHNP; 58.0 x 19.0 mm) [photo courtesy of E. Fisher-Piette, MHNP]. [19-457] 312 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae and the worn and faded holotype of M. abacophora Melvill, is in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. The type of the latter species has also part of the apex missing and the sutural crenu- lations are only barely distinguishable. The type locality for M. bovei is the Red Sea. Records—RED SEA: Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba (K. Haim coll.; Hadar coll.); Suez (MCZ); Jiddah (AMNH); Jubal Is land, e faths. (Cooke, 1885); Massawa (Jickeli, 1874); Dahlak Island, 5-10 m (Clover coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). GULF OF ADEN: Aden (Shopland, 1902): Maskali, French Somalia (Deynzer eg Cernohorsky coll.). PERSIAN GULF: Ras Tanura, Tarut Bay (USNM; DMNH: Powell coll.); Kuwait (DMNH); Zaal Island (USNM); near Lingeh, 10 faths. (Melvill & Standen, 1901). INDIA: Bombay Harbour (Melvill & Abercrombie, 1893). Mitra cardinalis (Gmelin, 1791) (Color pl. 253, figs. 5, 6) Range—Madagascar to Polynesia. Remarks—This species is easily recognized by its ovate and plump form, spiral rows of brick-red, quadrate spots, punctate spiral grooves, close-set axial striae and small, brown-spotted denticles on the outer lip. A living specimen is depicted on color plate 254. Mitra lamarckii (Deshayes, 1832) from the Hawaiian Islands, has been considered by some authors to be a form of M. cardinalis, but the former species is closely related and a subspecies of M. nubila (Gmelin, 1791). Habitat—On reefs, under coral rocks generally ona hard reef substratum but occasionally partly covered with a thin layer of sand, within the inter- tidal zone. Description—Shell up to 70 mm (about 3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, solid, plump and heavy. Sutures moderately impressed, whorls convex and rounded at sutures, numbering from x. a 7 ee ‘S £ _ eg i ~ [EARDINALIS] Ss mo CHAgoS eros 20° = sh °. sim ec cancun = ar oe ee yea 8-10 inclusive of the protoconch which consists of 1-2 white and glassy nuclear whorls. Post-nuclear whorls with 3 spiral striae, penultimate whorl with 8-10 and last whorl with 22-30 spirals; spiral grooves are distinctly punctate on the body whorl but prominently axially lirate on the spire whorls. The axial lirae become less prominent on the centre of the last whorl. Aperture longer than the spire, slightly widening basally, smooth within; outer lip thickened, convex, and with about 20 small, brown-spotted denticles. Columella cal- loused anteriorly, forming a small shield in adult specimens, and with 4 or 5 prominent, oblique folds. Anterior canal short, with a moderate callus and 6-10 close-set, oblique cords, siphonal notch distinct. White in colour, ornamented with 3 or 4 spiral rows of irregular, rectangular or quadrate brick-red spots on the penultimate whorl and 10-15 rows on the last whorl; these spots may merge and form large blotches, especially on the spire whorls. Interior of aperture flesh or light yellow, columella creamy-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 70.0 30.0 43.0 Leleuvia I., Fiji Ids. 51.0 22.0 34.0 Bougainville, Solomon Ids. 43.0 19.0 27.0 Malekula I., New Hebrides Synonymy— 1780 Voluta pertusa Born, Test. Mus. Caes. Vindobonensis, p. 228, pl. 9, figs. 11, 12; 1817 Dillwyn, Descrip. cat. recent shells, vol. 1, p. 558 (non Linnaeus, 1758). 1781 Voluta cardinalis Gronovius, Zoophyl. Gronovianum, vol. 3, p. 299 (non binomial). 1784 Mitra vermiculosa Martyn, Universal Conchologist, vol. 3, pl. 105, lower figure (non binomial); 18? Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 56 (validated Martyn’s taxon). 1791 Voluta cardinalis Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3458 (refers to Lister, pl. 838, fig. 65; here designated as the lectotype); 1967 Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 171. Vr 2 i En nero oe MARSHALL IS. 9 2 te Qchristmes * PHOENIX 15 % “Ke TOKELAU IS. Plate 264. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) cardinalis (Gmelin) and M. (M.) bovei Kiener. [19-458] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra Bis: 1798 Mitra monachialis Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 136 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 147, figs. 1358, 1359); 1967 Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 94. 1811 Mitra archiepiscopalis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 199; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 957, pl. 1, fig. 4 (figured holotype). 1811 Mitra cardinalis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 199; 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 4, pl. 3, figs. 6,6; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 4, fig. 26; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 3, fig. 32; 1959 Kira, Colored Ilust. Shells Japan, vol. 1, p. 89, pl. 34, fig. 10; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 82, pl. 13, fig. 2; 1966 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 105, fig. 4 (radula). 1822 Mitra pertusa Swainson, Exotic Conchology, pt. 4, 2 figures (non Voluta pertusa Linnaeus, 1758); 1968, Abbott, Exotic Conchology [reproduction, Delaware Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 24, pl. 30]. 1838 Mitra lamarckii Deshayes, Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 7 (non Deshayes, 1832). 1905 Mitra vermiculata Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 29, p. 431 (refers to Martyn, vol. 3, pl. 105, lower figure); 1907 Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 33, p. 189. Types—Gmelin most probably did not own a specimen and his description was based on litera- ture indications. His first reference to Lister, 1685-92, pl. 838, figure 65, is here designated as the lectotype of M. cardinalis (Gmelin). The holotype of M. archiepiscopalis Lamarck, is in the Museum d Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1 102/ 45. The types of M. monachialis Roding, M. ver- miculata Dall, and M. vermiculosa Dautzenberg, have been dispersed by auction. Kiener’s speci- men of his M. lamarckii (non Deshayes, 1832) is in the Museum d Historie Naturelle, Geneva, and is a worn M. cardinalis. Records— INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Madagascar (von Martens, 1880); Mauritius (Viader, 1937); Port Blair, Andaman Islands (Steiner coll.). CEYLON: (AMNH). INDONESIA: E side of Pulau Masa, W. of Pulau Bai; Pulau Stupai, MentawaiL, off Sumatra (both USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Lubang I.; Cebu I.; Sanga Sanga (all DMNH): Borongan village, Samar (USNM:; DMNH). RYUKYU ISLANDS: S Kunigami-Gun, Okinawa I. (USNM): Kadena, Okinawa I. (AMNH). MARIANAS: Guam Island (USNM). PALAU ISLANDS: Gorokotan I. (DMNH); Angan Island (USNM). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Ponape Island (AMNH); Matlock I. (DMNH). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Rujoru I., Eniwetok Atoll; NE side of Namu, Bikini Atoll (both USNM); Kwajalein Island (AMNH,; DMNH). NEW GUINEA: Port Moresby; Samarai (both Klec- kham coll.). AUSTRALIA: N of Cooktown, Queensland (AMNH; DMNH). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Gizo Island (Steiner coll.); Auki, Malaita I.; Marau Sound, Gradalcanal I. Buka, Bougainville I. (AIM). NEW HEBRIDES: Port Havan- nah, Efate I. (Debant coll.); Vila, Efate I. (Cernohorsky coll.); Bushmens Bay, Malekula I. (AIM). NEW CALEDONIA: Touho Reef (DMNH). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu Island (IRSN). GILBERT ISLANDS: Betio-Bairaki causeway, Tarawa I. (Holmes coll.); Bikenibeu, Tarawa I. (Cernohorsky coll.). WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: N coast of Faioa, Wal- lis I.; W side of Anse de Sigave, Hoorn I., Futuna I. (both USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Rat Tail Passage, Suva Harbour, S. Viti Levu; Cuvu beach, SW Viti Levu, Manava I., N Viti Levu; Viti Levu Bay, NE Viti Levu; Leleuvia I. near Ovalau I. (all Cernohorsky coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Mitirapa, Taruvaro, Tahiti; W end of Fare Ute, Papeete, Tahiti (both USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: (USNM); Tikehau Island (USNM). Mitra nubila subspecies nubila (Gmelin, 1791) (Color pl. 253; pls. 265, 266) Range—Red Sea to Tonga and the Phoenix Is- lands. Remarks—This rather rare species has a wide but scattered distribution which may be due to the lack of collecting in intervening areas. The species is moderately large, occasionally inflated at the sutures in gerontic specimens, sculptured with punctate spiral striae and ornamented with brown axial streaks or bands and small scattered snow-white spots. Several names have been proposed for the vari- ous colour and sculptural forms of this species. The typical colour form with continuous or inter- rupted brown bands or sparse ornamentation of irregular or round blotches, and a shell with in- flated whorls, is represented by the names M. versicolor Lamarck, M. nivosa Swainson, M. nebulosa Reeve (non Broderip), M. propinqua A. Adams and in part M. erronea Dohrn. Kiener’s figure of M. versicolor represents the more slen- der form, which is heavily maculated with brown zones and has a coarser sculpture, and is similar to the form illustrated here from the Solomon Is- lands. The form M. brettinghami has an ornamen- tation consisting of two faint transverse bands and longitudinal stripes instead of blotches; this form is more frequently collected in the Fiji Islands than in other areas. The shallow or deeper punctate grooves and intervening flat or risen spi- ral cords are another variable feature in this species. The species was reported by Hugh Cuming from Anaa Island, in the Tuamotus. This record re- mains unconfirmed, pending collection of the species from this area. Habitat—The species shows a preference for clean and usually coarse coral sand, and occurs from the intertidal zone to a depth of 10 fathoms. Description—Shell to 70 mm (about 3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate or fusiformly-ovate, occa- sionally somewhat inflated in large specimens, particularly near the sutures. Whorls 8-10 with ——— ee YARRA A AE AYA Fr ‘6 . \ cf ay a / L_mmto 4 Plate 265. Mitra nubila nubila (Gmelin). Half-row of radula from Porto Amelia, Mozambique, East Africa. [19-459] 314 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 1%-2 cylindrical nuclear whorls. Post-nuclear whorls with 5 or 6 punctate spiral grooves, penul- timate whorl with 6-10 punctate spirals, last whorl with 17-33 spirals; the spiral grooves are either shallow or moderately deep and the intervening cords are completely flat or slightly elevated. Axial striae cross spiral grooves and often become quite prominent towards the sutures in some in- dividuals. Aperture equal in height to or longer than the spire, moderately wide, smooth and porcellaneous-white within; columella calloused anteriorly and with 4 or 5 strong, oblique folds. Outer lip slightly convex and minutely crenulate, siphonal canal straight or slightly recurved, cal- loused and sculptured with oblique spiral cords, siphonal notch distinct. White in colour, or- namented with brown axial stripes and 2 or 3 in- distinct transverse zones, or prominently banded or chevron-spotted with brown. Some specimens have irregular brown zones or round blotches par- ticularly at the sutures, and many individuals have small white spots irregularly scattered over the surface or may border the axial lines; the col- umella and aperture are white. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 67.8 23.7 34.6 Lectotype of brettin- ghami 61.0 20.4 33.2 Lectotype of propinqua 58.0 23.0 32.0 Suva harbour, Fiji Ids. 54.0 19.1 29.7 Mozambique 51.0 17.9 27.9 Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids. 42.0 16.0 23.0 Nuku'alofa, Tonga Ids. Synonymy— 1784 Mitra versicolor Martyn, Universal Conchologist, vol. 1, pl. 23 (Friendly Islands = Tonga I. [non binomial]. 1791 Voluta nubila Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3450 (refers to Martyn, vol. 1, pl. 23; here designated as the lec- Plate 266. Figs. 1-8, Mitra nubila nubila (Gmelin). Figs. 9, 10, M. nubila lamarckii Deshayes. Fig. 1. Lectotype figure from T. Martyn, 1784, pl. 23, from the Tonga Ids. Fig. 2. Topotype from Nuku'alofa, Tonga Ids. (WOC coll.; 42.2 x 16.1 mm). Fig. 3. Lectotype of Mitra propinqua A. Adams (BM (NH) 1967846; 61.0 x 20.4 mm). Fig. 4. Lectotype of Mitra brettinghami E. A. Smith (BMNH) 1967937: 67.8 x 23.7 mm). Figs. 5, 6. Specimen from Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Sol- [19-460] omon Ids.; slender, coarsely sculpture form (Gower coll.; 51.0 x 17.9 mm). Fig. 7. Specimen from Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids.; broad, coarsely sculptured form (Gower coll.; 48.2 x 17.6 mm). Fig. 8. Specimen from Mozambique, East Africa; slender, smooth form (WABP coll.; 54.0 x 18.5 mm). Figs. 9, 10. Specimen of Mitra nubila lamarckii Deshayes, from near Rabbit Id., Oahu, Hawaiian Ids.; damaged outer lip (Schoenberg coll.; 49.7 x 18.9 mm). September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 315 totype); 1967 Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 163. 1811 Mitra versicolor Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 199 (refers to Martyn, vol. 1, pl. 23); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 6, pl. 7, fig. 18; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 2; 1861 Dohrn, Malakozoologische Blatter, vol. 8, p. 134; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 4, figs. 44, 45; 1906 E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 7, p. 124; 1935 Ostergaard, Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. no. 131, p. 37; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 957. 1822 Mitra nivosa Swainson, Cat. Coll. Bligh, App. p. 16 (re- fers to Martyn, vol. 1, fig. 23) [coasts of New Holland and Pacific Ocean Islands]. 1839 Mitra sanguinolenta Lamarck, Kuster, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 88, pl. 27, figs. 6, 7 (non Lamarck, 1811). 1844 Mitra nebulosa Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 3 (Madagascar; Anaa I.) 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 3, fig. 39 (non Broderip, 1836). 1853 Mitra propinqua A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1851, p. 270; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 5, fig. 59. 1861 Mitra erronea Dohrn, Malakozoologische Blatter, vol. 8, p. 134 (substitute name for M. versicolor Kiener, 1838, and M. nebulosa Reeve, 1844) [Indian Ocean; New Holland; Madagascar; Anaa I.]. 1906 Mitra brettinghami E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon- don, vol. 7, p. 124 (Substitute name for M. propinqua Sow- erby, 1874) [no locality given]. 1965 Mitra nubila (Gmelin), Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 92, pl. 13, fig. 8 (adult), fig. 8a (juvenile). Types—The type of M. nubila (Gmelin) is no longer traceable and the two figures on plate 23 from Martyn, 1784, are designated as the lec- totype. Lamarck’s original 2 type specimens of M. versicolor have been incorporated with the 5 ex- tant specimens in the de Lessert collection in the Museum d Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, and can- not be segregated. The type of M. nivosa Swain- son, has been sold at auction, while the 2 syntypes of M. erronea Dohrn, are untraceable. The desig- nated lectotype and 2 syntypes of M. propinqua A. Adams, BM(NH) no. 1967846, and the designated lectotype and 2 syntypes of M. brettinghami E. A. Smith, BM(NH) no. 1967937, are both in the British Museum (NH). Records—RED SEA: Museri I., Dahlak Archipelago (TAU). EAST AFRICA: Porto Amelia, Mozambique (AMNH; Orr coll.); Port Mocambique, Mozambique (USNM; DMNH): In- haca Island, Lorenco Marques, Mozambique; Moshinga Is- land, Mozimba da Praia, N. Mozambique (both Orr coll.). ZANZIBAR: (USNM: AMNH; DMNH: MCZ). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Madagascar (AMNH); Mauritius (von Martens, 1880). CEYLON: (AMNH). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (USNM; DMNH; Deynzer coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Ataa I., Malaita I. (Clover coll.). FIJI IS- LANDS: Bay of Islands, Suva Harbour, S. Viti Levu, 8 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.); Wadigi I., Mamanuca group (Jennings coll.); Yewalu reef, 7 mi. W. of Lautoka, W. Viti Levu (Jameson coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku'alofa, Tongatapu I. (Cernohorsky coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: (Powell coll.). PHOENIX ISLANDS: Hull Island (USNM). Mitra nubila subspecies lamarckii Deshayes, 1832 (Color pl. 253; pl. 266, figs. 9, 10) Range—Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—The subspecies is similar in form and size to the Indo-Pacific M. nubila nubila and differs primarily in colour ornamentation and generally weaker spiral sculpture. The ornamen- tation is less clouded in the subspecies lamarckii and usually consists of a single spiral row of mod- erately large, rectangular, dark brown spots at the suture of the body whorl, followed by a plain area and then by about 4 spiral rows of smaller spots towards the lower centre and a few solitary spots near the anterior. The spiral bands, axial stripes and small white flakes, usually encountered in the various colour forms of M. nubila nubila, are ab- sent in the subspecies lamarckii. The shell sur- face is more shining and the spiral striae are finer and less deep than in the nominate subspecies. M. nubila lamarckii is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands but is rarely collected alive. It is generally procured by SCUBA-divers at depth ranging from 6-10 fathoms, on a sand and coral-rubble sub- stratum. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 70.0 — = Type figure of lamarckii 52.3 17.0 26.6 Kawaihae Harbor, Oahu I. 47.5 L725 23.8 Niihau Island 40.0 14.0 19.0 Kewalo, Honolulu 23.0 8.2 13.0 Honolulu Harbor Synonymy— 1832 Mitra lamarckii Deshayes, Encycl. Meth. Hist. Nat. vers, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 448 (no locality given); 1844 Deshayes & Edwards, Hist. nat. anim. sans vertebres, ed. 2, vol. 10, p. 342; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 4, sp. 22; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 5, fig. 58; 1923 Mant, Nautilus, vol. 36, p. 122; 1952 Tinker, Pacific Sea Shells, p. 64, plate facing page, lower row, centre figure. 1964 Mitra nebulosa Swainson, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 1, figs. 1, 2; 1969 Anonymous, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 6, 2 figs (non M. nebulosa Broderip, 1836). Types—The type of M. nubila lamarckii De- shayes, is not in the Ecole des Mines, Paris, and its whereabouts are unknown. No locality was given by Deshayes or by subsequent 19th century au- thors. The species was first reported by C. Mant (1923), from dredgings at Kewalo Harbour, Hono- lulu, Oahu, and this correct locality indication is designated as the type locality for M. nubila lamarckii. Nomenclature The subspecies lamarckii has [19-461] 316 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 20° NICOBAR |; 16. ° + CEYLON q MALDIVE » \ 1s °; dex | Yessy °° ra) T ———_—__—_—___— q 0 SeTCHELTeS NG NUBILA NUBILA] }: x CHagos - COCO6 - KEELING 20° Plate 267. Geographical distribution of Mitra nubila nubila (Gmelin) and its subspecies, M. nubila lamarckii Deshayes. been either compared or confused with the species M. cardinalis (Gmelin), by Tryon, Kiener and other authors. The close relationship with M. nubila has been first recognized by Ostergaard (1935). The specimen figured as M. lamarckii by Kiener (1838), is not this species but a colour form of M. cardinalis (Gmelin). The best coloured fig- ures of M. nubila lamarckii are those by Sowerby (1874). Records—HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Honolulu, Oahu, dredger dump (USNM); Pearl Harbor, Oahu (DMNH); Kewalo Harbor, Honolulu, Oahu (Powell coll.); Paumaluu, Oahu (Deynzer coll.); Moanalua Bay, Oahu, 10 faths. (Clover coll.): Makua, Oahu (DMNH); Kawaihae Harbor, Oahu, 10 faths. (Weaver, 1964); Rabbits I., E. coast Oahu, 7 faths. (Schoenberg coll.) Niihau Island (AIM: Powell coll.). Mitra rossiae Reeve, 1844 (Pl. 268) Range lands. Mauritius and Cargados-Carajos Is- Remarks—This rare Mitra species appears to have a restricted distribution in the Indian Ocean. Apart from Reeve’s 3 syntypes, we have seen only one other specimen, and all specimens examined were in comparatively poor condition. Nothing is known about the species habitat or anatomy. Description—Shell up to 54 mm (about 2 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, rather solid. Whorls 7-8 apart from protoconch, spire whorls slightly convex, sutures distinct. Sculptured with punctate spiral striae which number from 5-6 on the penultimate and from 15-18 on the body whorl. Some adult specimens are axially striate g - e * Iw o Moreus "VW FORMOSA i ites ~ aaieancal oP midwoy » Zeal Hermes Oka ix BONIN Oke Wel 2:97 ‘ is NUBILA LAMARCKII|. &%&% 7S. MARIANA alee 2 1s se #< : ms ‘ Soipen ow, PHILIPPINE “w& ¢ iS ~ - Johnstons | oot i * Guar | OY cot? ‘~ @ Eniwetok oi 8 MARSHALL IS, y Uithi | ae | mee te ‘ i + Wot/e F Rye 4 ee . cee 1 Mapero Polmyra CAROLINE wus! | < 7 © SS Christme. | i es o @ oroeixis ape one » TOKELAU IS ‘s Cc fo} cy, lari : fr cook Sed eee 4UStp, Plate 268. Mitra (Mitra) rossiae Reeve. Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype of M. rossiae Reeve; immature speci- men (BM (NH) 1967862; 53.4 x 19.8 mm) [photo courtesy of J. Taylor, BM (NH)]. Fig. 3. Syntype of M. rossiae Reeve BM (NH) 1967862; 48.4 x 19.2 mm). Figs. 4, 5. Specimen from Mauritius (AMNH 47356; 49.2 x 19.0 mm). [19-462] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 317 and spiral punctures become longitudinally oriented lirae which are usually most prominent near the sutures. Aperture longer than the spire, moderately narrow, smooth within; outer lip thickened and smooth, ornamented with 15-16 small, brown spots or short streaks. Columella cal- loused and with 4 or 5 oblique folds and a promi- nent dark brown stain on the anterior of the siphonal fasciole; siphonal canal straight, some- what calloused, siphonal notch distinct. White or cream in colour, ornamented with reddish brown spiral lines and short, irregularly spaced axial lines in between spirals; a row of small brown spots is visible near the sutures, and in some specimens there is an additional row of widely spaced, quadrate and slightly larger spots on the centre of the body whorl. Aperture white, lower part of columella and siphonal fasciole dark reddish-brown. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 53.4 19.8 32.0 Lectotype of rossiae 49.2 19.0 31.0 Mauritius 48.4 19.2 oy a Syntype of rossiae Bi3 13.5 21.8 Syntype of rossiae (juvenile) Synonymy— 1824 Mitra tessellata Swainson, Quart. Journal Science. Arts, vol. 17, pt. 33, p. 34 (no locality given); 1829 Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, ser. 2, vol. 1, pl. 5, fig. 2 (size c. 44.5 mm) [non Lamarck, 1811]. 1838 Mitra ornata Schubert & Wagner, Kiener, Species gen- eral iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 41, pl. 3, fig. 8 (no locality given) [non Schubert & Wagner, 1829]. 1844 Mitra rossiae Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 25, fig. 198 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 8, fig. 113 (Mauritius); 1880 von Martens, Beitr. Meeresfauna Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 249; 1937 Viader, Mauritius Institute Bull., vol. 1, p. 22. Types—The designated lectotype and 2 syn- types of M. rossiae Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967862. The type of M. tessel- lata Swainson, originally in the Mawe collection, is lost, while the type of M. ornata Kiener, has been merged with specimens from the de Lessert collection in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva. The first correct locality indication of Mauritius by Sowerby (1874) is designated as the type locality of M. rossiae. Nomenclature—Mitra tessellata Swainson, is not pre-occupied by M. tessellata Martyn, a re- jected non-binomial name, but by M. tessellata Lamarck, 1811, a name published in synonymy of M. granulosa Lamarck, and made available through usage by subsequent authors. M. rossiae has been proposed in lieu for Kiener’s M. ornata, which is not the species described and illustrated by Schubert & Wagner, 1829. Records—MAURITIUS: (AMNH; Sowerby, 1874; von Mar- tens, 1880; Viader, 1937). CARGADOS-CARAJOS ISLANDS: (von Martens, 1880). Mitra ambigua Swainson, 1829 (Color pl. 255, figs. 1, 2; pl. 269, fig. 1) Range—East Africa to Polynesia; also Pliocene of Indonesia. Habitat—On coral reefs, under rocks and coral, generally on a hard reef substratum, within the intertidal zone. ® La Plate 269. Mitra (Mitra) ambigua Swainson (Fig. 1) M. (M.) coffea Schubert and Wagner (Figs. 2-4). Fig. 1. Type figure of M. ambigua Swainson (from Swainson, 1829, pl. 30, fig. 2). Fig. 2. Lectotype figure of M. coffea Schubert and Wagner (from Schubert and Wagner, 1829, pl. 225, fig. 3097). Fig. 3. Type figure of M. fulva Swainson (from Swainson, 1829, pl. 30, fig. 1). Fig. 4. Holotype of M. thaanumiana Pilsbry from Hilo, Hawaiian Ids. (ANSP 46810; 51.7 x 19.0 mm). [19-463] 318 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae _—— r la T T- — 7 4 2 (> | i) Seg Casi | nan | t | : } “eS h pidway Paarl f Hare < | | \ on hggre f BONIN ‘ Hawa, =f 9g, . s \ two dime Mercus, aN Pigg 2a 2 ees Sot 1,2 oe me! ee oe WORE ORR AV formosa Fotaafy ati oe Ae soe Ne. ee i) cl ia eee aed . | s es . : _ - = asl Oahu Sy 20°} —— <i t t “eae at oy <aARIANA nis ewan W 2 it} Johnston | + Spon i ~ | a ae : ny ed PHILIPPINE pees oe | : | re H : r) te ) : Enwatoe mae SHALL 15. | | ‘ - ¢ 2 (re te \ | p NICOBAR ¢ | : ee OS X ; | | 3 }" CEYLON 6% | °° Palmyra q | maLpive ; ° “ es tay “se é | BEV nee Te) 8 Christe. = ; —— = —_——_ ° t Cr SEYCHELLES 15. | . é CHAGOS | ~ ] * PHOENIX 15. A » TOKELAU 1S | MaRQUESAS 1s, cocos-xarting | . ‘ | AMBIGUAI te& . e | Ce is TUAMory ARcp C, 2D. overfir ———_— = t 3 = _— = ne | TONGA Stag = | rs i an cn: ee a, a anal aie: eee oe Se ae was 7 AUSre, - | | AL 15 Purcairn | | oT}. 7 | rf NEW | | | | peiitne * Maria Theresa | | | cog as 20° tO * 30° = 100" 20 140° 160° 180" T60° : 14> Plate 270. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) ambigua Swainson. Description—Shell up to 70 mm (about 3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, solid and heavy. Whorls 7-9, apart from white and usually eroded nuclear whorls; spire whorls flat-sided, sutures distinct. Post-nuclear whorls sculptured with 4 or 5 spiral cords, cords becoming less prominent on the last 2 whorls where they are replaced by 5-8 punctate spiral grooves on the penultimate and 25-35 grooves on the body whorl. Whorls lon- gitudinally striate, striae sometimes fine and ob- solete and producing minute crenations at the su- tures. Aperture moderately narrow, longer than the spire, smooth within; outer lip fairly straight, slightly constricted centrally, thickened and sculptured with close-set and usually rounded nodules. Columella covered with a thin and glazed callus, and with 5 or 6 close-set and oblique, whitish folds; siphonal canal straight, siphonal fasciole with about a dozen oblique cords, siphonal notch shallow. Dark brown or tan in colour, ornamented with a moderately narrow, white or cream-coloured subsutural band, and small white spots scattered on the lower half of the body whorl; interior of aperture fulvous-brown, siphonal canal occasionally stained purplish grey anteriorly. Periostracum brown and moderately thin. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 69.0 25.0 40.7 Manava I., Fiji Ids. 62.0 21.0 34.5 Samoa Ids. 53.0 19.2 30.5 Zanzibar 39.4 15.4 24.6 Luzon, Philippines Synonymy— 1786 Mitra limosa Martyn, Universal Conchologist, vol. 3, pl. 105, top figure (non binomial). 1829 Mitra ambigua Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, ser. 2, vol. 1, pl. 30, fig. 2 (as ambigna in text) [no locality given]; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 2, figs. 8a, b (Ticao I., Philippine I.); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 19, pl. 1, fig. 5, & pl. 11, fig. 70; 1880 von Martens, Beitr. Meeresfauna Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 250; 1936 Hirase, Coll. Japanese Shells, p. 70, pl. 101, fig. 4; 1954 Kira, Colored Ilust. Shells Japan, vol. 1, p. 68, pl. 34, fig. 11; 1962 J. Cate Veliger, vol. 4, p. 142; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 81, pl. 13, figs. 4, 4a. 1905 Mitra limosa Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 29, p. 431 (refers to Martyn, 1786, vol. 3, pl. 105, upper figures); 1907 Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 33, p. 189. 1935 Mitra (Nebularia) limosa var. ambigua Swainson, Daut- zenberg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 73; 1950 Beets, Leidsche geol. Meded., vol. 15, p. 310. Types—The type of M. ambigua Swainson, has been merged with the general collection in the Manchester Museum, England, and cannot be segregated. The species was described from un- known locality, and Reeve’s first correct locality indication of Ticao Island, Philippine Islands, is designated as the type locality. Records—EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia (USNM); ZANZIBAR: (AMNH); Chukwani (Cernohorsky coll.). SOUTH AFRICA: Durban, Natal (Steiner coll.). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Ambatoloaka, Madagascar (AMNH); Nossi-Bé, Madagascar (DMNH; Clover coll.); seaward reef at South I., Cocos-Keeling Ids. (Orr-Maes, 1967). INDONESIA: Sim Sim, Sandakan, N. Borneo (USNM). PHILIPPINE IS- LANDS: Boac, Marinduque (Deynzer coll.); Davao Bay, Min- danao; Manila Bay, Luzon (both USNM); Zambales, Luzon (Cernohorsky coll.); Ticao Island (AMNH). RYUKYU IS- LANDS: Shuri, Okinawa I. (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Port Moresby (Hinton coll.); Milne Bay (USNM). AUSTRALIA: Pearl reef, Gt. Barrier reef, Queensland (Ashton coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Port Havannah, N. Efate I. (Debant coll.). FIJI ISLANDS: Manava I., N. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.); Leleuvia I. near Ovalau I. (Miller coll.) SAMOA ISLANDS: (Powell coll.); Asau, Savaii I. (Steiner coll.). SOCIETY IS- LANDS: Flint Island, off Tahiti (USNM). Fossil records—PLIOCENE: Sekoerau, Borneo, Indonesia (Beets, 1950). [19-464] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 319 80° soo" + 160° 180° 160° 140° T T oft wiengan A Da ‘7 THAGOS oe, 1S : | Plate 271. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) coffea Schubert and Wagner and M. (M.) fasciolaris Deshayes in Laborde and Linant. Mitra coffea Schubert and Wagner, 1829 (Color pl. 255, figs. 3, 4, pl. 269, figs. 2-4) Range—Madagascar to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—This species is superticially similar to M. ambigua but differs in the following fea- tures: itis slightly smaller, usually only 40-60 mm (about 14-24% inches) in length, whorls are less numerous and number only 5-6 apart from the protoconch. The shell is broader and less fusiform, the last whorl is distinctly ventricose and convex and the concave constriction is lower in M. coffea than in M. ambigua. The denticles on the outer lip are not only less numerous but are more distant and elongated and placed obliquely or at right angles to the axis of the outer lip. The spiral rows of punctures are more shallow and the shell has a smoother appearance. The columellar folds number from 5-7 and are close-set, oblique and white in colour. The exterior colour is uni- formly dark chocolate-brown and only rarely cana faint subsutural band be seen; only a few indi- viduals show the same small, white scattered spots on the lower half of the last whorl. The interior of the aperture is a deep chocolate-brown and the denticles on the outer lip are off-white in colour. M. coffea is slightly less uncommon than M. ambigua and its distribution extends to the Hawaiian Islands where M. ambigua does not occur. Habitat—On coral reefs, under rocks and in coral crevices, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 14 fathoms. In the Hawaiian nage the species is generally found at depth from 2-3 fathoms. ; 8. - Johnston : Sopon | ngs ioe PHILIBPINE 6 H 3 Ll . 2s eo... 7 i, fajuro f , an =e eit cael Shan emma! (etree nya een Siiece teers Seer — S MARIANA Woke “oe * PHOENIX 15, TOKELAU IS, {> MARQUESAS IS. | , x. > oC OTY aac i “ Y ARCH ® | | e So¢ rohit «2 24-9 fs TONGA coef © 5 _— a os = “= ' Pitcairn Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 53.0 215 30.6 off Lautoka, Fiji Ids. 51.7 19.0 26.0 Holotype of thaanumiana 44.0 18.0 26.0 Niue Island, Polynesia 34.0 15.0 21.0 Efate I., New Hebrides Synonymy— 1829 Mitra coffea Schubert & Wagner, Syst. Conchylien- Cabinet, vol. 12, p. 83, pl. 225, figs. 3096, 3097 (here desig- nated as the lectotype) [no locality given]; 1935 Dautzen- berg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 67; 1952 Kuroda & Habe, Check List Recent Marine Moll. Japan, p. 66; 1954 Kira, Colored Illust. Shells Japan, vol. 1, p. 68, oe 34, fig. 12; 1962 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 142, pl. 33, fig. 2 (figured lectotype of M. thaanumiana Pilsbry); 1965 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 84, pl. 14, fig. 12; 1970 Cer- nohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 11, fig. 24 (radula). 1829 Mitra fulva Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, ser. 2, vol. 1, pl. 30, fig. 1 (as M. adusta on plate explanations) [Ile de France = Mauritius]; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 4, tig. 24 & pl. 6, fig. 24b; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 14, fig. 241 & pl. 27, fig. 615. 1838 Mitra ambigua Swainson, ee Species général iconographie coquilles vivantes, ie , p. 40, 6, fig. 16; 1952 Tinker, Pacific Sea Shells, p. 64, plate facing page, figures in middle row; 1969 aaa Bull. Nat. Sci. Museum, vol. 12, p. 786, pl. 2, fig. 34 (Late Pleistocene of Hawaii) [non M. ambigua Swainson, 1829]. 1844 Mitra attenuata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 6, fig. 45 (no locality given). 1845 Mitra fulva var. Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Errata in Index (for pl. 6, fig. 45). 1868 Mitra barclyi Robillard, Trans. Roy. Soc. Sci. Arts Mauritius, vol. 3, p. 106 (Barkly I., Mauritius); 1870 von Martens, Zoological Record, vol. 6, p. 541 (synonymized with M. coffea Schubert & Wagner). 1921 Mitra thaanumiana Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 72, p. 313, pl. 12, fig. 21 (Hilo, Hawaii). 1935 Mitra (Nebularia) limosa var. brevis Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 74 (substitute name for M. attenuata Reeve, 1844) [non M. brevis Bellardi, 1887]. Types—The type of M. coffea Schubert & Wagner, is not in the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen, and Schubert & Wagner's figures 3096 and 3097 on plate 225 are designated as the lectotype of M. coffea. The type of M. fulva [19-465] 320 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Swainson, has been merged with the general col- lection in the Manchester Museum, England, and the type of M. attenuata Reeve (=M. brevis Dautzenberg) is in the Cuming general collection in the British Museum (NH). The type of M. barclyi Robillard, could not be located; the holotype of M. thaanumiana Pilsbry, is in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 46810. The species was described from unknown locality, and Swainson’s locality indication of Mauritius for M. fulva is designated as the type locality of M. coffea. Nomenclature—Schubert & Wagner's 12th vol- ume of the “Neues systematisches Conchylien- Cabinet” and plate 30 in Swainson’s “Zoological Illustrations” have both been published in 1829 without an indication of either the day or month of the year. According to the Code of ICZN, both works are deemed to have been published on the 3lst December 1829. Dautzenberg (1935) synonymized M. fulva Swainson with M. coffea Schubert & Wagner, and adopted the latter taxon for the species under discussion. Following Reeve, and Garrett (1880), I consider M. attenuata Reeve a squat form of M. coffea and not a synonym of M. ambigua. Records—IN DIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Mauritius (USNM); Reunion Island (Deshayes, 1863); Nossi-Bé Madagascar (DMNH). PAKISTAN: Karachi (DMNH). PHILIPPINE IS- LANDS: Calbayug, Samar (Steiner coll.); Boac, Marinduque (Lumawig coll.). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Bolo reef, NW Nakagami-Gun; Osumi, Oshima (both USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Engebi I., Eniwetok Atoll; Bikini Island; Burok, Rongelap I.; N. side of passage of Bok I., Ujae Atoll; S. of Jabor, Plate 272. Mitra (Mitra) fasciolaris Deshayes in Laborde and Linant. Fig. 1. Lectotype of M. arabica Dohrn from the Red Sea (BM (NH) 1966671; 21.3 x 7.7 mm). Fig. 2. Syntype of M. arabica Dohrn(BM (NH) 1966671; 18.8 x 6.8 mm). Jaluit Atoll (all USNM). AUSTRALIA: 14 mi. SW of Eag- lehawk I., Dampier Archipelago, W. Australia, 14 faths. (WAM). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Russell Island (AIM). NEW HEBRIDES: Atchin I., Malekula I. (USNM); Efate and Aneityum I. (DMNH); Erakor lagoon, Efate I. (Dale coll.); Vanua Lava, Banks group (Powell coll.). WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: E of Nukuhifala, Wallis I. (USNM). FIJI IS- LANDS: 4 mi. off Lautoka, W. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.); Wadigi I., Mamanuca group (Jennings coll.). CAROLINE IS- LANDS: Losap I., Matlocks (DMNH). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku'alofa, Tongatabu I. (Gay coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Tutuila I.; Fangaitua, Tutuila I.; Ofu I., Manua group; Falealupo, Savaii I. (all USNM). NIUE ISLAND: (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Alofi (USNM). COOK ISLANDS: Palmerston Atoll (Steiner coll.); Bird I., Palmerston Atoll; Mangaia Island; Mauke Island; between Angari and Ee, Aitutaki I. (all USNM). AUSTRAL ISLANDS: Rimatara, Tubuai I. (USNM). SOCI- ETY ISLANDS: NW side of Motu Iriru, Raiatea I.; Taone reef, Tahiti (both USNM):; Boroboro (DMNH) TUAMOTHU IS- LANDS: Tikahau, Matiti I. (USNM). MIDWAY ISLAND: (USNM). HAWAITAN ISLANDS: Keaukaha, Hilo (USNM): off Waikiki, Oahu (BPBM); Alamoana Reef, Oahu I. (DMNH); Kahala, Oahu I., 3 faths. (DMNH). Fossil records—LATE PLEISTOCENE: Wailupe Point and Mokapu Peninsula, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (Kosuge, 1969— as M. ambigua Swainson). Mitra fasciolaris Deshayes in Laborde & Linant, 1834 (Color pl. 255, figs. 12, 13, pl. 272) Range—Red Sea. Remarks—This species, which has the appear- ance of a miniature M. ambigua Swainson, is en- demic to the Red Sea region. Habitat—Intertidal. Description—Shell up to 30 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, sutures moder- ately canaliculate and minutely crenulate. Whorls 6-7, apart from protoconch, spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex. Postnuclear whorls sculptured with 5 or 6 spiral cords, penultimate whorl with 7-8 punctate grooves and last whorl with 5-13 grooves and 7-10 oblique cords towards the base. In some individuals the punctate spiral grooves become obsolete on the centre of the body whorl. Aperture equal in height or slightly longer than the spire, narrow, slightly widening anteriorly, smooth and bluish-white within. Parietal wall brown, anterior of columella calloused and with 4 or 5 small, oblique folds; labial lip moderately thickened, minutely crenulate at the margin, siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch distinct. Brown in colour, ornamented with a narrow or very broad, white or yellow presutural transverse band on all whorls, and small white spots scat- tered over the last whorl. Periostracum thin and light brown. [19-466] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 32] Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 27.6 10.1 13:7 Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba 22.6 8.4 1235 Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba 21.3 led 12 Lectotype of arabica 18.8 6.8 10.0 Syntype of arabica Synonymy— 1834 Mitra fasciolaris Deshayes in Laborde & Linant, Voyage de L’Arabie Petrée, p. 66, figs. 18, 19 (Red Sea); 1928 Tomlin & Salisbury, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 18, p. 33. 1861 Mitra arabica Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 206, pl. 26, fig. 4 (Red Sea); 1869 Issell, Malac. Mar. Rosso ric. zool. paleont., p. 265; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 21, pl. 2], fig. 433. 1882 Mitra maculosa Reeve, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 155, pl. 45, fig. 328 (non Reeve, 1844). Types—The whereabouts of the type of M. fas- ciolaris are unknown. The designated lectotype and one syntype of M. arabica Dohrn, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1966671. The type lo- cality of M. fasciolaris is Red Sea. Records—RED SEA: Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba (K. Haime coll.; Clover coll.; Deynzer coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Massawa (Jic- keli, 1874). Mitra imperialis Roding, 1798 (Color pl. 255, figs. 15, 16) Range—Red Sea to East Africa and to western Polynesia. Habitat—On coral reefs, under rocks and coral and on a coral-rubble substratum, from the inter- tidal zone to a depth of 50 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 60 mm (about 2% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, thick and solid, body whorl plump, sutures distinct and or- namented with small white nodules. Whorls 5-6 apart from a worn and white protoconch, postnu- clear whorls sculptured with 5 or 6 spiral cords, penultimate whorl with 5-9 deeply punctate spiral grooves, body whorl with 15-20 grooves and 6 or 7 oblique cords at the base. The spiral grooves are bisected by longitudinal threads which become obsolete on the lower half of the body whorl; the deep pits are situated in between the bisecting axials and spirals. Aperture longer than the spire, widening anteriorly, smooth and orange-brown within; labial lip thickened and sculptured with small and sharp denticles at the margin. Col- umella fawn or flesh-coloured and with 5 or 6 oblique and regular folds, siphonal canal short and straight or slightly recurved, siphonal notch distinct. Variable in colour, generally tan or dark brown, irregularly maculated with large and mi- nute white blotches and spots; a broad brown band is situated at the lower third of the body whorl. Periostracum moderately translucent and brown in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 50.6 20.4 29.0 Lectotype of millepora 49.0 18.5 27.8 Manava I., Fiji Ids. 40.0 16.8 24.8 Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids. Synonymy— 1789 Mitra imperialis Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 135 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 10, pl. 151, figs. 1432, 1433) [no locality given]; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 90, pl. 14, fig. 11; 1967 Orr-Maes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, vol. 19, p. 138, pl. 13, fig. I; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 11, fig. 23 (radula). 1807 Voluta digitalis Link, Beschr. Nat.-Samml. Univ. Ros- tock, p. 127 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 10, pl. 151, figs. 1432, 1433); 1817 Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Recent Shells, vol. 1, p. 559. 1811 Mitra millepora Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 198 (Indian Ocean); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 11, pl. 7, fig. 19; 1969 Cermohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 956, pl. 1, fig. 3 (figured lectotype). 1817 Voluta cribum Dillwyn, Descr. cat. Recent Shells, vol. 1, p. 559 (in synonymy of Voluta digitalis Dillwyn). 1844 Mitra digitalis Chemnitz, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 3, fig. 21; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 13, fig. 207. 1939 Mitra (Nebularia) koolhoveni Oostingh, Ingen. Nederl.- Indie, vol. 6, p. 46, pl. 11, figs. 198a, b (Bantam, Java; Pliocene). 1957 Scabricola(Chrysame) pertusa (Linne), Demond, Pacific Science, vol. 11, p. 324, fig. 36 (non Voluta pertusa Lin- naeus, 1758). 1957 Chrysame pertusa Linné, Kaicher, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, sect. 6, pl. 1, fig. 26 (non Voluta pertusa Linnaeus, 1758). Types—tThe type of M. imperialis Roding, may be among Chemnitz’s unsorted type material at the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. The types of M. millepora Lamarck, are in the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1102/44/2-3. No locality was given by Roding, but the figured specimen referred to by Ré6ding came from the East Indies according to Chemnitz, and Sumatra, Indonesia is designated as the type locality. Nomenclature—Chemnitz (1788) considered Voluta digitalis to be the same species as the Linnaean V. pertusa, but subsequent authors adopted Mitra digitalis for the species, in view of the uncertain identity of the Linnaean taxon. Vol- uta pertusa Linnaeus, has been conveniently dis- posed of in a recent suppression by the Interna- tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. [19-467] 322 =Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae I rechyo | | | p buon 7 BOMIN f Mawar), ; . joe ie Moreus Seen ols TTS poo" Se ”~O«d|s”t”t«CORE FORMOSA) 7, oi pa eae ae (a Gy |e ee Ss . 3 ‘i | Oahu 20° 2 epee gee | 24 y Ie : it SET N i ie Weke Hawai | & } 1s aa ee - Johnshorr : ‘ Sowpon . yt f—AWDARIAN ry 23, PHILIPPINE feu oe a o ® wf i ay 1s i Eniwetok “-@ S RSHALL 1S. i B (AE Yop thy [ } cs H NICOBAR 4; yt ¢ Polou 4 @ seg ct eo ‘ Le “~€ fe i} * ‘6. ° 7 50 A “OG eatate * Me Palmyra : CEYLON (sg CAROLINE “as! ke or MALDIVE 2 / 4 | e ‘Helen RE e fake % . °° es “aves : a (ieee A J © SChristmes IMPERIALIS| * ; s oN. $ CHAGOS |” | s' ee | JOENIX 15 is 5 "a , " “ees! * . Nokevau is : 4 . D : : ee ae. : i ir > ee es | : I", p : ny * NEW : a bo OD. icine g@ fe sceud Z Ee * #e ‘ J | 90K" ae | Me sf le FAL is. pine a or + 20°} ——— 1 = = —— Keo "QS e@ i oe 1s | | news TONGAT cook : eee cata ae ~ aes ee ee ee a ee ee ~-tAx}- YT ee ee ee ee ey) ter- oo hy ST Ray | Norfolk Plate 273. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) im- perialis Roding. Records—RED SEA: Gulf of Aqaba (Hadar coll.). EAST AFRICA: Twiga Beach hotel, 16 mi. S. of Mombasa, Kenya (Steiner coll.); Mocambique, Mozambique (USNM). ZAN- ZIBAR: Jembiani, S. of Paje (Powell coll.). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Port Blair, Andaman I. (Steiner coll.); Pass S. of Direction I., Cocos-Keeling I. (Orr-Maes, 1967). IN- DONESIA: Pulau Stupai, Mentawai I., SW Sumatra (USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Tilig, Lubang I.; Lampinegan, off Basilan; Brookes Point, Palawan I. (all USNM); Calapan, Min- doro (AMNH). FORMOSA: SW Taiwan, 100 m (Steiner coll.). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Osima, Osumi; Shuri, Kiusiu I., Okinawa; Nakadomari, Okinawa (all USNM). MARIANAS: Mang Island (USNM). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Ulithi Atoll (USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Arno Atoll; Engebi L., Eniwetok Atoll (both USNM). NEW GUINEA: Aramot Island (Hinton coll.); Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Atchin Island; Espiritu Santo Island (both USNM): Pango Point, Efate I.; Bushmen’s Bay, Malekula I. (both AIM); Teuma Bay, Efate I. (Debant coll.). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Mortlocks (DMNH) GILBERT ISLANDS: Bikenibeu, Tarawa I. (Cernohorsky coll.). WAL- LIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: E. end of Nukuhifala, Wallis I. (USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Manava I., N. Viti Levu; Mana I., Mamanuca group (both Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA IS- LANDS: Nukwalofa, Tongatabu I. (Gay coll.). SAMOA IS- LANDS: Tutuila Island (USNM); Fagali’i, Upolu I. (Powell coll.); Mulinu, W. of Apia(Cernohorsky coll.). NIUE ISLAND: (McDowall coll.). Fossil record—PLIOCENE: Tjiidjow, Bantam, Java, In- donesia (Oostingh, 1939). Mitra incompta (Lightfoot, 1786) (Color pl. 253, fig. 11; pl. 274) Range—East Africa to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—This species is superficially similar to M. eremitarum Roding, but the spire is longer and the aperture appreciably shorter, and the sculpture coarser. Habitat—The species is moderately rare throughout its distributional range; it lives on a hard reef and coral-rubble substratum, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 20 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 112 mm (about 4% inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate, solid and heavy, sutures distinct and minutely crenulate. Nuclear whorls eroded, postnuclear whorls 7-8, spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex, sculptured with very irregular, slender and crowded axial ribs which are rendered nodulose through bisecting, pitted spiral grooves which number from 6-9 on the penultimate whorl; on the body whorl the spiral grooves become spiral cords towards the base. In some specimens the axial sculpture is subdued. Aperture moderately nar- row, shorter than the spire, smooth within; outer Plate 274. Mitra (Mitra) incompta (Lightfoot). Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. incompta (Lightfoot) from the South Seas (from Martyn, 1784, pl. 19). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. terebralis Lamarck; immature speci- men (MHNG 1102/48/2; 80.9 x 24.0 mm). Fig. 3. Specimen from Zanzibar, East Africa (AWBP coll.; 86.5 x 23.5 mm). [19-468] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra B20 lip straight, angulate basally, thickened in adult specimens and finely crenulate at the margin. Columella only superficially glazed and with 5 oblique folds; siphonal canal straight or slightly recurved, siphonal notch distinct, siphonal fas- ciole thickened and corded. Cream in colour, or- namented with dark brown axial stripes which are interrupted by a broad zone on the body whorl, aperture cream to golden-yellow, crenulations on margin of outer lip brown, columella cream. The colour pattern is obscured by a brown and moder- ately opaque periostracum. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 112.0 — — Zanzibar 96.0 26.7 44.4 Siasi, Philippines 82.0 22.0 34.6 Oahu, Hawaiian Ids. 80.9 24.0 34.9 Holotype of terebralis 55.0 16.4 24.7 Oahu, Hawaiian Ids. Synonymy— 1784 Mitra tessellata Martyn, Universal Conchologist, vol. 1, pl. 19 (non binomial). 1786 Voluta incompta Lighttoot, Catalogue Portland Museum, p. 96, no. 2116 (refers to Martyn, vol. 1, fig. 19) [South Seas]; 1916 Iredale, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 12, p. 91. 1791 Voluta vulpecula var. b Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3451 (refers to Martyn, vol. 1, pl. 19) [non Linnaeus, 1758]. 1811 Mitra terebralis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 201 (no locality given); 1838 Kiener, Species général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 23, pl. 8, fig. 21; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 2, fig. 11; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 7, fig. 94; 1967 Rehder. Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 121, p. 17; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 958, pl. 1, fig. 6 (figured holotype). 1844 Mitra tessellata Martyn, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 2, fig. 10; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 7, tig. 97; 1967 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 10, p. 193, pl. 19, fig. 4 (shell), textfig. 4 (radula). 1850 Mitra reevei Philippi, Zeit, f. Malakozoologie, vol. 7, p. 23 (substitute name for M. terebralis Reeve, 1844) [Zanzibar]. 1961 Mitra incompta Lightfoot, J. Cate, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 3; 1961 Editor, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 9, no. 12, textfig.; 1961 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 51; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 11, fig. 22 (radula). Types—tThe type of M. incompta Lightfoot, was in the collection of the Duchess of Portland and has been sold at auction. We therefore designate the two figures on plate 19 in vol. 1 of Martyn’s “Universal Conchologist” as the lectotype of Mitra incompta (Lightfoot). The holotype of M. terebralis Lamarck, is in the Museum d Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1102/48/2; the type of M. reevei Philippi, has probably been sold at auction of the Norris collection. The original locality indi- cation is “South Seas” and we further restrict the type locality to Tutuila Island, Samoa Islands (specimen in USNM). Nomenclature—The usage of the taxon Mitra tessellata Martyn, persisted until 1958, when Martyn’s work “The Universal Conchologist” was placed on the Official Index of rejected and in- valid works in Zoological Nomenclature. After that date the species has to be M. incompta, its senior synonym, and not M. terebralis which is a junior synonym. Records—EAST AFRICA: Ras Kankadya and Sinda (Spry, 1961, Tanganyika Notes & Record, no. 56, p. 25). ZANZIBAR: (USNM; DMNH,; Powell coll.); Noongar reef (AMNH). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Luzon (AMNH): Siasi, Sulu (Powell coll.). MARIANAS: Agana Bay, Guam I. (BPBM). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Losap Atoll (BPBM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Uterik Atoll; Ailuk Atoll (both USNM). NEW GUINEA: Losuia, Milne Bay (Kleckham coll.). AUSTRALIA: Hook I., Whitsunday Passage, Queensland (AMNH). NEW HEB- RIDES: Teuma Bay, S. Efate I., 10-20 faths. (Debant coll.). ELLICE ISLANDS: Vaitupu (USNM). SAMOA ISLANDS: Tutuila Island (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Moorea; Moty Iriru, Raiatea; Point Teffaao, Huahine (all USNM): Tahaa I. (DMNH). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: off Ala Moana (BPBM): Hilo; Port Allen, Kauai (both USNM): off Makua, Oahu, 7-8 faths. (AMNH): Barber's Point, Oahu, (Cross coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.); off Diamond Head, Oahu, 14 faths. (Jewell coll.); TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Anaa (MCZ). SP, } “a ay | ™ | , Ve 4 | Corrs un x > | aaa Juco Ime Moreus | ip! re) ee oc beg oon ooo een a oa eG et ce SECU EE os ea ee, 2 ” FORMOSA » i i Ooh 20°} — - — Beil af = ae pet = o - d ——— ==t Fe —\ = —— | Co » MARIANA | Woke Hawa | a0 1S; ANDAMAN , | Vs is 4 \ L ° Dy) NICOBAR |, i 18. 4 % CEYLON 3 2 MALDIVE | 1s P SEYCHELLES 15, 20° , ener . PHILIPPINE Guam | | wars e Enoator. geo is yop, With i 5 * Pou 4 ee . iol Seas Mafuro e ft oe cancuine ie ce my mew | INCOMPTAY | “ef serene | ets eto B% Ss Yo «_ @ PHOENIX 15. sine er TOKELAU IS. |. : MARQU BE “tong * < THAMOTH Nag oy New q 1 SD VHEBRIDES . : oN Ly ia a Tohitr fi > } “&,'@ o Yo¢ hes a eres Finis. ef im i + ae io rT new ies TONGA r . es CALEDONIA store = SeCOK rae ae 1 cee i) TRay is Norfolk Plate 275. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) incompta (Lightfoot). [19-469] 324 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mitra eremitarum Roding, 1798 (Color pl. 255, figs. 7, 8; pl. 276) Range—Cocos-Keeling Islands, Indian Ocean, to Melanesia and to the Ryukyu Islands. Remarks—tThis is a very common species in the southwest Pacific, lacking the axial plications of incompta. Garrett (1880) reported the species from Tonga, Samoa, Kingsmill, Caroline I., Cook I., Society I., Tuamotus and the Hawaiian Islands. We have not seen actual specimens east of the Fiji Islands, and Garrett’s specimens probably were the similar species, M. incompta. M. eremitarum has not been recorded from the Hawaiian Islands. Habitat—On coral reefs, under stones and coral on a sand substratum within the intertidal zone. Descr Shell up to 80 mm (about 3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, heavy and solid, sutures prominent and minutely crenulate. Whorls flatsided or slightly convex, numbering from 6-8 inclusive of nuclear whorls which are indistinguishable in adult specimens. Sculptured with shallow spiral grooves which are either smooth or obsoletely punctate, spiral ridges broad and flat or slightly stepped and bisected by dense axial growth-lines which become weakly nodulose at the point of intersection. In large adults, axial striae and spiral ridges become obso- lete on the body whorl; spiral ridges number from 6-11 on the penultimate and from 26-38 on the Plate 276. Mitra (Mitra) eremitarum Roding. Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. eremitarum Roding from the “East Indies” (from Chemnitz, 1780, pl. 147, fig. 1361). Fig. 2. Specimen from Bushmen’s Bay, Malekula Id., New Hebrides; short, broad, brown-banded form (WOC coll; 38.4 x 14.8 mim). body whorl. Aperture longer than the spire, wide, smooth within; outer lip thickened and crenulate, posterior crenules occasionally overlaid by callus; columella glazed, calloused and laminated an- teriorly in adults, and with 4-6 oblique folds. Siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch promi- nent. Cream to pale yellow in colour, ornamented with tan or dark rusty-brown longitudinal streaks which are generally interrupted on the body whorl by a pale zone; some specimens have the dark brown periostracum embedded in the spiral grooves. Aperture golden-yellow or light orange, crenulations on outer lip frequently spotted with brown. The colour pattern is partly obscured by a moderately opaque, dark brown periostracum. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~= width aperture 78.0 27.7 45.0 Manava I., Fiji Ids. 70.6 23.1 37.2 Lectotype of adusta 51.0 18.8 28.5 Manava I., Fiji Ids. 50.9 19.7 29.0 Lectotype of flavofusca 38.4 14.8 22.2 New Hebrides Synonymy— 1798 Mitra eremitarum Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 136 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 147, fig. 1361); 1965 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 87, pl. 13, fig. 3; 1966 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 106, figs. 5a, b (radula). 1811 Mitra adusta Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 201; 1838 Kiener, pee général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 22, figs. 16, 17; 1915 Tesch, Palaontologie von Timor, Lief. 5, p. 43, pl. 79, figs. 93a, b (Timor, Plio/Pleistocene); 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 959, pl. 1, fig. 7 (figured lectotype). 1811 eee flavofusca Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 201 (coasts of Timor); 1969 ernohorsiy: Revue Sacte Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 959, pl. 2, fig. 8 (figured lec- totype). 1817 Voluta ruffina Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Recent shells, vol. 1, p. 545 (refers to Lister, Gualtieri, Seba, Knorr, Martini and 80° 100° ___ 120° aoe = 160° 180° | ray A {> of | Cb et, Ly “ ee TEE Oe @ 3 conives Be fd es FIIs, © n i L 1 L = 80° too" 120° 140° 160° 180 Plate 277. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) eremitarum Roding. [19-470] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 325 Tabl. Encyl. Méthodique) [Eastern Ocean] (non Linnaeus, 1767). 1840 Mitra terebralis Swainson, Treatise Malacology, p. 318 (refers to Tabl. Encycl. Meéthodique, pl. 369, fig. 5) [non Lamarck, 1811]. 1935 Mitra (Nebularia) adusta var. brevior Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 66 (Rua-Sura, Solomon I.). 1957 Chrysame eremitarum (Réding), Kaicher, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, sect. 6, pl. 2, fig. 27. Types—The whereabouts of the types of M. eremitarum are unknown, and we designate fig- ure 1361 on plate 147 in vol. 4 of Chemnitz, 1780, as the lectotype of M. eremitarum Roding. The lectotype of M. adusta Lamarck, no. 1107/92/2 and M. flavofusca Lamarck, no. 1107/93/2 are both in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva. No locality was given by Roding, but the cited speci- men came from the “East Indies’, which is further restricted as the type locality to Pombo Island, Haruku Strait, East of Ambon, Indonesia (Speci- men in WAM). Records—COCOS-KEELING ISLAND: Pass at Pulo Siput (Orr-Maes, 1967). BURMA: Laloon Bay, Elphinstone L., Tenasserim coast (von Martens, 1887). INDONESIA: Selan- gan I., Sandakar, N. Borneo: Pasir Gedank I., near Padang, Sumatra (both USNM): N. side Teluk Dodinga near Ternate, Halmahera; Pombo I., Haruku Straits, E. of Ambon; Kampong, Namatabung, Labuan Olendir, Selaru, Tanimbar (all WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Pangangon I., Bohol (Steiner coll.); Alabat I. near Luzon I., Quezon; Port Tataan, Tawi Tawi group; Port Palabag, Batag I., Samar; E. coast of Polillo; Bataan I., Batanes group; Tilig, Lubang I.; Port Laugean, Dumarau Point, Palawan (all USNM); Borongon village, Samar I. (AIM); Gigmoto, Catanduanes I. (Powell coll.); Davao City, Mindanao (WAM). FORMOSA: off Kao-Hsiung (Steiner coll.). RYUKYU ISLANDS: (USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Majuro Atoll, N.E. end of lagoon (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Taurama Point, Port Moresby (Hinton coll.); near Gamododo, Milne Bay; Mios Woendi, Schouten I.; Biak I., Schouten I.; near Hollandia (all USNM); Boensaki, W. of Sowek, Soepiori, Schouten I. (AIM). NEW BRITAIN: Talasea reef (AMNH). SOLOMON IS- LANDS: Treasury Island (USNM); Choiseul Island (AIM); Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Cernohorsky coll.); Santa Isabel L.; Malaita 1. (DMNH) NEW HEBRIDES: Palikulo Bay, Es- piritu Santo (USNM): Bushmens Bay, Malekula I. (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Tuki Tuki Point, Efate I. (Colardeau coll.); Port Havannah, Efate I. (Debant coll.); Erakor reet, Efate I. (Cernohorsky coll.). FIT ISLANDS: Manava I., N. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.); Viti Levu Bay, Viti Levu (Cernohorsky Rs Rat Tail Passage, Suva reef, S. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). Fossil records —PLIOCENE: Gendingan, Sonde beds, Java, Indonesia (Martin, 1895). PLIO-PLEISTOCENE: Noil Fatoe near Niki-Niki, Timor, Indonesia (Tesch, 1915). Mitra guttata Swainson, 1824 (Pl. 278) Range—Persian Gulf to Mauritius and Ceylon. Remarks—This species is rare, and all speci- mens examined were obviously collected as empty shells. Most of these specimens originated from Ceylon, but von Marten’s (1880) record of the species from Mauritius, would indicate a wider geographical distribution than present material would indicate. The record of M. solida by Ray Plate 278. Mitra (Mitra) guttata Swainson. Fig. 1. Specimen from Ceylon (BM (NH); 48.2 x 17.2). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from Ceylon; beach-worn (AMNH 98370; 36.5 x 14.2 mm). Figs. 4,5. Holotype of M. boswellae J. Cate, from unknown locality; beachworm (SAM A-29799; 70.5 x Fig. 8. Holotype of M. vaticinator Melvill from off Muscat, 24.6 mim). Arabia; juvenile (BM (NH) 1921.1.28.6; 26.0 * 9.4 mm). Figs. 6,7. Holotype of M. floccata Reeve; slender form (BM (NH) 1967759; 54.0 x 18.6 mm). [19-471] 326 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae (1954) from Bombay, Karachi and the Persian Gulf, may have actually been specimens of M. guttata. A. Adams’ (1864) record of the species from Mososeki, Japan, remains unconfirmed, while J. Cate’s (1964) record of M. boswellae from off Durban, Natal, South Africa, has been based on assumptions. Habitat—Unknown, but probably in deeper water. Description—Shell up to 70 mm (about 3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, immature indi- viduals more cylindrically-ovate, rather solid. Whorls 8-9, apart from a worn protoconch, spire whorls regularly convex, sutures distinct and ir- regularly serrated and with fine axial lirae on the anterior part of the body whorl. Sculptured with finely punctate spiral grooves which may become less distinct on the last two whorls and in some individuals are confined to the anterior part of the sutures; spiral grooves number from 4-7 on the penultimate and from 5-18 on the body whorl, base of shell with 5-10 oblique cords. Aperture longer than the spire, moderately open, smooth within; outer lip moderately thickened in adults, regularly convex and with about half a dozen small and sometimes weak denticles anteriorly. Columella glazed or calloused in adults and with 4-6 oblique folds, siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch distinct. The colour of fresh but not live- collected specimens is either reddish-brown or orange-brown, and the ornamentation consists of small white spots, flakes, axial or spiral streaks which occasionally form a nebulous, broken white band on the lower third of the body whorl; some specimens have thin, dark brown spiral lines which coincide with the spiral grooves; aperture and columella fawn or orange-brown in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 70.5 24.6 38.2 Holotype of boswellae 54.0 18.6 28.0 Holotype of floccata 48.2 17.2 28.0 Ceylon 26.0 9.4 15.6 ‘Holotype of vaticinator Synonymy— 1824 Mitra guttata Swainson, Quart, Journal Sci. Arts, vol. 17 no. 33, p. 35 (no locality given); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 10, sp. 69; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 11, fig. 166; 1880 von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 250; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 116, pl. 34, fig. 31 (Ceylon). 1844 Mitra floccata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 3, fig. 16 (no locality given); ? 1864 A. Adams, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 7, p. 198; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 12, fig. 186; 1880 von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 249; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 115, pl. 34, fig. 29. 1918 Mitra vaticinator Melvill, Ann. & Mag. Nat. History, ser. 9, vol. 1, p. 141, pl. 4, fig. 6 (off Muscat, Arabia) [juvenile specimen]. 1964 Mitra (Mitra) boswellae J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 6, p. 219, pl. 28, figs. la, b (off Durban, Natal, South Africa, ex- pisces = origin of holotype unknown!). Types—The whereabouts of Swainson’s 2 type specimens of M. guttata are unknown. The holotype of M. floccata Reeve, B. M. (NH) no. 1967759 and the holotype of M. vaticinator Mel- vill, B. M. (NH) no. 1921.1.28.6, are in the British Museum (NH). The holotype of M. boswellae J. Cate, is in the South African Museum, Cape Town, no. A-29799. M. guttata was described from unknown locality, and Tryon’s (1882) first correct locality indication of Ceylon, is here des- ignated as the type locality. Nomenclature—The origin and locality of the holotype of M. boswellae J. Cate, is unknown, and the describer’s indication of “‘off Durban, Natal, southeast Africa, ex-pisces” has been based on mere speculation. In a letter written by Mrs. Bos- well, and accompanying the holotype, it is made quite clear that she received the holotype of M. boswellae in a box of shells whose origin was unknown, and the locality Durban, and the fact that it came from the stomach of a fish, were sim- ply assumptions. The late Dr. Barnard had misgiv- ings about the inclusion of the species in the South African fauna, and appended a note to the holotype which reads as follows: “Box given to Mrs. Boswell was probably part of the collection made by H. W. Bell-Marley (Fisheries Inspec- tor). Doubtful this Mitra was ex-pisce—see the barnacles in anterior canal and traces on surface where they have been cleaned off. Locality very doubtful.” The holotype of M. boswellae is a large but otherwise typical individual of M. guttata Swainson, and a specimen with very similar col- our markings has been figured by Reeve (1844, pl. 10, fig. 69). When Melvill described M. vaticinator, he compared it to M. guttata, M. floccata and M. solida, not realizing that he was dealing with a juvenile specimen. Young and immature indi- viduals of Mitridae are often appreciably different to adults, with a more pupiform shape and crisper sculpture. Melvill’s species is undoubtedly a juvenile of M. guttata. Records—CEYLON: (BMNH; IRSN; AMNH; DMNH); Colombo (Powell coll.). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Cargados-Caragos Ids.; Mauritius (both von Martens, 1880). PERSIAN GULF: ott Muscat, Arabia (BMNH). [19-472] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 327 Mitra solida Reeve, 1844 (Pl. 279) Range—Southern Queensland to New South Wales and ? Victoria, Australia. Remarks—This species is very similar to M. guttata Swainson in form, sculpture and colour- ing, but the whorls are somewhat more inflated in M. solida. Juvenile and immature specimens of both species are almost indistinguishable. The similarity of the two species may have been re- Plate 279. Mitra (Mitra) solida Reeve. Figs. 1, 2. Specimen from Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia (WOC coll.; 33.4 x 13.0 mm). Fig. 3. Specimen from Stradbroke Id., Queensland, Aus- tralia; immature (WOC coll.; 24.0 x 9.7 mm). Fig. 4. Lectotype figure of M. solida Reeve (from Reeve, 1844, pl. 3, fig. 18). Fig. 5. Holotype of M. prosphora (Iredale) from Sydney Harbour, Australia (AMS C-57846; 45.4 x 16.5 mm). [19-477 sponsible for Ray’s (1954) record of M. solida from Bombay, Karachi and the Persian Gulf. The taxonomic status of the two species may have to be re-examined when further material of M. guttata becomes available. We have seen only specimens from Southern Queensland and New South Wales, but the species has been reported by Ga- briel (1962) from Victoria. Habitat—On a shell and coral-rubble sub- stratum, from 5 to 70 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 60 mm (about 24% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, young speci- mens cylindrically-ovate, moderately solid. Whorls 72-9 apart from protoconch of 24-3 glassy-white or light brown nuclear whorls, spire whorls regularly convex. Sutures distinct and ir- regularly serrated by descending axial striae. First 2 post-nuclear whorls with 3 or 4 spiral cords, later whorls with finely punctate spiral grooves which number 3-6 on the penultimate and 4-18 on the body whorl. Spire whorls have occasionally fine longitudinal striae which bisect the pits in the grooves and usually vanish past the 4th or 5th spiral groove anteriorly to the suture of the body whorl. Aperture about equal in height or longer than the spire, moderately narrow or open, smooth within; outer lip only moderately thickened and minutely denticulate anteriorly in mature adults. Columella glazed or calloused and with 4 or 5 oblique folds, siphonal canal straight, siphonal fasciole occasionally with a slight twist, siphonal notch distinct; base of shell with 5-8 oblique cords. Brown or orange-brown in colour, or- namented with white spots, blotches or short streaks, usually spotted with white at the sutures; some individuals are uniformly fulvous-brown with hardly a trace of white. Aperture beige, fawn or orange, deep interior sometimes greyish-white, parietal wall brown or fawn, columellar folds whitish. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 57.8 18.5 22. Off Cape Moreton, Queensland 53.6 18.4 28.0 New South Wales 47.5 17.5 = Type figure of solida 45.4 16.5 23.8 Holotype of prosphora 31.0 14.0 19.0 Sydney Harbour, N.S.W. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra solida Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 4, pl. 3, fig. 18; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 11, figs. 164, 165; 1867 Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 194; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 35, fig. 57; 1920 Peile, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 93, textfig. 1 (radula); 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. 328 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae FEMS, aaa “aad 160 180 T T foch jo | INQUINATA a eee fies hich or) farm 7 BONIN 1s Wawa, wo Jima Morews ante MARIANA Woke _ 3 shnstorr § * Soipon > wt pPadg PHILIZPINE | Guam Bake, cet aecnaicls ie ae (Ui Eee ; 3M Pol a e Ta Neye : : + Ponape * Mafuro CAROLINE is : ‘ G = =e x tc 2-0 Beet os KS "PHOENIX is TOKELAU JS. "304 Is” TONGA 1S ([SOLIDAl forkelh NEW ZEALAND n 20 40° bor 80" 100° 120° Plate 280. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) solida Reeve, M. (M.) guttata Swainson, M. (M.) in- quinata inquinata Reeve, and M. (M.) pele Cernohorsky. Museum, no. 8, p. 66, pl. 1, fig. 8 (figured holotype of M. prosphora Iredale). 1929 Vicimitra prosphora Iredale, Australian Zoologist, vol. 5, p. 343, pl. 38, fig. 17 (Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia). 1951 Mitra (Vicimitra) prosphora Iredale, Laseron, Rec. Aus- tral. Museum, vol. 22, p. 341, fig. 11 (protoconch). 1957 Vicimitra phosphora (sic) Iredale, Cotton, Roy. Soc. South Australia Malac. Section, p. 3; 1959, South Australian Mollusca, p. 385. 1962 Eumitra prosphora (Iredale), Gabriel, Mem. Nat. Mus. Melbourne, no. 25, p. 191 (Lakes Entrance, Victoria). 1971 Pterygia solida Reeve, Wilson & Gillett, Australian Shells, p. 114, pl. 74, fig. 5. Types—The type of M. solida Reeve has been sold at auction of the Norris collection, and the holotype of M. prosphora (Iredale) is in the Aus- tralian Museum, Sydney, no. C-57846. Originally described from unknown locality, the species has been correctly reported by Angas (1867) from Middle Head, Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia, in 5 fathoms, which is designated as the type locality of M. solida Reeve. Nomenclature—Iredale (1929) re-named the species M. prosphora on the grounds that M. sol- ida was described from unknown locality and dif- fered in sculpture. He did not elaborate on any tangible differences and created the genus Vi- cimitra for his new species. M. solida does not differ in form, sculpture or radular characters suf- ficiently from typical Mitra species, e.g. M. car- dinalis, M. nubila ete. to warrant inclusion in a separate genus. Wilson & Gillett’s assignment of M. solida to the genus Pterygia Réding, is inap- propriate, since the radula of M. solida differs widely in radula and shell characters from species of Pterygia. 140" 160° 160° Records—QUEENSLAND): off Cape Moreton, 30 faths.; N. E. of Cape Moreton, 64-70 faths.; Jumpin Pin Bar, 27 faths.; off Caloundra, 15-20 faths. (all Powell coll.); Stradbroke Island, 25 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.). NEW SOUTH WALES: Lake Maquarie (USNM); Woody Heads, Iluka (Kleckham coll.); Eden (AMNH); Port Jackson (MCZ; AIM); Newcastle (Powell coll.); off Sydney Harbour (Cernohorsky coll.); Twofold Bay (Peile, 1922). VICTORIA: off Lakes Entrance, 20 faths. (Ga- briel, 1962). Mitra inquinata subspecies inquinata Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 255, figs. 10, 11; pl. 281) Range—Japan, Formosa and China. Remarks—The species has been occasionally placed in the subgenus Nebularia, but the ab- sence ofa strong spiral sculpture would indicate a placement in Mitra s.str. Habitat—Sublittoral, from 10 to 55 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 75 mm (3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate to fusiformly-elongate, rather solid. Whorls 8-10 apart from protoconch which is generally eroded, spire whorls slightly convex, sutures distinct and slightly irregular. Sculptured with punctate spiral grooves which number from 4-6 on the penultimate and up to 20 on the body whorl; the pits in the grooves produce intervening, slender axial riblets which are gen- erally more prominent anteriorly to the sutures. The base of the shell has about half a dozen oblique spiral cords. Aperture narrow, equal in height or shorter than the spire, smooth within; outer lip thickened, moderately straight or slightly convex and with irregular, small or obso- lete blunt denticles at the margin. Columella cal- loused and with 5 regular, oblique folds, siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch prominent. Base colour white or cream, ornamented with dark red- [19-478] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 329 dish brown, interrupted spiral lines and axial streaks; aperture and columella white or creamy-white. Periostracum deciduous, thin, tan to blackish. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 74.0 20.0 — Type of wrighti 70.5 20.4 34.4 Holotype of hanleyana 62.5 19.0 30.7 Syntype of inquinata D2 14.6 24.3 Lectotype of inquinata 50.2 14.6 24.4 off Tatsugahama, Japan Synonymy— 1844 Mitra inquinata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 5, fig. 29 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- Plate 281. Figs. 1-4 Mitra (Mitra) inquinata inquinata Reeve. Fig. 5. M.(M.) inquinata buddhaica Vredenburg. Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype of M. inquinata Reeve (BM (NH) 1967784; 52.7 x 14.6 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Holotype of M. hanleyana Dunker from Japan (ZMB; 70.5 x 20.4 mm). Fig. 5. Type figure of M. buddhaica Vredenburg trom the Miocene of Burma (from Vredenburg, 1923, pl. 16, fig. 9;c. 25.0 mm). chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 11, fig. 168; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 118, pl. 34, figs. 40, 44. 1877 Mitra hanleyana Dunker, Malakozool. Blatter, vol. 24, p. 70 (Japan); 1882 Dunker, Index Mollusc. Maris Japonici, p. 51. pl.-2,. figs 6-7. 1878 Mitra wrighti Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 26, p. 57, pl. 1, fig. 1 (Japan). 1959 Mitra (Nebularia) inquinata Reeve, Kira, Coloured II- lust. Shells Japan, rev. ed., p. 88, pl. 34, fig. 5 Guvenile specimen). 1962 Mitra (Nebularia) hanlayana (sic) (Dunker), Shuto, Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyushu University, vol. 12, p. 62, pl. 13, fig. 9 (Mio-Pliocene of Japan). 1967 Nebularia inquinata (Reeve), Habe & Kosuge, Standard Book Japan. Shells Color, vol. 3, p. 85, pl. 33, fig. 22; 1971 Kuroda & Habe, Sea shells of Sagami Bay, p. 186, pl. 52, fig. 2. Types—The designated lectotype and 2 syn- types of M. inquinata Reeve are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967784, and the holotype of M. hanleyana Dunker is in the Zoological Museum, Berlin. The type of M. wrighti Crosse, remained in the private collection of Mrs. Bryce Wright from London, and its whereabouts are un- known. M. inquinata has been described from unknown locality, and Dunker’s locality indica- tion of “Japan” for M. hanleyana is designated as the type locality of M. inquinata Reeve. Plate 282. Figs. 1, 2. Mitra (Mitra) tittabweensis Vredenburg. Tittabwe, Miocene of Burma (type figure from Vredenburg, 1923, pl. 16, figs. 8a, b; c. 27.0 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Mitra (Mitra) singuensis Vredenburg. Upper Singu beds, Miocene of Burma (type figure from Vreden- burg, 1922, pl. 22, fig. 2; c. 20.0 mm). [19-479] 330 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Records—JAPAN: Fukura, Awaji (MCZ; USNM); kii (AMNH; DMNH); off Tatsugahama, Kii Province (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Sagami Bay; Honshu; Shikoku; Kyushu (all from Kuroda & Habe, 1971). CHINA: Spider I., Fokien Pro- ae (USNM). FORMOSA: S.W. Taiwan, 100 m (Steiner coll.). Fossil records—MIO-PLIOCENE: Hagenoshita, Miyazaki Prefecture and Takanabe, Japan (Shuto, 1962). Mitra inquinata subspecies buddhaica Vredenburg, 1923 (Pl. 281, fig. 5) Range—Miocene of Burma. Remarks—Vredenburg compared the incom- plete specimen of his species to the living M. inquinata, but it was said to differ by its slightly more convex whorls and deeper spiral grooves. The holotype figure of M. buddhaica closely re- sembles the living M. inquinata except that the spiral grooves on the body whorl are more numer- ous. No measurements were given by the author, but the figure indicates a length of 25.0 mm. Synonymy— 1923 Mitra buddhaica Vredenburg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 54, p. 272, pl. 16, fig. 9 (Myaukmigon, Kama stage, Burma, M. Miocene; type in Geological Survey of India). Mitra tittabweensis Vredenburg, 1923 (Pl. 282, figs. 1, 2) Range—Miocene of Burma. Remarks—Vredenburg compared his species to M. granatinaeformis Martin, but separated his species on the basis of more delicate, thinner grooves, their tendency to multiply by intercala- tion and the absence of a stepped disposition of the suture. The species is more closely related to M. inquinata buddhaica Vredenburg. No measurements were given, but the figure indicates a length of 27.0 mm. Synonymy— 1923 Mitra tittabweensis Vredenburg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 54, p. 273, pl. 16, figs. 8a, b (Kyaungon; Myaukmigon; Tittabwe and probably Thanga, Burma, M. Miocene; Tit- tabwe is here selected as the type locality. The type is in the Geological Survey of India). Mitra singuensis Vredenburg, 1922 (Pl. 282, figs. 3, 4) Range—Miocene of Burma. Remarks—Vredenburg did not diagnose the fragmented specimen but compared his new species to the German Oligocene M. mettei Giebel. M. singuensis is in many ways similar to M. inquinata buddhaica from the same deposits, has a similar whorl formation and spiral grooves, but the whorls are shorter and the body whorl is more ventricose. No measurements were given, but the figure indicates a length of 20.0 mm. Synonymy— 1922 Mitra singuensis Vredenburg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 53, p. 340, pl. 22, fig. 2a, b (Upper Singu beds, Burma, Miocene; type in Geological Survey of India). Mitra pele Cernohorsky, 1970 (Pl. 283) Range—Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—This rare species has been con- fused with the S. E. Australian M. carbonaria Swainson, and the West African M. nigra (Gme- lin). M. pele is a deepwater species which has not been recorded outside the Polynesian region. The species reported as M. pele from Sagami Bay, Ja- pan, by Kuroda & Habe (1971), is a juvenile specimen of M. chinensis Griffith & Pidgeon. Habitat—On a stone and coral-rubble sub- stratum, from 17 to 125 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 50 mm (2 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, thick and solid, sutures distinct but not deep. Teleconch of about 7 almost flat-sided whorls, protoconch missing; sculptured with smooth and thin, but sometimes minutely punctate spiral grooves which number 8-10 on the penultimate and up to 30 on the body whorl. Plate 283. Mitra (Mitra) pele Cernohorsky. 1 mi. N.W. of Pit- cairn Island, Pacific Ocean, 55-70 fms. (holotype USNM 679608; 41.14+ x 14.5 mm). [19-480] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 331 Under magnification, close-set, fine longitudinal striae are discernible on the shell; base of shell with about a dozen oblique spiral cords. Aperture moderately narrow, about equal in height to the spire, smooth and white within; outer lip thick- ened and simple. Columella white and calloused, parietal wall with a white callosity, columella with 5-7 close-set and oblique folds; siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch distinct. Adult shell uniformly tan under a thin, dark brown perios- tracum, aperture and columella white; juvenile shells are light orange-brown on the anterior half of the last whorl and dark brown elsewhere. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 49.0+ — — off Waikiki, Hawaiian Ids. 46.4 15.0 22.8 off Keehi lagoon, Hawaiian Ids. 41.1+ 14.5 2257 Holotype of pele 39.4 14.5 21.8 Paratype of pele Synonymy— ?1933 Mitra nigra (Chemnitz), Schroter, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, pt. 2, p. 178. (non Voluta nigra Gmelin, 1791). 1960 Mitra nigra Schroter, J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 3, p. 49 (non Voluta nigra Gmelin, 1791). 1962 Mitra nigra Gmelin, Abbott, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 213 (non Voluta nigra Gmelin, 1791). 1970 Mitra pele Cernohorsky, Nautilus, vol. 83, p. 99, figs. 3-5 (Pitcairn Island). Types—tThe holotype of M. pele is in the Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Washington, no. USNM 679608. The type locality is 1 mile N.W. of Pitcairn Island, Pacific Ocean. Records—PITCAIRN ISLAND: 1 mi. N.W. of Pitcairn L., 55-70 faths. (USNM). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: off Waikiki, Oahu, 100 ft.; Keehi Lagoon, Oahu (BPBM); off Keehi Lagoon entrance, Oahu, 125 faths. (Cross coll.). Mitra chinensis Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834 (Pl. 284) Range—Indonesia and India to China and Ja- pan. South Africa. Remarks—A very variable species in size, form and colour, M. chinensis has been recorded from the northern hemisphere, ranging along the coast of India and China. Adams’ locality indication of “Australia” for M. sacerdotalis is obviously er- roneous. The species is easily recognized by the bulging and strong columellar folds and the white callosity on the parietal wall adjoining the junc- tion of the outer lip. Habitat—Under rocks, intertidal zone to a depth of 30 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 75.0 mm (3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, body whorl occasionally ventricose, sutures distinct. Whorls 7-9 apart from an eroded protoconch, spire whorls slightly con- vex and occasionally weakly subangulate at the sutures, which are prominent, irregular and slightly ragged. Sculptured with minutely punctate or macroscopically striate spiral grooves which number from 4-10 on the penultimate whorl and from 2-10 on the body whorl; in some specimens, the spiral grooves are confined to the shoulder of the body whorl, the centre is smooth and the base has 11-20 oblique cords; in fresh specimens numerous and crowded longitudinal Plate 284. Mitra (Mitra) chinensis Griffith and Pidgeon. Fig. 1. Lectotype of M. chinensis Griffith and Pidgeon (BM (NH) 1967708; 58.6 x 20.4 mm). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from China; with periostracum (BM (NH); 60.1 mm). Figs. 4, 5. Specimens from Bombay, India; immature (Steiner coll.; fig. 4 = 37.0 x 13.3 mm; fig. 5 = 34.0 x 12.0 mm). Fig. 6. Lectotype of M. sacerdotalis A. Adams (BM (NH) 1967874; 67.1 x 22.4 mm). [19-481] 332 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae striae are visible under magnification. Aperture moderately narrow, equal in height or only slightly longer than the spire, smooth within; outer lip regularly convex or subangulate, slightly thickened at the margin and smooth. Columella with a callosity on the posterior of the parietal wall, columella calloused, and with 4 or 5 strong and usually bulging oblique folds. Siphonal canal somewhat produced in adult specimens, straight or slightly recurved, siphonal notch distinct. Vari- able in colour, usually tan to dark brown in colour, ornamented with small or large areas of cream or white, occasionally with small white spots at the sutures; the pattern is obscured by a dark brown periostracum and some specimens have dark brown spiral lines. The parietal wall is brown, the callosity white or light fawn and the columellar folds and anterior callus are brilliant white. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 74.7 25.4 37.9 Syntype of sacerdotalis 67.1 22.4 34.6 Lectotype of sacerdotalis 58.6 20.4 29.0 Lectotype of chinensis 41.5 15.0 22.0 St. Martin’s I., Burma 37.0 13.3 19.6 Bombay, India Synonymy— ?1824 Mitra strigata Swainson, Quart. Journal Sci. Arts, vol. 17, no. 33, p. 37 (no locality given); 1829, Zoological Ilustra- tions, ser. 2, vol. 1, pl. 19, figs. 1, 1 (dubious name). 1834 Mitra chinensis Griffith & Pidgeon, Animal Kingd. Baron Cuvier, Moll. & Radiata, vol. lw, pl. 40, fig. 2 (no locality given); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 33, pl. 11, fig. 33 (Indian Ocean); 1839 Gray, Zool. Capt. Beech. Voy. Blossom, p. 135, pl. 35, fig. 2 (China); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 5, fig. 36; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 6, fig. 81; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 36, figs. 65, 66; 1942 Yen, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 24, p. 236, pl. 24, fig. 172 (figured lectotype); 1970 Cer- a ch Be Wi & ig % aN bY \n RR bs t SN =a Be So yu + or? a CHINENSIS aval od e,, WZ /s \ ANDAMAN \ ‘ INL = cla f HILIDPINE ee a) 7 ’ TRIPLICATA] "I! S93 _ Be, | A i i Sy) cat NSIS] \ _ i a “Id SM, — £9 80 oo° v20' —"40" Plate 285. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) chinensis Griffith and Pidgeon and M. (M.) triplicata von Martens. nohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 66, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12. 1853 Mitra sacerdotalis A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1851, p. 138 (Australia = error!); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 6, fig. 79; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 35, fig. 62. Types—The two immature syntypes of M. chinensis Griffith and Pidgeon, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967708; the larger, 58.6 mm long specimen, which has been illustrated by Griffith and Pidgeon (1834) and by Yen (1942), is here selected as the lectotype of M. chinensis. The lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. sacerdotalis A. Adams, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967874. The species was described from unknown locality, and Gray’s (1839) sub- sequent indication of China, which is here further restricted to Amoy, China, is designated as the type locality (specimens in USNM). Nomenclature—Mitra strigata Swainson, is most probably an earlier name for this species, but since the type is lost and some doubt remains as to what species Swainson’s illustration represents, the name M. strigata is treated as a dubious name. Records—INDONESIA: Miri, Sarawak, Borneo (Hill coll.; Salisbury coll.). INDIA: Bombay (Steiner coll.). BURMA: St. Martin’s Island, Arakan coast (Steiner coll.). CHINA: HONG KONG: Lantea I. (DMNH); Yenting; Amoy (both USNM). JAPAN: ? Honshu; Sagami Bay; Shikoku (Kuroda & Habe, 1971). SOUTH AFRICA: Natal; Durban Bay (both DMNH). Fossil records—MIOCENE: Garo Hills, Assam, India (Mukerjee, 1939)? Plate 286. Mitra (Mitra) semicincta K. Martin. Kali Puru, Nanggoelan beds, U. Eocene of Java (type figure from K. Mar- tin, 1931, pl. 3, fig. 4; 35.0 mm). [19-482] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra = 333 Mitra semicincta K. Martin, 1931 (Pl. 286) Range—Upper Eocene of Java, Indonesia. Remarks—The species is probably the ancestor of the Miocene M. subscrobiculata dOrbigny. It has the same fusiform shape of the spire whorls and the spiral sculpture is confined to the post- erior part of the sutures. The length of the incomplete holotype is 35.0 mm. Synonymy— 1931 Mitra (s. str.) semicincta Martin, Wet. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw Ned.-Indie, no. 18, p. 18, pl. 3, fig. 4 (Kali Puru, Nanggoelan beds, Java, Indonesia, U. Eocene; type in Rijksmuseum, Leiden). Mitra subscrobiculata Orbigny, 1852 (Pl. 287) Range—Miocene of India and Burma; Pliocene of Indonesia. Remarks—Vredenburg (1923, 1925) considered M. subscrobiculata to be only a variant of M. chinensis Griffith and Pidgeon. The two species appear to be quite distinct in form and sculpture and are considered here separable taxa. M. sub- Plate 287. Mitra (Mitra) subscrobiculata A Orbigny. Figs. 1, 2. Holotype of M. subscrobiculata dOrbigny from Soomrow, Gaj of Kachh, Miocene of India (Dept. Palaeont. BM (NH) GG-19747—old no. 10055; 46.3 mm) [photo courtesy of C. P. Nuttal, BM (NH) ]. scrobiculata attains a length of 90.0 mm (about 3% inches), is elongate-fusiform in shape, the spire whorls are only slightly convex and weakly shoul- dered near the sutures. The early spire whorls have 4-6 spiral grooves which produce slightly elevated, flattened cords which usually become obsolete on the anterior half of the penultimate and the centre of the body whorl; on the last whorl there are usually 2-4 cords at the shoulder, the centre of the whorl is smooth or weakly spirally grooved, and the base is obliquely corded. The aperture is narrow and elongate, the columella is calloused and has 4 folds, and the base of the siphonal canal is usually twisted. The length of the holotype is 46.3 mm. Synonymy— 1840 Mitra scrobiculata J. de C. Sowerby, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, N.S., vol. 5, p. 329 and explanations to plate, pl. 26, fig. 23 (Soomrow, Gaj of Kachh, India, L. Miocene; holotype in the Dept. of Palaeontology, B.M. (NH), no. GG-19747-old no. 10055 [non Voluta scrobiculata Broechi, 1814]. 1852 Mitra subscrobiculata Orbigny, Prodr. Paleont. strat. Universelle, vol. 3, p. 54, (substitute name for M. scrobiculata J. de C. Sowerby, 1840). 1915 Mitra junghuhni Martin, Tesch in Wanner, Palaontologie von Timor, vol. 5, p. 44, pl. 79, figs. 94a, b (non K. Martin, 1880). 1923 Mitra chinensis var. subscrobiculata Orbigny, Vreden- burg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 54, p. 271; 1925, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 50, pt. 1, p. 145; 1939 Mukerjee, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, N.S., vol. 28, Mem. no. 1, p. 66. 1923 Mitra iravadica Vredenburg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 54, p. 272, pl. 16, figs. da, b (Migyaungye, Burma, M. Miocene—here designated as type locality; type-specimen probably in the Geological Survey of India, c. 46.0 mm). Records—INDIA: Soomrow, Gaj of Kachh (Sowerby, 1840); Tyra River near Rampur, Gaj of Kachh; North of Naliya, Gaj of Kachh; near Bagmara, Garo Hills, Assam, all Miocene (Vre- denburg, 1925). BURMA: Migyaungye; Myaukmigon: Myautin; Tittabwe, all M. Miocene (Vredenburg, 1923—as M. iravadica). INDONESIA: Mota Talau, Atamboea, Timor, Pliocene (Tesch in Wanner, 1915). Mitra birmanica Vredenburg, 1923 (Pl. 288, figs. 1, 2) Range—Miocene of Burma. Remarks—The author did not diagnose the species and only compared it with the living M. rubiginosa Reeve and the European Mio- Pliocene species M. atava and M. peracuta Bel- lardi. The figured type is an immature specimen which has a certain relationship with M. nivea (Broderip), but has a coarser spiral sculpture, especially on the spire whorls. No measurements were given by the author, but the figure indicates a length of 30.5 mm. Synonymy— 1923 Mitra birmanica Vredenburg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 54, p. 272, pl. 16, figs. 5a, b (Thanga, Burma, M. Miocene; tvpe in Geological Survey of India). [19-483] 334 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 288. Figs. 1, 2. Mitra (Mitra) birmanica Vredenburg. Holotype from the Miocene of Burma; immature specimen (from Vredenburg, 1923, pl. 16, figs. 5a, b; c. 30.5 mm). Fig. 3. Mitra (Mitra) loochooensis MacNeil. Holotype from Okinawa, Miocene of the Ryukyu Ids.; juvenile specimen (from MacNeil, 1960, pl. 4, fig. 26; 19.3 x 6.0 mm). Mitra loochooensis MacNeil, 1960 (Pl. 288, fig. 3) Range—Miocene of Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands. Remarks—The author compared his species with M. birmanica Vredenburg from the Miocene of Burma. Both these species were described from juvenile specimens and resemble juvenile and immature individuals of M. nivea Broderip. The specimen figured by MacNeil on plate 4, fig. 33, is probably not the same species. The dimensions of the holotype are length 19.3 mm, width 6.0 mm. Synonymy— 1960 Mitra (Fusimitra) loochooensis MacNeil, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, no. 339, p. 95, pl. 4, figs. 26-27, 32-33 (Yonabaru clay member, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Miocene; holotype in National Museum of Natural History, Washington, no. USNM 562730). Mitra quilonensis Dey, 1962 (Pl. 289) Range—Miocene of India. Remarks—tThe original description reads: “Shell of medium size, thick, smooth in appear- ance except for occasional axial wrinkles and deli- cate spiral lines; whorls 9, the 2 nuclear and first postnuclear ones being minute and somewhat flat; suture not deeply impressed; aperture nar- row, longer than the spire; siphonal notch wide; fasciole fairly conspicuous; columella with 4 strong plaits; increasing in strength posteriorly; Plate 289. Mitra (Mitra) quilonensis Dey, Quilon, Kerala, Miocene of India. (type figure from Dey, 1962, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; 47.0 x 15.0 mm). parietal wall and columellar margin coated witha shining porcellaneous layer of callus. This species is related to Mitra episcopalis Linne (= M. mitra), but has a less conspicuous siphonal fasciole, and equidistant columellar plaits. In M. episcopalis (= M. mitra) the plaits are somewhat oblique, and the anterior ones are nearer together than the posterior ones; the mar- gin of the outer lip is not crenate.” The measurements of the holotype are length 47.0 mm, width 15.0 mm. Synonymy— 1962 Mitra quilonensis Dey, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, N.S., vol. 36, p. 85, pl. 4, figs. 1-3 (Quilon, Kerala, India, Miocene; holotype in Geological Survey of India, no. G.S.I. 16465). Mitra triplicata von Martens, 1904 (Plate 290) Range—East Africa to Indonesia and the Philippines. Remarks—This uncommon, deep water species varies a great deal in obesity, length of aperture and prominence of spiral sculpture. The recently described Mitra verweyi Knudsen, falls well within the variational range of M. triplicata. Habitat—In blue clay and mud, from 260 to 745 fathoms, at water temperatures ranging from 43° to Do Ff, Description—Shell up to 68 mm in length (about 2% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, slen- der or sometimes inflated, rather light in weight. Mature whorls 8-9 apart from 1-2 conical nuclear whorls, spire whorls convex. Sculptured with pit- ted spiral grooves which number from 6-14 on the penultimate and from 5-29 on the body whorl; early whorls with axial growth-striae which usu- [19-484] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra B30 Plate 290. Mitra (Mitra) triplicata von Martens. Figs. 1, 2. Holotype of M. triplicata von Martens from N. of Brawa, Somali Republic, East Africa, 1362 m (ZMB; 47.0 x 16.5 mm) [photo courtesy of R. Kilias, ZMB]. Fig. 3. Holotype of M. verweyi Knudsen from Bali Sea, Indonesia, 200 m (from Knudsen, 1970, pl. 4, fig. A; 67.3 x 22.0 mm). Fig. 4. Specimen from off Mabul Id., Sibuko Bay, Borneo, 260 fms.; broad, sculptured form (USNM 239084; 58.0 x 20.0 mm). Fig. 5. Specimen from Iigan Bay, Mindanao, Philippines Ids.; smooth, slender form (USNM 238804; 55.5 x 15.5 mm). ally become obsolete on the last 2 whorls. Two to four spiral cords at the sutures are usually promi- nent and in some individuals the spiral sculpture is obsolete on the last 2 whorls; the lower half of the body whorl has 7-15 spiral cords. Aperture equal in height or longer than the spire, wide or moderately narrow, smooth within; outer lip moderately thickened and smooth, columella with a calloused shield in adults and with 3-5 oblique folds, siphonal notch distinct. Uniformly tan to dark brown in colour, aperture and columel- lar callus white. Periostracum dark brown and moderately opaque. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 67.3 22.0 35.1 Holotype of verweyi 58.0 19.7 29.5 Mabul I., Borneo 55.5 15.6 25.8 Mindanao, Philippines 47.0 16.5 26.0 Holotype of triplicata 43.7 14.4 23.0 off Sumatra, Indonesia Synonymy— 1904 Mitra (Phaeomitra) triplicata von Martens, Wiss. Ergeb. Deut. Tiefsee-Exped. “Valdivia”, vol. 7, p. 106, pl. 3, fig. 17 (N of Brawa, Somali Republic, E. Africa); 1904 Thiele, ibid., p. 169, pl. 9, figs. 63, 63a (radula). 1970 Mitra verweyi Knudsen, Zool. Meded. Rijksm. nat. Hist. Leiden, vol. 45, p. 22, pl. 4, figs. A-C (Bali Sea, Indonesia, 7°33'S & 114°36’E, 200 metres, bottom mud). 1970 Mitra triplicata Martens, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 35, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3. Types—tThe holotype of M. triplicata von Mar- tens, is in the Berlin Museum and the holotype of M. verweyi Knudsen, in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. The type locality for M. triplicata is station 258, N. of Brawa, Somali Republic, Lat. 2°58’N and Long. 46°50’E, in 1362 metres, in blue clay and mud. Records—EAST AFRICA: N. of Brawa, Somali Republic (v. Martens, 1904). INDONESIA: off Mabul I., Sibuko Bay, Bor- neo, 260 fathoms, at 45.7°F; S. of Silungan I., Sibuko Bay, Borneo, 305 fms., at 43.3°F; Pulau Melila, off Sumatra (all USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Iligan Bay, Mindanao, 700 fms.; off Point Binuni, Higan Bay, 505 fms.; off Balicasag I., Bohol I., 432 fms.; Sogod Bay, Leyte, 502 fms.; off Liangan, Mindanao, 445 fms., at 52.8°F; off Santiago, W. Luzon, 280 fms., at 46.8°F (all USNM). Mitra nivea (Broderip, 1836) (Pl. 291) Range—Japan to the Solomon Islands and Polynesia. Remarks—M. nivea is a rare species which ap- pears to be confined to the Pacific Ocean. It has occasionally been placed in Tiara (= Cancilla) or Scabricola but the radula is typically mitrine. The following species, i.e. M. ancillides Broderip, is very similar in all respect except size, and could prove to be a dwarf individual of M. nivea when more material of both species becomes available. Habitat—On a sand substratum, from 10 to 55 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 90 mm (about 3% inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate, moder- ately solid. Whorls 8-9 apart from 2-3 glassy-white nuclear whorls, spire whorls slightly convex, su- tures distinct. First 2 postnuclear whorls fenes- trate through bisecting spiral and axial striae in smaller specimens, axial striae weakening on later whorls; on the last 2 whorls the spiral grooves [19-485] 336 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 291. Mitra (Mitra) nivea (Broderip). Fig. 1. Lectotype from Anaa Id., Tuamotu Archipelago; im- mature (BM (NH) 1967924, 48.4 x 14.0 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from Anaa Id., Tuamotu Archipelago (BM (NH) 1967924: 69.0 x 21.3 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Holotype of M. norrisii Reeve (BM (NH) 1967917; 86.4 x 25.3 mm). Fig. 5. Specimen from Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids.; immature (WOC coll.; 40.0 x 11.6 mm). become more prominent and are minutely pitted in the interstices. Spiral striae number from 12-25 on the penultimate and from 35-70 on the body whorl; spiral striae become slightly more promi- nent, oblique cords towards the base of the shell. Aperture longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within; outer lip convexly elongate in immature specimens but slightly angulate and more thickened in adults and obsoletely denticu- late anteriorly. Columella not calloused and with 5 or 6 oblique folds, siphonal fasciole short, thic- kened and slightly twisted in adults but straight in immature specimens, siphonal notch distinct. Un- iformly white to fawn in colour, occasionally mi- nutely spotted at the sutures and grooves lined with dark brown; some immature specimens have 2 broad, orange-fawn transverse bands on the body whorl, interior of aperture white or flesh in colour, columella fawn, folds white. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 86.4 25.3 45.0 Holotype of norrisii 69.0 21.3 37.0 Anaa I., Tuamotus 54.7 14.6 28.9 Syntype of nivea (juvenile) 48.4 14.0 26.3 Lectotype of nivea 45.4 13.4 23.0 Tosa Bay, Japan (juvenile) 40.0 11.0 21.7 Solomon Ids. (juvenile) Synonymy— 1836 Tiara nivea Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, p. 195 (Anaa Island). 1844 Mitra nivea Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 6, fig. 41; 1873 Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 839; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 8, pl. 6, fig. 77; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 137, pl. 40, fig. 167; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 35, pl. 2, fig. 4 (shell), textfig. 49 (radula). 1844 Mitra norrisii Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 6 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 8, pl. 5, fig. 68; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 137, pl. 40, fig. 166. 1880 Mitra nevia (sic) Swainson, Garrett, Journal of Conchol- ogy, vol. 3, p. 21. 1907 Mitra (Scabricula) nivea Swainson, Couturier, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 55, p. 135. 1933 Mitra (Scabricola) nivea Swainson, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, p. 179. 21939 Mitra (Tiara) nivea (Swainson), Oostingh, Ing. Nederl. Indie, vol. 6, p. 9, pl. 10, figs. 178a, b. 1971 Vicimitra nivea (Broderip), Kuroda & Habe, Shells of Sagami Bay, p. 189, pl. 53, figs. 11, 12. Types—There are 3 syntypes of M. nivea (Broderip) in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967924; the largest and very adult 69.0 mm long specimen is obviously not a bona fide syntype since Broderip would not have failed to select the most perfect specimen. His given measurements, however, agree within a few mm with the other two, more immature syntypes. We therefore select the 48.4 mm long syntype as the lectotype of M. nivea Broderip. The holotype of M. norrisii Reeve, a mature adult, is also in the British Mu- seum (NH) no. 1967917. This specimen was dis- covered in the Calvert Collection and sent to the British Museum in 1967 by R. T. Abbott. Ths type locality is Anaa Island, Tuamotu Archipelago. Records—JAPAN: Honshu; Sagami Bay; Shikoku; Kyushu (Kuroda & Habe, 1971); off Cape Ashiziru, Tosa Bay, Shikoku (Cernohorsky coll.). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Cernohorsky coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Rarotonga (Garrett, 1873). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Fare Ute Point, Papeete, Tahiti (USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Anaa [19-486] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra | (ee) ice) Island (DMNH; MCZ). GAMBIER ISLANDS: Aukena Mitra ustulata Reeve, 1844 (Couturier, 1907). (Pl. 292) Fossil records—?PLIOCENE: Tjiidjow, Bantam, Java, In- . Wes. De Sa nee RET aera donesia (Oostingh, 1939). Range—Red Sea to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Plate 292. Mitra (Mitra) ustulata Reeve. (BM (NH) 1967783; 37.3 x 13.6 mm). Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype of M. ustulata Reeve; slender form (BM Figs. 8, 9. Specimens from Aden (NMW;; fig. 8 = 45.8 x 14.3 (NH) 1967918; 40.2 x 12.0 mm). mm; fig. 9 = 36.9 x 12.6 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. kamehameha Pilsbry from Honolulu Fig. 10. Specimen from Manila, Philippine Ids.; broad form Harbour, Hawaiian Ids. (ANSP 46793; 49.4 x 15.2 mm). (NMW; 39.2 x 14.2 mm). Fig. 4. Specimen from Koror Id., Palau Ids. (WOC coll.; 43.6 Figs. 11, 12. Specimen from the Bay of Islands, Suva Har- x 14.0 mm). bour, Fiji Ids.; broad, corded form (WOC coll.; 42.0 x 16.7 Fig. 5. Lectotype of M. ignobilis Reeve from Ticao Id., mm). Philippine Ids.; intermediate form (BM (NH) 1967783; Fig. 13. Holotype of M. petrosa Sowerby; broad, albino form 35.3 x 12.3 mm). (BM (NH) 1879.2.26.136; 37.6 x 13.6 mm). Fig. 6. Syntype of M. ignobilis Reeve; slender, corded form Figs. 14, 15. Specimen from Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, (BM (NH) 1967783). Solomon Ids.; broad, albino form (Gower coll.; 44.7 x 16.7 Fig. 7. Syntype of M. ignobilis Reeve; broad, corded form mm). [19-487] 338 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 40° 60° 80° \oo° 120° \4o° ANDAMAN , 1s. ---S-4-- ° ») NICOBAR aaa CEYLON ‘=~ 3 MARIANA } Sepen » SAO 5 _ [USTULATA] Pa 4,| © VChristmes % ‘PHOENIX 15. TOKELAU IS } - MARQUESAS IS. ‘ | *AMon ig” TUAMOTY 4 = ANCILLIDES @onca t cook te NS a ene aia Poe a pam aaa em aaoe | + Mario Theresa —Z a 1 hl 40° 80° 100° Plate 293. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) ustulata Reeve, and M. (M.) ancillides Broderip. Remarks—The species is highly variable in form and sculpture. As in other Mitridae, slender and broad forms of M. ustulata are found, often in the same locality, and M. ustulata and M. ignobilis should be treated as sympatric variants and not allopatric subspecies. The numerous spiral striae are not confined to the slender form ustulata but are also present in individuals of the broad form ignobilis. M. petrosa Sowerby, is a broad, albino form of M. ustulata. Habitat—Sublittoral, on a coral-sand and shell-rubble substratum. Description—Shell up to 53 mm (about 2 inches) in length, elongate-ovate to fusiformly- ovate, rather solid. Whorls 7-8 apart from pro- toconch of 2 smooth, conical nuclear whorls, spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex. Sutures dis- tinct and fairly regular, spire slightly concave on broad specimens. Sculptured with shallow or moderately deep spiral grooves which may be finely punctate, especially on the spire whorls; depending on the depth of the spiral grooves, re- sulting cords are either flat or slightly stepped, close-set or wide-spaced, and number 8-24 on the penultimate and 25-60 on the bedy whorl. In some individuals, very fine longitudinal striae descend on the whorls and form macroscopic lirae in the interstitial grooves. Aperture narrow, equal in height or longer than the spire, smooth within; outer lip thickened and simple, convexly elongate or prominently convex. Columella not calloused and only slightly glazed and with 6-8 close-set, oblique folds. Siphonal canal straight or slightly recurved, siphonal fasciole distinct. White to 160° 140" : 120 cream in colour, spire whorls ornamented with irregular dark brown spots and streaks, body whorl with dark reddish-brown blotches which are usually arranged in 3 interrupted transverse bands; some individuals are pure white, lacking any trace of brown ornamentation. Interior of aperture creamy-white, yellow or light orange- yellow, columellar folds white. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 50.5 16.8 26.8 Nukuw’alofa, Tonga 49.4 15.2 26.3 Holotype of kamehameha 49.0 15.0 — Type of mosaica 45.8 14.3 23.4 Aden 44.7 16.7 22.7 Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids. (albino form) 40.2 12.0 19.8 Lectotype of ustulata 39.2 14.2 21.0 Manila, Philippines 37.6 13.6 21.0 Holotype of petrosa 35.3 12.3 20.6 Lectotype of ignobilis Synonymy— 1844 Mitra ustulata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 13, fig. 89 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 17, pl, 14, fig. 227; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 31; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Con- chology, vol. 4, p. 119, pl. 35, fig. 51; 1962 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 142, pl. 3, fig. 1 (figured holotype of M. kamehameha Pilsbry). 1844 Mitra ignobilis Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 20, fig. 152 (Ticao Philippines); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 17, pl. 8, fig. 110; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 18; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Con- chology, vol. 4, p. 119, pl. 35, fig. 52; 1964 Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 12, no. 10, p. 1, figs. 5, 6. 1864 Mitroidea ignobilis Reeve, A. Adams, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 7, p. 199 (Mososeki, Japan). 1869 Mitra mosaica Issel, Malac. Mar. Rosso Ric. Zool. Paleont., p. 264, pl. 3, fig. 7 (Red Sea; Pleistocene). 1874 Mitra petrosa Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 18, pl. 17, fig. 314 (no locality given) [albino form]. 1921 Mitra kamehameha Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 72, p. 309, 313, pl. 12, fig. 23 (Honolulu [19-488] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 339 Harbour); 1964 Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 12, no. 8, p. l, figs. 3, 4 (figured holotype). 1965 Mitra contracta Swainson, Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 84, pl. 13, fig. 9 (non Swainson, 1820). 1969 Nebularia abbatis (Dillwyn), Hitachi, Venus: Japan. Journal Malacology, vol. 28, p. 153, textfig. 1 (Nase, Amami-Oshima I., Japan) [non Voluta abbatis Dillwyn, 1817]. Types—The following types are in the British Museum (NH): the designated lectotype and 1 syntype of M. ustulata Reeve, B.M. (NH) no. 1967918, the designated lectotype and 2 syntypes of M. ignobilis Reeve, B. M. (NH) no. 1967783, and the holotype of M. petrosa Sowerby, B.M. (NH) no. 1879.2.26.136. The holotype of M. kamehameha Pilsbry, is in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. ANSP 46793, and the type of M. mosaica Issel, is probably in the Museum of Pisa, Italy. M. ustulata has been de- scribed from unknown locality, and Garrett's (1880) first correct record of Kio Island, Fiji Is- lands, is designated as the type of locality of M. ustulata. Nomenclature—Considerable | confusion existed between the various forms described as distinct species, and the writer (1965) unwittingly added to the confusion by considering M. ustulata conspecific with M. contracta Swainson, a super- ficially similar but quite distinct species. The forms mosaica Issel and kamehameha _ Pilsbry, have been based on slender, ustulata-like speci- mens, while ignobilis Reeve and petrosa Sow- erby, were described on the basis of broad forms. The latter form petrosa, in addition to being broad, is also an albino form. Intergrades between broad and slender forms of ustulata have been recorded from several localities. Plate 294. Mitra (Mitra) ancillides Broderip. Holotype from Anaa Id., Tuamotu Archipelago (BM (NH) 1967712; 23.8 x 10.6 mm). Records—GULF OF ADEN: (NMW). PHILIPPINE IS- LANDS: Manila (NMW); La Union Point, Lingayan Gulf, Luzon (USNM); Subic Bay, Luzon I. (DMNH); Calapan, Min- doro (AMNH:; MCZ). CHINA: Takow (BMNH). RYUKYU IS- LANDS: Nase, Amami-Oshima I., S. of Kuyshu (Hitachi, 1969). JAPAN: Mososeki (A. Adams, 1864). PAA IS- De. Koror Island (Cernohorsky coll.). SOLOMON IS- LANDS: New Georgia Island (McCollim coll.); Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Morso; Teuma Bay, Efate I. (both Dale coll.). FIJI ISLANDS: Bay of Islands, Suva Harbour, S. Viti Levu, 8 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.); Kioa L., near Vanua Levu (Garrett, 1880). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Ebon (MCZ). TONGA ISLANDS: Nukw/alofa, Tongatapu I. (Cernohorsky coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Patutoa, Tahiti (USNM):; Huahine (Garrett, 1880). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: (USNM). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Honolulu Harbour, Oahu (ANSP). MIDWAY ISLANDS: (USNM). Mitra ancillides Broderip, 1836 (Pl. 294) Range—Anaa Island, Tuamotu Archipelago; Marquesas. Remarks—Apart from the type-specimen, we have seen only 3 other specimens, all in moder- ately fresh but beach-worn condition, of this rare species. All the known specimens were collected at Anaa Island, and the exact range of distribution remains unknown. The species is closely related to M. nivea Broderip, which it resembles in sculpture and form, but it is appreciably smaller in the adult stage and more slender. M. ancillides is the type-species of Mutyca H. & A. Adams, by subsequent designation of Wenz (1943); the genus is considered synonymous with Mitra s. str. Habitat—Unknown. Description—Shell up to 24 mm (about | inch) in length, fusiformly-elongate and slender, mod- erately lightin weight. Whorls about8 apart froma worn protoconch, spire whorls slightly convex, sutures distinct. First 3 post-nuclear whorls fenes- trate through bisecting spiral and axial striae of about equal strength, 4th and 5th whorl with spiral threads which are more prominent anteriorly to the sutures, and irregular longitudinal striae. Last 3 whorls with very fine spiral striae only, intersti- tial grooves occasionally minutely pitted; spiral striae number about 22-23 on the penultimate and about 60 on the body whorl, inclusive of about 10-12 slightly more prominent basal cords. Aper- ture narrow, about equal in height to the spire, smooth within, outer lip weakly thickened and simple. Columella not calloused, and with 5-7 ob- lique folds, siphonal canal twisted to the left, siphonal notch distinct. Existing specimens white to fawn in colour, ornamented with faded, yel- lowish fawn axial zones and bands. [19-489] 340 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 23.8 10.6 11.6 Holotype of ancillides Broderip 21.0 6.4 11.2 Anaa Island, Tuamotus 19.0 = — Anaa Island, Tuamotus Synonymy— 1836 Mitra ancillides Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, Bs 193 (Anaa Island); 1845 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 38, fig. 319; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 17, pl. 8, fig. 100; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchol- ogy, vol. 3, p. 11; 1963 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 6, p. 37, pl. 7, fig. 38 only (copy of Reeve’s figure); 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 35, pl. 1, fig. 13 (figured holotype). 1853 Mitra (Mutyca) ancilloides (sic) Swainson, H. & A. Adams, Genera Recent shells, vol. 1, p. 172. 1882 Mitroidea ancillides Swainson, Tryon, Manual of Con- chology, vol. 4, p. 162, pl. 47, fig. 374. 1933 Mitra (Mitroidea) ancillides Swainson, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, p. 154. 1943 Dibaphus (Mutyca) ancilloides (sic) (Swainson), Wenz, Handbuch der Palaozoologie, vol. 6, p. 1296, fig. 3694. Types—The holotype of M. ancillides is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967712. Broderip’s original dimensions of the type, i.e. length 5 pol- lex (= 127.0 mm), width 2 pollex (= 50.8 mm) are in complete disagreement with the actual dimen- sions of the type, and obviously in error. The type locality is Anaa Island, Tuamotu Archipelago. Nomenclature—J. Cate (1963) considered the Plate 295. Mitra (Mitra) variabilis Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype from Torres Strait, Australia (BM (NH) 1967905; 45.9 x 14.7 mm). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. cylindracea Reeve; slender, spirally striate form (BM (NH) 1967738; 43.1 x 13.2 mm). Fig. 3. Lectotype of M. peasei Dohrn from Australia; slender, spirally striate form (BM (NH) 1967832; 36.8 x 11.0 mm). [19-490] species closely allied to M. ostergaardi Pilsbry (= M. fulvescens Broderip), and synonymized the “type of M. golishi Dall MS” with M. ancillides. The specimen figured on pl. 7, fig. 37 in J. Cate as “golishi” is not M. ancillides but is the slender form of M. fulvescens Broderip. The localities of “Hawaiian Islands” and “Marshall Islands” as given by J. Cate, should refer to M. fulvescens; the species M. ancillides does not live in Hawaii. Records—TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Anaa Island (IRSN; MCZ; BPBM). MARQUESAS: Tahuata (DMNH). Mitra variabilis Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 255, figs. 5, 6; pl. 295) Range—Northern Australia. Remarks—This species is endemic to Queens- land and N.W. Australia. It is variable in sculpture and form, some individuals being broad and spi- rally grooved, others narrow and slender and prominently corded. The species exhibits transi- tional characters of Mitra s. str. and Nebularia. Habitat—Under stones and coral, from the in- tertidal zone to a depth of 75 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 50 mm (2 inches) in length, elongate-ovate to fusiformly-ovate, rather solid. Whorls 7-9 apart from a conical protoconch of 2-3 white, smooth nuclear whorls; sutures mod- Fee el v FORMOSA | | a os | — - ~- : = » MARIANA * Weke | 2 iS 5 * Corpor : ye i a 2», y PAIEIEPINE juore ov" at i, tok . Cer Yds, Yop With Eniweto, sae MARSH fi Polau j o* bed ut . Wwot/e mn Pi a "se Fonepe = 7 Maju, r > : CAROLINE Is. : oa 240 + Helen RK oe a? Ce. 20,2 -- ~ = ol OTE TSS a. [on ARCH zs NEW =>), 8 iS varies 5 PO 8 os NEW © V HEBRIDES reas Oe, Fld wow ser - e 2 DONA . Norfolk 120° 140° 160° Plate 296. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) variabilis Reeve, M. (M.) chalybeia Reeve, and M. (M.) cookii Sowerby. September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 341 erately impressed, spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex. Postnuclear whorls ornamented with 3 flat or angulate spiral cords which either increase in number or remain stable on later whorls; penultimate whorl with 3-9 spiral cords or grooves, body whorl with 23-36. In some indi- viduals the grooves are very shallow and the in- tervening cords are almost non-existent; in specimens with deep grooves the resulting cords are elevated and quite prominent and the grooves are also axially striate. Aperture narrow, equal in height or longer than the spire, smooth within; outer lip moderately thickened, regularly convex and finely crenulate in adults. Columella cal- loused and with 4 or 5 oblique folds, siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch distinct. Brown to tan in colour, ornamented with a broad, pale transverse zone on the body whorl and occasion- ally with white axial streaks and small spots on all whorls; aperture brown or grey, columella brown, folds paler in colour. The brown periostracum embedded in the spiral grooves gives the appear- ance of the shell being lined with brown. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 45.9 14.7 23.2 Lectotype of variabilis 44.5 14.5 22.6 Bowen, Queensland 43.1 13.2 21.3 Lectotype of cylindracea 36.8 11.0 19.4 Lectotype of peasei 35.6 13.1 19.0 Northwest I., Queensland 31.7 11.0 16.8 Yampi Sound, W. Australia 25.0 10.0 13.3 Feather reef, Queensland Synonymy— 1844 Mitra variabilis Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 13, fig. 95; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 12, figs. 184, 185; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchol- ogy, vol. 4, p. 119, pl. 35, figs. 47, 56; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 100, pl. 14, fig. 16 (Fiji I.); 1966 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 108, fig. 14 (radula); 1971 Wilson & Gillett, Australian Shells, p. 116, pl. 76, figs. 4, 4a. 1844 Mitra cylindracea Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 13, fig. 97 (no locality given). 1860 Mitra peasei Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 366 (Australia). 1874 Mitra cylindrica (sic) Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 12, fig. 188 (synonymized with M. variabilis). 1920 Mitra polymorpha Tomlin, Nautilus, vol. 33, p. 134 (sub- stitute name for M. variabilis Reeve, 1844). 1839 ? Mitra (Tiara) yokoyamai Nomura, Oostingh, Ingen. Nederl.-Indie, vol. 6, p. 8, pl. 10, figs. 175a, b (non Nomura, 1935). 1959 Mitra hanleyana Sowerby, Webb, Handbook Shell Col- lectors, rev. ed., p. 215, pl. 101, fig. 12 (non Dunker, 1877). 1970 Cancilla aegra Reeve, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Mus. no. 8, p. 78, pl. 7, fig. 2 (figd. syntype of M. peasei Dohrn) [non M. aegra Reeve, 1845]. Types—tThe following types are in the British Museum (NH): the designated lectotype and 2 syntypes of M. variabilis Reeve, B. M. (NH) no. 1967905; the selected lectotype and 2 syntypes of M. cylindracea Reeve, B. M. (NH) no. 1967738; the selected lectotype and 1 syntype of M. peasei Dohrn, B. M. (NH) no. 1967832. The type locality of M. variabilis as given by Reeve is Torres Strait, northeastern Australia. Nomenclature—Tomlin (1920) proposed the superfluous substitute name M. polymorpha tor M. variabilis Reeve, which he presumed to be pre-occupied by Voluta variabilis Link, 1807. Originally described in different genera, Link’s species is a Vexillum s. str. whereas Reeve’s species is aMitra. Mitra cylindracea Reeve, is the slender, corded form of M. variabilis and has been correctly synonymized with this species by Sow- erby (1874) and Tryon (1882). M. peasei Dohrn, has never been illustrated and consequently has been misinterpreted by most authors. Sowerby’s figure of M. peasei (1874, pl. 6, fig. 76) from the “Sandwich Islands” (= Hawaii), is the slender form of Cancilla (Domiporta) granatina (Lamarck) and not Dohrn’s species. Tryon (1882) copied Sowerby’s figures and placed M. peasei in the synonymy of Cancilla isabella (Swainson). J. Cate’s illustrations of M. peasei (1962, pl. 34, fig. 1) and (1963, pl. 8, figs. 46, 47) are the slender form of Cancilla (Domiporta) granatina (Lamarck). The illustration of M. peasei by the writer (1965, pl. 15, figs. 35, 35a) is the species Cancilla (Domiporta) praestantissima (Roding). The very worn and faded condition of the lectotype of M. peasei led to the erroneous association with Cancilla aegra (Reeve). Oostingh’s (1939) illustration of “M. yokoyamai” appears to be the cylindracea form of M. variabilis, but not Nomura’s species, which is a form of Cancilla isabella (Swainson). Records—WEST AUSTRALIA: Broome (USNM; WAM); S.W. of jetty, Broome (Powell coll.); 7 mi. W. of Cape Preston, under limestone rocks; Port Hedland; Yampi Sound; Depuch Island, on shore under rocks; Antoni Mia, Nicko]l Bay; W. of N.W. Cape, 75 faths. (all WAM). NORTH AUSTRALIA: Clar- ence Straits, S. of Bathurst I., 28 faths.; Weed Pt., Darwin Harbour (both WAM); Cape Leveque (MCZ). QUEENS- LAND: Gloucester Island; Seaforth beach near Mackay; Port Douglas; Brampton reef, Bowen (all USNM); Hope Island (AMNH): Bowen; Garner’s beach; Port Curtis (all AIM); Point Cartwright; Goat Island; Moreton Bay; Rosslyn Bay; Keppel Bay; Magnetic Island; Four mile reef, Low Isles; Mossmann; Yorkey’s Knob, 12 mi. N. of Cairns; Four mile beach, Port Douglas (all Powell coll.); Townsville (Kleckham coll.; Powell coll.); Schoal Point, Mackay (Kleckham coll.); Feather reef, Gt. aie reef; N.W. Island, 57 mi. from Keppel Bay (both Eker coll.). Fossil records (tentative)—PLIOCENE: South Bantam, Java, Indonesia (Oostingh, 1939). [19-491] 342 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mitra chalybeia Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 255, figs. 17, 18; pl. 297) Range—Albany to Shark Bay, West Australia. Remarks—The species is closely related to M. cookii and to a lesser extent M. variabilis, but it is larger and more solid than M. cookii and the spiral sculpture is almost obsolete. Habitat—Among sea-weed and under stones, intertidal and sublittoral. Description—Shell up to 65 mm (about 2% inches) in length, fusiformly-ovate, last whorls slightly inflated, only moderately solid. Whorls 9-10 apart from 1%-2 small, light fawn nuclear whorls, spire whorls only slightly convex. Sutures weakly adpressed, irregular and wavy, first post- nuclear whorls sculptured with 3-4 weak spiral cords, later whorls with spiral grooves or weak threads which are minutely axially striate. The spiral sculpture is generally visible only at the anterior area of the sutures; the spiral threads number up to 15 on the penultimate and up to 20 on the body whorl. The base of the shell has about half a dozen spiral cords and longitudinal growth-striae are responsible for the undulating sutures. Aperture equal in height or shorter than the spire, moderately narrow, smooth within; outer lip only slightly thickened and with small, wide-spaced denticles at the margin. Columella calloused anteriorly and only thinly glazed on the parietal wall, and with 3 or 4 moderately solid, oblique plaits; siphonal notch prominent, Plate 297. Mitra (Mitra) chalybeia Reeve. Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype of M. chalybeia Reeve (BM (NH) 1967709; 51.6 x 17.9 mm). Fig. 3. Specimen from Beagle Ids., West Australia, in cray- pot (WAM N-2640; 50.0 x 15.4 mm). siphonal fasciole calloused and twisted. Basic colour generally bluish-grey, ornamented with dark orange-brown or greenish-brown transverse lines and occasionally nebulous, irregular axial streaks; interior or aperture greyish-brown, parietal wall brown, anterior columellar callus pale yellowish orange, interspaces of columellar folds sometimes orange. In some specimens the spiral lines are overlaid with a chocolate-brown colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 62.0 18.6 27.3 West Australia 51.6 17.9 25.5 Lectotype of chalybeia 41.1 12.4 17.3 West Australia 35.4 12.1 17.1 Syntype of chalybeia 27.0 9.2 13.5 West Australia Synonymy— 1844 Mitra chalybeia Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 9, fig. 59 (no locality given); 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchol- ogy, vol. 4, p. 116, pl. 34, fig. 30. 1874 Mitra chalybaea (sic) Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 5, fig. 67. 1971 Eumitra chalybeia Reeve, Wilson & Gillett, Australian shells, p. 118, pl. 76, fig. 1. Types—The designated lectotype and 2 syn- types of M. chalybeia Reeve are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967709. The species was de- scribed from unknown locality, and we designate Beagle Island, West Australia as the type locality (specimen in WAM). Records—WEST AUSTRALIA: Cowaramup Bay (AMNH); Bunbury (Clover coll.); Port Gregory; Yanchep reef; Wood- mans Point, Cockburn Sound; Beagle Island; Horrocks beach via Northampton; Surf Point, Dirk Hartog’s I.; Limestone reef off Sorrento Beach; Cottesloe; Greenough beach near River- mouth; Port Denison (all, WAM); Garden I., Freemantle (MCZ). Mitra cookii Sowerby, 1874 (PI. 298) Range—Northern New South Wales to Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. Remarks—This species is occasionally reported from southern Queensland, but specimens label- led “M. cookii” examined from this area, were the slender form of M. variabilis Reeve; the actual occurrence of the species in southern Queensland cannot of course be excluded. Although not previ- ously reported from farther south than New South Wales, we have seen two records from South Aus- tralia. The species is intermediate in characters between M. carbonaria Swainson and M. vari- abilis Reeve. [19-492] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 348 Habitat—Under rocks, in the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 40 mm (about 12 inches) in length, elongate-ovate to fusiformly- ovate, slender and moderately light in weight. Whorls 6-8 apart from 1%-2 nuclear whorls, su- tures moderately impressed, spire whorls slightly convex. Moderately smooth in appearance, sculptured with fine, punctate spiral threads which number from 4-10 on the penultimate and up to 40 on the body whorl; the spiral threads are frequently confined to an area near the sutures and the anterior part of the spire whorls and centre of the body whorl are usually smooth. The base of the shell has up to 20 punctate spiral grooves or cords and the body whorl is constricted near the siphonal canal. Aperture slightly shorter or longer than the spire, narrow, smooth within; outer lip moderately thin, simple and regularly convex. Columella only weakly calloused and with 4-5 thin, oblique folds, siphonal notch weak. Dark brown to tan in colour, ornamented with pale axial streaks on the spire whorls and a light coloured central band on the body whorl; the pale trans- verse zone is occasionally bluish-white and fine axial lines intrude into this zone. The aperture and Plate 298. Mitra (Mitra) cookii Sowerby. Figs. 1, 2. Holotype from Australia (BM (NH) 1900.2.13.10; 28.8 x 9.4 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Specimen from Sydney Harbour, Australia (Clover coll.; 31.6 x 9.8 mm). columella are brown, the folds are slightly paler. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 36.0 12.0 18.0 Woolgoolga, New South Wales 31.6 9.8 14.0 Sydney Harbour, New South Wales 29.0 10.8 15.3 Port Lincoln, S. Australia 28.8 9.4 14.4 Holotype of cookii Sowerby Synonymy— 1871 Mitra variabilis Reeve, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 89 (non Reeve, 1844). 1874 Mitra cookii “Hanley”, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 14, fig. 228 (Australia); 1913 Hed- ley, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 38, p. 314; 1951 Laseron, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 22, p. 340, fig. 5. 1957 Vicimitra cooki Sowerby, Cotton, Roy. Soc. Sth. Australia Malac. Section, p. 3; 1959 Allan, Australian shells, rev. ed., p. 182. 1971 Eumitra cookii Sowerby, Wilson & Gillett, Australian shells, p. 118, pl. 76, fig. 5. Types—In the British Museum (NH) there are 3 so-called “syntypes” of M. cookii which bear the numbers B.M. (NH) 1900.2.13.10 and 1907.11.21.128-129. Only the specimen no. 1900.2.13.10 is the holotype ex-Hanley collection and the other two specimens are later additions from the da Costa collection. The type locality is Australia, and this is further restricted to Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Records—NEW SOUTH WALES: Point Halliday (Laseron, 1951); Tuncurry (USNM); Woolgoolga (AIM); Sydney Har- bour (Clover coll.). SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Port Lincoln (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Brentwood, Yorke Peninsula (WAM). Mitra carbonaria Swainson, 1822 (Color pl. 255, figs. 21, 22; pl. 299) Range—West Australia to S.E. Australia, New Zealand and the Kermadec Islands. Remarks—This common, temperate water Austral-Neozelanic species is very variable in size, shape, sculpture and colour, and con- sequently has received a host of specific names. The occurrence of numerous intergrades between the various forms, currently recognized as “species ’, forces us to consider them as sympatric forms and ecophenotypic variants rather than al- lopatric subspecies or valid species. The various forms of M. carbonaria are briefly discussed: rhodia form: a slender, very small and often immature form, which occurs throughout the dis- [19-493] 344 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae tributional range of the species and is more fre- quently collected sublittorally; this form is also moderately common in New Zealand, at depth from 10 to 17 fathoms. badia form: this is the short, broad and smaller form of M. carbonaria which is more frequently encountered from Victoria to West Australia. The species subsequently described as M. castanea A. Adams, and M. rosettae Angas, represent the broad form. Sowerby (1874), Hedley (1913) and Cotton (1957) synonymized M. badia with M. car- bonaria, but Hedley (loc. cit.) specifically sepa- rated M. rosettae on the basis of the variable ow Plate 299. Mitra (Mitra) carbonaria Swainson. Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. carbonaria Swainson from New South Wales, Australia (from Swainson, 1829, pl. 5, centre figure; c. 68.5 mm). Fig. 2. Holotype of Vicimitra contermina Iredale from Syd- ney Harbour, Australia (AMS C-60677; 69.4 x 21.0 mm). [photo courtesy of P. Colman, AMS]. Fig. 3. Holotype of M. maoria Finlay from Tauranga beach, New Zealand (AIM TM-481; 47.8 x 16.5 mm). Fig. 4. Holotype of M. sinusigera Laseron from Longreef, Collaroy, Australia; juvenile (AMS C-65643; 17.3 x 5.9 mm) [ photo courtesy of P. Colman, AMS]. Fig. 5. Holotype of M. digna A. Adams from Australia; imma- ture specimen (BM (NH) 1958.8.30.3; 46.0 x 15.1 mm). Fig. 6. Lectotype of M. rhodia Reeve (BM (NH) 1967857; 24.9 x 8.4 mm). [19-494] sculptural features of more wide-spaced spiral grooves. perksi form: This is the albino form of the southern population of M. carbonaria and al- though somewhat more slender than typical badia, it is intermediate in width ratio between badia and carbonaria. This form has been re- corded as a white variety of M. badia by Pritchard & Gatliff (1899) and Macpherson & Gabriel (1962) from Port Fairy, Victoria. We have seen further specimens from Port McDonnell and Middleton, South Australia. The form is white, inside and out, when the brown periostracum is removed, but in Fig. 7. Specimen from Poor Knights Ids., New Zealand; small rhodia form (AIM; 21.2 x 7.3 mm). Fig. 8. Specimen from Vaucluse, New South Wales, Aus- tralia; small rhodia form (WABP coll.; 19.6 x 6.8 mm). Fig. 9. Specimen from Port McDonnell, South Australia; albino form with periostracum (WOC coll.; 23.2 x 8.5 mm). Fig. 10. Holotype of M. badia Reeve (BM (NH) 1966713; 29.0 x 11.2 mm). Fig. 11. Lectotype of M. rosettae Angas from Rosetta Head, Encounter Bay, South Australia (BM (NH) 1870.10.26.95; 20.3 x 8.2 mm). Fig. 12. Holotype of M. castanea A. Adams (BM (NH) 1967723; 20.0 x 8.2 mm). Fig. 13. Specimen from Bunker Bay, West Australia (WAM 157.70; 18.9 x 8.2 mm). September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 345 some intermediate specimens the sutural half of the body whorl has a broad brown band. Habitat—In coral sand, shell-debris and mud, under rocks, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 21 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 70 mm (about 3 inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate to elongate-ovate, moderately solid. Whorls 6-8 apart from protoconch of 2-3 glassy-fawn, de- pressed nuclear whorls; spire whorls slightly or dis- tinctly convex, sutures distinct but tight, irregular and occasionally weakly jagged. Spiral sculpture consists of shallow and usually minutely punctate spiral grooves and numerous, tightly packed, macroscopic longitudinal striae; spiral striae number up to 25 on the penultimate and up to 30 on the body whorl, striae usually obsolete in the centre of the body whorl, some individuals with the last 3-4 whorls almost smooth. Aperture slightly shorter or longer than the spire, moder- ately narrow and smooth within; outer lip only moderately thickened and simple. Lower half of columella weakly calloused and with 4-5 oblique folds, siphonal fasciole straight, siphonal notch distinct. Dark tan to blackish-brown in colour, su- tures occasionally finely spotted or narrowly lined with white, especially in young specimens; some individuals, particularly of the southern form badia, may have a few brown spiral lines. Interior of aperture brown or greyish-brown, parietal wall brown, columellar folds cream, fawn or occasion- ally flushed with light orange-brown; albino specimens are uniformly white under a yellowish-brown periostracum, but some inter- mediate specimens have a broad, light brown band on the sutural half of the body whorl. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 69.4 21.0 32.5 Holotype of contermina 68.5 — — Type of carbonaria (from figure) 64.0 20.0 32.4 Long reef, N.S.W. 50.5 17.8 25.6 Port Jackson, N.S.W. 47.8 + 16.5 24.0 Holotype of maoria 46.0 15.1 24.0 Holotype of digna (juvenile) 45.2 15.0 99.5: High Island, New Zealand 35.0 12.2 16.7 Port McDonnell, South Australia 29.0 11.2 14.6 Holotype of badia 24.9 8.4 12.0 Lectotype of rhodia 24.8 10.5 13.7 Rottnest L., W. Australia 22.0 8.0 12.0 Poor Knights I., New Zealand 21.5 8.0 — Holotype of perksi 20.3 8.2 10.7 Lectotype of rosettae 20.0 8.2 9.4 Holotype of castanea 18.5 6.5 9.0 Port Jackson, N.S.W. 17.3 5.9 8.9 Holotype of sinusigera (juvenile) Synonymy (for carbonaria form)— 1822 Mitra carbonaria Swainson, Cat. coll. Bligh, App. p. 10 (New South Wales; New Holland); 1834, Exotic Conchol- ogy, p. 37; 1908 Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 33, p. 461; 1913, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 38, p. 312; 1913 Suter, Manual New Zealand Mollusca, p. 361, pl. 46, fig. 10 (New Zealand); 1915 Iredale, Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. 47, p. 464 (Kermadec I.); 1924 Bucknill, Seashells of New Zealand, p. 61, pl. 3, fig. 10; 1932 Cotton & Godfrey, South Australian Naturalist, vol. 13, p. 76; 1970 Cernohorsky, Nautilus, vol. 83, p. 100; 1970, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 12, fig. 42 (radula from Australian specimen), fig. 43 (radula from New Zealand specimen). 1829 Mitra melaniana Lamarck, Swainson, Zoological Ilus- trations, ser. 2, vol. 1, pl. 5, centre figures (figured type of M. carbonaria Swainson); 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 37, figs. 118, 119; 1899 Pritchard & Gatliff, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 11, p. 186 (non M. melaniana Lamarck, 1811). 1844 Mitra nigra Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, pl. 5, fig. 33; 1867 Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 193; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 4; 1966 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 108, fig. 12a (radula), fig. 12b (penis); 1967, Marine shells Pacific, p. 143, pl. 32, fig. 206 (non Voluta nigra Gmelin, 1791). 1845 Mitra rhodia Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 28, fig. 225 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 6, pl. 13, fig. 213 and pl. 16, fig. 302; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 37, fig. 114; 1889 Brazier, Journal of Conchology, vol. 6, p. 67; 1913 Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 38, p. 313; 1917, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 41, pl. 48, fig. 15 (animal), fig. 16 (radula); 1923 May, Ilust. Index Tasma- nian shells, p. 79, pl. 37, fig. 13; 1932 Cotton & Godfrey, South Australian Naturalist, vol. 13, p. 76; 1951 Laseron, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 22, p. 338, fig. 1 (shell), fig. la (protoconch). 1855 Volutomitra digna A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 135 (Australia); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 6, pl. 10, fig. 145. 1886 Mitra (Nebularia) rhodia Reeve, Watson, Rept. voy. H.M.S. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 15, p. 246. 1927 Mitra maoria Finlay, Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. 57, p. 409, pl. 19, fig. 57 (Tauranga beach, New Zealand). e Ne Hi <_ + “yi 4 es be / SS rT z x hee ow Pe —— e VV | a ae Ve Plate 300. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) car- bonaria Swainson. [19-495] 346 = Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 1936 Vicimitra contermina Iredale, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 19, p. 320, pl. 23, fig. 15 (Sydney Harbour, N.S.W., Australia) [non Mitra contermina Bellardi, 1887]. 1951 Mitra (Vicimitra) contermina Iredale, Laseron, Rec. Aus- tral. Museum, vol. 22, p. 338, fig. 8 (protoconch). 1951 Mitra sinusigera Laseron, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 22, figs. 2, 2a (Longreef, Collaroy, N.S.W., Australia) [juvenile specimen]. 1962 Eumitra melaniana (Lamarck), Macpherson & Gabriel, Marine Molluscs Victoria, p. 214, fig. 255. 1968 Mitra (Eumitra) maoria Finlay, Ponder, Rec. Dominion Museum, vol. 6, p. 45, figs. 28, 29 (radula), figs. 53, 54 (shell). 1971 Eumitra nigra Gmelin, Wilson & Gillett, Australian Shells, p. 118, pl. 76, fig. 4. (non Voluta nigra Gmelin, 1791). Synonymy (for badia form)— 1844 Mitra badia Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 20, fig. 157 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 12, fig. 181; 1899 Pritchard & Gatliff, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 11, p. 187; 1901 Tate & May, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, p. 360; 1936 Ga- briel, Victorian Sea shells, p. 15, textfig.; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 12, fig. 40 (radula). 1853 Mitra castanea A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 140 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 13, fig. 205; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 37, fig. 115 (non M. castanea Roding, 1798). 1865 Mitra rosettae Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 55, pl. 2, fig. 6 (Rosetta Head, Encounter Bay, Sth. Australia); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 17, fig. 339; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 121, pl. 35, fig. 64; 1899 Pritchard & Gatliff, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 11, p. 187; 1932 Cotton & Godfrey, South Australian Naturalist, vol. 13, p. 77, pl. 4, fig. 6. 1882 Mitra testacea (pars) Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 37, fig. 112 (non Broderip, 1836). 1908 Mitra badia var. rosettae Angas, Verco, Cat. Mar. Moll. South Australia, p. 13. 1908 Mitra perksi Verco, ibid., p. 13 (nomen nudum). 1932 Mitra perksi “Verco, Cotton & Godfrey, South Australian Naturalist, vol. 13, p. 77 (Encounter Bay, Sth. Australia). 1957 Vicimitra perksi Verco, Cotton, Roy. Soc. South Aus- tralia, Malac. Section, no. 12, fig. 4 (re-description). 1957 Vicimitra rosettae Angas, Cotton, ibid., p. 3, fig. 3. 1962 Eumitra badia (Reeve), Macpherson & Gabriel, Mar. Shells Victoria, p. 213, fig. 255; 1971 Wilson & Gillett, Aus- tralian Shells, p. 118, pl. 76, fig. 3. 1962 Eumitra perksi (Verco), Gabriel, Mem. Nat. Mus. Mel- bourne, no. 25, p. 191. Types—The type of M. carbonaria Swainson, cannot be found in the Manchester Museum where it has been originally deposited, and was subsequently figured by Swainson under the name M. melaniana. The following types are in the British Museum (NH): the holotype of M. badia Reeve, B. M. (NH) no. 1966713; the desig- nated lectotype and 1 syntype of M. rhodia Reeve, B. M. (NH) no. 1967857; the holotype of M. cas- tanea A. Adams, B. M. (NH) no. 1967723; the holotype of M. digna A. Adams, B. M. (NH) no. 1958.8.30.3 (a juvenile specimen); and the desig- nated lectotype and 2 syntypes of M. rosettae An- gas, B. M.(NH) no. 1870.10.26.95. The holotype of M. contermina (Iredale), no. C.60677 and the holotype of M. sinusigera Laseron, no. C.65643 (a juvenile specimen) are in the Australian Museum, Sydney. The holotype of M. perksi Cotton & God- frey, no. D.13507 is in the South Australian Museum, Adelaide, and the holotype of M. maoria Finlay, no. TM-481, is in the Auckland Institute & Museum, Auckland. The original type locality is New South Wales, New Holland, which is further restricted to Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Nomenclature—The taxa M. nigra (Gmelin, 1791) and M. melaniana Lamarck, 1811, are not applicable to the Australasian species, but repre- sent the superficially similar West African species erroneously known in literature as “M. fusca” (not of Swainson) Lamarck’s type of melaniana is un- fortunately lost but his figure citations make the taxon an objective synonym of the West African M. nigra (Gmelin). Swainson originally described his species as M. carbonaria, but later (see synonymy) erroneously placed the species in the synonymy of M. melaniana Lamarck. Iredale (1936) considered M. carbonaria to be conspecific with M. glabra Swainson, and proposed Vicimitra contermina for the New South Wales M. car- bonaria. Iredale’s taxon is a secondary homonym of M. contermina Bellardi, 1887. The authorship of the albino form M. perksi is usually credited to Verco, whose original citation is anude name, but has been validated by Cotton & Godfrey (1932). Records—AUSTRALIA: NEW SOUTH WALES: Longreef, Collaroy; Redhead, Bendalong (both Cernohorsky coll.); Port Plate 301. Mitra (Mitra) multisulcata Harris. Muddy Creek, Victoria, Miocene of Australia. Fig. 1. Lectotype (BM (NH) G-9361; 2 x 7.4 mm). Fig. 2. Syntype (BM (NH) G-9361; 19.0 mm). [19-496] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 347 Jackson (USNM; AIM); Sydney (WAM; Clover coll.); Port Stephens; Newport (both AIM); Cronulla (Clover coll.); Vauc- luse, Sydney; Kurnell, Botany Bay; Boat Harbour; Long Bay; North Harbour; Shellharbour (all Powell coll.). VICTORIA: Port Fairy (AIM); Flinders (Cernohorsky coll.); Point Roadknight; Phillip Island; Western Port (all Pritchard & Gat- liff, 1899); Frankston; Sorrento; Nepean; Queenscliff (all Ga- briel, 1936). SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Port McDonnell (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Middleton (Powell coll.); Brentwood, Yorke Peninsula(WAM). TASMANIA: Tamar Heads (BMNH); Kelso (AIM); Port Arthur (AIM); Kings Island, Bass Strait (USNM). WEST AUSTRALIA: Caveening Bay, Garden I.; off Dunsborough, 8 faths.; Zeewyck Channel, Abrolhos I., 21 faths.; Cabbage beach, Cape Naturaliste; Bunbury; Eagle Bay beach, Cape Naturaliste; Bunker Bay; W. end of Rottnest Is- land; Cape Vlaming, Rottnest I. (all WAM). NEW ZEALAND: Maungaroa and Maraetai Bay, near Te Kaha; Waihau Bay, Cape Runaway; Motunui Rock, Onaio Bay (all Marshall coll.); The Cave, Poor Knights Islands, 17 faths.; High I., Whangarei Heads; Takau Bay; Tauranga; Cape Maria van Diemen; Mt. Maunganui, Tauranga (all AIM); Taupo Bay, Whangaroa; Hawera beach; Mokohinau Island; Little Omaha, Hauraki Gulf; Leigh, Hauraki Gulf; Robinson Island, Bay of Islands; Ngunguru, N. of Whangarei (all Powell coll.); Reotahi, Whan- ganui Heads (Gardner coll.); Bland Bay, Whangaruru (Hipkins coll.). KERMADEC ISLANDS: (Iredale, 1915). Mitra multisulcata Harris, 1897 (Pl. 301) Range—Miocene of Victoria, Australia. Remarks—The species resembles the small rhodia torm of M. carbonaria Swainson, and has the same, fine and predominantly spiral sculpture. The species is fusiformly-elongate, with a short aperture and a sculpture of numerous, finely pitted spiral grooves and longitudinal hair- lines. In the largest syntype the pittings are less prominent and the grooves are slightly deeper and produce narrow spiral striae. Harris gave dimen- sions for the largest of his syntypes, but illustrated another, less mature specimen. The syntype series inthe Department of Palaeontology, British Museum (NH), no. G-9361, consists of 5 speci- mens, ranging from immature to juvenile, and the largest specimen, length 24.0 mm, with 7.4 mm, which has c. 40 spiral threads on the body whorl and 15 on the penultimate whorl and 5 columellar folds, is here selected as the lectotype of M. mul- tisulcata. Synonymy— 1897 Mitra multisulcata Harris, Cat. Tert. Moll. British Museum, p. 120, pl. 5, figs. la-d (Muddy Creek, Victoria, Australia; Miocene). Mitra glabra Swainson, 1821 (Color pl. 255, figs. 19, 20; pl. 302) Range—New South Wales to Tasmania and Western Australia. Remarks—The species superficially resembles M. chalybeia Reeve, but differs in colouring and the appreciably shorter aperture. The form de- clivis Reeve, which is more frequently encoun- tered in South Australia, is shorter and more com- pact, the grooves are deeper and give rise to flat spiral cords. Habitat—In sand pools and on a coral reef sub- stratum, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 30 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 100 mm (4 inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate but occasionally fusiformly-ovate, moderately solid. Whorls 9-10 ~ Plate 302. Mitra (Mitra) glabra Swainson (figs. 1-4) and M. coxi (Ludbrook) (fig. 5). Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. glabra Swainson (from Swain- son, 1821, pl. 2). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. bulimoides Reeve; very worn speci- men (BM (NH) 1966656; 33.2 x 10.9 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of Vicimitra exposita Iredale from Sydney, Australia; slender form with short aperture (AMS C-60676; 72.5 x 18.2 mm) [photo courtesy P. Colman, AMS]. Fig. 4. Specimen from Port Lincoln, South Australia; short, broad form declivis Reeve (WOC coll.; 45.0 x 15.0 mm). Fig. 5. Holotype of Mitra (Mitra) coxi (Ludbrook) from Muddy Creek, upper beds, Victoria, Pliocene of Australia (from Ludbrook, 1958, pl. 6, fig. 4; 61.5 x 17.0 mm). [19-497] 348 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae apart from protoconch, spire whorls almost flat- sided or very slightly convex, sutures occasionally irregular, particularly on the body whorl. Sculptured with minutely pitted or macroscopi- cally striate, shallow spiral grooves which usually become obsolete on the centre of the body whorl; spiral grooves number up to 15 on the penultimate and up to 25 on the body whorl, base of shell with 6-10 oblique cords. Some of the spiral grooves are orange-brown and appear as wide-spaced grooves; in some individuals the post-nuclear whorls develop rather deep grooves which give rise to flat spiral cords which may persist to the sutural area of the body whorl. In some speci- mens, macroscopically fine longitudinal striae are visible. Aperture variable in length but usually short, 37-45% of total shell-length, narrow or moderately open, smooth within; outer lip slightly thickened and simple, and occasionally prominently convex. Parietal wall glazed, col- umella calloused anteriorly and with 4 or 5 promi- nent, oblique folds; siphonal fasciole short and usually with a calloused twist, siphonal notch dis- tinct. Flesh, fawn, tan or light orange-brown in colour, usually ornamented with nebulous, nar- row, dark brown axial streaks, and wide-spaced, dark orange-brown spiral lines; the aperture and columella are either light orange-brown or the margin of the aperture is orange-brown, the in- terior is pale greyish-white and the columellar folds are whitish. Measurements (mm )— height of length width aperture 87.0 21.4 33.6 Outer Harbour, South Australia 75.0 21.8 31.5 Port Maquarie, N.S.W. 72.5 18.2 24.1 Holotype of exposita 60.5 17.4 26.0 Port Maquarie, N.S.W. 42.8 14.2 19.3 Port Lincoln, South Australia 37.4 13.6 16.4 St. Vincent’s Gulf, South Australia 33.2 10.9 14.7 Holotype of bulimoides Synonymy— 1821 Mitra glabra Swainson, Exotic Conchology, pt. 3, pl. 2, top and bottom figs. (no locality given); 1844 Reeve, Con- chologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 6, fig. 43; 1865 Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 165 (St. Vincent’s Gulf and Guichen Bay); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 54; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 117, pl. 34, fig. 42; 1899 Pritchard & Gatliff, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 11, p. 186; 1923 May & Tate, Index Tasmanian shells, p. 79, pl. 37, fig. 6; 1932 Cotton & Godfrey, South Australian Naturalist, vol. 13, p. 76, pl. 4, fig. 1; 1941 Ludbrook, Trans. Roy. Soc. Sth. Australia, vol. 65, p. 100 (Pliocene of Sth. Australia); 1966 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 108, fig. 13 (radula); 1970, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 66, pl. 1, fig. 9 (figured holotype of M. bulimoides Reeve). 1833 Mitra buccinata Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage Astrolabe, Zoology, vol. 2, p. 653, pl. 45 bis, figs. 14, 15 (New Holland); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles viv- antes, vol. 3, p. 32, pl. 11, fig. 31. 1844 Mitra declivis Reeve, Conchologie Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 6, fig. 44 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 14, fig. 233 and pl. 15, fig. 272; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 118, pl. 34, figs. 39, 41. 1844 Mitra bulimoides Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 28, fig. 224 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 6, pl. 12, fig. 180. 1882 Mitra testacea (pars) Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 37, fig. 111 (non Broderip, 1836). 1936 Vicimitra exposita Iredale, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 19, p. 320, pl. 23, fig. 16 (Sydney, N.S.W., Australia). 1951 Mitra (Vicimitra) exposita Iredale, Laseron, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 22, fig. 7 (protoconch)). 1957 Vicimitra glabra Swainson, Cotton, Roy. Soc. South Aus- tralia, Malac. Section, p. 3. fig. 2. 1962 Eumitra glabra (Swainson), Macpherson & Gabriel, Mar. molluscs Victoria, p. 212, fig. 253; 1971 Wilson & Gillett, Australian Shells, p. 118, pl. 76, fig. 2. Types—The types of M. glabra Swainson and M. declivis Reeve, have been sold at auction of the Bligh and Norris collections. Swainson’s two un- numbered figures on plate 2 of “Exotic Conchol- ogy’ are designated as the lectotype of M. glabra. The holotype of M. bulimoides Reeve is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1966656; it is a small, faded and very worn individual of M. glabra. The type of M. buccinata Quoy & Gaimard, is in the Museum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and the holotype of M. exposita (Iredale) is in the Australian Museum, Sydney, no. C.60676. No lo- cality was given by Swainson, and Quoy & Gaimard’s first correct locality indication of “New Holland” is further restricted to Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Plate 303. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) glabra Swainson. [19-498] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 349 Records—AUSTRALIA: NEW SOUTH WALES: Sydney Harbour; Botany Bay (both USNM); Newport (AIM); Long- reef, Collaroy (Powell coll.); Port Maquarie; Redhead, Ben- dalong (both Cernohorsky coll.). VICTORIA: Western Port; Otway coast; Port Fairy (all Pritchard & Gatliff, 1899). SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Semaphore, Gulf of St. Vincent (MCZ); Outer Harbour, Adelaide; Aldinga (all AIM); Port Lincoln (Cer- nohorsky coll.). TASMANIA: Kelso (AIM); Ulverstone (AMNH). WEST AUSTRALIA: Cottesloe reef; Fremantle (WAM). Fossil records—(tentative): Abbatoirs Bore, Adelaide, Sth. Australia; Pliocene (Ludbrook, 1941). Mitra coxi (Ludbrook, 1958) (Pl. 302, fig. 5) Range—Pliocene of Victoria and South Aus- tralia. Remarks—tThe species is related to M. glabra Swainson. The original description is as follows: “A fairly large Eumitra, rather broad, with a comparatively short aperture. Protoconch small and rather flattened, of one-and-a-half smooth turns. Adult whorls six, smooth but for growth striae; body whorl large, gently convex and sub- angulate at the shoulder; base constricted with faint converging growth lines. Suture impressed. Aperture rectangularly elongate, angulate pos- teriorly; outer lip and columella nearly parallel over most of their length; outer lip nearly vertical in profile; columella slightly oblique, with five plaits”’. Measurements (mm)— height of aperture 61.5 17.0 25.0 length width Holotype of coxi Ludbrook Synonymy— 1958 Mitraria (Eumitra) coxi Ludbrook, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 81, p. 71, pl. 6, fig. 4(McDonald’s Bank, Muddy Creek, upper beds, Victoria, Pliocene; holotype in Department of Palaeontology, British Museum (NH) no. G-39670). Mitra picta Reeve, 1844 (Pl. 304) Range—North of Bashee River mouth to the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Remarks—Although moderately common in beach-worn condition, live-taken specimens are rare. M. picta is similar to M. latruncularia Reeve, and immature specimens are difficult to separate. Adult specimens of M. picta, however, differ in having a more slender shell, larger spire, short aperture and finely punctate, shallow spiral grooves instead of the more prominent cords in M. latruncularia. Plate 304. Mitra (Mitra) picta Reeve. Fig. 1. Holotype of M. tessellata Kiener; juvenile (MHNG 1108/1; 24.1 x 8.9 mm). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. picta Reeve (BM (NH) 1967839; 31.7 x 9.8 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Specimen from Jeffrey's Bay, South Africa (WOC coll.; 29.6 x 9.6 mm). Plate 305. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) picta Reeve. Habitat—Unknown. Description—Shell up to 40 mm (about 1% inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate and only moderately solid, sutures distinct, irregular and wavy. Whorls 5-6 apart from protoconch of 1%-2 usually worn nuclear whorls, spire whorls convex and slightly waisted at the body whorl suture. Sculptured with shallow spiral grooves which are [19-499] 350 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae rendered minutely punctate by very fine, overrid- ing longitudinal striae; spiral grooves number up to 12 on the penultimate and up to 19 on the body whorl, lower third of last whorl with about a dozen weak and oblique cords. Aperture shorter than the spire in adult specimens, narrow and smooth within; outer lip weakly thickened and simple. Columella only weakly calloused anteriorly and with generally 4, rarely 3 or 5, oblique folds, siphonal fasciole short, siphonal notch not very prominent. Dark reddish-brown in colour, or- namented with irregular, white axial flames and blotches, body whorl with a nebulous and inter- rupted white central band; interior of aperture and parietal wall brown, folds and adjoining area greyish-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 42.5 11.3 19.0 Jeffreys Bay 40.0 11.2 16.8 Jeffreys Bay 31.7 9.8 15.4 Lectotype of picta 29.6 9.6 14.4 Jeffreys Bay 24.1 8.9 13.0 Holotype of tessellata Synonymy— 1838 Mitra tessellata Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 37, pl. 13, fig. 42 (no locality given) [non Lamarck, 1811; nec Swainson, 1824). 1844 Mitra picta Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 16, fig. 123 (no locality given); 1848 Krauss, Stidafrikanische Mol- lusken, p. 124; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 14, figs. 242, 243; 1932 Turton, Marine Shells Port Alfred, p. 46, pl. 10, fig. 344 (juvenile); 1959 Barnard, Ann. South African Museum, vol. 45, p. 41. 1882 Mitra barbadensis Tryon (pars), Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 118, pl. 35, fig. 48 (M. tessellata Kienen), fig. 49 (M. picta Reeve) (non Voluta barbadensis Gmelin, 1791]. 1904 Mitra (Isara) schroeteri Chemnitz, von Martens, Wiss. Ergeb. Deut. Tiefsee-Exped. ‘Valdivia’, vol. 7. p. 53, (non Voluta schroeteri Link, 1807). Types—The designated lectotype and 2 syn- types of M. picta Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967839. The juvenile holotype of M. tessellata Kiener, is inthe Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1108/1. M. picta was described from unknown locality and was first localized by Krauss (1848) from the “Cape coast’ and later by Sowerby (1874) from the Cape of Good Hope, which is here designated as the type locality. Nomenclature—When Kiener (1838) described M. tessellata, he cited as reference figures 1733 and 1734 from Chemnitz, vol. 11, 1795: the illus- trated specimen is the species Voluta schroeteri Link, 1807, a West African form of M. cornicula (Linnaeus); Kiener’s type of tessellata, however, is the species M. picta. Martens arrived at the conclusion that the South African M. picta is con- specific with the West African M. schroeteri, and Tryon (1882) considered picta the same as the Caribbean M. barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791). The South African M. picta, although superficially similar to both species, is nevertheless a distinct species. Records—SOUTH AFRICA: Port Alfred (USNM; AMNH): Jeffreys Bay near Humansdorp coast; N. of Bashee River mouth, 32°S & 29°F; Xora, rT anckel coast (all USNM): Jeffreys Bay (USNM; DMNH; Powell coll.); Port Elizabeth (Clover coll.); Algoa Bay (Powell coll.); False Bay; East London (both von Martens, 1904). Mitra latruncularia Reeve, 1844 (Pl. 306) Range—North of Bashee River mouth to the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Remarks—The distributional range of the simi- lar species M. picta and M. latruncularia is iden- tical according to available material. Adult speci- mens of M. latruncularia can be distinguished from M. picta on the basis of distinct spiral cords and longer aperture. Garrett (1880) reported the species from the Fiji Islands, but the specimens so recorded appear to be M. fulgetrum (Reeve). Habitat—Unknown. Description—Shell up to 30 mm (about 1%4 inches) in length, more solid and less fusiform than M. picta, elongate-ovate, sutures irregular. Whorls 5-5'2, apart from protoconch of about 12 worn whorls, spire whorls slightly convex, sutures irregular and sometimes wavy. Sculptured with Plate 306. Mitra (Mitra) latruncularia Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype of M. latruncularia Reeve (BM (NH) 1967793: 25.0 x 8.6 mm). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from Jeffrey’s Bay, South Africa (WOC coll.; 22.6 x 7.8 mm). [19-500] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 351 deeper spiral grooves which produce regular, somewhat elevated and rounded spiral cords (worn flat in beach specimens), which number from 5-7 on the penultimate and from 14-17 on the body whorl; the spiral grooves are finely axially striate and the base of the shell has 5-9 oblique but weak cords. Aperture in adult specimens either slightly longer or shorter than the spire, narrow and smooth within; outer lip weakly thickened and simple and descending almost vertically. Columella calloused only anteriorly and with generally 4 oblique folds. Siphonal fasciole slightly longer than in M. picta, siphonal notch fairly distinct. Purplish-brown to greyish-brown in colour, beach specimens reddish-brown, or- namented with white axial flames, small spots on cords and sometimes a broad white band at the body whorl suture; siphonal fasciole white; aper- ture greyish-brown, parietal wall brown, folds and columellar callus white. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 29.7 8.6 13.0 Algoa Bay 28.0 10.0 14.4 Simonstown 25.0 8.6 13.3 Lectotype of latruncularia 22.5 8.0 12.2 Jeffreys Bay 18.0 7.0 — Type of albozonata 8.0 3.0 — Type of tomliniana (juvenile) Synonymy— 1844 Mitra latruncularia Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, pl. 21, fig. 166 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 14, figs. 237, 238; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 35, fig. 59; 1932 Turton, Marine Shells Port Alfred, p. 45; 1959 Barnard, Ann. South African Museum, vol. 45, p. 40. 1932 Mitra albozonata Turton, Marine Shells Port Alfred, p. 45, pl. 10, fig. 335 (Port Alfred, South Africa). 1932 Mitra perexilis Turton, ibid., p. 46, pl. 10, fig. 346 (Port Alfred, South Africa) [non Conrad, 1833]. 1933 Mitra tomlini Turton, Errata for Marine Shells Port Alfred, unpaginated (substitute name for M. perexilis Tur- ton, 1933) [non M. tomlini Melvill, 1925). 1933 Mitra tomliniana Turton, Journal of Conchology, vol. 19, p. 370 (substitute name for M. perexilis Turton, 1932). Types—The designated lectotype and 2 syn- types of M. latruncularia Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH), no. 1967793, and Turton’s types of M. albozonata and M. tomliniana are in the Uni- versity Museum, Oxford. Nomenclature—Dohrn (1861) placed his previ- ously described M. plebeia Dohrn, 1860, from the Hawaiian Islands, in the synonymy of M. latrun- cularia. The holotype of M. plebeia is very worn and faded and has been tentatively placed in the synonymy of the Indian Ocean M. maesta Reeve; no similar species to M. plebeia occurs in the Hawaiian Islands. A printed leaflet entitled “Marine shells of Port Alfred, South Africa, Er- rata” has been published and printed prior to the article of the same title but without the words “Errata” in the Journal of Conchology (1933). A copy of this Errata sheet is inside the British Museum copy of Turton’s “Marine shells of Port Alfred”, and the sheet has been marked by Turton with the date 14-2-1933. The substitute name M. tomlini has been proposed by Turton in this Er- rata sheet, but was not mentioned again by Turton in the Journal of Conchology article. Records—SOUTH AFRICA: Port Alfred; Jeffreys Bay near Humansdorp coast; Xora, Transkei coast (all USNM); East London (Steiner coll.); Jeffreys Bay (USNM; DMNH; Cer- nohorsky coll.); N. of Bashee River mouth (USNM); Algoa Bay (AMNH:; Powell coll.; Clover coll.); Simonstown (Ackermann coll.; Powell coll.); Still Bay (Barnard, 1959). Mitra aerumnosa Melvill, 1888 (Pl. 307) Range—Algoa Bay to Saldanha Bay, South Af- rica. Remarks—This drab looking species appear to be of rare occurrence, since apart from the type, we have seen no other specimens in museums. According to Barnard (1959), the species does not Plate 307. Mitra (Mitra) aerumnosa Melvill. Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype from Algoa Bay, South Africa (NMW; 22.1 x 8.2 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Syntype from the same locality; immature speci- men (NMW; 21.4 x 8.0 mm). [19-501] 352 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae occur in Natal, and the author also questions the record of “Algoa Bay” whence the types origi- nated. The species has been also recorded from Algoa Bay by Sowerby (1892). Description—Shell up to 33 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, moderately thin, horny in appearance, sutures distinct and irregular. Whorls 6-7 apart from the protoconch of 2 smooth whorls, spire whorl convex. Early spire whorls occasionally semicancellate, later whorls with punctate spiral striae which number from 8-11 on the penultimate and from 20-30 on the body whorl; spiral striae become sometimes obso- lete and uncountable on the body whorl and the lower third or only the siphonal fasciole of the body whorl may have 6-8 weak and oblique cords. Irregular axial growth-striae cover the shell and are usually stronger on the spire whorls. Aperture slightly longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within; outer lip regularly convex, moderately thin and simple. Columella slightly calloused and with 3-4 oblique folds, with the first fold some- what distant; siphonal fasciole short, siphonal notch not very prominent. Brown in colour, lower half of body whorl usually paler, some specimens with a narrow, central band on the body whorl and irregular, narrow pale streaks descending from the body whorl suture; aperture and columella are brown, and the shell is covered by an orange- brown or chestnut-brown periostracum. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 33.0 11.0 = South Africa 22.1 8.2 11.9 Lectotype of aerumnosa 21.4 8.0 12.6 Syntype of aerumnosa Synonymy— 1888 Mitra aerumnosa Melvill, Journal of Conchology, vol. 5, p. 282, pl. 2, fig. 12 (Algoa Bay, South Africa); 1920 Cooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1919, p. 416 (description of radula); 1959 Barnard, Ann. Sth. African Museum, vol. 45, p. 41, fig. lla (radula). ?1904 Mitra simplex Dunker, von Martens, Wiss. Ergeb. Deut. Tiefsee-Exped. “Valdiva’, vol. 7, p. 31; 1925 Thiele, Wiss. Ergeb. Deut. Tiefsee-Exped. “Valdivia”, vol. 17, p. 185, pl. 20, fig. 22 (worn specimen) [non Dunker, 1846]. Types—The two syntypes of M. aerumnosa Melvill are in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff; the larger, 22.1 mm long specimen which has been figured by Melvill on plate 2, fig. 12, is here designated as the lectotype of M. aerumnosa. The type locality is Algoa Bay, South Africa. Records—SOUTH AFRICA: Algoa Bay (Melvill, 1888; Sowerby, 1892); Table Bay; Dassen Island; Ondekraal, west coast of Cape Peninsula; Langebaan, Saldanha Bay (all Bar- nard, 1959). Fossil records—Saldanha Bay, South Africa; Late Tertiary (Haughton, 1932, Trans. Geol. Soc. Sth. Africa, vol. 39, p. 49). Mitra subflava (Kuroda and Habe, 1971) (PI. 308, fig. 1) Range—Japan. Remarks—We have seen no specimens of this recently described species. The authors com- pared their species with M. chinensis Griffith & Pidgeon, but judging from the description and type figure, the species is similar to M. notoensis (Masuda, 1967), from Noto Peninsula, Miocene of Japan. Description—‘Shell medium in size, thick and solid, elongated fusiform, orange-brown, covered by the dull brown periostracum. Spire elevated rather highly conical and with 9 rather flat whorls, and sutures distinctly impressed. Surface weakly striated, 4 on the earlier whorls and 20 on the penultimate [? error for body whorl] whorl. Body whorl large and high, more than half the shell, gently curved at the periphery. Aperture narrow and long lanceolated in shape, grayish-white within. Outer margin thickened but not crenu- lated at the edge. Columellar margin covered the rather thick callus, has 5 folds reducing in size downwards.” [Original]. Measurements (mm)— length width 39.8 12.0 Holotype of subflava Synonymy— 1971 Vicimitra subflava Kuroda & Habe, Sea shells of Sagami Bay, p. 189, pl. 53, fig. 2. Types—The authors did not state the location of the holotype, which could be either in the Em- peror of Japan’s private collection or in the Na- tional Science Museum, Tokyo. The type locality is Sagami Bay, Japan. Mitra notoensis (Masuda, 1967) (Pl. 308, figs. 14, 15) Range—Miocene of Japan. Remarks—The species was compared by the author to M. dainitiensis (Makiyama), but was dif- ferentiated on features of distinct sutures, long aperture and surface sculpture, which in M. notoensis consists of 1-2 very faint, fine spiral threads and fine incremental lines on the spire whorls, and faint, fine revolving threads near the base of the body whorl. The dimensions are as follows: length 32.0 mm, width 12.2 mm (holotype); length 17.0 mm, width 7.0 mm (paratype). [19-502] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra O00 Synonymy— 1967 Strigatella notoensis Masuda, Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., no. 65, p. 9, pl. 2, figs. 20a, b (500 m E. of Fujio, Suzu City, Noto Peninsula, Higashi-Innai formation, Japan, L. Miocene; holotype in Dept. Geology, Tohoku University, Sendai, no. 4616). Mitra dainitiensis (Makiyama, 1927) (Pl. 308, figs 2, 3) 2 Range—Lower Pliocene of Japan. Remarks—The original description reads: “Shell fusiform, rather solid, smooth. Spire elongated, acutely conic, a little higher than the aperture. Protoconch unknown. Whorls about 7, smooth, flattish; suture superficial, uneven; base slightly contracted; outer lip vertical, almost parallel with columella, rounded below, with a smooth thickened edge; columella subvertical, with 4 oblique plaits decreasing in size and space from above; inner lip narrow, sharply defined, spreading over the slightly concave parietal wall. Height 24.0 mm; width 9.7 mm.” Synonymy— 1927 Strigatella dainitiensis Makiyama, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. University, ser. B, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 114, pl. 5, figs. 15, 16 (Dainiti, Totomi, Kakegawa series, Japan, L. Pliocene; holotype in the Geological Institute, Kyoto University, no. 72). a Mitra hukusimana Nomura and Zinbo, 1935 (Pl. 308, figs. 4, 5) Range—Miocene of Japan. Remarks—The authors compared the species with M. dainitiensis (Makiyama), but distin- guished their species on the basis of narrower shape, the presence of basal threads and the apparently weaker columellar folds. The species appears to be a narrower and less mature indi- vidual of M. dainitiensis. The measurements of the holotype are length 28.0 mm, width 8.0 mm. Synonymy— 1935 Mitra (Strigatella) hukusimana Nomura & Zinbo, Saito Ho-on Kai Mus. Sendai Res. Bull., no. 6, Geol. no. 3, p. 174, pl. 15, figs. 29a, b (Yanagawa-machi, Fukushima-ken, Plate 308. Japanese Recent and fossil Mitrinae. Fig. 1. Mitra (Mitra) subflava (Kuroda and Habe). Sagami Bay, Japan (from Kuroda & Habe, 1971, pl. 53, fig. 2). Figs. 2,3. M.(M.) dainitiensis (Makiyama). Dainiti, Totomi, L. Pliocene of Japan (holotype from Makiyama, 1927, pl. 5, figs. 15, 16; 24.0 x 9.7 mim). Figs. 4, 5. M (M.) hukusimana Nomura and Zinbo. Yanagawa-machi, Hukusima Basin, Miocene of Japan (holotype from Nomura & Zinbo, 1935, pl. 15, figs. 29a, b; 28.0 x 8.0 mm). Figs. 6, 7. M. (M.) ishidae Masuda. Noto Peninsula, Higashi-Innai formation, L. Miocene of Japan (holotype from Masuda, 1967, pl. 2, figs. 12a, b; 9.6 x 4.3 mm). [19-503] Figs. 8,9.M.(M.) kurakiensis Hatai and Nisivama. Koshiba, Lower Musashino, Pliocene of Japan (holotype from Yokoyama, 1920, pl. 2, figs. 6a, b; c. 24.0 mm). Figs. 10, 11. M. (M.) cosibensis Otuka, Koshiba, Lower Musashino, Pliocene of Japan (holotype from Yokoyama, 1920, pl. 2, figs. 4a, b; 7.0 x 3.0 mm). Figs. 12, 13.M.(M.) takii Ozaki, Vyosi City, lioka formation, Pliocene of Japan (holotype trom Ozaki, 1958, pl. 15, figs. 9, 10; 14.0 x 7.0 mm). Figs. 14, 15. M. (M.) notoensis (Masuda). Noto Peninsula, Higashi-Innai formation, L. Miocene of Japan (holotype from Masuda, 1967, pl. 2, figs. 20a, b; 32.0 x 12.2 mm). 354. Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Hukusima Basin, Japan, Miocene; holotype in Saito Ho-on Kai Museum, Sendai, no. 6169); 1952 Hatai & Nisiyama, Sci. Repts. Tohoku Univ. Sendai, ser. 2, Geol., Spec. vol. 3, p. 215. 1967 Mitra hukusimana Nomura & Zinbo, Masuda, Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., no. 65, p. 9, pl. 2, figs. 9a, b; 10a, b. Mitra ishidae Masuda, 1967 (Pl. 308, figs. 6, 7) Range—Miocene of Japan. Remarks—The species was compared by the author to M. hukusimana Nomura & Zinbo, but was said to differ from this species in features of shorter shell, larger spire angle, sculptured sur- face and 3 columellar folds. The dimensions given for M. ishidae are: length 9.6 mm, width 4.3 mm (holotype); length 15.0 mm, width 6.5 mm (paratype). Synonymy— 1967 Mitra ishidae Masuda, Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., no. 65, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 11, 12a, b (near Koeiji Temple, Otani, Suzu City, Noto Peninsula, Higashi-Innai formation, Japan, L. Miocene; holotype in Dept. Geology, Tohoku University, Sendai, no. 4609). Mitra kurakiensis Hatai and Nisiyama, 1952 (PI. 308, figs. 8, 9) Range—Pliocene of Japan. Remarks—This is yet another species which is similar to M. dainitiensis. Yokoyama’s original de- scription is as follows: “A single specimen lacking the apex. In a per- fect state, it may have measured about 24 mm in height. The whorls are smooth, plano-convex, separated by deep, impressed sutures. The col- umellar folds number four, the lowest being the smallest and somewhat indistinct. In the lower part of the body whorl, transverse striations are faintly visible which seem to have been mostly obliterated by friction”. Synonymy— 1920 Mitra fusiformis (Brocchi), Yokoyama, Journal Coll. Sci. Tokyo Imp. Univ., vol. 39, p. 47, pl. 2, figs. 6a, b (Koshiba, Miura Peninsula, Lower Musashino, Japan, Pliocene; holotype in the Geological Institute, University of Tokyo) [non Voluta fusiformis Brocchi, 1814; nec Mitra fusiformis Borson, 1820]. 1952 Mitra kurakiensis Hatai & Nisiyama, Sci. Repts. Tohoku Univ. Sendai, ser. 2, Geol., Spec. vol. 3, p. 215 (substitute name for M. fusiformis Yokoyama, 1920); 1954 Taki & Oyama, Palaeont. Soc. Japan, Spec. paper no. 2, p. 23, pl. 3, figs. 6a, b. Mitra cosibensis Otuka, 1937 (Pl. 308, figs. 10, 11) Range—Pliocene of Japan. Remarks—The figured type, 7.0 mm in length and 3.0 mm in width, appears to be a broad, juvenile form of M. kurakiensis. Otuka (1949) pointed out that the two species may be synony- mous since many transitional forms are found be- tween the two species. Should Otuka’s assump- tion prove to be correct, M. kurakiensis Hatai & Nisiyama, 1952, would become a synonym of M. cosibensis. Synonymy— 1920Mitra ebenus Yokoyama, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo Imp. Univ., vol. 39, p. 47, pl. 2, figs. 4a, b (Koshiba, Miura Penin- sula, Lower Musashino, Japan, Pliocene; unique holotype in the Geol. Institute, University of Tokyo [non M. ebenus Lamarck, 1811]. 1937 Mitra cosibensis Otuka, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Tokyo Imp. Univ., vol. 15, pt. 4, p. 1020 (substitute name for M. ebenus Yokoyama, 1920); 1952 Hatai & Nisiyama, Sci. Repts. Tohoku Univ. Sendai, ser. 2, Geol. Spec. vol. 3, p. 215; 1954 Taki & Oyama, Palaeont. Soc. Japan Spec. Paper No. 2, p. 23, pl. 3, figs. 4a, b (as M. consibensis on plate explana- tions). 1949 Mitra yokoyamai Otuka, Japan. Journ. Geol. Geog. Trans., vol. 21, p. 303 (substitute name for M. ebenus Yokoyama, 1920); 1961 Hanzawa, Asano & Takai, Palaeont. Soc. Japan 25th Anniv. vol. 25, p. 169 (non Mitra (Scabricola) yokoyamai Nomura, 1935). 1973 Mitra (Vicimitra) cosibensis Otuka, Palaeont. Soc. Japan Spec. Papers No. 17, p. 47, pl. 14, fig. 23. Mitra takii Ozaki, 1958 (Pl. 308, figs. 12, 13) Range—Pliocene of Japan. Remarks—The type figure depicts a small, im- perfect and juvenile species of Mitra. The original description is as follows: “Shell small, fusiform, spire not high, with 4 whorls (protoconch lost); suture distinct but not deep; whorls smooth, flatly convex; aperture elongate; outer lip broken, inner lip smooth, without any callus; columella nearly straight, with 3 conspicuous oblique folds, of which the upper- most one is the strongest. Height 14.0 mm, width 7.0 mm, height of aperture 8.5 mm. Synonymy— 1958 Mitra takii Ozaki, Bull. Nat. Sci. Museum Tokyo, vol. 4, p. 154, pl. 15, figs. 9, 10 (500 m S.W. of Tokoyodamati, Tyosi City, lioka formation, Japan, Pliocene; holotype in National Science Museum, Tokyo, no. 4471). [19-504] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra = 355 New Zealand Tertiary species Mitra hectori Hutton, 1905 (Pl. 309) Range—Eocene of New Zealand. Remarks—The species has been assigned to the genus Clifdenia Laws, 1932, by Fleming (1966), but the species is a typical Mitra s. str., which bears some resemblance to Miocene-Recent species of the M. swainsonii group. Clifdenia tur- neri Laws, the type of the genus Clifdenia, has very deeply recessed columellar folds and a prom- inent columellar callus pad which spills over onto the body whorl, characters found in some volutid genera but not recorded in any Mitridae. M. hectori will reach a length of 75 mm, the whorls are almost flat or slightly convex and the sutures are narrowly canaliculate. Sculpture con- sists of distant, shallow and smooth spiral grooves which frequently become obsolete on the last 3 whorls, but whenever present, are confined to the sutural area. In some specimens very fine long- itudinal growth-striae are visible and the base of the shell has up to 18 oblique cords. The aperture is about equal in height to the spire, narrow and smooth within, the outer lip is only moderately thickened, constricted anteriorly and simple; the columella is weakly calloused and the 4 oblique folds are prominent and situated towards the mar- ginal callus. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 49.5+ 17.5 33.8 45.0 13.0 22.0 McCullough’s bridge Holotype of hectori Synonymy— 1905 Mitra hectori Hutton, Trans. Proc. New Zealand Insti- tute, vol. 37, p. 473, pl. 44, fig. 2 (Waihao, near coal mine, New Zealand, M. Eocene; holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch). 1915 Mitra (Cancilla) hectori Hutton, Suter, N.Z. Geolog. Surv. Paleont. Bulletin, no. 3, p. 20. 1966 Clifdenia hectori (Hutton), Fleming, N.Z. Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. Bulletin, no. 173. p. 64. Records—NEW ZEALAND: Hampden, Otago, M. Eocene (AIM): McCullough’s Bridge, Sth. Canterbury, M. Eocene (AIM). Plate 309. Mitra (Mitra) hectori Hutton. Fig. 1. Holotype figure of M. hectori Hutton from Waihao, M. Eocene of New Zealand (from Hutton, 1905, pl. 44, fig. 2; 45.0 x 13.0 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from McCullough’s Bridge, M. Eocene of New Zealand; missing spire whorls (AIM; 49.5+ x 17.5 mim). [19-509] 356 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Indo-Pacific species tentatively assigned to Mitra s. str. Some of the species tentatively retained in the subfamily Mitrinae exhibit at times morphologi- cal characters more compatible with species of the genus Scabricola Swainson, in the subfamily Im- bricariinae. The spiral sculpture is however, more discreet, and only an examination of the radular anatomy will decide the correct generic location. Mitra fulgurita Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 255, fig. 14; pl. 310) Range—Indonesia to the Philippine Islands and New Guinea. Remarks—Reeve’s description of the species was based on an atypical individual with elon- gated whorls, a slender shell and short aperture. The typical form, described later under the names M. nympha Reeve and M. filius Melvill, has an ornamentation consisting of 2 broad bands on the body whorl which are usually broken up into axial flames through the intrusion of the yellowish- cream base colour. A colour variant with addi- tional spiral rows of small brown spots has re- cently been described as M. yaekoae (Habe & Kosuge). Although rare during the last century, more specimens are being collected, particularly in the Philippines, and the yaekoae colour form is more frequently encountered in that region than the typical form. The habitat and anatomy of the species remain unknown. The species has been erroneously reported by Dall (1889) from the Caribbean region. Description—Shell up to 55 mm (about 2% inches) in length, fusiformly-ovate to cylindrically elongate-ovate, solid, sutures on the spire whorls sometimes narrowly channeled but on the last 2-3 whorls more adpressed. Whorls 74-9 apart from protoconch, spire whorls either regularly convex or convex only on the presutural ramp and then descending almost vertically. Sculptured with spiral rows of close-set, small pittings which number from 5-8 on the penultimate and from 16-25 on the body whorl; obsolete longitudinal striae occasionally cross spirals and are usually visible as short axial lirae near the sutures where they cross 2-4 of the spirals. Aperture slightly shorter or longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip moderately thickened and almost straight, anterior margin of outer lip with small, weak and almost obsolete crenula- tions. Columella weakly calloused posteriorly, Piate 310. Mitra (Mitra) fulgurita Reeve. Fig. 1. Holotype of M. fulgurita Reeve; atypical, fusiform specimen (BM (NH) 1967764; 54.6 x 14.7 mm). Fig. 2. Syntype of M. nympha Reeve (BM (NH) 1967824; 50.9 x 17.0 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. filius Melvill (BM (NH) 196580; 30.9 x 11.0 mm). Figs. 4, 5. Specimen from Ceylon (NMW; 36.3 mm). Fig. 6. Holotype of M. barrywilsoni (J. Cate); juvenile specimen (WAM 334-66; 39.0 x 15.6 mm). A full, valid species, but not in the Mitrinae. See part 2 of this mono- graph to come. Figs. 7, 8. Specimen from the Philippine Islands; spotted form yaekoae Habe and Kosuge (NMW; 38.9 mm). [19-510] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 357 60° 1oo° 120° \4o° 160° * Gear £ ( ; MARIANA ‘ f fSuipaen we, heey iL aa g So, "g, £0 Sey ot“ ‘ = 8 > wu o > N CALE DC ls 1 1 : : 80° 100° lzo° (40° 160° Plate 311. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) fulgurita Reeve. callus more prominent on the lower half of the columella which has 4-6 oblique folds. Siphonal canal straight but calloused in mature specimens, siphonal fasciole with 6-9 weak, oblique cords, siphonal notch distinct. White, cream or creamy- yellow in colour, ornamented with yellowish- brown or orange-brown, broad axial streaks on the spire whorls, and two broad, irregular and occa- sionally obsolete bands of the same colour on the body whorl; the transverse zones are usually in- terrupted by axial streaks of the protruding base colour, and in the colour form yaekoae the spire whorls have 1 or 2 rows of small dark brown spots and the body whorl 3-5 rows. Aperture cream to light yellow in colour, columella cream, occasion- ally flushed with orange-brown on the anterior callus. Periostracum thin, brown and moderately translucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 54.6 14.7 24.4 Holotype of fulgurita 50.9 17.0 26.0 Syntype of nympha 48.7 16.3 26.2 Bali, Indonesia 41.0 14.2 24.4 Aramot I., New Guinea 37.8 12.0 20.0 Laminusa, Philippines OTL 12.0 = Holotype of yaekoae 30.9 11.0 17.5 Holotype of filius Synonymy— 1844 Mitra fulgurita Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 9, fig. 61 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 5, fig. 63; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 118, pl. 34, fig. 43. 1845 Mitra nympha Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 31, fig. 249 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 2, pl. 12, fig. 189. 1925 Mitra filius Melvill, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 16, p. 215, pl. 10, fig. 2 (no locality given). 1966 Nebularia yaekoae Habe & Kosuge, Shells World in Col- our, vol. 2, p. 76, pl. 28, fig. 34 (nomen nudum). 1966 Nebularia yaekoae Habe & Kosuge, Venus: Jap. Journ. Malacology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 319, 333, pl. 29, fig. 10 (Zam- boanga, Mindanao, Philippines). Types—tThe holotype of M. fulgurita Reeve, B.M.(NH) no. 1967764, and the holotype of M. filius Melvill, B. M. (NH) no. 196580, are in the British Museum (NH). Two syntypes of M. nympha Reeve, are also in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967824; these two syntypes are conspecific with M. fulgurita, but neither of these two specimens shows the distinct colour pattern depicted in Reeve’s original figure, and the band-like colour ornamentation has faded to an orange-yellow in the syntypes. The holotype of M. yaekoae (Habe & Kosuge), is in the National Science Museum, Tokyo. No locality was given by Reeve for M. fulgurita, and we designate Laminusa, Siasi, Philippine Islands, as the type locality (speci- mens in various collections). Records—CEYLON: (NMW). INDONESIA: Bali (ZMC). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Zamboanga Bay (NMW); Zam- boanga, Mindanao (Habe & Kosuge, 1966); Laminusa, Siasi (Dan coll.; Eker coll.; Caton coll.). NEW GUINEA: Aramot Island, Siassi Island (Hinton coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Rabaul, New Britain (Max Marrow, coll.). Mitra junghuhni K. Martin, 1880 (Pl. 312) Range—Upper Miocene of Java; ? Pliocene of Java, Indonesia. Remarks—tThe identity of the species has not been satisfactorily elucidated. Martin’s descrip- tion was based on a specimen with most of the spire whorls missing, and his original diagnosis does not appear to agree with descriptions and illustrations of subsequent authors. Both Tesch (1915) and Oostingh (1939), stated that they com- pared their specimens with the holotype of M. junghuhni, but their respective illustrations are not very similar. The 90.0 mm long specimen fig- ured by Tesch as M. junghuhni, is the species M. subscrobiculata dOrbigny, while Oostingh’s fig- ures are similar to the Miocene M. tittabweensis Vredenburg. The translated and abridged, origi- nal description is as follows: “Shell spindle-shaped, consisting of a few, con- vex whorls, aperture about equal in height to the spire, sutures with a shallow channel. The com- [19-511] 358 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae "TERE EB ae Sets le Lk eee Plate 312. Mitra (Mitra) junghuhni K. Martin. Tjilaoeteureun, U. Miocene of Java (from k. Martin, 1880, pl. 6, figs. la, b). plete surface is covered with sharply incised spi- ral striae which are close-set and are cut by lon- gitudinal striae which are quite distinct in the in- terstices; the width of the spiral interspaces is very variable. Aperture long and narrow, columel- lar callus elevated, outer lip thick and simple. Columella with 5 folds, last anterior fold very small. There are remains of a brown colouring on Ley Plate 313. Figs. 1, 2. Mitra (Mitra) granatinaeformis kK. Martin, Figs. 3, 4. M. (M.) arntzenii kK. Martin. Fig. 1. Type figure of M. granatinaeformis kK. Martin from Ngembak, Batavia, Miocene of Java; juvenile specimen (from K. Martin, 1884, pl. 5, fig. 87; c. 32.0 mm). Fig. 2. Type figure of M. martini Pannekoek from Ngampel, Rembang formation, Miocene of Java (from Pannekoek, 1936, pl. 1, fig. 15; 28.0 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Type figure of M. arntzenii kK. Martin from Kem- bang Sokkoh, West Progo beds, Miocene of Java; c. 13.0 mm). the shell”. No dimensions were given by Martin. Synonymy— 1880 Mitra junghuhni Martin, Tertiarschichten auf Java, p. 27, pl. 6, figs. 1, la, b (locality R. Tjilaoeteureun, Java, In- donesia, U. Miocene; type-specimen in Rijksmuseum, Leiden). 21939 Mitra (Tiara) junghuhni Martin, Oostingh, Ingen. Nederl.-Indie, vol. 6, p. 8, pl. 10, figs. 176, 177a, b (Tjikeusik, Bantam, Java; Pliocene). Mitra granatinaeformis K. Martin, 1884 (PI. 313, figs. 1, 2) Range—Miocene of India, Burma, Indonesia and the Ryukyu Islands; Pliocene of Sumatra. Remarks—The species has regularly convex whorls which are sculptured with 4-5 spiral grooves on the penultimate whorl; the resulting cords are not prominently elevated on the spire whorls and obsolete apart from spiral grooves on the body whorl. Fine longitudinal striae bisect the spiral grooves, striae usually more prominent an- teriorly to the sutures, columella with 4 oblique folds. Martin’s M. granatinaeformis was described from an immature specimen, while M. martini Pannekoek, was based on an adult of the same species. The latter taxon is a homonym of M. mar- tini Bottger, 1882, and M. martini Philippi, 1887. Measurements (mm)— length width c.32.0 — Type-figure of granatinaeformis 28.0 — Type specimen of martini 224.0 9.9 Okinawa; Miocene 9.5 4.0 Assam, India; Miocene Synonymy— 1884 Mitra granatinaeformis Martin, Samml. geo]. Reichs- Mus. Leiden, ser. 1, vol. 3, p. 86, pl. 5, fig. 87 (Ngembak, Batavia, Java, Miocene; type in Rijksmuseum Leiden) [juvenile specimen]; 1923 Vredenburg, Rec. geol. Surv. In- dia, vol. 54, p. 273; 1928 Martin, Weten. Meded. Dienst Mijnb., no. 10, p. 10; 1939 Mukerjee, Mem. geol. Surv. India, N.S., vol. 28, no. 1, p. 65, pl. 3, fig. 25. 1925 Mitra inquinata Reeve, Vredenburg, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 1, p. 148, pl. 1, figs. 15a, b (non Reeve, 1844). 1936 Mitra (Mitra) martini Pannekoek, Geol. Inst. Meded. Univ. Amsterdam, no. 60, p. 37, pl. 1, fig. 15 (Ngampel or Panowan, Rembang formation, Java, L. Miocene; type specimen in Rijksmuseum Leiden ?) [non M. martini Bott- ger, 1882, nec Philippi, 1887]. 1960 Mitra (Cancilla) cf. M. (C.) granatinaeformis Martin, MacNeil, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, no. 339, p. 94, pl. 4, figs. 20, 22 only. Records—INDIA: West of Ghark Hill, Mekran beds, Talar section, U. Miocene (Vredenburg, 1925—as M. inquinata); Garo Hills, Assam, L. Miocene (Mukerjee, 1939). BURMA: Kyudawan and Myauktin, M. Miocene (Vredenburg, 1923). INDONESIA: Ngembak, Batavia, Java, Miocene (Martin, 1884); Ngampel or Panowan, Rembang formation, Java, L. Miocene (Pannekoek, 1936); Atjeh, N. Sumatra, Pliocene (Martin, 1928). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Okinawa, Yonabaru clay member, L. Miocene (MacNeil, 1960). [19-512] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 359 Mitra arntzenti K. Martin 1916 (Pl. 313, figs. 3, 4) Range—Lower Miocene of Java, Indonesia. Remarks—The species is related to M. granatinaeformis K. Martin. The freely translated description is as follows: “A slender species with an aperture shorter than half the length of the shell, protoconch mis- sing. Central whorls separated by impressed su- tures, sculptured with 5 slightly rounded and close-set spiral threads, one of which is covered by the suture. The spiral grooves are finely axially striate or punctate, and diminish in width on the body whorl where the punctate sculpture be- comes obsolete or disappears. The siphonal fas- ciole is spirally corded and the columella has 4 sharp folds which decrease in size anteriorly; the outer lip is not preserved and the canal is con- stricted anteriorly. Length about 13.0 mm”. Synonymy— 1916 Mitra (s. str.)arntzenii Martin, Samml. geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden, N. F., vol. 2, pt. 6, p. 236, pl. 1, figs. 28, 28a (Kem- bang Sokkoh, West Progo beds, Java, Indonesia, L. Miocene; type-specimen in Rijksmuseum Leiden). Plate 314. Mitra (Mitra) gilbertsoni (J. Cate). Holotype from N. W. of Rottnest Id., near Fremantle, West Australia, 19% fms.; immature specimen (WAM 1129-67; 46.4 x 19.0 mm). Mitra gilbertsoni (J. Cate, 1968) (Pl. 314) Range—West Australia. Habitat—On a sand and coral substratum, from 19% to 24 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 52 mm (about 2 inches) in length, cylindrically-ovate and inflated, solid and heavy, sutures distinct, narrowly chan- neled on the spire whorls, irregular and minutely serrated through bisecting axial striae. Whorls 8-8'%, apart from the protoconch of 1% small nu- clear whorls, first 2 post-nuclear whorls with 3 shallow spiral grooves which are obsoletely pit- ted, later whorls with 3-4 more deeply incised spiral grooves which are crossed by irregular axial striae; on the body whorl, 3 prominent and obso- letely pitted spiral grooves are confined to the shoulder of the whorl and are followed by up to 15 very shallow and minutely punctate spiral grooves, base of shell with 4-5 weak cords. Aper- ture longer than the spire, only moderately nar- row, smooth within, outer lip regularly convex, moderately thickened and simple. Columella cal- loused, and with 5-6 strong, oblique folds, siphonal canal straight and slightly calloused, siphonal notch prominent. Uniformly fawn in col- our under a moderately opaque, thin, light tan periostracum, ornamented with two very faint tan broad bands on the body whorl and small white axial spots and streaks near the sutures; aperture and columella porcellaneous-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 51.6 20.4 32.7 Paratype of gilbertsoni 46.4 19.0 28.8 Holotype of gilbertsoni Synonymy— 1968 Pterygia gilbertsoni J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 11, p. 85, pl. 11, figs. la-d. Types—tThe holotype is in the Western Austra- lian Museum, Perth, no. 1129-67; the specimen is immature, with a thin outer lip, and is more in- flated and broader than the more mature paratype. The type locality is 5 miles northwest of Rottnest Island, near Fremantle, West Australia, in 19% fathoms. Records—WEST AUSTRALIA: N.W. of Rottnest Island, near Fremantle, 19% faths. (WAM); N.E. of Eaglenest Island, Easter group, Abrolhos Islands (J. Cate, 1968). [19-513] 360 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 315. Figs. 1-6. Mitra (Mitra) orientalis Griffith and Pid- tion, St. Barbara County, California (USNM 612219; 55.2 geon. Figs. 7,8. M.(M.) caliginosa Reeve. Figs. 9-15. M. (M.) mm). idae Melvill. Fig. 11. Holotype of M. loweana Pilsbry from off Avalon, Fig. 1. Syntype of M. orientalis Griffith and Pidgeon from Iquique, Chile (BM (NH) 1966417; 56.6 x 21.2 mm). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from Peru (USNM 208079; 51.2 x 21.1 mm). Fig. 4. Holotype of M. fortis Melvill (NMW; 57.9 x 21.4 mm). Fig. 5. Holotype of M. induta Sowerby, juvenile specimen (ANSP 28652; 31.3 x 10.9 mm). Fig. 6. Type figure of M. martini Philippi from Chiloe Id., L. Pliocene of Chile (from Philippi, 1887, pl. 8, fig. 5). Figs. 7, 8. Holotype of M. (M.) caliginosa Reeve (BM (NH) 1966718; 34.9 x 12.4 mm). Fig. 9. Holotype of M. (M.) idae Melvill from Point Loma, Lower California (NMW; 60.0 x 19.3 mm). Fig. 10. Paratype of M. semiusta Berry from Point Concep- [19-514] Catalina Id., California; juvenile specimen (USNM 109305; 5.5 x 2.8 mm) [photo courtesy H. A. Rehder, USNM]. Fig. 12. Holotype of M. coronadoensis (Baker & Spicer) from Los Coronados Ids., Lower California; juvenile specimen (SDNHM; 13.0 x 6.2 mm) [colour slide courtesy of G. Radwin, SONHM]. Fig. 13. Lectotype of M. catalinae (Dall) from San Pedro, California (USNM 219648; 28.4 x 11.4 mm). Fig. 14. Lectotype of M. diegensis (Dall) from San Diego, California (USNM 252998; 13.2 x 5.3 mm) [photo courtesy of H. A. Rehder, USNM]. Fig. 15. Specimen of M. idae from Monterey Bay, California, 20 m; broad, inflated form (ZMC; 49.4 x 21.0 mm). September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 361] West American species Mitra orientalis Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834 (Color pl. 256, fig. 1; pl. 315, figs. 1-6) Range—Colombia to Chile. Remarks—The southern limit of distribution is about Valparaiso, Chile, but during the Lower Pliocene, when temperatures were somewhat warmer than at present, the species extended even farther south by at least 10° of Latitude. Description—Shell up to 75 mm (3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, body whorl usually in- flated, width-ratio 34-41% of length. Sutures dis- tinct but not channeled, whorls 5-7, protoconch usually eroded, spire whorls regularly convex. Smooth in appearance, sculptured with very fine, numerous spiral striae which number up to 30 on the penultimate whorl but become obsolete and uncountable on the body whorl; in some indi- viduals the early spire whorls are prominently granulose, clathrate or spirally corded. Aperture shorter or longer than the spire, height-ratio 47-55% of total length, aperture smooth within; outer lip only moderately thickened and simple, regularly convex or subangulate. Columella cal- loused in adult specimens, parietal callus slightly more thickened, columella with 4 or 5 oblique folds; siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch dis- tinct, base of shell smooth or with up to 15 weak, oblique cords. Uniformly tan to brown in colour under a blackish-brown periostracum, aperture and columella white or bluish-white, margin of outer lip occasionally edged with greyish-brown. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 70.0 24.0 — Type-specimen of martini 60.0 223: 29.0 Peru 57.9 21.4 32.0 Holotype of fortis 56.6 21.2 28.6 Syntype of orientalis 51.2 2171 27.0 Peru 31.3 10.9 16.4 Holotype of induta Synonymy— 1834 Mitra orientalis Griffith & Pidgeon, Anim. Kingd. Baron Cuvier, Moll. & Radiata, vol. 12, pl. 40, fig. 5 (no locality given); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 5, fig. 34; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 40; 1909 Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 37, p. 212. 1836 Mitra maura Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, p. 193 (Iquiqui, Peru); 1854, Hupé, Hist. fisica y politica de Chile, p. 211; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 121, pl. 36, fig. 67. 1838 Mitra chilensis (Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 26, pl. 10, fig. 28 (coasts of Chile). 1875 Mitra induta Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 128, pl. 24, fig. 9 (no locality given) [juvenile specimen]; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 121, pl. 36, fig. 70. 1887 Mitra martini Philippi, Tert. & Quart. Verst. Chiles, p. 71, pl. 8, fig. 5 (Ancud, Chiloe Island, Chile; L. Pliocene) {non M. martini Bottger, 1882]. 1925 Mitra fortis Melvill, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 16, p. 215, pl. 10, fig. 5 (probably west coast of S. America, Peru or Chile). 21934 Mitra (? Mitraria) sp. ind. Rutsch, Abh. Schweizer Palaeont. Gesellschaft, vols. 54 & 55, p. 85, pl. 7, figs. 3, 4 (Punta Gavilan, Venezuela, Miocene; ? Miocene subspecies of M. orientalis). 1951 Mitraria fortis (Melvill), Carcelles & Williamson, Rev. Inst. Nac. Invest. Cienc. Nat. Argentina, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 301. ?1964 Mitra (Atrimitra) mexicana (pars) Dall, Olsson, Neogene moll. N.W. Ecuador, Paleont. Res. Inst. Ithaca Publ., p. 132, pl. 23, fig. 12a only (Punta Gorda, Esmeraldas formation, Ecuador, L. Miocene or L. Pliocene) [non Strigatella (Atrimitra) mexicana Dall, 1919]. Types—Three syntypes of M. orientalis Griffith & Pidgeon, which are also the types of M. maura Broderip, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1966417-419. The holotype of M. fortis Melvill, is in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, and the type-specimen of M. chilensis Kiener, could not be found. The holotype of M. induta Sowerby, is inthe Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 28652; the accompanying label reads “unique type, ex-Prevost coll., ex-Sowerby”’. A very similar and also juvenile specimen of closely matching dimensions is in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff (32.0 x 10.8 x 16.7 mm), witha label “prob- able type ex-Thomas collection”. The ANSP specimen is the type-specimen, since it has only 3 columellar folds as described by Sowerby, whereas the NMW specimen has 4 folds. No local- ORIENTALIS p a i¢ BS ; Plate 316. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) orientalis Griffith and Pidgeon, and M. (M.) idae Mel- vill. [19-519] 362 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae ity was given for M. orientalis, and Broderip’s locality indication of Iquique, Peru [= Chile], is designated as the type locality. Nomenclature—Mitra martini Philippi, was described from an incomplete specimen of Lower Pliocene age of Chil6e Island, off the Chilean coast. Philippi’s taxon is ahomonym of M. martini Bottger, 1882, but since Philippi’s species appears to be conspecific with the Recent M. orientalis, no substitute name is proposed here. Records—ECUADOR: Ancon (Dall, 1908). PERU: (USNM: LACM); Callao (USNM); E. of Viejas Island, Independencia Bay, 14°14’S, in lobster traps; off Lobos de Afuera Island, 6°53’ 50"S & 80°43'30"W, on sand; South Bay, Lobos de Afuera Islands, 6°56'12"S & 80°42'50"W, on rocks (all USC); S. of Cape Aguja, 6°27’ to 6°23'S & 80°55’W, 160 m (LACM). CHILE: Sarmenia, Caleta Iquique (USNM); Iquique (BMNH; LACM); Valparaiso (Hupe, 1854); Caldera (MCZ). Fossil records—LOWER PLIOCENE: Ancud, Childe Is- land, Chile (Philippi, 1887, as M. martini). Mitra idae Melvill, 1893 (Color pl. 256, figs, 2, 3; pl. 315, figs. 9-15) Range—Crescent City, Northern California to the Farallon Islands and to Cedros Island, Baja California. Remarks—tThe species is variable in features of obesity, sculpture and ratio of apertural height to spire height, and consequently has received numerous names. The slender or broad forms of M. idae are not confined to any specific region, but as in other species of Mitridae, appear in widely distributed populations. Some of the forms of idae, particularly the form M. montereyi Berry, closely resembly individuals of the more southern species M. orientalis in both form and sculpture. Generally speaking, broad forms of idae have a longer outer lip and wider aperture than slender forms, while small and often immature individu- als have a narrower aperture and a less angulate and more regularly convex outer lip. The southern species M. orientalis differs in features of a more inflated body whorl, a finer sculpture and the ab- sence of interstitial pits on later whorls. Accord- ing to Chess & Rosenthal (1971), small specimens, 13-15 mm in length, are already sexually mature. Habitat—Near rocks and under kelp, on gravel, rock, sand or clay substratum, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 300 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 75 mm (3 inches) in length, fusiformly-ovate to elongate-ovate, some- times inflated, width-ratio 32-45% of length, solid, sutures distinct and irregular. Whorls 6-7, apart from the protoconch which is usually eroded, spire whorls regularly convex. Sculptured with spiral grooves which become frequently pitted through bisecting longitudinal striae; the number of spiral striae is fewer in small specimens than in large ones, and striae number from 4-20 on the penultimate and from 11-50 on the body whorl, apart from 8-15 not very prominent oblique cords at the base. Aperture generally longer in small specimens, shorter or longer than the spire in large ones, apertural ratio 44-64% of length, aper- ture smooth within; outer lip thickened and sim- ple, subangulate and descending almost vertically or regularly convex especially in small specimens. Columella calloused, parietal wall sometimes only glazed and with a small callus pad pos- teriorly, columella with 3-4 oblique folds; siphonal canal straight or slightly twisted in senile specimens, siphonal notch prominent. Uniformly light brown, greyish-brown or mauve-brown under a blackish periostracum, aperture white or brown, parietal wall brown or with a white callos- ity, columellar folds white or bluish-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 72.1 24.0 34.8 Holotype of semiusta 66.5 23.5 33.7 Holotype of montereyi 60.0 19.3 28.3 Holotype of idae 53.5 18.5 26.8 S. of Pt. Conception, California 49,2 20.8 29.4 Monterey Bay, California 37.0 15.3 21.1 Off Pt. Loma, California 28.4 11.4 16.2 Lectotype of catalinae 13.2 5.3 7.6 Lectotype of diegensis 13.0 6.2 8.2 Holotype of coronadoensis 10.5 4.7 6.7 Off Redondo Beach, California 5.5 2.8 — Holotype of loweana Synonymy— 1857 Mitra maura Carpenter in Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, p. 227; 1907 Berry, Nautilus, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 40 (non Broderip, 1836). 1893 Mitra idae Melvill, The Conchologist, vol. 2, p. 140, pl. 1, fig. 6 (Point Loma, Lower California); 1906 Williamson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, p. 195, figs. 1-5; 1920 Berry, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 14, textfigs. 5, 6; 1927 Oldroyd, Mar. shells w. coast N. America, vol. 2, p. 170, 1931 Grant & Gale, Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. History, vol. 1, p. 635; 1952 Morris, Field Guide to shells, p. 133, pl. 30, fig. 14, 1954 R. T. Abbott, American Seashells, p. 249, pl. 20, fig. p; 1958 Emerson & Addicot, American Mus. Novitates, no. 1909, p. 7; 1959 Kanakoff & Emerson, Los Angeles County Mus. Contrib. Science, no. 31, p. 28; 1967 J. Cate; Veliger, vol. 10, p. 139, pl. 19, fig. 1 (shell), textfig. 1 (radula); 1969 Carlisle, Veliger, vol. 11, p. 240; 1969 McLean, Marine shells S. California, Science ser. 24, Zoology, no. 11, p. 49, fig. 26, subfig. 7; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, pl. 1, fig. 6 (figured holotype), textfig. 38 (radula); 1971 Chess & Rosenthal, Veliger, vol. 14, p. 172, 8 textfigs. (reproductive biology). [19-520] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 363 1903 Mitra lowei Dall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 16, p. 173 (Santa Barbara Channel, California); 1927 Oldroyd, Mar. shells w. coast N. America, vol. 2, p. 170, pl. 16, fig. 4 (non M. lowei Dohrn, 1862). 1919 Strigatella (Atrimitra) catalinae Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 56, p. 308 (San Pedro, California). 1919 Strigatella (Atrimitra) diegensis Dall, ibid., p. 309 (San Diego, California). 1920 Mitra montereyi Berry, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 14, p. 31, textfigs. 1-4 (off Del Monte, Monterey Bay, California, 12 faths.); 1959 Allison, Veliger, vol. 2, p. 20. 1921 Atrimitra idae Melvill, Dall, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bulletin, no. 112, p. 86. 1921 Atrimitra idae montereyensis Berry, Dall, ibid., p. 86 (invalid emendation). 1921 Atrimitra catalinae Dall, ibid., p. 86. 1921 Atrimitra diegensis Dall, ibid., p. 86. 1921 Atrimitra ? lowei Dall, ibid., p. 87, pl. 15, fig. 4. 1926 Strigatella catalinae Dall, Jordan, Proc. California Acad. Sciences, ser. 4, vol. 15, p. 245. 1927 Mitra idae montereyensis Berry, Oldroyd, Mar. shells w. coast N. America, vol. 2, p. 171 (invalid emendation). 1927 Mitra catalinae Dall, Oldroyd, ibid., p. 169; 1931 Grant & Gale, Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. History, vol. 1, p. 636, pl. 28, fig. 4; 1952 Morris, Field Guide to shells, p. 133, pl. 30, fig. 12: 1959 Kanakoff & Emerson, Los Angeles County Museum Contrib. Science, no. 31, p. 28. 1930 Strigatella (Atrimitra) coronadoensis Baker & Spicer, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. History, vol. 6, p. 176, pl. 19, fig. 1 (Los Coronados Islands, Lower California, Mexico) [juvenile specimen]. 1931 Mitra idae var. montereyi Berry, Grant & Gale, Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. History, vol. 1, p. 635. 1931 Mitra loweana Pilsbry, Nautilus, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 29 (substitute name for M. lowei Dall, 1903). 1957 Mitra semiusta Berry, Leaflets in Malacology, vol. 1, no. 14, p. 80 (off Point Conception, Santa Barbara County, California, 15 metres). 1963 Mitra (Atrimitra) idae Melvill, Shikama, Sel. shells world illust. colours, vol. 1, pl. 74, fig. 16; 1968 J. Cate, Veliger vol. 10, p. 247, figs. 1-8 (animal and egg-capsules). Types—tThe holotype of M. idae Melvill, is in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, and the holotype of M. coronadoensis Baker & Spicer, is in the San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego. The holotype of M. loweana Pilsbry, USNM no. 109305 (locality label reads “off Ava- lon, Catalina Island, California’), and the syn- types of M. catalinae (Dall) and M. diegensis (Dall), are in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington. Dall did not segregate the holotypes of the last two mentioned species, and Sphon’s 1961 lectotype selection was only on Museum labels. We therefore select the specimen measuring 28.4 x 11.4 x 16.2 mm, USNM no. 219648, as the lectotype of M. catalinae, and specimen measuring 13.2 x 5.3 x 7.6 mm, USNM no. 252998, as the lectotype of M. diegensis. The type specimens of M. montereyi Berry and M. semiusta Berry, are in the private collection of S. S. Berry, Redlands, California. The type locality of M. idae is Point Loma, Lower California. Nomenclature—A comparison of the ratio of width, length and height of aperture: length for M. orientalis and M. idae, show that both species fall within the same variational range in obesity and apertural height. Sphon equalled Dall’s types of M. catalinae and M. diegensis (MS on label ac- companying the types) to M. idae, and McLean (1969) placed catalinae, diegensis and montereyi in the synonymy of M. idae, which in our opinion is quite appropriate. We have examined paratypes of M. semiusta in the USNM collection, and failed to find any characters on which to base a valid separation from M. idae. Broad and intermediate specimens of M. idae, some of them resembling the southern M. orientalis, have been dredged in 95-135 fathoms off Point Loma, in 75 fathoms off Point Arena, California and in 20 metres in Mon- terey Bay; some of these specimens show the finely reticulated sculpture of M. idae, while others have the fine spiral sculpture of M. orien- talis. Records—CALIFORNIA: Crescent City (Dall, 1921); off Point Arena, 75 faths., 48.4°F (USNM); Farallon Islands (Old- royd, 1927); Monterey Bay, 20 m (ZMC); off Estero Bay, 92 faths.; off Point Conception, 44 faths. (both USNM); 5 mi. S. of Point Conception, 8 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.); Santa Barbara (USNM; DMNH); off Naples reef, near Santa Barbara, 8 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.); Anacapa Passage, Channel I., 27 faths. (USNM): off Redondo beach (DMNH; AIM); Point Firmin (Powell coll.); San Pedro Bay (USNM; DMNH; AIM; Powell coll.); Catalina Harbour (USNM); Catalina Island (USNM, DMNH: Powell coll.); off Avalon, Catalina Island (USNM); Newport beach (Powell coll.); Laguna beach (AIM); La Jolla (ZMC): San Diego (USNM; DMNH,; Powell coll.); Point Loma, San Diego (USNM: Powell coll.); off Point Loma, San Diego, 95-135 faths. (USNM). BAJA CALIFORNIA: Cortez Bank, 60 faths. (USNM):; Los Coronados Islands (SDNHM); Cedros Island (McLean, 1969). Fossil records—PLIOCENE: Holser Canyon, N. of Santa Clara valley; Elsmere Canyon, Los Angeles County; Fifth and Hope Streets, Los Angeles; near Ventura, “Lower Pico’, all California (Grant and Gale, 1931). PLEISTOCENE: San Pedro, Lower San Pedro series; Deadman Island, Upper San Pedro series; Crawfish George’s, Los Angeles County; San Diego, all California (Grant and Gale, 1931); Newport Bay, California (Kanakoff and Emerson, 1959); San Quintin’s Bay, Baja California, Mexico (Jordan, 1926); Punta Baja, Baja California, Mexico (Emerson & Addicott, 1958). Mitra semigranosa von Martens, 1897 (Pl. 317) Range—Ecuador to Chile. Remarks—This is a rare species which is lack- ing in museum collections. It is closely related to the commonM. orientalis but has amore granulose sculpture on the spire whorls which may persist to the penultimate whorl. The description is based on the holotype which was collected devoid of animal and lacks the periostracum which is prob- ably present in living specimens. Habitat—Unknown. [19-521] 364 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 317. Mitra (Mitra) semigranosa von Martens. Holotype from west coast of South America (ZMB; 46.0 x 17.6 mm) [photo courtesy of R. Kilias, ZMB]. Description—Shell 46 mm (about 2 inches) in length, elongate-ovate and solid, sutures distinct and slightly adpressed on the body whorl. Whorls 6 apart from the protoconch which is missing; post-nuclear whorls with axial riblets and 4 over- riding spiral threads which produce horizontally elongated, narrow beads upon the ribs. The beaded sculpture disappears on the second half of the penultimate whorl and is replaced by fine and numerous spiral striae; striae number about 20 on the penultimate and about 30 on the body whorl in addition to a dozen oblique cords at the base. The body whorl has obsolete and ill-defined axial threads which resemble growth-striae. Aperture slightly longer than the spire, moderately open and smooth within, outer lip moderately thick- ened and simple, regularly convex; columella cal- loused, thinned on the parietal wall but with a small callus-pad near the juncture of the aperture, columella with 4 strong, oblique folds. Siphonal fasciole straight, siphonal notch distinct. Uni- formly brown in colour, sutures slightly paler, aperture white but margined with brown, col- umellar folds white. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 46.0 17.6 24.0 Holotype of semigranosa Synonymy— 1897 Mitra semigranosa von Martens, Archiv f. Naturges- chichte, vol. 63, p. 178, pl. 16, figs. 24, 25 (west coast of Sth. America); 1909, Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 212. 1951 Mitraria semigranosa (von Martens), Carcelles & Wil- liamson, Rev. Inst. Nac. Inv. Cienc. Nat. Argentina, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 301. Types—The holotype of M. semigranosa von Martens, is in the Zoological Museum of the Humboldt University, Berlin. The type locality is west coast of South America. Records—SOUTH AMERICA: Ecuador to Chile (Dall, 1909; Carcelles & Williamson, 1951). Mitra fultoni E. A. Smith, 1892 (Pl. 318) Range—San Diego, California, to the west coast of the Gulf of California and Cocos Island. Remarks—tThe species is closely related to the more common, northern M. idae, is rather similar in form and colour, but differs primarily in sculpture, which is distinctly finer. The spiral grooves are less numerous, the longitudinal striae are weaker, and the pits are deeper, wider spaced, more regularly arranged and almost longitudi- nally aligned and persist to the base of the shell. Occasional specimens have a few, slightly risen spiral striae, the aperture, columellar folds and parietal callus are white or bluish-white and the parietal wall is flushed with brown. M. fultoni isa rare species with an appreciably more southerly distribution than M. idae Melvill, but with a distributional overlap between San Diego and Cedros Island. The species lives as far south as Cocos Island opposite the central American coast, but does not co-exist with Mitra orientalis. A detailed account of the species with distribu- tional ranges and excellent figures, may be found in Sphon (1961). Habitat—Intertidal and sublittoral, to a depth of 50 fathoms. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 44.0 15.0 22.6 Point Abreojos, Mexico 41.8 14.6 22.8 Point Abreojos, Mexico 39.4 14.0 21.4 Lectotype of fultoni 35.5 13.7 20.8 Syntype of fultoni Synonymy— 1892 Mitra fultoni E. A. Smith, Annals & Mag. Nat. History, ser. 6, vol. 9, p. 255, textfig. (Point Abreojos, Lower Califor- nia); 1905 Williamson, Bull. Sth. California Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 123; 1906, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, p. 197, [19-522] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 365 textfig. 6; [931 Grant & Gale, Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. History, vol. 1, p. 636; 1945 Burch, Min. Conch. Club Sth. California, no. 49, p. 32; 1959 Kanakoff & Emerson, Los Angeles County Mus. Contrib. Science, no. 31, p. 28; 1961 Sphon, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 32, pl. 7, figs. 1-3; 1962 Dushane, Veliger, vol. 5, p. 48. 1971 Mitra (Atrimitra) fultoni E. A. Smith, Keen, Sea shells trop. W. America, ed. 2, p. 639, fig. 1420 (figured “holotype” = lectotype). Types—There are 2 syntypes of M. fultoni in the British Museum (NH) no. 1892.2.2.38-39, but the holotype has not been marked as such by Smith, nor has it been designated by him in the original publication. The larger specimen, B.M. (NH) no. 1892.2.2.38, length 39.4 mm, which is the specimen figured by Keen (1971) as the “holotype”, is here designated as the lectotype of M. fultoni. The type locality is Point Abreojos, Baja California, Mexico. vA 4 ——Y Plate 318. Mitra (Mitra) fultoni E. A. Smith. Fig. 1. Lectotype from Point Abreojos, Lower California (BM (NH) 1892.2.2.38; 39.4 x 14.0 mm). Figs. 2-4. Topotype specimens from Point Abreojos, Lower California (USNM 105584; figs. 2,3 = 41.8 x 14.8 mm, fig. 4 = 44.0 x 15.0 mm). Records—CALIFORNIA: San Diego (Burch, 1945). BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO: San Martin Island; San Bartholome Bay; Whale Rock near Point Abreojos (all Sphon, 1961); Point Abreojos (USNM; ANSP: AMNH); Magdalena Bay; Santa Inez Bay, 35 faths. (Sphon, 1961); Ballenas lagoon, 6 faths. (USNM); off Punta Final, near San Luis Gonzaga Bay, 35 faths. (Sphon, 1961); Puertecitos (Sphon, 1961; Dushane 1962). Fossil records—PLEISTOCENE: near Santa Monica (Grant & Gale, 1931); Newport Bay, Orange County (Kanakoff & Emerson, 1959); Potrero Canyon, Los Angeles County; Lin- coln Avenue deposits, Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County (Sphon, 1961). 35+— 30 25 20 —_| Plate 319. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) fultoni E. A. Smith. Mitra caliginosa Reeve, 1844 (Pl. 315, figs. 7, 8) Range America. Remarks—The origin of the species remains a mystery, but judging from shell characters and periostracum, the species appears to be closely related to the species M. orientalis Griffith & Pid- geon. The description is based on the unique holotype and no other specimens have been seen in museums. Habitat—Unknown. Description—Shell up to 35 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate and solid, su- tures distinct and irregular. Whorls number 7 apart from protoconch which is missing, spire whorls regularly convex; sculptured with smooth, fine spiral grooves which number 8 on the penul- timate and 15 on the body whorl in addition to 7 Unknown; probably west coast of [19-523] 366 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae oblique cords towards the base. The spiral grooves give rise to 3-4 slightly elevated spiral threads near the suture of the last whorl; very fine longitudinal striae cross whorls. Aperture narrow, longer than the spire, not widening anteriorly, smooth within; outer lip moderately thickened and simple, columella calloused, parietal wall with a slightly thicker callosity, columella with 5 strong, oblique folds; siphonal fasciole straight, siphonal notch prominent. Creamy-white to fawn under a blackish-brown periostracum, aperture and columella bluish-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 34.9 12.4 20.0 Holotype of caliginosa Synonymy— 1844 Mitra caliginosa Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 16, fig. 121 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 6, fig. 75; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 35, fig. 61. Types—tThe holotype of M. caliginosa is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1966718. [These occasional blank areas occur between genera and subgenera to permit the insertion of new material and future sections in their proper systematic sequence. ] [19-524] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 367 Mediterranean—East Atlantic Mitra Mitra fusiformis subspecies fusiformis (Brocchi, 1814) (Pl. 320: figs. 1-3) Range—Miocene and Pliocene of Europe. Remarks—tThe species is widely distributed throughout western Europe and has been re- corded from Portugal, France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Poland, England, Morea and the Isle of Rhodes. M. fusiformis is the ancestor of the Re- cent M. fusiformis zonata Marryat, which differs from the fossil species purely in colour. Some specimens of M. fusiformis from Upper Pliocene deposits of Asti, Italy, however, show the dark band on the body whorl. Hoernes & Auinger (1880) commented on the difficulty in separating M. fusiformis from its nearest fossil relatives, and as in Recent Mitridae, M. fusiformis produces broad and slender forms; the authors suspected that sexual dimorphism may be responsible for the variations in obesity. The species will reach a length of 100 mm (4 inches), and in juvenile specimens there is a distinct spiral sculpture, similarly to the American Fusimitra group, which tends to disappear with maturity and senility. Bel- lardi described numerous new species, many of them based on developmental stages and broad and slender forms of M. fusiformis. Synonymy— 1814 Voluta fusiformis Brocchi, Conch. foss. Subapp., vol. 2, p. 315 (Piemonte and Piacentino, Italy, Pliocene; lectotype in Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan: 67.5 x 19.0 x 32.4 mm); 1954 Ronchetti, Riv. Ital. Paleont., vol. 60, p. 250 (fig- ured lectotype). 1820 Mitra fusiformis Brocchi, Borson, Mem. R. Acead. Sci. Torino, vol. 25, p. 207; 1826 Risso, Hist. nat. L’Europe merid., p. 243; 1835 Deshayes, Exped. scient. Morée, Zool., p. 201, pl. 24, figs. 32, 33 (Morea); 1856 Hérnes, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 3, p. 98, pl. 10, figs. 4-7 (Vienna Basin, Austria, Miocene); 1872 S. V. Wood, Palaeont. Soc. England Mon., vol. 25, p. 8, pl. 5, figs. 3a, b (Red Crag, Waldringtield, England; Pliocene); 1880 Hoernes & Au- inger, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 12, p. 75, pl. 8, figs. 25-29; 1887 Bellardi, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 23, pl. 1, fig. 21. 1847 Mitra fusiformis var. aquitanica Grateloup, Conch. foss. Terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, pl. 1, fig. 5 (Dax; St. Paul; Cabones, France; Miocene). 1847 Mitra fusiformis var. italica Grateloup, ibid., pl. 1, fig. 6 (Dax; St. Paul; Cabones; Mainot, France; Miocene). 1847 Mitra fusiformis var. elegans Grateloup, ibid., pl. 1, fig. 7 (Dax; St. Paul; Cabones; Mainot, France; Miocene) [non M. elegans Lea, 1840; nec Reeve, 1845]. 1880 Mitra venayssiana Fontannes, Moll. plioe. vall. Rhone & Roussillon, vol. 2, p. 79, pl. 6, figs. la, b (St. Ariés, Vaucluse, France; Pliocene). 1904 Mitra fusiformis var. parvobrevis Sacco, Moll. Terr. Tert. Piemonte, pt. 30, p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 14 (Asti, Italy; Pliocene). 1904 Mitra fusiformis var. subangulosa Sacco, ibid., p. 81, pl. 18, figs. 15, 16 (Piemonte, Italy; Pliocene). 1928 Mitra gallica Peyrot, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 97, pl. 9, figs. 51,52 (Saubrigues, France, Miocene; 49 x 17 mm). Mitra fusiformis subspecies zonata Marryat, 1818 (Color pl. 255, fig. 9; pl. 320, figs. 4, 5) Range—Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas to Cap Blanc, N.W. Africa. Remarks—This large Mitra species most prob- ably evolved from the Eocene M. elongata Lamarck, and the direct ancestral form M. Plate 320. Figs. 1-3. Mitra (Mitra) fusiformis fusiformis (Broc- chi) Figs. 4, 5. M. (M.) fusiformis zonata Marryat. Figs. 1, 2. M. fusiformis fusiformis (Brocchi) from the Vienna Basin, Miocene of Austria (from Hornes, 1856, pl. 10, figs. 4a, b; 70.0 x 22.0 mm). Fig. 3. Type figure of M. gallica Peyrot from Saubrigues, Miocene of France (from Peyrot, 1928, pl. 9, fig. 51; 49.0 x 17.0 mm). Figs. 4,5. M. fusiformis zonata Marryat from Villefranche- sur-mer, France (fig. 4 = IRSN, 80.2 mm; fig. 5 = NMW, 70.7 mm). [19-535] 368 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae fusiformis. Odhner (1931) suspected that the Re- cent zonata is closely allied to the Mio-Pliocene fusiformis, and that differences in shape and characters of convex and subangulate whorls may be due to individual variation rather than biolog- ical speciation. The only differences between the fossil fusiformis and the living zonata are those of colour of the shell and separation in time. In some specimens of fusiformis from the Pliocene of Asti, the dark colouring on the body whorl is still dis- tinguishable. Habitat—Littoral and sublittoral, among rocks and onamud substratum, to a depth of 66 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 100 mm (4 inches) in length, fusiformly-ovate, sutures distinct; whorls 8-9 apart from protoconch, spire whorls weakly and regularly convex, sometimes weakly shoul- dered at sutures, smooth apart from longitudinal growth-striae. Aperture slightly shorter than the spire, narrow and elongate, smooth within, outer lip moderately thickened and simple; columella prominently calloused in adult specimens and with 4-6 oblique folds, siphonal fasciole straight, siphonal notch distinct. The light-coloured, creamy-brown shell is covered by a horny, dark brown periostracum which is ornamented by broad, marbled golden-brown transverse bands: on the spire whorls, the dark brown bands are very narrow but on the body whorl the golden-brown, marbled zone adjacent to the suture is narrow. Uniformly dark brown specimens with the pale zone obsolete or absent, have been recorded from the Adriatic and the Canary Islands. The aperture is white or bluish-white, the columellar folds are white and the parietal wall may be flushed with brown. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 90.0 20.0 — Type of antiquata 80.2 21.5 B12 Villefranche-sur-mer, France 70.0 20.0 — Type of santangelii 29.0 10.0 — Type of minor Pallary Synonymy— 1818 Mitra zonata Marryat, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 338, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2 (Port of Nice, France, adhering to a sounding lead in very deep water) Paper was read in 1817; 1820 Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, ser. 1, vol. 1, pl. 3, 2 figs.; 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 107, pl. 33, fig. 108; 1844 Reeve, Con- chologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 3, fig. 17; 1852 Petit de la Saus- saye, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 2, p. 202; 1874 Sow- erby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 5, fig. 62; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 130, pl. 38, figs. 122, 126; 1884 Fischer, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 32, p. 99; 1901 Vayssieére, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 49, p. 77, pl. 3, figs. 1-5 (anatomy); 1931 Odhner, Arkiv Zoologie, vol. 23A, no. Lr, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 14; 1957 Mars, Vie et Millieu, vol. 8, p. 110; 1964 Ghisotti, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 104, p. 48, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. 1828 Voluta zonata Wood, Index Testaceologicus Suppl., p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 13b. 1840 Mitra santangelii Maravigna, Magas. Zool. Guerin, pl. 23 (no locality given; according to Kobelt, 1901 = Bay of Og- nina, Catania) [worn specimen]. 1874 Mitra antiquata “Monterosato”, Kobelt, Jahrb. Malak. Gesellschaft, vol. 1, p. 227, figs. 3, 4 (Oran, Algeria, 50-60 m). 1900 Mitra zonata var. major Pallary, Journal de Con- chyliologie, vol. 48, p. 262 (Oran, Algeria) [refers to Kobelt, 1874, pl. 11, fig. 3] (non Grateloup, 1847). 1900 Mitra zonata var. minor Pallary, ibid., p. 262, pl. 6, fig. 15 (Oran, Algeria) [non Weinkauff, 1868; nec Sowerby, 1874]. 1900 Mitra zonata var. protracta Pallary, ibid., p. 262 (Oran, Algeria) [non Bellardi, 1887]. 1934 Mitra (Episcomitra) zonata concolor Coen, Biol. Mar. Rovigno Ven., vol. 15, p. 5, fig. 1 (Adriatic; as M. sonata on plate explanations [non Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883]. 1963 Mitra (Chrysame) zonata Marrat (sic), Shikama, Select. shells world colours, vol. 1, pl. 74, fig. 15 (worn specimen). 1967 Mitra (Episcomitra) zonata Marryatt (sic), Zavodnik, Zoologischer Anzeiger, vol. 178, p. 389, figs. 1-3 (shell, ani- mal & egg-capsule); 1968 Angeletti, Conchiglie da col- lezione, no. 17, p. 58, fig. 99. 1968 Mitra (Swainsonia) zonata Marryat, Nordsieck, Die europ. Meeres-Gehauseschnecken, p. 150, pl. 24, fig. 84.70. 1970 Mitra fusiformis zonata Marryat, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 34, pl. 2, fig. 1, textfigs. 1, 27. 1970 Mitra zonata var. incurvata Parenzan, Carta d’identita delle conchiglie del Medit., vol. 1, p. 193, pl. 40, fig. 770 [nomen nudum]. Types—The whereabouts of the type-specimen of M. zonata is unknown. Records—ADRIATIC SEA: Hvar; Split; Rovinj; Cavtat; Makarska; Solta; W. of Figarola Island, 30 m, all Yugoslavia (Zavodnik, 1967). MEDITERRANEAN SEA: ITALY: Bay of Ognina, Catania (Kobelt, 1901); Sardinia; Livorno; Naples (DMNH); Sicily (Vayssiere, 1901); Capri; Palermo (Ghisotti, 1964). FRANCE: Villefranche-sur-mer (IRSN; NMW): Toulon (Petit, 1852); Marseilles; Monaco; St. Raphael; St. Jean (Ghisotti, 1964). SPAIN: S.W. of Masina Island, Cap Creuse region (Mars, 1957); Mataro near Barcelona; Villajoyosa near Alicante; Malaga (Ghisotti, 1964). NORTH AFRICA: Gulf of Oran, Algiers, 60 m (MCZ). EAST ATLANTIC: La Luz, Ca- nary Islands (Odhner, 1931); Cap Blanc, Mauritania, W. Africa (Fischer, 1884; Odhner, 1931). i} iy Plate 321. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) fusi- formis zonata Marryat. [19-536] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 369 Mitra cornicula Linnaeus, 1758 (Pl. 322) Range—Throughout the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas to the Canary and Cape Verde Is- lands. Remarks—Usually the more common and vari- able a species is, the more names it will receive, and M. cornicula is no exception with a total of 25 synonyms; these synonyms are of living popula- tions and do not include forms from Pliocene de- posits of Europe. In view of the rather extensive synonymy, only the more pertinent literature cita- tions are listed. There is a considerable distribu- tional overlap between M. cornicula and M. nigra, and also an intergradation of shell characters which make the validity of M. nigra as a bio- species suspect. A short summary of the various forms of cornicula is as follows: schroeteri form: this is the slender, fusiform, pale and banded form, which has also been de- scribed as M. cornicularis Lamarck. lactea form: usually applied to albino or pale forms of M. cornicula, the shell is also slender and fusiform and may occur in a uniformly brown col- our; the fine spiral grooves usually become obso- lete on the last 3 whorls. lutescens form: this form is intermediate in shape between the slenderlactea form and typical cornicula. Numerous intergrading individuals connect the broad, dark brown form to the more slender, banded or pale forms of M. cornicula. cornicula: the typical form is broad and uni- formly horny-brown in colour. Habitat—In sponges, sand and shingle, among weed and under rocks, from the intertidal region to a depth of 120 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 40 mm (about 1% inches) in length, ovate to fusiformly-elongate, moderately solid or light in weight. Whorls 6-7, apart from the protoconch, sutures distinct but not canaliculate, spire whorls regularly convex, post-nuclear whorls sometimes clathrate, corded or with pitted spiral grooves, sculpture becoming occasionally obsolete on the last 3 whorls; whenever a sculpture is present, the penultimate whorl has 5-25 spirals, and the grooves are either smooth or minutely pitted by descending, mac- roscopic axial hair-lines. Aperture slightly shorter or longer than the spire, moderately narrow and smooth within; outer lip moderately thickened, and simple. Columella calloused, parietal wall occasionally thinned, callus more prominent an- teriorly, columella with 3-5 oblique folds; siphonal canal straight and obliquely corded, siphonal notch distinct but shallow. Variable in colour, uniformly horny-brown or light brown, oc- casionally very pale and sometimes indistinctly banded on the body whorl; aperture brown or bluish-brown, columella frequently brown on the parietal wall, columellar folds white or flushed with brown. The periostracum is thin and opaque and brown or greyish-brown in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 31.2 11.0 15.6 Lectotype of lactea 27.4 12.0 15.6 Lectotype of cornea 27.2 8.9 13.6 Sousse, Tunisia 23.8 10.3 13.0 Fogo I., Cape Verde I. 21.3 7.5 10.9 Holotype of cornicularis Plate 322. Mitra (Mitra) cornicula (Linnaeus). Figs. 1, 2. Specimen from Palermo, Sicily, Italy; broad form (WABP coll.; 15.0 x 6.6 mm). Fig. 3. Specimen from Las Palmas, Canary Ids. (WOC coll.; 26.0 x 12.2 mm). Figs. 4, 5. Specimen from off Soussé, Tunisia, N. Africa; slender form (WOC coll.; 27.2 x 9.0 mm). Fig. 6. Holotype of M. nitida A. Adams; worn specimen (BM (NH) 1967817; 10.1 x 4.8 mm). [19-537] 370 = Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 20.5 7.8 10.0 Lectotype of lutescens 16.1 7.0 8.6 Lectotype of cornicula 14.4 6.2 7.9 Lectotype of graja 12.8 5.9 7.4 Palermo, Sicily 10.1 4.8 6.6 Holotype of nitida Synonymy— 1758 Voluta cornicula Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 731 (refers to Gualtieri, pl. 43, fig. N) [Mediterranean Sea]; 1969 Cernohorsky, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zoology, vol. 48, p. 352, pl. 1, fig. A (figured lectotype). 1791 Voluta laevigata Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3455 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 150, fig. 1408) [no locality given; according to Chemnitz = Mediterranean and West Indies]. 1801 Mitra laevigata Bosc, Hist. Nat. Coquille , vol. 5, p. 53. 1807 Voluta schroeteri Link, Beschr. Nat.-Samml. Univ. Ros- tock, p. 128 (refers to Schroter, Einleitung, vol. 1, pl. 1, fig. 13 and Chemnitz, vol. 11, pl. 179, figs. 1733, 1734) [no locality given; according to Shcroter = Guinea]. 1811 Mitra lactea Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 210 (Probably African Ocean); 1838 Kiener, Species général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 28, pl. 10, fig. 30; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 969, pl. 3, fig. 23 (figured lectotype). 1811 Mitra lutescens Lamarck, ibid., p. 210 (Coasts of W. Africa); 1838 Kiener, ibid., p. 31, pl. 11, fig. 32; 1969 Cer- nohorsky, ibid., p. 970, pl. 3, fig. 26 (figured lectotype). 1811 Mitra cornea Lamarck, ibid., p. 211 (Coasts of W. Africa); 1867 Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, vol. 2, pl. 6, fig. 5 (radula); 1969 Cernohorsky, ibid., p. 972, pl. 4, fig. 28 (fig- ured lectotype). 1822 Mitra cornicularis Lamarck, Hist. nat. anim. s. vertebres, vol. 7, p. 312 (Coasts of W. Africa); 1838 Kiener, ibid., p. 32, pl. 12, fig. 38; 1969 Cernohorsky, ibid., p. 970, pl. 3, fig. 24 (figured lectotype). 1826 Turbinella glabra Risso, Hist. nat. L’Europe mérid., vol. 4, p. 213, pl. 12, fig. 112 (fossil ala Trinité) [non Mitra glabra Swainson, 1821]. 1826 Mitra nitens Risso, ibid., p. 241 (Régions des Algues; syntypes 12.0 and 13.0 mm). 1826 Mitra glabra Risso, ibid., p. 241 (Régions des Algues; syntypes 18.0 and 19.5 mm) [non M. glabra Swainson, 1821]. ?1826 Mitra inflata Risso, ibid., p. 242 (Régions coralligenes. App. Printemps; syntypes 16.0, 16.0, 18.0 and 22.0 mm). 1826 Mitra media Risso, ibid., p. 242 (Régions coralligenes. App. Printemps; type 11.0 mm). 1826 Mitra buccinoidea Risso, ibid., p. 245, pl. 10, fig. 142 (Régions des Algues. App. Hiver, printemps; type 11.0 mm). 1829 Mitra nitens Blainville, Faun. Francaise Hist. Nat., p. 215, pl. 8A, figs. 1, la and pl. 8B, fig. 2 (Coast of Corsica). 1829 Mitra corniculata Blainville, ibid., p. 219; 1886 Locard, Cat. gén. moll. France, vol. 2, pp. 106, 541 (invalid emenda- tion). 1843 Mitra philippiana Forbes, Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Reports, p. 191 (Milo, Cerigo, Aegean Sea; type 10.6 x 5.3 mm). 1844 Mitra plumbea Lamarck, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 20, fig. 156 (non Lamarck, 1811). 1844 Mitra lutescente (sic) Deshayes in Deshayes & Milne- Edwards, Hist. nat. anim. s. vertébres, ed. 2, vol. 10, p. 323. 1845 Mitra graja Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 39, fig. 327 (Island of Paros, Grecian Archipelago). 1853 Mitra nitida A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London tor 1851, p. 134 (no locality given). 1868 Mitra cornea var. minor Weinkauff, Conchyl. Mittel- meeres, vol. 2, p. 30 (Mediterranean). 1874 Mitra simplex Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 24, fig. 528 (no locality given) [non Dunker, 1846]. 1874 Mitra insolata Sowerby, ibid., p. 7, pl. 28, fig. 650 (no locality given). 1886 Mitra obtusa Locard, Cat. gen. moll. France, pp. 107,541 (Le Roussillon, Mediterranean; types 24.0, 26.0 mm x 9.0 — 10.0 mm). 1890 Mitra aquitanica Locard, L’Echange, Rev. Linn., vol. 6, no. 62, p. 110 (Coasts of France; syntypes 34.0 and 31.0 mm) {non Grateloup, 1847]. 1900 Mitra (Fuscomitra) lutescens Lamarck, Pallary, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 48, p. 263. 1901 Mitra cornicula var. brusinae Kobelt, Icon. europ. Meeresconchylien, vol. 2, p. 52, pl. 42, figs. 13, 14 (South Dalmatia) [mon Hoernes & Auinger, 1880]. 1903 Mitra cornicula var. glandina Monterosato, Ann. Mus. d Hist. Nat. Marseille, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 19 (Gulf of Gabés and Alexandria; type 25.0 x 8.25 mm). 1936 Mitra fusca Swainson, Cox, Mem. Not. Mus. Min. Geol. Univ. Coimbra, no. 9, p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 5a, b (Pliocene of Portugal) [non Swainson, 1824]. 1960 Mitraria cornicula Linné, Glibert, Mém. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., ser. 2, fase. 61, p. 40. 1968 Mitra (Fuscomitra) cornicula (Linne), Nordsieck, Die europ. Meeres-Gehauseschnecken, p. 149, pl. 24, fig. 84.51. (with var. lactea and schroeteri). 1968 Mitra (Fuscomitra) cornicula cornea Lamarck, Nordsieck, ibid., p. 149, pl. 24, fig. 84.52. Types—The following types are in the Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle, Geneva: the lectotype of M. lactea Lamarck, no. 1102/62/1; the holotype of M. cornicularis Lamarck, no. 1102/63; the lectotype of M. lutescens Lamarck, no. 1107/97 and M. cornea Lamarck, no. 1102/66/1. The lectotype of M.cornicula (Linnaeus) is in the Linnean Society, London, and the lectotype of M. graja Reeve, B.M. (NH) no. 1967773 (here designated), and the holotype of M. nitida A. Adams, B.M. (NH) no. 1967817, are in the British Museum (NH). The type-specimens of species described by Risso and Locard, are in the Museum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris. The type locality is Mediterra- nean Sea. Records—LEBANON: Beirut (USNM; Steiner coll.). IS- RAEL: Tel Aviv (USNM). CRETE: off Crete, 70-120 faths. (USNM). YUGOSLAVIA: Dalmatia (USNM). ITALY: Sicily Pr - A-E-R Icha) -4 l | 4, {i Let | ST A Plate 323. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) cornicula (Linnaeus) and M. (M.) goreensis Melvill. [19-538] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 371 (USNM); Palermo, Sicily (Powell coll.); Livorno; Corsica (both USNM). FRANCE: Cannes (USNM): LIBYA: off Derna, 28 faths. (USNM). TUNIS: Nares, 50-100 faths. (USNM); off Sousse (Cernohorsky coll.). ALGERIA: Oran (Cernohorsky coll.). MOROCCO: Melilla (DMNH Clover coll.). CANARY ISLANDS: Las Palmas (AIM); Medano, Tenerife; Lanzarote (both DMNH). CAPE VERDE ISLANDS: Fogo Island (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Branco Isle, 25 m (IRSN). Fossil records—PLIOCENE: Mina, near Sao Pedro, Por- tugal (Cox, 1936—for Mitra fusca = cornicula). PLEIS- TOCENE: Messina; Milazzo; Montepellegrino, all Sicily (Glibert, 1960). Mitra goreensis Melvill, 1925 (Pl. 323A) Range—Senegal, West Africa. Remarks—The author compared his species with the Polynesian M. testacea Broderip and the Australian M. rhodia Reeve (= carbonaria Swain- son), but failed to compare the species with M. cornicula (Linnaeus) which it very closely re- sembles. The penultimate and upper part of the body whorl are darker brown than the remainder of the whorls, but in some individuals of M. cor- nicula the lower half of the body whorl is also paler. M. goreensis has the early spire whorls finely clathrate, the penultimate whorl has 14 fine spiral threads and the body whorl 33 plus 9 cords towards the base. The holotype has 7 whorls with part of the protoconch missing, a smooth aperture and 5 columellar folds (not 3 as given by Melvill). The shell is dark chestnut-brown, paling towards the spire and lighter in colour on the anterior half of the body whorl, and the interior of the aperture is greyish-brown. The species has not been re- ported since the date of description; it may prove to be only a colour variant of the variable M. cor- nicula (Linnaeus). Px: Plate 323A. Mitra (Mitra) goreensis Melvill. Holotype from Gorée Id., Senegal, West Africa (BM (NH) 196581; 13.2 x 4.6 mm) [photo courtesy J. Taylor, BM (NH)]. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 13.2 4.6 7.0 Holotype of goreensis Synonymy— 1925 Mitra goreensis Melvill, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 16, p. 216, pl. 10, fig. 6 (Gorée Island, Senegal, West Africa). Types—The holotype of M. goreensis is in the British Museum (NH) no. 196581. The type local- ity is Gorée Island, Senegal, West Africa. Mitra nigra (Gmelin, 1791) (Pl. 323B) Range—Bay of Biscay to the Azores, Canary Is- lands and Angola, West Africa. Remarks—Having examined various popula- tions of M. cornicula and M. nigra, we suspect that M. nigra is the East Atlantic form of the Mediterranean-Adriatic M. cornicula. Although large, inflated specimens, with the typical blackish-brown exterior colouring and_ bluish- Plate 323B. Mitra (Mitra) nigra (Gmelin). Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of Voluta nigra Gmelin, from Guinea, West Africa (from Chemnitz, 1788, pl. 151, fig. 1430). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. pigra A. Adams (BM (NH) 1967840: 38.8 x 14.7 mm). Fig. 3. Specimen from West Africa (BM (NH): 38.4 mim). [19-539] 372 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae white aperture and columellar folds, are easily separated from the smaller, horny-brown M. cor- nicula, there are numerous individuals from the Canary Islands, Madeira and Cape Verde Islands which are intermediate in characters between M. cornicula and M. nigra, and specimens from the same lot could be assigned to either species. Fischer (1942) pointed out that M. nigra is similar to M. cornicula, but that the former species has 1 more columellar fold; we found the normal fluctu- ations of +3 folds in both species. M. nigra has also been reported from the South of France by Monterosato (1877) and from Algeria by Pallary (1900); these records may have been based on larger examples of M. cornicula. In its typical form the shell is larger than M. cornicula, the sutures are slightly ledged, the whorls more inflated particularly at the body whorl, and the sculpture consists of few or numer- ous, fine and sometimes uncountable spiral striae and macroscopic axial hair-lines. The colour is light tan to brown, overlaid by a dark brown to blackish-brown periostracum, and some indi- viduals may have a pale band at the sutures; the aperture is bluish-white, bluish-brown or purplish-violet and the columellar folds are white or violet. The largest specimen seen measured 46.0 mm in length. Habitat—Intertidal and sublittoral, under stones. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 38.8 14.7 21.2 Lectotype of pigra 31.0 11.2 18.0 W. of Conakry, W. Africa 28.0 10.0 14.8 Rio Muni, W. Africa 26.0 12.2 15.6 Las Palmas, Canary I. Synonymy— 1757 “Le Gousol” Adanson, Hist. Nat. Senegal, Coquillages, p. 134, pl. 9, fig. 26 (non binomial). 1788 “Voluta nigra’ Chemnitz, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, vol. 10, p. 168, pl. 151, figs. 1430, 1431 (non binomial). 1791 Voluta nigra Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3452 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1430, 1431) [Guinea; India; Greenland:—last 2 localities erroneous]. 1798 Mitra castanea Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 137 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1430, 1431) [no locality given]. 1807 Mitra nigra Gmelin, Fischer, Museum Demidoff, vol. 3, p. 170; 1969 Duffus, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 38, p. 344; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 66, pl. 1, figs. 7, 10. 1811 Mitra melaniana Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 212 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1340, 1341) [Coasts of Guinea and India;—last locality erroneous; 46-47 mm]. 1844 Mitra fusca Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 15, fig. 110; 1867 Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, vol. 2, p. 68, pl. 6, fig. 6 (radula); 1868 Hogg, Trans. Roy. Macrosc. Soc., vol. 16, pl. 10, fig. 37 (radula); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 16, fig. 301; 1877 Monterosato, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 25, p. 43; 1882 Tryon, Man- ual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 122, pl. 36, fig. 75; 1912 Daut- zenberg, Ann. L’ Inst. Monaco, vol. 3, p. 28; 1922 Peile, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 93; 1942 Fischer, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 85, p. 23], pl. 7, fig. 11; 1947 Nickles, Inst. Francaise d’Afrique Noire, p. 11; 1952, Journal de Con- chyliologie, vol. 92, p. 148; 1956 Knudsen, Atlantide Report, no. 4, p. 69 (non M. fusca Swainson, 1824). 1849 Mitra adansonii Philippi, Zeitschrift f. Malakozoologie, vol.5, p. 155 (Gabon in Guinea; holotype c. 22.6 x 8.7 x 11.3). 1853 Mitra pigra A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1853, p. 133 (Australia = error!); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p.5, pl. 11, fig. 177 and pl. 17, fig. 325; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 35, figs. 58, 60. ?1858 Mitra loricea Drouet, Mém. Soc. Acad. Sci. Lett. L’ Aube, vol. 22, p. 35 (San Miguel and Pico, Azores; 35.0 x 13.0 mm). 1900 Mitra (Fuscomitra) fusca (Swainson), Reeve, Pallary, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 48, p. 263; 1968 Nordsieck, Die europ. Meeres-Gehauseschnecken, p. 149, pl. 24, fig. 84.50 (non M. fusca Swainson, 1824). 1914 Mitra adansoni Phil., Tomlin & Shackleford, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 14, p. 245. Types—Gmelin probably did not own a speci- men and the existence of the type of M. nigra is unknown. The specimen figured in Chemnitz, on plate 151, figures 1430, 1431, is designated as the lectotype of M. nigra (Gmelin). The types of M. castanea Roding, and M. melaniana Lamarck, cannot be found, and the type-specimen of M. adansonii Philippi, is probably in the Zoological | pe Plate 323C. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) nigra (Gmelin) [19-540] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra = 373 Museum, Berlin. The lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. pigra A. Adams, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967840. Nomenclature—The species has a confused taxonomic history. Chemnitz (1788) first de- scribed the species and stated that he received his specimens from Guinea and Tranquebar, and later also from Greenland. From Tranquebar Chemnitz probably received the superficially similar M. chinensis Griffith & Pidgeon, and from Greenland Volutomitra groenlandica (Beck in Moller). We therefore restrict the type locality of M. nigra to Guinea, West Africa. The erroneous localities were repeated by Gmelin, and Lamarck for his M. melaniana. In 1824 Swainson described a Mitra fusca from the Indian Ocean, and sub- sequently (1831) illustrated the species and as- signed it to the genus Mitrella (= Swainsonia). His species is the tropical Indo-Pacific Scabricola (Swainsonia) zephyrina (Sowerby, 1874); the species has been correctly illustrated by Kiener (1838). Mitra fusca has been erroneously figured by Reeve (1844) from Madeira (his figure repre- sents M. nigra), and the taxon has been misinter- preted by all subsequent authors, and applied to the East Atlantic M. nigra. Records—BAY OF BISCAY: (Fischer, 1942). AZORES: Horta Fayal (USNM). MADEIRA: (USNM; DMNH; IRSN). CANARY ISLANDS: Guia (USNM): Las Palmas (Powell coll.: Cernohorsky coll.). CAPE VERDE ISLANDS: (USNM; IRSN). FRENCH GUINEA: W. of Conakry, 9°23'N & 15°07'W, 30-34 m (ZMC). GOLD COAST: Teshi (Knudsen, 1956). RIO MUNI: (Clover coll.). SAO THOME ISLANDS: (Tomlin & Shackleford, 1914). GABON: (BMNH); Libreville (IRSN); Port Gentil (Nickles, 1952). ANGOLA: Mossameédes (Dautzenberg, 1912). European Eocene—Oligocene Mitra Mitra angystoma Deshayes, 1865, Desc. anim. s. vert. Bass. Paris, vol. 3, p. 569, pl. 103, figs. 26, 27 (Acy, Paris Basin, France, Eocene; 36 x 15 mm). Mitra auversiensis Cossmann, 1889, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg., vol. 24, p. 183, pl. 7, fig. 7 (Auvers, Paris Basin, France, Eocene; 11 x 4 mm). Mitra cincta Roualt, 1850, Mem. Soc. géol. France, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 498, pl. 18, figs. 10, 10a (Bos-d’Arros, Pau, Numulitique zone, France, Eocene; 35.0 x 10.5 mm). Mitra crebricosta Lamarck, 1803, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 2, p. 58 (Grignon, Paris Basin, France, Eocene; 15.0 mm); Mitra creb- ricostata (sic) Lamarck, Deshayes, 1835, Desc. coq. foss. envir. Bass. Paris, vol. 2, pl. 89, figs. 21, 22; Anton, 1839, Verz. Conchylien, p. 69; Mitraria crebricostata (sic) Lamarck, Glibért, 1960, Mem. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., vol. 61, p. 40. M. crebricostata of authors, is an invalid emendation. Mitra delbosti Roualt, 1850, Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 498, pl. 18, figs. 12, 12a (Bos-d’Arros, Pau, France, Eocene; 15 x 6 mm). Mitra delucii Defrance in Blainville, 1824, Dict. Sci. Naturelles, vol. 31, p. 493 (refers to Tabl. Encycl. Méth., pl. 383, fig. 2; Parnes, Paris Ba- sin, France, Eocene; 81.0 mm); Deshayes, 1835, Desc. coq. foss. envir. Bass. Paris, vol. 2, p. 665, pl. 89, fig. 9; Cossmann & Pissaro, 1901, Bull. Soc. geol. Normandie, vol. 20, p. 87, textfig. 1. Voluta costellata Bory St. Vincent, 1827, Explan. to Tabl. Encycl. Meth., pl. 383, fig. 2. Mitra brongniarti Deshayes, 1832, Encycl. Méth. Hist. Nat., ed. 2, p. 468 (Parnes; Lian- court; Mouchy-le-Chatel, France, Eocene; 85.0 mm). Mitra brongnarti (sic) Deshayes, 1835, Desc. coq. foss. envir. Bass. Paris, vol. 2, p. 665, pl. 89, figs. 9, 10. Mitra elongata Lamarck, 1803, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 2, p. 60 (refers to d’Argenville, Fossiles, Buccinite, p. 29, 2e, fig. No. 6) [Montmirail en Brie, Paris Basin, France, Eocene; 55.0 mm]; Deshayes, 1835, Desc. coq. foss. envir. Bass. Paris, vol. 2, p. 665, pl. 89, figs. 7, 8; Cossmann, 1899, Ess. paléoc. comparée, vol, 3, ps 156, pl, 7, Hes, 12, 18: Cossmann & Plate 323D. Mitra (Mitra) elongata Lamarck. Paris Basin, Eocene of France (NZGS 5780; 55.5 mm). [19-541] 374 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Pissaro, 1901, Bull. Soc. géol. Normandie, vol. 20, p. 87, pl. 10, fig. 8 Mitra cryptoconopsis de Gregorio, 1881, Faun. S. Giov. Hill., p. 85, pl. 7, fig. 45. Plate 323D. Mitra mettei Giebel, 1864, Abh. Naturf. Gesell. Halle, vol. 8, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 13 (Lattorf, Ger- many, L. Oligocene); von Koenen, 1890, Abh. k. preuss. geol. Land., vol. 10, p. 533, pl. 37, figs. lla, b and pl. 36, figs. 13a, b. Mitra postera von Koenen, 1890, Abh. k. preuss. geol. Land., vol. 10, p. 532, pl. 36, figs. 14a-c (Lattorf, Germany, L. Oligocene; 18.0 x 8.0 mm). Mitra regularis “Schaur’, Fuchs, 1870, Denk. Akad. Math. Naturw. Wien, vol. 30, p. 47, pl. 8, figs. 33, 34 (Vincentian, Italy; M. Oligocene). Mitra turriculata Schafhautl, 1863, Leth. Geog. Kressenberg, p. 209, pl. 52, fig. 5 (Kressenberg, Germany, Eocene) [non M. turriculata G. Fischer, 1807]. European Miocene—Pliocene Mitra The following list contains 155 Tertiary species, the majority having been described by Bellardi. His so-called “species” are mostly individual, ecological and developmental forms of previously described and well-known species, such as M. fusiformis (Brocchi), M. cornicula (Linnaeus), M. dujardini Basterot, and M. innognita Basterot. The number of described immature and juvenile individuals of species is unusually high in Bell- ardi’s work. Mitra abbreviata Michelotti, 1847, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maat. Haarlem, vol. 3, p. 309 (Tortone, Italy, Miocene; 23 x 10 mm). Mitra abscissa Bellardi, 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 25, pl. 1, fig. 22 (Villalvernia-Fontanilis, Italy, U. Pliocene; 53 x 16 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi, 1814). Mitra absona Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 4 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 12 x 4 mm). Mitra acuta Bellardi, 1850, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 18 (Piemonte, Italy, M. Miocene); 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 53, pl. 3, figs. 41a, b; Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, with var. sulcatulatissima p. 142 (as sulculatissima in 1904, p. 82, pl. 18, fig. 33); var. toeniatomaculata, p. 143 (as taeniatomaculata in 1904, p. 82, pl. 18, figs. 34-36), and var. al- botoeniata, p. 143 (as albotaeniata in 1904, p. 82, pl. 18, figs. 37, 38) (non M. albotaeniata Hervier, 1897). Mitra addita Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 28, pl. 1, fig. 25 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 58 x 18 mm); with var. profundesulcata Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 140 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 17). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). p. 140 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 17). Similar to M. fusifor- mis (Brocchi). Mitra adlecta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 10 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 25 x 9mm). Mitra adscripta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 25 (Sant’Agata, Italy, U. Miocene; 38 x 15 mm). Mitra afficta Bellardi, 1887 ibid., p. 57, pl. 3, fig. 49 (Piemonte and Liguria, Italy, Miocene; 23 x 9 mm). Mitra agnata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 31, pl. 1, fig. 29 (Albugnano, Italy, M. Miocene; 55 x 15 mm). Similar to juvenile M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra albigonensis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 33, pl. 1, fig. 32 and pl. 5, fig. 6 (Savona-Fornaci; Albenga-Torsero; Cortande, Italy, L. Pliocene; 60x 18mm); Sacco, 1890, Cat. Paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, with var. parvulobrevis, p. 141 and subinflatobrevis, p. 141 (figd. by Bellardi, 1887, pl. 5, fig. 6 and Sacco, 1904, pl. 18, fig. 24). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra altilis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 35, pl. 1, fig. 33 (Brodighera, Italy, L. Pliocene; 53 x 18 mm—juvenile specimen). Mitra amissa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 5 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 35 x 12 mm). Mitra amygdalacea Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 1 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 30 x 12 mm). Mitra anceps Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 274, pl. 5, fig. 16 (Mioglia, Italy, L. Miocene; 40 x 14 mm— fragmented specimen). Mitra ancillaroides Michelotti, 1847, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maat. Haarlem, vol. 3, p. 309, pl. 17, fig. 12 (Tortone, Italy, Miocene; 30x 10mm); M. ancil- larioides (sic) Bellardi, 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 6. Mitra anecdota Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 275, pl. 5, fig. 19 (Mioglia, Italy, L. Miocene; 47 x 14 mm). Mitra anterior Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 16 (Val Ceppi ?, Italy, M. Miocene; 57 x 18 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra aperta Bellardi, 1850, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 13 (Asti, Italy, Pliocene); 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Tor- [19-542] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra SILO ino, vol. 38, p. 42, pl. 3, figs. 19a, b; M. aperta var. subturritolonga Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 141 (figd. in Sacco, 1904), p. 82, pl. 18, fig. 25). Mitra appeninica Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 275, pl. 5, fig. 17 (Cassinelle, Italy, L. Miocene; 54 x 18 mm). Mitra apposita Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 4, pl. 2, fig. 18 (Rio della Batteria; Baldissero-torinese, Ita- ly, M. Miocene); Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, with var. sulcatissima, p. 138 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 80, pl. 18, fig. 2) and var. inflatobrevis, p. 138 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 80, pl. 18, fig. 3). Similar to M. dufresni Basterot, 1825. Mitra arata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 65, pl. 3, figs. 60a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 22 x 8 mm). Mitra arcta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p.78, pl. 4, fig. 49 (Viale; Cortandone, Zinola, Italy, L. Miocene; 47 x 12 mm). M. arcta var. spiratobrevis Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 145 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 83, pl. 18, fig. 51). Mitra arva Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 41, pl. 3, figs. 15a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 13 x 6 mm). Mitra astensis Bellardi, 1850, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. 11, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12 (Asti, Italy, Pliocene); 1887, ibid., p. 21, pl. 1, fig. 18; Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, with var. apertoventrosa, p. 140 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, figs. 10, 11) and var. acutolonga, p. 140 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, figs. 12, 13). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra atava Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 12 (Bordighera, Italy, L. Pliocene; 51 x 15 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra austriaca Mayer-Eymar, 1898, Palaeonto- graphica, vol. 30, p. 83 (Baden, Germany; ?Miocene). Mitra basteroti Mayer-Eymar, 1891, Viertj. nat. Gesell. Ziirich, vol. 35, p. 298 (March); 1891, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 39, p. 336, pl. 10, fig. 4 (July) [Moras; Saucats; Salles, France, Miocene; 19 x 7 mm]; Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 101, pl. 8, figs. 14-16. Probably conspecific with M. striola Grateloup, 1847. Plate 323G, fig. 4. Mitra biformis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 52, pl. 3, fig. 37 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 22 x 8 mm). Mitra bitenuata Fontannes, 1880, Moll. plioc. vall. Rhone & Roussillon, vol. 1, p. 79, pl. 6, figs. 2a, b (Millas, Pyrénés-Orientales, France, Pliocene; 59 x 20 mm); with var. rhodanica Fon- tannes, 1880, p. 81, pl. 5, figs. 24a, b (same lo- cality). Mitra bouilleana Tournouer in Bouillé, 1876, Paleont. Biarritz, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 5 (Biarritz, France, M. Miocene); Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 103, pl. 9, figs. 42, 43, with var. sociata Peyrot, 1928, ibid., p. 104, pl. 9, fig. 44 (Orthez, France, M. Miocene). Mitra brachystoma Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 60, pl. 3, fig. 53 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 19 x 8 mm). Mitra brevis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 12, pl. 3, figs. 28a, b (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 21 x 10 mm); Mitra perbrevis Cossmann, 1920, Rev. Crit. Paléoz., vol. 24, p. 36 (substitute name for M. brevis Bellardi, 1887). Mitra casca Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 276, pl. 5, fig. 20 bis (Mioglia, Italy, L. Miocene; 48 x 16 mm). Mitra cassinellensis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 275, pl. 5, fig. 18 (Cassinelle, Italy, L. Miocene; 50 x 17 mm). Mitra cepporum Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 78, pl. 4, fig. 47 (Rio della Batteria; Villa Forzano; Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 38 x 11 mm); with var. contortula Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 145 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 83, pl. 18, fig. 49). Mitra clavata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 6, pl. 4, fig. 39 (Termo-Foura, Italy, M. Miocene; 38 x 16 mm). Mitra cognatella Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 36, pl. 4, fig. 37 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 43 x 16 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra cocconii Mayer-Eymar, 1898, Palaeonto- graphica, vol. 30, p. 83 (Italy; Pliocene) substi- tute name for M. affinia Cocconi, 1876 (non Lesson, 1842; nec Reeve, 1844). Similar to M. incognita Basterot, 1825. Mitra cohibita Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 81, pl. 2, fig. 6 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 60 x 18 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra collata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 22, pl. 1, fig. 20 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 69 x 22 mm). Probably M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra colligata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 56, pl. 3, fig. 48 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 15 x 6.5 mm). Mitra comperta Rovereto, 1900 Illust. Moll. foss. Tongr., p. 172, pl. 8, fig. 6 (Carcare, Italy, Pliocene; 27 x 10.5 mm); Sacco, 1904, Moll. terr. terz. Piemonte, pt. 30, p. 83, pl. 18, fig. 53. Mitra concava Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 67, pl. 4, [19-543] 376 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae fig. 45 (Zinola, Italy, L. Pliocene; 37 x 14 mm). Mitra confinis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 30 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 28 x 11 mm). Mitra confundenda Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 82, pl. 5, fig. 3 (Baldissero-torinese, Italy, M. Miocene; 46 x 15 mm). Mitra connexa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 31 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 25 x 10 mm). Mitra conspicienda Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 14 (Sciolze, Italy, M. Miocene; 65 x 22 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra constricta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 20, pl. 4, fig. 26 (Monte dei Cappuccini, Italy, M. Miocene; 35 x 12.5 mm). Mitra contermina Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 33, pl. 1, fig. 31 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 49 x 16 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra contorta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 60, pl. 3, fig. 52 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 19 x 7 mm). Mitra corneti Cossmann, 1920, Rev. Crit. Paléoz., vol. 24, p. 36 (substitute name for M. vicina Bellardi, 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 20, pl. 4, fig. 27—non M. vicina Briart & Cornet, 1871) [Stazzano; Tortone, Italy, U. Miocene]. Mitra crassiuscula Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 56, pl. 3, fig. 47 (Rio della Batteria, Italy, M. Miocene; 16 x 6.5 mm). Mitra decipiens Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 36, pl. 1, fig. 35 (Albenga-Torsero; Bordighera, Italy, L. Pliocene; 54 x 17 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra defossa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. i2, pl. 5, fig. 2 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 54 x 16 mm). Mitra dertonensis Michelotti, 1847, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maat. Haarlem, vol. 3, p. 317, pl. 17, fig. 15 (Tortone, Italy, Miocene; 44.0 mm); Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 61, pl. 4, fig. 41. Mitra desita Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 27, pl. 1, fig. 23 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 43 x 15 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra destefanii Brugnone, 1877, Boll. Soc. Malac. Italiana, vol. 3, p. 2, pl. 6, fig. 3 (Altavilla, Italy, Pliocene; 30 x 11 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra deteria Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 45, pl. 3, figs. 21a, b (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene). Simi- lar to M. cornicula (Linnaeus, 1758). Mitra devia Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 7 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 33 x 13 mm). Mitra dufresnei Basterot, 1825, Mem. Soc. d Hist. Nat. Bordeaux, vol. 2, p. 44, pl. 2, fig. 8 (Dax, Plate 323E. Mitra (Mitra) dufresnei Basterot. Fig. 1. Specimen from Saubrigues, Miocene of France (from Peyrot, 1928, pl. 9, fig. 36; c. 91.0 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from Saucats, Dax, Miocene of France; slender form subelongata Peyrot (from Peyrot, 1928, pl. 9, fig. 38: c. 81.0 mm). France; Miocene); Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 4; Sacco, 1904, Moll. terr. terz. Piemonte p. 80, pl. 18, fig. 1; Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bor- deaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 296, pl. 9, figs. 34-36. Mitra elongata Grateloup, 1833, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 6, p. 286; 1847, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, pl. 37, figs. 3, 4 (non M. elon- gata Lamarck, 1803); Grateloup, 1847, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, with var. aquensis, pl. 1, fig. 2, and burdigalensis, pl. 1, fig. 1. ? Mitra ventricosa Grateloup, 1847, ibid., pl. 1, fig. 16 (P juvenile of M. dufresnei) {non M. ven- tricosa Risso, 1826]; M. subventricosa d’Or- bigny, 1852, Prodr. Paléont. strat. Univ., vol. 3, p. 10 (Dax, France, Miocene [substitute name for M. ventricosa Grateloup, 1847]. M. dufres- nei var. subelongata “d’Orbigny’’, Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 96, pl. 9, figs. 37, 38 (Saucats; Dax, France, Miocene). Plate 323E, figs. 1 and 2. Mitra dujardini Ivolas & Peyrot, 1900, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 55, p. 109 (substitute name for M. olivaeformis Dujardin, 1837, Mém. Soc. géol. France, vol. 2, p. 301, pl. 20, fig. 25—non Swainson, 1821) [environs de Tours, France, Miocene]; Mitraria dujardini Ivolas & Peyrot, Glibért, 1952, Mém. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., [19-544] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra SHAT Plate 323F. Fig. 1. Mitra (Mitra) dujardini Ivolas and Peyrot. Paulmy, Loire, Miocene of France (from Glibért, 1952, pl. 12, fig. 4; c. 37.0 mm). Fig. 2. M. (M.) subcylindrica Dujardin. Le Louroux, Loire, Miocene of France (from Glibért, 1952, pl. 12, fig. 6; c. 23.0 mm). ser. 2, no. 46, p. 363, pl. 12, fig. 4. There is some doubt as to the familial position of the species. Hornes (1856) synonymizes the species with Lapparia papillaris (Borson, 1820), family Vol- utidae, while Glibért (1952) assigns the species to Mitra s. str. Plate 323F, fig. 1. Mitra educta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 82, pl. 5, fig. 1 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 50 x 14 mm). Mitra eofusiformis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 19, pl. 1, fig. 17 (Pino-torinese, Italy, M. Miocene; 53 x 17 mm); M. eofusiformis var. subperplicata Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 139 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 7). Mitra escoffierae Fontannes, 1880, Moll. plioc. vall. Rhone & Roussillon, p. 82, pl. 5, figs. 25a, b (Saint-Restitut, France, Pliocene; 39.0 x 13.5 mm). Mitra exacuta Bellardi, 1887 ibid., p. 276, pl. 5, fig. 20 (Mioglia, Italy, L. Miocene; 36 x 16 mm). Mitra expressa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 11 (Villalvernia-Braia, Italy, U. Pliocene; 28 x 8 mm). Mitra facilis Mayer-Eymar, 1891, Viertj. nat. Gesell. Ztirich, vol. 35, p. 299; 1891, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 39, p. 338, pl. 10, fig. 6 (Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene; 15 x 6 mm). Probably only a broad form of M. striola Grateloup, 1847. Mitra finitima Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 48, pl. 3, fig. 26 (Rio della Batteria; Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 20 x 8 mm). Mitra gemina Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 9 (Villalvernia-Fontanili, Italy, U. Pliocene; 33 x 10 mm). Plate 323G. Tertiary European Mitra. Fig. 1. Mitra (Mitra) praenigra Mayer-Eymar from Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene of Rumania (from Mayer-Eymar, 1891, pl. 10, fig. 9; 58.0 x 19.0 mm). Figs. 2,3.M.(M.) incognita Basterot from Saucats, Miocene of France (from Peyrot, 1928, pl. 9, figs. 15, 16;c. 26.0 mm). Fig. 4. M. (M.) basteroti Mayer-Eymar from Saucats, Miocene of France (from Mayer-Eymar, 1891, pl. 10, fig. 4; 19.0 x 7.0 mm). Fig. 5. M. (M.) paulensis Mayer-Eymar from St. Paul-des- Dax, Miocene of France (from Mayer-Eymar, 1891, pl. 10, fig. 8; 27.0 x 19.5 mm). Fig. 6. M. (M.) multistriata Mayer-Eymar from Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene of Rumania (from Mayer-Eymar, 1891, pl. 10, fig. 7; 25.0 x 10.0 mra). Mitra gentilis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 39, pl. 4, fig. 3 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 20 x 8 mm). Mitra gravis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 6 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 42 x 15 mm). Mitra graviuscula Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 49, pl. 3, fig. 30 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 17 x 7 mm). Similar to M. cornicula (Linnaeus). Mitra hilberi Hoernes & Auinger, 1880, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 12, p. 76, pl. 9, figs. 9, 10a, b (Dmowitz; Lissitz; Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene; 44 x 12 mm). M. hilberi var. pseudopolygyrata Strausz, 1966, Akad. Kiado Budapest, p. 363 (Szob, Hungary, Miocene) [proposed as a varietal name—invalid according to the Code of ICZN]. The species is similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). [19-545] 378 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mitra hoernesi Mayer, 1864, Tertiarf. Azor. Madeira, p. 82 (substitute name for M. aperta Hornes, 1856, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 3, p. 97, pl. 10, figs. 1-3—non Bel- lardi, 1850 [Vienna Basin, Miocene]. Mitra brusinae Hoernes & Auinger, 1880, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 12, p. 76, pl. 9, figs. la, b, 2 (Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene). M. ambigua Friedberg, 1911, Moll. Mioc. Polon. Reg. vic. Cracow, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 6 (Wolyn, Poland, Miocene; 33 x 11 mm) [non M. ambigua Swainson, 1829]. M. friedbergi Cossmann, 1912, Rev. Crit. Paléoz., vol. 7, p. 214 (substitute name for M. ambigua Friedberg, 1911). The species is similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra imminuta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 28, pl. 4, fig. 28 (Villalvernia-Fontanili, Italy, U. Pliocene; 36 x 14 mm). Mitra implicata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 27, pl. 1, fig. 27 (Bordighera, Italy, L. Pliocene; 38 x 13 mm). Mitra incerta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p.51, pl. 3, figs. 35 a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 17 x 7 mm). Mitra incognita Basterot, 1825, Mem. Mus. d Hist. Nat. Bordeaux, p. 45, pl. 4, fig. 5 (Saucats, France, Miocene); Grateloup, 1847, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, pl. 1, fig. 8; Hoernes & Auinger, 1880, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 12, p. 79, pl. 9, figs. 3-5; Bellardi, 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 58; Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bor- deaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 99, pl. 9, figs. 15, 16, 29-31. M. clavatularis Grateloup, 1834, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 6, p. 287 (Dax, France, Miocene); 1847, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, pl. 1, fig. 10. M. fusiformis Dujardin, 1837, Mém. Soc. géol. France, vol. 2, p. 300 (non Brocchi, 1814). M. burguetiana Grateloup, 1847, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, pl. 1, fig. 9 (non Grateloup, 1834); with var. laevigata Grateloup, 1847, ibid., pl. 1, fig. 11 (non Bosc, 1801). M. bouei Hoernes & Auinger, 1880, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 12, p. 79, pl. 9, figs, 6, 7 (Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene; 29 x9 mm). M. paulensis Mayer-Eymar, 1891, Viertj. nat. Gesell. Ztirich, vol. 35, p. 300 (substitute name for M. incognita Grateloup, 1847); Mayer-Eymar, 1891, Journal de Con- chyliologie, vol. 39, p. 340, pl. 10, fig. 8 (Ca- bannes; Mandillot St. Paul, France, Miocene; 27 x 9.5 mm). M. miogallica Peyrot, 1938, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 89, p. 239, pl. 5, figs. 36, 39 (Pont-Levoy, Bassin Ligérien, Tourraine, France, Miocene). Plate 323G, figs. 2, 3, 5. Mitra indicata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 49, pl. 3, figs. 29a, b (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 19 x 8 mm). Mitra indistincta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 59, pl. 3, fig. 45 (Villa Forzano, Italy, M. Miocene; 17 x 6 mm). Mitra inedita Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 30, pl. 1, fig. 26 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 58 x 18 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra infundibulum Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 8 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 40 x 13 mm). Mitra interiecta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 29, pl. 1, fig. 28 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 43 x 14 mm). Mitra intermissa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 61, pl. 3, fig. 55 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 19 x 7 mm). Mitra iriensis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 66, pl. 4, fig. 43 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 48 x 21 mm). Mitra junior Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 79, pl. 4, fig. 51 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 35 x 10 mm). M. junior var. magnoperstriata Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 145 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 83, pl. 18, fig. 52). Mitra laxesulcata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 7, pl. 3, figs. 2a, b (Pino-torinese, Italy, M. Miocene; 18 x 8 mm). Mitra lecta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 50, pl. 3, figs. 32a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 26 x 8 mm). Mitra lineolata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 46, pl. 3, figs. 24a, b (Bersano, Italy, M. Miocene; 20 x 10 mm). Mitra longispirata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 64, pl. 4, fig. 5 (Rio della Batteria, Italy, M. Miocene; 29 x 9 mm). Mitra macilenta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 52, pl. 3, fig. 38 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 18 x 5.5 mm). Mitra mancietensis Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 104, pl. 11, figs. 54, 55 (Manciet, France, Miocene; 8 x 4.5 mm). Mitra megaspira Bellardi, 1850, Mem. R. Accad. Sic. Torino; sér: 2, vol, 11, .12, pl.t, fig. 19 (Piemonte, Italy, Miocene); Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 63, pl. 4, fig. 34 (36 x 11 mm). M. melanopsiformis Cox, 1936, Mem. Nat. Mus. Min. Geol. Univ. Coimbra, no. 9, p. 22, pl. 2, figs. 4a, b (Mina, Sao Pedro del Moel, Portugal, Pliocene). Similar to M. nigra (Gmelin). Mitra miocenica Michelotti, 1847, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maat. Haarlem, vol. 3, p. 310 (Torino, [19-546] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 379 Italy, Miocene); Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 22, pl. 1, fig. 19. Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra multistriata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 40, pl. 3, figs. 14a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 16x 6 mm). Plate 323G, fig. 6. Mitra nassaeformis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 42, pl. 3, fig. 18 (Sant’ Agata, Italy, U. Miocene; 10 x 4 mm); M.