J, TORREND, S- J-

1C A DO CHI SEN A

A GRAMMAR of fc]

LANGUAGE OF THE LOWER ZAMBEZI

PL

Typcg-aphia da MissSo d6 Cbi l'«a Cbinde,

0 quc 6 Chi-sena?

What IB Chi-sena?

Chi.sena e a lin^ui de Se- na, isto t>, a que se falla nos prasos das martens do Zim- beze desda o nnr aU'> a Lu ta.

Sendo umi lingua conqtii-:- tadora, vae depressn supplan- tando o Clu-kuama, ou Chi- podzo, do praso Lual)o, c va- rios dialectos do antigo Bo- ror ou Malolo.

••.para da com as suas irmas, o Chi-manganja do alto Chire e a lingua (U«

crca a imprcssao de um

diaU-cto nni> pc^lido, rri'^s mcnos priniiti vo.

•!icr.te

, in'.ia dc < ^uclin,

Chisena is the ! in^iri^e Of Sena, spoken throughout all the prasos thai border the / imSezi from the sea up to the Lnpata ^rorge.

Conquering as it i>, thi.^ lanoftnjje bids fiir soon to supplant entirely the C'»i- kuania, «ir Cli'-podxo, ofthe pri^o Tj-iaho, and various dialects of the oldBoror, or Malolo.

Compared with its bro- thers, the Chi-maninnj-i of the Upper Chire and the 1

;^e of Tcto, it v . impression of a less primiti-

but more polite,

\ dif- from the language of

3

do Borpr, principalmente por guardaro* ,o ch, e ok, quese deixam cair n'estas linguas, e por terp, t, e zi, quando as mesmas linguas teem vt rr, e di\ mas em Quelimane mesmo poucossaooshomens, e mais raras ainda as donas e sinha- ras que nao fallam corrente- menteChisena. Detal forma que esta lingua pode para in- tentos practices considerar- se como o passe-partout da Zambezia.

Todas estas linguas perten- cem a familia Bantu, e se- guem os principios geraes que se acham elucidados na minha ^Comparative Gram- mar of the South African Bantu Languages*.

Quelimane and from Chi-lo- lo , mostly becauseit keeps 5, ch, and Jc , where these lan- guages drop thtm, and hasjp t, and zit where the same lan- guages have v, rr, and di\ but in Quelimane itself few are the men, and fewer still the native donas and sinharas that do not speak Chisena fluently. Hence for practical purposes this language may well be considered as the passe-partout of the ZamT bezia.

All these languages be- long to the Bantu family, following all the general principles that I tried to elu- cidate a few years ago in my Comparative Grammar of the South African Bantu. Languages.

GRAMMAT

POKTUGUEZ CHISENA

ENGLISH

ALPHABETO.

MALETRA.

ALPHABET.

•j Quc differenca ha

entre Ictra, syllaba,

•wgal, consoantc?— Cha-

ma-se syllaba a todo o

:n qne se p6de ouvir

tinetamente so por

como a, e, i, o, ttt

bat be, bi, bo, bu, etc.

I c trot sio OB signaes

in qua se represen-

• -i os sons. Chamam-

vogau as qae podcm

mar syUaba so por

isto 6. a, e, i, o, u, o

•sotntcs at que for-

in syllaba so com o

•;;lio d'uma vogal,

'uo 6, c, d , < '

2 Quanta! Ictras torn o alphabcto da lingua de Sena?— Tern viato e

>, a sabor: As oinco rogaat

'•a ia syllaba na na consoante a- nasiana knpi? — Sz/J- ?a6a ndi chint'u chi- nabveka pache peno, ninga a, e, i, o, u, la, te, W, bo, bu, etc. Mahtra ndi pint'u pia kulcmbua pinapa- ngiza pia kuloagua* Enango, akubveka o- kcno, ninpa a, < w, anatulua rttv nango, a kucl bvcka okene, ninga 6, . anatulua accnscante.

Maletra a Chiiena mangasi ? — Makumi mawiri na mazanu. Mbawa:

Maiauu a kubvcka okene

i, o, u

What is the differen- ce between a syllable, a It-tier, a

sonant?— We call sylla- ble every sound perfect- ly distinct by itself, as a, e, i, o, u, ba, be, bi, bo, 2m .

are the characters that represent the *• Those that i by tli- f,i,o, u, are called vow-

which can be pro!i tinctly only with tho

1, arc calledconjowm/s.

How many letters arc there In the Bena alphabet? Th.ro are

ve. via. : The five vowels

a, c, i, o, u

3

do Rorpr, prineipalmente por guardar o s ,o ch, e ok, quese deixam cair n'estas linguas, e por terp, t, e zi, quando as mesmas linguas teem v, rr, e di; mas em Quelimane mesmo poucossaooshomens, e mais raras ainda as donas e sinha- ras que nao fallam corrente- inente Chisena. De tal forma que esta lingua pode para in- tentos practices considenir- se como o passe-partout da Zambezia.

Todas estas linguas perten- cem a famjlia Bantu, e se- guem os principios geraes que se acham elucidados na minha ^Comparative Gram- mar of the South African Bantu Languages*.

Quelimane and from Chi-lo- lo , mostly becauseit keeps s, ch, and k, where these lan- guages drop them, and hasjp t, and zi, where the same lan- guages have v, rr, and di\ but in Quelimane itself few are the men, and fewer still the native donas and sinharas that do not speak Chisena fluently. Hence for practical purposes this language may well be considered as the passe-partout of the Zam- bezia.

All these languages be- long to the I^antu family, following all the general principles that I tried to elu- cidate a few years ago in my Comparative Grammar of the South African Banttj. Languages,

GRAM MAT.

PORTUGUEZ CHISENA

ENGLISH

ALPHABETO.

MALETRA.

ALPHABET.

j Quc different a ha entre Icira, syllaba, consoantc?—Cb&- ma-se tyllaba a todo o :;i que se p«!»de ouvir tinetamente s6 por como a, c, i, o, u, bat be, bi, bo, bu, etc. I c trot Bio os signaos com que so represen- •n os sons. Chamam- •

mar syllaba §6 por into 6, a, t, », o, ti, o -.toentcs as que for- in tyllaba s6 com o •::lio d'uma vogal, 'uo 6, c, d, •

ram& syllaba na vogal na consoante a- nasiana knpi? — Syl- laba ndi chint'u chi- nabveka pache pcnc, ninga a, r, t, o, u, la, be, bi, bo, bu, etc. Maletra ndi pint'u pia kulcmbua pinapa- ngiza pia kulonpua. Enango, akubveka o- kcnc, ning'a a, e, i, o, it, ivnatulu; nango, a kucl bvcka okene, ninga b, c, d, etc., anatulua

;nte.

What is the differen- ce between a syllable, a letter, a

sorwinr— We call sj///a- 6k every sound T ly distinct by itself, as a, r, t, o, «, ba, be, bi, bo, bu.

• • characters thab

;it thi-

Those that form syllable by tbemsolvtfs.

/, arc called vow- els', the others, which can be pronoun <• tincth -h tlio

f a vov« cnlledccm«o»uin/s.

Quantaslctras torn o alphabcto da lingua de Sena?— Tom vinto o a sabor:

As oinco vogaes

<', i, o, u

Maletra a Chlsena mangasi ? — Makumi mawiri na maxanu. Mbawa:

Maxanu a kubveka oknt

G, f, t, 0, U

How many letters arc there In the Bcna alphabet? Th.ro are twenty five. vis. : The five vowels

a, e, i, o, u

As viute consoantes Makumi mawiri a The twenty conson. kuchimua bveka oke- ants that follow; ne:

&> d,f,g,j, k, I, m, n, p, r, s, t, vt

w, x, yt z, c, h.

A lingua de Sena Chisena chas6a letra In Sena we do no uuo laz uso da letra 2 2 a chizuugu. make use of the letter j/,

jdo portuguez.

; Como se pronunci- A, e, i, o, u, analo- How do you pro- iattia,e, ito,u,( — Gonio nda nji? — Anaionda nouce a, e, ^, o, ul — iem portuguei:. chiportugeze. As in Portuguese, not

Como se pronunciam Ch n&j analonda

ck e j'l — Gomo em iii- nji.1 — Aiialouaa chi-

glez, apenas uru pouco ingleze. Ex. iiiolhados.

maos many a

0 que e? Ninji?

chapeu ckapeu

How do you pro- nounce cii and j .' —

IS early as in English, just a little solfcer.

hands What is it? hat

) Como se pronunciam

\nha, nhe, nhi, nho,

inhu,? — Como em por-

ituguez.

j Alguns representam

iestes sons por nya,

Inye, nyi, nyo, nyu.

cantiga nao quero buffalo

Nha, nhe, nhi, nho, How do you pro-

nhu, analonda nji? nounce nha, nhe, nki,

— Analonda cLiportu- nho, nhu,L — Aa in por-

tugeze. tuguese.

Malemboro ache e- Its nearest equiva-

nango ndi nya, nye, lent in English is ni hi

nyi, nyo, nyu. onion. Ex.

rihimbo, nyimbo a song

nhonho, n jonyo I won't

nhati, nyati buffalo

t ; Que valem gt e gil — Valem gue e gui do 'portuguez. Ex.

bunbna

uin guisado

7

Chisena gc na gi a- analandana na nji? — Na gue na giu a chi portugose. Ex.

mascngcrc

gizado

How are ?•* and > prononced? and gift, not as in gin, angel. Ex.

bamboos

a st

7 Que differen-.-a ha L naranasianaku-

entre / e r? — Formal- pi? L na r mbubali ua-

.ie sAoa mesmalu- wo. Augatowera anao

.rialmonte o na u, aualandaaa na I

iue dio 6 mais pa- a chizuugu; angatowo-

lo coin / quando ratna «, analaudana

rcccdidos por a, o, na r a chizungu. Ex. uu u, mas <• mais parcel- com r quando se- u t ou e. Ex.

/aso?u'a mu-lambe d(- baobabs

.ar,dcixa-inc.

ini-rambe

ku-l rekt

ltr—rr ua caipor-

poriuguoM.

i Sena dividir-se h to como era Portu- guez as palavras em que entra 't ou m na- sal? -Ndo, SOlli:

"i ajun-

•c com a vogal Ionic, como em 'a-mcn-to. Pelo contrario em Sen* n e

8) llaba que a oontoao*

•^guiut«. i

tatfoasM.

iVnam angapereka consoante, anapata- ua na nji? — Chirungu anapataua na vogai ua nduli, ninga

', chisona patana na consoanto ua kusogolo, ninga;

What isthcdiffcr ence between I and rf — Formally they arj the same letter, rially they differ, / ba- ing used after a, o, and u, waile r \ • and i. Ex.

baobab to let, let rn

is a stroo^ led souLd.

In Sena do you di- vide as in English the words that com or m nasal? No, in Kn^li.-.h »i !i:nl m i-r.i -: o pro-

ceding vowel at in com- mand-mtnt. In Sena, on (ha contrary, they be- long to the same sylla- bloas: .; cou.

sonant

pessoa recebe Deus enganaste-me

10 Que valor se da ao

it/;? — 0 valor que esta le- tra tern no hollandez 'water, isto 6, o som que ise produz soprando. Ex.

responde duas pessoas foge amarga

Que vale o y em

I Sena?— Vale o i congo- iante do portuguez leia, •receio, etc. Ex.

deita fora aia

8

mu-nt'u

ta-mbi-ra

Mu-lu-ngu

mua-ndi-nhe-nga

a person

take

God

you deceived-me

W anabYeka tani? What is the value

Ninga cha kuptikusa.

tawira ant'u awiri t'aiva chawawa

Y anabveka tani ? — Ninga i a chiportu- geze leio na y a chiin- gleze yes. Ex.

taya yaya

of w ?— That of the sa- me letter in Dutch. In Sena the equivalent of the english w is not iv, but u. Ex.

answer

two people

flee

it is bitter

How do you pro- nounce y ? — As in the english you, yes, yore* etc. Ex.

throw away

nurse

SIGNAES

PIDZINDIKIRO

OTHER SIGNS

12 Diz-rae os s'gniea que se unirn na es- crlpta Alem das le- trai.— Sio os seguin-

Ndipango pidzindi- kiro piaatimizua pa malctra. - Mp'ipi:

Tell-mc the signs that are used in writ- ing besides the letters, follow ing:

)

•os sio signaos Chidzindikiro cha

4>Ara.encerrar outro sig- kmfungira f;>.la lik'alo

:nal ou jalavra, que se pache pene. China-

chama parenthesis. tulua iwenthesis.

o are the aign« used to enclose r. • sign or word. They arc called brackets.

\ Sio 01 signaes usa- dos para enccrrar pa- larras de outra pessoa quo a que escrtve. Cha- mam-Ro ox/xu c . dobrada. Ex.

Di8se:«Va-teem-

a.»

Pidzindikiro pia ku- fungira fala la munt'u uinaugo. Ex.

nro qu--tati •)

marks, abo called

He said: away*.

c)

\ Sio of signaea usadoa . marcar uma pau-

Pidzindikiro piaku- dromesa. Cha kutoina

These are the sign 4 used to mark a ;

I

is a niais ou monos pro- 'K-ngada.O primeiro (•) jchama-se ponto, o se- igundo (:) douspontos, o i terceiro (;) ponto e virgu- \la, o quarto (,) virgula. ;Ex.

Disse: «Varre; j se nao queres, vae- !te embora.»

10

(.) ncha kudromesera tu, chinatulua ponto. Cha chipiri (:) china- tulua ponto ziiviri.Gh& chitatu (;) chiuatulua ponto na virgula. Cba chinai ndi virgula. Ex.

Ndacliita((Ps'a- ira; ungak'onda, ndokopiako.»

more or less prolonged The first ( .) is called a dot, the second (:) colon, the third (;) semicolon,

and the fourth (,) a

comma. J}x.

I said: « Sweep, if you refuse, go away. „

16!

Estes suo signaes pro- ipriosda lingua de Sena. • 0 primeiro (•)£ urn ponto jsobreposto, emarcauma jletra desom fraco. S6 se iemprega com g, s, e x. p segundo (') euma vir- igula invertida, e mar- lea aspira^ao. Asconso- jantes com que se p6de jcombinar sao p, k, t,ft ie ch. Posto antes de u- itna vogal, prohibe a ;sua contrac9ao com ou- jtra. Ex,

boi,vacca pequenas cousas cousa nova mfio esquerda . J descer

d) •'

Pidzindikiro pia chi-

sena, Cha kutoma (•)

ncha kufewesa letra,

cha cbipiri (') ncha

kuwangisa letra. Chi-

ngaimira pa vogal chi-

nank'onbesa kuvunga-

dzua ca nzache, Ex,

nyombe ping'ono chips' a

dzanja la Iz'cre Jcuch'it'a

These are signs propo? to the Sena language. , The first(-) is an upside down dot, sometimes used with g, s, and z, to show that their sound is weakened. The second (') is an inverted com- ma, and marks aspira- tion. It may combine with the consonants P> k, £,/,and ch. Placed before a vowel, it pre- vents its contraction with another. Ex,

COW

small things new t ling left hand to come down

11

p'aza

bos

dez

k'urni

hyena

:ia

,'CCO

it i

recadar

A-.- \ i

i keep

ku'ona

to B

" e o iniciacs

U na o akutoma fa- U an 1 o initial bein j sendo seuipro a.spira- la aoahveka nin^a lu r '

o se Ihes notaa ;jkspiravao para tuaior . licidade. Ex- rue O

este

not mark

lion for the sake of

= *tj

• *o/t i

• V(4

• '01 al>

Este signal BO chama ropho, e inaro* o logar d'uina letra sup- to. Ex.

Afogou-se no rio

Ncha kubrunX letra ia kuk'onda br«ka dire-

Alobreka'nha- nza (= alobz-eka

inunhttnza)

This is c

trophe, a»d mark»the place of a suppressed

He wa

i Sena o Ckisena cMnaapos-

apOHtropho HO KO trofo ua kuhvuna mu

rzdo mu ok'a'ok'a pa n oa w».

.

In ^ -M i '»T x p'.i'.

apostroph- inttead of mu )

201

12

O primeiro d'estes isignaes marca interro- igacao, o segundo excla- imaQao. Ex.

Oh ! que dizes?

21!

! 0 primeiro d'estes jtracos 6 de uniao, e ichama-se hyphen. 0 se- igtmdo e de separacao.

Cha kutoma ncha kubvunza, cha chipi- ri ncha kudzuma. Ex.

Wa! V along a nji?

9) -

Cha kutoma ncha kut'iola fala ibodzi, cba chipiri ncha ku'ika pache pache mafala inawiri.

22

The first of these signs marks a query, the second exclamation or admiration. Ex.

What! What da you say?

The smaller of these signs marks union, and is termed hyphen; the second marks a break be- tween two ientencea or parts of a sentence.

\

Cb amam-se estes pon-

! tcs de EUKpensao, e mar- i cam intcrrup^ao n'uma jsentenca. Ex.

Eu te deveria Ibater, deveria te..., I mas perdoo.

70

Ipi mpia kudromesa Cala la kuk'onda mala. Ex.

Inendafuna'ku- kumenha, ndafu- na ku... Tayu, ndinalekera.

These dots are used together as a sign of suspension. Ex.

I should beat you, I should..., but D0; I forgive.

23!

Este signal em por- Uno ndi acccnto ua TLis is used in Sena

iugucz marca acccnto ag^udo e accento tonico. Em Sena marca so o accento tonico oas palavras em quo pode- ria haver duvida. Ex.

boccado descascar

quebrar

13

kukulisa fala. Er.

nsua 'nsua

k ut' u a

only to mark the tonic accent where there is room for doubt. Ex.

island

mouthful

to peel, to pare

off, to 1.

to break

- * 0 accento tonico cm Sena, quaado oto 6 marcado, acha-se sem- pre na penultima syl- laba. Ex.

beber

•re, pau ribeiro

i N. B. — Os sonsuo,

•, in, if, to,

nosyllabioos

do o t*, ou o »,

nao tern accento.

Accento a chisena, angak'onda leinberua anakulisa syllaba ia kufuua mala. Kx.

=kt<

To, ut, to, no, ia, if, to, anga*6a accento pa u na t, mba syllaba i- bodzi.

The tonic accent in Sera, when not marked in writing, is always laid on the penultimate. Ex.

to drink

", stick rivulet

The sounds va, \u, to", no, ia, ie, to, form nt- poctiTelr only one «yl- lablo when the u, or t, LM no accent.

MUDANfAS PHONETICAS

MALETRA A KUSANDUKA

PHONETIC CHANGES

Quaesssioasmudan- Ndfpange rcasa- Which are the prin-

jcas phoneticas mais ndukiro a maletra a cipal phonetic chan-

iordicarias da lingua CMsena. — ges in Sena? _ ;de

20 i 1. A-a muda-sc em a A-a ar.asandukana a A-a is cVan^ed it, to

•a-e as vezes \a-ku «

ee a-e o a-ku

[Ex.

crean^as e foi

cousas lindas

ce a-e sometimes o a-ku i Ex.

Ex.

ana=a~ana children

mbeenda—mba-enda and he went

pioJcoma=pia-Jcu fine things "koma

27 i 2- O * cJos prefixes Letra i la ndi, ti, Zt, The t of the prefixes

, rdi, ti, ti, cJii, e zi, eli- c7zi, na «, linagua pa ndi, ti li chi, and zi

ide-se antes das vogaes, avogal. Ex. falls before vowels. Ex. | Ex.

ouvi ndapibva—ndi-apilva I have heard

nmito obrigy.do talc'uta—fi-ak'uta thanks

caiu chagva — chi-a-gua it has fallen

28 : 8. 0 I nmcla-se em r d'-pois de t, e parcial- inicnte depois de c. Ex.

deixa-me deixa-o

Letra I linasanduka The letter Z is chart-

na r pa kumala i na ped to r after i, and par-

e. Ex. tially after «.Ex, ndi-rehe let me..,

mu-leke let him,,.

dcixa-nos

i -OS

1.) ti-reke

let n?... K't them.

£9 4. 3/w s6 apparece : antes de ', <i,«,t, /, tr, icaesmcno- labiccs. Fora d'cstes os muda-se em m an- tes de o, v, fc, ] . cm 'n antes das n ais •as. Substitue-se por um apostropho antes de in c n. Ex.

Nu anabvekapa'.a,

na pa ma-

fala a mbcu ia syllaba ibodzi. Pa 6, p, /, r, anasanduka na > ccnpcante zinango a- nasanduka na 'n. Paw na n anasanduka na apostrofo.Ex.

; comprimentei-o nda-mu-lovj*>ra fiz-lbc passar o rio »»<?« m u-a mbusa

matei-o

;-<>

disse-lhe \ creei-o substitui-o

do comer perei-o

aiiL'i-o

H-^tH

nda-')i-<f

inla-'n-k'til'mi

Mu is heard only bcfora

s. /, «'. »/. I foremcno?vllnl)iv Out cf these en c> aitged to »;/ b it, 6, ;-. /. r, an ; before tho^

It is replaced by an ajxi- strophe before tn and n.

Ex.

I paid him my

I helped him to cross th<» riv I killed him him

1 t<»ld him I brought him up i stituted Liai I saw him I fed him

litedforhim I d«

ESPECIES DE PALAYRAS

MBEUZAMAFALA

DIFFERENT KIKD3 0 F WORDS

Como se dividem as palavras em Sena?

—Em palavras forma- \ das, que so p6dem a- :nalysar, e palavras in- formes ou indecompo- viveis. Estas sao pela imaior parte onomato- ipoeticas. Ex,

Mafala a chisena a- nagawika tani?— Ena- ngo mla Jcubvala, ena- ngo mla chipezipezi, Ex.

cortar

espreita*

sonhar

What is In Sena the first distinction to be made in words?— Wo

must distinguish tl.o formal words that can be analysed, and the informal words, most of them onomatopoetie, that cannot be analy- sed. Ex.

A kubYala Achipezipezi

kuguanda gud to cut through

kusuzumira suzi to spy

Jculotera lote to dream

31

de toda a parte a muonsene p6p6p6 em linha recta imirani dzololo

from all parts in a straight line alto tukulani tuku higher up

cheio ia hudzala fa full

cortou atema gd he felled, cut down

esta picante chatapira tdpi,je it is pleasing to

the taste

guirri abundant kupu complete mbue he arrived

em abundancia a Jcuinjipa inteiro ua mump'u

chegou afiJca

Porque so faz eita Ku'Ikir* nji pawo Why must we make listlnccao era pala- ptne mafala aJcubva- this distinction bet- vrai formadas e p*la- la na mafala a chfyesi- ween/oriwa/ and in/of.

inform**'!— Potr quo, emquanto as /or* :mo^<u 8e*u*m rcgraa iceriiBsimaa, M . jne* nto scguci; nonhuoia di*ccrnivcl.

17

T'angui la ku- londa malongero etia- ngo na auango.

trtnt mottot— Booau«,-> while the formal words

i'ject to well fix.-.l » the in- words do not follow any law vi.siyel.

Dia-me ai princi- paes regrai que sc- gueraajpalayra« / :.;.^;;eque palavrat ' no tcgueni. . ! \msformadas :upre teem o accento ;ico na ponultiina; amui infarnus po- >U-LO tOr eui qual- or gyllaba, couio so i ve aoa eicmplo* tttpra.

Ndipange panaaiana Which arc the prin- mafaia <i f.-ub-nui na cipal difftraucei be-

tweeB/'TvuJ and m- rord*?—

1. Mafala a kubvala anakulisua onstne pa syllaba ia kufuna mali- sa, mafala a chipttipt- n anakulisua pa pylla- ba inan^o na mango.

1. Formal words al- ways have tho tonic ac. cttitou the ptnultimatr; informal words u»ay lay tho actvdt on a- lablo, as may be seen in the examples above.

Jala a *•

II. Formal words

olo podem wr monos % 1 -

nk'anakuana naeyllaba

cnnnot be monosylla.

UbicM (principio de

ibo^zi Uyu

bic (v»ry important

muita conaequenoia) a

prinr-.-

aaoaerque tujan.

tu'litio

cliticM ou cuclitic&sco.

•

mo aio aj proj oci^oea

positions n;

•• ! • -' j> • .'. •• s 1'af U-)

i f.Ht is, T. g.

einSeaadiz-Mdi lament* por exemplo;

why in Sena they say plain!} :

olho

di-so

cje

ore

-ti

tree

moftquito

im-bu,

mosquito

novo

p$*a

new

mate-o

inu-jrc

kill I

drink

Ora, em vez d'iaso, se ios radicaes d'estas pa- ilavras uao fossern mo- jnosyllabicos, dir-se-ia:

i Muitas palavras in- iformes, polo contrario, isao monosyllabicas.

. 18

Mbadak'onda k'ala mafala a mbeu ia syl- laba ibodzi, mbadak'a- la:

so,nti,ml>u, mps'ct, mp'e, mua, etc.,

Mafala a chipezipezi mazinji mba syllaba ib. d :i ene.

i III. Em quanto as pa- III. Mafala a chipe- •lavras inform.es sao in- zipeei as6a ma^ome- jvariaveis, e sem influ- jeucia na forma das on-

zero onsene, akubvala a na inagcmezero awo

jtr AS palavras, as pala- a kuapatanisa. Ex. ivras formadas ou causam |ou teem variances que jmarcam a correlavao que jteem entresi. Ex.

Eu me levanto 'Isozinho.

Nosnoslevanta- Imos sozinhos.

Tu queestasfor- Ite, levanta-te so^i- inho.

Vos que estais ifortes, levantac- I vos sozinhos.

Estaminhacre- que caiu Ic- G-ha sczi-

Inendinalamu- ka udek'a.

Itetinalamuka tck'a.

Ivpeudawanga, lamuka ueka.

Jmue rtmdawa- lamukaui

Muananganyn flagua pjia lamu- a ek'a.

w!,ile, if t"1* stems of these words \v>i'o not monosyllabic, wo should tear:

On the contrary, a large number of infor- mal words are mono- syllabic.

III. Wt He informal

words are invariable

and have no influence

on the form of other

words, formal words

cause or are subject to

variations t! at mark

t;.c correlation existing

between them. Ex.

I get up by my- self.

We get up by ourselves.

Thou, who art strong, get up by thyself.

You, who aro strong, get up by yourselves.

This child of mine tlmt fell down will got up

in i nh as

< que cai- :ir-sc-

i >s6ziuhas. Esta minha ar- 'vore quc caia Ic- vantar-ac-lia sozi-

nhaa

arvores que

-.r-sc-

. sozinhas. Este mea c; #) quc caiu 1

-ba sozinho.

* que c;

,e bao s6- zinhos.

|caco que caia le- r-se-ba so-

. icacos uc cairain

19

Ana &nga kdagua Sinalamu- J:a ok'a.

\\anga u- 'u udagua una- lamuka ok'a.

ii iavga i'i \dagua \nalamu- ka it

i'i idd'jun \nala~ muka iok'a.

Mbuzi ?.anga i-

::t7;'a.

i Iok'a.

nga au-a vidar

by itself.

These children of mine that fell down will pet up by themscv.

This tree of mine that fell down will stand up by itself.

These trees of mine fell

down will B1 up 1-y thcnisr' This goat ol

down will

•

by tl

«•

d

fell

jlevantar - se - h&o 'sozinhos.

Este ineu arco ;que caiu levantar- jee-ha sozinho.

:

Estes meus ar- ! cos que cairam le- jvantar-se-hao so- jzinhos,

Eata mi nb a pa- inella que caiule- ivantar-se-ha sozi- Inha.

Estas minims ipanellas qne cai» |ram levantar-se- ihao sozinhas.

Este meu passa- jnnho que caiu ;levantar-se-ha so- izinho.

Aqqj no chao, londe homens ca- liram, hao de appa- irecer espiritos,

20 lamuka ok' a.

\Jtfiucinga u'u udagua wiala- mulca uo/c'a.

M&'uta &nga at6'a ndagua ana- la mulca ok' a.

Cbikalango cha- nga ichi chidagua chinalamuJta cho- ka.

Pikalango pia- nga ipi -pidagua pinalamuka pio- k'a.

"K&mbalame ka-

nga aka karfa- gua kewalamuka

kok'a.

P&nsi pa??o pa- dagua a?iteu pa- nalamuka azimu.

down will get up by themselves. This bow of mi- ne that fell down will stand up by itself.

These bows of mine that fell down will stand up by themselves. This cooking- pot of mine that fell down will stand up by it- self.

These cooking- pots of mine that fell down will stand up by themselves.

This small bird of mine that fell down will stand up by itself.

Here on the ground, where men fell, there come up spirits,

21

Aqni dcntro da jminha lingua, don- de corre sangue, hu. QH

< Hide

ini caiu, uita.

mu-

nm-

iu\i n. i '/ichichi.

Kim j a kule ku- day mi muulu, ku Halamuka an fit.

Here in my

JIO, \vi. blood comes i »ii r,

• is u vein.

Outside tl. \vliore a stone fell down, people are sUtiuliug up.

E5PECIE3

Dfi PALAYRAS

FOfcMADAS

35 Quaatas especles de paJ&vras furmadas ten* a lingua de 8e>ia> [Tern s6 oito, a sabor: o \substantivo, o adjecti- ]vo forte, o adjectivo fra- \co, o ±>roaome, o vcrbo, , B,postpo- o a tnterjccc.do. A lingua de boiia do tetn a^tigo.

As preposivOes e post-

M3EU ZA MAFALA A KUBYALA

ZingasI mbcu sa mafaia a kubvala ia

Chisen*.1— Zisere ba- si. Nsizi: substantive,

adjectivo a kvwunga, adjectivo a kufetoa,

pronvma, verbo, prepo-

81 V I

IIND3 OF FOSSJAL WORDS

How many kinds ot formal wordj are there

in Se<ia/— Only eig ,t, viz.: tbe substantive, the strong adjective, tho w;3.-^ adjective, noun, tue ucr6, tuc

'\ O substantivo de«ig-

"* ^na uma possoa oa cou-

jsa por um doss scuts no-

ililOS, COJUO

Pedro arvore amizade

gg! 0 adjectivo forte, ;quo em Cafrcal segue jdifforeutcs regras que joaJjoctivofraco, niar-

;i<ribuir coino eua portu- •guez em adveiuios, voibio, :pu3pcsiVGtis e conjuuc- .V"-^, mas esta divi»aoe idapoucacouaoquoaciA.

aud tu

c asoa aati- iu go o, os, urn, uns, a article, ctiizungu.

^o raa- anatuiua enango aa-

Seua tucie is no

The prepositions and postpositions niignL bo oititnouted as ui^ngiisti iuto aa verbs, tiori«, at bat to iittio p

Substantivo anapan- iiuu'u La aziu& uiiiga

Pedro mid i uxamuali

Adjectivo a kuwanga o auaicn^csa pint'u piualo- aua-

The substantive distin- guishes a thing ln,i:i otners by cue oi its uu< Hies, as

Peter

tree

friendship

The strong adjective which in its construe- tiou rather differentiates itself iroj;i tue v/cak ad-

j

nho, ou de que AO, saoas oous&s de la, como

oito ides

:ido se diz: irvo-

s."

- - raar-

ca como, qual, ou de i ea cousa deque i jao

fcaa inca

me

so se d

:?. i

p uinga

m-

ml-kulu risi

sere mifaUu mi-

• . •

ago, or . of the tb:: ken of, as

J.it big green

"Cut big greci

uinango anapan^iea nchanji, ulnati^oncha-

.t'uchiuaJ

ino

'.

pa • Miti ino ia- ra.i

marks how, wh. whoBois tho thing spo- ken of

these mine se red trees of mi-

prcmeme desig' wmo anapnngi- ^•'pronoun narks a

possoa ou cot; ^ -.-. .ihoui

icdarum nome, nda i'ulua d§inn, ni ; ' name, as

;como t)ga

I >U

imue

;

41 j O vcrbo rrarca nm iacto relative a uma jpessoa ou oousa, como

correu correi

corramos

42j Em Sena c) amaraos 'preporifdo a uma par-

jticula, eu palavra in- jcompltta.qiie ititroduz joutra ; alavra, como

de, nao, como

coin, e

iquando se diz:«0 jfilho de Pedro

inorreu com iforne, como Paulo !e Maria.*

24

Vcrbo anapangiza mak'aliro na machitiro uinga

a ta manga

tamangani

titamange

Apreposis<lo ndi ma- gomezero a kupereka ma-fala, ninga

uat nk'a, ninga

na

pa« Mvana \ia Pedro nl;' a da fa na in jala tayu niwga Paulo na Maria.*

f-,.f,.,. A-postposiqflo ndi

jf So a uma purticula magor/ ezero a kurna-

jque completa outra lisa mafala, ninga jpalavra, como

inteirainente tu

jquandosediz:* A- pa« amalira-tu.t icttbou inteira- imente.1

44; A interjeccSo 6 uma Intcrjccqflo ndi faTa

jparticula que marca lakuk'ondapatanana

|s6 por si uma impres- linango, ninga JKao completa, como

Sim Indc

Ui! UH

The terl marks a fact

he ran

run

let us run

In Sena we call prepo* sitions the particles, or incomplete words, that introduce otl.er words, as

of, not, as

from, and when saying:* The son of Peter did not die from hun- ger as Paul and Mary.i

We call pottpositiont the' particles tliat com- plete ot'.er words, a8

altogether when saying: » He finished altoge- ther. §

The interjection is a particle tLet expresses by itsc.f a whole im- pres sion, as

Yes

Oh!

DD SUBSTAHmO

ONSUB3TANriYE3

.].", Em Sena comova- A-subjtantivo a

riamossubstantiYos' Chisena anaaandaka

— Por prefixes, q.u tani' :* a-

vam niinr.ro e prefii3 awo, a 1:

.*se. n^i/.i 'ntenjo

46 Os n,. •

.re pin- r. j . uinango

-•omo Dguaw^rt/i, ninga

arvore ?«•/-//

arvores mi-tl

How do substantives vary in Sena/- - change t cir prv: according to nu and class.

Tiers are tw) mm- il plur.il.

tree trees

classes slo dez. Da- Maubali alipo kurai. There are ten c\ iAm-se ajuntando o Anapangizila naapre- b.st distinguished by : ro do singular com tixo&ubodxi na utinji, t e singnl'ir a:1 ; o do plaral, couio ninga ral ]•• . -.toge-

ther.

1. MU-A

p. s p. s r.

-s mu-nt'u fi-nt'u person -3

•J. I -s mv-nga thorn -3

3. N

-8 M-{/UO (^l)n-(7MO (.

4. !

-s <?/-*5 ma-so eye -3

;arco -s 'u-ta bow -3

;cousa -s chi- « 'i/'a thing

S.

oa

riho )10

olho

' uliritinho -s

uo ibocca (interior) -a

;ier

48 N. B. 1. As classes :PA e MU sem plural ^uolccativas. A-classe ;KU e" locativa e infi- Tiitiva.

49; 2. A maior parte dos substantives locatives u.i lingua de Sena Liaduzca.-se e.n Por- :;tuguez por advcrbios

23

7. KA-PI

i pi-mbusi

8. PA pa-nsi

9. MU n-kanua

10. EU

3. Teem practica- n. ft, to desapparecido ido Chisena asantigas LL -ZIN, L(J- jMA e KU-MA (fora jclos iniinitivps).

0 i

N.E.l.MaubaliPA na MU ua kuboa uxi- nji anapangiza mbuto zok'a zok:a. Ubali ku unapangiza mbuto na machitxro.

2. A-substantivo a maubaiionewa ungalo- nga chizungu, a(1atu- *ua adverbio na a-pro- posivao.

3. Chisena cba kala chikali na mauba i e- nango LU-Z1N, LU- MA, na KU-MA.

kid

ground

mouth (inside)

N. B.I. The classes PJ\

and MU without plural

are locative. The c^lass

KU is both locative and

infinitive.

2. The larger number of the locative substan- tives of Sena are render. ediu englisli by alvarbj or prepositions.

3. The classes LU- ZIN, LU-MA and KU. MA (out of the infinibi- vea) { avo practically disappeared fro.u Sena.

Quaes sao. ossub- jstiiatiYos que priaci- ipiam sempre com ca- pital?—

;Os nomes proprios do

pessoa ou cousa

.particular, corno 1'e-

'•dro, Africa.

Ndipange madzina anakuiisua leLra iawj ia kutoma.

Madzina a cliint'u chi- bodzi chene, a kutulua. nume pruprio, uiu^a 1'e- dro, Afr.ca.

Which are the sub- stafttives that al- ways begin with a capital letter?—

Tiio nouns that are proper to one particu- lar [>orsou or thing, a.s 1'eier, Africa.

Classe MU-1

UbaU KU-A

The MU-A C!as*

Que forraas teem os prefixes clas»if,cado- rcs d esta ctat

: ; pre a. ;O do singular

cm muitas .do se a a for- .mar-i

a, «,t, i, u-. y. '.-*

>.'!H7//l.

i'°'7'

: antes d«.

>stro-

:'n antes n-

Qne Bubitantivog penence-.n a clatse MU-A

de possoaa i cl&s-

Aprcf;xoaubali u- bali uno mbanji? - u/Jnji r. .t)0»lx.i 'mafalft mazinji nk'an::

kawo,

tuli ;;w pa ', n, «, i, /, trt j/. na miclucU iasylia- < 'i i— I

o, u ,6, j), t«, ca /. Ana- bviinu* i a an pa »/* na n . aconsoanto ona

Ndip&nge ma aubali MU-A

>ia aant'u ana r > uha

•> no nbodei,

Which arc the forms of t'c classifiers or clascit'.nr* prefixes ox this class

in ms\:

w acoor

r;il ru es on-y btl

monoey

',a,e, t, /, u>, t/,ox

m-a;n n • >r t«M-

i* po)

>y an a-

. re tho

g

Which arc thoiuba- tantives that belong to the MU A class'

v.los with

.'

28

f S

P. S. P.

S. P.

ipessoa pessoa-s irm-nt'u- &-nt'u

person person -g

jespiritista

-s mu-laula a-

spiritist -s

jotirives ourives irm-livi a-

goldsmith -s

iDeus

-es blu-lunffu a-

God -3

imarido

-s m-nmuna amima

husband -s

If lib 0

-s mu-awa ana

child children

jmensageiro

-s am-axankali ana-...

messenger -s

icantor

-es niu-imbi a-

singer -s

jirnwo

-s 'm-bale a-

brother brethren

jsubstituto

-s 'm-bvuni a-

substitute -s

jfeiticeiro

-s 'm-fiti a-

^v itch -es

ipessoa livre

-B..-8 'm-fvlu a-

free person -s

jrapaz

-es 'm-pale a-

boy -$

Icolono

-s 'n-chikunda a-

tenant -s-

iescravo

-s 'n-dzakazi a-

slave -s

ibebado

-s 'n-dzimue a-

drunkard -s

ineto

-s 'n-dzuknln a-

grandson -s-

'conductor

-es 'n-kadamu a-

leader -s

jgnarda

-s 'n-kadzambo a-

guard -s

igen ro-

-s 'n-kamuene a-

son-in-la\r s..

ii nulher

-es 'n-kazi a-

woman, women

wife wives

adivinhao

-ttes 'n-fcum&aycrsa a-

witch-doctor -3.

aegociante

-s 'n-sambadzi a-

merchant -s

:infiel

-eis 'n-5c?m a-

infidel -s

Director d'uma

-es... 'n-tsadzoma a-

director of a -s.^

dian^a

dance

inenina

-s 'n-^5t^ana a-

girl ^

29

iro <-e

'n-z/c/w a-

bachelor -3

;ra -s

V IT

unmarried

woman women

ito ,s

'u-z/mz^ a-

spirit -s

alma -8

H If

soul -s

\o Jo -aos...

'u-ziwgu a-

a Christian or s...

raca

should-be chris- -s

tian

-oraes do pessoas

2. Madziua a ant'u,

3. Names of persons

cujo claHsif ieador uao .-u

a ku.soa ehrlziukiro

which have the clavi-

3ular, couio:

c..a ubodzi, uingu:

fier understood in t^^

giuorular,

P.

P.

S 1 '

meupae, men

baba &-baba

jny fathi-r -s

tuu pae, tcus

babako a-

thy fatlier -3

. paca

bubachc a.

father -s

bubatii

our lather -s

.

babann, a-

yuiir f.iilier _s

pae d'elles, p

b aba wo a-

their fal: ' .g

i do '8

a-

servant

i. la -s

" •»

.ml girl

^/C/IM a-

rer -s

condition

.

demon io,diabo ft.

-s

-s

.4 /a a-

afro -s...

kamfuino a*

.

<jU

a-

:

-b

:'/o a-

30

Jiamae -3 _s maw a, 'ma,

a.

my mother

-^

mayi

:tua mae -s

-s mako

a-

thy mother

-s

;:niam«e -s -s viache

a-

his mother

-s

;nossainne .3 .s tnatu

a-

our mother

-s

:Vos?a nine -s

-s maim

a-

your mother

-a

mfte d' olles

-s... mawo

a-

their mother

-3

;avd

-s mbitya

a-

grandfather

-s

LIVO

-s

/•/

grandmother

-S

lantepassado

-s

^

forefather

-s

isenhor

-es „

master

-S

pastor

-es makambuzi

ft-

shepherd

-a

piloto

-s malimu

a-

pilot

-s

•sogra

-s mebzala

a-

mother-in-law

-s...

lavandeiro

-s meinate

a-

washer

-s

imestie

-s mfisiri a

a-

tradesman

-men

Icufula

cozinheiro

-s tncsiri a kupika a-

coofr

-s

carpinteiro

-s mcsiri a

a-

carpenter

-s

kuscma

companheiro

-s molvi

a-

companion

-s

•mouro

-s mucnhe

a-

mu PPU] in an

-S

Iconhado

.S mulamu

a-

brother.in.law

-s...

(da mesma rara)

(of same race)

pequeno crcado

-s-s -mnlcke

a-

little black

preto

servant

•s

.s mp'awi

a-

poor man

.men

..-s tta/ia

a-

eider brothex

-s

•s...-s ng-ono

a- younger brother

31

:ro -8

ityanga a.

- ion

-3

velhoto -s

damba a.

old man

— m

or woman

orffio -aos

nk'nngua a.

oleiro -s

nhaliumbira a.

pescador -s

nhachitopnla a-

.8

•

nkakiikokota a-

»

i

:cuincdza a.

1

«

nhtimawero a.

<•

i

a.

1

i

rz/m; a.

i

':i prcta -s-8

•rhiha a.

1.1;

dor -C9

ier

-3

a-

-

nhant'aka a-

-S

mull-. -es-a

a.

: minha rara

a-

• f my

race

um da tua

'wz.i a-

• thy •

a-

» l.is •

; i nossa

a.

. <nr •

'wzan/t

•

a-

•

-3

a.

-s

.

.s

ute a-

•i

•'

r

•i

55 3 Fast antes ncmes .de auinmes, coao

32

3 Madziua mazinji a nban.a na pinhaina, ninga

3 A gccd c any name* t, as

s p

s p

s p

itao caes

wu-anamlitaya-na.

ipellicano -s

bi'obi'o a-

pellican

ie&quilo -s

cJianga a.

squiii el _s

PI a do .s

ji(juya a-

?

i£.arca real .s-aes

kakca a-

her en -S

iiolla pequena -s-s

katunduly a-

small dove -s

ica^ao -oes

Jcaxao a-

9

macaco(especie) -g icabritiuko do

I'olo a- lumza a-

monkey(kind of) -s small buck (kind) -a

matto *s...

jcabra do matto -s.

mlawala a-

bushbuck -s

; maiigucho s-

mbzcre a-

inongouste -s

9

ngondonga a-

hartebeest -9

ir* .s

nhachidue a-

frog .s

jca^ao (especie) -oes

nfiachipunde a.

9

igafanhoto -s

nliadztmbe a.

locust -s

jmcrcego .s

nhakalemalcma a.

bat -s

lagartixa -s

nhakaUbuinho a.

lizard -a

jcentopeia (especie) -s

nliakalizi a-

centipede (kind) -s

camele&o -Oes

nhakatendcwa a.

cameleon -s

iburro do matto -s.,.

nhakobz-e a-

waterbuck .3

•centopeia (especie) -s

nhamasakala a-

centipedo .s

;toupeira -s

nhamfuko a-

mole _s

imonstrofobuloso .a

nliaiujumi a-

fabulous monster -s

[andorinha -s

nhantamba a a-

swallow -s

i

mibvi

jcanario (especie) -s

nhantambue a.

canary bird (kind)-s

ileopardo -s

nliaruijue a~

leopard -<j

-s likuttu a-

fish (largo kiud) -s

; .s nsimlu a-

monkey (kiud) -a

:o -s paJca a.

cat -s

•nto ; -HC to. tt-

rhinoceros

> bravo .9 -8 wliri a.

1 duck -9

; ocic)

iaQ kind)

-s *w/o a.

rabbit, hare -s

:;ha .8 tandaitde a.

'lur -s

UUKJUC a.

rowhawk -s

!. M.i.l xir,\ Liiango,

1 A few sub.-'

de si ad:' I pint'u

\£ii origin,

»udza, na a kut'a-

or beginning with k&

. coin ka ngua na ka na tsa, ni-

or tsa, as:

ngo;

-C3 kabuli &•

drum (kind) -s

-s kapundu a.

«loth (kind) -3

.bo t a-

pipe

:10) .8

(fursmok

1 > a.

dance (kind) -d

iu:u:h.i«lj -8 id a.

axe .s

A ^>«t -a

5* IT* ttir* i" niirtf-d

[ ' t UUUivli

•i

,

boo

Ciasse MU-MI Ubali MU-MI The MU-MI

&1 Que form as teem os classificadores d'es- la classe?—

I O do plural 6 sem- ipre mi-. 0 do singular, ique minca se subin- itende do tudo, segue :&s mesmas regras ge- Iraes que o mu da da's- |se MU-A. (n. 52.)

gi Que substantives ' pertenccm a classe ^MU-MI?-

l.Unspoucos comes ;de sores animados no- jtaveis por seu comprl- jinento ,ou rabo comprl- jdo, on oufcra cousa que jparece cresceff, 6omo

Idonzella -a

ipellicana -s I (vae em fileiras) igato bravo

ichacal -aes

Igazella (macho) -s |cobra (espe- -s | cie comprida ! delgada)

(especie) -g

A-prefixo a ubali uno mbanji?—

Uft uzinji ndi mi- 'mafala muonsenc. Ua ubodg-i anasanduka na w, n, ', ninga mu tia ubali MU-A. (n. 52,

Ndipangc hiftdirina a ubali MU-Mf.—

IMadzlnamang'brio a pint'u piri maso, pi. nachifca niwga kuuiera', nhiga

m-

Whicl^ are the forma of the classifiers of this class?—

That of the plural is al- ways mi-. Thai of the singular, never entirely understood, follows tha same general laws as the mu of the class MU-A. (o. 52.)

Which ai*e the iufr- stantives that belong to the MU-MI class?—

1 A few names of ani- mate beings to be rtotod for the apparent growth of their body, or one of its parts, as

grown up girl -g maiden nw-kmbuewi-r... pellican (kind) -s

-s-8 nm-ftmta mi-r... wild cat

mn-rrurru mi- 'm-bimi mi- '-mp'anda mi- ui-bobo mi*

halcion .g

jackal -s

male-reedbuck -s adder (kind, -s long and thin)

iui. fish (kind)

35

torn. -S

' 11- (7^0^*0

mi-

large black ant

3

(preta, grande,

V

que vae em t'r

rato -s

'n-kuidzi

mi-

rat

-S

(grande, c^m

twitii long

bei^o coroprido)

tnon(li)

•*, *s

'to-kupt

nii-

fish (kiii.l.

-cs

com beifocom-

with long lip)

prido)

•gato bravo

'-nhcnga

mi-

\vild cat

•s

(com rabo grandf)

.inboca -a

'•nhoka

iin

ca ilb Wi'irn

-8

n-<«rw

mi-

mangoustc

3

1 Qaaai todoa 08 oo<

2. Madzina maziftji a

' tl\o nn

mog

mes de arvore», plan-

-inga

rs, plants,

aad

DO

sticks, as

. ore .8

mu7i

mi-

-9

uta

•

•

plant

•S

pau -s

•

•

stick

-S

arvorr * -as

IllU-fl&tH

mi-

poisonons tree

etie)

(kind)

-8

p. b 1-., ana

•

its bark

,nbo -s

mu '

mi -

thorn

•S

pilao... -s

mi.

pestle

•9

IIP.:'. -S

iru r...

baobab

•9

Uvmbu (<• •

mu

bamboo (kind)

-8

-S

mu-/

i \\\\ r .

-8

rsjmibo -5

uiu /aso

mi /'...

thoui

-S

36

[ooneira orava

-s.s mu-lembe mi-r,

wild sop tree -s

[amoreira jlimeira

itamarindo jniandioca

-s mu-lera mi-r -s mil- lima mi-r. -s 'm-buemba mi-

• •• mulberry-tree .s • • 1 line-tree -s tamarind -s

*^/ ^* * ' * * * t a iixi—

manioc -s

imangueira ipau ferro

-s '-manga, mi- "S... 'm-pangire mi-

mango-tree -s iron wood -s

1

(kind)

ipapaieira jarvore de | burracha,

-s 'm-papaya m:-

papaw-tree -s india rubber

j ,

Iburracha

// ^

tree, _s india-rubber

larroz jinelancieira

'm-punga mi- •s 'm-vembe mi-

rice water-melon _s

jpalinito _s 'n_Cyyw mi_ ifolha do mesmo s

; . " n

plant small palm tree -s its leaf -ves

iraiz

-es 'n-chichi mi-

root -s

itamareira

~s 'u-chindo mi-

w ild date

brava

-s

tree -3

jcoqueiro bravo ;lernoeiro (especie)

"s 'n-dikita mi- -s 'u-galego iui-

wild-coco tree .s lemon-tree -s (kind)

,,

'-ndimu mi-

iguiabeira

-s 'n-guyava mi-

guava- tree -s

;coqueiro

's '-wui mi-

coco- nut

tree .<g

lacacia (especie)

-s '.njerenjere mi-

acacia (kind) -s

inoneira

•s '-nona rni-

sw^eet sop tree -s

:.bumauma

-s '-ncnigtra mi-

cot ton- tree ,g

n-sau > gcrc

In

-s... 'n-sate

Liu -s

{lie -s

-

millio tt'nro

: ra -s

folha de golf So -s pail] -s... 'n-tt}a

an.

Caiin' -8 'll-'

t. folha -s-s 'n-tama dociro

nomcad ;

>bro-

funu.culo -s

-s

m- uri- uii-

m- 'n-tembca nhika ini-

mi-

m- mi-

••a a pia ma- nungu pinacliitu uin- -.ingr.

Mul

m

wild

.i'OO -S

for- -s

(ki:

clim-

leaf of water-lily

Btick for -s...

fisliing reed young I'-af

of palm-tree cotton-plant -s

f ports :' ' to grow, oi come out of

boil >s

mi-

' mo

.ili

H

r>

•s

'

f the

38

Teia -s

'n-cJiichi mi-

vein

:S

rabo -s

'n-cfhira mi-

tail

•"8

umbigo -s

'n-chombo mi-

navel

o -S

iteite

3n-iaA;a

milk

-s

ifora9® -g

*n-konv toi-

arm

s

;bra9o direrfco -s -3

'n-konokono mi.

right ajni

'8

|cam,e sem .9

'MOtH/y, mi-

flesh

1 ossos

icostas

•fa-*««a mi.

back

.8

cabe9a -s

'n-sofo mi-

head

-8

jagrima -s

'n-so^i mi.

tear

icora9ao noes

'n-.tiyia mi.

heart

•8

iurina

*•*• jRi-fundo

urine

2| N. B. A pwiavra wt-

Mimba analonda mbo

Tke word

)ni>nba,

.mba, barriga, exnprega- ise tambem como sub-

ubali ^ E^

fcelly, is also £ substantive

used a3 of ilia

^tantivo da clause N.

•class N. Ex.

life.

: Asbarrigas qi'el-

Mi mba zawo

Their bellies

jles (Y. n. 71)

j(Cf. n. 71)

(Of. n.

71)

/)3; .4. Uos poucos no- 4. Madzina enango ;mefi d« cousas da na- a pint'u pinachita ni- ilureza brute, quo pa- nga kuioera, niugft [recem crescer, ou so- ibresabir, como

4. Names of things of the brute nature, tliajfc (ioem to grow, or to co- &e owt of the ground as

brocha, pedra -s lua .3

-s

mi- mi-

rock, stone

moon

lunar month

-s

88

sal

mu-n//?/

salt

ft-:..- -s

m-oto

mi-

fire

J9

-s

'n-7

mi-

copper

jibciro -s

'n-JbUo

nii-

rivulet

.s

nuvi in

*n-/«wto

nii-

cloud

-3

< ta, riba -s,-s

'n-/.

rui-

hi^h ground

ijbra -s

'u-fiffi^i

mi-

shadow, shade

-9

'Jl 5. Cm corto numero

5. Madziu

A enorDgo a

j6. A certain number

do artcfactos, QOUIO

plat'u pia kusftsauUua

, of names of works ut

bingft

mind or in&tinct,

as

estac&o -4.es

mu-aia (•

v.chaka)

season, epoch

-S

>harca<;ao -oes

mu-

mi-

.canoe

-8

•ha -s

UjU-^r'

mi-

nrrow

-8

povoa^ao .r»es

{jxil-cfci*

uii-

vilh^o, town

•S

.-tno -ocs-s

mti

Uii- r...

law-

^8

juri

>7fio -5es

inu-^i/i'^t

mS-r...

pit

'8

j MTO .*€

iiHl-»'^J'/<'

mi-r...

jai

-S

I'lunta^fto -6es

rnu-ntfa

ini-

j^lnntation

-8

i iino -s

11,11 -W//I

idfai

.8

-0

DJ-C' '

mi-

>on

S

.eta .s

ni-o7?i6o

ini

IN to heat -s

m

• u para .8..

'm-;

mi-

tick

-s

puuiar

liqi.

.8

-9

•8

-f

mtnun

40

.Tassonra .s

'm-ps'airo

mi-

broom

J

icinto -s

'n-chelca

faii.

girdle

-s

ipo^o .s

'\\-cliera

mi-

\vclU.

-s

;limite -s

'n-gano

mi.

limit

-s

ibusseta do .s...

'ii-kolue

mi-

lip-ring

-S

jcorrente de

•nfaju

mi-

small chain

.s

met a -s...

ipanno de -s...

'n-kungulu

mi-

cloth of -es..«

guerreiro

warrior

itambor -es

'n-Jeupira

mi-

drum (kind)

•s

(especie)

jtravesseiro .s

'n-sago

mi.

pillow

-s

lla^o .s

'n.samp'a

mi-

snare

•s

iproverbio .s

'nrsanji

mi.

proverb

icesto (especie) .s

'n-sekete

mi-

basket (kind)

-S

jconversa^ao -oes

'n-seru

mi*

conversation

-s

jtributo -s

'n-sonk'o

mi.

tribute

-s

jboccado (de -s

'n-siia

mi-

mouthful

•3

pao ou massa)

ifeixe -s

'n-sumbu

mi-

bundle

.s

iporta -s

'n.st'to

mi-

door

•s

|rotim .ins

'n.tema

mi-

rattan

'S

imimero -s

'n-teitgo

mi-

number

-S

jcolher (especie) -s

'ly-t'epu

mi*

spoon (kind)

.s

ipaupara- -B

'n-tiko

mi-

stick to mix

-s

mcxer massa

up porridge

icabaz -es

'u-tohoma

mi.

rusk-basket

-S

icargo -s

'l\-t'jlo

mi-

load

-s

imedicamento -g

'wtcwout

mi-

medicine

-s

Que fcrmas teem cs indices d'esta classe? ; 0 do singular 6 j Im (por IH) antes

MHS pouer

mniiof>yllabicoR quc 'icipiam com b, ; /, como em tn:

nito:

; Nh antes dog radi-

:o pri.ieipiam

:n uma vogal, como

cantiga.

N antes dos outros.

!ural o indice

; d'esta classe £ na pra-

a o mesmo que no

, qtiando

\rcza o exigc, £ pcr- mittido prelixar-lhe «.

Vi la nniita va-

ide de ani.

^, leocs, clc-

phantcs, passa-

•ras goraoJ". o n no mu- <la cm in antes de b,p,

umbomnumc- tiros de

lido.

VLali N

Ndipange a-prcfixo a ubali N.

\Va uhod/i mli

Im (-= in) pa ?a syllaha ibodzi za kutangiia na b, p, v, /, uinga im-bu.

Nh pa mb£u za kutangua na vogal, ni- nga nh-imbo.

N pa mb6u zina.

Prcfixo ua urinji

ngubod/ibodzi. Anafu-

na kuptingiza diretn u-

ziuji rvnatimiza *i. Ex.

Nd ntpo

nliamfi eiziiij ' imit, t'u

N. B. 1.

na/, Ictran linasandu- ka na m.

The XClasi

Which are the forms of its classifiers?

That of tho singular is Im (for tn) beforo monosyllabic stem* that with 6, p, r, or /, as in tm-6w, mosquito.

Ar;t before iho ptcms that begin with a vowel; as in nhimbo, a song.

A" before the others. In the plural the clas- sifier of this class is practically the ?nme as in the singular. Some- times, for clearness sa- ke, n is prefixed to it. Ex.

I saw there a great variety of

elephant

1. According t

gen oral

> m before v, ar

2. Alarp> nun

. origin go v,

69 One

pertenccm a classed?

1. Nomes de semen - jtes, plantas com mm- jta semente, estrcllas, jcomo

42

Ndipange madzina a nbali N.

1. Madzina a mb<ju, maudzu a kubaJa ana azinji, etc,, ninga

iscmente

jpiroenta da terra iherva (especies) -

jVenus (planeta)

•s m.beu

jfeijao, planta de.. jestrella _8

(fruta) -s

70; 2. Um grande nu- jmoro de uomee de aoi- jinaes, como iaiiinial -aes

icarne, peixe ::mosquito -«

iformiga alada >s { cobra (especie) -s I passaro, ave .s Irato (especie) -a | zebra ,s

Contra ,s

icabra, cabrito .3 I sable antelope -s Ipeixe pende -s •abestruz -g

n-chesi, n-$anzi

jn.bui

n-t'anda

n-t'anga

T&h-emba

manga

2. Madzinn maainji ft nhama na pinhama, ninga

im-bu

m-bewa wbidzi m-biti

Which substantives belong to this class? 1. Names of gecde, very seed plants, stars, as

eeed j

native pepper grass (kinds)

Venus (planet) stone of fruit -s.., bean, its plant -e star .s

mango rS

2. A largo number of names of animals, as

eatable animal -3

meat, fish

mosquito »g

winged ant -s

snake (kind) .s

bird (in general) -S field mouse,... j

m-P'alapafa

otter J

goat

sable antelope fish (kind) ostrich

arinho -s

na-tvm hippopotamus ..mi

inosca -s

n-ch'euch'e

fly

flics

.eobra (especie) -s

n-dala

snake (kind)

-3

peix-e (especie) -B

nsncfit

fish (kind)

-s

!/oruaiga (especie) -8

lolo

ant (kind)

ku«lu -a

n-goina

fcu'iu

I

-boi, vacca -8

H-g-r

' cow

-en, -s

:o preto -s

n-:/'c»>w black alligator -s

Buffalo -s

l\{}-dtl

buffalo

-8

-S

f\t\-0T€)'6

*mt

-8

'.. serpeute -s

nli-oia

snake

-s

Abel ha -s

vh-Mchi

beo

.g

gnu (antelope) -a

nh-umbu

gnu

-a

javali -s

n-jiri

wart hog

•s

n-k'alamu,

lion

-8

caracol

• i<1zi

snail

-3

galliolia do ai:it» j

Mica -fo\vl

.8

^•jo -s

\}~k\iiur,i

<iiab

•8

peixo (esp-.cie)

fish (kir

-8

••\\x -e«

n-l^t

parti i !

•8

aguia dos rios -s...

n-kl .

-lie

-f

. 'OJIO -8

n-&'u

fowl

-S

porcu

n-/f'um6<»

pig

•0

n-/:'?^^:

•a

n-^ato

boa

-8

r.O

D-MM

DM

iicc

.

&-ftJp*M

-8

fOUJH

.<!e

•s

i-Unii - •

.. va

eland

-8

-33

y/t

ne

.s?

t-lrpb

.1

71 44

3. Um bom numoro 8. \la^hm inax artes do corpo, co- a nianuugu, mm-a jmo

icubollor branco -s-s im-ri

jcoKtella .s m-fot,™

Icovanascostas-s... m-bmlia

jpartes privadas m-bolo

jsarna m-p<czi

iespora _s 2

iarticula^ao -oes i

irimjonibo; rins,-s j]

^coxa -s n-ch'aju

iponta, corno -s

junha -g n.^/^

|nuca -s ii-k'odolo

:tc^ta, cara -s « ?•< —

i^obrancelha -g

n-Vomcra

cranoo

_ies

4. Madzina

ntcfactos, como a pinfu pia kusasa-

r.hua, ninga jinachado .s 3

cafical _aes

;pratodebarro,.s... j

;ciia

•s m-6^a

3. A g-ood immhri' (,<f 'hcpaits of i},, «s

while hair

lib .s

hollovr back

private parts

belly

itch

spur

articulation loins thigh beard horn

nail _s

nape of the head -s... forehead -g

eyebrow -g

dry skin -g

middle line of the

scull -s

wart .g

ran es of works i f mind or instinct, as native axe -s

-s

native dish threshin-floor

-s

15

illo

in -j

(par

-

in-/"-1'

|UO -3

(P

m-ji

liadura

-3

-S

ii;-i-

''•- '

oto

•i

-

oafn 1 -aAOs

-s

'

-3

-es

cirtlrjii p.H -3

(foi

.) :

low

sloi'i-;

.3

I Oil)

I

3

16

ipanno da terra -3... n-gtio ia Icantiga, hyrono rli-mJo

easa

-s

leaminho1 -s

Igrande vaso -s-s

de barro

jcorda -s

irondela de pa- -s...

lha (para levar

cousafl! sobre

a eabeca ou os

ti\i-uud<>

v-jira

n-k'alt

n.k'ambal& u-k'afat

bormbros)

lexercito -s

n-k'ondo

llenha

n.k'uni

;Campainha -s

u-$aiamba

lannel para -eaa-

u-sambo

maos e pes

isapato .9

n.sapafo

ipequeria &acco -s-s

n-sapo

cafreal

i sacrifieio

n-sembe

icnxo -s

n-semo

Icesto cafreaf

n-senyua

ipau para -s,,.

n-sika

:dia com noito -9...

imassa de farinha

•agulba

cnme -s-s

n-siku

n-sinyano n-songa

cloth Sf

(native make)

Bong .3

Loase -s

hammer

»'oad, path -s

large earthenpot .»

Siring, rope

grass ring

(for burdens on head or shoulders)

-S

•9

War

fire- wood!

fcell -3

brass wire -3

(leglet, armlet) shoe -3

bag (native) -»

sacrifice .»

addice

native Imskot stick usexi to- .»

tight fire

day with night -s,,, porridge

needle -s

point -3

47

teate

.3 n.joyi

roof

r

reia

.3 n-t'em-a

lash, whip

•9

•s n-^an2ra

bird's nesb

.9

;quilha

•3 n-zaro

koe!

-3

jampolheta

•3 anyultti

powderflask

.3

para polvora

vaiandah

-s baranda,

verandah

-9

phosphoro

-3 /osco

matoh .es

gairali

.s garrafa

bottle

-g

^arfo

-s garfu,

fork

-8

janella

-s jafiela

Window

-S

'PO

-S ^0/)0

glass -63

chum bo do

milisdo

gunshot

mesa

-s we^

table

-S

-•es

-es pirczi

saucer

-9

prato

-s 7>raJo

plate

-3

malga

-s piiseland

porringor

•8

rna

-9 Sfl/'

anvil

•S

•ntc

-S sagnati

present

-S

tijolo

-8 ^f/'.

inick

•8

urn

-S

scissors

-9 titniba-

hou

du escal-T

(of a bout)

Urn corto ndmoro 6. Maiandakf K> A ma-

5. A cert? •

. >mcs do SOHM

S'dw, ouugu an clilfart, inuga

of nomoa of feeling**

,.»!!

ira-/a

death

invrja

bihru

jralc

IQC

MM

IMA!

'

6. Um pequcno nu-

imero de nomes do logar ;e tempo, como

liogar -es

jlogar onde -es... ! uma cousa se I divide em dous | bra9os, forqui- ; lha, cruz iterreno certo -s..

cultivafo jcorrente de agua ilogar de agua -es.. f unda, rio fun- do, lago fundo jdia -s

jcxtremidadc ^s jilha ,s

48

m-btri

honour, glory

m-birimi

pride

m-p'amvu

strength

Ta-p'epo

cold

nh-atua

pain, suffering

nh-ota

thirst

n-jala

hunger

n-sanje

jealousy of woman

n-sisi

compassion

n-zeru

good judgment

G. Madzina enango

6. A fe-w names of

a mbuto na tempo, ui-

places and times, aa

nga

IR-buto

place -s

m-p'anda

place where a -s..

thing is divided

into two, cross,

pitch-fork

n-dima

certain ground '3

cultivated

u-gnala

current

nh-anza

place of deep wa- -g

ter,deep river,

deep lake

n-siku

day -s

u-sindi

extremity; end

u-stia,

island -s

.?e(DI)-MA Ubali (DI)-MA The (DT) -MA class

Que form as teem os classificadores d esta classe' ; O do singular 6 di, , antes de uns Ipoucos do radicaes mo- llabicos, como

8 P

:iO -S

-8 -8

cm algumas 'palavras quo tinham unenteoprefixo omo

-8

Di anVe* do0 radi- >caet quo prim com uma vogal, como -3

-8

uitcs do t cm

T antes do I, como ft-/. -8

-S •8

• i«;o -S

Ndipange a-prefixo a ubali uno.

dri, pa mbcu zn ba ibodzi, uiuga

S P

di-so ma -so

\\-bitc 'ma-li-buc

dzi-?io ma-no

a mafala cnango akak'tila ua prcfizo /«, ninga

. Which are the clas- sifiers of this class?

That of the singular is di, li, or dxi, before a few monosyllabic stems, as

P

-3

millstone -s

too;

::i a few '.

prefix In, as

tongue

D* pa mb/n za kut'a- ngua na vogal, ninga

m.ana

/)* ' stems

that begin with a vowel,

hand D before t in

T p* i, ninga t-8« •»•«...

, ma-5...

«-3.,,

-a

"8 •8

T before s, a

1. ,if

fig WMp

50

iXtfr p-jr""^ *jrv

mBrfua cooking-stone -s

Uma aspiracao em Cha kuwano-i /«\

|S5S

j'orelha o ?•< /

-s A Kr#, tn&k.X^u ear q

iouteiro .s p'iri, m&.piri m

-s <'afto, mz-fako buttock -s fe'?«, ma-fsMi hair -es eh'ikua, ma-c/tt... a post -a

(££±£2 jr-.-sat jjtsf K

iMlesdosracUcaespo- ugamWuza syllaba zi- the poly^Uabfc sten

iS—t;^ :i;^:;:ca6' thr^*^

in, ou m, como ^' ' °r m> as

jovelha -s 6z>a, ina-fo'm sheej)

3SSO -s 9<>godo,m&-gogodo bone

peixe (especie) -s ^/^^, ma-tfa^ fish (kind)

jfola -« /»'/>*/.«—

-s ^^wa, msk-jiwa dove

jsardinba -s Wz6cre, ma-w^r^ sardin

3. 0 Glas,ificador do Prefix ua uzinji ndi The plural classifier

plural e sempre ma. ma 'maf ala muonsene. is always ma.

'.', h, rfn, ou ,,na.sala Bayc pa uzinji. dl, n, fhl, 0, &. k it «emm-Do no Ai,a'Ut.ya ndi ma-«-, in the pluuU after ,L,

'plUlY •

exceptuando c>

ja citados ma-so,

'.ja.

Kotem-se OB pluraos ndilhas tres

2. Algumas palavras

i clas?e, como

•"/, Rgua, BO se

MI no plural. Ou-

r-omo dongo, bar*

<> sc ouvem no

alar.

-w/a basi.

Kumbuka

2. Jlafula et iiinga ma-dzi, ni nji 'ok'a'ck'a. Ei nitiga i ubo-

k'a'ok'a.

tionod

above ma-so, ma-no, and m-nnja. Kotc tie two plurals traps vultures

, like

ma-dz. i -.re tr

Fed O! i lurnl.

', clay,

iu the

singular.

Quact guo cs sub- .ivoequcr

nomcs do

form ado FSO -s

Jo

Ndipnngc ir.idz!na Wl.ich nre thr a ubc.'i (DI)-MA. ttantives of the LI-

MA class?

w names of

i ma- full

fool -.i

imaant'u, ninga

•87

N. B. UnR pcucoa do

•fi no

ua

ngo a i

»ui ua

m-/<

N, I'

: tlio .e ma 1, as

bca

81. 2. Animacs incansa- Iveis no gritar, picar jroer, ou ajuntar-se, ou- jtros com corpo chato, ;'ou liso, coino

jpato .s

;carneiro,ovelha -s jbugio .s

imoscardo -s ipellicano -s

jrato encarnado ' jpeixe (especie) -s jrato _s

javesinha -s

jpeixe (especie) -s ;peixe com tetas |gallo .s

|abutre .s

jave marabuto jpombo bravo -s ;pequenopende(70) igralha, corvo -s Isardinha. -s

ipeixe (especie) -s ipeixe (especie) -s |rato branco -s-s

ira iinportuna -s-s pbyena .s

Ivespa »s

ganso bravo -s-s

5.2

2,NhamazoliraIirn, nazolii-a luma, na 'zo patana, na zop'ap.'ati? ka'na. za mp'aJa, ni- nga

bat'a mci-bat'a him, msL-bira bongue, ma-

buhila, ma-

bvuobvuo, ma-

bvumbe, ma-

ch'enka, ma-che...

ch'iru,

dande, m^~dande

dowe, ma-dowe

dzongue, ma-

d-m, ffoti, jiwa, k'akana ma,--ka...

mbcre, nip'uta, ma* nzoria, ma,-nzoria p'anha,

t'esi, t'ika,

t-sango, um-sango tsekue,

2. Animals that ma?<o no end of screaming, gnawing, stinging, or keep compact, or with smooth or fiat body, as

duck _g

sheep sheep

baboon .a

stinging fly, flies

pellican

red rat

fish (kind)

rat

finch .ea

fish (kind) .63

fish with teats -es

cock

vulture .g

marabout bird -s dove _s

young of pcndc • crow

"9

sardin .g

fish (kind) .s

fish (kind) .cs

white rat .g

frog (kind) -s

hyaena .s

wasp _g

wild goose ...gces.e

fte (espec.

•ie) -s > nscngo (sein pontas) iciro -s

3. 0 nomo do rei das flore.stas da Zainb

mda

• lolhas chatas, flo- l, fructos rodondos, -cs, on cylindricos, ou4 ica, como

ilia -s

,1 (' V

ft (' "

»<<

-cs dof

•MC) -s >es

-8

tsimbu, \i\n-tsimbu t song a, ma- tum.ri,

vururumc, ma-

3. Dzina la muti ua kulapa inaka

gun da, mn-f/ na inasamba a kup'ap'a- tik.i malua, maj na a miti a kubulungi- i i:x kuliuganira, etc., ninga

t-sciftibd, iiiiQ,"Kn?)ib(i boa bua

— k'ologotua.ri

/> ft — bande, ma- j

fish (kin«l) -GS tr^Z (kind) -3

' : n-.-l buck (wit bout horns) rain -s

3. The name of tha king of the for.

/.i, called

f f lat leaves, flow- 11 rounded, ovnlf or cylindr.

. :id concen- tric vegetation, as

ivcs

• (kind) «

nd) •

nd) •

•s

kind) pistia >

bung

-

•

•nbu

(kind)

aloe -s

nd) -C8

:d) -3

jherva com semon-

i tes espinhosas

italo secco imedulladeplantas imelancia -s

jmilho miudo icoco bravo -s-s ibanana .s

;limaogalego -oes.. jtrigo de Guine iguava ipepino jfruto do baobab ilaranja .g

inona brava -s-s juespera brava -s [lirrwo -oes

ipera da terra -s... jamendoim ipapaia ,s

jmijho (em geral) imilho burro

marlcoJco

p'ombo, m&-po?nbo Ivembe, ma-

ch'ewere, ma-c/i...

dilcua, ma-

figu,

galego,

-s guyava, ma.

lamba, m&-lamba laranja, mar lenibe, ma- mbz'iru, ma- ndimu, ma-ndlmu

ms-ndui

papaya, ma-pa...

uia-pira

jmasa da terra-s... :abobora ,£

jfruto do 'ntondo :figo Jbravo -s-s

t-samvu, ma-«... t-scio, ma-st7o t'anga

t'ondo, mz-tondo t'owe, ma-towe

plant with

thorny seeds husk -s

dry stalk _s

marrow of plants water-melon .g small native corn wild coco-nut -s banana large lemon kafir corn guava .s

cucumber .5

fruit of baobab orange -g

wild sop -g

wild medlar .s lemon .s

native pear -s ground nut -s papaw .3

kafir corn maize

fig -s

native apple .s pumpkin ,s

fruit of the 'ntondo wild fig -g

3. V. ;nanu-

ngu a kuk'ala mawiri

mawiri, na cnango a

kup'ap'atika, na a kubu-

lungika, oinga

dz-anja, m-anja bere, inn londo, rn&-bondo

3. Osnomes d^ :tcs do corpo qu

tria, e do outras ipoucas notarcis por sua Iforma compacta, data, redonda, coino

;iuao -s

;teta -s

Iho -s

-ticulo -s

ptilmuo -ocs

ido -s

aco -s

Iba -s

Iplanta do pc

:1KI -8

•8

•ibro -s

face -a

10 -s

'asmaos

e pos -s...

' -ga -s

jmassade gordura

so -s

•8 /

JJCSC090 -s kosi

iado -fa fa

k'ut l:utu

nhalo, m&-nkalo

p'ewa, i

nm-putii iii;i .^> t'abvu, m

mn (70(70- / >jocZo

: MO names cf tho

•

aic ir. pairs, nml a few

notable for

c ompact, round,

flat, or smooth shape,

as

hand -3

-s

knee -s

-s

lung -3

-s

:pit -3

-S

it -S

•s -s

Uer .s

ok -s

-8

1 * *s..

ock -s

hnup of fat

-s

no,

tfente .s dzi-

jeorpo -s — ipello (de pessoa) -s dz-oya

jabscesso -s p'ute,

I lingua -s li-rimi,

icabello -3

jcrista -s ;ovo

56

t-sisi ma-t-sw

ts'ump'u, m&-tsu... d-zai, m&-zai

tooth fe

body

hair (of people)

abscess

tongue

hair

crest

.a

.s -s

84! 4- Nomes de liqui- jdos, e outras cousas da inaturexa bruta qua to- :mam forma mais chata ;:ou lisa, ou redonda, jcoino

4. Madzina a madzi, na piakup<ap'atika,na pmango pia kubulu-

4. Names of liquids and other things of inor-

ganic nature that have a more regularj ^ ^

rounded shape, as

'a£rua

i O **

"*~ icnOi-dzi

water

jagua pouco funda ^agua incerta iorvalho

— T&&-guci'pc(nsi — m.&-jiriri 1 lime —

little deep water: uncertain water flow

ilodo de barro icinza

d-ot'a

vlO W

mud of clay

ashes

iterritorio, a terra Ipbeira

y-fumbi

territory, earth dust

Ipraia .§

fjombe —

Sn DTP

;barro

1

"O*--lv/XC bCf

igordura, azeite carvao -oes

tnsi-futa

clay fatty substance

r*(\i\ I

:terreno limpado com fogo

lupia, ntlupia

V \JV(t i ^ M

ground cleared by

Tll'A

|outeiro, monte e^purna

p'iri, rna-^m p'obvn, m^-pobvu

111 (,_>

hill, mountain foam

iarea

i-seclia

sand

57

terra

< — ma-la&a

earth, soil

firmamento

t'ambo —

sky

>, lagoa -s

I'awala, mo.-taicala

lake, pool »|

ilodo

m&-tope

mud

Az-iia —

sun

. Urn grande numero

5. Madzina a mabasa

5. A Urge number of

de nomcs do artefactos,

mazinji, ninga

works of mind or art,

|m6rmento os do feitio

chiefly the more uni-

is uniforme, chato,

form in shape, flat,

I s ou redondo, como

round, or smooth, as

trabalho -s

b(lSat TA8,-bciS(l

work -3

ljuraco, janella -s

bcnya, m&-bcn<ja

loophole -a

;travessas das

bidza, m*-bidza

canse-stretcher -s

embarcacoes

-cs

botc, mB,-botc

boat -a

mochita -s

budut m&-budu

knapsack -a

'Ira democr -s...

\i-biie, ma-li-6Mfl

grinding stone -S

•uta -a

buscta, ma-buscta

s ii3 all box

ipilar -es

ch'ikua, m&-chikua

••

hila

ch'ira, mo,-chira

hammock -a

a, popa .s

domo, n\o,-domo

: O SC6CO

d on<jolomuQ'i ma-d-

lump of dry clay

ou pedrinha

i<;a -8

dumpuci, ma-

fathom -s

huraco.covanochao

dz-enjc, ma

hole, pit ••

Ira do lar -s...

p-/, m&-fua

cooking stone -s

-s

ma-p/M/w

-•

r -s...

f/okrjiondo, ma-

stick for beating.s...

•a

grade, ma-

grate .g

ninho de rato -8...

gnlit, ma-

mouse nest -a

fcorda polida -a

ma-

smooth edge

piano cafreal inome _s

jpequena panella jpequeno sacco Icaixinha de mulher jfeixo de cani9o que amarra os tectos jcesto -s

[lancha -s

JcdHier _es

pneia bra9a -s-s jhorta -s

jdivida -s

jzagaia .s

itelha -s

ienxada -s

jbra9a de palha a- jmarrada para tecto

jfeixinho de palha Icousa para venda iteme

icemeterio icoador -es

jcorral -aeg

|vela de navio -s

|rasao, principio

jrede

jcaril (especie)

58

— mz-l-imba

dz-ina, msi-dz-ina

k'amvu, m^-kamvu

k'ande, m&-kand& small ba

k'ando, m&-kando

k'asa, ma-tea

native piano -9 name -3

small clay pot .s

k'obica, m&-kobua

lanxa, m&Janxa

hik'o, m&-luk'o

lupande, m&-lu...

di-mba, ma-di-w6a

ni&.ngaiva

di-pa, ma-di-pa

p'ali msi-pali

p'&za, ma-79$£#

p'embo, nm-pembo

p'iso, msi-piso

mp'uli, m&-mp'uli

t.sigiro, m^-t.sigiro

t-sungtdo, ma-t-5W- ngulo

VCMICJCL, niBi-t'cingct, t'anga, m&-tanga t'angui, m&.tanyui

— ma,-tengatenga t'id

casket for woman rope of reeds for

roofs

basket -s

launch -g

native spoon -s yard -s

garden ^

debt -s

javelin .3

tile ,s

hoe -g

fathom of grass rea- dy tied for roofing large cooking pot -s handful of straw thing for sale -s... rudder, helm -g cemetery beer-strainer -s

stable

sail

origin, reason

large fish net

curry

•a

-S

-s

ta catcgc-

ria de nomes pertcn- cem algims sul)

losdcvcrbos :priinitivos com oprc- iixo ma- e o suffixo o, :como

zumle,

N. B. Madzina ena- ngo, niiikjn encwa, anu- sasanliua na avcrbo, ni- nga

-S

plantation -s

N. 15. To • ry of

< with tlie p:

suffix-o, derived from priuiiti.o \xiho, aa

amcnto

ma-//;-»o

payment

rgonha

nia-K/'uftfeo

shame

\ dcrivados do

oL

from

^ar

ku-//^;a

to } .

-prezar

ku-nAodji

78 6. Alguns nomes do

6. ^fadziiia cnango a

6. A

tempo, cujos «

kugaWa iibiku, niu^t

'

; cm Portuguez

M 1'iiflisli avo

.«lo quasi todos advcr.

•

.bios ou exprossCee ad*

us, aa

:aes, como

todos os

— ma-m&o r

• dia

rna

<lo

ulo

noito

m&'Sikii

: ni^ht

knhi

. wj uana

to-morrow

—

na

formerly

88; 7. Urn ttumcBo ifli- imitado de n.omes de IposicSo ou maneira, jderivados dos verbos japplicativos em -ira ou \cra, com o prefixo ma- je o suf f ixo -o, como |ooriente (lit. aon.

desae © sol) jo poente (lit. aonde se deita o sol) ar onde se do- brou um ramo de

60 7. Madzitm

,

nasasanha na averbo a kuinalisa na -ira, -era ninga

7.

aku- ber of names of Po<i- i- iro, -cro, a- tion cr manner, derived from applicative verbs in -ira, or -era, with tho prefix ma- and the suf- fix -o, as east (lit. where the

Fun rises)

west (lit. where the sun sets mark made by breaking a branch

^~ ma.-Jconhero

imaneira de dormir icostumes, maneira

de estar imaneira de fallar

) 8. Os numeros se- quin tes, empregados icomo fcubstantivos: ;dez, dezena jcento, cem

DO O.fUhs poucos de 9. Mad^ina a ku kn-

ijhiraesaugmentativos lisua na ma-, ana pre-

.icm ma- scguido de ou- fixo uawo uinango, nin-

jtro prefixo plural, co- ga [mo

plantacoes mb-mi-mla

extendiias (v.mi-nda u. 64)

Tn&Jcxgcro

8. Madzina a kule- ngesa enewa:

k'umi,

manner of sleeping habit, manner of

living manner of speaking

8. The following num- bers, used subs tan tivo-

ten, tens hundred .g

9. A few nn.p;rnonf alive plumls with ma follow- ed by another plural prefix, as

plantations

le'U-MA-'U Ubali T-MA-T

Quaess'oasformas dus indices d'csta classe?

: O classificador do lar e

Bit antes do a em

cafreal

U( = 'u,n. 17) nos outros casoa I O do plural e ma se- iguido do PR f ixo do sin- gular, como eni

••JO -S

oies

Ndipange aprefixo a ubaliuao.

Ua ubodzi ndi Bu pa a mu

bu-adua

bu-'

17 (= '^.n. 17)'mafa- la enango.

Ua u^inji ndi m/i pa- bodzi na prefixo ua u- bodzi, uinga

u-ta, p. ma-'u-^a

The 'U-MA-'U da

Which are the forms of the prefixes of this class?

The classifier of tho singu!

Ihi before a in Kafir I, to\v

U f = ';<, n. 17) in tho other cases.

Tliat of tho plural U ;»,/- f.;ll"\\vd by tha . of tho biagxdar, as iu

-8

tow of kinds

uido

tna-u-diu, hcrva, c in i- u-ta , Missub-

se, sendo quasi todos colltctivDS ou abstrac- tos, emprogain-se pou-

:>. Ungaloka. ma- N. B. With the ex-

i diU,

othey

mno n

;i la kunh \ uUjhiuuU'

bua.

.

Que luhstantivoi pertcnccm a esta cla&se'

ns poucosdc no-

f races quo pulluUm,

NHpanga ubali uno.

madzina

1. M:i.l/in.i n ]>'

; -pa pia ku-

.h arc the sub-

Btantlvcsot this class?

1. '• 108

weak aniuii\l<nilcti

Of

jformigas brancas f fixe (cspecie) jpiolhos de galli-

nba

labelhas pequenas ipeixe miudo

9. ].• 2. Eulbos farinbosos, •e vegebav&o miuda mui- ;to densa, como jherva isatyriao iplanta cheia de

pontas agudas ipapyro pequeno jgrao que nasce ialga (especie)

62

ii-cJicnje u-lawa u-ngiii

wliito ants fish (kind) fowl's lice

\\-pum~biidzi u-simbii

small kind of bees small fish

2. Pia 1mm era pia ku- pat'a, ninga

n-langa

u-liri

u-lulu u-mcra u-sekere

Q5 3.Partes do corpo

3. Pia manungu pi:

iilexiveis ou elasticas,

kufewa, ninga

icouio

la, pello

u-cya

Icerebro, miolos

u-ongo

it en da o

u-chingo

;crina do rabo do e-

u-kanga

lephante

rda

u-scwe

^iva

u-sinini

ipus

u-onza

u-t^si

trinas

u-tumbo

2. Farinaceous bulbs, and small dense vege- tation, as weeds

orchis (kind) prickly plaint

smalldenpe rush corn just coming up lake weed

3. Flexible and elas- tic parts of the body, as

wool, hair brain, marrow tendon, nerve hair of elephant's

tail

hog's bristles gums pus

entrails

G3

nn •!• Artefftctos floxi-

4. Pia kupasftnhua

4. Fie xible or plaKtic

ou plasticos, ou

pia kufcwa, na pia ku-

works, and others that

i'Ogamouf

pat'a, na pia kuwira,

stick together or fer-

::i, COmo

ninga

mest, as

veja cafreal

bu-adua

Kafir beer

iestopa, liuho

bu-azi

•tow, hemp

u-chi

honey

fumo

u-ch'i

smoke

das para pel xc

u-cro

fence for fish

farinha

u-fa

flour

:iado levc -S-s

u-kano, ma-u-A;a;io

light axe

• ora

u-nga

powder

:cera

u^nila

wax

linha

u-salu

thread

trapo, farrapo s-s-

u-siwa, mSi'U-sitva

rag

arco -8

u-ta, ma-'u-to

bow -s

iarco-Iris

'HI azimu

rainbow -s

.ro

u-tale

iron ore, iron

'). Nomcs de quali-

5. Madzina a uk'ali

5. Names of qualities,

dadcs, estados, novOos

uonscne, uioga

. abstract no-

iractas, como

tions, as

rilidade

u-atia

childhood

/a, hicvidado

U-6r

shortness

.ura

breadth

„

U-y?/;

nhi

*

ira

Jit

ura

imi

thinness

icia

•ncy

fservi90 do governo |servi90 de branco

G4

I

jengano jviagem jtrapaceria iadulfcerio

iriqueza jgrandeza

! amizado

u-re

public service

u-zungu

service of white

man

M-enlie,

deceit

n-lendo

journey

Vi-nV awatawa

fraud, deceit

•a.-pombo

adultery

u-tenda

sickness

u-tende

riches

u-Jculu

greatness

\a-xamiiali

friendship

Classe CHI-PI Ubali CHI-PI The CHI-PIclass

Que formas teem os classificadores cl'es- ta classe?

; O do singular 6 clii - das consoantes, ch antes das vogaes. plural £ pi em to- dos os casos.

Aprefiroaubaliuno mbanji.'

.bali ndi chi pa aconsoanto, ch pa avo- gal. Ua uzinji ndi pi.

Whlc^i are the forms of the classifi- ers of this class?

.:ular

re conson- ants.. >wels. That of the plural u pi in all cases.

Quc nomes perten- ccmu classc CHI-PI?

I— Em geral os nomcs ;quo lembram de vao, .alva, centro, angulo, jsalto, peda^o, imper- lo. D'ahi:

Ndip-.nge madzina ft ubali CHI-PI.

Madzina mazinji a pint'u pia kucli pia kuk'onda kuaua, na pia kunhenga, nin_, a

Which are the na- mes that belong to the CHI-PI class?

In ^eiu-i.xl names

.ind us of

dawn, void, centre, an-

:iou, part,

•a.

100

vas, conio -a (o que niio e pcssoa)

no-

c\ri-nt'ii, \n-nt'u

>mlo, p. pi- nbo do

let*

1. T! r pri-

vat.

tiling iwlint is no

on)

us«-K^s or L ful tiling

.mesdtanimaos - a pinha- .imcgofar

baixo*. cuitop, como ma, nin^a tiiHt nro low, aa

r-£-aro Ixiixo

chi.mbalame pi-

small bird s

tvsbrito gordo

cki-mbugi pi-

small fat goat or

mas pequeno

kid -s

icobra curta -s-s

chi.pjVi pi-

puff-adder -s

ifracos, como

wpalc, ns

psissuro pregnic;oso

chi-dob pi-

hizy bird -3

:com saltos, transi<,'Ges,

with jumps, transi-

ieomo

tions, as

ipul^a -s

ch-ado pi-

flea -s

icobra raiada -s

c\ii-bvalrt-miif(o?nba

striped snake -s

ipassaroaquatico

cm-danJcuf pi-

aquatic bird -s

Ifcrillo .R

c}\i-mbirichocho pi-

cricket .s

ipoixe electrico .s-s

chi-;f/zm pi-

electric fish .es

ipyrilampo -s

chi-p'a«^y«ni pi-

firefly -ies

inecivos, como

hurtful, as

janimalnocivo

chi-?zArt??m pi-

dangerous animal

icfio bravo (especic)

chi-^Sf?^ pi-

-wild dog (kind)

10 2i 3- VcgotarSo

3. !\radzina a pimi-

3. Vegetation

iinicial, como

ti mi pirorubo, uinga

initial, as

Ipequena arvore

obi-mu-ti pi-

low tree -s

jmilho germinado

cbi-mera pi-

sprouting corn.

malt

no corac;5o, como

•with soft heart, as

;if-r.O d(s r*l\\-

clii-fcyzrZ<5 pi-

heart of palm-

meira

tree

naz

clii^flwcf^i pi-

pine-apple -s

• hfl, como

];>\v, as

ch-anjani

portulaca

;:i I.M'avn,

h'a pi-

M 'III pota.toe -g

i<i'- T-,do

clii-' '-v pi-

toi'toisc-'K I.

M-k'aladtmbepi-

• ' ik'umba «

'•jiri ]»i- coiii'li {: ar. (kind)

ule \i- l(j\v gra

:o pc- v\ii-ru ml i manga \ •.iiul

•'I'.TM pi-

.. as

I ;- oea

chi-nfon^o

difforin, as ionrjolt

iidu }•:- ; mo

clii-/<,

,

an

t

1 -r>

•

63

icintura .s

ch.unu

pi-

groin, waist

-s

Ipeito .s

chi-fua

pi-

breast, chest

ipoupa artificial

clri-goti

tuft of hair

icotovelo -s

chi-gunk'unu'pr

elbow

_s

ibexigas

chi-kuku

small pox

igallico s-

chi- manga

pi-

syphilis

(pubis

cln.ncna

pi-

pubis

icrista .s

chi-nzercj'e

pi-

cock's comb

-s

icraneo secco de

chi-pata

dry scull of ani-

animal

mal -s

...

lestomago -s

chi-pfu

pi-

stomach

-8

iqueixo -s

chrrebvu

pi-

chin

-8

icha^a, cicatriz -s

chi.ronda

pi-

wound

-S

icalcanhar

chi- tends

pi-

heel

-s

irabo de passaro

c\\i-toto

pi-

bird's tail

-s

104: 5- Nomes de artefac- ;tos por si incompletos, isto e: ! Significacivos, conio

:marca

-s

Iembran9a penhor

prova do muave comedia, ficyao -s

-s

ihistoria ficticia -s

I Com vao para reco- ;ber outracousa, como

5. Madzina a pia ku- sasanhua

Pia kukumbusa, ni- nga

chi-dzindikiro pi- cbi-panda pi-

chi-pcndo chi-sango pi- chi-se^o pi-

chi't'ankano pi- Pia kufuna dzalisua,

5. Products of art in- complete by themsel- ves, that is:

Significative, as

mark, sign -g memorial -s

badge

trial by muave comedy, -ies humour story -ies

Hollow to receive something else, as

69

rede quc fe(

.armazem -ens vaso para iscas

cabaca para beber panella -a

r-s.. que nao

gua chiq-. -s

largo defrente de casa -s

or (esp

colchao de canico

-6es...

inbeiro -s

-8

arraadillia

r f- ras

.

! ccie)

•> pa-

r* fignrrar, cuino

-OCS

cli-uru

Q\\\-l:opola

c\\\-k\>ta

pl- J.i-

1'-

pi- pi-

pi-

(port.) pi-

pi- c\\\-ntaro pi-

clii-rr pi-

c\\i-pataso pi-

;»wrr« pi- raw bua •

cbi-rimba \

i

[

era

cl;:

Pia kumtnga, ninga

.ind)

-el -3

store -s

ptacle for baits

ponrd -s

cooking pot -s

:i£ net (kind)

ing wai

CUp -3

native basket -s .11 place in front of house

dm in (kind) -s 1 cushion -8

Is'bouso -a -a

.Id beu

spoon (kind) basket ikii.

: d^ -s

catch, M

:ig hook -3

"fomplementarios

chapeu tecidos

:arma

70

Pi:i kutimizua. cli-aue (port.) pj. ch-apeu (port . )pf.

-s chi-da

icume d'um tecto cinto decontas-s pente _g

icomida comple-

mantaria porta

cl\i-p'ano pi- chi-fulamtinda pi- clii-wp'ofe pi_

chi-sopMfo pi-

capademedicina

dii-tumua pi-

itabua para Inn- par a pelle

clii-xanibo pi-

Miurlos; parciaes, limperfeitos, coino

Pia kuchepa, ninga

ichumbo grosso ;peda9o de casca -s :t'raco golpe na ca-

ch-umbo (port.) chi-bade pi- cki-konde pi-

peda9o de panno jcnxada diminutiva ipequena bola de burracha

c\n-/fopo pi- ca'i-fudzo pi- cki-?npira pi-

icerveja pouco fer- nientada

c\i\-nanyana

iplbarestupido, -es-s

chi-riro pi- chi-^o pi-

i Mitary, a*

material for clothes defensive weapon

«

top of a roof belt of beads -s comb _3

complementary

food -g

door -s

envelope for ma-

decine washing stick

Small, partial, im- perfect, a3

gun-shot -s

bit of bark -s... weak blow on

head

bit of cloth -s... short h©e -g

small rubber ball -s

beer little fer- mented

C1T crioa

stupid look -3

einbarca<;fiu vaga-

o1-

71

pi- blow

-es

105 G- ^ome* do divides ju-, or- dem, eoino anno nov lua nova

;ra de pessoa pequenadist;

: re povoa^oes .ncipio la. divisao dos de-

,

0

mes de al-

gumas cousas da natu- tivas ou to- •mo

luz dc:' (como a da laa)

furrac&o imoinhu :;to mau cli«

ial

6. Mad/iua a kugawa nsiku, muezi, ua a ku- longe>:a, uinga ch-aka c\\-agala chi-fupi

c\ii-mo chi-sa

cbi-t'angui

clii-^osi

chi-piri

7. Madzina onowa a pia

--:a

clu-dimct, ch-o

chi-6

anes of divi-

o£ tiuie, order, as

new year, season -3 new moon short distance, near

height of person biLiall space be- tween villages beginning

division oi ;ers

second * third

T. T; o names of a . in naturo

I

.;.oon) darkness hurrica

..id ~9

107 8. Os tres numeraes iseguintes:

iquatro (index da

mao direita) isete jmil, um milhar

72

8. Madziua a ngesa erewa

chi-na

clii-nomue chi-kui

kule- 8. The following numbers used as nouns

four (index of right hand) seven a thousand

10 & 9. Muitos nomes qua imarcam estylo, ou ma- ineiras transitorias de jfazer, andar, fallar, rvestir, etc., e d'ahi os inomes de linguas, co- |mo

jnudeza

iestylo de homem

lestylo de mulher

iestylo de branco,

• T j

Im^uagem de

branco

9. Madzinamazinji a machitiro, ainga

cbi-pezipezi chi-muna chi-Jcazi chi-zungu

9. A large number oi substantives that mark style, principally tran- sitory, also langua- ge, as

nakedness manly style, womanly style white man's style or language

jlingua de Sena ilingua de Tete slingua do alto 1 Chire

chi-sena chi-nhungut chi- manganja

Fun a language Tete language High Chire language

Classe KA-PI

Ubali KA.PI The KA-PIclasg

109 Quando e corao so usa on Sena o classi- ficador KA?

1. Usa-separaformar ::iinutivos, c n'esse ca- prefixa-se ao classifi- cador normal. ; Querendo se usar no plural, o§ mesinos no- ;nri( .mo clas-

I : .'• I I a classe oedcnte, quo n'um itidod tambem di- iminutiva.Ex.

n9a

passarinho arco pequeno

2. Usa-so tambem com 09 adjectives nu- meraes no scntido rca- trictitofa nossa pala- vra t-«, i**ft. coa.o '•rn

duas vczes trcs vezcs

Asena anat'imlzali- ni prefixo KA pa ma- dzina?

1. Nsiku zinafunawo kuchepesera ta chint'u chinaloogawo.

Anpalonga uzinji a- nat'imiza PI. Ex.

When and how !• naed in Sena the classifier KA?

1. It is used to form diminutives. In which case it is prefixed to the normal clas£ifier.

When it is necessary to form a plural for the same words, KA is re- placed by PI of the pre- ceding class. Ex.

, pi.ana small child (=pi.a.ana) ...dren

pi. small bird •«

m-balame

small bow -s

2. It is als« used

with a restrictive mea- ning of «timos» (with the stems ot numeral .vcs, as in

©nee

:ce

three timǤ etc.

2. Ka anat'imifna

mbo pa adjective a ku-

: a,

k&.bodzi ka.7/ itu

As classes locativas PA,MU,eKU.

A-prefixo ambuto PA, MU, KU.

Thelocativa classes PA, MU, KU.

Ill Sera bera correcto considerar como sub- stantives em Sena palavraa como pansi, no chao; 'nduli, por iraz; pa-bodzi, Junta- .mente, etc.?

Sem duvida, pois re- jgem adjectives e ver- \ bos, e podem ser repre- ;sentadosporpronomes, jexactamente como os iinais substantives. Ex.

Ha fogo ate de. |baixodamesa, lit. ;0 debaixo mesmo |da mesa tem fogo.

112: Quaea sao as varia- cdes do locativowm?

As mesmas que as do mu da classe MU-A (n. 52), a saber 'mu,'n,'.

i Qne difierenca de ;sentido ha entre PA, MU e KU;

Kafa!a a rcbuto a kut'anguR na pa, mu, ku, ^ndi a-substantivo ene?

Ndi a-substantivo, nanji anaton^a aver bo na adjective, mbabvu- nua na apronome, ni- nga njadzina enango. Ex.

Pa-nsip.enep-a meza pa-na moto.

Ndipange masandu- kiro a prefixo mut.%

Mabodzibodzi ana u ua ubali MLT-An.

52)

Is It correct to class as substantives in Se- na such words as pa, nsi, down; 'nduli behind; pa bod*i, toge.. tber, etc.?

No doubt about it, ag they govern adjectives and verbs, and can be represented by pro- nouns, exactly as t! e other substantives. Ex.

There is fire even under the table, lit. The pla~ ce-under of the ta- ble itself has fire. Which are tha phonetic changes of the locative mu?

The same as those of the classifier mu of class MU-A(n.52), viz. mu, 'n, '.

PA na MU na KU r What IB f e diffe- .anaDhereierega rji?f rence of meaning be- tween FA, KU, and

KU?

Pa oivr 4/1i«.- . ; • :i ..."

< . »

- tno

'mdc...oupam...i Ku & i :

• : «a

Mu a:, u'herezere.sa pin, 'n ATu >'

ku n^ uk->. An . .

7'<; meant ", flat on... "

Mt» in.»

Kti moans «on tha » A"/6 i "iorfor ii.linitivcs. l^x.

'*£i

/i( — niu ,^a^')

inside of

1

ku-A'a^'

towards home,

from lioin-j

ku-/"a

lU'atli

Quo palavras rcr-

Ndipange raadtin^

Which are the sub-

teicein a e*tas cl&a-

a rnaubali enewa.

•tantlvca that be-

long to these classes?

1. MuJzina a *n buto

1. A f.:w In:- |

quouuncaou

a kusoa ubali uinauyo,

that never or

OUl

nin^a

.u au-

outra cl<\

ot'tor class, ai

t . .iiil

p&~dxulu

>ve

in tlie air

a o ar

j'i

out.

'

ku •

outsi :

out

on t!%p.

:a baixo

bin

.0 same ;

76

:para o mesrao lo- gar

k-ont'o

em vao

p.eet

jdentro da bocca

'u-Jcanua

:por traz

'-nduli

;para traz, as cos-

ku-nduli

tas

;

;a porta

V&-daml)o

|para um logar a-

ku-dambo

berto

iadeante

p&-sogolo

ipara deante

ku-sogolo

jperto

pa-fupi

ilonge

p&-tali

ilonge para dentro

'ii-tali

ipara longe,delon-

ku-tali

ipor traz da casa

ku-sere

.0 dia depois d'ama-

'u-kucha

nha

;o terceiro dia depois

'n-tondo

d'este

). 2. Locatives forma-

2. Mad/ina a mbuto

;dos & vontade com sub-

a kusala nu prefixo ua

IfctaritivoBde outru, clas-

ubali uinaugo. Ex.

ise. Ex.

!A' tua vista

Pa maso pako

jN'atjuella hoiia

'Ij-di-mba mule

to the same place

in vain

inside of the mouth

behind, at the

back from behind, on

the back on open ground to open ground

in front to the front near

far

far in

to, from a dut mce

back of the house the day after to- morrow the third day after

this

2. Locatives formed at will from substanti- ves of other classes. Ex.

Before your eyes lu that gardeu

asademeu pae '-nhumbamuababa

.Quoro ir vt-r a var-

gcin d'elle. Dcbaixo da mesa

;Sobre o raino d'u- ma arvoro

\t ku mu-

ndakua. 'N-k'ungusiri inua

m. za Pa-nt'awi pa muti

In the house of my father Lot me go and sea

his plantation Under the table

On the branch of a a tree

116 3. Una poucos locati-

» : ;uados com radi-

caes de adjectives, como

:co juntarnente

> a o mesmo lo^ar

ladzina a mbuto a kulandana na adjc- ctivo, ninga

3. A f(;w locatives for mod with steins of ad- jectives, as

together to one place

TheorJa do gonero Oft lingua do Sena.

T17 Dos factos qne acabam de per clucidados rcsulta qne o princiyio ;que preside a classificacao dos eub- jstantivos na lingua de Sena, e, por janalogia, nas ir.ais linpuas Eantu, ;nao6, como em nossas linguas, o de jsexo masculine, feminine, ou neu-

itro. Qual sera elle 6 outra questao. •

Nao e. o prineipio de vida. Pois jvetnos animaes em cada uma das Inossag classes.

KSo eo principio de tfcmanlwna- \iural. Pois, exeeptuando a classe idiminutiva KA-PI, encontrpmos em i<ada classo cousas naturalrn«nte icrandes e outras naturalmente p«- iqucnas.

E'.scnao mo on.eano, nap classes locativas a fosi^ito relatirct, e no sir-t.ular das n aib clcsFes MI (iffartncia (arftritr. Ko <;'esttt:- elus-s-es s.-eii,'! n qu« ofc seres se multiplicain.

N'este pentode vista, originaria

Tbecry in the Eona language.

From tbe facts just depcribcd cnc n-py pee plainly enough tl r.t t1 e principle wl icfe presides to t1 e classification of substantives in Se- na, and, by analogy, in the other Pantu lanf.Bapes.is not, ae in our languages, tl at of «r asculinc, fomi- nine, or neuter sex. What it may bo is another questim.

It is not the principle cf liff^n vrs see animals in every one of our

classes.

It is rot tbe principle of sire, RP. if we except the dimi nutive claps KA, we see in *veiy cl»!«3 t! ings natu- rally large and things naturally small.

Mil fe.ra clr-s loe,it:vo«, Iri! V r i ;;-

.

If I nm no* miftrkcn, as in the locative elates it is the relativt i, EO in the singular of the it is the sJwpt or exterior appearance. In the plural of tin-fa classes it wruld be the ji. aimer in which beings are multiplied.

Looking frcm tbifi pcint cf Aitw, originally:

3r?/cut of locatircs would re- jn ind of r&Diiiicaticn rs in iuu-nrn, a peisun, ?/.«-//, i\ trtit;'

79

•fonsa interior ou eecondiua em • \, comoem 'n-kanua, o interior 'dabocca. Cf. tnua, bt-ber.

Di ?6 parece se applicara consat uniforim-s, m;>not<ma.-:,

i ro-

dondas, conio ili-so, olho. Cf. Jui, icomer.

In the locatives it meaus a thing hidden in another, as 'n-kanua, tha inside of the mouth. Cf. inn,' tit-ink.

Di seems to bo applied only to tilings uniform, monotonous, regu- lar, symiiu'f rii-, smooth, flat or rouud, as di-so, eye. Cf . dia, to eat.

A" (in, ou nh) 6 o mais neutro doa

xos, inrluindo tudo o quo oa

:iam, principalmente

., di-

> rotjiun..

AT(tn, or nh) is the most neutral

of all prefixes, taking in all thnfc

the ol hers do not claim, principally

,umr, sr.'ittrred. diviM-sifi.-d,

nh-arni,

nha, to ease nature (pro- uouucitl t.iu by many natives).

.. lembra do saltos, transi- Chi reminds of jumps, an

. co«>a» an^alarrs. violoni.is, t'-n'iMiion*. b;-.)kon or ini|)^rfeofc

:.i';ada>, M, f«>in.) tilings, Mchi-ijunkunu, elbow. Cf.

.•ikunu, Ov>u>»-ollv>. Ci. cha, efcu,

n^> less di^tinrtlr rorr.ind« of i Ability, as 'wfu, b^w. Cf. (<j}ua

iaroo. Cf. ($-... to fall.

hninuti? - ». &i ndi.in1.;1 I t ' sit.

ts eontact. C'. j loMI

•

80

I A marca, multiplicacSo porgera- A marks multiplication by bear-

jca«. Of. bala, parir. in^ forth. Cf. bala, to bear (child- ren, fruits)

! Mi marca multiplica9£o por cres- Mi marks multiplication by

jeer. Cf. mera, crescer. sprouting. CLmera, to sprout.

I Zi marca rnultiplicasSo por en- fi marks multiplication by

jcher. Cf. dzala, encher. getting full.Cf . dzala, to get full.

Ma marca produccSo final, Cf. Ma marks final production. Cf,

mala, acabar. mala, to end.

Pi (Tete bzi, varias linguat bvi) Pi (Tete bzi, rarious dialects bvi)

juiarca inultiplicacao por repeti9ao. marks multiplicavao by repetition,

iCf. bvina, fTete 6nwa,)dan9ar. Cf.fTete bzina,) to dance.

Se esta theoriafdr correcta, nao If this theory is found to be oor-

jsera ella a cbave do problema rect, nre we net at last in pessess-

jmais embajcacadQ das linguas ion of the key to the most puzzling

(bantu? problem of the bantu lauguages?

ADJECTIY03

ADJECTIYO A KUiufA

STRONG ADJECTIVES

3 os adjec- podcia

- dous adjectives cho

:ea

ea

1. Awiri cucwa

-muna

iiyombe i-muna nyombc i-l .

Which arc the ad- jectives that can be terme

1. The :

that disL. sex

male female

Ex. OX

2. O.s adjectives se-

ide Ipequ

eqneno

>, fraco

kukulisanaaku: hi

I'onong'ono pi a)

2. 1 -.% ad.

and intrinsic condition old

,;ill

soft, weak unripe, grc

.dcnaea

clous

8. A

-bo >

3. The cardinal nara-

six

;oito nove

;com os tres segaintes:

•quantos?

io mesmo identi-

camcnto nauitos

121: N- B- 1- &umi, dez, jpl. makitmi; dz-ana, joem, pi. ma-ds-ana; e \chikui, mil, so se eru- jprogaiii como substau- jtivos (uu. Si), 107.)

122; 2.0s immeros nar- jdinaes de uin a nove te- icui ta.i bom foiuaat; d) jsubotaniivos. Tiatados ico.no lacsos seguiuies rpertenoem a classo pIU-A:

mh

dous

tres

cinco

seis

oito

noie

; A' f] ' : per-

item

82 -nomuc

-sere

-fcmba

na atatu cucwa:

•ngasif

-bodzibodzi

N. B. 1. K'umi, dz-a- na, clii-kui si adjective, ndi asub-itautivo. (ua. 89, 107.)

2. Madzina a kule- rgesa, angabveka pa wo pone, analonda asubs- ta tivo. Ej.a'igo at.alo- Lda ubali MU-A, niuya

posi

piri

tatu

xanu

tant'atu

sere

feinba

: j.da ubali GUI ndi

seven

eight

nine

wit » the three follow- ing:

how many? the very same

many

N. 13. 1. K'-umi, ten, pi. maliimi', dz-ana, hundred, pi. ma-dzana; and chi-kui, a thousand, are used only as sub- stantivos (on. 89, 107.)

f. Tlie cavdi-al riut>-bers fro one to n>nc can also be used as substantives. In « hid case the following ho- Ion* to ihu MCJ-A class:

one tv/o three five

six

eight

nine

TJ tlio GUI class belong

qnatro tctc

83

\a

chi-riemuc

fotir

1 23 -"V Vejain-»eei rim-c

n. 25'. 4. DC facto o i;

. Zainbozu

iqnas i .njente

iii fal-

. jUO-

Ino t) .

imost. i Liexcia

e o

>.rn. leno

Ida .- . baa

..•*.

• 3tCS

vcs be cli&niam fcrtcs?

v.ros

8. U'o^c ft ku/oriuari pa

151.

?• See (he ordinal nuiuL

4. Practically tl,e nath nn-bo-

MS on- ly with tl

of the left hand. Tico

aiidsoool'

-mall finder o( .lit liiind. Both Lands arc .

Adfectivo erewa ana- tulirua njiakuwanga?

T4»xn»ui la kulandana

Wlsy are these adjectives called

ng?

'

;l-o o- I •

of the •

5 Qlir

06 acijoctivcs i

i Os :

aprcfio a What prcf'xes do .ivoa kuwauga? t: *i\t%

• •

;e i por tt n« singular Ida classe N. O prefixo jdo singular da classe ;DI-MA e LI quo mui- jtos mudam era i.

\ No singular da clas- .se MU-A muitos indi- igenas tratarn os adjec- .'tivos de dimensao co- ;mo verdadeiros nomcs, iunidoscom o seu sub- stantive a maneira de

84

Prefixo ua ubodzi ua ubali DI-MA ndi /f, mulomo uiuango ndi i.

Adjective a kupima nsiku zinango anama- nghva na asubstantivo a\vo na preposiyao -a. Ex.

for nin the singular of tlie class N. The prefix of the singular in the DI-MA class is 14, which many natives change to i.

In the singular of the MU-A class many natives treat the adjec- tives of dimension as true substantives, con- struing them as poss- essive expressions (n,

lexpressoes possessivas

146) Ex,

i(n. 146). Ex.

;uma pessoa

w u-7i t'u mtbodzi

one person

;duas pessoas

a-nt'u orwiri

two people

ihomein grande

m-amiuia 'n.kulu

great man

: „ (lit. homem do

m-anmna ua 'n-

„ (lit. a man of

grande)

kulu

great)

homens grand es

amuna &-kulu

great men

rCrcan^a nova

muana mu-j.wa

new child

:„ (lit. creai^a da

mil- ana ua mu-ps-a

,,(lit. child of

119W)

nova

crean9as novas

ana 0,-ps'a

new children

!

CL. MU-MI

*

iarvore grande

mu-ti u-kulu,

great treo

•arvores grandes

mi-tl m\-kii,!u

great tr.

itravesseiro p^-i'i k

'n-sajo n nyoiio

small bjlotor

j no

jtravesseiros poqwe-

mi-sago-im-ng-ono

small bolstai'i

%

1 no*

CL

nrna semcnte

m-leii i-bc

one seed

jmuitas sementes

nji

many seeda

novo hymno

'nh-imbo i-ps'a

new song

•novos hymnos

nh-imbo zi-ps'a

new songs

Cl. DI-MA

um olho

di-so (l)i-fcc .

one eye

dous olhoi

ma-so uw-u'iri

two eyes

pato

: i (l)i muna

ke

patas

ma-bata m&-kazi

ducks (females)

um arco

ntos arcos? ja fresca _as bra : .

na

'•quenas

ananaz que nao 4 luro

"nita crcanra : :is crean-

Cl. U— MA-'U u-ta M-bodzi ma-'u-ta ma-?i0a«f bu-adua u-ps'a u-chcnje u-iciri

ci. cm-pi

ch-ai'c cbi-nyono pi -ore yi-nyono chi-', \-tete

one bow

how many bows? fresh beer two white anti

Bmall key small keys unripe pine-apple

';ild nong-ono

j-ono- very small child-

ng'ono

-cm cstes adje- ciivosnaaclas es lo-

te ourem n'esUt vcrda-

Adjectivo a kuwa- Are these adject-

nga alipo a ma'ubali ives used also in tke

a mbuto? locative classes?

a kulftndanirft In these classes they

tuna akuUtaniivo.n. IIS. *ra only used M Ui«

ideiros substantiro*

in. '1C.

I Sendo arljectivos qua

rn uni ]'.c

jcoiicordaiu com elle no jpivfixo que nao e loca- jtivo. Ex.

Chegaram a uma Ipovoaciio grande. Entraram n;u- ia casa nova. Puzeram-nospor cima de duas me-

86

Adjective a

tivo na mb-j.to, anabva- la prt'fixo uache ua ku- k'onda longa mbuto. Ex.

Afika Jcu mu-dzi u-kulu.

Apita '-nhumba

127

A'ika pa mezazi- wiri,.

n. 11(5.

tio acljrjct- ives that follow B liv:-, tlicy iitrroc \vith it in tlio non-locative class. Ex.

They camo to a lar>;'e village.

They entered a new house.

They put them upon two tables.

Appeaclice Appendix

Kottrando a maae?ra bastante Showing the somewhat clumsy »oaravada ae cont&r em Sena. way cf counting in Sena.

30 arvores

31 arvores

33 arvores (lit. ;arvores dezenas itres com (arvores) jtres.)

335 arvores (lit. iarvores centenas itres com dezenas tres coin ai'vores eincoj

Miti mikumi ma- tat n

Mlti makumi ma- tatit na u lodzi (rnu- ti)

Miti makttmi ma- tatu na mi-tatu (mi-

Mitimadzanama- tatu na makumi matatu na mill mi- xanu.

30 trees

31 trees

33 trees (lit. tress (that arc) three tens with throe trees)

335 trees (lit. trees that are three hundred with three tena with fivo trees.

ADJECTIY08

FIUCCS

ADJECTIYO A KUFEWA

wriK

ADJECTi

0 qne e rue se chama ddjectivo m Sena?

' .nnas dc- itcr;:. :i o mesmo

> de concordaucia, a (Jinco adjectives sim:

;jcctivos demonstratives, ivas, as.

mi-ti \-onscne mi-ii i-'i mi~ti rako mi-ti i-namcla

as nrvores :as arvorcs ores >re3 quo crcs-

) de concordat jpctteni 60 quechamaremos c.'<

ico em algumas

-cs do que o elcmento do concor- cia doaa-'.

traces, Jem comparav&o com os outros.

What are weak adjectiTCB in Eena?

are four kind<j of (• inative forms that require tu

clement of concord, vi/:

2. The demonstrative adjectivea

3. The possessive expre sions,

4. Tho rclutivo cxpresisions.

Ex.

all the trees these trees thy trees trees which grow

Que formas teem os

B itosdc concor-

dancia qucECcnccn-

tram cm todos oa

:tiyos fracoe?

Ndipance aj- anabvaia adje- kafewa.

Mbc:

isoantes. as vezos con- tra' tidas com aa vogact

(nn.^f.,27)

Tho olfmcnt of concord which • ,,ich further

wo call i*ronomin,. . In so-

me cln than the e-

loment of concord of the strong ad' the reason why ' opp<

What are the forms of the elements of con- cord that are common to all the weak adjo-

txs follows, full b :

ntrao-

ted with vowels (nn. I

Singular

88

Antes das cons. Antes das vog. Before conson. Before vowels

iCLMU-A M(al.a) u

ICl. MU-MI u u

!C1. N i i

Plural

Antes das cons. Antes das vo£, Before ccnsou. IVfore vowels

a a (contr.)

z

iCl. DI-MA I

'i (al.i)

I (al. i)

a

a (contr.)

ICl. U-MA-U

u

u

a

a (contr.)

|C1. CHI-PI

clii

ch

pi

pi

Id. KA-PI

Ita

Jca (contr.)

pi

pi

ICL PA

pa

pa (contr.)

—

ICL MU IOG.

mu

mu

—

,

!C1. KU

Jcu

Jcu

___

,

130; Qnando nm adje- Ictivo fraco vem de- ipois d'um locativo jque classe segue elle? i Em geral segue a iclasso locativa. Ex.

;era tua casa

I Corntudodepoisd'urn jlocativo em pa que tem itanibcm outro classifi- icador, os possesslvos jcostu-" am se^uiraclas- jse que niio c locativa. Ex.

;8O pe da sua es- pingarda

Se. uern-se varias 'obscrva^oes sobre as iquatro especies de ad- jectivoe f races.

Adjective akutows- t*a dzina la mbuto a- nabYalaprefixouarji?

Azinji anabvala mbo prefixo ua mbuto. Ex.

'nhumba mu-ako

Nsiku zinango anga- towcra pa, anabvala prefixo ua kuk'onda nherezerosa mbuto. Ex.

pa mfuti i-acJie

Pia kusogolo rrpia kufundisa pinabvalawo adjective a kufcwa, qua- lidadc na C[ualidade.

When a weak adjec- tive follows a locat- ive, in what class does it agree with it?

Generally in the lo- cative class. Ex.

in your house

After a locative in pa however, the possessive adjectives generally a- gree with their substan- tive in the non-locative class, when it exists. Ex.

at the foot of his gun

The folloving are a few observations on the four kinds of weak adjectives,

131

' Adjectives fracos

Adjectivo

Simple weak

simples

a rnp'ala

adjectives

Quaes s;l o os adjecti-

Ndipange adjectivo

Which are the sim-

ves fracoa simples?

a rep'ala a kufewa.

ple weak adjectives?

: Saooci scguui.

Hbencwa:

They arc the follow.

ing:

Oq

-pi?

which?

outro

-ina, -inango

other

mo

-cue

same, self

so, sozinho

-ck'a, -oJt'a

alone, only

todoa

-onsene, -enscne

all

One tern de particu- lar o adjective I Nao torn uada de par- "j pimples-

nte como prefixo o . i en to dc concordan- Er.

16 bomcm? que homens? que arv

>res cm que

em o da

:0?

[ Os segulntos « jgAin-00 muitag vozet

Adjective -pi? ana- bva'a tani?

Anabvala prefixo ua kufewa anachemerua na substantive uache. Ex.

•mu-nt'u u ; a-nr mn-ti i!

m~mud .1 in;

Analandana na a- subaUmivo ndi

What is proper to the adjective -pit

Nothing special. Ifc just takes the element of concord correspond- ing to the classifier of i.tivo. Ex.

which man? which men? wlm-h t. whic-li tr< in \\luit part of

in V ct of

re? in what part of

TV ' ar«

often usod su.

:substnntivarrent«

Para onde? Glide?

etc.

133 Qnc tern de particu- lar o adjective -ina, \-inango?

PortSrum radical que iprincipia como uma vo- igal apresenta as con- jtraccoes ena, cnango, linajnango, por a-ina, a- •inango, i-ina, i-inango. JEx.

outras arvores outras aboboras

90

"ku-pi? pa-pi? etc.

Adjective -ina, .ina- ngo anabvala tani?

K'ala ua rab^'u ia kut 'an.ua na vo^al, cnabva ena, enango, ina, inango ( = a-ina, a-inango, i-ina, i-ina- ngo)

tively:

whither? where? etc.

What is proper to the adjective -ina, -inango?

Ravin* a stem t' at begins with a vowel, it presents the eonirac- tions ena, enango, ina, inancjo. for a-ini, c-i.ia- ngo, i-ina, i-itiango.Ex.

mi-ti ina (=i-ina) other trees ma- tang a enango other pumpkins

134j Que tern departicu ;lar o adjective -cne, jmesmo?

Tem a forma ene ipora-eweno singular e Iplural da classe MU-A, jtambom no plural das iclasses DI-MA e U-MA onsene. Ex. i-U. No singular da clas- jse N ouve-se tambem \ene por i-ene. 0 mais 6 Regular. Ex.

Adjective -vie ana- bvala tani?

Unabva ene ( = a-rne, nsiku zinango= i-enc). Pinango anabvala ni- nga adjective a kufewa

;Qaeu verdadeiro pae

pela manhS

labanga ene

na machiles'ene

What is proper to the adjective -enef

Ifc has tlie form-cne for a-cne in both the singular andpluial of class MU-A, abo in the plural of class DI- MA and U-MA'U, even Bometimes for i-enc in the singular of the N class. In all other cases it is regular. Ex.

my tine father

early in the morning

'oje mcsmo

> tempo ipertt )

so vez

91

^ns n'chl.'a u

• jifi-tmi i'

•

kj-'wdzl Irene

the very liousc

; in 1 1 ic house on tho vciy ind

no ago quite n

noo

•

. Ua-

mes-

nrias a(ccusa) mcsma

•

; L-o ua

- i-cnc-'i (;••:

•

,«iher .auve ouclitic. Kx.

tao)

^ vory (treo^) very (thing)

•

!i'a ou-ofc'a. N'cst*

t

ou %

-

•

• '

.

nab

••>d as

I

- '

: .

'.!««•

• . •

92

todaa as arvorea mi-ti i-ons-ene all the trees

jtodos os buffalos nh*ati z-ens-ene all the buffalos

'/ nh-ati z-cnse z-enc „ „

itoda? as cousas pi-ut'upi-ons-Que everything

n pi-nt'u pi-onse pi- „ „

ene

isobre toda a mesa pa-meza p-ens-ene over the whole of

the table pamezap-ensfpeue

i N. B. Na classe MA jouve-se menosofc'ene do ique 'ok'a lene.

N. B. Enango ana- chita'o/t'a'ene, enango 'ok'ene.

N. B.I nth e MA class 'ok'a'ene is more common than 'ok'sne>

137 Que teem do parti- cular cs adjectives -o- \nw ou -cnse e -ck'a cu -ek'a.

1. Os indigenas nao concords m ent-re si Iquando se deve usar o ^nicia!, quando o o. • 2. Estos adjectives '•fr-.'i pregtun-.se t° rnbom piiiiioira c segrmda oa, singular e iplttraj.

! 3. Os sens prr-fixos

jKilo sujeitog as cor:t

B de costume, c por

, opor«-o, etc. (n.l:G)

i 4. O adjective -onse

c an da

Adjectiyo -onse, -e- nse, na -ok'a, -ek'a, a- nabvala tani?

1. Asena enangro a- nachita ek'a panaohita enango ok'a.

2. Adjective ene\vo anabvala mbo aprefixo ndi, ut ti, mu.

3. Aprefixo axro ana- panduka ninga crtango pa avogal. E— a-e, o = a-o, etc. (n.26)

4. Adjective -onse, -ense, anatimi/h via -cue. Adjectivo -ok'a,

What is proper to

the adjectives -onse cr -f.nw and -ek'a cr

1. The natives do not a^ree as to wlic-n the o initial must be cliun- ged to e.

2, These adjectives, besides all the classes, have also the first and second p. singular and plural.

3. Thi-ir pivi'iv subject to the regular contractions, e Jor a-et o for a-n, etc. (n.2C)

4. 0 he adjective -o- n?e or -cr.rc nearly al-

is accompanied

;ou ek'c. ore ou

iaccompanhar de -ene.

ieu sozinho tozioho

elle sozinho

•uos sozinhoa todos ;do3 B todos

irvores

93

nsiku zinango anabre-

:v-iku zini- ng->auatimizirua -ene.

ine nd-ek'ene

iicc u-ck'ene

iije ek'ene (=a-

eka-cnc) iyc ek'a ife tek'a tek'a ift t-ens-ene imue mu-ens-ene iwo onscne (=a-

onsene) mi-ti i-ok'a i-ok'a

bj -ene. The -ok'a or ek'a nearly always is cither re- duplicated or accom- pnniod by -ens, Ex. I alone tbou alone, you

only he alone

lone

\ve alone you all all of them

only trees

AdjeetiTos deninstratiYOi

-135;

G

i Ila gur.tro, a ??br>r: 1. 0 demons fcr&tivo

lf:cm f.ulfixo quo mos- jtra um objccto pro- ixiwo ua pesfcoa owe iul- jla. Ex.

jestcs cabritos

.'•-/as ta arjna le arco

139- 2- ° demomtrativo ;com o bVuiixo -no, qua :>ttra um obj<:cto <iue & pe-ssoa qne fulJa Ex, tern wa uixo, ou pcgado ue qunlqiu.T

II

Adjective The

ahcpargiza trativeadjer: - (a-dcn ion strati vo)

Zin^as'r-.fccuKc £d- Er Binary k;rds of jectZTO ft Lupac^iza? cVir.cr.sfrrliYts MO

there in Sena?

Zh)6i i?;i: Pour, viz.

1. Ua kupangiza c! i- 1. Th<; . uffislrj-s r'e- n j.i*.ii jnCj liti JLiiboQi ttioiistrfiitiv€ ^C^T^I^PI/ •-z' cut an object mm: tiie

pirs.ou i. v.eaking, us

izi

the goats near me

1 chiMren " tins \veapon " this bo\v u

2. T'a kupanciza cbi- 2. T

nit ine, ua with suffix -"o, th;i,t -/iu. points out an i;bji.-ct in the hands «..-f, or otiier- wize joined to, the pc-r-

esta inai-^cm em 'ntunda u-no

que estou

ostn ti-can^a que kamita-no. ku-n levo as cost.ts

• ; i •- 1 ' 1 1 » > s q ue in biui zi -ii o rocomamao

1 < in (^.16; pa KM pa-no <-•' '

1 'ii i in f,. I a uiu-no

this bank of the river

child on iuy shoulders

itfi that I hold

tliis ground m feet

in VflucL 1 LIU

^.onstratiro

icom o suffixo -o, que

injostra um objccto pro-

htimo da pessoa a quern

la, ou do quu juso

: Ulou. Ex.

;esse companheiro

;essa margein do rio

95

3. Ua kupau iza chi- na iwe, ua kubvala suffixo -o. Ex.

'nzako uy-o 'ntu?ida u-'o

3. The demonstrat- ive with suffix -o, that points out an object near the person spo- ken to, or already mentioned to him, as

that companion

of yours that bank of the

river on which

you are

:Csse vaso

chombo ich-o

that vessel near

;esses cestoa

pitundu ipi-o

you those baskets

n'essa casa

'nhumha urn-o

near you in that house in

which you are

4. O demonstrative 4. Ua kup-

o suffixo -/«, qua ri kutali, cha kubvulw uffixo -It. \

.iioomo dY

i 'ntunda u-lo do rio

-oa • i'u, u-le

'iwdzi rcu-lc nhc."

4. Tlio denionstrat. ivowith suffix -If, that out an object be from b^

.king and . upoLsu to, H

yonder bar.!-.

(not near you)

.lloge »

! N. B. Pelag regras igeraes o suffixo le mu- ida-se em -re depois da

90

N. B. Pa li i sanduza -le na -re.

N. B. According to the general laws -l& is clanged to -re after i.

\ Como se formam cs jderaonstrativos?

142; 1. 0 demon strati vo jsem sufiixo, seiidoem- jpregado como enclitico ;s6 differe do elemento jpronominal n'isso que iselhe prefixa y, iv, ou ', jquando este elemento i pronominal n$o tern jconsoante.

I Mas, alem da forma i enclitica tern uma for- ;ma isolavel que exige jcomo prefixo a vogal ipropria da sua classe, ;em virtude das leis es- jpeciaes dos radicaes jmouosyllabicos. Ex.

\ Forma enclitica jeste mesmo (ho-

men) jestes mesmos (ho-

mens)

jesta mesma cousa iestasmesmascou- I gag

Ndipange mabYali- ro a adjectiYO akupa- ngiza.

1. Lra kupangiza cbi- ri pa li ine nsiku zina- ngo ngua kup'atana (enclitico). Angasoa consoante, anatimizi- rua y, w, ', kunduli.

Nsiku zinango n*ua kubvala pache pene. Anatimizirua kunduli vogal uache mbodzibo- dzi. Ex.

Ua kup(atana

c/iene-chi

How are demons-* tratiYes termed.2

1. Tbc suflixlcss de- monstrative is some- times treated as an enclitic. In tins case ?/, IK, or ' is prefixed to it, when it lias no conson- ant of its own.

At other times ii has its isolated foi-ra. In this case by virtue of the special laws of mo- nosyllabic stems (33), it is formed by prefix- ing to the enclitic form the proper vowel of its class. Ex.

Enclitic form this very person

these very people

this very thing these very things

Forma isolavel

::onstrativo i regular-

:03 a mesma cousa

..as soa

a cousa 3. Os demonstratives

-no o -I i Mcnte do

o do i suffixo pro;

aquilL

Quando6qt:c

ol;t t-a*?

nadas com

.o s

97

Ua paclie pene munt'u u-yu ant'u a-

."« i-chi i i-pi

•> ana- londa ua kuoduli uyo.

-y-O c;?o-w-o

!-0

2'fnc- m uvl' u 11 C7^'tt a-v, cld-nVu i

3. A kubvala -wo na -le k'u. i.v ku-

kuina.. aa-^.

MC7IC ll-lc

•

A 'cmonstrrxtivo a- l-.ui.'atana anabveka

Isolated form

these people

2. The demonstrat- ive ia -o is rormed re- gularly from t i

that very person those very people thu; 'ig

y thiugs

pie •

3. The demor

uiid -le are

n the

•uilix.

.

y person ilur)

my a arc the ab-

Bmu

1 >atir»n

2. Depols dos sub- 'stantivos locativos. Ex. idormi n'essa Cdsa in'essa agua iao £ d'essa arvore

98

2. Pa madziua a rabuto. Ex.

gnnani 'nhumba-mo 'madzi-wo

2. After locatives. Ex.

144^ N. B 1. A's vezes a : forma encliiica -po ac- icompanlja iwe «tu», as- jsim como pano accom- ipanha ine ieu». Ex. •t.u alii |eu aqui

145! 2. Segue-se o qnadro ;dos demcnstrativos.

Ubali

sleep in that house in that water at the foot of that tree

N. B. 1. Sometimes the enclitic po accom- panies iwe «thou,» as pano accompanies inc I». Ex. you there 1 here

2. The following is a table of the various de- monstrative adjectives. Nhumba ia a-demonstrativo A ktisAa suffixo A suffixo -o -no A suffixo-fo

N. B. Nsiku zinango po anatimizua pa iive, ninga patio anatimi- zua pa ine. Ex.

we-pano

i

enclitic.

isol.

enclitic.

isol.

iMU-nt'u

-yu

ii yu

-yo

uyo

uno

tile

jA-nt'u

-wa

awa

-wo

awo

ano

ale

JMU-U

•'u

u'u

-'o, wo

U'O, UWO

uno

ule

biI4f

-'i

i'i

•yo, 'o

iyo, i'o

ino

ire

[K-zott

'i

i'i

-yo, 'o

iyo, i'o

ino

ire

:('ZIjN-z6u

-zi

izi

-to

izo

zino

tire

iDI-SO

-li, -ri

iri

-lo, ro

iro

liro

lire

jMA-so

-wa

awa

-wo

awo

ano

ale

jU-ta

-'u

u'u

-100^0

u'o, uwo

'uno

'ule

JMA-'u-ta

-wa

awa

-wo

awo

ano

ale

X III-rtt'u

-chi

icUi

-cho

icho

chino

chire

JPI-nt'u

-pi

ipi

-pio

ipio

pi no

pirs

IK.A-mbuzi

-ka

aka

-ko •

ako

kano

kale

jPA-dznlu

-pa

apa

-po

apo

pano

pale

jN-dzulu

-viu

wine

-mo

utno

niuno

inule

KL-dzulu

-ku

uku

-ko

uko

kv.no

kul«

Expressoes essivas

Q"al e a formula dos adjectives posse- ssivos em Sena?

niinal.

L' A prrposivfto -a =

: g.On^me do por-pes-

isor, ou um p.-

:que faz as vezes d'ellc.

.migo d'dle

rnigos d'olle

Ill

Adjcctivo a kup'ai- (apossessivo) NG pange masasa-

nhiro a adjectivo a

kup'atana.

1. Pronomo ua mp'a- la.

2. Prcposi{,5o -a.

3. Dzina la knp'ata- nisxia, nsiku zinango pranome.

Ex.

. •>

;!c

uin- » ssoa

• de ti

Quaes E/IO as [rin- cipats var.cdadcs dot

LlVCB pCb'« g,.

Possessive) expressions

Which is the for- mula of possessive expr< ssions in Sena?

1. Tho pronominal element.

2. Ihe preposition -a

3. The name of the possessor, &r a pro- noun that takes its place.

his friend, friend a-a-che) of his

al. xamuali u-a-che „

axamuali a-ohe his friends (=:a-a-che)

u-a-che his tree

;;//// i-n-fhc1 liis trees

liis beo •?cs eye of person

. ie under you

in y<>ur -arueil

nhuchi /,-a-clie

1-a niunl'u a ant'u

nn<lu ku /(/ n:ii-a-ko

pango mbeu ra

. za adjective &

V/hicharetheprln- .siv«

101.1/

\ presides era qua o possessor 6 um pro- •noine. N'eates adjec- ;.tivos o pronoms da 3a. Ipessoa costuina ser \che wo singular, -«:o •no plural, mesrao iquancio de facto o poa- isessor nao e da clause iMLJ-A. 0 da la. pessoa .•6 -nga no singular, -tu jno plural. 0 da 2a. 6 i-A;<5 no singular, -nu iuo plural. O pronorne lintcrrogativo 6 -ani pa- Ira pesscas, -nji para jcousas.Ex.

A rnulher de ;quem/ — A minha.

As mulheres de iquem/ — As nii-

100

1. A kuk'ala na pro- nome ua kup'ataniiua, uinga -die, -too, -nga, -tu, -ko, -nu, -ani?, -nji? Ex.

Embarca^So de

;quem/ de que/— A tua de man- igucira.

Para o seu po-

2. Expresses em quo o possessor e uni ••> -.tAotivo. Ez.

0 filho do rei

Nkazi u-ani (= u-aani).? U-a-nga.

Akazi ani (=a -a-aui) / Anga (= a-a-nga)

Muadia uani/ u-anji/ — U-a-ko u-a-'manga.

Ku 'nchera ku-a-

1. Expressions i the possessor is R pr j- noun. In these tho pro- noun of the third per- son is -che in the sin. gular, -t6'o in the plural, even for possessors that arc not of the MT-A class. That of the first person is -nga in the singular, -tn in ihe plu- ral. That of the second person is -ko in 1 ho sin- gular, -nu in the plu- ral. The interrogative pronoun is -ani? for per- sons, -nji for things. Ex.

Whose wife/ — Mine.

Whose women'? — Mine.

Whose canoe/

What kind of

canoe / — Thine,

of mango wood.

To their well.

\vo.

2. Akulrala stantive ua k UR. K.x.

na sub-

2. ''u» in

which tho possessor is a sii! K x.

'I'lio son of the king

A tropa dos macacos

Oarco-Iris, lit. o arco do cbefe dos cspiritos

No meio do rio

•r cima)

No meio do rio dentro da

costas fo-

a por-

r/u( = dirci-

r;a-se muito

a maneira-

.a -didi,

ibstau-

s. - :a con-

lor doa E. Ex.

DQ ho- OU

verde, .tfeclcli-

101

mabongue

Uta u-a nhazi- mu

Pakati p-a nhanza

'Nkati mu-a nhanza

Kuira pa 'n- sana p-ang'ona. Mak'& njala

N. B. Analandanft na enewo ixdjoctivo -a -diretu, -a-didi. i

Munt'u u-n Madzi a-didi

Usalu u-a ma- •amba a 'iid

The troop of monkeys

The rain-bow, lit. the bow of the chief of thespirits

In the middle of the river (on the water)

In the middle of the river (in the water)

Mount a croco- dile on t lie back.

Time of famine

N. B. The portugne- BO word diretu («=di-

is much i: tho Bamemanm •diJi, good, Rufficient; and many »ub.tAiitivrs which come thus to have tho value of our adject

A good . Good water

thread vesof lemon-tree

102 Contas de cor V sang a u-a sa-

ide a9afrao frao

Uma rnulher 'Nkazi

ivellia nk'alamba

u-a

150 3. Expressoes em quo 3. Akuk'ala na infi- ;o possessor e um infi- m'tivo ua kup'atanisua. initivo, as quaes corres- Fx, ipondem aos nossos par- jticipios cu adjectives iqualiiicativos. Ex,

Um chapeu

Chapeu ch-aku

jbranco

chena

Um pan no en-

A^zioi-akufuira

icarnaco

Uma arvore

Muti u-a kuko-

fbonita

ma

Cabritos ma-

Mbuzi z-a kuo-

Igros

nda

Um carneiro

Bira 1-a kune-

Igordo

nepa

Uma casa coia-

Nhumba i-a

iprida

kulap'a

Carne cozida

Nhama i-a ku-

p'ika

Agua quente a

Madzi a kuwi-

iferver

ra

Pedra quente

Muala u-a ku-

;(a queimar)

pisa

Lin ha roxa

Usalu u-a ku-

t'unduwira

Beads of saf- fron color Old woman

3. Expressions in which the possessor is an infinitive. These in English are mostly participles or qualifi- cativc adjectives. Ex.

A \\Lite hat A red cloth A beautiful tree Lean goats A fat sheep A long house Cooked meat Boiling water Hot stone Purple thread

. B, 1. A-ku se po- 4e con trahir em -c (26) .

A's duas ultimas orias de acljccti- ivos pertoncem tm Se- mbo. Ex. os numeros ordi- Ex.

O primeiro dia O segundo dia O teicciio dia 0 quarto dia O decimo dia

O vi^esimo dia

152 Quaes suo as ex- press- ts posseEsivas que mais se empre- £tm substantivan.cn- tt?

j Sao padidi, n'um .bom loyar, e muitas expresses quo princi- piaiu com ch-a oupi-a.

I Dormiu suave-

Diga a verdade.

xa-me ir ibora, lit. meus (ne-

Vae-te embora

Comida

Bebida

103

N. B. 1. Nsiku zina- N, B. 1. A- ngo a-ku anasanduka contracted to -o (n. 26.) na -o (n. 1C).

2. Adjectivo a knfor- n:an n.ba kup'atanisa

2. To the last two ca- tegories belong in Sena the ordinal numbers. Bx,

Nsiku i-a chi-piri Ksiku i-achi-tatu Nsiku i-& chi-nai Nsiku'i-a,cbi-k'\i-

mi Nsiku i-achi-ma-

kumi ma\viri

Ndipange adjccti- TO a kup'atanisuae- nango a.nalonda a- Bubstantivo.

Pa-didi, pi-a-Jidi, jn-a-nja, etc.. Ex.

Agona p-a-didi.

Longa pi.a-didi. A«« nga.

' o pi-ako Pi-a kudia Pi-a kuiuua

The first day The second day The third day The fourth day T e tenth day

The twentieth day

Which arc the pos- sessive expression! that are most used substantive!)'?

Thry are padidi «in a good place*, and ma. ny expressions begin- ning with cha or pi-a. Ex.

He slept comfor- tably.

'1 the truth. Let me po avay, lit. my own bus- iness.

Food Drink

Expressoes relatives cu

iadjectivos verbaes

IV

Adjective ana verbo (a-relativo)

Rektiye

expressions (verbal adjectives)

153; Que tern de parti- Ndipange tnasaia- What JB particular

jcular a expressao re- nhiro a adjective ana to the relative ex-

na lingua de verbo. pression in Sena?

Anaperekua onsene In all cases it is in-

! Em todos os casos 6 ;introduzida pelo ele- imento proriomiral que jcorresponde ao untece- jdente expresso ou sub- iintendido da mesma jexpreBcuo. Ex.

0 hoinem que

imatou o seu i

(proximo

O homem que jmatei

0 homem com •que fallo

A casa em que jdnrmo

154: Donde se v6 que toda ;a ezpressao relativa em • Sena se trata como um iadjectivo fraco. Deve ;s6inente notar-se que !no singular da classe IMU-A o elemento pro- jnominal 6 a em vez de in, como nos primeiros lexemplos supra, a n£o ser que ^eja seguido de a.

na pronome ua nip'a- la ua kuap'atanisana dziua la ku nduli. Ex.

Munt'u adap'a 'nzache

Munt'u adap'a ine

Munt'u ana- long a na ine

Nhumba ina- gonera ine

Adjective arm verbo a chisena analandana na adjectivo enjingo a kufewa. Nsiku zina- ngo pionome ua mp'a- la a anabvuna u ua ubali MU-A.

troduced by tlie pro- nominal element of the class of the ante- cedent expressed or understood. Ex.

The man who killed his neigh- bour

The man whom I killed

The man with whom I speak

The house in which I sleep

YYherefrom it may be seen that in Sena all relative express- ions are treated sim- ply as weak adjectives, as in the examples above. Notice only a for u in class MU-A when the verb does rot begin with a,.

Quantas varieiades daexpresEao rolatiYa BO podem distmguir em Sena? ! Oihaudoparao sujcito

respondea qu IQttem? e para o objocto ;das

'\ de que?

ja gtfcjw? aqu<:? etc., te-

jmos que distinguir om

iSenaexpresffio rolativa

pecicB, a

' >or:

156*'

diz a mesma cousa que io sujeito d'ellas. > •tas nao se vd snjeitx) nhum depots do ver-

KT.

ai Anteccdente ex- presso

Lcvaram a pessoa .=;inada,lit. que tinha sido morta.

Quern tinha tilo

jmorto?— A p«ssoa. 0

jsujeito qnt diz pois a

a a cousa que o

laateoedente pessoa.

Ficou o coelho que nuo tinha hastes.

Olha para a dra que vem. I

LOo

Zingasl mbeu za adjectivo anaverbo?

Ziwiri, inango nja kupcrekua na pronomo ua kubvuna sujeito. i- naugo nja kuperekua na pronome ua kubvuna objocto. Sujeito nchi- tftwira Mbani? Ninji?, objccto ncha kutawi- ra -atii? -nji}

I. A kuperekua napro- nome uakubvuna tujei- to nk'ana pujeito uina- ngo tayu. Ex.

Akuata rnuni'u

Adap'iwa mbani?-Si vnnit'u? Sujeito ndi a ua kubvuna munfu.

Asa la sulo u- as6a nhanga.

'Ona muala u- nadta.

How many kinds of relative expressions must we distinguish in Sena?

Looking at the sub- ject which answers to the quesfions Who? ft hat?, and to the ob- ject which answer* to the questions Wkomf Whose* What} etc., we must distinguish in Se- na two kinds of relative expressions, viz:

I. Those in which the relative particle stands forthes«6;Vcf. In these the 8 ibject is not ex. pressed again after the verb. Ex.

a) Antecedent expre- ssed

They carried the man who Lad been killed.

Who had been kil- led?—The man? The subject is who, which stands for man.

There remained the rabbit which bad no horns.

Look at the stona that is co- ining dowu.

Quaes sfio o» jcabritos que pari- fram?

Chegaram a u- jtua povoayao on- ide estava (lit. que itinha) o marfiin ide seu pae.

b) Antecedente sub- Sntendido

Quern 6 que fal- jlou? lit. 0 que fal- jlou quern e?

Quern 6 que me jroubou aqui den- jtro?

0 que foi feito ipelo coelho.

Oqueequevem?

106

Mbuzi zi-da- bala nsipi?

Afika 'mudzi mu-na nhanga za, babawo.

Adalonga mba~ ni?

Mbani VL-andibe- ra ruuno?

(Pint'u) pi-achi- tua na sulo.

Ckinadza ninjfi

157! H. Relativas expres- jsSes cujo antecedente jdiz a mesma cousa que jo objecto. N'estas acha- jse o sujeito depois do jverbo, na forma d'um jsubstantivo ou d'uin Idos pronomes ine, eu, liwe, tu, -ye, elle, etc. |Ex.

158; a^ Antecedente ex- ipresso

l)a-me a minha fazenda que tu

II. A kuperekua na pronome ua kubvuna objecto a na sujeito ua- wo kusogolo, nsiku zi- nangosubstantivo, nsi- ku zinango pronome ine, iwe, -ye, etc. Ex.

Ndipase chu- ma changa chi-

Which are the goats that have kids.

They came to a village in which the ivory of their father was.

bj Antecedent undo? stood

Who is it that spoke? lit. Who spoke who is he?

Wi o is (the man) t^at stole my own herein?

(That) wi.-ioh was done by t ;e rabbit.

What is (it) that comes?

II. Relative express- ions in which the relat- ive particle stands for the object. In these the subject is always found after the verb under the form of a sub- stantive, or one of the pronouns ine, I, iwet ta»u, -ye, elle, etc. Ex.

B.) Antecedent ex- pressed

Give me my calico which you

ievaste, lit. que levou tu.

: Quern k-vou.?— NSo

5foi &fazenda. Kntao o

:autuceaeuic nuo uu it

.acousa que o su-

uias sini a mej»-

ima que o «»bjecto.

0 teu filho que tei

Otneupannoque ielle quer.

Osvasosquepro- icuraram.

No curral em ique dorinein ^as ca- jbras).

Deixe ca ver es- l&es denies coin que

: , *

a geute.

0^ a-nimaes qtie jxnata esto meu ma- irido s6 teem ires as.

com cllo ao imesino logar etu

por onde iam, la e&tava o loao.

dahuata iice.

Ndakuata - n?i? — Chuma. Chi anabvuna ofyecto.

p'a ine.

Ngilo ianga IIM- funa iyc.

Piombo ipidasa- kawo.

'Nt'anga mu;?a- gotiazo (mbuzi).

Ndi'one mano ako a laniala na iwe a- nt-u.

Nhama zinap'a mamunanga uyu

'iiicudu niita- tu.

^/;u kwiak'ala iye.

vo \ripo nk'a- Larnu .

took away, lit. which took you.

Who took?— Not the calico. Therefore •tands for the object not for the subject.

Thy son whom I killed.

My clock w hich he wants.

The vessels that they lokedfor.

In the stable wherein they sleep (the goats).

Let me see those teeth with which yon finish the peo- ple.

The game that my husband kills have only three legs.

IT •} went with him to the same pla-

\Vit; r they

went, t ere wag tk*

luo

15-9 *j Antecedeate Bub- intendido

Encontrou o ;que podia comer.

Quandocbegou.

Dizei o que que- ireis.

Em qualquer jparte que elle for ieetaremos junctoa.

Dizei-uie para jonde foi.

Quero semear jieto (no logar) em jque Lei de fixar a Iminba residencia.

Nao e" isto mes- imo que dissestes?

(No meemo lo- igar) em que tu imataste OB DOSBOS rinnaou hoje ma- ;tei-te

160; N. B. 1.

A'ona (r= pinadia.ye)

Pidafikeye pidafikayo) Longani na imue.

Kunend-eye tiri palodai.

Ndipangcni ku- dendeye,

Ndinafuna ku- chita mbeu kuna. k'ala ine.

Chidsilonya imue

£/ f'..

'Kudamaki iwe

kup'a aiiza tit lero n-daltup'a.

1»; Antecedent under- stood

He found "what be could eat.

Wben be came

Say wbat you want.

Wberever he goes to tiiere wo are too.

Tell- me wberebe bas gone I mean these seeu ghali lia. i

Trhbt cli our bretl

N. B. 1. Adi«

iu'estca exemplos, of en< wo i

ipronomeg peci.cn cs da jpriir.^ apc-

!»8oa &;••'! ; -MoBdepoia -do T«tbo toitana »cmpr« » &ua icrwa iselRvei -i-

a '

''*«•, n

k . | ;•;•.

.

V

(

109

" nto qu« o« da ter- prrfoiPni

sempre as fonnas encli- * * . -*o, -cho, •ko, -mo, •

?. ^uando oantece-

te e da primeira ou

aegunda pessoa, uns

-• m conoordar com

em ;%e8soa a pxprc-

tiva.outros i>3-

.1 terccira

'-a. E^-

> foste tu quo a min ha da?

•>u Quern enfeitigou ogar-

la, nfio foste tu? Sou eu que ) ei- :de amarrar o coe- Hbo.

•ion quom Ka- le amarrar o ooe- , bo.

?. Pronom* ua kupc- reka aijeotivo enewa angabvuna int, iwt, ife imue, nsiku zinango ndi r^u zinango ndi ndi, ti, K, mw. Ex.

tfi e f i rst a-ai second per- son, while iu th« thir:l they prefer the enclitic forms -ye, -tfo, -«o, -cho, •ko, -mo, etc.

2. When the antece- dent is of Iho first or Beccnd perron, Roma put the relative expre- ssion in the same per- son, others always in the third. Ex.

Udalodza mfuti I* it not you that iangasiwe? bowitcbed my guo?

Adalodza ianga siwe?

mfuti

*:« ndina- mantja sulo.

Ndin* anamanga sulo.

I am (f e man) wi o will fasten tie rabbit.

PRONGHZft

1-FP.CKOMB

PRONOUNS

. Quantasespeclesda pronomes tern a lin- •gua de Sena?

; Cinco, a saber: 162: 1. O pro name adjecti- Ivo, ou adjectivo empre- gado substantivamen- te. Nao diftere do adje- ctivo proprio. Ex. A. A. forte Que cabritos queres? — Os grandes. P. A. fraco simples

Que Tudo.

queres.

P. A. demonstrative)

rste, ease (bo-

P. A possessivo

o men (ho mem)

o de Ped> o P. A. relative

o morto

historia (lit. o quo foi fcito)

incnte os local ivoe, que i advcrbioa portu- r.oa, cvmo

wa china mb6ti zingasi za apron omeV

Zixanu izi:

1. Pronome ua adje- ctivo, ua Uulaiidana na substantive. Ngwbodzi- bodxi uda'onua kundu- li. Kx. P. A. ua kuwanga

Unafuna inbu- zi zip-it — Zi-knlu.

P. A. ua kufawa ua mp'ala

Unafuna nji? — Pi-onsene.

P. A ua kupanglza

Uyv, uyo, ule

P. A. ua kup'atana

U-anfja U-a Pedro P. A. ana verbo A -da -fa Pi-a-chitua

A kubvoka maka ndi a-pronouiv- a nibu- to, a kuknana «a n.tl- v-i-hioa

How many Wnds of pronouns do we find in Sena?

Five, viz.:

1. The adjective pro* noun, or adjective used substantively. It does not differ from the ad- jective proper. Fx.

Strong A. P.

Which goats do yon want/ — The big ones. Weak simple A. f,

What do you \\ant? — Ever y ^ thing. Demonstrative A. P.

This, that (per- son) Possessive A. P.

Mine

That of Peter

Eelat/ve A. P.

The dead (man)

which was done. To bo noted more partk-ulary the locat- ive pronouns, most of rvhich have the value of English adverbs, &&

MtU

iseparadamente

*

bndeexactamente ijunctamente UV. nn. 1K5, 132,

152, 156.

Ill

pano, kuno, muno pathe pene pairopcne pachepapi? (132) pabodzi

nn. 116, 132,152, 156.

here, herein by himself by themselves] where exactly/ together

Cf. 116, 132, 152 156.

K54 2. Oprcnorre demons- 2. Fronome uaku- 2. The demon stra live

trativo tene-pa, tcnt-po, pangisa tene-pa, tene- pronoun tenr-pa, tene-

:assim, que na3 se em- po. Ex. jo, thus, which is not

jprega como adjectivo. used as adjective. Ex.

Faz assim (co- !mo fa^o)

Faz assim (co- j fazes)

165 3- Ospronomes inde-

finitos ngana, fulano,

;kuti (n. 241), tal

[cousa. Empregam-se 4

.ncira dos bubotaati-

Vi fulano.

J in-

Chits tene-pa Do thus (as I

do) Chita tene-po Do thus (as you

do)

3. Apronome a ku- bisa, ngana, chakuti

.a.

3. The indefinite pro- nouns nyana, So-nnd- BO, and chakuti (n. 211) such a thing.

I saw So-and-so Anditikana cl. ' cull* <1 me kuti... such a name.

166

Qu-

;ando/ Como

4. Apronome a ku- bvuuza n

(enclitico)

ten i.' (244)

4. Tho interrogative pronouru

Whom/

.eu How/

Sao todos pronomes i porque vesponde -se-lhe ipor noines. Ex.

A quern cha- ;maste / — A Pedro .

Que fazes/— U- |ma enxo.

Quando che- ;£ou/ — Hoje mes- lino.

Comofallou/ — JEm Chisena.

5. 0 pronome chama- ido pcssoal, o qual con- iforme os cases e pro- iclitico, inserivel, e'- iclitico, inixto, ou isola- |vel.

I O proclitico 6 o que jparece ser o eleinanto pronominal. Varia con- iforraa e seguidj d'u- ima vogal ou d'uma jconsoante (26,^1)

\ O enclitico tern uma iforma erpecial no imj e- i.rativo, outras formaa idepois da proposicao a, :de, e outras depois do ,ndi o outras palavras,

112

Ndi protiome, tianji anabvunua na madzi- na. Ex.

Uachemera a- ni? — Pedro

Unachita-nji? — Nsemo.

Afika lini?— Lero lene.

Along a tani? — Chisena

5. Prsnome ua ku- tn\u& pessoal, uinango ua kut'angua, ninga ndi-t M-, etc., uinango ua kupitisua, ninga -leu mu, 'n etc., uinango ua kup'atana, ninga -ni, -nu,-mue, etc., uinango ua kuiniira pache pene, ninga ine, iwe, imue, ife, iwo, etc.

Tbey all are }.ro- ncuns in Scaa, as they are answered to by substantives. Ex.

Whom did you call /-Peter.

What do you do.? — An addice.

When did he come/ — This ve- ry day.

How did he speak; -In Chi- sena.

5. The so-called per- sonal pronoun, which, according to the cases, is proclitic, insertable,

enclitic, mixed, or iso-

lable.

The proclitic scenig to bo the true prono-

minal element. It has one form before conson- ants, anotner before vo- wels. (26,27;

The enclitic has one special form in the im- perative, others after the preposiou -a, of, and others after -ma and other words.

Hence;

Pronomes pessoaes • Personal prononni

Proclit. inscr. enclit. Mix. Teol.

-(cons.) -(vo.) imper- -a- ndi-

ndi

ml

ndi

-nga -tu

-ne

KIM

r/*

P "

u

ku

-ko

-wt

i I'.

—

-ni

-mue

ku....ni \imiu

IM

ti...ni t...ni

Mu-nt'u

-ye

iye

A-nf u

<i

a contr.

-wo

HMO

t/

-che

-wo

MM

-wo

yo

•mbe

i

-che

yo

\iyo

>mbe

zi

-wo

10

li

I

-lo

liro

i

yo

Hyo

-wo

wo

viwo

u

wo

MOO

u-ta

a

wo

nt'n

chi

Chi

-che

cho

ncho

na

-che

'%o

Loc PA-rl/nlu

mu

nut.

pa

pio -po

mo

ripio

1

Como se emprega Apronome ndi, u. How is the proclitic

o pronome procliti- <..mbaku- pronoun used?

CO?

• weak

' 1

acabo acabaim^ acabas lacabais •apessoa acaba ias pessoas acabam la arvore acaba ;as arvores acabam \o boi acaba ios bois acabam o olho acaba ios olhos acabam !o arco acaba ;os arcos acabam |a cousa acaba ;as cousas acabam

114

ndi-na.mala ti-na-mala

u-na-mala

mu-na-mala

mu-nt'u &-na-mala

a-nt'u &-na-mala

mu-ti u-na-mala

mi-ti \-na-mala

n-g-ombe i-na-mala

n-g-ombe z\-na-mala

• di-so \\-na-mala

ma-so fL-na-mala

u-ta u-na-mala

ma-'u-ta a-na-mala

chi-nt'uchi-na-mala

pi-nt'u pi-na-mala a crean9a acaba ka-muana k&-na-mala as crean9as acabam pi-ana pi-na-mala por cima acaba... pa-dzulu p&-na-mala 'n-dzulu mu-na-mala . ku-dzuhl ku-na-mala

no ar acaba.... ;para cima acaba.

acabei

iacabamos

acabaste

iacabastes

iacabou

iacabaram

etc.

172 Como se emprcga o pronome inserivel?

1. Representa um 06- jeeto determinado nas

nd-a-mala

t-a-mala

u-a-mala

mu-a-mala

}1 -mala etc.

Pronome ua kupiti- sua anabveka papi?

1. Pa averbo, pa- nab vim a objecto.

I finish we finish thou finishest you finisli the man finishes the men finish the tree finishes the trees finish the ox finishes the oxen finish the eye finishes the eyes finish the bow finishes the bows finish the thing finishes the things finish the child finishes the children finish onthetopfinisl.es... on high finishes... towards the sky there finishes... I finished we finished thou finishedst you finished he finished they finished

etc.

How is the inserta- ble pronoun used?

1. It represents a de' termined object in the

;UC uSo

;vas, e nas Ian ».o 6

ut.ru o pro-

ae proclitico ou au- xiliar e o .

;ique oar?

in. 183 pa-

iraas ^roado

;ral.

10 pronoun

. por nao

(•OBUbjOC-

inso- •im

/o

115

E*. prepositions that have

a proclitic subject.

nsorted between the proclitic pronoun or auxiliary and the verb

li-'o?< Did you see me?

I saw thcc. Did

ii, the men ///w, the man t called us. Shall I teach him? Shall I pursue him?

' ti-'ona?

nd-n-'&.nna a-nt'u nd-a-imi-'ona, mu. nt'u a.daii-kua.

\\-pfundise? ndi-'n-tamangisc?

Ona 183.

2. Aimpt'ivkn aver- bo a kutiima mbabvu- na mbo chinayanga- na ni'

the object-

M of the se- cond nt.-rson of the plu-

183.

2. 1 n the imperative pronoun ia prorli; .'cident

subjective pronoun.

]\ us

t be-

/v-J/.J;

-ni

8. AterboauhaliKC aim]> mbodi Miiiduli

.itt- n.-v

locativa PA mas nuo ex 1st i- para asclas- lociUivusMUeKU, ID. 182. Kx. vi la

,injei la

176 Como se emprega o pronome enclitico

-nil

;prega como sujeito na segunda pes- a do plural do impe- rative, com on sem ou- jtro enclitico. Kx.

dae dizei-me

•vincl

;i (269)

Como se empregam os pronomes encliticos

-nga, -///, -tut, etc.?

S6 depnis da preposi- dc, 11. ] 46. Ex.

o arco (i'ollt;

Como &e empregam as formas encliticas

116

4. Alipo ua ubali PA uene, asoeka ua mau- baliMUnaKU, n.182. Ex.

nda-pa-ona nda-pa-sasanha

Pronome ua kuma- lisa-7n anabveka pa- pi?

Pa mafala a kutu- ma ant'u awiri na azi- nji. Ex.

famba-m ndi-pange-ni dza-kuno-m dza-nazo-n\ (2(59)

Apronome a kuma-

lisa -nga, -tu, -ku, -nu, -die, -wo, anabveka papi?

Muadjectivo a kup'a- tanisa, n. 146. Ex.

uta u-

1. Drp-)i> da copula

.

Apronome a kuma- lisa -ne, -fe, -we, etc., anabvcKa papi?

1. Pa ndi nasi,nn. 256, 260. Ex.

4. It, is used even in

the locativ-

but does not exist for

tbe locative classes MU

and KU, n. 182. Ex.

I saw there

I arranged there

How is the enclitic pronoun -wi used?

Only in the second person of the plural of the imperative, with or without another em-li- tic. Ex.

go ye tell me come here bring them here (2(59)

How are the encli- tic pronouns -nga, -tu, -ko, -nn, -clip, -T/-O, u- sed?

Only after t\\- position -a, of, 146. Ex.

his bow, lit bow of

his

How are the encli- tic pronouns -ne, -./>, -we, etc., used?

1. After the copula n. 256, and tbe negative si, 260. Ex.

1J7

sou - ju eu /> .ne

- nos, TWO so- ndi-ff, si-fe

es tu, nfio • ndi-we, si-we

>ois ndi-mue, *i-muc

eelle, nao 6 elle ndi-yc, si-yc saoeli i > ndi-wo, si-wo

o, m\o e isso ndi-ino, si-mo etc. etc.

rccira possoa emprcg.

•ijeito

1 diz L que

;ieti-

pri- 80* veja nn. 185, 18«.

^.

c^o, etc. anabveka mbo pa adjective a kupere- kua na pronom kubvunao6/ec/o, n. 1^7. Ex.

Mu-da-dza

(mf)u:l) mint

.vo(,ant'u)

it is 1, it is not I lotwe

it is thou, it is not

thou it is you, it is not

you

it is ho, it is not he iliey, it is not they

it is it, it is not it etc.

of the third

also used ai

verb in

es tbat

:m antecedent

which means the same

ir object, n.

When there ca- ;oats that »ught...

the firak

and «; >n sea

ana-

•pcaeoa en • 'KH pa nn, un.

DM

10 are used

them

4.-Tr«B*;-iKt«n«kti .4. to and-, a ouvem- rinangoanabTekambo alFolum.,

>de. parm.napaaaibstan- ly aft, rcgu-

Sx. laiiy after vocatives. Ex.

'.ie fta, ^ultirniuute depois dos

Devo ir contigo?

O' Pedro! O' rapazes!

6. Asformaslocativas wo, fco, ajuntam- i bos corn o sen- tido do nosso <la». Of.

Metteu la den- tro inn bambu. Saiu de la.

Ndende w«-we/

Pe^ro-we!

^^a^e-mue!

5. Apronomea rnbu- to po, mo, ko, anabve- ka pa averbo. Cf. 175. Ex.

Apitisa-mo 'n- sengere. Abuluka-po.

- lii mes- Uli-ko Jcuene-

Como se emprega o pronome mixto?

l<Ssi Ku...ni vale o nosso

.«vos» di)j( ctivo, ku sen- do inserto, ni enclitico.

lit. Dei-

VOS.

Onviu-vos.

Apronome ku...ni na ti...ni i*-ii«,bYeka, papi?

Ku...ni ndi objecto ua kubvuna «imue». Ex.

T-a-ku-sia-ni. A-ku-bva-m.

Must I go with thee/ Peter! Boys!

5. The locative farms po, mo, ko, follow verbs with the meaning of our «there, therein*. Cf. n. 376. Ex.

He thrust a bamboo therein.

He went out of there.

Are you there at that very place?

How is the mixed pronoun used?

Ku...ni renders our «you» objective, ku be- ing inserted, ni encli- tic. Ex.

Good-bye, lit. We have left you. He heard you.

134 < <fa-se

joito no irn

e vos». Ex.

ujeito

ua kubvuna «iue na iiiiue, ify na imuei.

T-endc-i\i.

e v<>

o

., pfnndise-niy 173, ti ndi udi sujeito. to e ni sujeito.

Mba ti-:

111.

N. B. Ungachita

>u is used as

subject in the imper-

m«we and

you», or « I and you.

Let us go (you and 1, or we and you).

Let us run (we

and you).

N. B. This is differ.

ent from ti... ni in ti-

pfundibcni, in which

object, and ni

subj,

Como se emprega o Apronorae a kuimira How is the isola-

pronome isolavel pawo pene anabveka ble pronoun used? tani?

Nint; i utivo, As an ordinary sub-

raakamaka .ly

ipal-

ito das lativas

1. 1 1 . In the first and

anabvoka pa -na, na pa second person after ;ivoa kuperckua na. an dau-

i.ubvu- s«'s in whirh the ante- naobjecto, n. 157. 08 the sa-

me thing as t n. ir.7. !

'ona tlu; tree that 1 1 me.

\ ,<'t OK

I\\'C

nilxi nn

na

cf,

187 2. Kmphftticamente.

;EX.

Bu sou forte, fraco es tu.

Eu roubar as a-

120

2. Mpia kuvraugisa. Ex.

Ine ndawanga, uafewa ndiwe. Ine ku'mbera

± Emphatically. Ex.

I am strong, you are weak. I to steal his

iboboras d'elle! matanga aehel pumpkins!

1 88

jca-se ainda melhor pe- ila copula -ndi com o ipronomo enclitico, n. J178. Ex.

Passa tu para ca. \ Isso e que eu quero.

N. B. Chiuawangisa maka ndi ndi na pro- nonie ua kumalisa -ns, -fe, etc. 178. Ex.

Pitauku ndiwe. Ndipiopinafuna ine.

N. B. Emphasis is better marked yet by the copula ndi with en- clitic pronouns, n. 178. Ex.

Come here you. That is what I want.

DO YERBO

YERBO

ON YERB3

Quantas especies de verbcs, ou conjuga-

cs, tern o Chisena?

A). A conjugacao ., ou verbos

jo indicativo acaba em -a, como

fee 1 sacho

. ;lo cu-

jo inn \ba em

•mo

Zingasi mbeu za a- How many kinds o

verbo a Chisena?

A), A verbo a kumali- sa na -a pa indicativo, ninga

)id

A verbo akumali- sa na -/ pa iudi> ninga

/'}... uati ...

tinapagaii

verbs or conjugations are there in Sena?

.4). The -a conju- gation, or verbs which have the indicative end- ing in -a, as

I Shut

we are weeding

The conjugatiom which 1ms the indicat-

:i'lmg in -<

•il...

id...

we pay

VEB] M.I AVI'Ui

VTER]

Como varia o verbo Averbo a kumahsa How do attributive attributive? na -a anasanduka ta- verbs vary*

nil

v,, classe, <li, na modo, ponon,

ice.

ulmli upi'oni' pa 1 ;»nsofper-

de pcsBoa o classe, an. i lasalu sot\ un< aeon

in un. I her*

jin to be seon:

MOI><» E TEMPO

Quantas modos ha em Sena?

o, a saber:

1. O indicativo, que

turn facto actual.

2. O imperativo, que man da.

3. O subjunctive, que marca urn facto como jexistente na vontade. ! 4. 0 infinitive, que e

i [jlesinente substan-

: .">. () parti cipio, que e iparte verbo, parte adjec- tive.

122

MODo NA TEMPO

Amodo a Chisena mba- ngasi?

Axanu awa:

1. Ua kupanga, ninga ndaKmci,

2. (Ja katuma, ninga lima.

3. Ua kufuna, ninga ndilime?

4. Infinitive, ninga ku- lima.

5. Participio, ninga u-a-ku-lima.

>[) AM) TENSE

ws many moods here in Sena?

I- MODo INDICATIVO I. INDICATIVO

Quantos tempos tern o indicative em Sena?

tun indefinite,

< ', c sote definitos

dliares insertos,

i O presente- future 0 impcrfcito com-ka,

lo com -a,

• fcito com -df,,^

ue perfeito -da,

1 com -nga,

Tempo za kupanga zingasi?

Njibodzi ia tempo zonsene, n. 260, na zi- nomue za tempo na tempo izi:

1. la kupitisa -na,

2. ia kupitisa -ka

3. la kupitisa -a,

4. la kupitisa -da,

it. I a kupitisa -ka-da,

r>. Ja kupitisa -nga,

L. Tljtj indicative for an actual fact.

2. The imperative, which orders.

3. The subjunctive,

which marks a fact as

existing in the will.

4. The infiniiivei

which is a true sub-

stantive.

5. The participle, which is partly verb, partly adjective.

I. INDICATIVE MOOD

How many tenses has the indicative in Sena?

One indefinite with mba, n. 260, and seven definite with inserted auxiliaries, vix.:

The present-future with-wa,

The imperfect with -ka,

The past with -n, The perfect with -da The pluperfect with -ka-da, The eventual with -nga

I. Presentee future

cavr.

cava, cavard

cavaiu,

Porque f« — 1' <>que

' de

rjue os

la kn j

ndi-na,-lima tt-na-Uma

u-n&-lima

'-nfi-lima

a, /, zi, etc. -na-Amm U-ntfumangi-

rn HJi.' — A-iui tama

ICtl .

ii-irA-f/opaa-

i-Jcu-fin)

ndigo-

usiku

////-

rbo a

iativo

1. Present and fu- ture

.all hoe '0, shall hoe

.vilt hoe

you hoe, will hoe he !>o«_'s, will hoe tl:ey IKK-, will hoe, \\ hy do you run/ — It is the rabbit that

an.

Ti are

running

I fear my chil- i will all ff-

it will crush

ota

\\~heli I I

belp

124

Je na antes dos radioaes syllaba ibodzi. monosyllabicos. Ex.

Ex.

Venho.

11)4

2. Imperfeito

cavava icavava

cavavas cavavais cavava cavavani

Saiu agora uies-

Ndi-na kudza = ndi-nadza.

2. -ka-

ti-kb-lima

mu-ka-lima a, u, chi, etc. -kaJiraa a, i, zi, etc.-ka-Ziraa, A buluka chi-

mo quando comi- nchinopanoti-Jca-

amos com elle.

Nao sois vos que dizieis hon- tem que vos ieis

em bora?

195

:{. Passado absolute cavei

nos

cavaste cavastes cavou

dia nayt pabo- dzi.

Dzulu, mu-Jca- bveka «tinenda», simue?

nd-a.lima t-a,-lima u-&-lima

(a) u, i, cht etc. a,.lima cavaram (a), i, z, eic.-&.lima

Ondedormistede U-B,gonakupi noite/ — Dormi em masiku ? — Nd-&- ;casa. gona'mudzi.

before monosyllable stems. Ex.

I am coming.

2. Imperfect

I was hoeing we were hoeing thou wert hoeing you were hoeing he was hoeing they were hoeing He went out just now as we were eating toge- ther.

It is not you that were saying yesterday that you would go?

Past absolute

I hoed we hoed thou hoedst

you hoed

he hoed

they hoed Where did you

sleep last night/

—I slept at home.

K mi hi ku-a,-

itfa .

N. B. Pa -a pronome ?*- ua ubali MU-A nk'a- .yu. Mbapo- dxo aniicliita u-a-fat n- a-liina, etc. Ex.

Afat el. da,

( nda

4. -da-

De "iu

fan>

.'>. O pronome u da l)in-

- de a-. Al-

gunso cxpriinemqunn- do o verbo 0 nionosylla- i ou principia com uma

CQOl

196 4. Passado relative

<ou perfeito) (eu que) cavei (nosque) cavunios

(tu

•' que) cir (elle

• la por ka so

prono-

nt'v

.-lima t-lima in /-

i-lima to/da-^tuki 6*-ka, •

'k'a'ok'a na

i

In /',

From home has coine flour.

N. B. The pronoun u of ela mder-

stood before -a. A fe\* natives «

when the verbal stems is monosyllabic or be- gins with a vow

u-Q,-fa he died

al. 7/-a he went away

4. Relative past (or perfect)

( I ) who ! oed (we) who hoed u) who hoedst

o hoed (he) w< o hoed bo hoed

. this -da for i-eded

1

the

man •.

ing?

mdo dormi-

;nmos i). M) o vi.

c'sta morto.

1(.>7 5. Mais que perfeito tinha cavado tinharnos cavado tinha cavadu

hais cavado tinha cavado a, u, tin ham cavado a, i

Para onde ti- nhas ido/

Oudeequeafe- sctinhaescon- '.

io/

6. Eventual

(jx'xlc ser que) cave „ cavernos

*

» cave

» cavern

Jcu

a, u, a> O pae d'elle p6-

quaiqucr to,

l">i;es

L26

Pi-da </(,n«.~iro When they slept

fafoduka. we can ic a way.

Si-fa-mu-'o>w. I did not see him.

Nk'a-d'd-fa. He is not dead.

5. -ka-da- r>. Piuperfect

I 1 ad hoed we had hoed thouhadsthoed you had hoed chi, etc.-ka-da./ma he had hoed

tt.ey i ad hoed

Where hadst thou gone to.?

Where was the

i-bisalahupi? wild beast hid- den/

6. Eventual

("may be that) I hoe >• \\e hoe » t'.ou hoe » you hoe

» 1:6 I.Oe

» they hoe

His father may happen to come at any moment.

No, you are ca-

Chi-nhama clii-

ti-ng&-lima

»iu-nga,-lima

chi, etc. -nga- lima

i, zi, etc.-nga-Ziwia

Babache rt-nga

tur'o Segura gallinh.is ] medo que fojam. <-u ver ca9a, hei-de te avi

ftzeresfugii tie

:)'.

Quand<

mos. liein lar.

N. B. Tome nota de

. por medo que, qu..

ndi- pregam kn

-.ga.

7. Continuativo dacavo, cav.i " cavamos, ca

" cavas,

1-27 •dia

'atiscnink'u- i-

'HI

ma, tut kn pangs. U -iign-t'intin.-

nflisa nk'alamu, tpagari.

T: ', ti-

N. B. Ant'u enango

ila ka par.

i.tima

cava

pabl rig jt

they

might rn1 If I see gan !l tell you. If you get the lion to run away, we shall pay you.

When we have

finished, we shall

help you.

N. -nga

for e-

VrntU \\T iif,

Nvlu'I) tliat,

etc.». B

vi vritb

when."

7. Continuativc tiqg

thou hoe-

•0 quando a- indacomiafolhas.

z eomixfio.

200 N. B. 1. So = sa(la) kut do verbosala, ficar. De tal forma que ndi- so-liina vale literal- nente "fico cavando." i>. Antes dos radicaes monosyllabicos e dos que prinoipiam por u- ma vogal ouve-se o ku.

estou ja de caminho tie caminho

202 3. So ouve-se tam- bem junto com na e ka, MU'lhor por assimi- lacao no e ko. Ex.

i jii cavando

oontinuando a cavar

r. M«»HO i.Mrj-:itATivo

Quantos tempos tern o imperative em Bena?

•'l»pr 1. < I

128

Ndamu'ona a- so- tafunamasa- mba.

Chi-Bo-ps'wa- ps'wa.

N. B. 1. Ndi-so-lima = ndisala kulima.

2. Pa inbeu za sylla- ba ibodzi na za kut'a- ngua na vogal ku ana- bveka. Ex.

a-so-k-a-enda

3. Nsikuzinango u- nabva mbo -no-so, -ko -so. Ex.

a-ao-so-lima

a-ko-so-lima

II. IMI'KKATIVO

Tempo za kutuma nzingasi?

Zi.xanu i/,i:

I. Ill kll'^UMlii

'2. la kulrmeza na-w{7rt

tvv him when still eating leaves

It is itching.

N. B. 1. So = sa(la) ku, from the verb-so/a, remain. So that ndi-so- lima = literally"! re. main digging."

2. A'u is hoard befo- re monosyllabic stems and those that boijin with a vowel. I

I am coining he is going

3. So is also heard together with na and ka, or better through assimilation, no and ko. Ex.

he is digging yet, already

he was still dig- ging

II. IMPERATIVE MOOM

How many tenses has the imperative in Sena?

Five, vi/. ; I. Thr short cut, 2. The respectful,

204 3. Tres tempos em -e emprestados do subjunctive. 1

206

1. Expeditivo

ae

129

Tempo zitatu za kumala na -e za kubuerekua na sub- junctive.

1. la kuguandira

lima-ni

N. B i. Kxistendo N. B. i. Ungafuna so a segunda propria matumiro enango, do

imperative pro- prio emprega-se para as outras pessoas o subjunctive em -e precedido ounaoda particula mba, n. 2j74

cave elle

2 O imperau

verbo anamala na -e Ex.

t-endeni, mba-tcndc t-cnde-ni. n . i mbalimc

Imperative ua ku-cnda ndi

nd-oko koni

mo-

.innti

ii- mi/irua -j, nsiku zi-

o prefixo i ou u, nango i, u. Ana encli-

ouo suffixo a. Ten- co i/iru;>

3. Three tenses in -e borrowed from the subjunctive. Ex.

1. Short cut

dig thou dig (ye)

N. B. i. As the im- perative proper has only the second per- son, the other per- sons are borrowed from the indefinite subjunctive with or without mba, n. 277. Ex. let us go

c let him dig

The imperative ofku-cndiT, to go, is

g° go ye

3. iiabic

stems that have no

enclitic require the

suffix -a or the pre-

ingan

do enclitico sao regu- lares, n. 33. Ex. Vcm

Morre Come

Vinde Vem ca Tra-lo ca

130

chint'u tayu, n. 33. enclitic they are re- gular, n. 33. i ^D^a-a, i-d\a, u- Come

Fa-a, if a, u-fa Die

^Dia-a. i-dia, u- Eat

dia

Come (ye) Come here

r- Bring him, bring it, etc.

208 2. Respeitoso

cava (se quize- res)

cavae (se qui- zerdes

201) 3. Tempos euipres- tados do suhjiiiicti- vo.

cava cavae vem cavar

vinde cavar vae cavar ide cavar

*D%a-kuno

nacho, etc.

2. nga- nga-lima

nga-lima-ni

2. Respectful