DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

GLOVER GRAVET

\ \\J\j \J

DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

EDITED BY

LESLIE STEPHEN

AND

SIDNEY LEE

VOL. XXII. GLOVER GRAVET

MACMILLAN AND CO.

LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 1890

.LIST OF WEITEES

IN THE TWENTY-SECOND VOLUME.

J. G. A. . . J. G. ALGER.

T. A. A. . . T. A. ARCHER.

G-. F. E. B. G-. F. RUSSELL BARKER.

E. B THE EBV. RONALD BAYNB.

T. B THOMAS BATNE.

W. B-E. . . WILLIAM BATNE.

C. B PROFESSOR CECIL BENDALL.

G-. T. B. . . G. T. BETTANY.

A. C. B. . . A. C. BICKLEY. W. G. B. . W. G. BLACK.

B. H. B. . . THE REV. B. H. BLACKER.

W. Q-. B. . . THE REV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE, D.D.

G. C. B. . . G. C. BOASE.

G. S. B. . . G. S. BOULGER.

E. T. B. . . Miss BRADLEY.

A. H. B. . . A. H. BULLEN.

G. W. B. . G. W. BURNETT.

J. B-Y. . . . JAMES BURNLEY.

E. C-N. . . . EDWIN CANNAN.

H. M. C. . . H. MANNERS CHICHESTBH.

A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. CLERKE.

J. C THE REV. JAMES COOPER.

T. C THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A.

W. P. C. . . W. P. COURTNEY.

C. C CHARLES CREMHTON, M.D.

M. C THE REV. PROFESSOR CREIGHTUN.

L. C LIONEL CUST, F.S.A.

A. D. . . AUSTIN DOBSO.V.

R. D ROBERT DUNLOP.

F. E FRANCIS ESPINASSE.

C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH.

J. G. F. . . J. G. FOTHERINOHAM.

S. R. G. . . S. R. GARDINER, LL.D.

R. G RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D.

J. T. G. . . J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A. E. C. K. G. E. C. K. GONNER.

G. G GORDON GOODWIN.

A. G THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON.

E. G EDMUND GOSSE.

R. E. G. . . R. E. GRAVES.

R. P. G. . . THE REV. R. P. GRAVES.

J. M. G. . . J. M. GRAY.

J. C. H. . . J. CUTHBERT HADDEN.

J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON.

T. H THE REV. THOMAS HAMILTON, D.D.

W. J. H. . . PROFESSOR W. JEROME HARRISON. T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON. R. H-R. . . THE REV. RICHARD HOOPER. T. C. H. . . SIR THEODORE C. HOPE, K.C.S.I. W. H. ... THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT.

B. D. J. . . B. D. JACKSON.

C. L. K. . . C. L. KlN3SFORD.

J. K JOSEPH KNIGHT.

H. K COLONEL KNOLLYS, R.A.

J. K. L. . . PROFESSOR J. K. LAUOHTU.X. S. L. L. . . SIDNEY LEK.

VI

List of Writers.

N. McC. . . JE. M. J. A. F. M. L. M. M... C. M	NOBMAN MACCOLL. JENEAS MACKAT, LL.JJ. J. A. FULLEB MAITLAND. MlSS MlDDLBTON. COSMO MONKHOUSE.	W.F.W.S. G. B. S. . . L. S C. W. S. . . J. T	W. F. WENTWOBTH SHIELDS. G. BABNETT SMITH. LESLIE STEPHEN. C. W. SUTTON. JAMES TAIT.
C. G. M. . . N. M	CLAUDE G. MONTEFIOBB. NOBMAN MOOBE, M.D.	H. E. T. . . T. F. T. ..	H. E. TBDDEB. PBOFESSOB T. F. TOUT.
W. E. M. . T. 0	W. E. MOBFILL. THE EEV. THOMAS OLDEN.	J. V R. H. V. . .	JOHN VENN, Sc.D. COLONEL VEITCH, E E
H. P	HHNBT PATOK.	A. V	ALSAQEB VIAN.
K. L. P. . . B. P E. J. E. . .	E. L. POOLE. MlSS POBTEK. E. J. EAPSON.	M. G. W. . F. W-T. . . C. W-H. . .	THE EEV. M. G. WATKINS. FBANCIS WATT. OWART.EP WKTX^H.
J. M. E. . .	J. M. EIGG.	L. W	LUCIEN WOLF.
L. C. S. J. M. S. . .	LLOYD C. SANDEBS. J. M. SCOTT.	W. W	WABWICK WBOTH, F.S.A.

DICTIONARY

OF

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

Glover

Glover

GLOVER, BOYER (Jl. 1758-1771), Muggletonian, was a watch and clock maker in Leadenhall Street, London. He was a strong Muggletonian, but the notices of him in the records of the sect are very scanty. He acted as a peacemaker, and opposed the issue of the fourth (1760) edition of Reeve and Muggleton's ' Divine Looking-Glass/contain- ing political passages omitted in the second (1661) and fifth (1846) editions. Glover's spiritual songs are more in number, and rather better in quality, than those of any other Muggletonian writer. His pieces are to be found in ' Songs of Gratefull Praise,' £c., 1794, 12mo (seven by Glover) ; and ' Divine Songs of the Muggletonians,' &c., 1829, 16mo (forty-nine by Glover, including the previous seven, and one by his wife, Elizabeth Glover). Others are in unprinted manuscript collections.

[Manuscript archives of the London Muggle- tonians ; works cited above.] A. G.

GLOVER, CHARLES WILLIAM

(1806-1863), violinist and composer, was born in London in February 1806. Glover played the violin in the orchestras of Drury Lane and Covent Garden theatres, and was ap- pointed musical director at the Queen's Theatre in 1832. He composed numerous songs, duets, pianoforte pieces, and arrange- ments. Some of the vocal pieces are semi- comic, such as ' Cousin Harry ; ' while ' "Tis hard to give the Hand where the Heart can never be ' is a specimen of his once popular sentimental ballads. Glover died on 23 March 1863.

[Brit. Mus. Catalogues of Music; Grove's Diet, i. 600 ; Brown's Biog. Diet. p. 273.] L. M. M. TOL. XXII.

GLOVER, EDMUND (1813 P-1860), actor and manager, was the eldest son of Julia Glover [q. v.] He occupied for a time a leading position at the Haymarket Theatre, and went to Edinburgh, where, under Mur- ray, he played leading business. He appears to have joined that company about 1841. He was a man of diversified talents, a sound, though not a brilliant actor, a good dancer, fencer, and pantomimist, and the possessor of some skill in painting. A high position was accordingly conceded him in Scotland. His salary in 1842 was three guineas weekly, the parts he played including Richelieu, Stuke- ley in the ' Gamester ' to the Beverley of Ed- mund Kean, Rob Roy, Claude Melnotte, Creon in ' Antigone,' Jonas Chuzzlewit, John Peerybingle in the ' Cricket on the Hearth,' Othello, Macbeth, Richard III, lago, Shylock, Cardinal Wolsey, Robert Macaire, and Don Csesar de Bazan. On 16 Jan. 1848 he played Falkland in the ' Rivals,' being his first appear- ance after a recent severe accident. At this period he engaged Jenny Lind[q.v.] to sing in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Perth, and cleared 3,000/. by the transaction. Emboldened by this success he took a large hall in West Nile Street, Glasgow, which he opened as the Prince's Theatre. In 1852 he undertook the management of the Theatre Royal, Glasgow. He became lessee also of the Theatres Royal at Paisley and Dunfermline, and in 1859 opened a new theatre at Greenock. During this period his connection with Edinburgh was maintained. On 27 March 1850 he was Othello to Macready's lago. He played Falkland at Murray's farewell benefit, 22 Oct. 1851. On 17 March 1856 he began to alter- nate with Powrie the parts of Macbeth and

Glover

Macduff, on 24 Feb. 1857 played the brothers Dei Franchi to the Baron Giordine of Mr. Henry Irving, and on hislast appearance at the Edinburgh Theatre Royal, 25 May 1859, was, at his own desire, Triplet in ' Masks and Faces.' He had been ill for some time, and died on 23 Oct. 1860 of dropsy, at 3 Gayfield Place, Edinburgh, in the house of Mr. Robert Wynd- ham, subsequently manager of the Theatre Royal in that city. His managerial career was successful, much taste being displayed by him in mounting pieces. He left behind him, in addition to other children, a son, William, who is said to inherit his father's talents as a painter, a second son, Samuel, a Scotch comedian, who died abroad, and a daughter who married Thomas Powrie, a Scotch tragedian.

[Dibdin's Annals of the Edinburgh Stage, 1888; Era Almanack ; Era newspaper, 27 March 1860; private information.] J. K.

GLOVER, GEORGE (fi. 1625-1650), one of the earliest English engravers, worked somewhat in the manner of John Payne, whose pupil he may have been. He used his graver in a bold and effective style. His heads are usually well rendered, but the ac- cessories are weak. Some of his engravings are of great interest and rarity. Among them were portraits of Charles I, Henrietta Maria, Charles II, Catherine of Braganza, James, duke of York ; Mary, princess of Orange ; Robert Devereux, earl of Essex (on horse- back) ; Algernon Percy, earl of Northumber- land ; Sir Edward Bering, bart. (twice en- graved, one a reduced copy) ; Sir William Brereton (on horseback) ; Yaurar Ben Ab- dalla, ambassador from Morocco; James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh ; John Lil- burne (an oval portrait, engraved first in 1641, and altered in 1646 by placing prison bars across the portrait); John Pym, M.P., Sir George Strode, Sir Thomas Urquhart, Dr. John Preston, Lord Finch, Sir William Wal- ler, and many others. Several of these and other portraits were engraved for the book- sellers as frontispieces to books ; Glover also engraved numerous title-pages. A remark- able broadside engraved by him gives the por- traits and biographies of William Evans, the giant porter, Jeffery Hudson, the dwarf, and Thomas Parr, the very old man. Some of Glover's portraits, such as those of Sir Thomas Urquhart and Innocent Nath. Witt, an idiot, were engraved from the life. His earliest works bear the address of William Peake [q. v.], for whom most of the early English engravers worked. Glover's own portrait was engraved by R. Grave, jun., from a draw- ing formerly in Oldys's possession.

Glover

[Dodd's MS. Hist, of English Engravers, Brit. Mus.Addit. MS. 33401; Bryan's Diet, of Painters and Engravers; Catalogue of the Sutherland Collection.] L. C.

GLOVER, JEAN (1758-1801), Scotch poetess, was born at Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, 31 Oct. 1758, her father being a hand-loom weaver. While very young she j oined a band of strolling players and married their leader. Burns describes her in unqualified terms as a person with no character to lose, but other contemporaries, who long survived her, say that she was merely 'a roughly hardened tramp, a wilful, regardless woman.' Her husband's Christian name or surname was Richard. Burns summarily disposes of him as ' a sleight-of-hand blackguard.' Jean Glover had the reputation of being the best singer and actor in the company, and in gaudy attire she used to play on a tambourine in the street to attract customers to her husband 'juggling in a room down a close.' In her player's finery she struck one ingenuous observer as 'the brawest woman that had ever been seen to step in leather shoon.' Her bright, me- lodious lyric ' Ower the muir among the Heather ' is a genuine addition to Scottish pastoral poetry. She may have composed others, but they are not preserved ; this one, happily, was written down by Burns from the singing of Jean Glover herself. Stewart Lewis used the same air for a ballad of his, with which it is important not to confound this typical Scottish song. Jean Glover died at Letterkenny, co. Donegal, in 1801.

[Johnson's Musical Museum ; Ayrshire Con- temporaries of Burns ; Chambers's Life and Works of Burns, iv. 291 ; Tytler and Watson's Songstresses of Scotland, vol. i.] T. B.

GLOVER, JOHN (1714-1774), preacher, born in 1714, on leaving school in his four- teenth year was apprenticed to business, when he was soon moved by religious impulses. In 1748 he was much influenced by the teaching of the methodists at Norwich. His published memoirs are entirely devoted to religious re- flection. In 1761, his health failed, and he re- tired from business. The latter portion of his life seems to have been spent in preaching and in writing religious pamphlets. He died at Norwich 9 May 1774.

He published : 1 . ' Some Scriptural Di- rections and Advice to assist the Faith and Practice of true Believers. . . . The second edition . . . much enlarged. To which is added, Two consolatory letters, written by an eminent Christian ... to one who seemed to be near his Dissolution,' Norwich, 1770, 12mo. A third edition appeared in 1791. 2. ' Some Memoirs of the Life of J. G. . . .

Glover

Glover

Written by himself. To which is added, a sermon [on Psalm xii. 1] (by .1. Carter) preached on the occasion of his death,' '2 pts. London, 1774, 12mo. 3. ' The Hidden and Happy Life of a Christian . . . exemplified in an extract from the diary of Mr. J. G.,' London [1775 ?], 12mo.

[Memoirs written by himself.] W. F. W. S.

GLOVER, JOHN (1767-1849), land- scape-painter, son of a small farmer, was born at Houghton-on-the-Hill, Leicestershire, on 18 Feb. 1767. He profited so well by plain education as to be appointed master (one ac- count says writing-master) of the free school at Appleby in 1786. From a boy he had been fond of drawing, and in 1794 he removed to Lichfield, and set up as an artist and draw- ; ing-master. He is said to have been entirely self-taught, and he soon began to paint in oils and to etch. He quickly attracted admi- ration, and in 1805 was one of the original | members of the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water-colours. In this year he \ came to London, when he took up his re- sidence at 61 Montagu Square. From 1805 to 1813 he contributed 182 works to the ex- hibitions of the society, and ultimately be- i came one of the most fashionable drawing- ; masters of the day. Though his method was based on that of William Payne [q. v.], the | style of his execution was entirely his own. | A critic writing in 1824 states that it ' ex- cited increasing curiosity and a desire of imitation in a thousand admirers. The ap- parently careless scumbling of black and grey, the absence of defined forms, the dis- tinct unbroken patches of yellow, orange, green, red, brown, &c., which upon close inspection made up the foreground, middle- grounds, and off-skip in his compositions, seemed entirely to preclude all necessity for the labour of previous study.' One of his most dexterous devices was the twisting of camel-hair brushes together and spreading their hairs so as to produce rapid imitation of foliage. He was very clever also in his aerial perspective and in eifects of sunbeams striking through clouds and trees. He went to Paris in 1814, and while there painted in the Louvre a large landscape composition, which attracted the attention of Louis XVIII at the Paris exhibition of that year. This picture, for which the king granted him a gold medal, was exhibited at the Water- colour Society's exhibition in 1817, under the title of ' Landscape Composition.'

In 1815 Glover was elected president of the Water-colour Society, but was not re- elected in the following year. He went to Paris again in 1 815, and afterwards to Switzer-

land and Italy, bringing home portfolios full of sketches, from which he painted some large pictures in oil. Owing, it is said, to his advocacy, the Society of Water-colours for a few years (1816-20) admitted oil-pictures to their exhibitions. Several of Glover's works in oil brought large prices. Lord Dur- ham gave 500/. for his view of ' Durham Cathedral,' which is now at Lambton Castle. Though his art was generally confined to landscape, with an occasional sea picture, he sent to the society's exhibition in 1817 a com- position of cattle with a life-size bull, a pic- ture of goats, and two pieces of sculpture, one of a cow and the other of an ass and foal, modelled from nature. In 1818 he withdrew from the society in order to be a candidate for the honours of the Royal Academy. Hitherto he had rarely contributed to the exhibitions of the Academy, but he now sent seven pic- tures, all of scenery in England and Wales, and in the next year five, four of which were Italian in subject. But his hopes were dis- appointed, and the year after (1820) he did not send anything to the Academy, but held an exhibition in Old Bond Street of his works in oil and water-colour. In 1824 he was one of the founders of the Society of British Artists. To the exhibitions of this society he contributed till 1830, and he remained a member of it till his death.

It had been his intention to retire to Ulls- water, where he had purchased a house and some land, but in 1831 he emigrated to the Swan River settlement (now Western Aus- tralia). He sent home'some pictures of colo- nial scenery, but they did not attract pur- chasers. He died at Launceston, Tasmania, on 9 Dec. 1849, aged 82, having spent his later years in reading, chiefly religious works.

Glover was an artist of considerable skill and originality, especially in the rendering of transparent aerial effects, and although his style became mannered, he deserves to be honourably remembered among the founders of the English school of water-colours and the modern school of landscape. His skill in oil-painting was also considerable, and the National Gallery has recently acquired an excellent example of his work in this medium by the bequest of Mrs. Elizabeth Vaughan ('Landscape with Cattle,' No. 1186 in the catalogue). Examples of his skill are also to be seen at the British and South Kensing- ton Museums.

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878; Redgraves' Century of Painters ; Somerset House Gazette, i. 132 ; Annals of the Fine Arts, 1817, p. 81 ; Mag. of the Fine Arts, i. 312, &c. ; Portfolio, August 1888; Bryan's Diet, of Painters (Graves); Cat. of National Gallery, British School, 1888]. C. M.

B2

Glover

GLOVER, SIR JOHN HAWLEY (1829- 1885), captain in the navy, administrator of Lagos, and governor of Newfoundland, son of the Rev. John Glover, English chaplain at Cologne, entered the navy in 1841 on board the Queen, flagship of Sir Edward Owen in the Mediterranean, and, after eight years' junior service, passed his examination in April 1849. On 24 Oct. 1851, while serving on board the Penelope on the west coast of Africa, he was promoted to be lieutenant, and j in May 1852 was appointed to the Royalist j in the East Indies. From her he was moved i to the Sphinx, and, in command of her boats, i took part in the disastrous affair at Dona- ' bew in Burmah on 4 Feb. 1853 [see LOCH, i GRANTILLE GOWER], where he was severely j wounded, a ball entering under the right eye i and passing out at the ear. In the summer he | returned to England, and in October was . appointed to the Royal George, from which j he was moved in February 1854 to be first lieutenant of the Rosamond paddle-sloop in the Baltic. From 1855 to 1857 he had com- mand of the Otter, a small steamer, and then joined the expedition to the Niger, with Dr. William Balfour Baikie [q.v.] In 1861 he returned to England and was appointed to the Aboukir, but was almost immediately moved into the Arrogant, going out as flag- ship on the west coast, where for the next year he commanded the Arrogant's tender Handy, a small gunboat. On 24 Nov. 1862 he was advanced to commander's rank, and his service at sea came to an end.

On 21 April 1863 he was appointed ad- ministrator of the government of Lagos ; in May 1864 became colonial secretary in the same place ; and was from February 1866 till 1872 again administrator. While hold- ing that office, especially in 1870, he was actively engaged in suppressing the maraud- ing incursions of the Ashantees in the neigh- bourhood of the river Volta. W7hen, in 1873, war with Ashantee became imminent, Glover, who was at the time in England, volunteered for special service, representing that his in- fluence with the natives would probably be useful. He was sent out with vague in- structions to raise a native army among the tribes to the east of the British territory and to act as seemed best, subject to the general control of Sir Garnet (now Lord) Wolseley, who went out as commander-in-chief and go- vernor of the Gold Coast. He arrived at Cape Coast in the early days of September, and, taking thence some three hundred Houssas, already trained to arms, pushed on to Accra, where, in the course of a few weeks, he gathered together a native force of from six- teen to twenty thousand men. He soon found,

however, that they were almost useless. They stood in terror of the Ashantees, and refused to advance. Glover proposed to employ them in the first instance in some desultory raids, till, flushed with victory, their unwilling- ness would be overcome ; but Wolseley di- rected him to advance into the Ashantee country, simultaneously with the main attack, and with such force as he could command. On 15 Jan. 1874, with not more than eight hundred Houssas, Glover crossed the Prahr threatened the left flank of the Ashantees, and thus eased the work of the main force under Wolseley. He was never seriously engaged, though there was occasional skir- mishing, but the villages in his line of march were captured or burnt, and he overcame with remarkable skill the great difficulty of transporting his guns and ammunition. His success encouraged the unwilling tribes to- come up, and he eventually approached Coo- massie with a force of something like five thousand men.

Peace was concluded on 14 Feb. 1874, and Glover's distinguished and difficult service was rewarded by the thanks of both houses of parliament, by his being nominated (8 May) a G.C.M.G., and appointed in the following year governor of Newfoundland. In 1877 he was put on the retired list of the navy with the rank of captain, but continued at Newfoundland till 1881, when he was trans- ferred to the governorship of the Leeward Islands. In 1883 he was moved back ta Newfoundland. He died in London on 30 Sept. 1885. He married in 1 876 Elizabeth Rosetta, eldest daughter of Mr. J. Butler Scott of Anne's Grove Abbey, Mountrath, Queen's County.

[Times, 2 Oct. 1885; Annual Eegister, 1885, p. 181 ; Illustrated London News, 25 April, 1874, with a very indifferent portrait; Times bulletin, 1853 ; Brackenbury's Ashanti War ; Royal Navy List.l J. K. L.

GLOVER, MRS. JULIA (1779-1850), actress, was born in Newry 8 Jan. 1779. Her father, an actor named Betterton or Butterton, is said to have claimed descent from Thomas Betterton [q. v.] About 1789 she joined with her father the York circuit, and ap- peared under Tate Wilkinson as the Page in the 'Orphan.' She is said, like Mrs. Davison [q.v.], to have played the Duke of York to the Richard III of George Frederick Cooke [q.v.] She also acted Tom Thumb to the Glumdalca of the same actor. After accompanying her father on country tours, she made her first appearance at Bath, 3 Oct. 1795, as Miss Bet- terton from Liverpool, playing Marianne in the ' Dramatist ' by Reynolds. In the course

Glover

5

Glover

of this and the following season she enacted Desdemona to the Othello of II. Siddons, Lady Macbeth, Lady Amaranth in ' Wild Oats/ and many other important characters in tragedy and comedy. On 12 Oct. 1797 she appeared at Covent Garden as Elwina in Hannah More's ' Percy.' Her engagement was for five years, at terms then considered high, rising from 15£. to '201. a week, her father being also engaged. Mrs. Abington, to whom she bore a marked resemblance, Mrs. Crawford, and Mrs. Pope were opposed to her. Her second appearance as Charlotte Rusport in the ' West Indian ' pleased the author (Cumberland) so much that he gave her the part of the heroine, Emily Fitzallan, in his new play, 'False Impressions,' 23 Nov. 1797. She was the original Maria in T. Dib- din's 'Five Thousand a Year,' 16 March 1799, and was the heroine of other plays. She then played Lydia Languish, Lady Amaranth, and other comic parts. Under pressure from the management, which preferred Mrs. II. John- stone in her parts, she took serious charac- ters, such as Lady Randolph, the Queen in ' Richard III/ &c., for which she was less suited. She contracted an affection for James Biggs, an actor at Drury Lane, whom she had met at Bath. After his death (December 1798) her father, who took her salary and treated her with exceptional brutality, sold her for a consideration, never paid, of 1,000/. to Samuel Glover, the supposed heir to a large fortune. She was married 20 March 1800, and on the 27th played Letitia Hardy as ' the late Miss Betterton.' On 10 May she was announced as Mrs. Glover, late Miss Betterton. Towards the end of the season 1800-1 she reappeared, though she did not often perform. On 21 Oct. 1802, as Mrs. Oakly in the ' Jealous Wife/ she made her first appearance at Drury Lane. Next season she was again at Covent Garden, where she remained for four years. On 28 Sept. 1810 she appeared for the first time at the Lyceum, playing with the Drury Lane company, •driven from their home by fire. With them she returned (1812-13) to the newly erected house in Drury Lane. She was, 23 Jan. 1813, the original Alhadra in Coleridge's * Remorse.' On 12 Feb. 1814 she was the Queen in ' Richard III ' to Kean's Richard, and on 5 May Emilia to his Othello. On 16 Sept. 1816, on the first appearance of Macready at Covent Garden, she played Andromache — her first appearance there for ten years — to Macready's Orestes. She then played with Thomas Dibdin [q. v.] at the Surrey in 1822, and again returned to Drury Lane. When, 27 Oct. 1829, at Drury Lane, she played Mrs. Subtle in ' Paul Pry/ it was

announced as her first appearance there for five years. The last chronicle of Genest concerning her is her original performance, 13 Sept. 1830, at the Haymarket, of Ariette Delorme in 'Ambition, or Marie Mignot.' Her Mrs. Simpson, in ' Simpson & Co./ 4 Jan. 1823, was one of the most successful of her original parts ; Estifania, Mrs. Mala- prop, Mrs. Candour, Mrs. Heidelberg, and Mrs. Subtle were also characters in which her admirable vein of comedy and her joyous laugh won high recognition. After seceding from Webster's management of the Hay- market, she engaged with James Ander- son in his direction of Drury Lane. Subse- quently she joined William Farren [q. v.] at the Strand, where she went through a round of her best characters, including Widow Green in the ' Love Chase ' of Sheridan Knowles, of which, at the Haymarket in 1837, she was the original exponent. What was called a professional farewell took place at her benefit at Drury Lane, Friday, 12 July 1850, when she played for the last time as Mrs. Malaprop. She had been ill for weeks, and was scarcely able to speak. On the fol- lowing Tuesday she died. On Friday the 19th she was buried near her father in the churchyard of St. George the Martyr, in Queen Square, Bloomsbury. She had in 1837 two sons and two daughters living. Her sons, Edmund and William Howard, are separately noticed. On 29 April 1822 a daughter made her first appearance at Drury Lane as Juliet to the Romeo of Kean, when Mrs. Glover was the Nurse. A writer in the ' New Monthly Magazine ' (probably Talfourd) says ' that sometimes her mother, in her anxiety, forgot a disguise extremely difficult for her rich and hearty humour to assume ' (vi. 250). Mrs. Glover was very unhappy in her domestic relations. Her father preyed upon her until he died, aged over eighty. Her husband did the same for a time, but failed in a dishonour- ing proceeding he brought against her. Mrs. Glover was plump in figure, and in the end corpulent. Leslie, in his ' Autobiography/ speaks of her as ' monstrously fat.' She was fair in complexion, and of middle height. She was the first comic actress of the period of her middle life, and had a wonderful me- mory. Benjamin Webster speaks of her re- citing scene after scene verbatim from Han- nah More's ' Percy ' after it had been with- drawn from the stage thirty years. ' The Stage ' (1814-15, i. 162) says*: ' Mrs. Glover is indeed a violent actress ; it is too much to say that she is a coarse one.' She is gene- rally credited, however, with refinement and distinction, and in her closing days was called the ' Mother of the Stage.' Boaden.

Glover

Glover

in 1833, declared her the ablest actress in existence. She once, according to Walter Donaldson, played in 1822 at the Lyceum Hamlet for her benefit (Recollections of an Actor, p. 137). The same authority (p. 138) says her brother, John Betterton, was a good actor and dancer.

[Works cited ; biography by Benjamin Web- ster, prefixed to his edition of the Country Squire of Dance; Genest's Account of the English Stage ; Oxberry's Dramatic Biog. ; Era news- paper, 21 July 1850 ; Actors by Daylight.]

J. K.

GLOVER, MOSES QZ. 1620-1640), painter and architect, is principally known from the large survey by him, drawn on vellum in 1635, of Syon House and the hun- dred of Isleworth, which is preserved at Syon House. A plan for rebuilding Pet- worth House, dated 1615, and preserved there, has also been attributed to him, and it has been conjectured that he had a share in building the Charing Cross front of North- umberland House, which was completed in 1605. On 30 Sept. 1622 a license was issued from the Bishop of London's office for Moses Glover of Isleworth, Middlesex, painter- stainer, and Juliana Gulliver of the same, widow of Richard Gulliver, painter, to marry at St. Botolph's, Aldersgate, London. He was probably employed principally at Syon House.

[Diet, of Architecture ; Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (notes by Dallaway) ; Aungier's History of Syon Monastery, &c. ; Marriage Li- cences, Bishop of London (Harl. Soc. Publica- tions).] L. C.

GLOVER, RICHARD (171 2-1785), poet, born in St. Martin's Lane, Cannon Street, in 1712, was the son of Richard Glover, a Ham- burg merchant in London. He was educated at Cheam in Surrey. In 1728 a poem upon Sir Isaac Newton, written by him in his sixteenth year, was prefixed to ' A View of Newton's Philosophy,' by Henry Pernberton, M.D. Glover entered his father's business, but continued his poetical efforts, and be- came, according to Warton, a good Greek scholar. In 1737 he published ' Leonidas,' an epic poem in blank verse and in nine books. It went through four editions, was praised by Lord Lyttelton in a periodical paper called ' Common Sense,' and by Fielding in the ' Champion.' Pemberton extolled its merits in a pamphlet called ' Observations on Poetry, especially epic, occasioned by ... Leonidas,' 1738. Glover republished it, enlarged to twelve books, in 1770. Two later editions appeared in 1798 and 1804 ; and it has been translated into French (1738) and German

(1766). It was taken as a poetical manifesto in the interests of Walpole's antagonists. In 1739 Glover published ' London, or the Pro- gress of Commerce,' also in blank verse ; and his one still readable ballad, ' Hosier's Ghost/ referring to the unfortunate expedition of Admiral Hosier in 1726. It was spirited enough to survive the immediate interest due to the 'Jenkins's ear' excitement, and was republished in Percy's ' Reliques.' Glover opposed the nomination of a partisan of Wai- pole as lord mayor, and in 1742 took part ! in one of the assaults upon the falling minis- ter. The lord mayor, Sir Robert Godschall, presented a petition signed by three hun- dred merchants, and drawn up by Glover (20 Jan.), complaining of the inadequate pro- tection of British commerce, and Glover af- terwards attended to sum up their evidence before the House of Commons. His fame as a patriot was recognised in the Duchess of Marlborough's will. She died in 1744, leaA-- ing 500A apiece to Glover and Mallet to write the duke's life. He refused to undertake the task, although he is said to have been in diffi- culties. He was a proprietor at this time of the Temple Mills, near Marlow. Although intimate with Lyttelton, Cobham, and others, he got nothing by their political victory. In 1751 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of chamberlain of the city of London. He lost a patron by the death of Frederick, prince of Wales, who is said to have sent him ' a complete set of all classics, elegantly bound,' and at another time 5001. The money left, however, is denied by Duppa. He now tried the stage, and wrote ' Boadicea,' per- formed at Drury Lane for nine nights in December 1753, and praised in a pamphlet ; by his old admirer, Pemberton. In 1761 he published ' Medea,' a tragedy on the Greek model, not intended for the stage, but thrice acted for Mrs. Yates's benefit (1767, 1768, and ! 1776). He also presented to Mrs. Yates a I continuation called ' Jason,' which was never l acted, but published in 1799. Glover's affairs improved, and in 1761 he was returned to ! parliament for Weymouth, doubtless through | the interest of his friend, Bubb Dodington, l who enlisted him in support of Bute. His ! only recorded speech was on 13 May 1762, j when he opposed a subsidy to Portugal, and j was answered by Pitt. He is said to have supported George Grenville, but did not sit after the dissolution of 1768. He took a prominent part in arranging the affairs of Douglas, Heron, & Co., whose failure in 1762 made a great sensation ; and appeared twice before committees of the House of Commons to sum up evidence as to commercial griev- ances (1774 and 1775). His statements were

Glover

Glover

published, and on the last occasion he received a piece of plate worth 300Z. from the West India merchants in acknowledgment of his services. He died at his house in Albemarle Street, 25 Nov. 1785. His will mentions property in the city of London, in South Carolina, and in Kent, where he was lord of the manor of Down. He married Hannah Nunn, a lady of property, 21 May 1737, and had two sons by her, but was divorced in 1756. A second wife survived him. A son, Richard Glover, was M.P. for Penryn, and presented to the Inner Temple Hall a por- trait of Richard West, lord chancellor of Ire- land, who was the elder Glover's maternal uncle, and father of Gray's friend.

His ponderous ' Athenaid,' an epic poem in thirty books, was published in 1787 by his daughter, Mrs. Halsey. It is much longer and so far worse than ' Leonidas,' but no one has been able to read either for a century.

A diary called ' Memoirs by a Distinguished Literary and Political Character [Glover] from the resignation of Sir Robert Walpole in 1742 to the establishment of Lord Chatham's se- cond administration in 1757 ' was published in

1813 (by R. Duppa [q. v.]) It was followed in

1814 by ' An Inquiry concerning the Author of the Letters of Junius,' also by Duppa, who convinced himself but nobody else that Junius was Glover. The ' Memoirs ' are of little value, though they contribute something to our knowledge of the political intrigues of the time.

[European Magazine for January 1786 (by Isaac Keed), with a ' character' by Dr. Brock- lesby from the Gent. Mag., is the only life, and is reproduced by Anderson and Chalmers in their Collections of English Poets. See also Inquiry, as above ; Dodington's Diary ; Horace Walpole's Letters (Cunningham), i. 31, 117, 136; Parl. Hist. xv. 1222; Genest's Hist, of the Stage, iv. 381, v. 123.] L. S.

GLOVER, ROBERT (d. 1555), protestant martyr, came of a family of some wealth and position in Warwickshire, is described as gentleman, and resided at Mancetter. He was elected from Eton to King's College, Cambridge, in 1533, and proceeded B.A. 1538 and M.A. 1541. In common with his eldest brother, John of Bexterley, and an- other brother named William, he embraced protestant tenets. In 1555 the Bishop of Lichfield (Ralph Bayne) sent a commission to the mayor of Coventry and the sheriff to arrest either John or all three brothers, being especially anxious to take John. The mayor, who was friendly with the Glovers, gave them timely notice, and John and William fled, but Robert, who was sick, was taken in his bed, though the mayor tried to prevent

the officer from making the arrest. He appears to have been a man of tall stature and reso- lute will, and though when he was first taken the mayor pressed him to give bail, he refused to do so. He was examined by the bishop at Coventry and at Lichfield, where he was lodged in a dungeon, and was finally handed over to the sheriffto be executed. On 20 Sept. he was burnt at Coventry along with Cor- nelius Bungey, a capper. Shortly before his execution he was attended and comforted by Augustine Bernher [q. v.] About 1842 tablets were erected in Mancetter Church to the me- mory of Glover and Mistress Joyce Lewis, another martyr. Glover left a wife named Mary, and children. Letters from him to his wife and to the ' mayor and bench 'of Coventry are printed by Foxe. In an inquisition taken after his death he is described as late of New- house Grange, Leicestershire.

[Foxe's Acts and Monuments, vi. 63o, vii. 389- 399, viii. 776, ed. Townsend ; Philpot's Exami- nations (p. 243) contains a letter from Philpot to R. G., Original Letters, Zurich, iii. 360, and Eidley, p. 383 (all Parker Soc.) ; Strype's Memo- rials, in. i. 228, from Foxe ; Ritchings's Narra- tive of Persecution of R. G., also mainly from Foxe ; Cooper's Athenae Cantab, i. 129.] W. H.

GLOVER, ROBERT (1544 - 1588), Somerset herald, son of Thomas Glover of Ashford, Kent, and Mildred his wife, was born there in 1544. His grandfather, Thomas Glover, was one of the barons of the Cinque ports at the coronation of Henry VIII. He entered the College of Arms at an early age, was appointed Portcullis pursuivant in 1567, and created Somerset herald in 157 1 . Several of the provincial kings-at-arms availed them- selves of his rare skill as a herald and gene- alogist, and employed him to visit many of the counties within their jurisdictions. In company with William Flower [q. v.], Norroy, he made the heraldic visitation of Durham in 1575, and of Cheshire in 1580. In 1582 he attended Lord Willoughby when that noble- man bore the insignia of the Garter to Frederick II of Denmark [see BERTIE, PE- REGRINE], and in 1584 he, with Robert Cooke, Clarenceux, accompanied the Earl of Derby on a similar mission to the king of France. In 1584 and 1585 he was engaged in the heraldic visitation of Yorkshire. He died in London on 10 April 1588, and was buried in the church of St. Giles Without, Cripplegate. Over his grave there was placed a comely monument, m the south wall of the choir, with an in- scription, which is printed in Weever's 'Fune- rall Monuments.'

He married Elizabeth, daughter of William Flower, Norroy king-of-arms, and left three sons, one of whom, Thomas, was born in 1576,

Glover

Glover

and two daughters, Elizabeth, bom in 1573, and Ann, born in 1575.

Glover was certainly one of the most ac- complished heralds and genealogists that this country has produced. No work of his was printed in his lifetime, but he left an enor- mous quantity of manuscript collections, which have been utilised, often with scanty or no acknowledgment, by subsequent writers, who have thus gained credit properly due to him. Dugdale declared that Camden and Glover were the two greatest ornaments of their profession. Many suppose that Glover collected the valuable materials afterwards arranged and published by Dugdale in the ' Baronage ' which bears his name (GotTGH, British Topography, ii. 406). Some of Glover's collections were purchased by his friend the lord-treasurer Burghley, who deposited them in the College of Arms, but there yet remain scattered in different libraries throughout the kingdom scores of volumes which, though un- known as his, have afforded matter for nearly all the topographical surveys which have been written since his time (ib.) He assisted Cam- den in his pedigrees for the 'Britannia,' com- municated to Dr. David Powell a copy of the ' History of Cambria ' translated by H. Lloyd, made a collection of the inscriptions upon the funeral monuments in Kent, and in 1584 drew up a most curious survey of Herewood Castle, Yorkshire. His ' Catalogue of Northern Gen- try whose surnames ended in son ' was for- merly in the possession of Thoresby. The ' Defence of the Title of Queen Elizabeth to the English Crown' against the book by John Lesley, bishop of Ross, in 1584, in favour of Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, was considered by Dugdale to be one of Glover's best perfor- mances. It has never been published. A work entitled ' Nobilitas Politica et Civilis,' Lon- don, 1608, fol., was edited from Glover's manu- scripts, with many additions, by his nephew Thomas Milles, who afterwards inserted a translation of it in the ' Catalogue of Honor.' Glover's manuscript genealogies of the no- bility in Latin were reduced to method by Milles, with the assistance of Sir Robert Cotton, Robert Beale, clerk to the council, William Camden, Clarenceux king-of-arms, Nicholas Charles, Lancaster herald, Michael Heneage, keeper of the records in the Tower, Thomas Talbot, and Matthew Pateson. They appeared under the title of ' The Catalogue of Honor, or Treasury of true Nobility, pe- culiar and proper to the Isle of Great Britaine,' London, 1610, fol. Milles explains that his intention in bringing out this work was to revive the name and memory of his uncle, ' whose private studies for the public good deserved a remembrance beyond forgetful

time.' The ' Catalogue of the Chancellors of England,' edited by John Philipot in 1636, was principally based on Glover's collections. This was also the case with Arthur Collins's ' Proceedings, Precedents, and Arguments on Claims and Controversies concerning Baronies by Writ and other Honours,' 1735. Glover's famous ' Ordinary of Arms ' is printed in an augmented and improved form in vol. i. of Edmondson's ' Complete Body of Heraldry,' 1780. His and Flower's ' Heraldic Visita- tione of ye Countye Palatyne of Durham in 1575 ' was published at Newcastle in 1820, fol., under the editorship of N. J. Philipson ; their 'Visitation of Cheshire in 1580' forms vol. xviii. of the publications of the Harleian Society, London, 1882, 8vo ; and Glover's ' Visitation of Yorkshire, made in 1584-5,' edited by Joseph Foster, was privately printed in London in 1875. 8vo. a

[Addit. MSS. 12453, 86800 ff. Ib. 32, 30323

f. 2 ; Dallaway's Inquiry, p. 243 ; Gent. Mag.

j 1820, i. 596 ; Hari. MSS. 245 art. 1, 374 art. 6,

' 1160 art. 1 et seq. 1388, 6165 art. 30; Hasted's

j Kent (1790) iii. 262 ; Kennett's MS. 48, f. 108;

Lansd. MSS. 58 art. 4", 205 art. 3, 843 art. 8,

872 ; Moule's Bibl. Heraldica, pp. 30, 66, 67,

'119; Noble's College of Arms, pp. 180, 186;

Calendars of State Papers, Dom. 1547-80 p. 458,

1581-90 pp. 360, 448, 636, Addend. 1566-79

p. 475, 1580-1625 p. 199 ; Stow's Survey, 1720,

| bk. iii. p. 83 ; Weever's Funerall Monuments,

pp. 676, 682.] T. C.

GLOVER,, STEPHEN (d. 1869), author and antiquary, compiled the ' Peak Guide,' Derby, 1830, and assisted Bateman in his

j ; Antiquities of Derbyshire,' 1848. Glover's best known work is the ' History and Gazet- teer of the County of Derby, illustrated. The materials collected by the publisher, Stephen

: Glover; edited by Thos. Noble, Esq., Derby,

I 4to.' Vol. i. pt. i. was published in 1831 ;

! vol. ii. pt. i. in 1833. These volumes had been delayed some time owing to the disputes between the compiler and the engravers, and the work was never completed. It contained a mass of valuable but ill-arranged informa- tion, and is frequently quoted as an authority. Glover died on 26 Dec. 1869, and was buried

; at Moreton, Cheshire.

[Glover's works mentioned above ; information kindly given by Mr. W. P. Edwards of the Derby : Mercury.] L. M. M.

GLOVER, STEPHEN (1812-1870), com- poser and teacher, brother to Charles Wil- liam Glover [q. v.j, was born in London in 1812, and became a popular composer of songs, ballads, and duets. The ' Monks of Old,' I 1842, ' What are the Wild Waves saying,' 1850, ' Excelsior,' and ' Songs from the Holy

Glover <

Scriptures/ illustrate the range and taste of the fourteen or fifteen hundred compositions Glover presented to the public from 1847 till his death, on 7 Dec. 1870, at the age of 58.

[Appendix to Grove's Diet. p. 648 ; Brown's Biog. Diet. p. 273.] L. M. M.

GLOVER, WILLIAM HOWARD

{1819/1875), musical composer and writer, was Ime second son of Mrs. Julia Glover, the actress [q. v.], and said to be descended from Bettertons. He was born at Kilburn, Dndon, on 6 June 1819 ; entered the Lyceum Opera orchestra, conducted by his master, / Wagstaff, as violinist when fifteen ; con- tinued his studies on the continent, and was soon afterwards employed as accompanist and solo violinist in London and the provinces. He founded, in conjunction with his mother, the Musical and Dramatic Academy in Soho Square, and was encouraged by its success to open a season of opera at Manchester, his pupils forming the nucleus of the company. Glover was joined in this or similar enter- prises by his elder brother Edmund [q. v.] and Miss Romer. Returning to London he gave annual monster concerts at St. James's Hall and Drury Lane Theatre. His pupils Miss Emily Soldene, Miss Palmer, and many first-rate artists appeared, the length of the entertainments inspiring more than one foreign critic with philosophic reflections upon the English amateur's capacity of en- durance. To Glover belongs the credit of initiating the performance of Beethoven's * Pastoral Symphony ' with pictorial and cho- regraphic illustrations in 1863 ; and 'Israel in Egypt ' with scenery, dresses, and poses, in 1865. His cantata, ' Tarn o' Shanter,' for tenor solo, chorus, and orchestra, was pro- duced at the New Philharmonic, Berlioz con- ducting, on 4 July 1 855, and pleased so greatly by its pleasant melodies, local colouring, and lively effects, that it was given at the follow- ing Birmingham festival, 30 Aug. ' Ruy Bias,' opera,written and composed by Glover, was produced on 24 Oct. 1861 at Covent Gar- den, and was successful enough for frequent repetition and a revival two years later ; the comic opera, ' Once too Often,' was first per- formed at Drury Lane on 20 Jan. 1862, 'The Coquette ' in the provinces, ' Aminta ' at the Haymarket, and 'Palomita' in New York. The overtures ' Manfred ' and ' Comala,' the songs, ' Old Woman of Berkeley,' ' Love's Philosophy,' ' The Wind's a Bird,' are only a few of his compositions, many of which were published in America. From about 1849 to 1865 Glover undertook the musical criticisms for the 'Morning Post;' in 1868 he settled in New York as professor and conductor of

Glyn

Niblo's orchestra, and he died there on 28 Oct. 1875.

[Musical World, 1855 to 1875; Grove's Diet, i. 600; Brown's Biog. Diet. p. 275.] L. M. M.

GLYN, GEORGE GRENFELL, second BARON WOLVERTON (1824-1887), eldest son of George Carr Glyn, banker (1797-1873), created baron Wolverton 14 Dec. 1 869, was born on 1 0 Feb. 1 824. Sir Richard Carr Glyn [q.v.] was his grandfather. He was educated at Rugby and University College, Oxford, where he matriculated 26 May 1842. On coming of age he became a partner in the metropo- litan banking firm of Glyn, Mills, Currie, & Co., and continued in the business until his death. He was some time chairman of the Railway Clearing House, and a lieutenant of the city of London. Glyn sat as M.P. for Shaftesbury in the liberal interest from 1857 to 1873, when he succeeded his father in the peerage. He was joint secretary to the trea- sury from 1868 to 1873, during which period he officiated as a most energetic whip. He was then sworn of the privy council. In the liberal ministry of 1880 to 1885 he was pay- master-general, and his zealous adherence to Mr. Gladstone after the promulgation of his scheme of home rule for Ireland was rewarded by the appointment of postmaster-general (February to July 1886). A personal friend of Mr. Gladstone, Wolverton during the re- mainder of his life gave valuable support, both oratorical and pecuniary, to the home rule cause. On 2 Oct. 1887 he presided at a great ' anti-coercion ' demonstration at Temple- combe, Dorsetshire, when he was presented with an address from eight parliamentary dis- tricts. He died suddenly at Brighton on 6 Nov. 1887. His personal estate amounted to more than 1,820,000*.

AVolverton was a model landlord and a staunch supporter of fox-hunting in Dorset- shire. At Iwerne Minster in that county, where was one of his country seats, he and Lady Wolverton supported two orphanages in connection with the Home Boy Brigade originated by her. He gave his salary as postmaster-general to secure beds in a con- valescent home for sick London postmen. He married, 22 June 1848, Georgiana Maria, daughter of the Rev.George Frederick Tuftnell of Uffington, Berkshire ; had no issue, and was succeeded as third baron by his nephew, Henry Richard, eldest son of Vice-admiral Hon. Henry Carr Glyn, C.B., C.S.I, (d. 1884). The third baron died on 2 July 1888, and his brother Frederick succeeded him.

[Debrett's Peerage for 1887 ; Times and Daily News, 7 Nov. 1887; Foster's Peerage; Foster's Alumni Oxon.] L. C. S.

Glyn

10

Glyn

GLYN, ISABELLA DALLAS (1823- 1889), actress, was born in Edinburgh on 22 May 1823. Her father, Mr. Gearns, a strong presbyterian, was an architect with a turn for preaching. After taking part in London in amateur theatricals, she went with her first husband, Edward Wills, to Paris, where she studied acting. Returning to England in 1846, she received lessons from Charles Kemble,and on 8 Nov. 1847, under her mother's maiden name of Glyn, made at the Theatre Royal, Manchester, her appearance as Constance in ' King John.' Lady Macbeth and Hermione followed. On 26 Jan. 1848 she appeared at the Olympic in ' Lady Macbeth,' and on 16 Feb. as Juliana in the ' Honeymoon.' At the invitation of Pritchard she went on the York circuit, playing many Shakespearean parts. On 27 Sept. 1848, after the retirement of Mrs. Warner, Miss Glyn appeared at Sadler's Wells as Volumnia in ' Coriolanus.' At this house she remained until 1851, ob- taining practice and winning recognition in characters such as Cleopatra and the Duchess of Malfi, and playing the heroines of some new dramas, among which may be counted Garcia in the ' Noble Error' by F. G. Tomlins. In 1851 she undertook a country tour, and in September gave the first of her Shake- searean readings. On 26 Dec. 1851, as

Bianca in 'Fazio,' she made her first ap- pearance at Drury Lane. This was followed, 16 Jan. 1852, by Julia in the ' Hunchback.' At the St. James's Theatre, 2 Oct. 1854, she was the original Miss Stewart in the ' King's Rival ' of Tom Taylor and Charles Reade. After performing at the Standard she reap- peared in 1859 at Sadler's Wells, and in May 1867 played Cleopatra at the Princess's. From this time her appearances on the stage were infrequent, and her time was principally occupied with theatrical tuition and with Shakespearean readings or 'recitals.' In 1870 she gave ' recitals ' with much success in Boston, U.S.A., and in 1878 and 1879 de- livered at Steinway Hall and the St. James's Hall a series of readings from Shakespeare, which elicited very favourable crit icism. Dur- ing her later years her earnings diminished. She died, after long suffering from cancer, on 18 May 1889, at her residence, 13 Mount Street, Grosvenor Square. A subscription for her benefit was opened just before her death. Miss Glyn married in Edinburgh, according to Scottish law, in December 1853, Eneas Sweetland Dallas [q. v.J On 12 July 1855 the pair were again married at St. George's, Hanover Square. They were divorced on Mrs. Dallas's petition, 10 May 1874. Mrs. Dallas was buried 22 May 1889 at Kensal Green Cemetery. She had a fine

figure, in the end a little inclined to portli- ness. Her complexion was dark, her features were strong and expressive, and her voice was powerful and well modulated. Short of inspiration, she had most gifts of the tra- gedian of the Kemble school, of which she was one of the very latest adherents. Her ges- tures were large, and she had the power in a reading of marking the different characters. Her success was most distinct in characters in which her commanding figure was of ad- vantage. A vein of comedy which in her early life she exhibited was less evident in later years. In character she was generous, good-hearted, frank, and impetuous. Self- confidence and a tendency to be exacting were professional rather than individual de- fects.

[Phelps and Eobertson's Life of Phelps ; Stir- ling's Old Drury Lane ; Tallis's Dramatic Mag. ; Pascoe'sDramaticList, 1879; Athenaeum, various years; St. James's Gazette, 20 May 1889; Era, 25 May 1889; private knowledge and informa- tion.] J. K.

GLYN, SIR RICHARD CARR (1755- 1838), lord mayor of London, eldest son, by his second marriage, of Sir Richard Glyn, bart., lord mayor in 1759, was born 2 Feb. 1755. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter and co- heiress of Robert Carr, brother of Sir Robert Carr, bart., of Etall in Northumberland. He and his brother Thomas were educated at Westminster School. On the death of his father in 1773, Glyn succeeded him as part- ner in the banking firm of Hallifax, Mills, Glyn, & Mitton, of 18 Birchin Lane, and afterwards of Lombard Street, a firm which has the reputation of having a larger business than any other private banking house in the city of London (F. G. HILTON PRICE, Hand- book of London Bankers, 1876, pp. 55-6).

Glyn was elected alderman of Bishopsgate ward in September 1790, and on Midsummer day in the same year sheriff of London and Middlesex. He was knighted at St. James's 24 Nov. following. At the general election of 1796 he was returned to parliament for the borough of St. Ives, Cornwall, for which he sat until the dissolution in 1802. In politics he was a firm supporter of Pitt's administra- tion. He served the office of lord mayor in 1798-9, and in 1798 was elected president of Bridewell and Bethlehem hospitals. His por- trait in full length by Hoppner is preserved in the hall of Bridewell. He was created a baronet by patent dated 22 Nov. 1800. On the death of Alderman Sir William Curtis in 1829 he removed to the ward of Bridge Without, and became the father of the corpora- tion, but resigned his gown in 1835. He died at his house in Arlington Street on 27 April

Glyn

Glyn

1838. Glyn married, 2 July 1 785, Mary, only daughter of John Plumptre of Nottingham and of Fredville in Kent, by whom he had five sons and a daughter. His wife died in 1832. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son, Sir Richard Plumptre Glyn. His fourth son, George Carr (1797-1873), was created Baron Wolverton 14 Dec. 1869.

[Gent. Mag. 1838, pt. ii. pp. 211-12; City Biography, 1800, pp. 47-8 ; London and Middle- sex Archaeological Soc. Trans, ii. 73; Foster's Baronetage. Particulars concerning his sons will be found in Joseph Welch's Alumni Westmonast. 1852, pp. 467-8, 484.] C. W-H.

GLYN, WILLIAM (1504P-1558), bishop of Bangor, was born about 1504 in Hen- eglwys parish in Anglesey. Foxe, however, says that he was forty-one years old in 1551 (Acts and Monuments, vi. 242, ed. Townsend). His father's name is said to have been John Glyn, rector of Heneglwys, while that of his mother was Joan, daughter of Maredudd ab Gwilym. The church's rule of celibacy was but little regarded among the Welsh parochial clergy. He had several brothers, one of whom, Dr. Jeffry Glyn, was a distinguished advocate at Doctors' Commons, and founded the Friars' School, Bangor ( WILLIS, Survey of Hangar, p. 47). Another brother, John Glyn, was dean of Bangor between 1508 and 1534, and on his death in the latter year made William his executor and heir.

Glyn was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge. He became a fellow of his col- lege in 1530, junior bursar in 1533, senior bursar in 1534, and dean in 1540. He pro- ceeded B.A. in 1527, M.A. in 1530, B.D. in 1538, and D.D. in 1544. In 1544 he vacated his fellowship and became Lady Margaret's professor of theology, ' being,' as Sir John Wynne says, ' a great scholar and a great hebrician,' though Hebrew was ' rare at that time.' He was one of the original fellows of Trinity College, named in the charter of foundation (19 Dec. 1546), and he became the first vice-master of the new college. He was opposed to the protestant innovations of Edward VI's reign, and being inhibited from lecturing resigned his professorship in June 1549. He was oneof thedisputantswho main- tained the doctrinesof transubstantiation and the eucharistic sacrifice before the royal com- missioners for the visitation of Cambridge in the June of that year. The voluminous argu- ments at the three disputations are all given by Foxe (Acts and Monuments, vi. 306 sq., 319 sq., 332 sq., ed. Townsend).

Glyn's institution on 7 March 1550 to the rectory of St. Martin's, Ludgate, on the pre- sentation of Bishop Thirlby, whose chaplain

he became in 1551, and his appointment to his father's living of Heneglwys on 13 Feb. 1552 (WILLIS, Bangor, p. 104), show that he must have conformed to the new services. After Mary's accession, however, in December 1553, he was made president of Queens', his old college, where the spirit of Erasmus was more powerful than anywhere at Cambridge, except St. John's (MULLINGER, ii. 45). In April 1554 he was one of the six delegates sent to Oxford to dispute with Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley. He arrived at Oxford on 13 April and lodged at the Cross Inn (FoxE, vi. 439). He was now incorporated D.D. of Oxford. In 1554 Glyn became vice- chancellor of Cambridge, but before the end of the year he was called away by state busi- ness and was succeeded by Cuthbert Scott, the master of Christ's College. In 1555 he was sent with Thirlby and others on a mission to Rome, to obtain a confirmation of Pole's acts as legate. He arrived there on 24 May, and returned to London on 24 Aug. (MACHYN, Diary, p. 93, Camel. Soc.) He was already destined for the bishopric of Bangor, the conge d'elire for his election being issued as early as 4 March 1555 (Fadera, xv. 415). His election duly followed, but his final appoint- ment was due to papal provision (ib. xv. 426 ; BRADY, Episcopal Succession, i. 83). He was consecrated on 8 Sept. 1555 at London House by Bonner (STTJBBS, Reg. Sacrum Anglicanum, p. 81 ; MACHYN, Diary, says at St. Paul's, p. 94). He assisted at the consecration of Pole. He held several diocesan synods, which he compelled his clergy to attend, as a means of enforcing his doctrines upon them. He deprived the married clergy of their livings. He only resigned his headship of Queens' Col- lege, Cambridge, in the latter part of 1557.

Glyn died on 21 May 1558, and was buried in his cathedral on the north side of the choir, where a brass plate commemorates his powers of preaching, and his great knowledge of his own, the Welsh tongue. Sir John Wynne describes him as ' a good and religious man after the manner of that time ' ( Gwydir Family, p. 94). ' He was,' says Fuller, ' an excellent scholar, and none of the papists pressed their arguments with more strength and less passion. Though constant to his own he was not cruel to opposite judgments, as appeareth by there being no persecution in his diocese ' ( Worthies of England, ii. 571, ed. Nichols). It is said that the house of Treveiler, which belonged to his ancestors, remained in his family till 1775 (ib. note). He must be distinguished from his senior contemporary, Dr. William Glyn, archdeacon of Anglesey, who belonged to a different family.

Glynn i;

[Sir John Wynne's Hist, of the Gwydir Family, ' «d. 1878, p. 94 ; Wood's Athenae Oxon. ii. 765, ! ed. Bliss ; Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesise Anglicanae, i. j 104, iii. 604, 654, 685 ; Eymer's Fcedera, xv. 415, 426 ; Machyn's Diary, pp. 93-4 (Camd. Soc.); Baker's Hist, of St. John's Coll., Cambridge (Mayor), i. 126 ; Mullinger's Hist, of the Univ. ofCambridge, 1535-1625,pp. 45,84, 114; Willis's Survey of Bangor, pp. 30, 47, 104-5; Wood's Athenae Oxon. ii. 764-6, ed. Bliss ; Williams's Diet, of Eminent Welshmen, p. 173 ; Foxe's Acts and Monuments, vol. vi. ed. Townsend. Most of j the facts of his life are collected in Cooper's Athenae Cantabr. i. 175 ; the Eev. W. G. Searle gives a full account of his life and an exhaustive account of his acts as president of Queens' in his Hist, of Queens' Coll. Cambridge, pt. i. pp. 245- 263, in Nos. ix. and x. of the publications of the Cambridge Antiquarian Soc.] T. F. T.

GLYNN, JOHN (1722-1779), politician and lawyer, second son of William Glynu of Glynn in Cardinham, Cornwall, who mar- ried Rose, daughter of John Prideaux of Prideaux Place, Padstow, was baptised at Cardinham on 3 Aug. 1722. He matricu- j lated at Exeter College, Oxford, on 17 May i 1738, but did not proceed to a degree. He j was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1748. His elder brother died in June j 1744, leaving an only son of wreak intellect, against whom his uncle took out a commis- sion in lunacy, and was appointed receiver of the family estates. The youth's mother was so much incensed that she left all her own property to distant connections. The lunatic died in December 1762, whereupon Glynn came into the possession of his nephew's property. On 24 Jan. 1763 he was created a serjeant-at-law, but, through his ardent opinions in opposition to the court, he was never promoted to the rank of king's ser- jeant. In 1764 he was appointed recorder of Exeter. His powers of pleading and his knowledge of legal practice cannot be ques- tioned. Nicholls records that when he first attended Westminster Hall as a law student Glynn stood first for legal knowledge, and, according to Serjeant Hill, knew ' a great deal more ' than Dunning, though Dunning's ' knowledge was invariably accurate. His posi- tion at the bar and his liberal opinions entitled 'Glynn to take the lead in the cases connected with Wilkes. They were in close consultation throughout the summer of 1763, and Glynn's arguments in his friend's legal action increased ' a very great stock of reputation.' He acted for Wilkes in his application for a writ of habeas corpus in May 1763 ; in the action against Dunk, lord Halifax [q. v.] ; and in the trial which took place in 1764 on there- publication of the 'North Briton' in volumes. He was the advocate of John Almon in 1765 ;

Glynn

he pleaded in the king's bench against the outlawry of Wilkes in 1768 ; and he was counsel for Alderman Townsend in his action in June 1772 against the collector of land tax, which the alderman had refused to pay, urging the nullity of parliament through the irregularity of the Middlesex election. In many smaller actions of the same nature Glynn often rendered gratuitous assistance. He also enjoyed a large share of general busi- ness. His advocacy secured the acquittal of Miss Butterfield, accused of poisoning William Scawen. On a by-vacancy in the representation of Middlesex in 1768 he was named by Wilkes, at the request of the ma- jority of its freeholders, as the candidate in the 'Wilkes and liberty' interest; Home Tooke was active in raising subscriptions to defray the election expenses. The ministerial candidate was Sir William Beauchamp Proc- tor, who had been ousted from the repre- sentation by Wilkes in March 1768. On the first day of polling (8 Dec.) ' a desperate set of armed ruffians with " Liberty " and ' ' Proctor " in their hats ' stormed the polling-booth at Brentford, when one man was killed. This affair created intense indignation, and was the subject of numerous popular engravings. After six days' polling Glynn won by 1,542 votes to 1 ,278. Boundless rejoicings followed, the ribbons supplied for his 'favours' cost- ing over 400/. When 1,565 freeholders of Middlesex addressed George III against the illegal act of the majority in the House of Commons, Glynn presented their petition, and in three cartoons at least he is repre- sented on his knees presenting their address to the monarch (24 May 1769). At the dis- solution in 1774 he was re-elected without opposition,when Governor Hutchinson enters a note in his diary (i. 267) : 'A vast train of carriages and horses attend Wilkes to Brent- ford, where Glynn and he are elected for Middlesex without opposition. In the even- ing were illuminations in many parts of Lon- don and Westminster.' In the winter of 1770 Glynn, ' tutored by Shelburne, who in his turn had been inspired by Chatham,' moved for a committee to inquire into the administration of justice in cases relating to the press, and to settle the power of juries, and, in conjunction with Dunning and Wed- derburne, argued the question ' with much dignity and great abilities.' About the same time he was associated with Fox, Sir William Meredith, and others, in a committee on the modification of the criminal laws. They de- liberated for two years, and on their report a bill was introduced for the repeal of eight or ten statutes, but it was thrown out in the lords. He was one of the leading members

Glynn

Glynn

of the Society of the Bill of Eights, which at the end of 1770 addressed a letter to the American colonies almost inciting them to rebellion, and there was some talk in April ! 1771 among the wilder courtiers of com- mitting Glynn and Lee ' for pleading before Lord Justice de Grey against the privileges of the house.' His speeches in parliament have been warmly praised for their candour and elevated tone, and Horace Walpole as- serts that he ' was applauded by both sides . . . and defended himself with a modesty that conciliated much favour.' On 27 Sept. > 1770, after the recorder, Eyre, had refused to attend the lord mayor in presenting the j city remonstrance to the king, it was re- | solved, at a meeting in the Guildhall, by 106 I votes to 58, that Glynn should in all their legal affairs be ' advised with, retained, and • employed.' In 1772 Eyre was raised to the ! bench as a baron of the exchequer, and on 17 Nov., when every alderman was present, ' Glynn was elected recorder in his place, the votes being Glynn, 13 ; Bearcroft, a king's counsel, and afterwards chief justice of Ches- ter, 12 : and Hyde, the senior city counsel, 1 ; and on 24 Nov. he was sworn in. The salary of the post was at the same time raised from 600/. to 1,000/. per annum. Chatham was j delighted, and calls Glynn ' a most ingenious, solid, pleasing man, and the spirit of the con- stitution itself.' He suffered greatly from gout, and had to be carried into the house in April 1769 to vote against the motion for seating Luttrell for Middlesex. In 1778 a deputy was allowed on account of his illness to act for him as recorder. On 16 Sept. 1779 he died, and was buried at Cardinham on 23 Sept. He married, on 21 July 1763, Su- sanna Margaret, third daughter of Sir John Oglander of Nunwell in the Isle of Wight ; she was born 1 Sept. 1744, and died at Catherine Place, Bath, 20 May 1816. They had issue three sons and one daughter.

Glynn's character was beyond suspicion, and his abilities and his political sincerity were unquestioned. It was of him that Wilkes remarked to George III, ' Sir, he was a Wilkite, which I never was.' The por- traits of these two politicians with Home Tooke were painted and engraved by Richard Houston, and published by Sayer on 6 Feb. 1769. A print of Glynn alone is prefixed to vol. iv. of the ' North Briton,' 1772. Several letters and papers relating to him are noticed in the 'Bibliotheca Cornubiensis,' vol. iii. He edited in 1775-6 eight numbers of ' The Whole Proceedings on the King's Commis- sion of the Peace for the City of London.'

[Cavendish's Debates, vols. i. and ii. : Horace Walpole's George III, vols. iii. and iv. ; Walpole's

Last Journals (1771-83). i. 117-18, 124-6, 189, 197, 301 ; Chatham Corresp. iii. 474-5, 481-3, iv. 35, 48, 144, 234; Trevelyan's Fox, pp. 185, 188, 212, 277, 335-6; Twiss's Eldon, ii. 356; Grenville Papers, ii. 61-5, 71-3, 430, ii . 46-8, iv. 2, 291 ; Almon's Biog. Aneed. i. 236-8, 244 ; Nicholls's Recollections (1822), i. 342; Oldfield's Parl. Hist. iv. 176-9 ; Grego's Parl. Elections, 178, &c. ; Noorthouck's London, pp. 448-509; Merivale's Sir P. Francis, i. 87-9 ; satirical prints at Brit.Mus. iv. 465-77, 528-30, 640-1 ; Srephens's Home Tooke, i. 102-14, 182-5, ii. 279-80; J. Chaloner Smith's Portraits, ii. 661-2 ; Hansard, xxxix.781 (1819); Gent. Mag. 1772 p. 540, 1779 p. 471; Woolrych's Serjeants, ii. 572-604; Maclean's Trigg Minor, ii. 61-2, 70; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Corrnib.] W. P. C.

GLYNN, ROBERT, afterwards CLOBERY (1719-1800), physician, eldest and only sur- viving son of Robert Glynn of Erodes in Helland parish, near Bodmin, Cornwall, who married Lucy, daughter of John Clobery of Bradstone, Devonshire, was born at Erodes on 5 Aug. and baptised at Helland Church on 16 Sept. 1719. After some teaching from a curate named Whiston, he was placed on the foundation at Eton. In 1737 he was elected scholar of King's College, Cambridge, where he took the degrees of B.A. 1741; M.A. 1745, and M.D. 1752, and became a fellow. His medical tutor at Cambridge was the elder William Heberden of St. John's College. Glynn himself announced in March 1751 a course of lectures at King's College on the medical institutes, and next year gave a second course on anatomy. For a short time he practised at Richmond, Surrey, but soon returned to Cambridge, and never again left the university. In 1757 he competed success- fully for the Seatonian prize out of dislike for one Bally, who gained the same prize in 1756 and 1758. He did not attempt poetry again, and it was unfairly insinuated that he was not the author of his own poem. On 5 April 1762 he was admitted a candidate, and on 28 March 1763 became a fellow, of the Col- lege of Physicians at London. He accepted no further distinctions, though the second William Pitt (whom he had attended in the autumn of 1773, when Lord Chatham wrote a letter of congratulation on the patient's re- covery from sickness, with the hope that he was ' enjoying the happy advantage of Dr. Glynn's acquaintance, as one of the cheerful and witty sons of Apollo, in his poetic not his medical attributes ') offered him in 1793 the professorial chair of medicine at Cambridge. He was at the close of his life the acknow- ledged head of his profession in that town, and his medical services were in great repute at Ely, where he regularly attended every

Glynn

week. Late in life Glynn inherited a con- siderable property from a maternal uncle, and with it took the name of Clobery, though still called Glynn by others. He died at his rooms in King s College, Cambridge, on 6 Feb. 1800, and, according to his own direction, was buried in the vault of the college chapel by torchlight, between the hours of ten and eleven at night on 13 Feb., in the presence of members of the college only. A tablet to his memory was placed in the chapel, in a little oratory on the right hand after entering its south door. Though he was in good practice and lived economically as a fellow, he was too generous to be rich. He left his lands in Helland to the Rev. John Henry Jacob, some- time a fellow of King's College, and son of John Jacob of Salisbury, M.D., a particular friend. The college received a legacy of 5,883/. 6s. 8d. stock. It was chiefly ex- pended on some buildings erected under super- intendence of Wilkins the architect about the years 1825-30; but a prize of '201. a year, annually divided between two scholars ' for learning and regularity 0f conduct,' was also provided. To the Rev. Thomas Kerrich of Magdalene College, Cambridge, his friend and executor, he bequeathed the sum of 5,000/. His portrait, an extremely good likeness, was drawn by Kerrich. An en- graving, now scarce, was executed by J. G. and G. S. Facius in 1783. Glynn was eccen- tric in manner and dress. Professor Pryme de- scribes him as usually wearing ' a scarlet cloak and three-cornered hat ; he carried a gold- headed cane. He also used pattens in rainy weather.' Another contemporary, Sir Egerton Brydges, records the doctor's pride ' on saying whatever came uppermost into his mind.' His tea parties were famous, and frequented by many undergraduates. As a physician he showed judgment and attention, but with characteristic eccentricity he almost invari- ably ordered a blister, ' emplasma vesicatorium ! amplum et acre.' He resolutely refrained from prescribing opium, cathartics, or bleed- ! ing. He recommended and practised an open- j air life. He was very friendly with Mason and attended Gray in his last illness. Bishop Watson was one of his patients in 1781, when • he unfortunately gave his opinion that re- covery was hopeless. He gave advice gratis to patients from the Fens, and would take ' no fee from a Cornishman or an Etonian. His kindness to one of his poor patients was j celebrated by a younger son of Dr. Plumptre, president of Queens' College, in verses called ' Benevolus and the Magpie.' An anecdote imputing inhumanity to him in Parr's ' Works,' i. 41, doubtless arises from a mis- j apprehension. His poem of ' The Day of Judg-

Glynn

ment' was printed at Cambridge in 1757, 2nd edit. 1757,3rd edit. 1758, and again in 1800. It was included in the various impressions of the ' Musae Seatonianae,' Davenport's ' Poets,' vol. | Iviii., Park's ' Poets,' vol. xxxiii., and in many similar publications. Some stanzas by him beginning ' Tease me no more ' appeared in the ' General Evening Post,' 23 April 1789, and have been reprinted in the ' Poetical Register' for 1802, p. 233, and H. J. Wale's ' My Grandfather's Pocket-Book,' pp.299-300. He believed in the authenticity of the Rowley poems, and his faith was confirmed by a visit to Bristol in 1778. The Latin letter intro- duced by William Barrett [q. v.] into his history of Bristol (preface p. v) is said to have been written by him, and on Barrett's death the original forgeries by Chatterton were presented to Glynn, who bequeathed them to the British Museum, where they are now known as Addit. MSS. 5766, A, B, and C. He had a bitter quarrel with George Steevens over these manuscripts; the particu- lars of an interview which took place between them at Cambridge in 1785 are given in a letter from Mansel to Mat-bias, printed in ' Notes and Queries,' 2nd ser. x. 283-4. The essay of Mathias in the Chatterton contro- versy is said to have been augmented by the learning of Glynn, who is referred to more than once with profound respect in the ' Pursuits of Literature,' particularly in dia- logue iv. 599-600. Gilbert Wakefield used to say (according to Samuel Rogers) that ' Rennell and Glynn assisted Mathias ' in this satire, and Rogers was accustomed to add that ' Wakefield was well acquainted with all three' (Table Talk of Rogers, p. 135). Three letters from Glynn to Hardinge are in Nichols's ' Illustrations of Literature,' iii. 221-3. WTadd in his 'Nugse Chirurgicae' quotes a poetical jeu d'esprit on Glynn as a physician. Horace Walpole called him in 1792 ' an old doting physician and Chatter- tonian at Cambridge,' and professed to believe that some falsehoods current about himself had been invented or disseminated by Glynn (Letters, ix. 380-3). His library was sold in 1800, and many of the books were said to abound ' with MS. notes by the late learned possessor.'

[Nichols's Lit, Anecd.viii. 211-15, 520, 632, ix. 687-8 ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. viii. 555 ; Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), ii. 247-50; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. vols. i. and iii. ; Gray's Works, ed. Gosse, iii. 296 ; Gosse's Gray, p. 205 ; Bishop Watson's A utobiog. i. 142 ; Pryme's Autobiog. p. 46; Gent. Mag. 1800 pp. 276-8, 1814 pt. ii. 323; Jesse's Etonians, ii. 86-8; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xii. 221, 5th ser. ix. 321-2; Gunning's Reminiscences, ii. 96-103 ;

Glynne i

•Carlyon's Early Years, ii. 1-49; Jeaffreson's Doctors, i. 197, ii. 179; Maclean's Trigg Minor, ii. 32, 66-7, 74; Wordsworth's ScholaeAcad. pp.1 73-7; Autobiog. of Sir E. Brydges, i. 64 ; Chatham Corresp. iv. 309 ; Harwood's Alumni Eton. p. 326 ; European Mag. 1800, pp. 355-7.] W. P. C.

GLYNNE, SIR JOHN (1603-1 666),judge, eldest son of Sir William Glynne, by Jane, daughter of John Griffith of Carnarvon, was born in 1603 at Glynllifon, Carnarvonshire, where his ancestors had been settled from very ancient times, and was educated at West- minster School and Hart Hall, Oxford, since merged in New College, which he entered at Michaelmas 1621, and where he resided three years. He seems to have been early designed for the legal profession, if, as is most proba- ble, he is to be identified with the John Glynne for whom Sir Julius Caesar solicited from the Lord Mayor the reversion of an attorney or clerk sitter's place in the sheriff's court in 1615 (Remembrancia, 302). He was admitted a member of Lincoln's Inn as «arly as 27 Jan. 1620, but he was not called to the bar until 24 June 1628. He argued his first reported case in Hilary term 1633 (CROKE, Sep. Car. I, p. 297). It was proba- bly soon after this, certainly before 1639, that he was appointed steward of Westminster {Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1638-9, p. 351). On 7 Aug. 1638 he obtained the reversion of the office of keeper of the writs and rolls in the common pleas (RYMER, Fcedera, Sanderson, xx. 305). He was returned to parliament both for Westminster and for the borough of Carnarvon in March 1639-40, and it is not clear for which constituency he sat. He was re-elected for Westminster in Oct. 1640.

Glynne's abilities were early recognised by the presbyterian party, with which he uniformly acted during the Long parliament. In November 1640 he was placed on a com- mittee of inquiry into the conduct of Sir Henry Spiller, a justice of the peace, suspected of showing undue leniency towards popish priests, and from that date forward he is frequently mentioned in Nalson and Rush- worth as sitting on, or reading reports from, committees charged with business of more or less importance, such as ship money ; the course of procedure in the exchequer ; the administration of the laws against recu- sants ; misdemeanors of lieutenants, deputy- lieutenants, and other county officials ; the practice of issuing and executing warrants of commitment signed only by officers of state ; the ' new canons ' recently framed by convocation, and which the commons had voted to be contrary to the fundamental laws of the realm, and the part played by Archbishop Laud in connection with them ;

Glynne

the proceedings taken against Sir John Eliot and other members who had been subjected to fine and imprisonment for resisting the adjournment of the house by the speaker on 25 Feb. 1628-9. On 23 Jan. 1640-1 he was appointed to manage a conference with the lords on the case of Thomas Goodman, a Jesuit, who had been found guilty of high treason, but had been reprieved by the king. He was also one of the managers of the im- peachment of Strafford, but took little part in the proceedings until the third article was concluded. He then had the conduct of the case as far as the ninth article, and also spoke on most of the subsequent articles. On 13 April he replied to Strafford's defence in a long and closely reasoned speech, the gist of which was that, though none of the acts alleged might amount to treason per se, yet taken together they were evidence of a treasonable intent, and that the essence of treason was intention not perpetration. He signed the protestation of 3 May in defence of the protestant religion, the power and privileges of parliament, and the rights and liberties of the subject. On 22 July he was added to the committee which was investi- gating the conspiracy commonly known as ' the army plot,' and he was one of a com- mittee appointed in September to act during the recess with large executive powers. He took part in the debate on the remonstrance (22 Nov.), was a member of the committee on Irish affairs (29 Dec.), and on the com- mons resolving to impeach the bishops he was chosen to denounce their lordships at the bar of the House of Lords (30 Dec.) He was also one of the committee which sat at Guildhall and Grocers' Hall in January 1641-2 to consider the attempt to arrest the five members, and spoke at length and with much energy in vindication of the privileges of the house. On the 29th he opened the case against the Duke of Rich- mond in a conference with the House of Lords (NALSON, Impartial Collection, i. 330, 569, 571 ; RUSIIWORTH, Hist. Coll. iv. 54, 63, 68, 98, 142, 153, 229, 244, 387, 466-7,viii.

10, 21, 40, 45, 47, 76,706-33 ; Comm. Journ.

11. 41, 52, iv. 497; VERNEY, Notes of Long Parliament, Camd. Soc. 60, 84, 110, 125; COBBETT, State Trials, iii. 1421, 1428, 1431, 1468, iv. 112; Parl. Hist. ii. 1023, 1062). After the militia ordinance in May 1642, he accepted the office of deputy-lieutenant of one of the counties, probably Carnarvonshire, and in the following June he engaged to con- tribute 100/. and maintain a horse for the defence of the parliament (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. xii. 358). In May 1643 he was ap- pointed recorder of the city of London, and

Glynne

16

Glynne

in that capacity was busily occupied for some weeks in unravelling a plot to deliver the city into the hands of the king which had recently come to the knowledge of parlia- ment, and the principal agents in which, Tompkins and Chaloner [q. v.], were executed on 5 July (RusHWORTH, Hist. Coll. v. 322- 326). He subscribed the solemn league and covenant on 22 Sept. (ib. p. 480). In the following November he did good service by a speech deprecating the consideration of the question whether presbyterianism was jure divino, which had been forced on the con- sideration of the House of Commons by the assembly of divines. Glynne spoke for an hour, ' during which,' says Whitelocke, who followed him, ' the house filled apace.' In the end the question was shelved (WHITE- LOCKE, Mem. pp. 110-11). Clarendon (Re- bellion, v. 89) says that he was opposed to the self-denying ordinance, but it does not appear that he spoke on the question. On 14 March 1645 he was appointed protho- notary and clerk of the crown for the counties of Flint, Denbigh, and Montgomery (Comm. Journ. iv. 474). He became in 1647 very suspicious of the army, and was one of a junto of eleven members who were most active in attempting to disband it. In order to destroy their influence, Fairfax, on 15 June, presented to the House of Commons a ' re- monstrance,' praying that the house might be speedily purged of delinquents, which he followed up on the 24th by charging the eleven with designing * the abuse and dis- honour of the parliament, the insufferable injury of the army,' and so forth. Much de- bate followed, but the house on 12 July passed a resolution which excluded the eleven members. Soon afterwards much offence was occasioned in the city of London by an ordinance vesting the command of the city militia in a new committee, and on 26 July a rabble of apprentices and ' rude boys ' entered the house and compelled the rescission of the ordinance. The house ad- journed in confusion till the 30th, and on its reassembling the speaker did not attend. Pelham of Lincoln's Inn was chosen speaker for the occasion, the eleven were readmitted, and a committee of safety was appointed, of which Glynne and others of the eleven were members. This gave rise to a suspicion that the tumult of the 20th was the work of the eleven, and on 4 Sept. Glynne was charged with having been accessory to it, and ordered to attend at the bar of the house. He at- tended the next day, and made ' a large defence in a very well composed and devised speech,' which occasioned a prolonged de- bate. On the 7th, however, the house voted

his expulsion, and committed him to the Tower. A resolution to impeach him of high crimes and misdemeanors was passed on the 16th. No active steps, however, were taken

t to carry this into effect. On 29 Jan. the house requested the Earl of Pembroke to deprive him of his office of steward of Westminster ; but it is not clear whether this was actually

; done. On 23 May 1648 he was released, and

j all proceedings in the impeachment were stayed. On 7 June he was readmitted on

j the petition of the electors of Westminster to the House of Commons ; in September he was nominated one of the commissioners to treat with the king in the Isle of Wight ; on 12 Oct. he was created serjeant-at-law. When, however, the independent party re- gained its ascendency, the order readmitting- him to the house was rescinded (12 Dec.) (Comm. Journ. v. 305, 570, 588; WHITE- LOCKE, Mem. 248, 253, 258, 334; RTJSH- AVORTH, Hist. Coll. vi. 634, 640, 646, 652, viii. 800 ; Parl. Hist. iii. 1247 ; Comm. Journ. v. 294, 450; Hist, MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. App. 6 a, 6b, lob, 224). This was imme- diately before Colonel Pride applied his purge, and accounts for the fact that Glynne's name is not to be found in the lists of the secluded and imprisoned members.

An attempt was made in January 1647-8 to compel or induce him to resign his recorder- ship (Comm. Journ. v. 450) in favour of the independent William Steele [q. v.] Glynne, however, stuck tenaciously to his place until July 1649, when he retired, receiving 300/. from the corporation as a small douceur (WHITELOCKE, Mem. p. 412). In the parlia- ment of 1654 he sat for Carnarvonshire. In June of this year he was engaged as counsel for the Commonwealth in the prosecution of the conspirators against the life of the pro- tector, John Gerard [q. v.], Vowell, and Somerset Fox. About the same time he was appointed serjeant to the Protector, and com- missioned as justice of assize for the Oxford circuit. He sat at Exeter in April 1655 with Recorder Steele to try Colonel Penruddock for his part in the late rebellion, and passed sentence upon him as for treason. He was rewarded on 15 June by the place of chief justice of the upper bench, vacant by the re- tirement of Rolle (THURLOE, State Papers, iii. 332, iv. 171 ; COBBETT, State Trials, v. 767; STYLE, .Re;). 450; Hut. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. App. 173). In November he was placed on the committee of trade, and also added to that appointed to consider the pro- posals of Manasseh ben Israel concerning the Jews. He was also a member of the com- mittee for collecting funds for the relief of the persecuted protestants of Piedmont in

Glynne

January 1655-6 (C'al. State Papers, Dom. 1655, p. 90, 1655-6, pp. 1, 23, 100). At the general election in October he was returned to parliament for both Flint and Carnar- vonshire, electing to sit for Flint. In February 1655-6 he tried Miles ^£jnder- combe, a plotter against the life of tKe Pro- tector, who was found guilty and sentenced to a traitor's death, but anticipated justice by poisoning himself in the Tower (CoBBETT, State Trials, v. 842). Glynne appears to have shared Hobbes's belief in the necessity of monarchy, while caring little for the hereditary principle. He accordingly sup- ported Alderman Packe's ' petition and ad- vice ' that Cromwell should assume the title of king, and was one of the committee ap- pointed on 9 April to receive his ' doubts and scruples ' in regard to that matter and en- deavour to remove them, to which end, on 21 April, he made a long address to the Pro- tector, which he printed on the Restoration as evidence that he had always been at heart a monarchist. He was continued in office by Richard Cromwell, and presided in the upper bench until Trinity term 1659, when, in view of the approaching revolution, he re- signed. He sat for Carnarvonshire in the Convention parliament which met on 25 April 1660, was created serjeant-at-law on 1 June, and on 8 Nov. king's Serjeant, in which cha- racter he acted for the crown in the prosecu- tion of Sir Henry Vane for high treason in June 1662 (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. App. 63, 153, 154, 168, 196; WYNNE, Miscellany, p. 295; SIDERFIN, Rep.-pt.ii. 161-2; BURTON, Diary, \\i. 175, 182). On 16 Nov. 1660 he was knighted by the title of Sir John Glynne of Henley Park, in Surrey, of which manor he was lord.

He rode in the coronation procession of 23 April 1661, and was thrown from his horse and all but killed by the animal falling upon him. Pepys, regarding him as a rogue and a turncoat, saw the hand of God in this event. Of Glynne's immense ability as an advocate there has never been any question, nor could have been after Ms speech on the impeachment of Strafford. He was equally distinguished as a judge, his judgments being much admired for their lucidity and method, which, says Siderfin (J2ep.pt. ii. 189) brought an intricate case down to the apprehension of every stu- dent. His reputation for political honesty suffered severely at the hands of Anthony a Wood, who bore him a special grudge for his part in the suppression of Penruddock's rising. His accuracy, however, may be gauged by the fact that, quoting, as from the 1074 edition of ' Hudibras,' the following couplet :

VOL. XXII.

Glynne

Did not the learned Glynne and Maynard To make good subjects traitors strain hard ? he says that it was written by Butler on the occasion of Penruddock's trial, but not al- lowed to stand in the 1663 edition, because Glynne and Maynard were then living. In fact, however, Maynard had nothing to do with Penruddock's trial, and was living in 1674. Moreover, the couplet is not to be found in the edition of 1674, or in any sub- sequent edition, or in the list of various read- ings appended to Gilfillan's edition. That it was not written by Wood is clear, for it plainly refers to the impeachment of Straf- ford, which Glynne and Maynard practically managed between them. That Glynne was not particularly scrupulous either as an advocate or as a politician is probable, but neither was he a mere time-server. Only prej udice would doubt his honesty so long as he acted with the presbyterian party. He appears to have been equally opposed to arbitrary govern- ment and to anarchy, and to have seen in the monarchical principle, duly limited, the only hope of reconciling stable and strong govern- ment with individual liberty. Thus he was equally consistent in urging the crown upon Cromwell and in taking office under Charles II. ' He and Maynard,' says Foss, l divided the shame of appearing against Sir Harry Vane, their old coadj utor and friend.' In fact, how- ever, Vane, as the head of the independent party, can hardly be described as a coadjutor of Glynne, though he may have been a per- sonal friend ; and, in any case, Glynne in ap- pearing on the prosecution was merely dis- charging his professional duty as king's ser- jeant, nor does he appear to have taken more than a formal part in the proceedings. Glynne died on 15 Nov. 1666 ( Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1666-7, p. 263). He married first, Frances, daughter of Arthur Squib (subsequently through Glynne's influence, Clarenceux he- rald and teller of the exchequer) ; secondly, Anne, daughter of John Manning of Cralle, Sussex, and relict of Sir Thomas Lawley, bart., by both of whom he had issue. His eldest son, William, was created a baronet in 1661.

Besides the speeches delivered on the impeachment of Strafford, printed in Rush- worth's eighth volume, Glynne published : 1 . ' Speech on the presenting of the Sheriffs of London, in Oct. 1644.' 2. ' A Speech to the point of Jus Divinum and the Pres- byterian Governments.' 3. 'Monarchy as- serted to be the best, most ancient, and legal Form of Government, in a Conference at Whitehall with Oliver, Lord Protector, and a Committee of Parliament, in April, 1658, and made good by several arguments.' London, 1660, 8vo.

Glynne

18

Goad

[Lists of Members of Parliament (Official Re- turn of); Wotton's Baronetage, iii. pt. i. 290; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 752; Foss's Lives of the Judges.] J. M. R.

GLYNNE, SIR STEPHEN RICHARD (1807-1874), M.P. and antiquary, was eldest son of Sir Stephen Richard Glynne, eighth baronet, of Hawarden Castle, Flintshire, who was createdD.C.L. at Oxfordo July 1810,and died at Nice, 5 March 1815. His mother was Mary, daughter of Richard Neville, second Lord Braybrooke. The father was descended in direct line from the judge under the commonwealth, Sir John Glynne [q. v.], whose son William (d. 1690) was created a baronet 20 May 1661. Sir Stephen, born in 1807, succeeded as ninth baronet in 1815, and was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford (B.A. 1828, M.A. 1831). From 1832 to 1837 he sat as a liberal in the House of Commons as M.P. for Flint Burghs, and from 1837 to 1847 as M.P. for Flintshire. He was for many years lord-lieutenant of the same county, where the family estates lay. He died suddenly in London, 17 June 1874. He was not married, and on his death the baronetcy became extinct. His elder sister, Catherine, was married (25 July 1839) to Mr. (afterwards the Right Hon.) W. E. Gladstone, and the Hawarden estate with the castle is now owned by their eldest son, Mr. W. H. Gladstone.

Mr. W. E. Gladstone, Glynne's brother- in-law, describes him as ' a man of singular refinement and of remarkable modesty.' ' His memory,' Mr. Gladstone adds, ' was on the whole decidedly the most remarkable known to me of the generation and country.' He was a learned antiquary and interested him- self especially in the architectural history of churches, ' of which,' writes Mr. Glad- stone, ' his knowledge was such as to be probably without example for extent and accuracy.' In the course of his life he per- sonally surveyed and made notes on the archi- tectural details of 5,530 English churches. His manuscripts are still extant at Hawar- den Castle. His nephew and successor, Mr. ~W. H. Gladstone, published in 1877 his notes concerning Kent, which dealt with nearly three hundred churches.

[Letter to the •writer from the Right Hon. W.E.Gladstone; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Burke's Baronetage, 1874 ; Glynne's Churches of Kent, •with preface by Mr. W. H. Gladstone, 1877.]

S. L. L.

GOAD, GEORGE (d. 1671), master at Eton College, a native of Windsor, Berk- j shire, was younger brother of Thomas Goad (d. 1666) [q. v.j After passing through Eton

he was admitted into King's College, Cam- bridge, in 1620, proceeded M.A. in 1627, and returned to his old school as a master. In 1637 he was chosen senior university proctor (LE NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 623). His college presented him in 1646 to the rectories of Horstead and Coltishall, Norfolk. On 18 Oct. 1648 he was appointed fellow of Eton by the parliamentarians in the place of John Cleaver, who had been ejected. He died on 10 or 16 Oct. 1671. In his will, dated 20 Aug. 1669 (registered in P. C. C. 132, Duke), he mentions his property in Bray and Eton. He left three sons, George, Thomas, and Christopher, and a daughter, Jane. His wife, Jane, had died before him in 1657, at the age of thirty-four. Goad continued the catalogues of the members of the foundation of Eton College from those of Thomas Hatcher and John Scott to 1646, of which Fuller and Wood made considerable use, and which Cole transcribed (cf. Addit. MSS. 5814-17, 5955). He has Latin elegiacs ' in felicem Natalem illustrissimi Principis Ducis Eboracensis' at pp. 40-1 of ' Ducis Eboracensis Fasciae.'

[Harwood's Alumni Eton. pp. 72, 73, 220 ; Smyth's Obituary (Camd. Soc.), p. 93.] G. G.

GOAD, JOHN (1616-1689), head-master of Merchant Taylors' School, son of John Goad of Bishopsgate Street, London, was born in St. Helen's parish there on 15 Feb. 1615-16. After a preliminary training in Merchant Taylors' School he was admitted to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1632, of which he became a fellow (B.A. 1636, M.A. 1640, B.D. 1647). In 1643 he was presented by his college to the vicarage of St. Giles, Oxford, and during the siege performed divine service under fire of the parliamentary cannon ( WOOD, Athena Oxon., ed. Bliss, iv. 267). On 23 June 1646 he was presented by the university to the vicarage of Yarnton, Oxfordshire, which ' with much ado ' he contrived to retain until the Restoration. Wood's brother Christopher went daily to school to Goad while vicar of Yarnton in 1649, and Wood himself received instruction from him, and found him ' an ex- ceedingly loving and tender man ' (Autobio- graphy, ed. Bliss, pp. xvi, xvii).

In 1660 he accepted the head-mastership of Tunbridge school, Kent, but was appointed head-master of Merchant Taylors' School on 12 July 1661. He was very successful in this position until the agitation at the time of the ' popish plot.' He was charged in March 1680-1 with certain passages that ' savoured strongly of popery ' in a ' Comment on the Church of England Catechism,' written for the use of his scholars. The grand jury of London presented a complaint to the Mer-

Goad

Goad

chant Taylors' Company respecting the re- ligious doctrines taught in their school. His principal opponent was Dr. John Owen, who succeeded in obtaining Goad's place for his nephew, John Hartcliffe. After hearing Goad's defence the company decided on 13 April 1681 that he was ' popishly and er- roneously affected.' He was dismissed, but in recognition of his past services they voted him 4 701. as a gratuity, including the IQl. by him paid for taxes, trophies, and chimney money' ( WILSON, Hist, of Merchant Taylors' School, ii. 379-81). Goad's friends protested against his dismissal as the work of a factious party. Full particulars are given in the postscript to ' Contrivances of the Fanatical Conspira- tors in carrying on the Treasons under Um- brage of the Popish Plot laid open, with Depositions,' London, 1683, fol., written by William Smith, a schoolmaster of Islington, who describes Goad as a person of unequalled qualifications for the post.

He now took a house in Piccadilly, and ; opened a private school, which was resorted to by many of the ' genteeler sort ' of his previous scholars. This school he continued until j shortly before his death. In the beginning of 1686 he openly declared himself a Roman ca- j tholic, in accordance with convictions formed j many years previously. Indeed Wood states j that he had been reconciled to the Roman ! communion as early as December 1660 in Somerset House by a priest in the household of Queen Henrietta Maria, then lately re- turned from France. Mr. Gillow argues that the sermons which he published after this ' date are inconsistent with this story {Diet, of English Catholics, ii. 501). Goad died on , 28 Oct. 1689, and was buried near the graves of his relations in the church of Great St. Helen's in Bishopsgate Street- Wood says he ' had much of primitive Christianity in him, and was endowed with most admirable morals.' His works are : 1. Several printed sermons, some of which were preached at St. Paul's. 2. ' A Treatise concerning Plagues, their Natures, Numbers, Kinds, &c.,' which was destroyed in the press during the great fire of London in 1666. 3. ' Genealogicon Latinum. A previous Method of Dictionary of all Latin Words . . . &c., for the use of the Neophyte in Merchant Taylors' School,' 2nd edition, Lon- don, 1676. 4. ' Comment on the Church of England Catechism.' 5. ' Declamation, whether Monarchy be the best form of Go- vernment.' Printed at the end of ' The Eng- lish Orator or Rhetorical Descants by way of Declamation,' by William Richards of Trinity College, Oxford ;London,1680,8vo. 6,'Astro- Meteorologia : or Aphorisms and Discourses

of the Bodies Coelestial, their Natures and Influences, Discovered from the Variety of the Alterations of the Air, temperate or in- temperate, as to Heat or Cold, Frost, Snow, Hail, Fog, Rain, Wind, Storm, Lightnings, Thunder, Blasting, Hurricane, &c. Collected from the Observation . . . of thirty years,'Lon- don, 1686, fol. This work gained him great reputation. The subject of it is a kind of astrology, founded for the most part on sacred authority, reason, and experiment. 7. ' Diary of the Weather at London from July 1, 1677, to the last of October 1679,' Bodl. Libr. Ashmol. MS. 367. 8. ' Astro-Meteorologia sana; sive Principia Physico-Mathematica, quibus Mutationum Aeris, Morborum Epide- micorum, Cometarum, Terrse Motuum, alio- rumqueinsigniorum Naturae Effectuum Ratio reddi possit. Opus multorum annorum ex- perientia comprobatum,' London, 1690, 4to. Anonymously edited after Goad's death by Edward Waple, archdeacon of Taunton and vicar of St. Sepulchre's, London ; with por- trait of the author, engraved by R. White, prefixed. 8. ' Autodidactica : or a Practical Vocabulary, being the best and easiest Method yet extant for young Beginners to attain to the Knowledge of the Latin Tongue,' London, 1690, 8vo.

[Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 711, Fasti ii. 362 ; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 461 ; Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, i., hist, sketch p. xiv and p. 116; Kennett's Register, p. 837; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, 1824, v. 53; Catholic Miscellany, v. 153.] T. C.

GOAD, ROGER, D.D. (1538-1610), pro- vost of King's College, Cambridge, born at Horton, Buckinghamshire, in 1538, was edu- cated at Eton, and elected thence to King's College, Cambridge, of which he was admitted a scholar 1 Sept. 1555, and a fellow 2 Sept. 1558. He went out B.A. in 1559, and com- menced M.A. in 1563. On 19 Jan. 1565-6 he was enjoined to study theology, and he pro- ceeded B.D. in 1569. At this period he was master of the free grammar school at Guild- ford, where one of his pupils was George Abbot [q. v.], ultimately archbishop of Canterbury. On the deprivation of Dr. Philip Baker, Goad was recommended as his successor in the office of provost of King's College, Cam- bridge, by Bishop Grindal, Walter Haddon, and Henry Knollys. On 28 Feb. 1569-70 the vice-provost and fellows addressed a letter to the queen asking for a free election, and an- other to Sir William Cecil recommending Goad, who was nominated by the queen in a letter dated Hampton Court, 4 March follow- ing. He was accordingly elected, being pre- sented to the visitor on the 10th of the same

Goad

20

Goad

month, and admitted on the 19th. On 3 Nov. 1572 he was elected Lady Margaret's preacher, which office he held till 1 57 7. He was created D.D. in 1573, and was vice-chancellor of the university for the year commencing November 1576. On 6 March 1576-7 he became chan- cellor of the church of Wells. He was also chaplain to Ambrose Dudley, earl of War- wick, and held the rectory of Milton, Cam- bridgeshire. In October 1580 he was, with Dr. Bridgwater and Dr. Fulke, engaged in examining some of the Family of Love who were confined in Wisbech Castle, and in September 1581 he and Dr. Fulke had con- ferences in the Tower of London with Ed- mund Campion, the Jesuit, of which an ac- count appeared in Nowell and Day's ' True Eeport,' 1583. In 1595 and in 1607 he was vice-chancellor for a second and third time. He died on 24 April 1610, and was buried in a chantry on the north side of King's Col- lege Chapel.

He married Katharine, daughter of Richard Hill of London. Six sons were elected from Eton to King's, viz. Matthew, Thomas [q.v.], Robert, Roger, Christopher, and Richard. Although his government of the college is commended, he met much opposition from the ] unior members. He re-established the col- lege library, and by his will was a benefactor to the society (COOPER, Aihence Cantabr. iii. 20).

He was author of: 1. 'To Sir Wylliam More,' a poem. Manuscript in the Cambridge University Library, Ff. v. 4 f. 81. 2. An answer to articles exhibited against him by four of the younger company of King's Col- lege, 1576. Manuscript in the State Paper Office ; Lansd. MS. 23, art. 38 ; Baker MS. iv. 9. 3. Letters principally on the affairs of the university and his college. Several have been printed.

[Baker's MSS. iv. 9-20, 28, 188, 206, xx. 90, 113 ; Blomefield's Collectanea Cantabr. pp. 136, 172; Carlisle's Grammar Schools, ii. 572; Bishop Fisher's Sermon for Lady Margaret (Hymers), p. 98 ; Fuller's Worthies (Bucks) ; Harwood's Alumni Eton. pp. 43, 171, 198, 201, 205, 212; Heywood and Wright's Univ. Transactions; Ledger Coll. Regal, ii. 189; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 176. iii. 605, 683; Lib. Protocoll. Coll. Eegal. i. 176. 197, 228, 243; Pigofs Had- leigh, 166-8, 175, 176 ; Manning and Bray's Sur- rey, i. 79; Smith's Cat. of Caius Coll. MSS. p. 19; Cat. of MSS. in Cambridge Univ. Library, ii. 483 ; Strype's Works (general index) ; Willett's Sacra Emblemata, p. 20 ; Wright's Elizabeth, i. 464.1 T. C.

GOAD, THOMAS, D.D. (1576-1638), rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk, born at Cambridge in August 1676, was the second of the ten sons of Roger Goad (1538-1610) [q. v.], by his

wife, Katharine, eldest daughter of Richard Hill, citizen of London (BRA.MSTON, Auto- biography, Camd. Soc. p. 12). He was edu- cated at Eton, and thence elected to a scholar- ship at King's College, Cambridge, on 1 Sept. 1592; on 1 Sept. 1595 he became fellow, B.A. in 1596, and lecturer in 1598. At col- lege he distinguished himself by his skill in writing verses, and contributed to the collec- tions on the death of Dr. Whitaker, 1597 ; on the accession of James I, 1603 ; on the death of Henry, prince of Wales, 1612 ; on the return of Prince Charles from Spain, 1623 ; and on the king's return from Scotland in 1633. In 1600 he proceeded M.A., and was incorporated on the same degree at Ox- ford on 16 July of that year (Reg. of Univ. of O.rf. Oxf. Hist. Soc. vol. ii. pt. i. p. 355). Wood wrongly identifies him with the Thomas Goad who was incorporated on 15 July 1617; the latter was probably a cousin, Thomas Goad,LL.D. (d. 1666) [q. v.] (Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 374). At Christmas 1606 he was ordained priest, and commenced B. D, in 1 607 . In 1 609 he was bursar of King's ; in 1610 he succeeded his father in the family living of Milton, near Cambridge, which he held together with his fellowship ; in 1611 he was appointed dean of divinity, and very shortly afterwards he quitted Cambridge to reside at Lambeth as domestic chaplain to Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury, his father's old pupil at Guildford Free School. In 1615 he took the degree of D.D. ; on 16 Feb. 1617-18 he was made precentor of St. Paul's Cathedral (LE NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, ii. 351); and in 161 8 he was presented by Abbot to the rectory of Hadleigh, Suffolk. He also held the rectory of Black Notley, Essex (NEWCOTTRT, Reper- torium, ii. 443), and probably that of Merst- ham, Surrey. In 1619 the king, at the in- stance, it is said, of Abbot, sent him out to supply Joseph Hall's place at the synod of Dort. Hall spoke highly of the qualifications of his successor (FULLER, Church Hist. ed. Brewer, v. 467-9). At Dort Goad, previously a Calvinist, went over to the Arminians (ib. v. 475 n.) He is supposed to have lost in con- sequence a share in the high ecclesiastical preferments which were granted to his col- leagues by James, and his name was omitted, accidentally perhaps, in the ' acts ' of the synod. He and his colleagues received the acknowledgments of the States-General, 2001. for their travelling expenses home, and a gold medal apiece weighing three quarters of a pound in weight. Goad returned to his chaplaincy (ib. v.476). He became on 25 Aug. 1621 prebendary of the tenth stall in Win- chester Cathedral (LE NEVE, iii. 41). In 1623 he was engaged as assistant to Daniel

Goad

21

Goad

Featley [q. v.] in various disputations which were held with the Jesuits, Muskett (with whom he had previously disputed), John Fisher [q. v.], and others. He distinguished himself in the discussion which charged the Jesuits with a wilful misrepresentation of Featley's arguments (FBATLET, The Romish Fisher caught and held in his owne Net, 4to, 1624, pt. i. pp. 37-8, 42). About 1624 Prynne showed Goad a portion of his' Histriomastix,' but failed to convince him of the soundness of his arguments (GARDINER, Hist. England, vii. 327-8). Goad was twice proctor in con- vocation for Cambridge, and was prolocu- tor of the lower house in the convocation which was held at Oxford in 1625, acting in the stead of Dr. Bowles, who absented himself through fear of the plague. About 1627 he became a constant resident at Had- leigh, the most important and pleasantest of his preferments, and wrote ' A Disputation,' posthumously published. He wrote the in- scription upon Casaubon's tomb in West- minster Abbey. He had an odd fancy for em- bellishing Hadleigh church and rectory with paintings and quaint inscriptions. These pictures, of which traces remain, were mostly executed, after Goad's own design, by one Benjamin Coleman, a Hadleigh artist. It is said that he intended to turn the so-called ' south chapel ' of Hadleigh Church into a public theological library, and many shelves (but no books) were extant in 1727. On 22 Oct. 1633 he was made dean of Bocking, Essex, jointly with Dr. John Barkham [q. v.] (NEWCOURT, ii. 68), and on 17 Dec. of the same year was appointed an ecclesiastical commissioner for England and Wales (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1633-4, p. 327). He died on 8 Aug. 1638, and was buried in the chancel of Hadleigh Church next day. ' Till the day of his death,' says Fuller, ' he de- lighted in making of verses ' ( Worthies, ed. 1662, ' Cambridgeshire,' p. 159). He left land at Milton and his Dort medal (stolen in the present century) to King's College, the rent of the land to be applied in the purchase of divinity books for the library. According to Fuller ( Worthies, loc. cit.) Goad ' had a commanding presence, an uncontrolable spirit, impatient to be opposed, and loving to steere the discourse (being a good Pilot to that purpose) of all the Company he came in.' He wrote a painfully interesting tract en- titled 'The Dolefvll Euen-Song, or a trve . . . Narration of that fearefull and sudden calamity,which befell the Preacher Mr. Drvry, a lesuite [see DRURY, ROBERT, 1587-1623], ... by the down ef all of the floore at an as- sembly in the Black-Friers on Sunday the 26. of Octob. last, in the after noone . . .,' 4to,

London, 1623. During the same year he is believed to have edited a collection of filthy stories by an apostate catholic, entitled ' The Friers Chronicle : or the trve Legend of Priests and Monkes Lives,' 4to, London, 1623. The epistle dedicatory to the Countess of Devonshire is signed T. G. Appended to Bishop Lawrence Womack's anonymous trea- tise on ' The Result of False Principles,' 4to, London, 1661, is a tract by Goad, ' Stimvlvs Orthodoxvs ; sive Goadus redivivus. A Dis- putation . . . concerning the Necessity and Contingency of Events in the World, in re- spect of God's Eternal Decree ' (republished in ' A Collection of Tracts concerning Pre- destination and Providence,' 8vo, Cambridge, 1719). An ' approbation ' by Goad appeared in the 1724 edition of Elizabeth Jocelin's ' The Mother's Legacy to her unborn Child,' 1st edition, 1624.

[Pigot's Hadleigh, pp. 166-76, and elsewhere ; Pigot's Guide to Hadleigh, p. 9, and elsewhere ; Harwood's Alumni Eton. p. 198 ; Addit. MS. 19088,ff. 156, 167, 1716, 1726, 175-6; Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, pt. ii. p. 256 ; New- court's Repertorium, i. 101 ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 374 ; Rymer's Fcedera (Sanderson, 1726), xviii. 660.] ' G. G.

GOAD, THOMAS (d. 1666), regius pro- fessor of laws at Cambridge, elder brother of George Goad (d. 1671) [q. v.], was elected from Eton to King's College, Cambridge, in 1611, and proceeded M.A. and LL.D. In 1613 he became a member of Gray's Inn (Harl. MS. 1912). On 15 July 1617 he was incorporated master of arts at Oxford (WooD, Fasti Oxon., ed. Bliss, i. 374, where he is confounded with his cousin, Thomas Goad, D.D. (1576-1638) [q. v.]) He was appointed reader of logic in the university in 1620, pro-proctor in 1621, poser in 1623, and senior proctor in 1629 (Ls NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 622). In 1635 he was elected to the regius professorship of laws. He died in 1666 possessed of property in New and Old Windsor and elsewhere in Berkshire. His will, dated 16 April 1666, was proved at London on the following 6 July (registered in P. C. C. 117, Mico). By his wife Mary he had two daughters : Grace, married to John Byng, and Mary, married to John Clenche. He contributed Latin elegiacs to ' Ducis Eboracensis Fasciae ' (p. 8), and was probably the author of ' Eclogae et Musse Virgiferse ac Juridicfe,' 8vo, Cambridge, 1634, which is attributed to Thomas Goad, D.D., by Thomas Baker, who professes to quote from the epi- taph at Hadleigh (WoOD,-Fa$£i O.row.,loc. cit.)

[Harwood's Alumni Eton. p. 213 ; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 657.] G. G.

Goad by

22

Gobban

GOADBY, ROBERT (1721-1778), printer and compiler, of Sherborne, Dorsetshire, was born in 1721. He was an indefatigable book- maker. His greatest production was the ' Il- lustration of the Holy Scriptures,' in three large folio volumes (1759). Goadby also compiled and printed a popular book entitled 'The Christian's Instructor and Pocket Com- panion, extracted from the Holy Scriptures,' which was approved by Bishop Sherlock. ' Apology for the Life of Bamfylde Moore Carew ' [see CAREW, BAMFYLDE MOORE] was printed by Goadby in 1749, and has often been reprinted. Goadby and his wife have both been claimed as the author. Nichols says that Goadby was a man of modesty and in- tegrity. His publishing business was large for a small provincial centre, and his ' Sherborne Mercury' was an influential journal in the south-west of England. Goadby was a strong whig, and made many enemies as well as friends by his plain speaking, though per- sonally he was much respected. He was a great lover of botany and natural history, and bequeathed an endowment providing for the preaching of a sermon on the first Sunday of May in every year in Sherborne Church on the beauties of nature. As the endowment became too valuable for its purposes, pro vision for the poor was made with the surplus. He was a deeply religious man. Every morning before breakfast he walked from his house to the spot he had chosen for his grave, so that he might ' keep mindful of his latter end.' He died of atrophy after a long and painful ill- ness on 12 Aug. 1778. Other works published by Goadby, besides those mentioned already, were ' The Universe Displayed,' ' A Rational Catechism on the Principles of Religion drawn from the Mind itself/ and ' Goadby's British Biography.' Goadby was at one time con- nected with ' The Western Flying Post.'

[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iii. 723-6 ; Dr. Beard's art. in Unitarian Herald, July 1873, where there is much biographical and bibliographical infor- mation.] J. B-Y.

GOBBAN SAER, or the Artificer (fl. 7th century), a prominent figure in Irish tradition, is said by Petrie in his ' Essay on the Round Towers of Ireland,' upon the au- thority of the Dinnsenchus preserved in the books of Lecan and Ballymote, to have been the son of a skilful artisan in wood named Tuirbi, from whom Turvey in the barony of Nethercross, co. Dublin, is named, and to have flourished (according to O'Flaherty's chrono- logy) A.M. 2764. But O'Curry has shown that this is an error due to a mistranslation fur- nished to Dr. Petrie. O'Curry is probably right in saying 'there is little doubt that Gobban was a descendant of Tadg,son of Cian,

son of Olioll Olum, who settled in Meath in the third century.'

Gobban is first mentioned in an Irish poem attributed to a lunatic protected by St. Moi- ling, preserved in a manuscript belonging to the monastery of St. Paul in Carinthia, and assigned by Herr Mone to the eighth century. It speaks of a fort made by Gobban in Tuaim Inbir (West Meath). In the life of St. Aedh or Maedhog of Ferns (d. 032) Gobban is said to have been employed by the saint in build- ing a church (basilica, said by Petrie to imply a stone building), and Aedh's successor, Mo- chua of Luachair (d. 652), is said to have employed him upon a wooden church. But the saint whose life contains most informa- tion about Gobban is St. Daircell or Moiling [q. v.], who lived to the age of eighty-four, | and died 690. After the fall of a famous j yew tree named the Eo Rossa, celebrated in a ' poem in the ' Book of Leinster ' as ' noblest of trees, the glory of Leinster,' some of the wood was presented to Gobban by St. Molaisse, and Gobban was engaged to make an oratory out of it. The first chip which Gobban cut struck Daircell in the eye, and a passage in the Brehon laws implies that the injury was in- tentional. Gobban's wife urged him to de- mand as payment for the work as much rye as the oratory would contain. Daircell as- sented ; but being unable to get rye enough filled it instead with nuts and apples, which he made to appear like rye, but which changed to worms when Gobban took them home. There is also a mention of his having constructed a building for St. Abban, who died in the seventh century. Gobban is said to have been blind at the time, and to have received a temporary gift of his sight from Abban until the completion of the work. The ecclesiastics who employed Gobban complained that bis charges were too high, and it was generally believed that his blindness was a visitation due to their anger. Among the buildings traditionally ascribed to him are the tower of Antrim, the tower and church of Kil- macduagh, and, according to Dr. Petrie, the tower and church of Glendalough. His work was confined chiefly to the north and east of Ireland, and there is no tradition that he ever visited or was employed south-west of Gal way or Tipperary. In the north-east of Antrim in the parish of Ramoan is a building described on the ordnance map as ' Gobbin's Heir's Castle/ The first two words, as BishopReeves observes, are evidently a corruption of Gobban Saer, but the term castle is a complete perversion. The cave near, also connected with him, has a large cross carved on the roof stones over the entrance of the ante-chamber. It is a Latin cross, formed by double incised lines

Godbolt

Goddam

carved on a sandstone slab — very regular, and extremely well executed. There is also a smaller cross with equal arms.

The traditions respecting him all refer to the seventh century, when he must have lived, lie employed workmen, and erected duns or fortresses, churches, oratories, and towers, the existing buildings attributed to him giving evidence of his skill. According to the tra- dition of the neighbourhood he was buried at Derrynavlan, parish of Graystown, barony of Slieveardagh, county of Tipperary.

[Petrie's Round Towers of Ireland, pp. 345, 383, 401, 402 ; Brehon Laws, iii. 226 n. • Betha Moiling, Brussels, 48 o-51 a ; Reeves's Eccles. Antiq. p. 285 ; Codex Salmanticensis, pp. 483, 532 ; O'Curry's Manners and Customs, iii. 45, 46 ; Annals of the Four Masters, i. 404 n. ; Goidelica, p. 177 ; Book of Leinster (facsimile), p. 199, b. 51.] T. 0.

GODBOLT, JOHN (d. 1648), judge, was of a family settled at Toddington, Suffolk. He was admitted a member of Barnard's Inn on 2 May, and of Gray's Inn 16 Nov., 1604, and was called to the bar by the latter inn in 1611, and was reader there in the autumn of 1627. He soon obtained a good practice, and is frequently mentioned in Croke's re- ports. In 1636 he became a serjeant, and was promoted to the bench of the common pleas by vote of both houses of parliament on 30 April 1647, and was also in the com- mission to hear chancery causes. He died at his house in High Holborn on 3 Aug. 1648. A volume of reports of cases in the reigns of Elizabeth, James I, and Charles I revised by him was published in 1653.

[Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Whitelocke's Memorials, folio ed. p. 245 ; Parliamentary Jour- nals ; Barnard's Inn Book ; Dugdale's Origines, p. 296.J J. A. H.

GODBY, JAMES (Jt. 1790-1815), stipple- engraver, worked in London. His earliest known engraving is a portrait of Edward Snape, farrier to George III, engraved in 1791, after a portrait by VVhitby. He en- graved two large plates after H. Singleton, representing ' Adam bearing the Wounded Body of Abel' and ' The Departure of Cain,' published in 1799 and 1800 respectively. In 1810 he engraved a full-length portrait of 'Edward Wyatt, Esq.,' after Sir Thomas Lawrence. Godby was then residing at 25 Norfolk Street, near the Middlesex Hos- pital. Later in life he engraved several plates after Friedrich Rehberg, including portraits of Madame de Stael and Sir John Herschel, and a fancy group entitled ' Bacchus's and Cupid's Vintage.' lie also engraved plates

for the ' Literary Magazine ' and ' The Fine Arts of the English School.' He engraved exclusively in the stipple manner, often with pleasing and delicate effect.

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Dodd's MS. Hist, of English Engravers (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 33401).] L. C.

GODDAM or WOODHAM, ADAM

(d. 1358), Franciscan, was born towards the end of the thirteenth century, and attended Ockham's lectures on the ' Sentences ' of Peter Lombard at Oxford, where he was presum- ably a member of the Franciscan convent. His studies under Ockham must have ended in the first years of the fourteenth century, when his master went to Paris, and Goddam, who became a doctor of divinity, resorted to the theological teaching of Walter Catton [q. v.], the minorite of Norwich. It may be confidently conjectured that Goddam entered the Franciscan convent of that city, and it is supposed that he spent most of his life there, though the reference made by John Major to his residence in the king's palace in London suggests that his services were for a time employed by the court. He is said by Pits to have died in 1358, and to have been buried at ' Babwell,' near Bury.

His only published work is a commentary ' Super IV libros Sententiarum,' printed at Paris in 1512, and extending to 152 leaves. An earlier edition, cited by Sbaralea as printed by Henry Stephanus in 1510, is not mentioned by Panzer ; and the book in question is pro- bably the commentary on the first book of the ' Sentences,' which was published by Stephanus in that year, and is the work of the Scottish doctor of the Sorbonne, John Major, who edited Goddam's book in 1512. But the latter work itself, though published under Goddam's name, is avowedly not the actual commentary which he wrote, but an abridgment of it made by Hendrik van Oyta, a divine who taught at Vienna in the latter part of the fourteenth century and died in 1397 (see concerning him ASCHBACH, Ge- schichte der Wiener Universitdt, i. 402-7, 1865). The commentary enjoyed a very high reputation, and John Major, its editor, in his work ' De Gestis Scotorum ' (Hist. Maj. Brit. p. 188, ed. Edinburgh, 1740), judged the author to be ' vir modestus, sed non inferioris doctrinse aut ingenii quam Ockam.' Other works assigned to him by Bale are a com- mentary on the canticles (mentioned also by LBLAND, Collectanea, iii. 50), 'Postilla in Ecclesiasticum,' ' De foro poenitentiario fratrum,' ' Contra Ricardum Wethersete ' (a younger contemporary divine, probably at Cambridge), 'Sententise Oxoniensis Concilii,'

Goddard

Goddard

and ' Determinationes XI.' To these Sbaralea adds a ' Collatio ' and ' Postilla de Sacramento Eucharistise.'

A confusion between Goddam and ' Adam Anglicus,' who wrote against the doctrine of the immaculate conception, has been dis- cussed in the latter article, supra. Another identification with ' Adam Hibernicus ' pro- posed by Ware lacks evidence or probability.

The name ' Goddam ' is that offered by the printed edition of his commentary on the ' Sentences,' but it is a manifest ' classical ' adaptation of Wodeham or Woodham, de- rived from one of the five places of that name in England. Pits's suggestion that the Wode- ham in question is in Hampshire rests evi- dently upon a mistake.

[John Major's Vita, prefixed to Goddam's commentary Super Sententias ; Leland's Comm. de Scriptt. Brit. pp. 269, 377 ; Bale's Scriptt. Brit. Catal. v. 98, p. 447 (cf. xii. 19, pt. 2, 82 f.); Ware, De Scriptoribus Hiberniae, p. 66 (1639); Pits, De Angl. Scriptt. p. 482; Wadding's Scriptt. 0. M. p. 1, ed. Rome, 1806 ; Wharton's App. to Cave's Hist. Liter. 30 f., ed. 1743; Quetif and Echard's Soriptt. 0. P. i. 739 b, Paris, 1719; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 329; Sbaralea's Suppl. to Wadding's Scriptt. 0. M. 2 f.]

R. L. P.

GODDARD, GEORGE BOUVERIE

(1832-1886), animal painter, was born at Salisbury, 25 Dec. 1832. At ten his draw- ings were in demand as the productions of youthful genius, yet he received no artistic training, and it was in the face of much oppo- sition that he adopted art as a profession. He came to London in 1849, and spent up- wards of two years in making studies of animal life in the Zoological Gardens. During this time he supported himself mainly by drawing on wood sporting subjects for 'Punch ' and other illustrated periodicals. He then returned to Salisbury, where he received many commissions, but finding his sphere of work too limited, he settled in London in 1857. He began to exhibit at the Royal Academy in 1856, sending a painting of ' Hunters.' To this and other works suc- ceeded 'The Casuals' in 1866; 'Home to die : an afternoon fox with the Cots wolds,' in 1868 ; ' The Tournament,' his first work of note, in 1870; and 'Sale of New Forest Ponies at Lyndhurst' in 1872. In 1875 he exhibited a large picture, fourteen feet long, representing ' Lord Wolverton's Blood- hounds,' which was highly praised in Whyte- Melville's ' Riding Recollections.' This was followed in 1876 by ' Colt-hunting in the New Forest;' in 1877 by 'The Fall of Man,' from Milton's ' Paradise Lost,' and in 1879 by 'The Struggle for Existence,' now in the

Walker Fine Art Gallery in Liverpool. In 1881 he sent to the Royal Academy ' Rescued ' ; in 1883 'Love and War: in the Abbot sbury Swannery,' and in 1885 'Cowed!' Goddard was a lover of all field sports, and at home equally in the covert and the hunting-field. He died at his residence at Brook Green, Hammersmith, London, on 6 March 1886, after a very short illness, from a chill caught during a visit to his dying father, whom he survived only by a few hours.

[Times, 18 and 29 March 1886 ; Art Journal, 1886, p. 158; Royal Academy Exhibition Cata- logues, 1856-86.] R. E. G.

GODDARD, JOHN (Jl. 1645-1671), en- graver, one of the earliest English engravers, is known for a few portraits and book illus- trations of no great proficiency. He en- graved a portrait of Martin Billingsley, the writing master, in 1651, Dr. Bastwick, and one of Dr. Alexander Ross, chaplain to Charles I, in 1654, as frontispiece to Ross's continuation of Raleigh's ' History of the World.' He en- graved the title-page to W. Austin's trans- lation of Cicero's treatise, 'Cato Major,' published in 1671. For Fuller's 'Pisgah- sight of Palestine,' published in 1645, God- dard engraved the sheet of armorial bearings at the beginning, and some of the maps, in- cluding a ground plan of the Temple of Solomon. A few other plates by him are known, including a rare set of ' The Seven Deadly Sins' in the Print Room at the British Museum.

[Strutt's Diet, of Engravers ; Dodd's MS. His- tory of English Engravers (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 33401).] L. C.

GODDARD, JONATHAN, M.D.(1617 ?-

1675), Gresham professor of physic, son of Henry Goddard, shipbuilder, of Deptford, was born at Greenwich about 1617. In 1632, at the age of fifteen, he entered at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he remained three or four years, leaving without a degree. An- thony a Wood, who was at Merton College when Goddard was warden, says that on leaving Oxford he ' went, as I presume, be- yond the seas,' which later biographers have changed into the definite statement that he studied medicine abroad. In 1638 he gradu- ated M.B. at Cambridge (Christ's College), and in 1643 M.D. (Catharine Hall). In 1640 he had bound himself to observe the rules of the College of Physicians in his London prac- tice, in 1643 he joined the college, and in 1646 was made a fellow. At that time he had lodgings in Wood Street, where Wilkins, Ent, Glisson, Wallis, and others used to meet to discuss the new philosophy. On his

Goddard

Goddard

election to the fellowship of the College of Physicians in November 1646, he was ap- pointed to read the anatomy lectures before the college on 4 March of 'the ensuing year' (' Gulstonian lecturer in 1648,' MUNK). These lectures were the beginning of his public reputation ; from the account in the ' Biographia Britannica ' they would ap- pear to have been largely teleological, or illustrative of the wisdom and goodness of God in the structure of the human frame. About this time he came under the notice of Cromwell, ' with whom he went as his great confidant ' (Wooa) on the Irish campaign of 1649 and the Scotch campaign of 1650-1, his public rank being physician in chief to the army of the parliament. On his return to London with the lord general after Wor- cester (September 1651), he was made by the parliament warden of Merton College, Ox- ford, on the resignation of Sir Nathaniel Brent. In 1653 he was among the 140 sum- moned by the lord general to constitute the Little parliament, and was chosen a member of the council of state (one of the new fif- teen balloted for on 1 Nov. 1653). In the parliament of 1654 he was replaced (as repre- sentative of Oxford University) by the Rev. Dr. Owen. The same year he was named by the Protector one of a board of five to dis- charge his duties as chancellor of the univer- sity. In November 1655 he was appointed professor of physic at Gresham College ; for that, also, he may have been indebted to Cromwell, who is known to have interposed in the choice of the geometry professor by a letter of 9 May 1656 (Letters and Speeches, iii. 146). He continued to be warden of Merton (and probably resided at Oxford) until 3 July 1660, when Charles II, ignoring Goddard's nine years' tenure, appointed his chaplain Reynolds to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Brent in 1651. Goddard now took up his residence permanently at Gres- ham College, where he remained until his death (except during the years when the col- lege was given up to business purposes owing | to the destruction of the Royal Exchange and other buildings by the great fire). His re- j turn to Gresham College in 1660 coincides with the formation of the society there which, in 1663, received a charter of incorporation as the Royal Society. Goddard used his laboratory to make numerous experiments for the society (' when any curious experiment was to be done, they made him their drudge till they could obtain to the bottom of it,' WOOD) ; various communications by him, from 1660 onwards, are entered in its register. He was named one of the first council in the charter of 1663. He used his laboratory also

for the compounding of his own arcana, or . secret remedies. The chief of these was' God- I dard's drops,' or 'guttae Anglicanae,' a pre- paration of spirit of hartshorn (ammonia) with a few irrelevancies added, such as skull of a person hanged, dried viper, and the like (Biog. Brit.} The drops were used in faint- ings, apoplexies, lethargies, or other sudden and alarming onsets. Sydenham preferred them to other volatile spirits ; but in refer- ring to them in 1675, after Goddard's death, he says that the medicine known by the name of Dr. Goddard's drops is prepared by Dr. Goodall, a most learned and expert man (Obs. Med., pref. to 3rd ed.) Goddard was currently believed to have communicated the secret of the drops to Charles II for a con- sideration of 5,0001. (WADD says 6,000/., but does not name the purchaser, Mems., Maxims, fyc., p. 150). Dr. Martin Lister says that the king showed him the receipt, and that the drops were nothing more than the volatile spirit of raw silk rectified with oil of cinnamon, and no better than ordinary spirit of hartshorn and sal ammoniac. This traffic in arcana was not thought improper at that period ; Goddard was a censor of the College of Physicians for some years down to 1672, and, as such, a stickler for profes- sional etiquette. Long after his death a collection of ' arcana Goddardiana ' (said by Wood to have been written out by Goddard) was published as an appendix to the second edition of Bate's 'Pharmacopoeia' (1691). His communications to the Royal Society numbered at least fourteen. Two of them were published after his death in the ' Philo- sophical Transactions ' (' Observations on a Cameleon,' xii. 930, and ' Experiments of Refining Gold with Antimony,' xii. 953). Another is reproduced from the manuscript archives in Sprat's ' History of the Royal Society ' (1667) as a striking instance of the utility of that body's labours; it is a proposal to make wine from the sugar-cane, and inci- dentally to give a fillip to the languishing prosperity of the British plantations in Bar- badoes. To illustrate the marvels of science in another direction, Sprat prints from the archives another paper by Goddard on a pebble called ' oculus mundi,' which, being or- dinarily opaque, becomes translucent in water. Evelyn gave a place in his ' Silva' to a paper of Goddard's ' on the texture and similar parts of the body of a tree ; ' and Wallis rescued still another from the Royal Society's archives ('Experiments of Weighing Glass Canes with the Cylinders of Quicksilver in them ') by printing it in his ' Mechanica.' Eight other communications have not been published; they include an enumeration of tea things

Goddard

Goddard

•whereby a stale egg may be known from a fresh one, and a demonstration that a muscle loses in volume when it contracts. Besides the writings enumerated, he published two essays, 'Discourse concerning Physick,' London, 1668, and ' Discourse on the Un- happy Condition of the Practice of Physick/ London, 1670 ; both are directed against the pretensions of the apothecary class, and one of them recommends that physicians should compound their own prescriptions. Anthony a Wood observes : ' He is said to have written of this matter more warily and with greater prudence than Christ. Merret.' Besides these writings, he is stated (by Wood) to have left two quarto volumes of manuscript ready for the press, containing lectures read in Sur- geons' Hall and other matters. Seth Ward, afterwards bishop of Salisbury, who knew him when warden of Merton, in dedicating an astronomical book to him, takes occasion to credit him with many accomplishments and virtues, and with having been the first Eng- lishman to make telescopes. He died in a fit of apoplexy at the corner of Wood Street at eleven of the evening of 24 March 1674-5, on his way home from a club of virtuosi who were wont to meet at the Crown in Blooms- bury. He is buried in the middle of the chancel of Great St. Helen's Church.

[Wood's Athense Oxon. iii. 1024 ; Ward's Lives of the Gresham Professors, p. 270 ; Biog. Brit. ; Sprat's Hist, of Royal Society; Weld's Hist, of Royal Society.] C. C.

GODDARD, THOMAS (d. 1783), Indian general, born probably not later than 1740, is said by Jefferies (Memoir of the Goddards of North Wilts) to have been of the family of that name at Hartham Park in Wiltshire, and grandson of Thomas Goddard, a canon of Windsor. In 1759 he became a lieutenant in the 84th regiment of infantry, then raised for service in India, at the request of the court of directors of the East India Com- pany, and placed under the command of Lieu- tenant-colonel Coote [see COOTE, SIB EYRE, 1726-1783]. This regiment arrived at Madras on 27 Oct. 1759. Though destined for Ben- gal it was detained for service in the Madras presidency, and took a principal part in the campaign against the French which ended with the surrender of Pondicherry on 16 Jan. 1761. In the same year Goddard accom- panied the 84th to Bengal, and took part in the campaign of 1763, at the end of which the regiment was disbanded, permission being given to the officers and men to enter the company's service. Goddard took advantage of this permission, and went in as captain in October 1763. Early in the following year

he raised at Moorshedabad a battalion of sepoys, called subsequently the 1st battalion 7th regiment Bengal native infantry, which was long known as Goddard's battalion. Be- fore Goddard's battalion could be armed it was ordered, in April 1764, to join the force marching to quell the mutiny at Patna, and in the following year it was sent, together with another native battalion, to Monghyr. In May 1766 Goddard was promoted to the rank of major, and in September 1768 to that of lieutenant-colonel. He took part with his battalion in 1770 at the capture of Burrareah, and was employed in 1772 in expelling the Mahrattas from Rohilcund. In September 1774 he succeeded to the command of the troops stationed at Barhampore in Bengal. Goddard's extant correspondence with War- ren Hastings commences at this period, and continues until his departure from India. The governor-general placed the utmost con- fidence in his ability and tact. Goddard was in command of the troops at Chunar from January 1776 till the following June, when he was appointed chief of the contingent stationed with the nawab vizier of Oude at Lucknow.

When the supreme council determined in 1778 to despatch a force from Bengal to assist the Bombay army against the Mahrat- tas, Goddard was appointed second in com- mand under Colonel Leslie. The expedition started from Calpee in May, and was delayed by the rains in the neighbourhood of Chatter- pore, the capital of Bundelcund, from 3 July to 12 Oct. In that interval a detachment under the command of Goddard took the fortress of Mhow by storm. The supreme council, dissatisfied with Leslie's conduct of the expedition, decided to entrust the chief command to Goddard, but Leslie's death assured him this promotion (3 Oct.) before the orders arrived. Goddard energetically continued the march, and on 1 Dec. reached the banks of the Nerbudda, where he awaited instructions. He had already been employed by the governor-general in a semi-political capacity, and he was now invested with diplomatic powers to secure if possible an alliance with Mudaji Bhonsla, the regent of Berar. The negotiations proved futile, and on 16 Jan. 1779 he resumed his march. The conduct of the expedition increased in difficulty. The control, originally vested in the Bombay authorities, had been resumed by the supreme council, but Goddard's course was necessarily influenced by the fortunes of the Bombay army. For a long time he was left entirely without information from Bom- bay, and at length received two contradictory despatches, one advising his retreat and the

Goddard

Goddard

other urging him to proceed. In this dilemma | he waited at Burhanpur, on the banks of the Tapti, from 30 Jan. to 6 Feb., when, hearing from other quarters of the defeat of the Bom- bay army, he hastened to Surat, 223 miles from Burhanpur and 785 from Calpee, where he arrived on 25 Feb.

The Bombay council requested Goddard's assistance at its deliberations, and recom- mended him for the post of commander-in- chief on the next vacancy. Shortly after- wards he received from the supreme council of Bengal full powers to negotiate a peace with the Mahratta government of Poonah on the basis of the treaty of 1776, and which overruled the recent convention entered into by the Bombay council. Negotiations went on for some months, but the Mahratta govern- ment made impossible demands for the re- storation of Salsette and the surrender of Ragoba, who had escaped from the custody of Scindia and taken refuge in Goddard's camp. Goddard recommenced hostilities in January 1780, and after some minor successes captured Ahmedabad on 15 Feb. He then marched against Holkar and Scindia, and routed the forces of the latter on 3 April. In Novem- ber of the same year he attacked Bassein, which surrendered on 11 Dec.

The war had severely taxed the resources of the government, and Goddard received instructions from Bengal to use every means of bringing the Mahrattas to terms. He therefore determined to threaten Poonah itself. With this object he marched from Bassein in January 1781, and took posses- i sion of the Bhore Ghaut, which he held till ! April. His scheme was frustrated by the Mahrattas, who determined to burn Poonah and cut off a great portion of his supplies. Goddard retreated with great difficulty and loss. In August of the same year overtures on the part of Scindia led to a treaty on 13 Oct.

Goddard was subsequently promoted to the brevet rank of a brigadier-general, and remained in India until failing health obliged him to go home. He died on 7 July 1783, just as the ship reached the Land's End. His body was embalmed, landed at Pendennis Castle, Falmouth, and buried at Eltham in Kent.

[Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS. 29119, 29135-93; Philippart's East India Register ; Mill's, Orme's, ' Thornton's, and Wilks's Histories of India; Broome's Bengal Army ; Williams's Bengal Na- tive Infantry ; Dodwell and Miles's East India Military Calendar.] E. J. K.

GODDARD, WILLIAM (fl. 1615), sati- rist, probably belonged to the Middle Temple. He lived at the beginning of the seventeenth century in Holland, where he seems to have

been employed in a civil capacity. In July 1634 one William Goddard, ' doctor of physic ot Padua,' was incorporated in the same degree at Oxford, but his identity with the satirist seems doubtful. Goddard's volumes are very rare. His satire is gross, and is chiefly di- rected against women. The British Museum Library possesses only one of his volumes, that entitled ' A Satyricall Dialogue, or a shaplye invective conference between Allex- ander the Great and that truelye woman- hater Diogynes. . . . Imprinted in the Low countryes for all such gentlewomen as are not altogeather Idle nor yet well occupyed ' [Dort? 1615?]. Some lines seem to refer to the burning of Marston's satires. Mr. Collier suggested that this volume might be identical with ' The batynge of Dyogenes,' licensed for printingto Henry Chettle 27 Sept. I591(Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. i. 141). In the library of Worcester College, Oxford, and at Bridg- water House, are copies of Goddard's ' A Neaste of Waspes latelie found out and dis- covered in the Law [Low] Countreys yeald- ing as sweete hony as some of our English bees. At Dort . . . 1615.' A third work, from which Dr. Bliss prints extracts in his edition of Wood's ' Fasti ' (i. 476-8), is ' A Mastif Whelp, with other ruff-Island-lik Currs fetcht from amongst the Antipedes. Which bite and barke at the fantasticall humorists and abusers of the time. . . . Im- printed amongst the Antipedes, and are to bee sould where they are to be bought,' 4to, n.d. This was published after 1598, for Bastard's ' Chrestoleros,' 1598, is one of the books specially abused. A copy is in the Bod- leian Library. Bibliographers have wrongly assumed that ' Dogs from the Antipodes ' — the sub-title of the ' Mastif Whelp ' — is the title of another of Goddard's volumes. Dr. Furnivall printed in 1878 Goddard's three known books, with a view to republishing them, but they have not yet been issued.

[Wood's Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 476; Collier's Bibl. Cat. i. 313 ; Hazlitt's Handbook.]

S. L. L.

GODDARD, WILLIAM STANLEY, D.D. (1757-1845), head-master of Winches- ter College, son of John Goddard, a merchant, was born at Stepney on 9 Oct. 1757. He was educated at Winchester, first as a chorister, afterwards as a scholar under Dr. Warton (1771-6), and then went as a commoner to Merton (B.A. degree 1781, M.A. 1783, D.D. 1795). In 1784 he was appointed hostiarius or second master of Winchester, and appears to have done what he could to counteract the lax discipline of Dr. Warton, which resulted in the famous ' rebellion ' of 1 793, during which Goddard's house was broken into. Sydney

Godden

Godden

Smith, who was under Goddard, described his life at Winchester as one of misery (LADY HOLLAND, Memoir of Sydney Smith, i. 7, 4th ed.) ; but his experience seems to have been an exceptional one (see the evidence collected by the Rev. H. C. ADAMS in Wykehamica at p. 160). In 1796 Goddard succeeded Dr. Warton as head-master, and retained the appointment until 1809, when he retired. He was one of the best head-masters Win- chester has ever had. Within three years he had raised the numbers of the school from 60 to 144, and its scholarship showed imme- diate improvement. Among his pupils were Bishops Lipscombe and Shuttleworth, Lords Cranworth and Eversley, Sir Robert Inglis, Augustus Hare, and Dr. Arnold, and it is probable that many of the educational prin- ciples which Dr. Arnold is supposed to have invented, especially that of governing by re- liance on boys' sense of honour, were really derived by him from Goddard. He was an able teacher, a firm disciplinarian, and the only outbreak under his rule, that of 1808, was of a mild character (AUGUSTUS HAKE, Memorials of a Quiet Life, vol. i. ch. iv. ; STANLEY, Life of Dr. Arnold, i. 2).

After his resignation of the head-master- ship Goddard was made a prebendary of St. Paul's in January 1814, and canon of Salis- bury in October 1829 ; he was also presented to the living of Bapton in Sussex, and for several years held that of Wherwell, near Andover, in commendam. His last years were spent partly in Cadogan Place, Chelsea, London, partly at Andover, where, besides numerous benefactions, he rebuilt Foxcote Church, at the cost of some 30,000/. To Win- chester College he presented 25,000£, to pro- vide for the annual salaries of the masters, which had previously been charged in the accounts of the boys' parents. In grateful memory of him a scholarship of the value of 251. a year, and tenable for four years, was founded at Winchester in 1846. Goddard's literary remains consist of a Latin elegy on Dr. Warton (WooL, Life of Warton, i. 191) and some sermons, one of which was preached on the occasion of the consecration of his old schoolfellow, Dr. Howley, as bishop of Lon- don (1813).

[' Wykehamica,' by the Eev. H. C. Adams, men- tioned above; Gent. Mag. 1845, xxiv. 642-4.1

L. C. S.

GODDEN, vere TYLDEN, THOMAS, D.D.

(1624-1688), controversialist, son of Wil- liam Tylden, gentleman, of Dartford, Kent, was born at Addington in that county in 1624, and educated at a private school kept by Mr. Gill in Holborn. He was entered as

a commoner of Queen's College, Oxford, on 3 July 1638, his tutor being Randall Sander- son, fellow of that society. Removing to Cambridge, he was on 3 July 1639 admitted a pensioner of St. John's College in that uni- versity. He was admitted as a Billingsley scholar of St. John's on 4 Nov. 1640, on the recommendation of John Williams, bishop of Lincoln, and he graduated B.A. in 1641-2. During his residence at Cambridge he formed an acquaintance with John Sergeant [q. v.], who became a convert to Catholicism, and con- verted Godden. They both proceeded to the English College at Lisbon, where they arrived on 4 Nov. 1643. After eight months spent in devotional exercises, they were on 20 June 1644 admitted alumni. In due course God- den was ordained priest, and he lectured on philosophy in the college from 1650 till January 1652-3. After having been succes- sively professor of theology, prefect of studies, and vice-president, he was on 29 June 1655 appointed president of the college, in suc- cession to Dr. Clayton. In April 1660 he was created D.D. He became renowned for his eloquence as a preacher in the Portuguese

In 1661 he was appointed chaplain and pre- ceptor to the Princess Catharine of Braganza, the destined consort of Charles II, and the year following he accompanied her to Eng- land, and had apartments assigned to him in the palace of Somerset House. In 1671 he was engaged in a controversy with Stilling- fleet, upon the question whether salvation was attainable by converts from protest- antism, as well as by persons bred in the catholic religion. In 1678 Godden was ac- cused of complicity in the murder of Sir Ed- mund Berry Godfrey [q.v]. His lodgings in Somerset House were searched, and his ser- vant, Lawrence Hill, was executed as an ac- complice in the crime on the false testimony of Miles Prance, who swore that the corpse was concealed in Godden's apartment. God- den escaped to the continent, and retired to Paris. In the reign of James II he was re- instated in Somerset House, where he was almoner to the queen dowager and chaplain as before. On 30 Nov. 1686 he and Dr. Bona- venture Giffard [q. v.] attended a conference held before the king and the Earl of Rochester concerning the real presence, and defended the catholic doctrine in opposition to Dr. William Jane, dean of Gloucester, and Dr. Simon Patrick, who appeared on the pro- testant side (MACAULAY, Hist, of England, ed. 1858, ii. 149). He died in November 1688, while the nation was in the throes of the revolution, and was buried on 1 Dec. in the vaults under the royal chapel in Somerset

Godel 2

House (LtTTTRELL, Hist. Relation of State Affairs, i. 482). Dodd says that he was equal m learning to his Anglican opponents, ' but much superior to them in his modest be- haviour, which gained him great applause, even from those of the adverse party ' ( Church Hist. iii. 470).

He was author of : 1. ' Catholicks no Ido- laters ; or a full Refutation of Dr. Stilling- fleet's Unjust Charge of Idolatry against the Church of Rome,' London, 1671 and 1672, 8vo. This was in reply to ' A Discourse of the Idolatry practis'd in the Church of Rome,' 1671, by Stillingfleet. 2. ' A Just Discharge to Dr. Stillingfleet's Unjust Charge of Ido- latry against the Church of Rome. With a Discovery of the Vanity of his late Defence. . . . By way of Dialogue between Eunomius, a Conformist, and Catharinus, a Non-conform- ist,' 3 pts., Paris, 1677, 12mo. Stillingfleet replied with ' Several Conferences between a Romish Priest, a Fanatic Chaplain, and a Divine of the Church of England, . . .'1679. 3. A Treatise concerning the Oath of Su- premacy. Manuscript (Memoirs of Gregorio Panzani, p. 326). 4. ' A Sermon of St. Peter, preached before the Queen Dowager ... on 29 June 1686,' London, 1686, 4to, reprinted in ' Catholick Sermons,' 1741. The publica- tion of this sermon gave rise to a controversy on the questions of St. Peter's residence at Rome and the pope's supremacy. 5. ' A Sermon of the Nativity of our Lord, preached before the Queen Dowager ... at Somerset House,' London, 1686, 8vo.

[Addit. MS. 5870, f. 99 ; Baker's Hist, of St. John's (Mayor), i. 525. 526 ; Cath. Mag. v. 621, vi. 59; Cooke's Preacher's Assistant, ii. 141; Dodd's Certamen Utriusque Ecclesise, p. 16 ; Billow's Bibl. Diet. ii. 503, iii. 307 ; Jones's Popery Tracts, pp. 126, 127, 257, 423, 453, 466, 483; Luttrell's Hist. Relation of State Affairs, i. 391; Mayor's Admissions to St. John's Coll. p. 48 ; Panzani's Memoirs, p. 338 ; Tablet, 16 Feb. 1889, p. 257 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 93, 674.] T. C.

GODEL, WILLIAM (fi. 1173), historian, is only known from the allusions in his chro- nicle, in which he never mentions himself by name. Under the year 1145 he says : ' This year I, who compiled this work from various histories, entered a monastery; in age a youth, and by race an Englishman/ But at the end of the manuscript (Bibliotheque Nationals, 4893, sec. xiii) there is a note in a hand of the fourteenth century, stating that the author was William Godel, a monk of St. Martial at Limoges. The writer, however, never men- tions St. Martial, nor even the town of Li- moges. Probably he was a Cistercian of some monastery in the diocese of Sens, or of

Godfrey

Bourges ; for at the date of the foundation of Citeaux he gives very exactly the succession of its abbots, and under the year 1145 he reports the death of Henri Sanglier, archbishop of Sens, who was succeeded byllugues of Touci, from whom he received all the orders except the priesthood. He was ordained priest of Leuroux by Pierre de la Chatre, archbishop of Bourges, who died in 1171. Godel seems to have been fond of travel, and so perhaps often changed his monastery till, dying at St. Mar- tial, he left his chronicle there. The chroni- cle is a history from the creation to 1173 A.D., with some additions by a later writer down to 1320. It must have been written before 1 180, for under date 1137 he speaks of Louis VII as ' qui nunc rex pius superest,' and later he refers to Philip Augustus as ' qui nunc regni coronam expectat.' The chronicle is very brief till 1066, then rather fuller on English affairs, but contains little that is new or im- portant, and has some gross errors. Godel used as his English authorities Geoffrey of Monmouth, Bede, William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon (from whose work to the accession of Henry I he had made extracts in a monastery in England), and Florence of Worcester. This chronicle closely resembles the anonymous continuation from 1124 to 1184 of the « Chronicle of S. Pierre de Sens ' by Clarius, with which it is in many places literally identical. The writers of the ' His- toire Litteraire' hold that it was the conti- nuator who had borrowed, while the editors of the 'Recueil' incline to the belief that Godel was himself the continuator. This is additional reason for believing that Godel's original monastery was in the diocese of Sens. Almost all Godel's chronicle from the tenth century to 1173 is printed in the ' Recueil dea Historiens de la France,' x. 259-63, xi. 282- 285, and xiii. 671-7, where also extracts from the continuation of Clarius will be found, xii. 283-5.

[Histoire LitteVaire de la France, xiii. 508 ; Hardy's Cat. of Brit. Hist. ii. 402-3 ; notes in Recueil as above, and pref. to vol. xiii. p. lxviii.1

C. L. K

GODERICH, VISCOUNT. [See ROBINSON, FREDERICK JOHN, EARL OF RIPON, 1782- 1859.]

GODFREY OF MALMESBURY (fl. 1081) is supposed author of a chronicle in the British Museum (MS. Cott. Vesp. D. iv. 73). Bishop Tanner erroneously identified this writer with Godfrey, abbot of Malmesbury in the eleventh century. Godfrey the abbot was a native of Jumieges, who accompanied his townsman, Theode win, when he was made abbot of Ely in 1071. Two years and a

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3°

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half later Theodewin died, and Godfrey be" came procurator, a position which he filled with ability for seven years. He is said to have obtained from William I an inquiry into the property of his abbey, and a con- firmation of its customs (Anglia Sacra, i. 610, and Monasticon, v. 460, 476, where the do- cuments are given). In 1081 William ap- pointed him abbot of Malmesbury, where he adorned the church, and laid the foundations of a library; in the latter work he was as- sisted by William of Malmesbury, who de- scribes him as a man of courteous manner and temperate life, whose abbacy was sullied only by his stripping the treasures of the monastery to pay the tax imposed by William II on the occasion of the mortgage of Normandy by Duke Robert. Godfrey must have died about 1107, in which year Edulf became abbot. Despite his literary tastes, he cannot have been the author of the chronicle, which, ac- cording to Sir T. Hardy, is almost entirely based on Geoffrey of Monmouth. Tanner says that it is nothing else than part of the annals of Alfred of Beverley (fl. 1143), and conjec- tures that the name ' Godfridus De Malves- bury ' on the manuscript is that of an owner, not of the writer. Perhaps this is correct ; in any case the chronicler is a different person from the abbot. Baptista Fulgosus, an Italian writer of the fifteenth century, cites among his authorities Gotfredus Anglus Historicus, who is perhaps our chronicler. The chro- nicle, which extends from the coming of the Saxons to 1129, is merely a compilation and without historical value. It is quoted by Selden, ' Titles of Honour,' pt. ii. chap. v.

[William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum, v. sects. 271-4; Mabillon, Annales Benedictini, vol. v. ; Tanner, p. 329 ; Hardy's Cat. of Brit. Hist. i. 667.] C. L. K.

GODFREY OF WINCHESTER (d. 1107), Latin poet, was a native of Cambrai, and was appointed prior of St. Swithin's, Winchester, by Bishop Walkelin in 1081 (Ann. Wint.] William of Malmesbury (Gest. Reg. v. 444, and Gest. Pont. ii. 877) says that be was dis- tinguished for his piety and literary ability, which was shown by his epistles written in a pleasant and familiar style, as also by his epigrams ; but that, despite his store of learn- ing, he was a man of great humility. The monastery profited by Godfrey's liberality, and under his rule it acquired its high reputa- tion for hospitality and piety. He was bed- ridden for many years before his death, which took place on 27 Dec. 1107 (Ann. Wint. and his epitaph in Eodl. MS. 535, f. 37 b, printed by Tanner). Godfrey was the author of a large number of epigrams, in which he imi- tated Martial with some success ; they are

divided by Pits into disticha,tetrasticha,&c. ; the collection is entitled in Bodl. MS. Digby 112, ' Liber Proverbiorum,' in Cott. MS. Vit. A. xii. ' De moribus et vita instituenda,' and no doubt is the same as the ' De diversis ho- minum moribus' given by Pits. These two manuscripts also contain nineteen short poems 'De Primatum Anglise Laudibus' (or 'Epi- grammata Historica '), as for instance on Cnut, Edward the Confessor, and Queen Matilda. These epigrams and poems are printed in 'Latin Satirical Poets of the Twelfth Century,' Rolls Series, edited by Mr. T. Wright. In MS. Digby 65 there are also sixteen other short pieces ascribed to Godfrey, and including an ' Epita- phium Petri Abelardi,' which of course is not by him. Clearly there has been some confusion, and even of the nineteen ' Epigrammata His- torica ' printed by Mr. Wright, ten are also ascribed to Serlo of Bayeux. In the same manuscript (Digby 65) there is a ' Carmen de Nummo,' which is there ascribed to Godfrey, and probably correctly, though Twine (in C. C. C. MS. 255) claimed it for Hildebert, bishop of Mans. In Digby 112 three short poems, one beginning ' Res odiosa nimis,' printed by Mr. Wright (ii. 161), 'Versus de historiis Veteris Testamenti,' and ' Versus de historia Romana,' are inserted between the ' Liber Proverbiorum ' and ' Epigrammata Historica,' and the whole ends ' Explicit Li- bell us Domini Godfridi ; ' they may therefore be his compositions. Pits also names an ' Epi- thalamium Beatae Marise Virginis,' and the prologue of such a poem ascribed to Godfrey is given by Twine (MS. C. C. C. Oxford, 255) ; but this is only the prose prologue of the Epithalamium in Digby 65, which is probably by John Garland [q. v.] Godfrey's epistles seem to have perished.

[Pits, p. 192 ; Tanner, p. 328 ; Anglia Sacra, vol. i.; Hardy's Cat. of Brit, Hist. ii. 100; Wright's Prefaces to Latin Satirical Poems, and Literature and Superstition of England ; War- ton's Hist, of English Poetry, i. 240, ed. 1871 ; Hist. Litt. de la France, ix. 352-8.] C. L. K.

GODFREY or GODFREY-HANCK- WITZ, AMBROSE (d. 1741), chemist, was employed for many years as operator in the laboratory of Robert Boyle (Addit. MS. 25095, f. *103). He was indebted to Boyle, whom he mentions with gratitude, for the first hints of ' better -perfecting that wonder- ful preparation, the phosphorus glacialis ' (Introduction to Account, &c., 1724, pp. x, xi). His laboratory was in Southamp- ton Street, Covent Garden. In 1719 he ex- amined and analysed the water of the medi- cinal spring at Nottington, near Weymouth, Dorsetshire, and made a report of the result of his inquiry to the Royal Society (H

Godfrey 2

Dorsetshire, 2nd edit., ii. 107). On 22 Jan. 1729-30 he was elected F.R.S. (THOMSON, Hist, of Hoy. Soc., Appendix iv.) His two contributions to the ' Philosophical Transac- tions ' are ' An Account of some Experiments upon the Phosphorus Urinse' (xxxviii. 58- 70), and 'An Examination of Westashton Well-waters' (vol. xli. pt. ii. pp. 828-30). He invented and patented a machine for ex- tinguishing fires ' by explosion and suffoca- tion,' an exhibition of which he announced to take place at Belsize. To his 'Account of the New Method,' 8vo, 1724, he appended a * short narrative ' of the dishonourable be- haviour of Charles Povey of Hampstead ' in relation to this useful invention, by which it will appear that the said Mr. Povey's pre- tended Watch Engine is at best a precarious and often dangerous remedy imperfectly stolen from Ambrose Godfrey's Method.' A second edition of this pamphlet, without the narra- tive, appeared in 1743. Godfrey's method was tried in a house erected for the purpose by the Society of Arts in Marylebone Fields 19 May 1761, when it seems to have proved entirely successful (Gent. Mag. xxxi. 235). He died 15 Jan. 1741, and on the same day his will, dated5 May 1732, was proved at Lon- don (registered in P. C. C. 12, Spurway). His wife Mary, widow of Joseph Pitt, apothecary to Queen Anne and Prince George of Den- mark (LYSONS, Parishes in Middlesex,^. 163), died in 1754 (will registered in P. C. C. 106, Pinfold). His three sons, Boyle, Ambrose, and John, all able chemists, are noticed below. His letters to Sir Hans Sloane, 1721- 1733, are in the British Museum, Addit. MS. 4045, ff. 299-314 ; one to Dr. J. Woodward, 1724, is Addit. MS. 25095, f. 103. A portrait of Godfrey, painted by R. Schmutz, was en- graved by G. Vertue in 1718 (NOBLE, Con- tinuation of Granger, iii. 289). He used his first surname only, but in formal docu- ments the name always appears as ' Godfrey- Hanckwitz.'

BOYLE GODFREY (eZ.1756 ?) developed, much to his father's annoyance, an unmistakable passion for alchemy, and ruined himself in the prosecution of costly futile experiments. The importunities of his creditors obliged him to retire to Rotterdam in 1731, where he at- tempted to practise medicine without having taken a degree. In December 1734 he was in Paris endeavouring to bring to the king's notice some wonderful remedy ' contra pro- fluvia sanguinis.' By December 1735, while still in Paris, he had received from a foreign university the diploma of M.D. The follow- ing year he ventured to return to his home in Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, only to lead a miserable existence in consequence of

Godfrey

his debts. Sir Hans Sloane did what he could to help him (cf. his letters to Sloane, 1733- 1742, Addit. MS. 4045, ff. 317-49). In the hope of obtaining practice he published about 1735 ' Miscellanea vere Utilia ; or, Miscellane- ous Experiments and Observations on various subjects.' A second edition, ' with additions,' came out in 1737. By his will his father, from whom he had had ' many thousand pounds,' which he ' squander'd away in a very profuse manner,' bequeathed him the sum of ten shillings a week ' that he might not want bread,' besides making a separate provision for his wife and children. Boyle ultimately sought a refuge in Dublin, from which he addressed a letter to Thomas Birch, dated 13 Jan. 1752-3, enclosing a few of his in- numerable ' observations ' for the edification of the Royal Society (id. 4308, ff. 122-3). He died (presumably in 1766), aged seventy. A witty epitaph on him, made up of a long and appropriate striiJg of chemical definitions, scientifically arranged, and forming a very curious specimen of the terminology of che- mistry, written by Charles Smith, M.D. [q.v.], was read at a meeting of the Dublin Medico- Philosophical Society on 1 July 1756, and in- serted in the minutes on the 15th of the same month. (An accurate copy is given in Notes and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 213 ; cf. HACKETT, Col- lection of Epitaphs, ii. 191-2). He married Elizabeth, sister of Towers Ashcroft, rector of Meppershall, Bedfordshire, by whom he left a son, Ambrose, and a daughter, Mary (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 128, 177, 197, 234).

AMBROSE the younger (d. 1756) and JOHN GODFREY (Jl. 1747) carried on their father's laboratory in Southampton Street, but were declared bankrupts in 1746 (Gent. Mag. xvi. 45, 108). In 1747 they published ' A Curious Research into the Element of Water, con- taining many . . . experiments on that fluid body. . . . Being the conjunctive trials of Ambrose and John Godfrey, chymists, from their late Father's Observations,' 4to, Lon- don, 1747. Ambrose, who died in Decem- ber 1756 (will registered in P. C. C. 338, Glazier), took into partnership his nephew Ambrose, son of Boyle. The name survives in the firm of Godfrey & Cooke, a partnership created in 1797 under the will of Ambrose Godfrey, the nephew, but it is believed that the latter's descendants are extinct.

[Authorities as above.] G. G.

GODFREY, ARABELLA. [See CHTTRCHILL, ARABELLA.]

GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY*^

(1621-1678), justice of the peace for West- sre. minster, born 23 Dec. 1621, probably at Sel- at b

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linge, Kent, was eighth son of Thomas God- frey, esq., by his second wife Sarah, daugh- ter of Thomas Isles, esq., of Hammersmith. The father, born 3 Jan. 1585-6, belonged to an old Kentish family, and lived at different times at Winchelsea, Haling, and Selling, all in Kent, and at St. Giles's, Cripplegate, Lon- don. He had twenty children by his two wives. He was M.P. for Winchelsea in 1614, and sat for New Romney in Charles I's third parliament (1628-9), and in the Short parliament of 1640. He died 10 Oct. 1664, and was buried beneath an elaborate monu- ' ment in Sellinge Church. His domestic diary (1608-55), preserved in Brit. Mus. Lansd. MS. 235, was printed by Mr. J. G. Ni- chols in the ' Topographer and Genealogist,'

11. 450-67. Peter, the eldest son by his se- i cond wife, inherited the estate of Hodiford, Kent (BERRY, Kentish Genealogies). Ed- j ward, another son, died in June 1640, aged j

12, just after his election to a king's scholar- ship at Westminster School, and was buried ! in the east cloister of Westminster Abbey. The ninth son, Michael, a London merchant \ (1624-1691), was foreman of the jury at the trial of Fitzharris in 1681, and had two sons, ' (1) Michael [q. v.], first deputy governor of the Bank of England, and (2) Peter, M.P. for London from 1715 till his death in November 1724.

Edmund was ' christened the 13° January ' [1621-2].' 'His godfathers,' writes his father in his diary, ' were my cousin, John Berrie, esq., captain of the foot company of ] . . . Lidd ... his other godfather was Edmund Harrison, the king's embroiderer i . . . They named my son Edmund Berrie, j the one's name and the other's Christian name.' Macaulay, J. R. Green, and others, have fallen into the error of giving Godfrey's Christian name as * Edmundsbury ' or ' Ed- mundbury.' Edmund was educated at West- minster School, but was not on the founda- tion. He matriculated at Oxford as a com- moner of Christ Church 23 Nov. 1638, tra- velled abroad, entered Gray's Inn 3 Dec. 1640, and retired to the country in consequence of ' a defect in his hearing' (Extract from Christ Church Reg.] FOSTER, Gray's Inn Reg. ; TUKE, Memoires). His father's family was too large for him to give Edmund, one of his youngest sons, a competency. Edmund accordingly returned to London to take up the trade of a wood-monger. Together with a friend and partner named Harrison he acquired a wharf at Dowgate. The business prospered, and before 1658 he set up a wharf on his own account at ' Hartshorn Lane, near Charing Cross,' now Northumberland Street, Strand. He resided in an adjoining house described at

the time as in ' Green's Lane in the Strand, near to Hungerford Market.' His prosperity and public spirit led to his appointment a» justice of the peace for Westminster, and he took an active part in the affairs of his own parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. He re- mained in London throughout the plague of 1665, and his strenuous efforts to maintain order and relieve distress were rewarded by knighthood (September 1666). The king at the same time presented him with a silver tankard. Godfrey showed much belief in and many attentions to Valentine Greatrakes, the Irish 'stroker' [q. v.], on his visit to London in 1666 (GREATRAKES, Account, ed. 1723, pp. 36, 45). In 1669 he came into collision with the court. A customer, Sir Alexander Fraizer [q. v.], the king's physician, was ar- rested at his suit for 30/. due for firewood. The bailiffs were soundly whipped by the king's order ; Godfrey, who was committed to the porter's lodge at Whitehall, narrowly escaped the like indignity, ' to such an un- usual degree,' writes his friend Pepys,' was the king moved therein.' Godfrey asserted that the law was on his side, and that he ' would suffer in the cause of the people ' (PEPTS). For a time he refused nutriment. He was- released after six days' imprisonment (TTJKE).

Godfrey moved in good society. He knew Danby, who became lord treasurer in 1673. His friends Burnet and William Lloyd, vicar of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, both affirm that ' he was esteemed the best justice of the peace in England.' His civility and courtesy were always conspicuous. He spent much in private charity. Some thought him 'vain and apt to take too much upon him,' but Burnet disputes this view. He was a zealous protestant, but ' had kind thoughts of the nonconformists, and consequently did not strictly enforce the penal laws against either them or the Roman catholics.' ' Few men/ says Burnet, ' lived on better terms with the papists than he did.' In 1678 ' he was en- tering upon a great design of taking up all beggars and putting them to work,' but gave at the same time 100/. for the relief of the necessitous poor of the parish of St. Martin's- in-the-Fields ( True and Perfect Narrative).

Godfrey went to Montpellier for his health early in 1678, and returned, after much travel in France, greatly benefited. Soon after his return Titus Gates brought his narrative of his 'Popish plot 'to Godfrey (6 Sept. 1678), and made his first depositions on oath in sup- port of his charges. Three weeks later he signed further depositions in Godfrey's pre- sence, and on 28 Sept. laid his informations before the privy council. Oates swore that Godfrey complained to him on 30 Sept. of

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affronts offered him by both parties in the council — some condemning his officiousness and others his remissness in not disclosing his interviews with Gates earlier. Threats, adds Gates, were held out that his conduct would form a subject for inquiry when parliament met on 21 Oct. As the panic occasioned by Oates's revelations increased, Godfrey, accord- ing to Burnet, became ' apprehensive and re- served ; ' ' he believed he himself should be knocked on the head.' ' Upon my conscience,' he told a friend, 'I shall be the first martyr; but I do not fear them if they come fairly : I shall not part with my life tamely' (TuKE). But he declined the advice of his friends to go about with a servant.

On Saturday morning, 12 Oct. 1678, God- frey left home at nine o'clock, was seen soon afterwards at Marylebone, called about paro- chial business on one of the churchwardens of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields at noon, and ac- cording to somewhat doubtful evidence was met late in the day between St. Clement's Church in the Strand and Somerset House. He did not return home that night. His servants, knowing his regular habits, grew alarmed. On the following Thursday even- ing (17 Oct.) his dead body was found in a ditch on the south side of Primrose Hill, near Hampstead. He lay face downwards, trans- fixed by his own sword. Much money and jewellery were found untouched in his pockets ; his pocket-book and a lace cravat were alone missing. Next day an inquest was held at the White House, Primrose Hill. Two surgeons swore that there were marks about the neck which showed that Godfrey died of suffocation, and was stabbed after death. Other witnesses showed that the body was not in the ditch on the preceding Tuesday, and that it must have been placed there when dead. An open verdict of wilful murder was returned. The body was carried to Godfrey's house. Burnet saw it, and noticed on the clothes ' drops of white wax lights,' such as Roman catholic priests use, but no mention was made of this circum- stance at the inquest. The funeral was de- layed till 31 Oct. On that day the body was borne to Old Bridewell, and publicly lay in state. A solemn procession afterwards ac- companied it through Fleet Street and the Strand to the church of St. Martin's-in-the- Fields, where it was buried, and a sermon preached by William Lloyd, the vicar. Two proclamations, offering a reward of 5001. for the discovery of the murderers, were issued respectively on 20 and 24 Oct.

Godfrey was undoubtedly murdered. The public, panic-stricken by Oates's desperate allegations, promptly laid the crime at the

VOL. XXII.

door of Roman catholic priests, and popular indignation against the papists was roused to fever heat. Medal-portraits of Godfrey were struck, in which the pope was represented as directing the murder. Ballads and illus- trated broadsides expressed similar senti- ments. ' An Hasty Poem,' entitled ' Pro- clamation promoted ; or an Hue and Cry and inquisition after treason and blood,' appeared as early as 1 Nov. 1678 (LEMON, Cat. Broad- sides in possession of Soc. Antiq. Lond. 134). Sober persons who mistrusted Oates from the first, and were convinced of the aimlessness from a catholic point of view of Godfrey's murder, suggested that ' being of a melan- choly and hypochondriacal disposition ' God- frey might have committed suicide. It was also rumoured that he was pursuing some secret amours, and was in heavy debt to the parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. But these allegations were unsupported by evidence, and the theory of suicide is quite untenable.

A parliamentary committee under the pre- sidency of Shaftesbury sat to investigate Oates's statements and Godfrey's murder. On 10 Nov. Bedloe, one of Oates's chief allies, informed the committee that the murderers were two of Lord Belasyse's servants. The king disbelieved the allegation. Danby, lord high treasurer, who discredited the testi- mony of Oates and his gang, was himself charged in a paper signed ' J. B.' and sent to members of parliament with being privy to a plot to take Godfrey's life. Danby's secretary, Edward Christian, deemed it wise to rebut in a pamphlet the absurd charge, which was repeated by Fitzharris in 1680 (cf. Reflec- tions upon a Paper entitled Reflections upon the Earl of Danby in relation to Sir Edmund Barry Godfrey's murder, 1679; Vindication of the Duke of Leeds, 1711). At length on 21 Dec. 1678, Miles Prance, a Roman ca- tholic silversmith, who sometimes worked in the queen's chapel at Somerset House, was arrested on the false testimony of a default- ing debtor as a catholic conspirator. Much tor- ture and repeated cross-examinations elicited from him a confession of complicity in God- frey's murder, 24Dec. Certain catholic priests, according to Prance, decided on Godfrey's murder because he was a zealous protestant and a powerful abettor of Oates, and they and their associates dogged his steps for many days. On 12 Oct. he was enticed into the courtyard of Somerset House, where the queen lived, on the pretext that two of her servants were fighting there. The murderers were awaiting him. He was straightway strangled in the presence of three priests, Vernatti, Gerald, and Kelley, by Robert Green, cushionman in the queen's chapel,

D

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Lawrence Hill, servant to Dr. Thomas God- den [q. v.], treasurer of the chapel, and Henry Berry, porter of Somerset House. Meanwhile Prance watched one of the gates to prevent interruption. The body was kept at Somerset House till the following Wednesday night, when it was carried by easy stages in a sedan chair to Primrose Hill, and left as it was found. Prance said that he afterwards at- tended a meeting of Jesuits and priests at Bow to celebrate the deed. Green, Hill, and Berry j were arrested. Before the trial Prance re- canted his story, but a few days later reas- serted its truth. On 5 Feb. 1678-9 he swore , in court to his original declaration. Bedloe appeared to corroborate it, and deposed to offers of money being made to him by Lefaire, Pritchard, and other priests early in October j to join in the crime. But his allegation did ! not agree in detail with Prance's statement. ' One of Godfrey's servants swore that Hill' and Green had called with messages at her master's house on or before the fatal Satur- day. The prisoners strenuously denied their j guilt, and called witnesses to prove an alibi. They were, however, convicted. Green and Hill, both Roman catholics, were hanged at Tyburn on 21 Feb., and Berry, in considera- tion of his being a protestant, a week later. On 8 Feb. Samuel Atkins, a servant of Pepys, was tried as an accessory before the fact on Bedloe's evidence. But Bedloe's story was so flimsy that Atkins was acquitted.

The populace was satisfied. Primrose Hill, which had been known at an earlier period as Greenberry Hill, was rechristened by that name in reference to the three alleged mur- derers. Somerset House was nicknamed God- frey Hall. Illustrated broadsides set forth all the details of the alleged murder there. But Prance was at once suspected by sober critics of having concocted the whole story, which Bedloe alone had ventured to corrobo- rate. He was soon engaged in a paper war- fare with Sir Roger L'Estrange and other pamphleteers who doubted his evidence. 'A Letter to Miles Prance,' signed Trueman (1680), was answered by Prance in 'Sir E. B. G.'s Ghost,' which in its turn was an- swered by ' A second Letter to Miles Prance ' (13 March 1681-2). The ' Loyal Protestant Intelligencer' on 7 and 11 March 1681-2 severely denounced the trial of Green, Berry, j and Hill as judicial murder. Immediately j afterwardsthe theory of Godfrey's suicide was revived. On 20 June 1682 Nathaniel Thomp- son, William Pain, and John Farwell were found guilty at Westminster of having cir- culated pamphlets discrediting the justice of the trial of Green, Berry, and Hill, and with having asserted that Godfrey killed himself.

They were sentenced to fines of 100/. each, while Thompson and Farwell had in addition to stand in the pillory in Old Palace Yard. Some new evidence was adduced at their trial to show that Godfrey was undoubtedly mur- dered, but no clue to the perpetrators was discovered. Prance's story was finally de- molished when on 15 June 1686 he pleaded guilty to perjury in having concocted all his evidence. He was fined 100/., and was or- dered to stand in the pillory, and to be whipped from Newgate to Tyburn.

The mystery remains unsolved. The most probable theory is that Gates and his despe- rate associates caused Godfrey to be murdered to give colour to their false allegations, and to excite popular opinion in favour of their agitation.

A portrait of Godfrey hangs in the vestry- room of the parish of St. Martin's-in-the- Fields. An engraving by Van Houe is pre- fixed to Tuke's ' Memoires,' 1682. In 1696 Godfrey's brotherBenjamin repaired the tablet above the grave of their younger brother (1628^tO) in the east cloister of Westminster, and added a Latin inscription giving the date of Sir Edmund's murder. A silver tankard, now belonging to the borough of Sudbury, Suffolk, bears Godfrey's arms and an inscrip- tion recounting his services at the plague and fire of London. It is apparently a copy, made for Godfrey for presentation to a friend, of the tankard presented to him by Charles II in 1666. An engraving is in the ' Gentleman's Maga- zine,'1848, pt. ii. p. 483. Seven medallion-por- traits of Godfrey are in the British Museum. (For engravings of these see PINKEKTON, Me- dallions relating to History of England, plate xxxv.)

[Tuke's Memoires of the Life and Death of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, Lond. 1682, dedicated to Charles II, with two poems on the murder ap- pended, ' Bacchanalia ' and ' The Proclamation Promoted ; ' Nichols's Topographer and Genealo- gist, 1852, ii. 459 et seq. ; W. Lloyd's Funeral Sermon, 1678; Howell's State Trials, vi. 1410 et seq., vii. 159 et seq., viii. 1378-80; Aubrey's Lives in Letters from the Bodleian Library, ii. 359 ; Pepys's Diary ; Luttrell's Brief Relation ; Reres- by's Memoirs, ed. Cartwright ; Burnet's History of his Own Time: Gent. Mag. 1848, ii. 483-90; Cat. of Prints and Drawings in the British Mu- seum (Satirical), i. ; Thornbury and Walford's Old and New London; Macaulay's History; Hal- lam's History. The True and Perfect Narrative, 1678, supplies an impartial account of the.finding of the body and the inquest. Prance's True Narrative and Discovery, 1679; his Additional Narrative, 1679; his Lestrange a Papist, 1681 ; his Solemn Protestation against Lestrange, 1 682, and A Succinct Narrative with Prance's story repeated, 1683, give Prance's allegations. The

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Godfrey

Letters to Prance and the Anti-Protestant, or Miles against Prance, 1682, contain the chief con- temporary criticism of his testimony. England's Grand Memorial, 1679 (with Godfrey's character); The Solemn Mock Procession of Pope, Cardinals, &C..1679 and 1680; London Drollery, 1680; The Popish Damnable Plot, 1680; the Dreadful Appari- tion— the Pope Haunted, 1680 ; A True Narrative of the . . . Plot, 1680, give broadside illustrations of the murder and recapitulate Prance's story. For other ballads see Bagford Ballads, ed. Ebs- worth, ii. 662-85, and Roxburghe Ballads, ed. Ebsworth, iv.] S. L. L.

GODFREY, MICHAEL (d. 1695), finan- cier, was the eldest son of Michael God- frey (1624-1689), merchant, of London, and Woodford, Essex, eleventh son of Thomas Godfrey of Hodiford, Kent, by his wife, Anne Mary Chambrelan. His father was brother of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey [q. v.], and foreman of the grand jury who found a true bill against Edward Fitzharris [q. v.] for high treason. The younger Godfrey and his brother Peter were merchants, and their father predicted that their speculations would speedily ' bring into hotchpott ' the whole of their ample fortunes. Godfrey supported William Paterson in the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694. He was re- warded by being elected the first deputy- governor of the bank. Soon afterwards he published an able pamphlet entitled, ' A Short Account of the Bank of England,' which was reissued after his death, and has also been included in both editions of the ' Somera Tracts.' On 15 Aug. 1694 Godfrey was chosen one of fifteen persons to prepare by- laws for the new bank (LUTTRELL, Historical Relation of State Affairs, 1857, iii. 357). At a general court held on 16 May 1695, at which Peter Godfrey was elected a director, the bank resolved to establish a branch at Antwerp, in order to coin money to pay the troops in Flanders. Deputy-governors Sir James Houblon, Sir William Scawen, and Michael Godfrey were therefore appointed to go thither 'to methodise the same, his ma- jesty and the elector of Bavaria having agreed theretoo ' (ib. iii. 473). On their arrival at Namur, then besieged by William, the king invited them to dinner in his tent. They went out of curiosity into the trenches, where a cannon-ball from the works of the besieged killed Godfrey as he stood near the king, 17 July 1695. ' Being an eminent merchant,' writes Luttrell, ' he is much lamented ; this news has abated the actions of the bank 21. per cent.' (iii. 503). He was buried near his father in the church of St. Swithin, Wai- brook, where his mother erected a tablet to his memory (Slow, Survey, ed. Strype, bk. ii.

E. 193). He was a bachelor. A Michael God- :ey was surveyor-accountant of St. Paul's school in 1682-3 (Admission Registers, ed. Gardiner, p. 394).

[Wills of the elder and younger Michael God- frey registered in P. C. C. 175, Ent, and 130, Irby ; Luttrell's Historical Kelation of State Affairs, 1857 ; Francis's Hist, of Bank of Eng- land, 3rd ed. ; Macaulay's Hist, of England, chaps, xx. xxi.; Will of Peter Godfrey, No- vember 1 724, P. C. C. 245, Bolton.] G. G.

GODFREY, RICHARD BERNARD

(b. 1728), engraver, born in London in 1728, is principally known as an engraver of views and antiquities. Many of these were done from his own drawings, and, if of little ar- tistic value, have considerable archaeological interest. Most of them were executed for Grose's ' Antiquarian Repertory ' in 1775, a work which Godfrey appears to have had some share in editing. Others appeared in Grose's ' Antiquities of England and Wales.' Godfrey also engraved some portraits, in- cluding J. G. Holman, the actor, after De Wilde ; Samuel Foote, the actor, after Col- son ; and the Rev. William Gostling, author of a ' Walk about Canterbury ' in 1777. God- frey exhibited some sea pieces, after Brook- ing, and other engravings at the Society of Artists from 1765 to 1770. He also en- graved plates for Bell's ' British Theatre.'

[Dodd's MS. Hist, of English Engravers (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 33410); Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Catalogues of the Society of Artists.]

L. C.

GODFREY, THOMAS (1736-1763),poet and dramatist, born in Philadelphia on 4 Dec. 1736, was the son of Thomas Godfrey (1704- 1749), glazier and mathematician, who con- structed an improved quadrant at about the same time as John Hadley [q. v.] He re- ceived an ordinary education, and was ap- prenticed to a watchmaker, though he wished, it is said, to become a painter. In 1758 he obtained a lieutenant's commission in the pro- vincial forces raised for an expedition against Fort Duquesne. On the disbanding of the troops in the spring of 1759 he went to North Carolina, and found employment as a factor. Here he composed a tragedy called ' The Prince of Parthia,' which was offered to a company performing in Philadelphia in 1759. This piece, which was printed in 1765, is con- sidered tobe the first play written in America. After remaining in North Carolina for three years Godfrey was obliged by the death of his employer to return to Philadelphia. He subsequently went as supercargo to New Pro- vidence. In his homeward journey through North Carolina he caught a fever, from which,

D2

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Godiva

he died near Wilmington on 3 Aug. 1763. Besides contributing verses to the 'American Magazine/ a Philadelphian periodical, God- frey published in 1763 ' The Court of Fancy,' a poem modelled in part on the pseudo- Chaucer's ' House of Fame.' A volume of his poems, with a biographical sketch by his friend Nathaniel Evans, appeared in 1767.

[Baker's Biographia Dramatica (Reed and Jones), i. 279-80, iii. 180; Appleton's Cyclopaed. of Amer. Biog. ii. 669.] G. G.

GODHAM, ADAM (d. 1358). [See GODDAM.]

GODIVA or GODGIFU (ft. 1040-1080), benefactress, was sister to Thorold of Buck- nail, sheriff of Lincolnshire. Her name is presented in seventeen different forms ; God-

fife is in the Stow charter, Godiva in the palding charter (both printed by Kemble, but probably spurious) ; the Domesday spell- ing is Godeva. Freeman gives Godgifu. Some time before 1040 she married Leofric, earl of Chester [q. v.] In the ' Liber Eliensis ' (end of twelfth century) there is mention of a Godiva, widow of an earl, 'regnante Canute' (1017-1035). She, in prospect of death, wrote to yElfric the bishop (of Elmham and Dun- wich, 1028-32), and Leofric the abbot (of Ely, 1022-29), giving to Ely monastery the estate of Berchinges (Barking, Suffolk), which was hers 'parentum hsereditate.' By will she added to the gift the lands of ^Estre or Plassiz (High Easter, Good Easter, and Pleshey, Suf- folk), Fanbrege (North and South Fambridge, Essex) and Terlinges (Terling, Essex). If this was our Godiva, it would follow that she recovered from her illness of 1028-9, and that her union with Earl Leofric was a second marriage. In the Spalding charter, as in the Domesday survey, she bears the title ' comi- tissa ; ' it does not appear that the title of

* lady ' belonged to her degree in the usage of her time; in the Stow charter she is simply ' Sees eorles pif.' She is described as a person of great beauty and a devoted lover of the Virgin Mary. About 1040 she inte- rested herself in the erection of the monastery at Stow, Lincolnshire, and made considerable benefactions to it, both jointly with her hus- band and on her own part.

At Coventry, Warwickshire, which was a

* villa ' belonging to her husband, there had "been a convent, of which St. Osburg was abbess ; it was burned when Eadric [see EDEIC or EADEIC STREONA] ravaged the dis- trict in 1016. Godiva induced her husband to found here, in 1043, a Benedictine monas- tery for an abbot and twenty-four monks. The church was dedicated to St. Mary, St. Peter, St. Osburg, and All Saints on 4 Oct.

by Eadsige [q. v.], archbishop of Canterbury. Besides joining her husband in rich gifts of land, including a moiety of Coventry, Godiva from time to time made the church of this monastery resplendent with gold and gems to a degree unequalled in England at that date. William of Malmesbury says that the very walls seemed too narrow for the re- ceptacles of treasures. It abounded also in relics, the most precious being the arm of St. Augustine of Hippo, enclosed in a silver case, bearing an inscription to the effect that Ethelnoth [q. v.], archbishop of Canterbury, had bought it at Pavia for a hundred talents of silver and a talent of gold. Unless the inception of the Coventry monastery was much earlier than the dedication of the church, this relic cannot have been given to Coventry by Ethelnoth {d. 1038); it may have been given byEadsige. In 1051 Godiva's mark is appended to the charter of her brother Thorold, found- ing the Benedictine monastery at Spalding, Lincolnshire, with the words : ' + Ego Godiva Comitissa diu istud desideravi.' She is com- memorated also as a benefactress to the monas- teries of Leominster, Herefordshire, Wen- lock, Shropshire, St. Werburg, Chester, Wor- cester, and Evesham, Worcestershire. Leofric, at her instigation, granted to monasteries sundry lands which had been alienated from church uses. A petition from Godiva to Pope Victor (1055-7) is given by Kemble, who marks it doubtful, and assigns it to 1060-6. Her fame as a religious foundress has been eclipsed by the story of her Coventry ride, around which legend has freely grown. Ob- jection has-been taken to the whole story on the ground that in Godiva's time there was no ' city ' of Coventry. The simplest and apparently the oldest form of the narrative is given by Roger of Wendover, whose ' Flores ' come down to within two years of his death (6 May 1237), but who is dependent up to 1154 (or perhaps 1188) on the work of an unknown earlier writer. Roger represents Godiva as begging the release of the ' villa ' of Coventry from a heavy bondage of toll. Leofric replied, ' Mount your horse naked, and pass through the market of the villa, from one end to the other, when the people are assembled, and on your return you shall obtain what you ask.' Accordingly Godiva, attended by two soldiers, rode through the market-place, her long hair down, so that no one saw her, ' apparentibus cruribus tamen candidissimis.' Leofric, struck with admi- ration, granted the release by charter. The chronicle ascribed to John Brompton [q. v.] of the late fourteenth century gives a briefer account, omits the escort and the market, and asserts without qualification that no one saw

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Godiva

her. Matthew of Westminster, whose annals extend to 1307, combines the language of these two accounts, but still omits the escort, and makes a miracle of Godiva's invisibility. He first speaks of a charter granted by Leofric to the ' city.' Ralph Higden (d.1363), followed by Henry of Knighton, gives to the story a single sentence, of which the natural meaning is that Leofric, in consequence of the ride, freed his city of Coventry from all toll except that on horses. It is possible that an erroneous in- terpretation has suggested the ballad in the 'Percy Folio' (about 1 650), according to which Coventry was already free except from horse toll. This ballad first mentions Godiva's order that all persons should keep within doors and shut their windows, and affirms that ' no person did her see.' That one per- son disobeyed the order seems to be first stated by Rapin (1732). Jago, in ' Edge Hill' (1767, bk. ii.), speaks of 'one prying slave,' and hints at his punishment by loss of sight; Pennant (1782) calls him 'a certain taylor.' The name ' peeping Tom,' which, as Freeman observes, could only have belonged to 'one of king Ead ward's Frenchmen,' oc- curs in the city accounts on 11 June 1773, when a new wig and fresh paint were supplied for his effigy. Poole quotes from the ' Gen- tleman's Magazine,' ' at nearly the close of the last century,' a letter from Canon Seward, which makes the peeper ' a groom of the countess,' named Action (? Actaeon).

The rationalistic interpretation by Water- ton and others, referring to Godiva's 'strip- ping herself to benefit the church, is out of place, for the church gained nothing by the ride. As the story is older than the sacred plays of Coventry, it is unnecessary to discuss Conway's suggestion that ' Godeva ' has got mixed up with ' good Eve.' In its first form the tale may contain a kernel of truth. The monastery would attract a market ; it is cre- dible that Godiva, under religious impulse, accepted a condition, meant to be impossible, in order to relieve ' poor traders resorting to the villa ' (BROMPTON). Drayton's fine lines (Poly-Olbion, 1613, xiii.) give the spirit of the episode. The argument from the silence of the Saxon chronicler (who does not mention her at all), Ordericus Vitalis, William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, the Mel- rose chronicler, and other writers of the twelfth century like Simeon of Durham, Flo- rence of Worcester, and Roger of Hoveden, who are practically identical, may be met by considering that the incident was purely local, and the same fastidiousness which softened some of its circumstances by the aid of mi- racle may have contributed to its omission. Hales sees a reference to the story, earlier

than any direct narrative, in the fact that Queen Maud 'received the sobriquet of Godiva' from her English sympathies ; by a further confusion Walter Bower (d. 1449) [q. v.] tells the story of Matilda, queen of Henry II. Painters commit the anachronism of seating Godiva on her horse in the modern way, in- troduced by Anne of Bohemia [q.v.] Peacham says (1641) that 'her picture so riding is set up in glasse in a window in St. Michael's church in the same city.' Dugdale (1656) says the pictures of both Leofric and Godiva were placed about the time of Richard II in a south window of Trinity Church, Leofric holding a charter with the legend

I Luriche for the love of thee Doe make Coventre Tol-free.

Burgess gives, from Dr. Stukeley's notebook, a drawing of these window-portraits (of which no trace remains) with a slightly different legend ; Luriche is Leuricus, for Levricus. The ' Godiva procession ' at Coventry, first annual, then triennial (last procession 1887), is no survival of a mediaeval pageant. The manuscript city annals show that it was insti- tuted on 31 May 1678, during the mayoralty of Michael Earle, as ' a new Show on the Sum- mer or Great Fair ; ' on that occasion ' James Swinnerton's son represented Lady Godina.' This form of the name, obviously originating from a misreading, is mentioned by Dugdale, and is found in Evans and in a Canterbury broadsheet. The original procession was official, the mediaeval adjuncts (except Bishop Blaise, patron of the woolcombers) were in- troduced when the reformed corporation ceased to take part in it. The oaken figure of a man in armour, now known as 'peeping Tom,' was probably an image of St. George ; it was removed from Grey Friars Lane, and placed in its present position at the north- west corner of Hertford Street, on the forma- tion of that street in 1812. Of recent years a rival figure has adorned the south-west corner.

Leofric died on 31 Aug. 1057. How long Godiva survived him is not known. It seems probable that she died a few years be- fore the Domesday survey (1085-6). Part only of her lands are included in the Domes- day Book. A rosary of gems, worth one hundred marks of silver, she left to be placed round the neck of the image of the Virgin in the abbey church at Coventry. In one of its two porches she was buried, her husband lying in the other. She was the mother of ^Elfgar

[q.v.]

[Ordericus Vitalis, in Duchesne's Historise Normannorum Scriptores Antiqui, 1619, p. 511, and in Migne's Patrologise Cursus, clxxxviii. ;

Godkin 3

William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum (Rolls Ser.), i. 123-4, and Gesta Pontificum (Rolls Ser.), 309-11; Roger of Hoveden (Rolls Ser.), ed. Stubbs, i. 103 ; Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, ed. Coxe, 1841 (Engl. Hist, Soc.), i. 497 ; John of Brompton in Twysdeu's Hist. Anglic. Scriptt. Decem. 1652, p. 949; Matthew of Westminster, ed. 1601, p. 216 sq., ed. 1570, p. 423 sq. ; Ralph Higden (Rolls Ser.), ed. 1879, vii. 198; Henry of Knighton (Rolls iSer.), i. 43- 44 ; John of Peterborough, ed. Giles, 1845, p. 49 ; John of Tynemouth, in Percy Folio, 1868, p. 544 ; Walter of Coventry (Rolls Ser.), ed. Stubbs, 1872, i. 72; Kemble's Codex Diplomaticus, 1846 (Engl. Hist. Soc.), iv. 128, 168 ; Hist. Eccles. Eliensis, in Gale, 1691, iii. 503, cf. Liber Eliensis, ed. Stewart, 1848; RyhenPameach (Henry Peacham, jun.), Dialogue between the Crosse in Cheap and Charing Crosse, 1641; Dugdale's Warwickshire, 1656, p. 86 sq., ed. Thomas, 1730, p. 135 sq. ; Dugdale's Baronage, 1675, i. 9 sq. ; Dugdale's Monasticon, ed. Caley, Ellis, and Bandinel, 1821, iii. 1 sq., 177sq.; Evans's Old Ballads, 1726,ii.34; Rapin's Hist, of England, 1732, i. 135 ; How Coventry •was made free by Godina, Countess of Chester (broadsheet ballad, from Evans, Canterbury [1780], British Museum C. 20, c. 41 (16); Pen- nant's Journey from Chester to London, 1782, p. 139 ; M. D.'Conway in Harper's Monthly Mag. 1866, xxxiii. 625 sq.; Percy Folio, ed. Hales and Furnivall, 1868, iii. 473 sq.; Freeman's Hist. Norman Conquest, 1868, ii. 1871, iv. ; Poole's Coventry, its Hist, and Antiq. 1870 ; Burgess's Historic Warwickshire [1875], p. 75 sq. ; King Eadward's Charter to Coventry Monastery, ed. Birch, 1889; collections relating to LadyGodiva, in Free Public Library, Coventry ; extracts from manuscript city annals, Coventry, per W. G. Fretton, F.S.A; extracts from the manuscript Liber Eliensis in the cathedral library, Ely, per the Rev. J. H. Crosby.] A. G.

GODKIN, JAMES (1806-1879), writer on Ireland, was born at Gorey, co. Wexford, in 1806. Ordained pastor of a dissenting congregation at Armagh in 1834, he after- wards became a general missionary to Roman catholics, in connection with the Irish Evan- gelical Society, and in 1836 issued ' A Guide from the Church of Rome to the Church of Christ.' In 1842 he published ' The Touch- stone of Orthodoxy ' and ' Apostolic Christi- anity, or the People's Antidote against Pusey- ism and Romanism.' Having written a prize essay on federalism in 1845 (' The Rights of Ireland'), Godkin's connection with the Irish Evangelical Society ceased, and he turned his attention to journalism. Proceeding to London inl847,hebecamealeaderwriterfor provincial journals, Irish and Scotch, and a contributor to reviews and magazines. He published in 1848 ' The Church Principles of the NewTesta- ment.' Returning to Ireland in 1849, Godkin established in Belfast the ' Christian Patriot.'

Godley

He afterwards became editor of the ' Deny Standard,' and then, removing to Dublin, he for several years held the chief editorial post on the ' Daily Express.' While engaged on this paper he acted as Dublin correspondent for the London ' Times.' For thirty years Godkin was a close student of every phase of the Irish question. In 1850 he was an active member of the Irish Tenant League.

Some of Godkin's writings on ecclesias- tical and land questions had a large influ- ence. Before the introduction of Mr. Glad- stone's Irish legislative measures in the House of Commons Godkin published an elaborate treatise on 'Ireland and her Churches' (1867), advocating church equality and tenant secu- rity for the Irish people. In 1869 God- kin, as special commissioner of the ' Irish Times,' traversed the greater part of Ulster and portions of the south of Ireland in order to ascertain the feelings of the farmers and the working classes on the land question. The result of these investigations appeared in his work, ' The Land War in Ireland ' (1870).

In 1871 Godkin wrote, in conjunction with John A. Walker, ' The New Handbook of Ireland,' and in 1873 he published his ' Reli- gious History of Ireland ; Primitive, Papal, and Protestant.' He was also the author of ' Religion and Education in India.' and an ' Illustrated History of England from 1820 to the Death of the Prince Consort.' On the recommendation of Mr. Gladstone the queen conferred a'pension on Godkin in 1873 for his literary merit and services. He died in 1879.

[Read's Cabinet of Irish Literature ; Ward's Men of the Reign ; Godkin's Works.]

G. B. S.

GODLEY, JOHN ROBERT (1814-1861), politician, eldest son of John Godley of Kil- legar, co. Leitrim, was born in 1814. He was educated at Harrow, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he proceeded B.A. 27 Oct.1836. He was afterwards called to the English bar, but practised little, if at all. He travelled a good deal. ' Letters from America ' (2 vols. 1844) described the impressions produced on him by a visit to that country. He early turned his attention to colonisation, propos- ing to partially relieve the distress which the impending Irish famine was soon to bring on, by the emigration of one million of the population to Canada. The means were to be provided by Ireland. The ministry rejected the plan. Godley acted as magistrate, grand juror, and poor law guardian in his native county, for which he stood in the tory inte- rest, but unsuccessfully, in 1847. Godley now became intimate with Edward Gibbon Wakefi eld, in whose ' Theory of Colonisation '

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Godolphin

he cordially concurred. This intimacy led to the founding of Canterbury, New Zealand, on a plan elaborated by Godley, ' which required that ample funds should be provided out of the proceeds of the land sales for the religious and educational wants of the community about to be established.'

In December 1849, the state of his health forcing him to leave England, he went to New Zealand, where he at once became in- terested in colonial politics and in the by no means flourishing affairs of Canterbury. Amidst many difficulties, but with clear hope for the future, he guided for some years its * infant fortunes.' His view of colonial ma- nagement he stated thus briefly and empha- tically : ' I would rather be governed by a Nero on the spot than by a board of angels in London, because we could, if the worst came to the worst, cut off Nero's head, but we could not get at the board in London at all ' (Memoir, p. 18). He left for England 22 Dec. 1852. On his return he was ap- pointed to a commissionership of income tax in Ireland. Thence he went to the war office, and was assistant under-secretary at war under "the secretaryships of Lord Panmure, General Peel, and Lord Herbert. He died at Glou- cester Place, Portman Square, 17 Nov. 1861. He married Charlotte, daughter of C. G. Nynne, esq., of Vodas, Denbighshire. His eldest son, John Arthur Godley, became per- manent under-secretary of state for India in 1883.

Besides the work mentioned Godley wrote : "* Observations on an Irish Poor Law ' (Dub- lin, 1847). A selection from his writings and speeches, with a portrait and memoir, edited by J. E. Fitzgerald, was published at Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1863.

[Memoir above referred to; Cat. of Oxford Graduates, 1659-1856, p. 262 ; Gent. Mag. De- cember 1861, p. 698; Brit. Mus. Cat.] F. W-T.

GODMOND, CHRISTOPHER O*. 1840), dramatist, was the son of Isaac Godmond (d. 1809), one of the vicars of Ripon Cathe- dral. He lived at various times in Ripon, London, Lee in Kent, and Teignmouth in Devonshire. On 9 Aug. 1804 he married Mary, eldest daughter of John Collinson of Gravel Lane, Southwark, and by this lady, who died on 13 Feb. 1815, had a daughter { Gent. May. vol. Ixxiv. pt. ii. p. 783, vol. Ixxxv. pt. i. p. 279). He was elected F.S.A. on 50 Nov. 1837 (ib. new ser. ix. 79), but was declared a defaulter on 19 April 1849. He was author of: 1. 'Memoir of Therrouanne, the ancient capital of the Morini in Gaul . . . also a discourse on the Portus Itius of Caesar, with . . . notes,' 8vo, London, 1836. 2. <The

Campaign of 1346, ending with the battle of Crecy ; an historical drama, in five