THE COMPOSITION OF

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES,

ILLUSTRATED FROM THE

ALGONKIN LANGUAGES.

BY J. HAMMOND TRUMBULL.

A P upon erty to tion, i nal la of per scious but be all wh by pli its sel from t ture t once.’ places solute meani ing m Charl nati, | On a | mark mark

PRESS OF Case, Locxwoop & BrarNnarp, Hartford, Conn.

lanies

*Mi t Ma:

ON THE COMPOSITION OF

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES,

A PROPER NAME has been defined to he “a mere mark put upon an individual, and of which it is the characteristic prop- erty to be destitute of meaning.”* If we aceept this defini- tion, it follows that there are no proper names in the aborigi- nal languages of America. Every Indian synthesis—names of persons and places not excepted—must “ preserve the con- sciousness of its roots,” and must not only have a meaning but be so framed as to convey that meaning with precision, to all who speak the language to which it belongs. Whenever, by phonetic corruption or by change of circumstance, it loses its selfinterpreting or self-defining power, it must be discarded from the language. “It requires tradition, society, and litera- ture to maintain forms which can no longer be analyzed at once.”’F In our own language, such forms may hold their places by prescriptive right or foree of custom, and names ab- solutely unmeaning, or applied without regard to their original meaning, are accepted by common consent as the distinguish- ing marks of persons and places. We call aman William or Charles, Jones or Brown,—or a town, New Lebanon, Cincin- nati, Baton Rouge, or Big Bethel—just as we put a number on a policeman’s badge or on a post-office box, or a trade- mark on an article of merchandise ; and the number and the mark are as truly and in nearly the same sense proper names as the others are.

* Mill's Logic, B. T. ch. viii.

+ Max Miller, Science of Language, (1st Series,) p. 292.

THE COMPOSITION OF

Not that personal or proper names, in any language, were originally mere arbitrary sounds, devoid of meaning. The first James or the first Brown could, doubtless, have given as good a reason for his name as the first Abraham. But changes of language and lapse of time made the names inde- pendent of the reasons, and took from them all their signifi- cance. Patrick is not now, co nomine, a* patrician ;’ Bridget is not necessarily ‘strong’ or ‘bright ;) and in the name of Mary, hallowed by its associations, only the etymologist can detect the primitive ‘ bitterness.’ Boston is no longer ‘St. Botolph’s Town; there is no ‘Castle of the inhabitants of Hwiccia’ (Awie-wara-ceaster) to be seen at Worcester ; and Hartford is neither ‘the ford of harts,’ (which the city seal has made it,) nor‘the red ford,’ which its name once indi- cated.

In the same way, many Indian geographical names, after their adoption by Anglo-American colonists, became unmean- ing sounds. Their original character was lost by their trans- fer to a foreign tongue. Nearly all have suffered some muti- lation or change of form. In many instances, hardly a trace of the original can be detected in the modern name. Some have been separated from the localities to which they be- longed, and assigned to others to which they are etymologi- sally inappropriate. A mountain receives the name of a river ; a bay, that of a cape or a peninsula; a tract of land, that ofa rock or a waterfall. And so ¢ Massachusetts’ and ¢ Connecti- cut’ and ‘Narragansett’ have come to be proper names, as truly as ‘ Boston’ and ‘ Hartford’ are in their cis-Atlantic appropriation.

The Indian languages tolerated no such ‘mere marks.’ Every name described the locality to which it was affixed, The description was sometimes topographical ; sometimes his- torical, preserving the memory of a battle, a feast, the dwell- ing-place of a great sachem, or the like ; sgmetimes it * -i- cated one of the natural products of the place, or the animals which resorted to it; occasionally, its position or direction from a place previously known, or from the territory of the

natlo. land | ‘the iInieh one 4 doubt cauti * Gre; there the li Wi ple. I. will tive | Xe. IL. or se ll] houn. forme Mush

a fer

may prece

Alvo

1) taker

sutlici

from t

emplo mung 1863,

somet

substa

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, ro)

nation by which the name was given,—as for example, ‘the

land on the other side of the river,’ * behind the mountain,’ ‘the east land,’ *the half-way place, &e. The same name might be, in fact it very often was, given to more places than one; but these must not be so near together that mistakes or doubts could be occasioned by the repetition, With this pre- caution, there was no reason why there might not be as many ‘Great Rivers,’ * Bends, + Forks, aud * Water-fall: places” as there are Washingtons, Franklins, Unions, and Fairplays in the list of American post-offices.

With few exceptions, the structure of these names is sim- ple. Nearly all may be referred to one of three classes :

I. Those formed by the union of two clements, which we will call adjectival and substantival * with or without a loca- tive suffix or post-position meaning ‘at, tin’ thy. + near,’ KC,

Il. Those which have a single element, the substantival or * ground-word,’ with its locative suffix.

Hl. Those formed from verbs, as participials or verbal nouns, denoting a place where the action of the verb is per- formed. To this class belong, for example, such names as Mushauwomuk (Boston), * where there is going-by-boat,’ te, a ferry, or canoe-crossing., Most of these names, however, may be shown by rigid analysis to belong to one of the two preceding classes, which comprise at least nine-tenths of all Algonkin local names which have been preserved.

The examples | shall give of these three classes, will he taken from Algonkin languages; chiefly from the Muassachu-

* These terms, though not strictly appropriate to Indian synthesis, are sufliciently explicit tor the purposes of this paper. They are borrowed from the author of “ Words and Places” (the Rey, [saac Taylor), who has employed them (2d ed., p. 460) as equivalents of orstemann’s * Bestim- muneswort” and * Grundwort,”’ (Die deutschen Ortsnamen. Nordhausen, 1863, pp. 26—107, 169—174). In Indian names, the * Bestimmeungswort” sometimes corresponds to the English adjective—sometimes to a noun substantive—but is more generally an adverb.

THE COMPOSITION OF

setts or Natick (which was substantially the same as that spoken by the Narragansetts and Connecticut Indians), the Abnaki, the Lenni-Lenipe or Delaware, the Chippewa or Ojibway, and the Knisteno or Cree.”

Of names of the firs¢ class, in central and southern New England, some of the more common substantival components or * ground-words’ are those which denote Land or Country, River, Water, Lake ov Pond, Fishing-place, Rock, Mountain, Inclosure, and Island,

1. The Massachusetts onkE (Narr. adéke ; Delaware, hacki ; Chip. ahke s Abnaki, ‘ké 5) signifies LAND, and in local names, PLACE or COUNTRY. The final vowel is sometimes lost in com- position, With the locative suffix, it becomes ohkit (Del. hacking ; Chip. ahkit; Abn. kik 3) at or ina place or country.

To the Narragansetts proper, the country east of Narragan- sett Bay and Providence River was wa"pan-auke, ‘east land; and its people were called by the Dutch explorers, Wapenokis, and by the English, Wampanoags. The tribes of the upper St. Lawrence taught the French, and tribes south of the Pis-

*1¢ has not been thought advisable to attempt the reduction of words or nunes taken from different languages toa uniform orthography. When no authorities are named, it may be understood that the Massachusetts words are taken from Eliot's translation of the Bible, or from his Indian Grannnar; the Narragansett, from Roger Williams’s Indian Key, and his published letters; the Abnaki, from the Dictionary of Rale (Rasles), edited by Dr. Pickering; the Delaware, from Zeisberger’s Vocabulary and his Grammar; the Chippewa, trom Schooleratt (Sch.), Baraga’s Diction- ary and Grammar (B.), and the Spelling Books published by the Ameri- ean Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions; and the Cree, from Howse’s Grammar of that language.

The character w (00 in ‘food ;? win ‘Wabash,’ * Wisconsin’), used by Eliot, has been substituted in Abnaki words for the Greek « of Rale and the Jesuit missionaries, and for the @ of Campanius. A small ™ placed above the line, shows that the vowel which it follows is nasal,—and re- places the ii employed for the same purpose by Rale, and the short line or dash placed under a vowel, in Pickering’s alphabet.

In Eliot’s notation, of usually represents the sound of 0 in order and in Jorm,—that of broad a; but sometimes it stands for short 0, as in not.

catag —:- Ab count Algo

Th —on Nortl tribes it, in Wi

have

— SUC

Wi (as Q breed count

‘K some minah ory n

2. sip ; that 1 corres if eve far as river river : Mont: their flows of St.

* Do

tJes

t Hi

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 7

cataqua taught the English, to give the name of Kast-landers — Abenaquis, or Abinakis—to the Indians of Maine. The country of the Delawares was ‘east land,’ Wapanachki, to Algonkin nations of the west.

The § Chawwonock,’ or § Chawonocke,’ of Capt. John Smith, —on what is now known as Chowan River, in Virginia and North Carolina,—was, to the Powhattans and other Virginian tribes, the ‘south country,’ or sowan-ohke, as Eliot wrote it, in Gen. xxiv. 62,

With the adjectival suck/, ‘dark-colored, ‘blackish,’ we have the aboriginal name of the South Meadow in Hartford, —sucki-ohke, (written Sicaiook, Suckiaug, &e.), ‘black earth.’

Wuskowhanan-auk-it, ‘at the pigeon country,’ was the name (as given by Roger Williams) of a‘ place where these fowl breed abundantly,’—in the northern part of the Nipmuck country (now in Worcester county, Mass.).

* Kiskatamenakook,’ the name of a brook (but originally, of some locality near the brook) in Catskill, N. Y.,* is Adskato- minak-auke, * place of thin-shelled nuts’ (or shag-bark hick- ory nuts).

2. River. Seip or sepu (Del. sipo; Chip. sépé; Abn. sip ;) the Algonkin word for ‘river’ is derived from a root that means ‘stretched out,’ * extended,’ *beeome long,’ and corresponds nearly to the English ‘stream.’ This word rarely, if ever, enters into the composition of local names, and, so far as [ know, it does not make a part of the name of any river in New England. Mississippi is missi-sipu, ‘ great river ;’ Aittehi-sipi, ‘chief river’ or ‘ greatest river,’ was the Montagnais name of the St. Lawrence ;f and Jiste-shipu is their modern name for the Moise or ‘ Great River’ which flows from the lakes of the Labrador peninsula into the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

* Doc. Hist. of New York (4to), vol. iii. p. 656. t Jesuit Relations, 1633, 1636, 1640. } Hind’s Exploration of Labrador, i. 9, 32.

THe

COMPOSITION OF

‘

Near the Atlantic seaboard, the most common substantival components of river mames are CL) -tuk and (2) -hanne, -han, ov -huan, Neither of these isan independent word. They

are inseparable nouns-generic, or generic affixes, “Tuk (Abn. -tegaé: Del. -ittikes) denotes a river whose

waters are driven in waves, by tides or wind, Tt is found in

names of tidal rivers and estuaries ; less frequently, in names of broad and deep streams, not affected by tides. With the

wljectival miss’, ‘great,’ it forms missi-tuk,—now written

Mystic,—the name of ‘the great river’ of Boston bay, and of

another wide-mouthed tidal river in the Pequot country, which

now divides the towns of Stonington and Groton,

Near the eastern boundary of the Pequot country, was the river which the Narragansetts called Paquat-tuk, sometimes written Puguetock, now Pawcatuck, * Pequot viver,’—the pres- ent eastern boundary of Connecticut. Another adjectival

prefix, pohki ov pahke, * pure, * clear,’ found in the name of several tidal streams, is hardly distinguishable from the

former, in the modern forms of Pacatock, Pauecatuck, &e. P Quinni-tuk is the * long tidal-river.” With the locative affix, Wuinni-luk-ut, ‘on long river,—now Connecticut,—was the

name of the valley, or lands both sides of the river. In one early deed (1656), [find the name written Quinetucquet » in another, of the same year, Quenticult. Roger Williams (1643) has Gunnihdicut, and calls the Indians of this region Quintik-dock, ice. *the long river people. The ¢ in’ the

second syllable of the modern name has no business there,

and it is difficult to find a reason for its intrusion, * Lenapewihittuck’ was the Delaware name of * the river of the Lenape,’ and ¢ Mohicannittuck, of + the river of the Mo- hicans’ (Hudson River).* Of Pawtucket and Pawturet, the composition is less obvi- ous; but we have reliable Indian testimony that these names mean, respectively, ‘at the falls’ and ‘at the little falls.’

* Heckewilder’s Historical account, &e., p. 3838. He was mistaken in translating “the word Aittuch,” by “a rapid stream.”

Pou Black signil salty Dariiic gener tified, Merri Mass. dimin miles river: tlers ( Which tuvet,’ Brook the Q (Patu disgui: tions Delaw and °

Indiat pawtl- ‘to m

Algon was tl

last sy

* Col +Cha t See form of (ii. 478 See his §$ Des

nia, ii.

INDIAN GBUGRAPHICAL NAMES, HH)

Pequot and Narragansett interpreters, in 1670, declared: that Blackstone's River, was * called in Indian Pautuek Cwhieh signifies, a Mall), because there the fresh water falls into the salt water.”* So, the upper falls of the Quinebaug river Cat Daniclsonville, Conn.) were called * Powntuck, whieh is a general name for all Falls,’ as Indians of that region tes- tified} There was another Pautueket, ‘at the falls’ of the Merrimac (now Lowell); and another on Westfield River, Mass. Pawluret, ice, pawt-luk-es-it, is the regularly formed diminutive of paut-tuk-it, The village of Pawtuxet, four miles south of Providence, R. 1, is at the little falls”? of the river to which their name has been transferred, The first set- tlers of Plymouth were informed by Samoset, that the place which they had chosen for their plantation was called * Pa-

turet, —probably beeause of some ‘little falls’ on Town Brook.f There was another + Pautuxet,’? or * Powtuxet,’ on the Quinebaug, at the lower falls; and a river * Patuxet’ (Patuxent), in Maryland. The same name is ingeniously disguised by Campanius, as * Poaetquessing, which he men- tions as one of the principal towns of the Indians on the Delaware, just below the lower falls of that river at Trenton ;

and * Poutaxat’ was understood by the Swedes to be the Indian name both of the river and bay.§ The adjectival pawl- ov pauat- seems to be derived from a root meaning ‘to make a loud noise.’ It is found in many, perhaps in all Algonkin languages. * Pawating,’ as Schooleratt wrote it, was the Chippewa name of the Sault Ste. Marie, or Falls of St. Mary’s River,—pronounced pot-at-ing’, ov pau-al-w", the last syllable representing the locative affix,—* at the Falls.”

* Col. Records of Connecticut, 1677—89, p. 275.

+ Chandler’s Survey of the Mohegan country, 1705,

tSee Mourt’s Relation, Dexter's edition, pp. 84, 91,99. Misled by a form of this name, Patackosi, given in the Appendix to Savage’s Winthrop (ii. 478) and elsewhere, I suggested to Dr. Dexter another derivation. See his note 297, to Mourt, p. 84.

§ Descrip. of New Sweden, b. ii. ch. 1, 2; Proud’s Hist. of Pennsylva- nia, ii, 252.

D)

~

10 THE COMPOSITION OF

The same name is found in Virginia, under a disguise which

to oul

has hitherto prevented its recognition. Cant. John Smith quien informs us that the ‘place of which their great Emperor Pis taketh his name” of Powhatan, or Pawatan, was near * the tequil, Falls” of James River,* where is now the city of Richmond. ny * Powatan’ is panat-hanne, or * falls on a rapid stream.’ There Aedwmé ov Ogkomé (Chip. agami: Abn. aga’in’; Del. achga- the jr meus) means ton the other side,’ * over against, + beyond.’ espinal As an adjectival, it is found in uleaem-aunré, the modern the P *Accomac,’ a& peninsula east of Chesapeake Bay, which was in Ne

‘other-side land’ to the Powhatans of Virginia. The site of Plymouth, Mass, was called * Aecomack? by Capt. John

which

an ari into it

Sinith—a name given not by the Indians who occupied it

but by those, probably, who lived farther north, *on the other The side’ of Plymouth Bay. The countries of Europe were called pound ‘other-side lands,—Narr. acawmen-daki: Alm. aga"men-wki. a erry With -tuk, it forms acawmen-tuk (Abi. aga" inen-tega), * other- ier, side river.’ or, its diminutive, acawmen-tuk-es (Abn. aya" men- and J tegwéssm), * the small other-side river,—a name first given name

(as Ayamenticus or Accomenticus) to York, Me., from the peské=

| ‘small tidal-river beyond’ the Piscataqua, on which that the m i town was planted. Noe i Peske-tuk (Abn. peské-legaé) denotes a‘ divided river, or may | | ariver which another cleaves. It is not generally Gif ever) eineh applied to one of the ¢ forks’ which unite to form the main Noatu stream, but to some considerable tributary received by the nally main stream, or to the division of the stream by some ob- North

stacle, near its mouth, whieh makes of it a+ double river.’ ~The primary meaning of the (adjectival) root is * to divide in two, and the secondary, * to split,’ * to divide forcibly, or ab-

chang

come

Tetl Taunt north ually and xv. 1!

ruptly.” These shades of meaning are not likely to be de- tected under the disguises in which river-names come down

*¢ True Relation of Virginia,” &c. (Deane’s edition, Boston, 1866), p. 7. On Smith’s map, 1606, the ‘ King’s house,’ at * Powhatan,’ is marked just below “The Fales” on ‘ Powhatan jlu:’ or James River.

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 11

to our time. Rale translates we-peské, * je vas dans le chemin quien coupe un autre 2" peskahakan, * branche.”

Piscataqua, Paseataqua, &e., represent the Abn. peské- teywé, ‘divided tidal-river” The word for ‘place’ Cohke, Abn. *k2,) being added, gives the form Piseataquak or -quog. There is another Piscataway, in New Jersey,—not far below the junction of the north and south branches of the Raritan, —and a Piseataway river in Maryland, which empties into the Potomac: a Piscalaquog viver, tributary to the Merrimac, in New Hampshire; a Piscataquis (diminutive) in Maine, which empties into the Penobscot. Pasyuotunk, the name of anarm of Albemarle Sound and of a small river which flows into it, in North Carolina, has probably the same origin.

The adjectival peské, or piské, is found in many other com- pound names besides those which are formed with -luk or -hanne: as in Pascoag, for peské-auké, in’ Burrilville, R. L., ‘the dividing place’ of two branches of Blackstone's River ; and Pesquamescot, in South Kingston, R. 1, which Cif the name is rightly given) is * at the divided Cor cleft) roek,’— peské-ompsk-ut,—perhaps some ancient land-mark, on or near the marein of Worden’s Pond,

Noeu-tuk (Néahtuk, Eliot), ‘in the middle of the river,’ may be, as Mr. Judd*® and others have supposed, the name which has been variously corrupted to Norwottock, Nonotuck, Noatucke, Nawottok, &e. If so, it probably belonged, origi- nally to one of the necks or peninsulas of meadow, near Northampton,—such as that at Hockanum, which, by a change in the course of the river at that point, has now he- come an island.

Tetiquet ov Titieut, which passes for the Indian name of Taunton, and of a fishing place on Taunton River in the north-west part of Middleborough, Mass., shows how eflect- ually such names may be disguised by phonetic corruption and mutilation, Avehte-tuk-ut Cov as Eliot wrote it in Genesis xv. LS, Wehtethtukgut) means ‘on the great river.’ In the

* History of Hadley, pp. P21, 122.

12 THE COMPOSITION OF

Plymouth Colony Records we find the forms * Caufeeticutt’ and * Coteticutt, and elsewhere, Avhtehticut—the latter, in 1698, as the name of a place on the great river, * between Taunton and Bridgewater.” Henee, * Teghtacutt, * Teighta- quid,’ * Tetiquet, &e.*

‘ (2). The other substantival component of river-names, “ -HANNE or -HAN (Abn. -tswa"n or -ta’n 3s Mass. -lehuan :) de- 0 notes ‘a rapid stream’ or ‘current; primarily, * flowing water.” In the Massachusetts and Abnaki, it occurs in such compounds as anitehuan (Abn. arittsma'n), it overflows : kussi-tchuan (Abn. kesi*tswa'n), * it swift flows, &e. In Pennsylvania and Virginia, where the streams which rise in the highlands flow down rapidly descending slopes, -hanné is more common than -tvk or seyu in river names. Keht-hanné (kittan, Zeish.; kithanne, HUkw.) was a name given to the Delaware River as ‘the principal or greatest

stream’ of that region : and by the western Delawares, to the Ohio.f With the locative termination, A7ttannag (Penn) is a place ‘on the greatest stream. The Sehuylkill was Ganshow-hanné, * noisy stream: the Lackawanna, Lechau- hanné, ‘forked stream’ or ‘stream that forks:’f with affix, Lechauhannak ov Lechauwahannak, ‘at the viver-fork,’—for which Hendrick Aupamut, a Muhhekan, wrote (with dialec- tie exchange of x for Delaware 1) ¢ Naukhuwoehnauk, * The Forks’ of the Miami.) The same name is found in New Ene- land, disguised as Newichawanock, Nuchawanack, &¢., as near Berwick, Me.,* at the fork’ or confluence of Cocheco and Salmon Fall rivers,—the * Veghechewanck’ of Wood's Map (1634). Powhatan, for Pauat-hanne, ¢at the Falls on a rapid stream,’ has been previously noticed.

Alleghany, or as some prefer to write it, Allegheny,—the Algonkin name of the Ohio River, but now restricted to one

* See Hist. Magazine, vol. iii. p. 48. * See Hist. Mav , vol pd + Heekewelder, on Indian names, in ‘Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vol. iv. t Ibid.

$ Narrative, &c.. in Mem, Hist. Society of Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 97.

of it wlth- Zcis) meal herg as ¢ ten Fall: ‘wit but apie of t

kno\ imp Dele In | after as it sam the . EXP den

*

good

said,

Mou

me est the Mi.) vas au- fies for lec- ‘he ne as eCO cl" on

the

One

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES,

of its branches,—is probably (Delaware) welhik-hanné or wlik-hanné, ‘the best Cor, the fairest) river.” Welhik (as Zcisherger wrote it)* is the inanimate form of the adjectival, meaning ‘best,’ ‘most beautiful.” In his Vocabulary, Zeis- berger gave this synthesis, with slight change of orthography, as‘ Wulach’neii”? [or wlukhannew, as Eliot would have writ- ten it,] with the free translation, “a fine River, without Falls.” The name was indeed more likely to belong to rivers ‘without falls” or other obstruction to the passage of canoes, but its literal meaning is, as its composition shows, ‘ best ‘apid-stream,” or * finest rapid-stream 3” ** La Belle Riviere” of the French, and the Oue-yo’ or O hee’? yo Gd-hun’-dd, * good river” or * the beautiful river,” of the Senecas.F For this translation of the name we have very respectable author- ity,—that of Christian Frederick Post, a Moravian of Penn- sylvania, who lived seventeen years with the Muhhekan Indians and was twice marricd among them, and whose knowledge of the Indian languages enabled him to render important services to the colony, as a negotiator with the Delawares and Shawanese of the Ohio, in the French war.

In his ** Journal from Philadelphia to the Ohio” in 1758,f after mention of the ‘Alleghenny’ river, he says: “ The Ohio, as it is called by the Sennecas. Adleghenny is the name of the same river in the Delaware language. Both words signify the fine ov fair river.’ La Metairic, the notary of La Salle’s expedition, ** calls the Ohio, the Olighinsipou, or Aleghin; evi- dently an Algonkin name,’—as Dr. Shea remarks.§ Hecke-

* Grammar of the Lenni-Lenape, transl. by Duponcean, p. 43. & Wulit, good.” “ Welsit (mase. and fem.), the best.” “ Inanimate, Wedhik, best.”

+ Morgan’s League of the Iroquois, p. 436,

t Published in London, 1759, and re-printed in Appendix to Proud’s Hist. of Penn., vol. ii. pp. 65—182.

§ Shea’s Early Voyages on the Mississippi, p. 75.

La Metairie’s ‘ Olighinsipow’ suggests another possible derivation which may be worth mention. The Indian name of the Alleghanies has been said,—I do not now remember on whose authority,—to mean ¢ Endless Mountains.’ ‘Endless’ cannot be more exactly expressed in any Algon-

1-4 THE COMPOSITION OF

welder says that the Delawares “still call the Allegany (Ohio) river, Alligéut Sipus'—*the river of the Alligewi” as he chooses to translate it. In one form, we have wulik-

hannésipu, ‘best rapid-stream loneg-river 3’ in the other,

wuliké-sipu, ‘best long-river. Heekewelder’s derivation of

the name, on the authority of a Delaware legend, from the mythic * Alligewi? or * Talligewi,—*a race of Indians said to have once inhabited that country,” who, after great battles fought in pre-historic times, were driven from it by the all- conquering Delawares,*—is of no value, unless supported by other testimony. The identification of Alleghany with the Seneca & Deo? na gd no, cold water” Lor, cold spring,f] pro- posed by a writer in the Historical Mayuzine (vol. iv. p. L8+), though not apparent at first sight, might deserve consideration if there were any reason for believing the name of the river to he of Lroquois origin,—if it were probable that an Lroquois

name would have been adopted by Algonkin nations,—or, if

the word for ‘water’ or ‘spring’ could be made, in any American language, the substantival component of a river name,

From the river, the name appears to have been transferred hy the English to a range of the ** Endless Mountains.”

3. Nipper, Nip (==n’pi; Narr. nips Muhh. xaup; Abn. and Chip. nebi;s Del. wis) and its diminutives, sppisse and nips, were employed in compound names to denote Warer, generally, without characterizing it as ‘swift flow- ing, ‘wave moved,’ * tidal,’ or ‘standing: as, for example, in the name of a part of a river, where the stream widening with diminished current beeomes lake-like, or of a stretch

.

kin language than by ‘very long’ or ‘longest,’—in the Delaware, Eluei- guneu. “The very long or longest river” would be luevi-guneu sipu, or, if the words were compounded in one, ///uwi-gunesipu.

* Paper on Indian names, uf supra, p. 867; Historical Account, &c., pp. 29—32.

+ Morgan's League of the Troquois, pp. 466, 468,

of tit By tl * lake (‘gr the 1 of th of *}

— ac

Wu also \ by Py Have quinr be a be-ki, . sigh in th beque. bequi probe

Wi

4. an in wate and | comn

Mc riety

* M. tion of me th ohke) about ’

+ Di

t Pe

be tray

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 15

of tide-water inland, forming a bay or cove at a river's mouth. By the northern Algonkins, it appears to have been used for

‘lake, as in the name of JMissi-nippi or Missinabe lake (‘great water’), and in that of Lake Mippissing, which has the locative affix, nippis-iny, ‘at the small lake’ north-east of the greater Lake Huron, which gave a name to the nation of * Nipissings,’ or as the French called them, ‘ Vipissiriniens, —according to Charlevoix, the true Algonkins.

Quinnipiac, regarded as the Indian name of New Haven— uso written Quinnypiock, Quinopiocke, Quillipiack, &e., and by President Stiles* (on the authority of an Indian of East Haven) @uinnepyooghg,—is, probably, ‘long water place,’ quinni-nippe-ohke, or quin-nipt-ohke. WKennebee would seem to be another form of the same name, from the Abnaki, kané- be-ki, were it not that Raéle wrote, as the name of the river, * Aghenibékki’—sugeesting a different adjectival. But Biard, in the Relution de la Nouvelle-France of 1611, has * Wini- bequi, Champlain, Qaénebeguy, and Vimont, in 1640, ¢Quini- begui,’ so that we are justified im regarding the name as the probable equivalent of Qatnni-pi-ohke.

Win-nippe-sauki (Winnipiseogec) will be noticed hereafter.

4. -Pava, -poG, -nog, (Abn. -béya or -bégat Del. -péeut 3) an inseparable generic, denoting ‘WATER AT REST,’ ‘standing water,’ is the substantival component of names of small lakes and ponds, throughout New England. Some of the most common of these names are—

Massa-paug, * great pond,’—which appears in a great va- riety of modern forms, as Mashapaug, Mashpaug, Massapoeue,

* Ms. Itinerary. Ile was careful to preserve the Indian pronuncia- tion of local names, and the form in which he gives this name convinces me that it is not, as I formerly supposed, the quinnuppohle (or quinuppe- ohke) of Eliot, — meaning ‘the surrounding country’ or the ‘land all about’ the site of New Haven.

t Dictionary, s. vy. * Noms.’

¢ Paug is regularly formed from pe (Abn. 0), the base of nippe, and may be translated more exactly by ‘where water is’ or ¢ place of water.’

at

16 THE COMPOSITION OF

Massapog, &e. A pond in Cranston, near Providence, R. 1. ; another in Warwick, in the same State: ‘ Alexander’s Lake,’ in Killingly ; ‘ Gardiner’s Lake, in Salem, Bozrah and Mont- ville; ¢ Tyler Pond,’ in Goshen; ponds in Sharon, Groton, and Lunenburg, Mass., were each of them the ‘ Massapaug’ or * great pond’ of its vicinity.

WVuinni-pauy, ‘long pond.’ One in Killingly, gave a name to Quinebauy River and the ‘Quinebaug country.’ Endi- cott, in 1651, wrote this name ‘ Qunnubbigge’*® (38 Mass. Hist. Coll., iv. 191). * Quinepoxet,’ the name of a pond and small river in Princeton, Mass., appears to be a corruption of the diminutive with the locative affix ; Qudnni-paug-es-it, ‘at the little long pond.’

Wongun-pauy, * crooked (or bent) pond.’ There is one of the name in Coventry, Conn. Written, ‘ Wangunbog,’ ¢ Wun- gumbaug,’ &e.

Petuhkqui-pang, § vound pond,’ now called * Dugpling Pond,’ in Greenwich, Conn., gave a name toa plain and brook in that town, and, occasionally, to the plantation settled there, sometimes written ‘ Petuckquapock.’

Nunni-pauy, ‘fresh pond.” One in Edgartown, Martha’s Vineyard, gave a name (Nunnepoag) to an Indian village near it. Eliot wrote nunnipog, for ‘fresh water,’ in James iii. 12.

Sonki-paug or so"ki-pang, ‘cool pond.’ (Sonkipog, ‘ cold water,’ Eliot.) Egunk-sonkipaug, or ‘the cool pond (spring) of Egunk’ hill in Sterling, Conn., is named in Chandler's Survey of the Mohegan country, as one of the east bounds.

Pahke-paug, ‘clear pond’ or * pure water pond.’ This name occurs in various forms, as ‘ Pahcupog,’ a pond near Westerly, R. I. ;* * Pauquepaug,’ transferred from a pond to a brook in Kent and New Milford ; ‘ Paquabaug,’ near She- paug River, in Roxbury, &c. * Pequabuck’ river, in Bristol and Farmington, appears to derive its name from some * clear

* A bound of Human Garret’s land, one mile north-easterly trom Nini- sret’s old Fort. See Conn. Col. Records, ii. 314.

Al at re Chip necti Kite] Supe: Main gami, Cana Saguc

Th gumm which locati of thi or mii by the in the which geon | after,

lage o called ‘ Lake next there and tl adopt this m one.t

* Fos Pt. ID. | t Rald Maine, awiy, si for noth

of

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 17

Another noun-generic that denotes ‘lake’ or ‘ fresh water

at rest,’ is found in many Abnaki, northern Algonkin and Chippewa names, but not, perhaps, in Massachusetts or Con- necticut. This is the Algonkin -gdmi, -gomi, or -gummee. Kitchi-gami or ‘ Kechegummee,’ the Chippewa name of Lake Superior, is ‘the greatest, or chief lake.’ Caucomgomoc, in Maine, is the Abn. kadkou-gami-k, ‘ at Big-Gull lake.’ Temi- gami, ‘deep lake,’ discharges its waters into Ottawa River, in Canada ; Ainou-gami, now Kenocami, ‘long lake,’ into the Saguenay, at Chicoutimi.

There is a Mitchi-gami or (as sometimes written) machi- gummi, ‘large lake,’ in northern Wisconsin, and the river which flows from it has received the same name, with the locative suffix, ‘ Machigamig’ (for mitchi-gaming). A branch of this river is now called ‘ Fence River’ from a mitchihikan or mitchikan, a* wooden fence’ constructed near its banks, by the Indians, for catching deer.* Father Allouez describes, in the ‘ Relation’ for 1670 (p. 96), a sort of ‘fence’ or weir which the Indians had built across Fox River, for taking stur- geon &c., and which they called ‘ Mitihikan,’ and shortly after, he mentions the destruction, by the lroquois, of a vil- lage of Outagamis (Fox Indians) near his mission station, called Machihigan-ing, [‘ at the mitchihikan, or weir ?’] on the ‘ Lake of the Illinois,’ now Michigan. Father Dablon, in the next year’s Relation, calls this lake ‘ Mitehiganons.’ Perhaps there was some confusion between the names of the ‘ weir’ and the ‘great lake,’ and ‘ Michigan’ appears to have been adopted as a kind of compromise between the two. If so, this modern form of the name is corrupt in more senses than one.f

* Foster and Whitney’s Report on the Geology of Lake Superior, &c., Pt. IL. p. 400.

t Rale gives Abn. mitsegan, ‘fianté.’ Thoreau, fishing in a river in Maine, caught several sucker-like fishes, which his Abnaki guide threw away, saying they were ‘ Michegan fish, i.e., soft and stinking fish, good for nothing..—Maine Woods, p. 210.

3

18 THE COMPOSITION OF

5, -AMAUG, denoting ‘A FISHING PLACE’ (Abn. a”"ma"yan, ‘on péche la,’) is derived from the root @m or dma, signify- ing ‘to take by the mouth ;’ whence, @m-aii, ‘he fishes with hook and line,’ and Del. @man, a fish-hook. Wonkemaug for wongun-amauy, * crooked fishing-place,’ between Warren and New Preston, in Litchfield county, is now ‘ Raumaug Lake.’ Ouschank-amauy, in East Windsor, was perhaps the ‘ eel fish- ing-place.’ The lake in Worcester, Quansigamany, Quansig- anug, &., and now Quinsigamond, was ‘the pickerel fishing- place,’ gunnosuog-amang.

6. Rock. In composition, -PIsk or -Psk (Abn. peskw ; Cree, -pisk ; Chip. -bik ;) denotes hard or flint-like rock ;* -oMPSK Gr O’BSK, and, by phonetic corruption, -Msk, (from ompaé, ‘ up- right,’ and -pisk,) a ‘standing rock.’ As a substantival com- ponent of local names, -ompsk and, with the locative affix, -ompskut, are found in such names as—

Petukqui-ompskut, corrupted to Pettiquamseut, ‘at the round rock.’ Such a rock, on the east side of Narrow River, north-east from Tower Hill Church in South Kingston, R. I., was one of the bound marks of, and gave a name to, the me Pettiquamscut purchase ” in the Narragansett country.

Wanashqui-ompskut (wanashquompsqut, Ezekiel xxvi. 14), ‘at the top of the rock,’ or at ‘the point of rock.’ Wonnes- quam, Annis Squam, and Squam, near Cape Ann, are perhaps corrupt forms of the name of some ‘ rock summit’ or ¢ point of rock’ thereabouts. Winnesquamsaukit (for wanashqui- ompsk-ohk-it?) near Exeter Falls, N. H., has been trans- formed to Swampscoate and Squamscot. The name of Swam- scot or Swainpsect, formerly part of Lynn, Mass., has a dif- ferent meaning. It is from m’squi-ompsk, ‘Red Rock’ (the modern name), near the north end of Long Beach, which

* Primarily, that which ‘breaks,’ ‘cleaves,’ ‘splits :’ distinguishing the harder roecks—such as were used for making spear and arrow heads, axes, chisels, corn-mortars, &c., and for striking fire,—from the softer, such as steatite (soap-stone) from which pots and other vessels, pipe-bowls, &c., were fashioned.

M ay initia Pe origin Eneli 1823, Town would ing of told ' of the exact resent teko, the de Kel ten,§- name To name dam, localit maki In ¢ Ff out tl the s Qu and local

* Mz t Squ form of is red ( tMa § Prd

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 19

was perhaps “ The clifte’? mentioned as one of the bounds of Mr. Humfrey’s Swampscot farm, laid out in 1638.* M' squompskut means ‘at the red rock.’ The sound of the initial m was easily lost to English ears.

Penobscot, a corruption of the Abnaki pa"nawa'hskek, was originally the name of a locality on the river so called by the English. Mr. Moses Greenleaf, in a letter to Dr. Morse in 1823, wrote ‘ Pe noom’ ske ook’ as the Indian name of Old Town Falls, “ whence the English name of the River, which would have been better, Penobscook.” He gave, as the mean- ing of this name, ** Rocky Falls.’ The St. Francis Indians told Thoreau, that it means ‘* Rocky River.’$ ‘ At the fall of the rock’ or ‘at the descending rock’ is a more nearly exact translation. The first syllable, pen- (Abn. pana) rep- resents a root meaning ‘to fall from a height,’—as in pa"n- teko, ‘fall of a river’ or ‘rapids ;’ pena”-ki, ‘ fall of land,’ the descent or downward slope of a mountain, &c.

Keht-ompskqut, or ‘ Ketumpscut’ as it was formerly writ- ten,j—‘ at the greatest rock,’—is corrupted to Catumb, the name of a reef off the west end of Fisher’s Island.

Tomheganomset|| corrupted finally to *‘ Higganum,’ the

name of a brook and parish in the north-east part of Had- dam,—appears to have been, originally, the designation of a locality from which the Indians procured stone suitable for making axes,—tomhegun-ompsk-ut, ‘at the tomahawk rock.’ In ¢ Higganompos,’ as the name was sometimes written, with- out the locative affix, we have less difficulty in recognizing the substantival -ompsk.

QussuK, another word for * rock’ or ‘stone,’ used by Eliot and Roger Williams, is not often—perhaps never found in local names. Hassun or Assun (Chip. assin’ ; Del. achsin ;)

* Mass. Records, i. 147, 226.

+ Squantam, the supposed name of an Algonkin deity, is only a corrupt form of the verb m’squantam, = musqui-antam, ‘he is angry,’ literally, ‘he is red (bloody-) minded.’

{ Maine Woods, pp. 145, 324.

§ Pres. Stiles’s Itinerary, 1761. | Conn. Col. Records, i. 484.

ed

appears in New England names only as an adjectival Cassundé,

20 THE COMPOSITION OF

assini, * stony’), but farther north, it occasionally occurs as the substantival component of such names as Mistassinni, ‘the Great Stone,’ which gives its name to a lake in British Anerica, to a tribe of Indians, and to a river that flows into St. John’s Lake.*

7. Wapcuu (in composition, -ADCHU) means, always, ‘ moun- tain’ or ‘hill.’ In Wachuset, we have it, with the locative affix -set, ‘near’ or ‘in the vicinity of the mountain,’—a name which has been transferred to the mountain itself. With the adjectival massa, ‘ great,’ is formed mass-adchu-set, ‘near the great mountain,’ or ‘ great hill country,’-—now, Massachusetts.

‘Bunckquachu’ and ‘Quunkwatichu,’ mentioned in the deeds of Hadley purchase, in 1658, are forms of qunu"kqu-adchu, ‘high mountain,’ —afterwards belittled as ‘ Mount Toby.’

‘ Kearsarge, the modern name of two well-known moun- tains in New Hampshire, disguises Awwvass-adchu, ‘ pine moun- tain.” On Holland’s Map, published in 1784, the southern Kearsarge (in Merrimack county) is marked “ Kyarsarga Mountain; by the Indians, Cowissewaschook.”’t In this form, —which the termination ok (for ohke, auke, ‘land,’) shows to belong to the region, not exclusively to the mountain itself,— the analysis becomes more easy. The meaning of the adjec- tival is perhaps not quite certain. Kawa (Abn. kwé) ‘a pine tree,’ with its diminutive, Awwasse, is a derivative,—trom a root which means ‘sharp,’ ‘ pointed.’ It is possible, that in this synthesis, the root preserves its primary signification, and that ‘ Kearsarge’ is the ‘ pointed’ or *‘ peaked mountain.’

Mauch Chunk (Penn.) is from Del. machk, ‘bear’ and wachtschunk, ¢ at, or on, the mountain,’—according to Hecke- welder, who writes ‘ Machkschink, or the Delaware name of ‘the bear’s mountain.’

* Hind’s Exploration of Labrador, vol. ii. pp. 147, 148. + History of Hadley, 21, 22, 114. ¢W. F. Goodwin, in Historical Magazine, ix. 28.

In stant separ the | chief of a vanit

8. Cree lated of e of la or al plant place liam: in ca was ‘ sacl amoc and river [Pov

Kt

2 nam Rogé ders has for

mar] pray

Tl

*

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 21

In the Abnaki and some other Algonkin dialects, the sub- stantival component of mountain names is -4dené,—an in- separable noun-generic. Katahdin (pronounced Ataadn by the Indians of Maine), Abn. Het-ddené, ‘the greatest (or chief) mountain,’ is the equivalent of * Aittatinny,’ the name of a ridge of the Alleghanies, in New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania,

8. -KOMUK or KOMAKO (Del. -kamik, -kamiké ; Abn. -kamighe ; Cree, -gémmik ; Powhatan, -comaco ;) cannot be exactly trans- lated by any one English word. It denotes ‘ place,’ in the sense of enclosed, limited or appropriated space. As a component of local names, it means, generally, ‘an enclosure,’ natural or artificial ; such as a house or other building, a village, a planted field, a thicket or place surrounded by trees, &c. The place of residence of the Sachem, which (says Roger Wil- liams) was “ far different from other houses [wigwams], both in capacity, and in the fineness and quality of their mats,” was called sachimd-komuk, or, as Edward Winslow wrote it, * sachimo comaco,’—the Sachem-house. Werowocomoco, Wer- amocomoco, &. in Virginia, was the ‘ Werowance’s house,’ and the name appears on Smith’s map, at a place “ upon the river Pamauncke [now York River], where the great King [Powhatan] was resident.”

Kuppi-komuk, ‘ closed place,’ ‘secure enclosure,’ was the name of a Pequot fastness in a swamp, in Groton, Conn. Roger Williams wrote this name “ Cuppacommock,” and un- derstood its meaning to be “ a refuge, or hiding place.” Eliot has kAuppéhkomuk for a planted ‘ grove,’ in Deut. xvi. 21, and for a landing-place or safe harbor, Acts xxvii. 40.

Nashaue-komuk, * half-way house,’ was at what is now Chil- mark, on Martha’s Vineyard, where there was a village of praying Indians* in 1698, and earlier.

The Abnaki keta-kamigw means, according to Rale, ‘ the

* About half-way from Tisbury to Gay Head.

22 THE COMPOSITION OF

main land,’—literally, * greatest place ;’ leteha-kamighé, ‘level place,’ a plain ; pépam-kamighek, ‘the all land, * Vunivers.’ Néssawa-kamighé, meaning ‘double place’ or * second place,’ was the name of the Abnaki village of St. Francis de Sales, on the St. Lawrence,*—to which the mission was removed

about 1700, from its first station established near the Falls of

the Chaudiére in 1683.+

9, Of two words meaning Jsland, MUNNOHAN or, rejecting the formative, MUNNOH (Abn. menahan ; Del. menatey ; Chip. mints, & diminutive,) is the more common, but is rarely, if ever, found in composition. The ‘Grand Menan,’ opposite Passammaquoddy Bay, retains the Abnaki name. Long Island was Menatey or Manati, ‘the Island,’—to the Dela- wares, Minsi and other neighboring tribes. Any smaller island was menatan (Mass. munnohhan), the indefinite form, or menales (Mass. munnises, manisses ), the diminutive. Cam- panius mentions one ‘ Manathaan,’ Coopers’ Island (now Cherry Island) near Fort Christina, in the Delaware,$ and ‘6 Manataanung or Manaates, a place settled by the Dutch, who built there a clever little town, which went on increasing every day,’’—now called New York. (The termination in -ung is the locative affix.) New York Island was sometimes spoken of as ‘ the island’—‘ Manaté,’ ‘ Manhatte ;’ sometimes as ‘an island’—Manathan, Menatan, ‘ Manhatan ;’ more ac- curately, as ‘the small island’— Manhaates, Manattes, and ‘the Manados’ of the Dutch. The Island Indians collect- ively, were called Manhattans ; those of the small island, ‘ Manhatesen.’ ‘They deeply mistake,” as Goy. Stuyvesant’s agents declared, in 1659,§ “ who interpret the general name of Manhattans, unto the particular town built upon a Little Island; because it signified the whole country and province.” Manisses or Monasses, as Block Island was called, is an-

* Rale, s. v. VILLAGE. + Shea’s Hist. of Catholic Missions, 142, 145.

¢ Description of New Sweden, b. ii. c. 8. (Duponceau’s translation.) §N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collections, iii. 375.

other other the s is* M now - URsin

M Roge auke, the I;

Th AHQU Acts sit-ua “exp Micem lies [ ward’ applic with from net, d in th ie. ¢

Ch ana aquic

Ab Etchq -aika this 4 really

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 28,

other form of the diminutive,—from munnoh : and Manhasset, otherwise written, Munhansick, a name of Shelter Island, is the same diminutive with the locative affix, munna-es-et. So is * Manusses’ or * Mennewies,’ an island near Rye, N. Y¥..— how written (with the southern form of the locative,) Man- Ussing.

Montauk Point, formerly Montauket, Montacut, and by Roger Williams, Miunnawtawkit, is probably from manati, auke, and -it locative ; ‘in the Island country,’ or * country of the Islanders.’

The other name of ‘Island,’ in Algonkin languages, is AHQUEDNE Or OCQUIDNE; with the locative, ahquednet, as in Acts xxvii. 16. (Compare, Cree, dkootin, ‘it suspends, is sit-uate, e.g. an island in the water,” from d¢koo, a verbal root “expressive of a state of rest.’’ Howse’s Grammar, p. 152. Micmac, agwith, “ it is in the water ;’ whence, Ep-agwit, “ it lies [sits ?] in the water,’* the Indian name of Prince Ed- ward’s Island.) This appears to have been restricted in its application, to islands lying near the main land or spoken of with reference to the main land. Roger Williams learned

from the Narragansetts to call Rhode Island, Aguiday, Aqued- net, &., ‘the Island’ or ‘at the Island,’ and a “ little island in the mouth of the Bay,” was Aquedenesick,t or Aquidneset, i.e. at the small island.’

Chippaquiddick, the modern name of an island divided by a narrow strait from Martha’s Vineyard, is from cheppi- aquidne, ‘ separated island.’

Abnaki names ending in -ka"tti, or -kontee (Mass. -kontu ; Etchemin or Malisect, -kodiah, -quoddy ; Micmac, -ka"di, or -aikadee ;) may be placed with those of the first class, though this termination, representing a substantival component, is really only the locative affix of nouns in the indefinite plural. Exact location was denoted by affixing, to inanimate nouns-

* Dawson’s Acadian Geology, App. p. 673. +4th Mass. Hist. Colllections, vi. 267.

24 THE COMPOSITION OF

singular, -et, -i¢ or -wt; proximity, or something Zess than exact location, by -set, (interposing s, the characteristic of diminutives and derogatives) between the noun and affix. Plural nouns, representing a definite number of individuals, or a number which might be regarded as definite, received -ettu, -ittu, or -uttu, in the locative: but if the number was indefinite, or many individuals were spoken of collectively, the affix was -kontu, denoting ‘where many are,’ or ¢ place of abundance.’ For example, wadchu, mountain ; wadchu-ut, to, on, or at the mountain ; wadchu-sel, near the mountain ; wad- chuuttu Cor -ehtw), in or among certain mountains, known or indicated (as in Eliot’s version of Numbers xxxiii. 47, 48) ; wadchué-kontu, among mountains, where there are a great many mountains, for ‘in the hill country,’ Joshua xiii. 6. So, nippe-kontu, ‘in the waters,’ i.e. in many waters, or ‘where there is much water,’ Deut. iv. 18; v. 8. In Deuter- onomy xi. 11, the conversion to a verb of a noun which had previously received this affix, shows that the idea of abund- ance or of multitude is associated with it: “ ohke wadchuuhkon- tuw,” i.e. wadchué-kointu-a, * the land is a land of hills,” that is, where are many iiills, or where hills are plenty.

This form of verb was rarely used by Eliot and is not al- luded to in his Grammar. It appears to have been less com- mon in the Massachusetts than in most of the other Algonkin languages. In the Chippewa, an ‘ abundance verb,’ as Ba- raga* calls it, may be formed from any noun, by adding -ka or -ika for the indicative present: in the Cree, by adding -skow or -ooskow. In the Abnaki, -ka or -kw, or -ikw, forms similar verbs, and verbals. the final ‘tt? of Aa"tti, represents the impersonal a‘t/é, eto, ‘ there belongs to it,’ ‘there is there,’ aya. (Abn. meskikwi‘katti, ‘where there is abundance of grass,’ is the equivalent of the Micmac ‘ m’skeegoo-aicadee, a meadow.’’})

* Otchipwe Grammar, pp. 87, 412. + Mr. Rand’s Micmac Vocabulary, in Schoolcraft’s Collections, vol. v. p. 579,

A Nn deser A” rings cotto!

herri Rale or ne as th Falls, * land tey. ‘A; cage or its have from at the ably ; for a * pon to me Ma of the transl streau place wives

* Co + Th compli the na the Ga draft i p. 272, t Int

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 25

Among Abnaki place-names having this form, the following deserve notice :—

A’ mesmk-ka'tti, “where there is plenty of alewives or her- rings 3 from Abn. a’msoak (Narr. aumstog ; Mass. 6mmissuog, cotton ;) literally, ‘small fishes,’ but appropriated to fish of the herring tribe, including alewives and menhaden or bony-fish. Rale gives this as the name or one of the Abnaki villages on or near the river ‘Aghenibekki.’ It is the same, probably, as the ‘Meesee Contee’ or * Meesucontee,’ at Farmington Falls, on Sandy River, Me.* With the suffix of + place’ or ‘land, it has been written Amessagunticook and Amasaquan- tey.

‘Amoscoyyin, * Ammarescoggen,’ &., and the * Awnough- caugen’ of Capt. John Smith, names given to the Kennebee or its main western branch, the Androscoggin,t—appear to have belonged, originally, to * fishing places’ on the river, from Abn. a’m‘sma-khige, or a"m‘sma-ka"gan. * Amoskeag,’ at the falls of the Merrimack, has the same meaning, prob- ably; a’m‘sma-khige (Mass. émmissakkeag), a ‘ fishing-place for alewives.’ It certainly does not mean ‘beavers,’ or ‘pond or marsh’ of beavers,—as Mr. Schoolcraft supposed it to mean.t

Madamiscomtis or Matlammiscontis, the name of a tributary of the Penobscot and of a town in Lincoln county, Me., was translated by Mr. Greenleaf, in 1823, ‘Young Alewive stream 3”? but it appears to represent met-a"msmak-ka"tti, * a place where there has been (but is not now) plenty of ale- wives,’ or to which they no longer resort. Compare Rale’s

* Coll. Me. Hist. Society, iv. 31, 105.

+ The statement that the Androscoggin received its present name in compliment to Edmond Andros, about 1684, is erroneous. This form of the name appears as early as 1639, in the release by Thomas Purchase to the Governor of Massachusetts, — correctly printed (from the original draft in the handwriting of Thomas Lechtord) in Mass. Records, vol. i. p. 272.

{ Information respecting the Indian ‘Tribes, &e., vol. iii, p. 526.

4

et

26 THE COMPOSITION OF

met-a"maak, * les poissons ont faites leurs ceufs; ils s’en sont allés; il n’y en a plus.”

Cobbosseecontee river, in the south part of Kennebec county, is named from a place near “ the mouth of the stream, where it adjoineth itself to Kennebee river,’* and ‘where there was plenty of sturgeons,’—sabassak-ka"tti.

* Peskadamioukkanti’ is given by Charlevoix, as the Indian name of * the river of the Etechemins,” that is, the St. Croix, —a name which is now corrupted to Passamaquoddy ¢ but this latter form of the name is probably derived from the /tche- min, while Charlevoix wrote the Adnaki form. The Rey. Elijah Kelloge, in 1828,F gave, as the meaning of * Passama- quoddie,’ ‘pollock fish, and the Rev. Mr. Rand translates ‘ Pestumoo-kwoddy” by * pollock ground."£ Cotton's vocabu- lary gives * pékonnétam’ for ‘haddock.’ Perhaps peskadami- wk, like a’mswak, belonged to more than one species of fish.

Of Etchemin and Miemae words having a similar termina- tion, we find among others,—

Shubenacadie ( Chebenacardie on Charlevoix’ map, and She- benacadia on Jeffry’s map of 1775). One of the principal rivers of Nova Scotia, was so named because ¢ sipen-ak were plenty there.’ Professor Dawson was informed by an ‘ancient Miemae patriarch,” that “ Shuben or Sgubun means ground-

nuts or Indian potatoes,” and by the Rev. Mr. Rand, of

Hantsport, N. S., that ‘* seyudbun is a ground-nut, and Seqgub- buna-kaddy is the place or region of ground-nuts,” &e.§ It is not quite certain that shuben and segubbun denote the same esculent root. The Abnaki name of the wild potato or ground- nut was pen, pl. penak (Chip. opin-iy ; Del. obben-ak) ; ¢ sipen, which is obviously the equivalent of sheben, Rale describes as * Dlanches, plus grosses que des penak:? and sheep n-ak is the modern Abnaki (Penobscot) name for the bulbous roots

* Depositions in Coll. Me. Histor. Society, iv. 113.

+3 Mass. Hist. Coll, iii. 181.

t Dawson’s Acadian Geology, 2d ed., (London, 1868), pp. 3, 8. § Acadian Geology, pp. 1, 3.

of tl euid good

taug

on J Mass mer) —tlhe some mes liams

Th Etelhic couje the r cailie Dr. | that India three diah, mina * gro depei been stances

* Mi tVo

tSe

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 7 of the Yellow Lily (Ziliwn Canadense). Thoreau’s Indian euide in the ‘ Maine Woods’ told him that these bulbs “ were good for soup, that is to cook with meat to thicken it,’—and taught him how to prepare them.* Josselyn mentions such “a water-lily, with yellow flowers,” of which “the Indians eat the roots”’ boiled.

“© Segoonuma-kaddy, place of gaspereaux ; Gaspereau or Alewite River,” ‘* Boonamoo-kwoddy, Tom Cod ground,’ and “ Wata-kaddy, cel-ground,’—are given by Professor Dawson, on Mr. Rand’s authority. Segoonumak is the equivalent of Mass. and Narr. sequanamduquock, ‘spring Cor early sum- mer) fish,’ by R. Williams translated ‘bream.’ And loonanoo, —the ponamo of Charlevoix Gi. 127), who confounded it with some ‘species of dog-fish (chien de mer),’—is the apwna- mesw of Rasles and papénaumsu, § winter fish,’ of Roger Wil- liams, ‘which some call frost-fish,—Morrhua pruinosa.

The frequent oecurrence of this termination in Micmac, Etchemin and Abnaki local names gives probability to the conjecture, that it came to be regarded as a general name for the region which these tribes imhabited,— Lareadia,’ * PAc- cadie, and ‘la Cadie, of carly geographers and voyagers. Dr. Kohl has not found this name on any earlier map than that published by Girolamo Ruscelli in 1561. That it is of Indian origin there is hardly room for doubt, and of two or three possible derivations, that from the terminal -Adédi, -ko- diah, ov -katti, is on the whole preferable. But this ter- mination, in the sense of ‘place of abundance’ or in that of ‘ground, land, or place,’ cannot be used separately, as an in- dependent word, in any one of the languages which have been mentioned; and it is singular that, in two or three in- stances, only this termination should have been preserved

* Maine Woods, pp. 194, 284, 326. t Voyages, p. 44. + See Coll. Me. Hist. Society, 2d Ser., vol. i, p. 234.

28 THE COMPOSITION OF

after the first and more important component of the name was lost.

There are two Abnaki words which are not unlike -ha"tti in sound, one or both of which may perhaps be found in some local names: (1) kawdi, ‘where he sleeps,’ a lodging place of men or animals ; and (2) akwdaini, in composition or as a prefix, akodé, ‘against the current,’ up-stream ; as in ned- akwt&hémen, * 1 go up stream,’ and wderakwda"na”, * the fish go up stream.’ Some such synthesis may have given names to fishing-places on tidal rivers, and I am more inclined to regard the name of ‘’Tracadie’ or * Tracody’ as a corruption of wderukada", than to derive it Cwith Professor Dawson* and the Rev. Mr. Rand) from “ Zulluk-haddy ; probably, place of residence ; dwelling place,’—or rather Cfor the ter- mination requires this), where residences or dwellings are plenty,—where there is abundance of dwelling place. There is a Tracadie in Nova Scotia, another (7regaté, of Cham- plain) on the coast of New Brunswick, a Tracody or Tracady Bay in Prince Edward’s Island, and a Tracadigash Point in Chaleur Bay.

Thevet, in La Cosmographie universelle,t gives an account of his visit in 1556, to ** one of the finest rivers in the whole

world which we call Morwnbegue, and the aborigines Ag- oncy,’—now Penobscot Bay. In *‘ Agoney’ we have, | con- jecture, another form of the Abnaki -ka"tt/, and an equivalent

of ‘ Acadie.’

Il. Names formed from a single ground-word or substan. tival—with or without a locative or other suffix.

To this class belong some names already noticed in con- nection with compound names to which they are related ; such as, Wachu-set, * near the mountain ;’? AZenahan (Menan), Manati, Manathaan, * island ;’ Manataan-ung, Aquedn-et, «on the island,’ &e. Of the many which might be added to these, the limits of this paper permit me to mention only a few.

* Acadian Geology, 1. c.

+ Cited by Dr. Wohl. in Coll. Me. Hist. Society, N.S. i. 416.

1.

form

ya i. 19 the | an a these and | at th and | &e.) Nou, Nay Nah On | and

Tslar Sea,

2. out ‘ero betw cons

toa Nun Mas: ‘pla bent

* @

xt

most

Un

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 29

1. Naiag, ‘a corner, angle, or point.’ This is a verbal, formed from nd-i, ‘it is angular, ‘it corners.’ Eliot wrote “* yaue naiyag wetu” for the * four corners of a house,” Job i. 19. Sometimes, n@i receives, instead of the formative -ag, the locative affix (ndi-it or ndi-ut) ; sometimes it is used as an adjectival prefixed to auke, ‘land.’ One or another of these forms serves as the name of a great number of river and sea-coast * points.’ In Connecticut, we find a‘ Vayauy’ at the southern extremity of Mason’s Island in Mystic Bay, and * Noank’ (formerly written, Naweag, Naiwayouk, Noiank, &c.) at the west point of Mystic River’s mouth, in Groton ; Noag or Noyaug, in Glastenbury, &e. In Rhode Island, Nayatt ov Nayot point in Barrington, on Providence Bay, and Nahiganset ov Narragansett, ‘the country about the Point.’* On Long Island, Nyack on Peconick Bay, Southampton,t and another at the west end of the Island, opposite Coney Island. There is also a Nyack on the west side of the Tappan Sea, in New Jersey.

2. Wowrkun, * bended,’ 6a bend,’ was sometimes used with- out affix. The Abnaki equivalent is wa"yhighen, ‘vourbe,’ ‘eroché’ (Rale). There was a Wongun, on the Connecticut, between Glastenbury and Wethersfield, and another, more considerable, a few miles below, in Middletown. Wonk? is found in compound names, as an adjectival ; as in Wonki-tuk, ‘bent river,’ on the Quinebaug, between Plainfield and Can- terbury,—written by early recorders, ‘ Wongattuck,’ * Wan- ungatuck,’ &e., and at last transferred from its proper place to a hill and brook west of the river, where it is disguised as Nunkertunk. The Great Bend between Hadley and Hatfield, Mass., was called MNuppo-wonkun-ohk, ‘close bend place,’ or ‘place shut-in by a bend.’ A tract of meadow west of this bend was called, in 1660, * Cappowonganick,’ and ¢ Capa-

* See Narragansett Club Publications, vol. i. p. 22 (note 6). +On Block’s Map, 1616, the “ Nahicans” are marked on the eastern- most point of Long Island.

So Rn reaper sere rE IIS

SS ee

30 THE COMPOSITION OF

wonk,’ and still retains, | believe, the latter name.* quetookoke, the Indian name of Stockbridge, Mass., as written by Dr. Edwards in the Muhhecan dialect, deseribes ** a bend- of-the-river place.”

Another Abnaki word meaning ‘ curved,’ * erooked,’—pik- a'ghén—oceurs in the name Pika'ghenahik, now * Crooked Island,’ in Penobscot River.

3. Hécguaun CunQquén, Eliot), ‘hook-shaped,’ ¢a hook,’ —is the base of Hoeccanum, the name of a tract of land and the stream which bounds it, in Kast Hartford, and of other Hoceanums, in Hadley and in Yarmouth, Mass. Hecke- welder £ wrote * Okhfequan, Wodkhtequoan, or (short) Hée- quan,” for the modern ‘Occoquan,’ the name of a river in Virginia, and remarked: ‘ All these names signify a hook.” Campanius has ‘ héckung’ for *a hook.’

Hackensack may lave had its name from the Adequan-sauk, ‘hook mouth,’ by which the waters of Newark Bay find their way, around Bergen Point, by the Kill van Cul, to New York

Bay.

3. S6nk or SAUK, a root that denotes * pouring out,” is the base of many local names for ‘the outlet’ or ¢ discharge’ of a river or lake. The Abnaki forms, sa’gwk, ‘sortie de la riviére (seu) la source,’ and sa’ghede'tegmé [== Mass. sauki- tuk,] gave names to Saco in Maine, to the river which has its outflow at that place, and to Sagadahock (sa"ghede'ak’), ‘land at the mouth’ of Kennebeck river.

Saucon, the name of a creek and township in Northampton county, Penn., denotes (says Heckewelder)) the outlet of a smaller stream into a larger one,’—which restricts the denotation too narrowly. The name means “ the outlet,’— and nothing more. Another Soh’coon, or (with the locative)

* Judd’s History of Hadley, 115, 116, 117.

+ Mr. Moses Greenleaf, in 1823, wrote this name, Bahungunahih.

+On Indian names, in Trans. Am, Phil. Society, N. S., vol. iv., p 37%. § Ibid. p. 357,

Wnrog-

Sauk now rend. Sa recei thror Tl or ( the 1 the | Hure Mari Missi site t hetw howe is pe whic! Th tribu well- the \ from St. .

Chie

*?Py

lectio

Oswes Morge

and

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 31

Saukunk, “at the mouth”? of the Big Beaver, on the Ohio,— how in the township of Beaver, Penn.—was a well known rendezvous of Indian war parties.*

Saganaum, Sayana, aow Saginaw Bay, on Lake Wuron, received its name from the mouth of the river which flows through it to the lake.

The Mississagas were people of the missi-sauk, missi-sayue, or (vith locative) missi-suk-ing.t that is ‘great outlet.” In the last half of the seventeenth century they were seated on the banks of a river which is deseribed as flowing into Lake Huron some twenty or thirty leagues south of the Sault Ste. Marie (the same river probably that is now known as the Mississauga, emptying into Manitou Bay,) and nearly oppo- site the Straits of Mississauga on the South side of the Bay, between Manitoulin and Cockburn Islands. So little is known however of the history and migrations of this people, that it is perhaps impossible now to identify the * great outlet’ from which they first had their name.

The Saguenay (Sagnay, Sagné, Saghuny, ete.), the great tributary of the St. Lawrence, was so called either from the well-known trading-place at its mouth, the annual resort of the Montagnars and all the eastern tribes,§ or more probably from the ¢ Grand Discharge ’|| of its main stream from Lake St. John and its strong current to and past the rapids at Chicoutimi, and thence on to the St. Lawrence.) Near Lake

* Paper on Indian Names, ut supra, p. 8663 and 3 Mass. Historical Col- lections, vi. 145. [Compare, the Iroquois Swa-deh’ and Oswa’-go (modern Oswego), which has the same meaning as Ale. sauki—“ flowing out.”— Morgan's Leaque of the Traquois.]

a tSayuinam, Charlevoix, i. 5015 iii, 279, t Relations des Jésuites, 1658, p. 22; 1648, p. 625 1671, pp. 25, 31. § Charlevoix, Nouv. France, iii. 65; Gallatin’s Synopsis, p. 24.

| This name is still retained.

q When first discovered the Saguenay was not regarded as a river, but as a strait or passage by which the waters of some northern sea flowed to the St. Lawrence. But ona French map of 1548, the ‘R. de Sagtay’ and the country of ‘Sagnay’ are laid down. See Maine Hist. Soc. Col-

32 THE COMPOSITION OF

St. John and the Grand Discharge was another rendezvous of the scattered tribes. The missionary Saint-Simon in 1671 described this place as one at which * all the nations inhabit- ing the country between the two seas (towards the east and north) assembled to barter their furs.’ Hind’s Exploration of Labrador, ii. 23.

In composition with -tu’, ‘river’ or ‘tidal stream,’ sauki (adjectival) gave names to * Soukatuck, now Saugatuck, the mouth of a river in Fairfield county, Conn. ; to + Sawahqual- ock,’ ov * Sawkatuck-et,’ at the outlet of Long Pond or mouth of Herring River, in Harwich, Mass.; and perhaps to J/as- saugatucket, (missi-saukituk-ut?), in’ Marshfield, Mass., and in South Kingston, R.L.,—a name which, in both places, has heen shortened to Saquatucket.

* Winnipiseogee’ (pronounced Win' ni pe sauk’ e,) is com- pounded of winni, nippe, and sauki, * good-water discharge,’ and the name must have belonged originally to the ouwdlet by which the waters of the lake pass to the Merrimack, rather than to the lake itself. Winnepesauke, Wenepesioco and (with the locative) Winnipesiockett, are among the early forms of the name. The translation of this synthesis by ‘the Smnile of the Great Spirit’ is sheer nonsense. Another, first proposed by the late Judge Potter of New Hampshire, in his History of Manchester (p. 27),*—‘ the beautiful water of the high place,’—is demonstrably wrong. It assumes that is or es represents ees, meaning ‘high: to which assump- tion there are two objections: first, that there is no evidence that such «@ word as kees, meaning ‘high,’ is found in any Algonkin language, and secondly, that if there be such a word, it must retain its significant root, in any synthesis of which it makes part,—in other words, that kees could not drop its initial & and preserve its meaning. I was at first in- clined to accept the more probable translation proposed by

lections, 2d Series, vol. i., pp. 381, 354. Charlevoix gives Pitchitaouichetz ’ ’ D ’ as the Indian name of the River.

* And in the Historical Magazine, vol. i. p. 246.

Q

‘Ss, Aug but, dimi ors exte the |

is ay

and to th icut, coun was

Rive ern

tract Shet place land and Muh ‘at t ama way

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 33

‘S. FS. [S. F. Streeter 1] in the Historical Magazine for August, 1857,*—* the land of the placid or beautiful lake :” but, in the dialects of New England, nippisse or nips, a diminutive of nippe, ‘water, is never used for paug, ‘lake’ or ‘standing water; fF and if it were sometimes so used, the extent of Lake Winnepiscogee forbids it to be classed with the ‘small lakes’? or ‘ponds,’ to which, only, the diminutive is appropriate,

4. Nasuave’ (Chip. néssawaii and ashawiwi), ‘mid-way,’ or * between,’ and with ohke ov auk added, ¢the land between’ or‘ the half-way place,"-—was the name of several localities. The tract on which Lancaster, in Worcester county (Mass. ) was settled, was * between’ the branches of the river, and so it was called * Mashaway’ or * Nashawake’ (nashaué-ohke) ; and this name was afterwards transferred from the territory to the river itself. There was another Nashaway in Conneet- icut, between Quinnebaug and Five-Mile Rivers in Windham county, and here, too, the mutilated name of the nashaue-ohke was transferred, as Ashawog or Assawog, to the Five-Mile River. Natehaug in the same county, the name of the ecast- ern branch of Shetucket river, belonged originally to the tract * between’ the eastern and western branches ; and the Shetucket itself borrows a name (nashaue-tuk-ut) from its place ‘between* Yantic and Quinebaug rivers. A neck of land (now in Griswold, Conn.) * between Pachaug River

” one of the

and a brook that comes into it from the south, Muhhekan east boundaries, was called sometimes, Shawwunk, ‘at the place between,’—sometimes Shawwdmug (rashaué- amaug), * the fishing-place between’ the rivers, or the * half= way fishing-place.’$

* Vol. i. p. 246. t See pp. 14, 15. t Chandler’s Survey and Map of the Mohegan country, 1705. Compare the Chip. ashaiwi-sitagon, “a place from which water runs two ways,” a

dividing ridge or portage between river courses. Owen’s Geological Sur- vey of Wisconsin, ete., p. 312.

D

34 THE COMPOSITION OF

5, ASHIM, is once used by Eliot (Cant. iv. 12) for ¢ foun- tain.” It denoted a spring or brook from which water was obtained for drinking. In the Abnaki, asiem nebi, * il puise de Veauy’ and ned-a‘sihibe, je puise de Peau, fonti vel fluvio.’ (Rasles.)

Winne-ashim-ut, ‘at the good spring,’ near Romney Marsh, is now Chelsea, Mass. The name appears in deeds and ree- ords as Winnisimmet, Winisemit, Winnet Semet, ete. The author of the ‘New English Canaan’ informs us (book 2, ch. 8), that * At Weenasemute is a water, the virtue whereof is, “to cure barrennesse. The place taketh his name of that * fountaine, which signifieth quick spring, ov quickning spring. * Probatum.”’

Ashimuit or Shumuit, an Indian village near the line he- tween Sandwich and Falmouth, Mass..—Shaume, a neek and river in Sandwich (the Chawum of Capt. John Smith “),— Shimmoah, an Indian village on Nantucket——may al! have derived their names from springs resorted to by the natives, as was suggested by the Rev. Samuel Deane in a paper in Mass. Hist. Collections, 2d Series, vol. x. pp. 178, 174.

6. Matrappan, a participle of mattappy (Chip. namdtabi), ‘he sits down,’ denotes a ‘sitting-down place,’ or, as generally employed in local names, the end of a portage between two rivers or from one arm of the sea to another,—where the sanoe was launched again and its bearers re-embarked. Rale translates the Abnaki equivalent, mata”be, by ‘il va au bord de Veau,—a la gréve pour s’embarquer,’ and meta”béniganik, by ‘au bout de dela du portage.’

Mattapan-ock, afterwards shortened to Mattapan, that part of Dorchester Neck (South Boston) where “ the west coun- try people were set down” in 1630,* may have been so ealled because it was the end of a carrying place from South Bay to Dorchester Bay, across the narrowest part of the peninsula, or—as seems highly probable—because it was the temporary

* Blake’s Annals of Dorchester, p. 9: Winthrop’s Journal, vol. i. p- 28.

* sitt the.

O; as t Pam head ham: Rive

M Mas: Neck the g their

On and | on m is na is the and t

lod

7. rates ® ancic Chab lage was and t benag ing-p mucl both

I genel other noun

in E

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. BH

‘ sitting-down place’ of the new comers. Elsewhere, we find the name evidently associated with portage.

On Smnith’s Map of Virginia, one * Mattapanient’ appears as the name of the northern fork (now the Mattépony) of Pamaunk (York) River; another (Jattpanient) near the head waters of the Pawtuxunt ; and a third on the * Chicka- hamania’ not far above its confluence with Powhatan (James) River.

Mattapoiset, on an inlet of Buzzard’s Bay, in Rochester, Mass.,—another Mattapoiset or ‘ Mattapnyst,’ now Gardner's Neck, in Swanzea,—and ‘ Mattapeaset’ or * Mattabesic,’ on the great bend of the Connecticut (now Middletown), derived their names from the same word, probably.

Ona map of Lake Superior, made by Jesuit missionaries and published in Paris in 1672, the stream which is marked on modern maps as * Riviere aux Traines’ or ‘Train River,’ is named * R. Mataban.’ The small lake from which it flows is the ‘end of portage’ between the waters of Lake Michigan and those of Lake Superior.

7. CHABENUK, $a bound mark ;’ literally, * that which sepa- ‘ates or divides.” A hill in Griswold, Conn., which was anciently one of the Muhhekan east bound-marks, was called Chabinu"k, * Atchaubennuck,’ and * Chabunnuck.’ The vil- lage of praying Indians in Dudley (now Webster‘) Mass., was named Chabanakongkomuk (Eliot, 1668,) or -ongkomun, and the Great Pond still retains, it is said, the name of Chau- benagungamaug (chabenukong-amaug ?), ‘the boundary fish- ing-place.”” This pond was a bound mark between the Nip- mucks and the Muhhekans, and was resorted to by Indians of both nations.

II. Participials and verbals employed as place-names may generally, as was before remarked, be referred to one or the other of the two preceding classes. The distinction between noun and verb is less clearly marked in Indian grammar than in English. The name Mushauwomuk (corrupted to Shaw-

36 THE COMPOSITION OF

mut) may be regarded as a participle from the verb mush- syuithy

anam (Nave. mishoonhom) ‘he goes by boat,’—or as a noun, its off meaning *a ferry,’—or as a name of the first class, com- posed pounded of the adjectival mushw-n, ‘boat or canoe, and Now womo-uk, habitual or customary going, iLe., “where there is men \ going-by-boat.’ of the The analysis of names of this class is not easy. In most hac le cases, its results must be regarded as merely provisional, adopt Without some clue supplied by history or tradition and with- Kliot out accurate knowledge of the locality to whieh the name the sa belongs, or és supposed to belong, one can never be certain of took « having found the right key to the synthesis, however well it name; may seem to fit the lock. Experience Mayhew writing from espec Chilmark on Martha’s Vineyard, in 1722, gives the Indian five ¢ name of the place where he was living as Nimpanickhickanuh, Were | If he had not added the information that the name * sig- Indian nifies in English, The place of thunder clefts,” and that it conse

was so called * because there was once a tree there split in safes

pieces by the thunder,” it is not likely that any one in this prefix generation would have discovered its precise meaning,— on as though it might have been conjectured that neimpau, or nim- Ins bau, * thunder,’ made a part of it. name Wuilitimende was (Heckewelder tells us*) the Delaware e or ch name of a place on the Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania, where, Name : as the Indians say, ‘¢in their wars with the Five Nations, they 1 was fell by surprise upon their enemies. The word or name of strean this place is therefore, Where we came unawares upon them, bered &e.” Without the tradition, the meaning of the name would Capt. not have been guessed,—or, if guessed, would not have been ing th confidently accepted. tioned The difficulty of analyzing such names is greatly inereased * Moy: by the fact that they come to us in corrupt forms. The erly t

same name may be found, in early records, written in a given

dozen different ways, and some three or four of these may Moos admit of as many different translations. Indian grammatical of a} se. s : _ = of Ph

* On

“—

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. M7

avithesis was eveet. Every consonant and every vowel had its office and its place. Not one could be dropped or trans- posed, nor could one be added, without ehange of meaning. Now most of the Indian local names were first written by men who cared nothing for their meaning and knew nothing of the languages to which they belonged. Of the few who had learned to speak one or more of these languages, no two adopted the same way of writing them, and no one—John Kliot excepted—appears to have been at all careful to write the same word twice alike, In the seventeenth eentury men took considerable liberties with the spelling of their own sur- hames and very large liberty with English polysyllables— especially with local names. Seribes who contrived to find five or six ways of writing ‘Hartford’ or * Wethersfield,’ were not likely to preserve uniformity in their dealings with Indian names. A few letters more or less were of no great consequence, but, generally, the writers tried to keep on the safe side, by putting in as many as they could find room for ; prefixing a ¢ to every #, doubling every w and yg, and tacking on a superfluous final e, for good measure,

In some instances, what is supposed to he an Indian place- name is in fact a personal name, borrowed from some sachem or chief who lived on or claimed to own the territory. Names of this class are likely to give trouble to translators. | was puzzled fora long time by § J/ianus,’ the name of a stream between Stamford and Greenwich,— till | remem- bered that Mayano, an Indian warrior Qvho was killed by Capt. Patrick in 1643) had lived hereabouts ; and on search- ing the Greenwich records, I found the stream was first men- tioned as Moyannoes and Mehanno’s creek, and that it bounded * Moyannoe’s neck’ of land. Joosup river, which flows west- erly through Plainfield into the Quinebaug and which has given names to a }ost-office and factory village, was formerly Moosup’s viver,— —osup or Maussup being one of the aliases of a Narragansett sachem who is better known, in the history of Philip’s war, as Pessacus. Heckewelder* restores ¢ Pyma-

* On Indian Names (uf supra) p. 865,

38 THE COMPOSITION OF

tuning,’ the name of a place in Pennsylvania, to the Del.

cove ‘ Pihmténink, meaning, * the dwelling place of the man with : a ‘ the crooked mouth, or the crooked man’s dwelling place,” AIK and adds, that he * knew the man_ perfectly well,” who gave clair this name to the locality. pref do 1 Some of the examples which have been given,—such as had Higganum, Nunkertunk, Shawmut, Swamscot and Titieut,— give —show how the difficulties of analysis have been increased by Gast phonetic corruption, sometimes to such a degree as hardly wea to leave a trace of the original. Another and not less strik- The ing example is presented by Snipsic, the modern name of a ried pond between Ellington and Tolland. If we had not access als to Chandler’s Survey of the Mohegan Country, made in ’ ter | 1705, who would suppose that * Snipsic’ was the surviving he: representative of MJoshenupsuck, ‘great-pond brook’ or (lit- one: erally) ‘ great-pond outlet,’ at the south end of JZoshenups or ing § Mashenips * great pond? The territories of three nations, = the Muhhekans, Nipmuecks and River Indians, ran together 1 at this point. ere | ‘ Nameroake, * Namareck’ or ‘ Namelake,’ in Kast Windsor, Nou ia was transformed to May-luck, giving toa brook a name which sligl ‘ tradition’ derives from the ‘luck’ of a party of emigrants faine who came in ‘ May’ to the Connecticut.* The original name eae appears to have been the equivalent of ‘ Nameaug’ or ‘ Nam- gery ; eoke’ (New London), and to mean ‘the fishing place,— the namaugy or nama-ohke. prec But none of these names exhibits a more curious transform- ion

ation than that of ‘ Bayadoose’ or *‘ Bigaduce, a peninsula on the east side of Penobscot Bay, now Castine, Me. William- son’s History of Maine (ii. 572) states on the authority of Col. J. Wardwell of Penobscot, in 1820, that this point bore the name of a former resident, a Frenchman, one ‘ Major Biguyduce.’ Afterwards, the historian was informed that * Marche bagyduce’ was an Indian word meaning ‘no good

* Stiles’s History of Ancient Windsor, p. 111.

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 359

cove.” Mr. Joseph Williamson, in a paper in the Maine His- torical Society’s Collections (vol. vi. p. 107) identifies this name with the Matchebiguatus of Kdward Winslow's quit- claim to Massachusetts in 1644,* and correctly translates the prefix matche by ‘bad,’ but adds: “ What Biguatus means, | do not know.’ Purchas mentions * Chebegnadose, as an Indian town on the ‘ Apananawapeske’ or Penobseot.t Réle gives, as the name of the place on “the river where M. de Gastin [Castine] is,’ Matsibigoadassek, and on his authority we may accept this form as nearly representing the original. The analysis now becomes more easy. Jutsi-a*bayawat-ek, means ‘at the bad-shelter place,—bad covert or cove ;? and matsi-a"bagawatws-ek is the diminutive, * at the small bad-shel- ter place.” About two miles and a half above the mouth of the Kenebee was a place called by the Indians ‘ Abagadusset’ or ‘ Abequaduset’—the same name without the prefix—mean- ing ‘at the cove, or place of shelter.’

The adjectivals employed in the composition of Algonkin names are very numerous, and hardly admit of classification. Noun, adjective, adverb or even an active verb may, with slight change of form, serve as a prefix. But, as was be- fore remarked, every prefix, strictly considered, is an adverb or must be construed as an adverb,—the synthesis which serves as a name having generally the verb form. Some of the most common of these prefixes have been mentioned on preceding pages. A few others, whose meanings are less ob- vious and have been sometimes mistaken by translators, may deserve more particular notice.

1. Pongui, ponquak’; Narr. pduqui; Abn. putkoié ; ‘open,’ ‘clear’ (primarily, ‘ broken’). In composition with ohke, ‘land,’ or formed as a verbal in -aug, it denotes ‘ cleared land’ or ‘an open place :’ as in the names variously written * Pahquioque,’ + Paquiaug ;? * Pyquaag ;’ * Poquaig,’ ¢ Payqua- oge, &c., in Danbury and Wethersfield, and in Athol, Mass.

* Printed in note to Savage’s Winthrop’s Journal, ii. 180. tSee Thornton’s Ancient Pemaquid, in Maine Hist. Collections, v. 156.

40 THE COMPOSITION OF

2, Pauke (Abn. party.) ‘eleary * pure’. Found with oui pauy,* standing water’ or * pond, in such names as * Pahcu- ” the pog,’ * Paquabaug,’ &e, See page 16, “

3. PAGUAN-AU, ‘he destroys,’ * he slaughters’ (Narr. pad- Riv quand, there is a slaughter’) in composition with ohke de- san notes ‘place of slanghter’ or * of destruction,’ and commem- nan orates some sanguinary victory or disastrous defeat. This is I probably the meaning of nearly all the names written * Po- Stas quannoce,’ ¢ Pequannoc,’ * Pauganuck,’ &e., of places in Bridge- ‘fon port (Stratfield), Windsor and Groton, Conn., and of a town dai in New Jersey. Some of these, however, may possibly be as t derived from paukunni and chke, * dark place.’ tain

4.0 Peat (Abn. pemai-wi; Del. pimé-w; Cree, peemé ;) or} denotes deviation from a straight line ; * sloping,’ ‘aslant,” Isla ‘twisted.’ PumMMEECHE (Cree, pimich ; Chip. pemijis Abn. pem pemetst ;) ‘crosswise; traverse.” Eliot wrote * pummeeche fori may’ for ‘ cross-way,’ Obad. 14; and pumetshin (literally, ¢ it (wit crosses’) for ‘a cross, as in up-pumetshin-cum, ‘his cross,’ whe: Luke xiv. 27. Peméji-gome or Pemiji-guma, * cross water,’ is Pen the Chippewa name for a lake whose longest diameter crosses ing the general course of the river which flows through it,— (fro which stretches across, not with the stream. There is such a W lake in Minnesota, near the sources of the Mississippi, just Abn below the junction of the two primary forks of that river ; ishied

‘ another (¢ Pemijigome’) in the chain of small lakes which nesy are the northern sources of the Manidowish (and Chippewa) smal River in Wisconsin, and still another near the Lacs des Flam- RI. beaux, the source of Flambeau River, an affluent of the Man- it ey idowish. ‘att The same prefix or its equivalent occurs in the name of a whie

lake in Maine, near the source of the Alligash branch of St. John’s River. Mr. Greenleaf, in a list of Indian names made in 1825,* gave this as *BAaM’CHEnun’gamo or AhP’MO0- JEEnegmook.” — Thoreauf was informed by his Penobscot

recei

*

Z

pench

tH may | of th

* Report of American Society for Promoting Civilization of the Indian

Tribes, p. 52.

+ Maine Woods, 282.

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL WN \MES. 41

guide, that the name “ means ‘ Lake that is crossed ;’ because the usual course lies across, not along it.” There is another “ Cross Lake,” in Aroostook county, near the head of Fish River. We seem to recognize, and with less difficulty, the same prefix in Pemigewasset, but the full composition of that name is not clear.

$ Pemi- denotes, not a crossing of but deviation from a - straight line, whether vertical or horizontal. In place-names - it may generally be translated by ‘sloping’ or ¢ aslant ;’ some- 1 times by ‘awry’ or ‘tortuous.’ Pemadené, which Rale gives c as the Alnaki word for ‘mountain,’ denotes a sloping moun- tain-side (pemi-adené), in distinction from one that is steep ) or precipitous. ‘Pemetiq, the Indian name of Mount Desert . Island, as written by Father Biard in 1611, is the Abnaki \. pemeteki, ‘sloping land.’ Pemaquid appears to be another We form of the word which Rale wrote ‘Pemaa"kke, meaning it (with the locative suffix) ‘ at the place where the land slopes ;’ is where “le terre penche ; est en talus.”"$ -Pymatuning, in is Pennsylvania, is explained by Heckewelder, as “the dwell- os ing place of the man with the crooked mouth ; Pihmtdénink”’ _ (from pimeu and *twn), a WANASHQUE, ANASQUI, ‘at the extremity of ‘at the end; st Abn. wanaskaini, ‘au bout; Cree, wdénnuskatch ; Chip. ms ishkue, eshqua. See (pp. 18, 19,) Wanashqu-ompsk-ut, Won- Hh nesquam,¢ Winnesquamsaukit, Squamscot. Wonasquatucket, a L) small river which divides North Providence and Johnston, . n= R.1., retains the name which belonged to the point at which - it enters an arm of Narragansett Bay (or Providence River), “at the end of the tidal-river.”. A stream in Rochester, Mass., a which empties into the head of an inlet from Buzzard’s Bay, t. received the same name. Ishyuagoma, on the upper Embarras es = - = ae : rn 0- * Abnaki Dictionary, s.v. PeENcnER. Compare, p. 545, “ bimkaeé, il ot penche naturellement la téte sur un cote.” + Wonnesquam (as should have been mentioned on the page referred to) ee may possibly represent the Abnaki wmanask@a"a"miwi or -mek, ‘at the end '

of the peninsula’ (‘au bout de la presquile.’ Rale). 6

»

42 THE COMPOSITION OF

River, Minnesota, is the ‘end lake’ the extreme point to which canoes go up that stream.

Names of fishes supply the adjectival components of many place-names on the sea-coast of New England, on the lakes, and along river-courses. The difficulty of analyzing such nanes is the greater because the same species of fish was known by different names to different tribes. The more common substantivals are -amaug, * fishing place; -tuk or sipu, svivery ohke, * place; Abn. -ka' tt’, * place of abund- ance; and -Aeay, -keke, Abn. -khigé, which appears to denote a peculiar mode of fishing—perhaps, by a weir -* possibly, a spearing-place.

From the generic namaus (namohs, El.; Abn. namés ; Del. namees ) * a fish’—but probably, one of the smaller sort, for the form is a diminutive——come such names us Nameoke or Nameauy (New London), for namau-ohke, ‘fish country 3’ Namasket or Namasseket (on Taunton River, in Middle- borough, Mass.) ‘at the fish place,’ a favorite resort of the Indians of that region ; Namaskeak, now Amoskeag, on the Merrimack, and Nan’ skeket or Skeekect, in Wellfleet, Mass.

Msquammaug (Abn. meskwaméko), ‘red fish, i.e. salmon, vave names to several localities. Misquamacuck or Squami- cut, now Westerly, R.L., was ‘a salmon place’ of the Narra- gansetts. The initial m often disappears ; and sometimes, so much of the rest of the name goes with it, that we can only guess at the original synthesis. + Gonie, a post office and railroad station, near Dover, N.H., on the Cocheeo river, was onee § Squammagonic, —and probably, a salmon-fishing place.

Katposh (Alm. kabassé, plu. kabassak), * sturgeon,’ is a component of the name Cobbosseecontce, in Maine (page 26, ante), ‘where sturgeons are plenty 2 and Cobscook, an arm of Passamaquoddy Bay, Pembroke, Me., perhaps stands for kabassakhigé, * sturgeon-catching place.’

* Schooleratt derives the name of the Namakaqgun fork of the St. Croix river, Wise., from Chip. “aamai. sturgeqn, and kaqun, a voke or weir,”

esp of’ t Mat ante A Chi; and cree (uo pone pike

P; in F

N hum or | from the was near

had

In peat Indi: marl tion | coun of st (in 3 gene or sy espe

*C and G

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 435

Aumsuog or Ommissuog (Abn. a” msmak), ‘small fish, — especially alewives and herrings,—is a component of the name of the Abnaki village on the Kennebec, A" mesmh-hantti, of Mattammiscontis, a tributary of the Kennebec (see p. 25, ante), and probably, of Amoscoygin and Amosheag.

Qunnésu (pl. -suoys Abn. kanasé; Old Ale. kino"7é ; Chip. keno’zha;) is found in the name of Kenosha, a town and county in Wisconsin; perhaps, in Aenjua or Kenzua ercek and township, in Warren county, Pa. Quinshepauy or @uonshapauge, in Mendon, Mass., seems to denote a * pickerel pond’ (qunnosu-paug). Maskinongé, i.c. massa-kino"/é,* great pike’ or maskelunge, names a river and lake in Canada.

Pescatum, said to mean * pollock,’ occurs as an adjectival in Peskadamioukka'tt?, the modern Passamaquoddy (p. 26).

Naha"ma, the Abnaki name of the ‘eel,’ is found in ** Ve- humkeay, the English of which is Eel Land, ... . a stream or brook that empties itself into Kennebee River,” not far from Cobbissecontee.* This brook was sometimes called by the English, Vehwnhee. The Indian name of Salem, Mass., was Nehumkeke or Naiimkeay, and a place on the Merrimac, near the mouth of Concord River (now in Lowell, I believe,) had the same name,—written, Vaamkeak.

In view of the illustrations which have been given, we re- peat what was stated in the beginning of this paper, that Indian place-names are not proper names, that is uumeaning marks, but significant appellatives, each conveying a deserip- tion of the locality to which it belongs. In those parts of the country where Indian languages are still spoken, the analysis of such names is comparatively easy. Chippewa, Cree, or Cn another family) Sioux-Dakota geographical names may generally be translated with as little difficulty as other words or syntheses in the same languages. In New England, and especially in our part of New England, the case is different.

* Col. William Lithgow’s deposition, 1767,—in New England Historical and General Register, xxiv. 24.

44 THE COMPOSITION OF

We can hardly expect to ascertain the meaning of all the names which have come down to us from dead languages of aboriginal tribes. Some of the obstacles to accurate analysis have been pointed out. Nearly every geographical name has been mutilated or has suffered change. It would indeed be strange if Indian polysyntheses, with their frequent gutturals

and nasals, adopted fron unwritten languages and by those who were ignorant of their meanings, had been exempted from the phonetic change to which all language is subject, as a result of the universal disposition ‘to put more facile in the stead of more difficult sounds or combination of sounds, and to get rid altogether of what is unnecessary in the words

we use.” * What Professor Haldeman calls otosés, * that error lects i of the ear by which words are perverted to a more familiar the { form,’} has effected some curious transformations. Swatara,t what the name of a stream in Pennsylvania, becomes *¢ Sweet Tl Arrow;’ the Potopaco of John Smith’s map (potuppdg, a pears bay or cove; Eliot,) on a bend of the Potomac, is naturalized mere as ‘Port Tobacco.” Mama auke, * the place of fish’ in East or ni Windsor, passes through Mamerack and Namalake to the the s 1} modern ‘ May Luck.’ Moskitu-auke, ‘ grass land,’ in Scituate, woul R.I., gives the name of * Mosquito Hawk’ to the brook which been

crosses it.§ as mcs Srinoe plural * Whitney’s Language and the Study of Language, p. 69.—* Ein natiir- which { liches Volksgefiihl, oft auch der Volkswitz, den nicht mehr verstand- garde { enen Namen neu umpraigte uid mit anderen lebenden Wortern in Ver- word ; bindung setzte.” Dr. J. Bender, Die deulschen Ortsnamen (2te Ausg.) p. 2. ogy o

+ Haldeman’s Analytic Orthography, §279, and “ Etymology as a means form |

of Education,” in Pennsylvania School Journal for October, 1868. St. L: t“ Swatawro,’ on Sayer and Bennett’s Map, 1775. que ele §“ Whiskey Jack,” the name by which the Canada Jay (Perisoreus Can- tute fc

adensis) is best known to the lumbermen and hunters of Maine and Canada, los uve

is the Montagnais Ouishcatcha” (Cree, Ouiskeshauneesh), which has passed Bay o

perhaps through the transitional forms of ‘ OQuiske Jean’ and ‘ Whiskey lieved

Johnny.” The Shagbark Hickory nuts, in the dialect of the Abnakis nuity |

he tar all kit

a corr

called s‘ka@skada’mennar, literally, ‘nuts to be cracked with the teeth,’ are the ‘Kuskatominies’ and ‘Kisky Thomas’ nuts of descendants of the Dutch colonists of New Jersey and New York. A contraction of the

gestion

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL to

NAMES.

In Connecticut and Rhode Island special causes operated to corrupt and transform almost beyond possibility of recogni- tion, many of the Indian place names. Five different dia- lects at least were spoken between Narraganseté Bay and the Housatonic River, at the time of the first coming of the English. In early deeds and conveyances in the colonial and in local records, we find the same river, lake, tract of land or bound-mark named sometimes in the Muhhekan, sometimes in the Narragansett, or Niantic, or Nipmuck, or Connecticut valley, or Quinnipiae (Quiripee) dialect. The adopted name is often extra-limitary to the tribe by which it was given. Often, it is a mixture of, or a sort of compromise between, two dia- lects; half Muhhekan, half Narragansett or Nipmuck. In the form in which it comes to us, we can only guess from

what language or languages it has been corrupted.

The analysis of those names even whose composition ap- pears to be most obvious must be accepted as provisional merely. The recovery of a lost syllable or of a lost guttural or nasal, the correction of a false accent even, may give to the synthesis another and hitherto unsuspected meaning. — It would be surprising if some of the translations which have been hazarded in this paper do not prove to be wide of their

plural form of « Massachusetts noun-generic,—asquash, denoting ‘things which are eaten green, or without cooking,’ was adopted as the name of' a garden vegetable,—with conscious reference, perhaps, to the old English word squash, meaning ¢ something soft or immature.’ Sometimes etymol- ‘ ogy overreaches itself; by regarding an aboriginal name as the corrupt

form of a foreign one. Thus the maskalongé or ‘great long-nose’ of the St. Lawrence (see p. 43) has been reputed of French extraction,—mas- que elongé: and sagackomi, the northern name of a plant used as a substi- tute for or to mix with tobacco,—especially, of the Bearberry, rctostaphy- los uva-ursi,—is resolved into sac-d-commis, “on account of the Hudson's Bay oflicers carrying it in bags for smoking,” as Sir John Richardson be- lieved (Arctic Searching Expedition, ii. 803). It was left for the inge- nuity of a Westminster Reviewer to discover that barbecue (denoting, in he tanguage of the Indians of Guiana, a wooden frame or grille on which | all kinds of flesh and fish were dry-roasted, or cured in smoke,) might be

a corruption of the French barbe d queue, i.e. ‘from snout to tail;’ a sug- gestion which appears to have found favor with lexicographers.

ee

46 THE COMPOSITION OF

mark. Kven English etymology is not reckoned among the exact sciences yet,—and in Algonkin, there is the additional disadvantage of having no Sanskrit verbs * to go.” to fall back on as a last resort.

Recent manifestations of an increasing interest in Indian onomatology, or at least of awakened curiosity to discover the meanings of Indian names, may perhaps justify the writer in offering, at the close of this paper, a few suggestions, as to the method of analysis which appears most likely to give correct results, and as to the tests by which to judge of the probabil- ity that a supposed translation of any name is the true one.

1. The earliest recorded form of the name should be sought for, and every variation from it should be noted. These should be taken so far as possible from original man- uscripts, not from printed copies.

2. Where the difference of forms is considerable, knowl- edge of the character and opportunities of the writer may sometimes determine the preference of one form to others, as probably the most accurate. A Massachusetts or Connecticut name written by John Eliot or Experience Mayhew—or by the famous interpreter, Thomas Stanton—may safely be as- sumed to represent the original combination of sounds more exactly than the form given it by some town-recorder, igno- rant of the Indian language and who perhaps did not always write or spell his own correctly.

3. The name should be considered with some reference to the topographical features of the region to which it belongs. These may sometimes determine the true meaning when the analysis is doubtful, or may suggest the meaning which would otherwise have been unsuspected under the modern form.

4. Remembering that every letter or sound had its value, — if, in the analysis of a name, it becomes necessary to get

‘rid of a troublesome consonant or vowel by assuming it to

have been introduced ‘ for the sake of euphony,’—it is probable that the interpretation so arrived at is not the right one.

5. The components of every place-name—or to speak more generally, the elements of every Indian synthesis are

signi lecte lific

gram

One-s

ceaw

simp

one

nants weld Ame

some in an

¢ disag

“one

of ay

aware ponce innoe pir-,) (Mas

same

the ve

mon J are ta

nisle Eneli boy-is in an

We list o

* Co and Li

t Pre On Ti it curr¢ in the

INDIAN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 17

significant roots, not mere fractions of words arbitrarily se- lected for new combinations. There has been no more pro- lific source of error in dealings with the etymology and the grammatical structure of the American languages than that one-sided view of the truth which was given by Dupon- ceau* in the statement that ‘sone or more syllables of each simple word are generally chosen and combined together, in one compound Jocution, often leaving out the harsh conso- nants for the sake of cuphony,’—and repeated by Hecke- welder,f when he wrote, that in the Delaware and other American languages, parts or parcels of different words, sometimes a single sound or letter, are compounded together in an artificial manner so as to avoid the meeting of harsh or disagreeable sounds,” &e. The ** single sound or letter’ the “one or more syllables,” were chosen not as * part or parcel” of a word but because of their ¢rherent significance. The Del- aware * Pilape, a youth,” is net—as Heckewelder and Du- ponceau represented it to be $—* formed from pi/sit, chaste, innocent, and /enape, aman,” bat from pri- (Mass. pen-, Abn. pir-,) strange, novel, unused Cand hence) pure,—and -aXPE (Mass. -omp, Abn. a"bé,) a male, vir. It is true that the same roots are found in the two words PIL-sit (a participle of the verb-adjective pil-esu, ‘he is pure,’) and Jen-a*pr, ‘ com- mon man :’ but the statement that ‘one or more syllables” are taken from these words to form Pilape is inaccurate and misleading. It might with as much truth be said that the Enelish word boyhood is formed from selected syllables of boy-ish and man-hood; or that purity ‘compounds together in an artificial manner’ fractions of purify and quality.

We meet with similar analyses in almost every published list of Indian names. Some examples have been given in

* Correspondence of Duponceau and Heckewelder, in Trans, Historical and Literary Committee of Am. Philos. Society, p. 403. ¢ Ibid., p. 406.

t Preface to Duponceau’s translation of Zeisberger’s Grammar, p. 21. On Duponceaw’s authority, Dr. Pickering accepted this analysis agd gave it currency by repeating it, in his admirable paper on “ Indian Languages,” in the Eneyelopwdia Americana, vol. vi.

ts THE COMPOSITION OF

the preceding pages of this paper,—as in the interpretation of ‘Winnipisiogee (p. 32) by + the beautiful water of the high place,’ « or és being regarded as the fractional represent- ative of ‘kees, high.” Pemigewasset has heen translated by ‘erooked place of pines’ and * crooked mountain pine place,’ —as if ko-a, a pine, or its plural kw-ash, could dispense in composition with its significant base, ka, and appear by a grammatical formative only.

6. No interpretation of a place-name is correet which makes bad grammar of the original. The apparatus of Indian synthesis was cumbersome and perhaps inelegant, but it was nicely adjusted to its work. The grammatical relations of words were never lost sight of. The several components of a name had their established order, not dependent upon the will or skill of the composer. When we read modern adyertise- ments of ‘cheap gentlemen’s traveling bags”? or “ steel-faced ‘arpenters’ claw hammers,” we may construe such phrases with a latitude which was not permitted to the Algonkins. If * Connecticut’? means—as some have supposed it to mean — long deer place, it denotes a place where long deer abounded ; if ‘ Piscataqua’ was named ‘great deer river,’ it was because the deer found tm that river were of remarkable size. ** Coaquanock’ or, as Heckewelder wrote it, * Cuwequen-

aku,’ the site of Philadelphia, may mean ‘pine long-place’

but cannot mean ‘long pine-place’ or ‘grove of long pine trees.” If * Pemigewasset” is compounded of words signify- ing ‘crooked,’ ‘ pines,’ and ‘place,’ it denotes ‘a place of crooked pines,’—not * crooked place of pines.’

Again—every Indian name is complete within itself. A mere adjectival or qualificative cannot serve independently, leaving the real ground-word to be supplied by the hearer. River names must contain some element which denotes ‘river: names of lakes or ponds something which stands for ‘Jake’ or ‘pond.’ The Indians had not our fashion of speech which permits Hudson’s River to be called + the Hudson,’ drops*the word ‘lake’ from ¢ Champlain’ or Erie,’ and makes “the Alleghanies” a geographical name. This difference

INDIAN

GEOGRAPHICAL 10

NAMES.

must not be lost sight of, in analysis or teanslation., Aga- wam ov Auguan (a hame given to several localities in New Bneland where there are low flat meadows or marshes.) can- not be the equivalent of the Abnaki agae'n, which means *a smoke-dried fish, *—though agwa"na-ki or something like it (if such a name should be found). might mean * smoked-fish place” Chickahoming does not stand for + great corny nor Paweatuck for *much or many deer’ F because neither + corn’ nor *deer? designates place or implies fixed location, and therefore neither can he made the ground-word of a place- name, alaaroscoggin ov clmoscoygin is not from the Abnaki ‘ amaskohegan, fish-spearing, * fora similar reason Cand more- over, because the termination -hégan denotes always an destru- ment, never an action ora place: it may belong to ‘a fish- spear,’ but not to ‘fish spearing’ nor to the locality * where fish are speared.’)

7. The locative post-position, -et, -it ov -vt,§ means in, at or on—not ‘land? or + place.’ It locates, not the object. to the name of which it is affixed, but something else as related to that object—which must be of such a nature that location can be predicated of it. Animate nouns, that is, names of animate objects cannot receive this affix. ‘At the rock’ (ompsk-ut), * at the mountain’? Ceadchu-ut), or sin the coun- try’ (ohk-it, auk-it), is intelligible, in Indian or Enelish ; + at the deer, * at the bear, or *at the sturgeons,’ would be non-

sense in any language. When animate nouns occur in place-

* Tt was so interpreted in the Historical Magazine for May, 1864 (p. 90).

tibid. To this interpretation of Paweatuck there is the more obvious objection that a prefix signifying ‘much or many’ should be followed not by ahtuk: or attul, «a deer, but by the plural ahtukynoy.

t Etymological Vocabulary of Geographical Names, appended tothe last edition of Webster’s Dictionary (1864). It may be proper to remark in this connection, that the writer's responsibility for the correctness of translations given in that vocabulary does not extend beyond his own con- tributions to it.

§ Abnaki and Cree, -& or -7,—Delaware and Chippewa, -ng or -"g,—with a connecting vowel.

7

50 THE COMPOSITION OF

names, they receive the formative of verbals, or serve as adjec- tival prefixes to some localizing ground-word or noun-generic.

&. Finally,—in the analysis of geographical names, difler- ences of language and dialect must not be disregarded. In determining the primary meaning of roots, great assistance may be had by the comparison of derivatives in nearly related Janguages of the same stock. But in American languages, the diversity of dialects is even more remarkable than the identity and constancy of roots. HNvery tribe, almost every village had its peculiarities of speech. Names etymologically identical might have widely different meanings in two lan- guages, or even in two nations speaking substantially the same language. The eastern Algonkin generic name for ‘fish’ (réma-us, Del. namai-s) is restricted by northern, and western tribes to a single species, the sturgeon (Chip. na- mai’,) as the fish, par excellence, Attuk, in Massachusetts was the common fillow-deer,—in Canada and the north-west the caribou or reindeer. The Abnaki Indian called his doy (atié) by a name which the Chippewa gives his horse Coti-un 5 nwdi, my horse).* ‘The most common noun-generic of river names in New Hneland (-twk, ‘tidal river’) occurs rarely in those of Pennsylvania and Virginia, where it is replaced by -hanne (i rapid stream’), and is unknown to western Algon- kin tribes whose streams are undisturbed by tides. The analysis of a geographical name must be sought in the language spoken by the name-givers. The correct translation of a Connecticut or Narragansett name is not likely to be attained by searching for its several components in a Chip- pewa vocabulary ; or of the name of a locality near Hudson’s River, by deriving its prefix from an Abnaki adverb and its ground-word from a Chippewa participle, —as was actually done in a recently published list of Indian names.

* Both words have the same meaning,—that of ‘a domestic animal,’ or literally, ‘animate property ;) ‘he who belongs to me.’

Bahbeock, A

Babeock, C

Babcock, Dz

Adams, Job 328, 860, 177, 181,

Adams, Sar 360,

Allen, Etha

Allin, Rev,

Allison, Re fore Cong

Alsop, John

American ‘I vid.

American letters to |

Arno'd, Be Captain April, 17

colonel, His conte Gen. Sclit ed dep. ac brig. gene in the T paid by © Arnold, H: Letter fro Arnold, Jol Hartford “ Asia” man capture, % York, 296 Auchmuty,

with Gen 341.

ter to Col ham rece general, 3

ter from, :

his adjec- yeneric. s, differ- led. In sistance v related wuaes, han the st every logically two lan- lally the hame for rern, and Ship. na- whusetts lorth-west d his doy » Coti-un } of river rarely in laced by n Algon- es. The it in the ranslation ely to be na Chip- Hudson's rb and its s actually

animal,’ or

INDEX,

Adams, John, b44, 221, 222, 227, 228, 328, 360, Lis diary quoted, 1tt, 177, 181, 183,

Adams, Samuel, 137, [44, 281, 268, 560,

Allen, Ethan, 234, 246.

Allin, Rev. John, 112, 125.

Allison, Rev, Francis, preaches be- fore Congress, 292.

Alsop, John, 144, 226, 364.

American Turtle. See Bushnell, Da- vid.

“ Americanus,” (Ebenezer Hazard.) letters to Mr. Deane, 192, 197. Arno'd, Benedict, 116, 260, 357, Captain of volunteer company, April, 1775, 2'5. Commissioned Gelanel, by Massachusetts, 232. His contest with Ethan Allen, 256, Gen. Schuyler wants him appoint- ed dep. adj. general, 252, Chosen brig. general, 848. His expenses in the ‘Ticonderoga expedition,

paid by Congress, 354.

Arnold, Hannah. Letter to, 354, Letter from, 356.

Arnold, John, withdraws trom the Hartford church, 54.

“ Asia” man-of-war; project for her capture, 251, 278. Fires on New York, 296,

Auehmuty, Rey. Samuel, 224.

Babcock, Adam, 175. A volunteer with Gen. Lee, 353. Letter from, 341.

Babcock, Col. Harry, 336, 343. Let- ter to Col. Saltonstall, 337. Put- nam recommends him tor brig. general, 337,

Babcock, Dr. Joshua, 336, 356. Let- ter from, 855.

47

Babeock, Mr, 861.

Bache, Richard, 144, 302.

Bacon, Andrew, 55, 70,79, 87. Mr. Stone's charges against him, 105, Ll.

Baldwin, Rev, Ebenezer: letter from, O12.

Barding, Nathaniel, of Hartford, 79.

Barnard, Francis, 54.

Barnard, John, 83. Withdraws trom the Harttord church, 55.

Bartlett, Josiah, 860,

Bayard, My, 144, 145, 304.

Baysy, John, 81.

Beers, Mr., postmasterat New Haven. BOA,

Beulah, ship, expected from London, 198,

Biddle, [ Edward, | 185.

diddle’s ‘Tavern, Philadelphia, 166.

Bird, Mr. of Virginia, 307,

Bland, Richard, of Va., 179, 181.

Boerum, Simon, 226, 227.

Boston, 173, 174, 271, 278. Contri- bution for relief of, 136,187. Ru mor of hostilities at, 149, 150, 153, Position of the troops near, 218, Communication with, cut off, 259.

Boston church, invited to take part ina council at Hartford, 101, 106 See Harttord church.

Bostwick, My., 175.

Brattle, Benjamin, of Cambridge, Lo4.

Bristol, Pa., 165.

Broome, John, 145.

Broome, Samuel, 144. Letters trom, 194, 2138.

Browne, Edward, of Sudbury, 101, 11:2:

Brush, Crean, 198, 200. Deseribed 2u1,

370 INDEX,

Suck, Daniel, 348.

Buck, Hannah, 348.

Back, Josiah, 268, 348,

Bulkley, Peter, 322.

Bunce, Thomas, (1656,) 55.

Bunker Fill battle, 270, 271, 27

Burgoyne, Gen., 268, 286,

Bushnell, David, invents a machine for blowing up the enemy’s ships, 315. Description of the machine, 316, 817, 822. Ditlieulties of con- struction, 883, 3858,

nm

Cadwallader, John. 255.

Campbell, Capt. 222, 228.

“Candid Examination,” by Jos. Gal- loway, 211, 212.

Caswell, Richard, of N. C.. described, 184.

Champlin, Capt. ———, 302, 307.

Charlestown, Mass., burned, 271

Chauncey, Rev. Charles 112, 125.

Chester, John, commands company of Wethersfield) volunteers, 214; Commissioned captain, 232. His company mentioned, 265, At Bun- ker Hill, 270.

Chew, J., 146.

Church, Richard, withdraws from the Hartford church, 55.

Clark, Daniel, secretary, 101, 108, 105, 107.

Cleveland, Capt. Aaron, 156.

Cobbett, Rev. Thomas, of Ipswich, 112.

Cobble Hill, 8:

Coit, Capt. W ie 235, 244.

Colbron, Wmn., of Bae (1659, )109.

Committee of Secret Correspond- ence, 363. Their instructions to Mr. Deane, 365.

Conanicut Island plundered by Capt. Wallace, 337.

Congress of the Colonies proposed, 129.

Congress meets in Phil: idelphia, 172, —in Carpenters He wll, 169, 172 Officers chosen, 172. List ohmic bers, 178. Spirit of the southern delegates, 173. Proceedings to be secret, 174. Committees appoint- ed, 174. Character of the dele- | gates from So. Carolina, 175,— from Virginia, 181,—from N. Car- olina, 184. Committee of rights,

179,—on acts of parliament, 179. ’ ]

Course of business, 184, 185, 289. Resolves on resolutions and ad- dress from Suffolk county, 183. — Ope ‘ning of the second session, 229, Talk of adjournment to Hart- ford, 238, 265, 293. Removal northward discussed, 241 249, 265, 307, Appoints a fastday, 292. Re- cess proposed, 292, 293, Adjourns to September 1st, 293. Committee on naval preparations, 339. See Committee of Secret Correspond- ence.

Connecticut appoints delegates to the Congress of 1774, 138, Vol- unteers march for Boston, on the September alarm, 150,155. Plans for organizing the militia, 140,189. Orders the purchase of arms, 2138. Send a committee to Gen. Gage, 221, 225, 230. Provides for coast defence, 225. Proceedings of As- sembly, May, 1775, 231. Regi- ments ordered to Cambridge, 231, 235, 244. Six thousand men en- listed, 235. Appoints a Commit- tee of Safety, 285, 239, 243. Una- nimity and firmness prevail, 237. Proceedings of Assembly, 238, 242, 244. Expenses for defence, to June, 1775, 261. The eastern col- onies depend on Sooners 277. Her conduct applauded, 253, 25 283, Assembly meets July i 2 Two more regiments raised, 2 Putnam mppelnted ami 1jor-gener- al, by Congress, 285; his promo- tion offends Gen. Spencer and oth- ers, 285, 288, Committee sent to the Congress, to procure money, 309, Newdelegates elected to Con- eress, Oct. 1775, 820. Changes in the general assembly, 323. Re- port of ‘delegates to Congress, (Mr. Deane and Col. Dyer,) 327. Dis- pute with Pennsylvania, about Susquehannah lands, 827. Pro- ceedings of Assembly at N. Haven, December, 1775, 336, 844, 846. Intrigues in the Assembly,—the

Club: at Munson’s, &e., 349.

Co

| Connecticut. See Hartford church.

Coombs, [Coombe, Rev. Thomas, ] 171, 182. Cornel family, 185.

Council of. 1659, & Crane, Ste 1638, 170, Cresap, Co Crow, Johi Hartford Crown Poi oners bre Cullick, Jo discussio Withdra 55, 70, Massachi plained « moves fir Cushing, T 304,

Danforth, | Davenport. His lett church, | Davenport, Davis, Joht 1655, 54. Deane, Bar ters from 301. J from We to Ticon Deane, Bat 281. Dean , Mr las,) 149 Deane, Jar northern Deane, Hi Josiah B Deane, Jes Deane, Jol DEANE, St a settlem 133, 134 cominitt Proposes 136. A first Cor to Philac Observa 182, Or liament Again it motes tl conderos

Philadel

4, 185, 289, ns and ad- nty, 183. ond session, ent to Hart- Removal 41 249, 265, hy, 292, Re- » Adjourns Committee :, 3389. See Correspond-

lelecates to , 188. Vol- ston, on the 155. Plans tia, 140,189. bt arms, 213. Gen. Gage, les for coast dings of As- 231. Regi- bridge, 231, nd men en- s a Commit- , 243. Una- prevail, 237, bly, 238, 242, defence, to 2 eastern col- ecticut, 277, ed, 253, 257, July 1, 277, raised, 277. najor-gener- his promo- wer and oth- ittee sent to cure money, ected to Con- 0. Changes ly, 823. Re- moress, (Mr. ) 827. Dis- ania, about 827. Pro- at N. Haven, 3, B44, 846, sembly,—the 1 849, ord church. v. Thomas, |

INDEX. 371

Council of churches held in Boston, |

1659. See Harttord church. Crane, Stephen, of N. J.. 137, 158, 168, 170. Cresap, Col. of Virginia, 274, 275. Crow, John, a withdrawer from the Hartford church, 55. Crown Point, 247, 248, 260. Pris- oners brought to Hartford, 237. Cullick, John, 59, 116. Notes of his discussion with Rev. S. Stone, 53. Withdraws from Hartford church, 55, 70, 78, 87. Letter to, from Massachusetts ministers, 59. Com- plained of; by the church, 79. Re- moves from Connecticut, 110.

Cushing, Thomas, 144, 178, 221, 222, 304,

Danforth, Rev. Samuel, 112, 125.

Davenport, Rev. John, 82, 101, 102. His letter to the Wethersfield church, 88.

Davenport, Abraham, 188.

Davis, John, preached in Hartford in 1655, 54.

Deane, Barnabas, 179, 267, 281. Let- ters from, 217, 231, 246, 260, 270, 351, Lieutenant of volunteers from Wethersfield, 215,217. Sent to Ticonderoga, 237, 246.

Deane, Barzillai, 146, 149, 155, 267, 281.

Dean , Mrs. Elizabeth, (wife of Si- las,) 149, 190, 208, &e.

Deane, James, commissioner for the northern Indians, 330, 331.

Deane, Hannah, 145, 268. Married Josiah Buck, 348.

Deane, Jesse, 145, 268.

Deane, John, 222, 267, 292.

DEANE, SILAS, proposes to establish a settlement on the western lands, 133, 134. Member of the Conn. committee of correspondence, 199, Proposes a general Congress, 129, 136, Appointed delegate to the first Congress, 138. His journey to Philadelphia, 142, 143-6, 163-6, Observations on the city, 167, 168, 182, On committee on acts of par- liament affecting trade, 179, 184. Again in Wethersfield, 192. Pro- motes the expedition against 'Ti- conderoga, 218, 267. Returns to Philadelphia, 220, 221, 226-8. Vis-

its Wilmington, 256. On commit- tees of Convress, 26-4, 266, 268, 312, 323, 328,339. Plans ‘a bold stroke,’ with Gen, Schuyler, 266, 251, 268, 275, 278, Excursion to the Jer- sies, 281. Promotes the appoint- ment of Putnam as major-general, 288,—of S. B. Webb, and John Chester, 291,—of Jos. Trumbull, 292. At home, in the recess of Congress, Aug., 1775, 293-4. Jour- ney to Philadelphia, 804. His sen- timents on the great issue, 307. Routine of duties in Congress and on committees, 812. Nominated one of the Assistants, in Conn., 315. His character sketched by Mr. Hoge, 318. Not re-elected to Congress, 320, 828. Retlections on being superseded, 324-5, Let- ter to Gov. Trumbull, 827. Asks for a public hearing, by the Conn. Assembly, 331. Hisremoval is re- gretted in Connecticut, 345, 348, 358. Promotes Arnold’s appoint- ment brig. general, 348. Declines re-electiontrom Wethersfield to the general assembly, 359. Receives a testimonial from members of the Congress, 360. Appointed com- mercial and political agent of the colonies, 360, Contracts to pur- chase goods and munitions of war, in France, for publie use, 360. Farewell letters to his wite, 360- 64. His instructions from the committee of secret correspond- ence, 865. Sails from) Philadel- phia, March, 1776, 361, 864, Com- pelled by wind to return, and re- embarks for Bermuda, 361, Letters from,—

to dis wife, Mrs. Elizabeth Deane, 143, 163, 179, 154, 186, 221, 226, 238, 246, 249, 252, 2os, 260, 264, 266, 268, 274, 275, 280, 287, 289, 293, 304, 307, 308, 323, 339, 346, B47, B19, 860, 864.

— Samuel IH, Parsons, 129,

—~ Col, Gurdon Saltonstall, 289,

— Misher Gay, 92.

— Dr, Benjamin Gale, 204.

— Pelatiah Webster, 294,

— Gor. Trumbull, 329,

— Miss Hannah Arnold, 354,

cnt TED

372 INDEX.

Dxang, Sizas, Letters t0,——- at the opening of the second con- Garnier from Jsbenezer Hazard, 138, 192,, gress, 229. Gates: G 197, 211. Dyer, Kliphalet, 142, 145, 167, 170, pointe — Thomas Mumford, 138, 14% 148, 324, 340. Delegate to the first Gay, Fi 230, 234, 261, 976, 310, 343, B44. congress, 138. Letter to S. Deane, Gonnan _- John 8. Miller, 189. 209, Member of council of safety, 982, 9 — Christopher Leffingwell, 140, 258. 935, 239. Not re-elected to con- Gibbons — Col. Gurdon Saltonstall, (his gress, 320. Mr. Deane thinks him Gloucest wife’s father,) 142, 157, 195, 205, unfairly treated, 347, 350. Re- Goddarc 210, 218, 224, 943, 272, 298, s2,, turns home, 349, 850. Gooch, | 335, 392. . Goodsid — Titus Hosmer, 152, 238, 241, 320, | Easton, Joseph, 81. CGoodwit _. Samuel B. Webb, 187, 284. Eaton, Theophilus, of New Haven, 82. Coodwi ~ Simeon Deane, 190, 296, 326. Elderkin, Jedediah, 285, 289. Hartt — Samuel Broome, 194, 213. Eliot, George, 142. Mr. § _. Peter Vandervoort, 196. Eliot, Rev. John, of Roxbury, 109, a lett __ Dr. Benjamin Gale, 202, 315, 112. other 322, 323, 358. Flizabethtown, N.J-, 163, 164, 324. for — Samuel H. Parsons, 204. Ensign, James, 83, 116. Grave, _— Eliphalet Dyer: 209. Graves, — Barnabas Deane, 917, 231, 246, Fairfield, 188, 222- Capt. Dimon’s Gree, ( 260, 270, 351. ‘ company, at New York, 224. Genen. | — Jesse Root, 237. Fairfield county 5 spirit of the people Green | _ Philip Schuyler, 251. there, 188; eagerness to volunteer, Greenw — Tsaac Sears, 278, 2 , 854. Griswol _ Elisha Phelps, 295- Farnsworth, Dr., 190, 292. field, _— Philip Skene; 300. Ferguson, (Furgerson,) Mr., 189,190. Cun-loc — Rev. Ebenezer Baldwin, 312. | Field, Zachary, withdraws from the — James Hogg, 318. church in Hartford, 59. Hancoe — Dudley Saltonstall, 832. Fitch, Samuel, 54. oni — John Sloss Hobart, 335. Floyd, Col. Win, 116, 179, 226, 227. Pras _— Adam Babcock: 341. Fosdick, Dr., 259. Harber — Dr. Joshua Babcock, 855. Fowler, Mrs. of Philadelphia, 223. Harris¢ __ Dr. Amos Mead, 348. Fox,-— killed at Bunker Hill, 271. Desc — Thaddeus Burr, 353. Foxcroft, John, 226. Hartfor __ Miss Hannah Arnold, 356. Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, 228, 275, tion Deane, Simeon, 145. setters from, 317, 341, 362. Letter to Col. Sal- mart 190, 249, 296, 326. tonstall, 302. Visits Killingworth, jour Deberdt, 185. gaz, 323, On committee of se- 268, De Hart, John, of N. J., 138, 163: | cret correspondence, 368, 365, 368. 260, 228. Fraunces’s Tavern, N. York, 223. Hartfo De Lancey, James, 199. Freemen of Conn. colony ; laws reg- 59, f Deming, Lemuel, 166. ulating the admission of, 96. held Deming, Capt [David Dimon,] coin | Friends, in Philadelphia, 167, 172, Harwi mands the Fairfield company, 924, 178, 178. Havila Anecdote of him, 224, Hazar Deshon, John, 220, 225. Gadsden, Christopher, 166, 175. Hazar Dickinson, John, “the Farmer,” 166, Gage, Gen. Thomas, 150, 219, 221, tion 185, 280, 368. 271, 273. etal Doolittle, Mr., 322. Gale, Dr. Benjamin, 142, 163. Let- his” Douglas, Benjamin, of New Haven; ters from, to S. Deane, 202, 315, Pre his death noticed, 341. 322, 333, 358. Letter to, 294, pers Duane, James, 226. Gale, Capt: (Samuel, | 272. Yor Dubourg, Mons’r, 365. Galloway, Joseph, 166, 169, 201, 228. Heath | Author of “A Candid Fxamina- Hemp Hend

Duche, Rev. Jacob, 171, 182, 280. 292. | His prayer in Congress, 174, 1 77,—\ tion,” &e. 212.

heond con-

, 167, 170,

the first b S. Deane, il of safety, ed to con- thinks him 350. Re-

Ww Haven, 82.

, 239. yxbury, 109,

3, 164, B24.

apt. Dimon’s wk, 224.

of the people s to volunteer,

292. L) Mr., 189,190. iraws from the , 05.

, 170, 226, 227.

adelphia, 223. unker Hill, 271.

amin, 228, 275, stter to Col. Sal- ts Killingworth, ominittee of se- ce, 3638, 365, 368. N. York, 223. colony ; laws reg- ssion of, 96. elphia, 167, 172,

her, 166, 175. as, 150, 219, 221,

1, 142, 163. Let- Deane, 202, 315, etter to, 294.

nel, | 272.

166, 169, 201, 228. Candid Examina-

Garnier, Mons., 368.

Gates, Gen. Horatio, 274, pointed adj.-general, 27

Gay, Visher, 192, 322.

Germantown, Penn., 167. Described, 282, 283.

Gibbons, Wm., of Hartford, 54.

Gloucester, N. J., 281.

Goddard, Wm., 183.

Gooch, Isaac, 109.

Goodridge, Elizur, 151.

Goodwin, Ozias, 55.

Goodwin, William, an elder of the Hartford church, 60. Opposed to Mr. Stone, 60, 72, 79, 93. Siens aw letter to the church, 70,—and to other churches, 78, 87. Removes from Connecticut, 110,

Grave, George, of Hartford, 81.

Graves, Isaac, 55.

Greg, Capt., of Greenwich, 845,

Green, ‘Timothy, printer, 210.

Green Mountain Boys, 247, 352.

Greenwich, 222.

Griswold, Capt. Wm., of Wethers- field, 330.

Gun-locks purchased, 294, 296.

275, Ap- t.

Hancock, John, delegate to congress, from Massachusetts, 221, 227, 231. President of congress, 233, 268.

Harbert, Benjamin, 55.

Harrison, Col. Benjamin, 3863. 368, Described, 181.

Hartford: proposes a non-constuump- tion agreement, 151. —/olunteers march for Boston, 156. Talk of ad- journing congress to meet at, 233, 265, 293. Prisoners confined at, 260, 280, 301, 326.

Hartford church controversy, 1656- 59, 51 et seq. Result of a council held in Boston, Sept., 1659, 112.

Harwinton, 156.

Haviland’s, in Rye, 222.

Hazard, Jonathan, 338.

Hazard, Ebenezer, 1384, 305, — Peti- tions general assembly for quit- claim of western lands, 133. Signs his letters ‘ Americanus,’ 194, 202. Prepares a collection of state pa- pers, &c., 200. Postmaster at New York, 273.

Heath, Isaae, of Roxbury, 112,125.

Hempstead, Joshua, Jr., 352.

Henderson, Col. Robert, 318.

INDEX.

Henry, Patrick, of Va.. 181.

Henshaw, [ Benjamin, ] 267.

Hewes, Joseph, of No. Carolina, 184.

Higginson, Rev. John, iis testimony and counsel,in the Hartford church controversy, 93,

Hillhouse, James A., 281,

Hinman, Elisha, 343, 352.

Hinman, Col. Benjamin, 235.

Hinsdale, Daniel, 296.

Hoadly, Charles J., 105,

Hobart, John Sloss; letter to Mr. Deane, 335.

Hogg, James, agent for the Transyl- vania company; letter from, 318. Delegate to the congress, 818,

Hog Island aflair, 257,

Holt, John, 226, 278,

Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 53.

Hooper, Wim, of N. Carolina, de- scribed, 184,

Hopkins, Ezek, 333.

Hopkins, John B., 333.

Ho mer, Titus, 267, 350, Plan for the militia, 189. Letters from, 152, 288, 241. Delegate to ceon- gress, In case of vacancy, 820,

House, Mrs... of Philadelphia, 166, Ti, E80, 340, 848. Ter daughter, Mrs. ‘Trist, 180.

Howland. Joseph, 253.

Hubbard, Rev. William, of Ipswich, 112, 125.

Hubbard. William, 143.

Hull's "Tavern, New York. 144.

Iluntington, Benjamin, 235, 239

—— Jabez, 235, 239.

—— Jedediah, 277.

—— Samuel, chosen an assistant 231. Member of the council of safety, 285, Delegate to congress, 320, Takes his seat, 360.

| Indian geographical names; J. H. Trumbull, on the composition of, 1-50,

Ingersol, Jared, 170.

Irish, George, writes from Newport, B05,

James, ship. not allowed to land her cargo at New York, 195,

Jarvis, Rev. Abraham, 276,

Jauncey, James, 193, 201.

Jay. John. 170, 179, 183, 324, 368,

Jerom, John and Stephen, 302.

374

Johnson, Wm. S., 188, 225, 280, 231 Declines to attend the congress, 138, 139, 147,167. Sent to confer with Gen. Gage, 221.

Judd, Mr., released by the Pennites. 328,

Kelsy, William, (Hartford, 1657,) 81. Keys, } Miss ,of P hiladelphi: 1, 255. Killingworth; isputes about the post-oflice, 294, 334.

Ningfisher cruises off N. London, 279. King’s Bridge, 142, 143.

Kinsey, James, of N. Jersey, 138, 179. Kirkland, Rev. Samuel, 330.

Lamb, Capt. John, of New York, 296.

Lasher, Capt. John, 226.

Lattimore, Col. , of Newcastle, 343,

Law, Richard, 1388.

Lawrence, captain of armed schoon- er at New York, 298.

Lead mine, Middletown, 238, 322.

Ledlie, [Laidlie,] Rev. Dr., 146.

Lee, Arthur, 368.

Lee, Gen. Charles, 268, 286, 354.

Lee, Richard H., delegate in con- gress, 179, 181.

Leflingwell, Christopher, 218. His plan tor organizing the militia, 140. Letter to Mr. Deane, 258.

Levy, Miss , 176, 189.

Lewis, Francis, 226,

Lewis, Isaac, 55, 115.

Livingston, te 179,

Livingston, Wm., 138, 1 179.

Lord, Richard, 84.

Lundy, De under guard to Harttord, 280

226, 228. 45, 163

163, 170,

Lyme; salt- making at, 302. Ly nch, Thomas, of So. Carolina, 260, 361. His personal ; appearance and

character, 175.

McDougall, Alexander, 144, 278.

McEvers, James, 144.

McKean, 2 O48,

Malbone, Capt. Evan,

Maltbie, Lieut., 353.

Marsh, John, a withdrawer from the Hartford church, 55,

Marsh, Rev. John, of Wethersfield, 155.

Marshall, Christopher, 340.

508,

INDEX.

. Marshall, 177. Massachusetts churches: letters from, to the church and withdrawers in

Hartford, 59, 64.

Massachusetts Provincial Congress, 150, 220, 232, 245.

Mather, Rev. Richard, 68, 112, 125.

Mead, Dr. Amos Mead; letter from, 348,

Megapolensis, Rev. J. His account of the Mohawk Indians, mentioned, 200,

Meigs, Major R. J., 285.

Memorial of delegates of N. London and New Haven counties, 161. Middleton, Henry, of So. Carolina,

described, 175.

Middletown, 129, 188. Lead mine, 238, 322, Military company of old men, formed, 272.

Mitllin, Thomas, 198, 280, 291, 304, Captain of’ volunteers, 228. Major of militia, 255. Aid to Washing- ton, 269, 291,

Militia, Plans for organizing, 189.

Mille.,

[Wumphrey ?] 172, 176,

140,

Andrew, of N. Carolina, 319.

‘_——, John S., Letter from, 139.

Minerva, brig, in colony service, 330.

Mitchell, Rev. Jonathan, invited to Hartford, (1649,) 58. Member of the Boston council of churches, 112, 125.

Moflatt, Dr. , 208.

Moland, Joseph, prisoner in Hart-

ford, 326. Morgan, Thomas, of Killingworth,

204, Morgan, Major [Daniel,] 275. Morris, Robert, 362,-3,-4, 368. Morris, Judge [Richard ?] 222

awake

Mosely, Rev. 223, Mott, Edward, 218, 287, 240, 244,

A commander in the expedition against ‘Ticonderoga, 218. Mott, Samuel, 220, 225.

wn,

Mumford, Capt. D., 145, 149, 229,324. —— Giles, 148. —— James, 175. — Thomas, 138, 139, 21S, 225. 324, 349. Letters from, 138, 147

148, 230, 234, 261, 276, 810, 343, 344, Letter from G, Irish to, 308. Murray, Mr., 1

70.

J.

330. d to or of thes,

fart-

orth,

244. lition

), 324.

D225, 3, 147, , o45, 9, B08.

New Haven, 141, 214, 341-2. The club at Munson’s, 3.49.

New Jersey, 137, 194, 346,

New London, 843. Provisions for defence of, 219, 220, 882. Reeom- mended as a navy station, 311. Post-oflice, 273, Sloop Lizard, 352.

New London county, Meeting of'del- egates from, Sept. 1774, 159, 161.

New York Assembly refuses to adopt the Bay eene of congress, 198, 195, 196. Discussions, 198. 199. List of grievances adopted. 211.

New York city. Reception of the eastern delegates to congress, 144. Pays court to Connecticut, 144. A majority friendly to the cause, 197, Ships not permitted to land Brit- ish goods, 195, 197. Reception of the eastern delegates in 1775, 222. 223. Defection of, suspected, 234. Cannon removed from the pele 296. The people drink E. 1. tea in disregard of the congress, 310. A stumbling block to the cause of liberty, 854.

New York, Province of. Its critical state, a cause of anxiety, 239, Warm whigs curse the provincial congress, 297,

Newark, N. J., 168, 227, 304.

Newfoundland, not friendly to the colonial cause, 190.

Newton, Rev. sone 84.

Niles, Nathaniel. 23!

Nitre; e ee for the manutiac- ture of, 829, 521.

Noddle lend affair, 257.

North Carolina delegates, described, 184.

Norton, Rev. John. of Boston. 63, 73, 838, 102, 112, 125.

Paine, Robert Treat. (44. 227. Parsons, Samuel Hf, 134,-5, 148, 235. 244,-5, 291-3, Letter from, 204. Letter to, 129. Opposed to Put- nain’s appointment as major-gen- eral, 285. Partridge, (Partrigg.) Wim... 55. Patterson, Mr. of Philadelphia, 170. Peck, Paul, of Hartford, (1658.,) 81. Peirey, FRevy. William Perey ?] 255 Pendle ton, Edmund, of Va., 181.

Penn, Elder James, of Boston, 109.

INDEX.

Pennsylvania: expenses for defence, in 1775, 829,

Peters, Rev. Samuel, 191.

Phelps, Capt. Elisha, 841, 844, 347, Letter from, 295

Philadelphia, 165, 167, 169, 185. Biddle’s ‘Tavern, 166. Markets. 167, 108. Carpenters’ hall, 169. 170, 179. Bettering house, 171-2, 177. Churches and ministers, 171, 172, [82, 269, vs0. Civility and hospitality, 185. Warm military spirit, 228, 283. Decline of trade, 305. Military companies, 253-4,

Phipps. David, 353.

Porter, Col. Joshua, 237. 257.

Princeton, N.B.. 164, 227. 804.

Privateers, to be fitted out from Connecticut, 326,

Prudden. Rev. P eter, of Milford, 84.

Putnam, Israel sends an express to alarm the colony, on a report of hostilities at Boston, 149, 150, 153, 176. His regiment ordered to Cambridge, 235. His pene reflects honor on the. ¢ ‘olony, 283. Highly esteemed by Washington and Lee. — the hero of the day. 285. Receives the applause of the continent, 289, Appointed major: general, 285, 289, The general as- sembly testifies to his ‘singular merit,’ 2805, Dissatisfaction of Gen. Spencer and bis friends, 285, 288. Recommends Col. Harry Bab- cock for a brigadier zene ral, 337.

tandolph, Peyton, pres. of congress. 172,179. 181. Deseribed, 173.

Raritan Ferry, 164.

Rathbone, Capt., of N. London, 272.

Reed, Joseph, 185, 283.

Revere, [Paul,] 183, 273,

Rhode Island. Mesures tor defence. oOo

Richards, John, 54.

Riley, Capt. ——, 260, 266, 271, 292.

Rivington, James, 201, 212; his pa- per to be stopped, 170.

Roberdeau, Col., 175. 254, 501.

Rodgers, [Rev. Dr. John.] of New York, 146.

Romans, Bernard, 237.

Root, Jesse ; letter from, 237.

Rosseter, Dr. Bryan, of Guilford, 74.

376

Rowlandson, Wilson, 271.

Russell, Rev. John, of Wethersfield, 738, 84.

Russell, Richard, of 112.125.

Rutledee. Jolin, of So. Carolina, 17.

Rutledge, Mdward, 17.

Charlestown.

Saltonstall, Capt. Dudley, 3038. 335, 330, B41, 345, 846, 556. Appoint- ed to command,the Alfred, 832,

His officers, 358, Let- ter from, 332. Saltonstall, Gilbert, 251.

336, D408,

Saltonstall, Gurdon, 138, 155, 157, 174,276. Letters from, 142, 157, 195, 205, 210, 220, 224, 228, 245, 272, 29S, 802,335,352. Letter to, 280,

Saltonstall, Sarah, 268.361; marries

Daniel Buck, 348. Saybrook, 254. Schuyler, Gen. Philip. 251. 252. His

character, 207. Plans, with Mr.

Deane, a + bold stroke. 251. 266,

268, 275, 273. Sears, Isaac, 144, 222.

278, 284.

Seymour, Col. 'T. H.. 310.

Shammenoy Ferry, 165.

Shaw, Thomas, 302, 348, 344.

Sharp, ——. of New York, 144.

Shepard, Rev. Thomas, 54, 112, 125,

Sherbrooke, -——, of New York, 144.

Sherman, Daniel, 322.

—— Rev. John, 63, 112. 125.

—- Roger, 188, 142, 145, 146, 165, 210, 288, 292, 293, 349. Visits Connecticut, 824, 3828. Re-ap- pointed toconyress, 20. Returns to Philadelphia, 346.

Shipping and ship-building, 39, 140, 845, 351.

Simpson, James, 152.

Skene, Philip, governor of ‘Ticonde- roga, 234, 240, 260, 280, Sent to Hartford, 280, 301. Letter from, to Mr. Deane, 300.

Skene, Major Andrew P., 301, capes from Hartford, 326.

Slack, Samuel, 353.

Sluman, Joseph, 328.

Smedley, Capt. Samuel, of Fairfield, 335.

Smith, Gershom, 271.

Smith, Richard, of N. J. 138.

Letters trom,

Es-

INDEX.

Smith, Dr. William, 166, 169, 170, POO, 280, Spencer, Thomas, of Hartford, 81.

Southern colonies; their spirit, 229. Spencer, Gen. Joseph, 235. Cha- grined at = Putnam’s promotion,

quits the camp, 285, 288. His con- duct censured, 288, 289, 290, Spencer, Rev. Mr., 182. Springfield, Mass., Lod. Sproat, Rev. James, 171, 182. Sullivan, Lawrence, 271. Susquehannah settlements. 131, 201.

Controversy with Pennsylvania, 327, 328,

Stamtord, 222.

Standley, Thomas, a withdrawer

from Hartford church, 55.

Steele, George, of Hartford, 55,

Steele, James, 54.

Stewart, Col., of New London, 208.

Stocking, George, of Hartford, 81.

Stone, Rev. Samuel, 83, 86, 93. Dis- cussion with Capt. Cullick, 53. Resigns his oflice in the church, 58. His acknowledement, 71. His let- ter, from Massachusetts, 73, Prop- ositions tothe church, 75. Propo- sitions presented to the gen.court, 100. His charges against the with- drawers, 104.

Stonington, fired on by Capt. Wal- lace’s vessels, 299.

Stoutenbure, Tobias, 144.

Sturges, [Jonathan,] 311.

Symmes, Rev. Zechariah, 112.

Talcott, John, 84, Talmadge, -—, 2 Tetard, [Lewis,] 804, 805. Ticonderoga expedition, 218, 219, 220, 225, 232, 234, 240, 244, 354, News from, 237. Prisoners taken, 234, 237. Garrison at Ticondero- wa, 248, 260, ‘Tilley, (énsien,) made prisoner, 806, Transylvania Company, 318. ‘Treat, Rev. Mr., 146. Trenton, N. J., 164, 227. Trist, Lieut. ——, 180. 180, 189, 228, 3s24. ‘Trowbridge, Capt., (N. Haven,) 284. Trumbull, Jonathan, governor of Connecticut, 139, 235, 239, 271, 302. His administration applaud- ed by Congress, 258, 283,

124. 72.

His wife,

170, 81. 290, ’ badges Cha- otion, s con-

1, 201. lvania,

drawer

1, DUR, d, 81. 3. Dis- ek, 98. arch, 58. His let- 3, Prop- Propo- n.court, he with-

pt. Wal-

pis, 219, 244, 34. vs taken, Nicondero-

Loner, 806. 8.

His wife,

hven,) 284. bvernor of

239, 271, bn applaud- 3h

INDEX. 377

Trumbull, Joseph, 138, 184, 292.

Trumbull, J. H., on the composition of Indian geographical names,

1-50. Tryon, Gov. William, 279, 297, Turner, Dr. [Philip,] 143, 177. Tyng, Edward, of Boston, 112,

_

25.

Vandeput, Capt., of the Asia, 297,

Vandervoort, Peter, letter from, 196.

Virginia delegates to conzress, de- scribed, 181.

Wadsworth, Col. James, 322.

—— Jeremiah, 168, 170, 362.

—— William, (1656,) 84, 85.

Wales, Nathaniel, 235, 238, 309.

Wallace, captain of the Rose, fires on Stonington, 298, 299. Detains Capt. Malbone’s vessel, 303. Plun- ders Conanicut island. 368.

Ward, Gov. Samuel, of R. T., 3804, 340, 344, 361.

Warham, Rev. John, of Windsor, 84.

Warner, Andrew, 55.

Warren, Joseph, 271.

Washington, George, a delegate in congress from Virginia, 179. Per- sonal appearance and character, 181, 264, 267. Appointed com mander-in-chief, 264. Sets out for the camp, 266, 269. Visits Mrs. Deane, at Wethersfield, 267, 268, 274; 280, 289.

Watson, captain of ship James, 195.

Webb, Col. Charles, 287, 277.

—— Mrs. Hannah, 361.

—- Joseph, 145, 169, 174, 186, 249, 267, 277, 281, 312.

—— Samuel B., 166, 272, 281. Let-

ters to Mr. Deane, 157, 284. Ap-|

pointed lieutenant, 240. Marches to Cambridge, 243. Aid to Gen. Putnam, 291.

Webster, Jolin, governor of Connec- ticut, 55. Withdraws from Llart- ford church, 55, 70, 78, 79, 87. Censured by Mr. Stone, 105, 115.

Webster, Pelatiah, 294.

Welles, Thomas, dep. governor, 84. |

Wells, Charles, captain of a Weth-| ersfield company, 352.

West, Joshua, 235, 239. |

48

| Western lands. Plan for the settle- ment of, 1381-1384.

Wethersfield. | Resolves of town meeting, (June, 1774,) 135. Con- tribution to relief of Boston, 137 Volunteer company marches _ to Boston, 2143 in action at Bunker Hill, 271. Sickness, in 1775, 308 Company of volunteers joins Gen. Lee, 352.

Wethersfield church, 87, 93. Trou- bles in, 78. John Davenport’s let- ter to, 88.

Wharton, Thomas, 172, 182, 183.

Whipple, Capt. Abraham, 330, 333.

White, John, withdraws from the Hartford church, 55.

White, Rev. William, 182.

Whiting, Rev. Samuel, 63.

Whiting, Col. Samuel, 240, 248.

Wivelesworth, Rev. Michael, 54, 71.

Willett, Nathaniel, 81.

Williams, Rev. Eliphalet, 155.

Williams, Ezekiel, 137.

Williams, Col. William, 168, 239. One of the committee of safety, 235. Sent to Philadelphia, 309. Chosen delegate to Congress, 320.

Wilmington, Del., 256,-7,-8.

Wilson, Thomas, 166.

Wilson, Rev. John, of Boston, 63, 109, 112, 125.

Windham county; proceedings of delegates from, 159, 161.

Winthrop, John, governor of Con- necticut, 8-4.

Witherspoon, Rev. John, 172.

Wolcott, Col. Erastus, 188, 225, 230,-1,-5, 322. Sent to conter with Gen. Gage, 221.

—— Oliver, delegate to congress, 320. Takes his seat, 349, 360. Wolterton, Gregory, 55.

| Woodbridge, N. J., 164.

Woodbury, 281.

Wooster, Gen. David, 279, 288. Dis- pleased by Putnam’s appointment, 288. Recommended by R. Sher- man, 288, 289.

Wright, John, 146.

Wykotf, Mr., of Philadelphia, 229,281.

Wyllys, Hezekiah, 156.

Wythe, George, of Virginia, 328.

Abagadusset, Abequaduset,

Abnaki, - -ACADIF, - - Acawme-, - Accomack, - -ADCHU, -ACHU, -ADENE, - - Agamenticus, - Agoney, - - AHQUEDNE, - Akoode-, - - Alleghany, - -AMAUG, - - Amessagunticook, Amoskeag, - Anasqui-, - Androscoggin, = - Anmesookkantti, Annis-squam, - Aquednet, -nesit, Ashawi-, - - Ashawog, - ASHIM, - - Ashimuit, - Assini-, = - -AUGKE, ad

Baamcheenunganoo, Bagadoose, - -Bik, - - Boonamoo-, -

Capawonk, . Cappowonganick, Catumb, - - Caucomgomoc,

Chabanakongkomuk,

CHABENUK, - Chawonock, ss Chebegnadose, Chippaquiddick, - Cobbosseecontee, Cobbscook, -

26,

INDIAN NAMES.

ge. | 89 | -cOMACO, - 7, Connecticut,

10 | -Ehtu, -ettu, 20 Eshqua-, -

10 -GAMI, -

28 Ganshow-hanne,

23 | Gonic, -

12 Hackensack, - 18 | -HAN, -HANNE, 25 Hassuni-, - 25 | Higganum, 41 | -HITTUCK, 25 | Hoccanum, Hocquaun, -

23 | Ishquagoma,

33 | Kabassé-, - 84 | -KAMIGHE,

84 | -KAOODI, - 20|-KANTTI, -

6 | Katahdin, - ' Kauposh-, - 40| Kearsarge, - 38 | Keht-, kit-, - 18 | Kehtetukqut, 27 | Kennebec, - Kenjua, - 29 | Kenosha, - 29 Ketumpscut, 19 | -KI, - 17 | Kinougami,_ -

35 | Kittanning, = - 7 | Kittatinny,

39 | Kitchigami, -

23 | Kitchi-sipi,

42 -KOMUK, -

42\-KONTU, -

Cuppacommock,

| Kiskatamenakook, -

Kunckquachu, Kuppo-, -

Lackawanna, - Lenapewi-hittuck,

Machigamig, - Manati, - Manhasset, - Manhatan, - Manisses, Manussing, Massa-, Masha-, Massachusetts, Massapaug, - Massaugatucket, Mashenips, - Maskinonje, Maitabeset, - Mattammiscontis, Mattapan, -ient, Mattapony, Mattapoiset, - Matchebiguatus, Mauch. chunk, - MENAN, - Mennewies,_ - Meesucontee, Mianus, - Michigan, - Missinippi, —- Missisaking, Mississippi, - Misquainacuck, Mistassini, = - Miste-shipu, Mitchigami, - Mohicannittuck, Montauk, - Moosup, - Moshenupsuck,

-MSK (for -oMPSK),

Munhansick, - MUNNOH-HAN, Mushauwomuk, Mystic, -

NAiaa, ~ Namasket, -

Nameaug, - Namelake, -

Narragansett, - Nashauekomuk, NASHAUE,~ -

Nashua, Nashaway,

Natchaug, = -

INDEX.

21

20' Naimkeag,

, 29 Nayatt, Nayot,

’

Nessaooa-, -

NIPPE, NEBI, 17 Nippissing, 22 Noank, 7 | Nééu-, 22 | Norwottock, Noyaug, 23) Nunni-, 15 | Nunnepoag, 20 | Nunkertunk, 15 | Nyack, -

a

nw nr

wo wo

38 | Occoquan, 43) Ogkome-, - 35 | OGQUIDNE, 25 | Ohio, - 34 | -OHKE, -OKE, Okhticquan,

w or

2, Newichawanock, 8 | Nimpanickhickanuh,

35 | Olighin-sipou, -

39|/-OMPSK, - 20 | Oswego,

nw i)

nw or

Pacatock, 87 | Paguan-, - 17 | Pahke-, Pahquioque, 31 | Paquabaug, 7| Paquiaug, - 42| Pascoag,

20 | Pasquotank,

— or

17| Patuxet, -ent, 8 | -PAUG,

23 | Pauqui-, - 37 | Pauquepaug, 38| Pauat-, — - 18 | Pautuck, 23 | Pawating, - 22 Pawcatuck, 35 | Pawtucket, 8 | Pemadene, Pemi-, - Pemaquid,

| Pemetiq, -

nr ©

~ no

38 | Pemigewasset,

ist) co

| Pemiyi-, - 29 | Pemijigome, 21 Pen-, - 33 Penobscot,

33 Pequabuck, 33 | Pequannoc,

| Ouschankamang,

7 | Passamaquoddy,

380

Pescatum-, ~ Peske-, - Pesquamscot, Pettiquamscut, Petuckquapock, Petukqui-, - Pikanghenahik, Pimé-, - - -PISK, -PSK, Piscataqua, -quog,

Piscataway, -aquis,

Poaetquessing, Pohque, — -

Ponumo-, - Poquannoc,

Poutaxat, - Powhatan, - Pymatuning, Pyquaag, - Pummeeche-, -

Quansigamaug, Quilutamende, Quinni-, Quinnihticut, - Quinebaug, Quinepoxet, - Quinnipiac,

-QUODDY, -KANTTI,

Quonshapaug, Qussuk, -

Quunkwadehu,

Saco, - - Sagadahock. Saganaw, - Saguenay, - Saquatucket, - Saugatuck, Saukunk, - Segoonumakaddy, Segubbunakaddy, Sepu, SEIp, sIpt,

16,

38,

26,

NAMES,

Shaume, - Shawmut, - Shawwunk, Shubenacadie, Shumuit,

Sicaiook, Suckiaug,

Soakatuck, Sonki-, Sonkipaug, Sowanohke, Squam, Squamacut, Squammagonic, Squamscot, — - Sucki-, - Swamscot, -

-TCHUAN, - Temigami, — -

Tetiquet, Titieut, -

Tomheganomset, yl . Pracady, -die, -TUK, - -

Unquon,

WADCHU, - Wampanoags, Wanashqué-, Wangunbog, Wapanachki, - Werowocomoco. ’ Winnepesaukee,

Winnesquamsaukit,

Winnisimmit, -

Wnogquetookoke, -

Wonasquatucket,

Wonkun, Wonauy,

Wongattuck, - Wonkemaug, Wongunpaug, - Wonnesquam,

Wuskowhiananaukit,