974.401 M- L. Es7es v. 15-16 1425141 GENEALOGY COLLECTION .ALLEN COUNIY PUIil IC LIBRARY 3 1833 01101 1209 BULLETIN ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOLUME XV. 1883. SALEM, MASS. PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS, 1884. rr»^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/bulletinofessexv15v16esse 1425141 CONTENTS. Swedish Superstitions and Characteristics ; by Alban Andren, Records of the Cities and Towns of Essex County. Informa tion on their condition requested, Presentation of the Caleb Cooke Memorial Tablet to the Trus tees of the Peabody Academy of Science, Jan. 12, 1883, Selish Myths ; by W. J. Hoffman, The Jesuits ; abstract of a paper by Rev. Geo. H. Hosmer, Annual Meeting, Monday, May 21, 1883, Election of officers, 43; retrospect of the year, 44; members, 44; field meetings, 48; meetings, 52; publications, 54, 58; social meeting, 55 receptions, 55; lectures, 56; concerts, 57; excursions, 57; library, 59 art exhibition, 69; horticultural exhibition, 71; museum, 73; finan cial, 75. Notice of the Death of Charles Timothy Brooks, The first notice of the Pine Grove or Forest River Shellheap ; by F. W. Putnam, Weeds of Essex County; by John H. Sears, Field Meeting at Oak Dell, Georgetown, .... Remarks of the President, of Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, 105; of Rev. Wm P. Alcott, Rev. B. F. McDaniel, 106. N. S Notes on the Flora of South Georgetown ; by Mrs. C Horner, Field Day at Dodge's Mill, Rowley, Friday, June 29, 1883, Excursion, 111; remarks of John H. Sears, 112; of John Robinson, 113 A Day at Linebrook, Thursday, July 26, 1883, . Excursion, 115; remarks of John H. Sears, 115; of Rev. B. F. Mc Page. 1 li> 11 23 41 12 77 86 93 105 107 111 115 Daniel, Sidney Perley, J. J. H. Gregory, A. C. Perkins, 146. (iii) IV CONTENTS. A Pen-Ramble in Linebrook; by M. V. B. Perley, . . .118 A Day in Groveland, Wednesday, August 15, 1883, . . .128 Excursion, 128; remarks of Miss Harriet E. Paine, George B. Lor- ing, 129; of N. A. Horton, 131. Plants shown at the Meeting in Groveland, Mass., August, 1883, by Miss Harriet E. Paine, 133 Groveland Plants not reported by Mr. Robinson in County Flora, by Miss Harriet E. Paine, 134 Field Day at West Peabody, Wednesday, September 19, 1883, . 135 Excursion, 135; remarks of John H. Sears, 135; of George Dixon, 136. Remarks on some Chipped Stone Implements, by F. W. Putnam, 137 BULLETIN ESSEX UsTSTITUTE. Vol. 15. Salem: Jan., Feb., March, 1883. Nos. 1,2,3. SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS. BY A LB AN ANDREN. READ MONDAY, JANUARY 1, 1883. You find among the Swedes many peculiar superstitions, which seem to cling with great tenacity from by-gone times. So, for instance, it is the custom for chamber- maids or others, making the beds in the morning, not to leave an unfinished bed under any pretext to go to any other work, for fear that the person that is to occupy it may not rest easily. In most Swedish stables you will find a dead crow or blackbird hung over each horse, which is considered a sure prevention for the evil one riding the horse in the stable at night, and it is asserted by the farm- ers that when such prevention is not taken the horses are found in the morning foaming at the mouth, sweaty and blowing hard, as if just arrived from a furious drive. In my boyhood, whenever a person sneezed it was considered polite for bystanders to say "God save you " or " Prosit ; " and the more popular a person was in society the more people were ready to say " God save you " in case of sneez- ing. At an evening party, a society belle, after being duly coaxed, would sit down and commence fingering the (i) 2 SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS ivories of a piano, and it was ludicrous enough if she hap- pened to sneeze to see about a dozen young men and old men make deep bows, and seriously exclaim in chorus, " God save you, Mademoiselle, " she returning the com- pliments with a gracious " Thank you, sirs. " This custom is still retained among the Irish, who say "bless you" or " save you " on similar occasions. It is said that centuries ago a contagious disease passed over Scandinavia and northern Europe, which commenced with sneezing, and after sneezing a few times it ended fatally ; and naturally under such circumstances the friends of the sneezers would exclaim "God help you" or "save you," and thus it came to be handed down from one generation to another, until it became a standard form of etiquette. It is now, however, growing out of fashion. In families, particularly among the fair sex, it is a sure sign of becoming angry and hot- tempered during the day if the nose itches in the morning ; also, if the palm of the left hand itches, you are to receive money, and if it is the right hand you have to pay out money during the day. If the left eye itches, a lady caller may be expected, and if it is the right eye, then a gentleman is sure to call during the day. One saying is, never point an empty gun at anybody, for the evil one may load it ; and further, never make a wry face, for if the clock should strike twelve, the wind change, and the cock should crow at the same time, your face will forever remain in that ugly condition. Many poor students manage to get through the element- ary and regular colleges by the aid of charity meals, which is done in this way : A student calls at your house and asks that you will in- vite him once a week to your table, dinner or supper; and after getting such permission in one family he goes to another and asks a similar privilege, and so on until he AND CHARACTERISTICS. 6 has secured free dinners and suppers for the whole week during the term. No shame seems to be attached to this free lunching ; and as a rule, each family tries to set a bet- ter table on poor students' day than on any other, although there are exceptional cases in which the reverse is done. Some of the shining lights among the Swedish pro- fessional men have passed through college by the aid of such charity meals, and are not ashamed to confess it. If there is one class of people that ought to be prosper- ous in Sweden, it is the hatters, for owing to the Swedish etiquette of uncovering your head in the street to mere passing acquaintances, the brim of the hat soon wears out; and an American gentleman, lately returned from Sweden, told me that the next time he goes over there, he surely should get a silk hat made with a sheet iron brim, to en- able it to stand the strain put upon it by the demands of the prevailing etiquette. Even two brothers, and chums, as we say here, when they meet in public, take off their hats at meeting and parting with a great deal of reverence. Your own servants meet you in the street, and as they doff their hats or make a courtesy, you are expected to raise your own in return. It is also the etiquette, if parties pass each other on the left to raise their hats with their right hands, and vice versa, so as not to obscure your face from your friend in raising the hat. In going into offices, stores, restaurants, bar-rooms or billiard saloons, the Swede uncovers his head just as reverently as if going into church. In the country the farmers and peasants generally uncover their heads in going by churches or cemeteries, as a mark of respect. Writers on Sweden have said that no real deep religious sentiment exists in that country, and this is equally true, I think, wherever state and religion are united, for in Swe- den you must be baptized when two years old, whether you want to or not. You may bawl and kick all you like 4 SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS but baptized you must be ; there is no getting away from that. At fifteen you must join the church and be con- firmed, and at that age you have ceased to be rebellious and fall in to the traces with proper grace. Then you ought to go to the sacrament at least once a year, and you may forfeit certain citizens' rights should you not have been to such holy communion for a period of five successive years. Thus you see that religion and business are, as it were, closely linked together, and by degrees you begin to per- form your religious duties in a sort of automatical maimer, very reposing both to body and mind. Any undue excite- ment in religious matters, such as noisy revivals, etc., is not enjoyed by the better classes of Swedes, although for- eign missionaries, particularly Swedish-Americans, oc- casionally do a little missionary work among the country people in this line, and it would be a great deal better for the peace of the country if they would confine their labors to fields more ripe for the harvest. The Swedish barber is a man of no little importance, as in addition to the usual duties of hairdresser, wig-maker, and barber, he has to pull teeth, set leeches, attend to bleeding and cupping, and occasionally, practises a little surgery if he has passed examination in that line. Never shall I forget my first experience in having a tooth pulled by a Swedish barber. I went up the stairs to his rooms, but in taking hold of the door-knob, the tooth-ache disap- peared, and I went down to the street again, when the ache commenced worse than ever. I returned, although the same miracle was repeated when I got to the door again. I made bold to enter. He was alone, that man of torture, and, after looking me over, he asked me to sit down on the floor near the window, and took out from a drawer a myste- rious tool, looking very much like a large corkscrew ; with this he took hold of the tooth, standing over me with one hand resting on the top of my head, and with the other AND CIIAKACTEIUSTICS. 0 pointing upwards, just as you pull a cork from a quart bottle. After getting one-half of the tooth out, the door opened, and in came a man to be shaved, and the barber asked me to wait till he had shaved the customer, when he would try again. I sat on the floor waiting till the man was shaved, when the barber commenced almost the same operation, almost lifting me from the floor, until at last his efforts were crowned with a glorious success. The charge was about ten cents. Some years afterwards, an American dentist from Philadelphia settled in Gothenburg, and fitted up luxurious parlors with operating chairs and all the modern Yankee fixings, and everybody predicted a quick failure if he meant to keep to dentistry alone, with- out doing some shaving, hair-cutting, and wig-making, with occasionally a little leeching, bleeding and cupping ; but to the astonishment of all, he built up a large practice, and others, following in his wake, have now in a great measure relieved the barber from his primitive method of dentistry. "Allah be praised !" Easter eve is celebrated by a family gathering and a late supper, consisting of boiled rice and hard and soft boiled eggs, with the usual allowance of wine. A story is current in Sweden of a charity student being invited at such Easter eve supper to the family in which he had his free meals ; before him stood the large deep bowl filled with the customary boiled rice, and on either side a decanter of wine. The room was lighted by two candles on the table, and in snuffing them both were accidentally put out, and the maid sent out to the kitchen to relight them ; when all were in darkness the student thought he would improve the opportunity to take a long draught from one of the wine decanters, and after doing so he set it down softly on the table, but when the lights were brought in, it was found to the astonishment of all that in- stead of putting the decanter back again on the table, he G SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS had placed it deep in the middle of the bowl of rice before him. Tableau : French leave, and no more free meals for the unlucky student in that family. When darkness sets in on Easter eve, you will see all the hills lighted up by great bonfires which are kept up till sunrise on Easter day. This is done in memory of an old superstition that the devil and witches had full sway on the earth during the days the Savior laid in the grave, and particularly on Easter eve it was said that the witches by riding on brooms through the air would congregate on the hill-tops and concoct evil doings for the human race, and to keep them away the superstitious people would light every available hill-top with rousing bonfires. As the witches are all dead long ago with the exception of their flaxen-haired and blue-eyed fair descendants which the Swedes don't want to scare away, you see there is no actual need at the present time to keep up these Easter bonfires, except as a time-honored custom, and it is one of the features of Easter eve for families to go out to look at the display of bonfires in the evening, after supper. The 25th day of June, in Sweden, is St. John's day, or midsummer day, and is one of the most social and enjoy- able holidays in Sweden. The evening before is midsum- mer night, which is celebrated by decorating of May-poles, around which the peasants dance till early dawn. Months before this festival, the peasant girls will save the egg- shells by carefully blowing out the contents ; such empty c<v<r-shells are strung on a twine like beads on a string and the green covered May-pole is wound spirally by such egg-shells, looking at a distance like white pearls on a dark green ground, and has a very pretty effect. Besides this the May-poles are dressed with flowered hoops, gar- lands and bright ribbons, and for a couple of months after- wards you will see the May-pole standing on the village green as a monument of a joyous and happy occasion. AND CHARACTERISTICS. 7 It is not without interest, once in a while, to find out what other people think of us. By us, I mean we Americans. On leaving England, where I lived a year and a half I was told by the cashier of the iron establishment where I worked in Lancashire, that the Americans were very queer people ; and he asked me if I had bought a revolver to take with me to Boston. I said no ; for I confessed I did not know how to use one, and I was afraid I would do myself more damage than good, and he said he was very sorry, for he knew I would not have a very long lease of life in New England without one. I have been here about fourteen years, from Maine to Illinois, from Canada to North Carolina, and to the honor of this country, I want to say I never owned one and never had the need of that weapon during this long time. He also stated very seriously that if I went to churches in New England, I would see the men resting their feet on the top of the pew in front, and that they were in the habit of smoking pipes while in church. The first time I went into a New England church, I sat anxiously waiting to see the men put their feet on the pew in front and pull out their pipes, but I was very agreeably disappointed, and I have come to the conclusion that the New Englanders, al- though they are a young race, are almost as civilized as the people of Great Britain. I also heard of a German who emigrated to this country and afterwards married an estimable young American lady, at which his parents were very much distressed ; and when some years afterwards he travelled with his wife to see the old folks, they were greatly relieved at seeing the young wife; for they said, we thought all the time that coming from the United States she must be black, and she is just as good-looking as we are. Now the ordinary Swedes also have a very imperfect 8 SWEDISH SUPERSTITIONS knowledge of this country, that is, as to its extent and rel- ative location of cities and states. This is not to be won- dered at, for the same I believe is true as to the general American knowledge of the localities in Sweden ; and what care we here for the relative position of such hard- sounding names of Swedish counties as Bohnslau, Dalslancl, Westergotland, Ostergotland, Kalmar, Skaue, and Smal- and ; so you must not think that we Swedes are very ig- norant and verdant because we do not know the geography of the United States, and this the more, as in our Swedish school atlases, Sweden and Norway occupy a couple of double pages, whereas only a small portion of a page is devoted to the whole of North America, and we naturally come to the conclusion that distances in the United States are small as compared with Sweden, and it is only by travelling through the United States that we get a proper idea of the vast extent of the country. I make this expla- nation that you may understand what follows : about fourteen years ago, when I left Sweden for the United States, a number of friends called on me and said they had heard I was going to Boston, U. S. A., and would I be so kind as to take a letter and message with me for some re- lation or friend of theirs. Oh, yes. I took about twenty- five letters addressed to persons in Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and New Sweden, Maine, my friends saying that such places were not far from where I was going, and they and I had an idea that they were all suburbs of Boston, and that it would be a pleasure to deliver the let- ters in person. When I arrived in Boston, I met an American gentle- man to whom I had a letter of introduction, and after tak- ing dinner with him, he asked me what I meant to do. I said I was going to work in a day or so, but that I had first a number of letters to hand round to friends in the suburbs of Boston, and I would be obliged to him if he AND CHARACTERISTICS. 9 would tell me what kind of horse-cars to take to reach such places. He said certainly, "please show me the letters," which I handed to him; and as he began to read Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Texas, Missouri, and New Sweden, Maine, he looked at me with a strange expression in his eyes, and I began to fear I did not please him, so I asked him what the matter was, and he said he thought I might be tired after my long journey, and if I would pay him three cents apiece for the letters, he would see to it that they would reach their owners. I thought he was remark- ably kind to offer to run round for me at that price, and it was not until some time afterwards that I found out that he engaged Uncle Sam to deliver my letters, and that the directions thereon were States situated thousands of miles apart, instead of being suburbs of Boston. The Indians are ever an interesting subject for the Swedes at home to enquire about, for they seem to have an idea that Boston has about as many Indians as white people among its population, and I was asked this summer if I had had much trouble with the Indians, and if I was not afraid of being scalped, and all such matters, to which I replied that as far as my observation had been among the Boston Indians, I had found them very orderly and peaceable, and that, in fact, the most of them were very well-behaved, being mostly employed as sentinels outside cigar and tobacco shops. A bald-headed person coming from the United States to Sweden excites a great deal of curiosity among the com- mon people in that country, for it is hard to convince them that he has not left his scalp suspended, as an ornamental appendage, to the belt of one of the noble red Indians of the Boston prairies. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 2 RECORDS OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS OF ESSEX COUNTY. INFORMATION ON THEIR CONDITION REQUESTED. At a regular meeting of the Institute held on Monday evening, February 5, 1883, Vice President Robert S. Rantoul stated that he had corresponded with John T. Hassam, Esq., of Boston, who is interested in a plan for a thorough examination of the town and city records in this Commonwealth, to ascertain their present condition, also looking to their preservation and to the adoption of the most approved methods of arrangement. The increasing interest, during the past few years, in genealogical and historical investigations, has imparted to these records a due appreciation of their value as deposi- tories of historical information and the great need of the fostering care of the legislature and of those in authority. Mr. Rantoul showed some blank forms of a circular which had been prepared for the use of the town and city clerks, so that a uniformity in the returns may be ob- served ; also a circular-letter to be signed by the Presi- dent, soliciting a response to the questions proposed. Mr. Hassam has requested the cooperation of the In- stitute, and is desirous that it would take charge of the sending of the circulars and the receiving of the returns from the clerks of the cities and towns of Essex county, mentioning that other societies in the state had been in- vited to cooperate and to assume their respective propor- tion of the work required. The subject was referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. Robert S. Rantoul, Henry F. Waters, and James A. Emmerton with authority to act. 10 IN MEMORY DF eALKB COOKE, B ora Fcflxrii nrry 5? 18 3 6, medJTiiiB.. ai8'80; IN THE MUS':EUM DF THE; PSABODY ACADEMY^ SGIEim I o O £ 188 0, / ■W^4M^ PRESENTATION OF THE CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET TO THE TRUSTEES OF THE PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, JAN. 12, 1883. The subscribers to the Caleb Cooke Memorial Tablet met in the lecture room of the Academy on Friday evening Jan. 12, 1883, for the purpose of transferring to the trustees of the Academy the mural tablet which had been placed in the hallway a few days before. Mr. John Robinson presided at the meeting and intro- duced the subject as follows : During the spring of 1882, a few friends of the late Caleb Cooke, feeling that his un* tiring interest and long continued services in behalf of the scientific institutions of Salem should in some way be recognized, and that a simple record of his work should be placed before the eyes of the public, suggested the advis- ability, by a general subscription, of raising a sum of money sufficient to purchase and place in the museum, where so much of Mr. Cooke's life had been spent, a fitting mural tablet to his memory. The suggestion met with the cordial approval of all and, without solicitation other than a short notice in the Salem newspapers, nearly the required sum was raised in fifty cent subscriptions. This was augmented by the pro- ceeds of an entertainment and a few larger subscriptions from intimate friends. The trustees of the Academy gladly approved of the project, and at once a committee of the subscribers ar- ranged with the Boston Terra Cotta Company for a suit* (ii) 12 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. able tablet and border from original and appropriate designs. This upon being moulded proved even more satisfactory than was expected, and was soon completed and placed in the position selected at the Museum, the work of setting the tablet being gratuitously performed by Mr. Joseph N. Peterson, the Academy's mason. It would not be the wish of our late friend that we should come here in a spirit of sadness, but rather that we should meet socially and pleasantly as he himself was always wont to do. It is fitting too that, in this hall where, yearly, thousands of visitors pass to and fro, a simple memorial should meet their eyes and continually remind them of one who contributed so much towards the collection of the specimens and the arrangement of the Museum. Mr. Robert S. Rantoul, in behalf of the subscribers, pre- sented the tablet to the trustees in the following words : - The friends of the late Caleb Cooke, and it was my pleasure to be counted among them, have commissioned me to tender, in their name and behalf, to the trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, the mural tablet which they have placed here, to be a memorial as lasting as it is unique and beautiful, of our lamented friend, an officer of this school of science. It is well that here, in the very scene of his labors, the generations who are to enjoy the fruits of them should pause before this simple slab. It matters little now that he whose name it bears was the pupil and coadjutor of Agassiz, — that he had been a voyager in both conti- nents of the Southern Hemisphere, — that he lived here or there died. But it matters much for all time to know that here was one who could forego the keener oratifi- cations of the hour for the sake of lasting good. Here CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. 13 was one who was happier to toil modestly and incon- spicuously at the far-off solution of those endless problems of the material world, so the result obtained might be ever so little a modicum of truth, rather than to strug- gle after the unsubstantial prizes of reputation and of life, so apt to crumble in the hands that snatch them. Here was a man who found content in friendships, — his highest pleasure in human sympathy and modest work. Other men understood and professed that usefulness is happiness and that there is no higher good than doing for others what good we can. Here was a man who felt and acted it. And if it be true indeed, that getting and giving are the be all and end all of American life, then it is well that this elegant memorial shall attest the fact that here, amongst us, in this bustling nineteenth century of ours, there lived and died a quiet worker, little known and caring little to be known beyond his sphere, wise enough to know that no getting more enriches than the getting, out of her secret storehouses, of Nature's jewels of knowledge, — that no giving more truly warms the heart of giver and taker, and is twice blest, than the giv- ing of knowledge. We need not here recount the simple phases of this life too early spent. They are a familiar portion of our household history. To the labyrinthian mazes of this noble museum his mind was the clew. It was said, some- what extravagantly, that he could put his hand, in the dark, on every specimen, but of how many of those specimens was it the fact that his hand had placed them where they were. I say nothing of his philan- thropy, of his broad catholicity of spirit, of a score of estimable personal traits, each as conspicuous as his unswerving love of science. Other occasions have been found to speak of them, and others will speak of them 14 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. here ; my function is less broad. For those of the pass- ino- generation who knew our friend there is no need of word or tablet to keep his memory fresh. The laurel, perennial green, the shells reversed, the bird of wisdom, seeing through the darkness, these are fitting emblems, were emblems needed, of the memory of our loss. But for that greater multitude which follows on, to which his life will be a myth and his life-work will be only merged in the mighty aggregate of modern scientific thought, let this slab remain, while this noble monument, the Pea- body Academy, shall stand, to attest that only those who serve are worthy, and that by the side of wealth which grandly endows science, is to be commemorated with equal gratitude that life-consecration which makes science and its grand endowment possible. At the close of Mr. Rantoul's address, Dr. Henry Wheatland, Vice President of the Peabody Academy of Science, accepting the memorial, responded in behalf of the trustees, as follows : It is much to be regretted that on this occasion our honored President is not here to respond in fitting terms to your appropriate remarks at the unveiling of this me- morial given by many friends, in recognition of the rela- tions of Mr. Cooke to this institution. The President has been for several months in Europe and will probably remain until the spring or early sum- mer when I hope that he will return with greatly im- proved health, which had been much impaired by arduous and exhaustive labors on the bench of the Supreme Court. Some thirty years ago, a tall, red-haired youth, not out of his teens, came to the rooms of the Essex Insti- tute and desired to be a member. He was elected May 11, 1853, and continued his membership from that time CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. 15 until his decease, taking a deep interest in its objects and in the natural sciences, and for more than twenty-one years of this period held some official position, or a place on some important committee. Caleb Cooke was the son of William and Mary (Fogg) Cooke, and was born in Salem Feb. 5, 1836. His father was a mariner and for several years was an officer on board of vessels engaged in the West African trade and died in California when the son was in his boyhood. He was educated in our public schools, and commenced active life as a clerk in the bookstore of Henry Whipple & Son, continuing in this position only for a short time when he left. After spending about one year with George F. Read in the study of the languages, especially the Latin, he devoted himself principally to the pursuit of natural history, which had long been his inclination. To this end he went to Cambridge and pursued his studies under Prof. L. Agassiz, the great teacher, who during his residence in this country had done so much to stimulate the study of nature and a spirit of scientific investigation, commenced the formation of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and gathered a class of pupils, many of whom have contributed much to advance his plans and have become distinguished. They hold or have held many prominent positions, professorships in our various seats of learning, the charge of museums, conducting scien- tific explorations, or preparing communications to the publications of learned societies or the journals of the day, or separate treatises on their respective specialties. Such were his associates during his connection with Agassiz. In 1859, at the request of Professor Agassiz, he went to Para, Brazil, to collect specimens for the Museum, and in 1860 he went to Zanzibar on a like mission, sailing from Salem in the bark Persia on the fifth of November of 16 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. that year. He remained in this field of labor until he was compelled to leave on account of sickness, having the African fever, but almost recovered his health during his passage home, arriving at Providence per English bark Sheffield, May 17, 1865, after an eighty-two days' passage from Zanzibar. While he was absent, Professor Agassiz and Senator Sumner procured for him the appointment of United States Consul at Mozambique, but the commission passed him in transit and he never acted under it, although his name was borne upon the rolls for several years. From the organization of the Peabody Academy of Science in March, 1867, until his decease, he was an As- sistant and one of the Curators of the Museum under its charge. He was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and of the Boston Society of Natural History. In 1875, he assisted Dr. G. M. Levette of the State Geological Survey of Indiana, in a hydrographic survey of a dozen or more of the lakes in the northern part of that state, where his experience in the collecting and pres- ervation of specimens of natural history and in seining and dredging was of great value. About a year after its organization in 1869, the Salem Fraternity first attracted Mr. Cooke's attention. He soon became one of its most helpful friends, and more and more betook into his willing hands multiplying activities. He was interested in the formation of the library and reading room, becoming chairman of the committee on these de- partments and constantly and earnestly devoting himself to the welfare of this institution. He possessed admi- rable traits of character. No one could take more pains CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. 17 to confer a favor than he even to the humblest of the boys. He was a useful man in the line of his special- ties. Resolutely following up his work to the last, refusing to listen to the suggestions of rest or medical advice till it was too late, he sank rapidly to his death, which oc- curred on the fifth of June, 1880. In behalf of the trustees, I accept this noble tribute to his memory, and tender to you, the representative of the contributors and of those who took the charge of this work, their sincere thanks. It will always have a suitable place on the walls of their building. May it be an incentive to others to take up his mantle and go and do likewise in the advancement of all in edu- cation, knowledge and general culture. Rev. E. B. Willson being called upon by the presiding officer as connected with the Salem Fraternity, of which Mr. Cooke had been an active member, said : Mr. Cooke's long-continued and valuable work as a sincerely devoted manager and helper, in carrying on the several departments of the Salem Fraternity, was always a gratuitous service, given cheerfully and without solicitation. He was the one who came when others staid away : day or evening. He had great influ- ence with the boys and young men. He knew how to control with vigor, yet with kindness and justice, the some- times rather turbulent crowd which resorts to the amuse- ment room of the Fraternit}' of a winter's evening. He hated cant and all the affectations of a busy and preten- tious benevolence ; would not hear praise or commendation of himself; believed in showing whether or not he was a friend of his kind by what he did, and not by speech. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 2* 18 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. The Fraternity lost its right hand when he died. Its counselling intelligence lost, too, in him some of its best practical wisdom : that wisdom that comes primarily from a hearty interest. In him was an unwearying willingness to plan and to work for the objects which this association seeks to accomplish. He believed in it wholly. He saw in its methods the best, perhaps the only, way to deal with a class of persons especially exposed, especially unpro- vided for in the general social and educational arrange- ments of the day, and equally endangering society in the future, if unconsidered now. If any should be kept in remembrance, and should have commemorating tablets set up as memorials of their rare qualities and services it is such as he. The Chair referred to Mr. Cooke's love for nature and the enjoyment he always took in collecting the earliest flowers at spring, and called upon Mr. W. P. Andrews as one of the friends who had frequently accompanied him at such times. In response, Mr. Andrews said : He had but one word to add to the just and discrim- inating estimates of Mr. Cooke ; and that was as to his non-observance of religious forms and ceremonies, and the fact that he was never to be found inside a church on Sunday morning. This arose not from depreciation of the value of any sincere religious conviction ; for Mr. Cooke's life was sincerity itself, and he was quick to rec- ognize any good in the world ; but rather from his deep feeling for our common mother Nature, who spoke to him in tones which made the efforts of the average preacher and congregation seem tame and cold in comparison. CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. 19 To one who is always conscious of the lofty harmonies of the universe, the confinement of a meeting house, and the somewhat labored requirements of stated devotion, are often less a help than a hinderance to real adoration. Above all things Mr. Cooke was real and true to a re- markable degree ; and if he was careless of the outward formulas of worship, the best and most genuine of his clerical friends have borne manly testimony to the fact, that his whole life was an act of devotion. " While we preached the Christ and him crucified, he lived the Christ life," said one of the five ministers of the Gospel who at- tended the funeral of this unobtrusive, humble worker; and the statement sums up Mr. Cooke's being, which was indeed a perpetual prayer; unuttered by the lips, — for he made no outward professions of any sort, — but acted in his unconscious daily existence. Could he help the needy in mind, body or estate, there was his service. Could he assist a friend in any work or pleasure, there was his hymn of praise. And nothing could daunt him unless it was the expectation of some acknowledgment of gratitude, from which he shrank as hastily as most men seek reward here or hereafter for the good they have done. His life was undoubtedly shortened by his untiring de- votion to the charity with which his name will be forever associated ; and almost his last strength was spent in giv- ing pleasure to a friend's children, whose sunny natures always found an answer in his own unselfish child-heart. The lovely arethusa, which they had gaily plucked to- gether on the last Sunday morning he was with us, bloomed on unwithered, when his own outward form was returned to the Great Mother whose gentle spirit blos- soms anew in the sweetness and purity of his own. 20 CALEB COOKE MEMORIAL TABLET. Careless of forms, and all our casual creeds, Known truly but to nearest friends, and few ; He simply asked : " What is there I can do Tor others?" heedless of his own scant needs. He led the Life that every pulpit feeds, Though ne'er the pastors found him in a pew : Yet one said : " Brother, many years we two Have preached The Christ; — he made our words his deeds." Pure Soul ! not for himself he spent his might, And humbly learned his Mother Nature's lore, Roaming a child, with children, by her side. Leal-hearted Comrade ! not for him came night ; Rather for us who took the flowers he bore, The flowers still fair, though he, good man, has died. The Chair then read several letters which had been received from persons at a distance, and those nearer home who were prevented from being present on the occasion and which are referred to below : Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 12, 1883. Were it not that I have been confined to the house for sev- eral days by a severe cold, I should be with you this evening to join in the well deserved tribute to the memory of Caleb Cooke, my friend and associate for so many years. He was a faithful worker and officer in the Institute and Academy, and to his quiet and unostentatious labors far more is clue in develop- ing the wide-spread interest in local natural history pursuits, for which Essex County has become noted, than his peculiar character and habits would lead the superficial observer to suspect. His sin- gular life, with its many deep undercurrents of thought and action, was only understood during his lifetime by a few who had long been associated with him, although his good works have been acknowl- edged since his death. I am personally thankful that the memory of my friend is to be perpetuated by the tablet to be presented to the Academy this evening, and it seems to me that the Board of Trustees CALEB COOKE MEMOKIAL TABLET. 21 will never be called upon to accept a more honorable trust than its perpetual care. Regretting that I cannot be present at the ceremony of presen- tation, I remain, Yours very truly, P. W. Putnam. Providence, R. I., Jan. 17, 1883. I received your postal card in reference to the dedication of the memorial to Caleb Cooke, and being much occupied with sickness in my family did not answer it at once, supposing that the exercises would not take place immediately. I regret exceedingly that I did not send a letter at once to be read on the occasion with the others. I had a peculiar regard and affection for our departed friend. His un- selfish devotion to his friends, his zeal for science and the very many unostentatious services he rendered to those working upon scientific subjects, as well as the hearty and wholesome manner in which he labored for the Essex Institute and Peabody Academy of Science, as well as the Salem Fraternity, are deserving of the permanent record which has been made. Yours very truly, A. S. Packard, jr. It is with regret that I am unable to accept your kind invitation to attend the presentation of the Caleb Cooke Memorial to the Trustees. I venture to send a word of tribute which you may hide away with your account of the evening's exercises; it is simply the word of a witness who knew him not only in the work of the Summer School and the Essex Institute, bnt through his generous regard for children. Kind hands erect this Tablet To the memory of one, Whose hand was ever ready- To assist his fellows, Whose heart was kind and tender As a child's; as loyal and true As any knight of old; Simple and unpretentious, Yet great, because himself; Honest, upright, sincere, Such was the man we honor, He lived and labored here. Yours cordially, . Kate Tannatt Woods. Salem, Jan. 12, 1883. 22 CALEB COOKE MEMOKIAL TABLET. Grand Rapids, Jan. 14, 1883. I wish to express my thanks that I am still remembered in Salem, and especially that I am identified as a friend of the late Caleb Cooke. I know nothing of the circumstances connected with his death — simply that he is gone, and I feel the deepest sorrow that this must be. Mr. Cooke was the first person, belonging to the Peabody Academy of Science, who welcomed me when I reported myself as a student for the summer class of 1876, and his cordial, earnest greeting gave me a feeling, at once, that he was to be among those who would take an interest in my welfare. Mr. Cooke had many opportunities that season to extend friendly services, and special acts of kindness, for which I shall always feel grateful. I am glad this " Memorial Tablet" has been placed in the building, which must have been dear to him from long association. These few lines are prompted by a warm regard, and deep feeling of respect for the one whose memory you have so appropriately hon- ored. Yours very truly, Mrs. Geo. C. Fitch. After several other letters together with the above had been read, the company passed to the hall to examine the tablet which had been unveiled. At the close of the exercises a collation was served in the library, after which the party adjourned. Note. — The accompanying heliotype illustration of the memorial tablet is from a photograph made by Mr. Andrew B. Cross of Salem, under a Thomsom-Houston Electric light of 2,000 candle power, kindly loaned for the purpose by the Salem Electric Lighting Com- pany. SELISH MYTHS By W. J. Hoffman, M. D. Introduction. The accompanying stories were obtained from the Flat- head, or, more properly speaking, Selish Indians, con- sisting of one of the tribes composing the eastern division of the Selish linguistic stock, and who occupy the Jocko Valley, in Montana, at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. The Selish, as well as all other native tribes, are extremely fond of passing the long winter evenings in story-telling, and to attempt to record the events of one evening would be an arduous task. A few myths have been selected for this piper, and for the purpose of illus- trating the language, as well as the syntactical structure, but a single narrative is submitted in the original text. It is proper to state that these Indians, when speaking of the various animals and birds and their participation in various transactions and exploits, do not look upon them in any other light than that of human beings who lived in remote times. One reason why we hear such expressions as "A Panther married a Salmon," or "The Bear killed the Gopher," is because an individual named " The Pan- ther " married the daughter of another called the " Salmon ;" though generally, these names are not personal names but relate to the gens or clans of which the respective persons were members. According to tribal laws, no one is permitted to marry within the gens, but always selects a partner from without, the gens being considered consan- guineous and descendants from a common ancestor. (23) 21 SELISII MYTHS. In the following text I have adopted phonetic orthogra- phy, adding two characters to express sounds not readily reproduced in English, viz. : /, the sound of the German cli in nacht, the Arabic ghain or Spanish mujer ; q, being equal to ch in German nicht. This is a softer sound than the preceding which is coarse and guttural. Sen'-tshe-le' [of the] Coyote Se-huist'-tsen'tshe-lep He was walking, the Coyote sko-le'-pi* to-6'-se, they were cooking eggs, s'a-a-tsu'^ts we-titsht' he looked u-^oF-lu sen7 -tshe'-le' he went the Coyote while they went to sleep [and] t'lus-kal-ep'. from the cooking place. o-ko-es' [then] he took rhui'-hue-u-gl's the little birdf /lus'-pG-lem'-tsis ; the bill : so'-tumst he pulled [stretched] o-we'wi' the Meadow [Lark o'k-tso'-tsis he pressed [the head so'-pot the tail [of] kwa'-wi-li/lts' yellow breast ko'-tump't. Story, o-we'-tshes [and] he saw hui'-hue-iu' ; many animals and birds ; es-tsl-a/ all of them t'l'-ken-tes' Femoved the dirt [from the eggs] . \J-iV-qis tsus'-pen-os ; Then he ate everything ; e-hue'-u-gl'sts [and] he pulled [crosswise /lus'-en'k-tsii' ; [of] the Lynx ;J /los'-gtl-su'-ini-e ; the Panther ;% pdos'-tshi-tshi-ma'-ugts ; the breast he made ; SELISII MYTHS, 25 o-huist'-^lu' he walked away /lak'-tshilsht he sat down Ka-li^ts' They awoke Se'-tslsh-tshel', What is the matter, kle'-ke-o'-vi-tse we ate all We'-kol-kwe'-tshi-na/, j Talked one, | Kwemt'-po-mln-tsugt. Then they all scattered. sen'-tshe-lc' tshll-kQt' the Coyote a short distance I we-/'l-stla'-/lsht. [and] [ he looked at them. ^lu-hui'-hue-^ults. all the birds and animals, liable already u'-ke-tltsh'? before we went to sleep ? ta'-sin-so-hui'-ne-min-tem7. they could not understand him. THE COYOTE AND THE MUD-HEN. The Coyote was one time compelled to hunt for food, and while strolling along the shore of a lake, observed a great variety of water fowl only a short distance from land, but still too much exposed to be approached without de- tection. He found some broad leaves growing in the water, took a quantity of them with which he covered his body, and crawled slowly along the edge of the water to the point opposite, and nearest to, the birds. The Swan caught sight of the Coyote as he was approaching and called out to him, saying, " Coyote, what are you doing with that load on your back?" to which the Coyote replied, "That is my music." " That is queer looking music," said the Swan, "let us hear your song, so that we may learn to know your voice." " I cannot do it now," the Coyote re- plied, " but if you will come to my lodge this evening, which I shall build here on the bank, I will sing for you and we can have a dance." The birds agreed to come, and ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 3 26 SELISH MYTHS. the Coyote immediately left and began to erect his lodge, securing all the coverings and closing all the small openings so as to prevent the escape of any one within, except through the doorway. After sunset the birds began to arrive, entered the lodge and took their places around the fire. When all had come, and the lodge was full, the Coyote said "Now we will have to put out the fire so that none of us get burnt by treading on the hot coals." The fire was then extinguished, when the Coyote took his place at the door, telling the birds to dance around in a circle while he sang for them. The Coyote sang, and the birds danced, passing around and by the door where the Coyote was stationed where he grasped the birds, rapidly as possible, by the necks which he broke, throwing the bodies on the outside. After a while one of the Ducks said, " Where are all our dancers, I hear but a few? light the fire so that we may see wThat is going on." Then the Coyote built another fire that he might catch the other birds, but when they saw their companions lying dead on the outside of the lodge, they cried out that they were being exterminated, and made a rush for the door, the last one to leave being the Mud-Hen, and as it stooped to pass through the door, the Coyote kicked it on the legs so that the joints protrude awkwardly toward the tail even to this day. The Ponkashave a myth somewhat resembling the above, but which has reference to a change of the color of the eyes of the Turkey, which corresponds to the Dakota myth relating to a similar change in the color of the eyes of the Wood Duck. HOW THE LYNX GOT HIS BROAD FACE. There was a great chief, the Panther, who had a beau- tiful daughter. One day there was a gathering of the whole tribe when each animal tried to obtain her for his SELISH MYTHS. 27 wife. The Bear proposed to the Panther for his daughter, but he would not listen. The Rabbit also tried, but in vain, as did all the others. When night came on, the Lynx sat thinking, when all at once the thought came to him that he might behold the Panther's daughter, even if he could not marry her, whereupon he left his own lodge and proceeded to that occupied by her. Then he carefully crawled upon the lodge and looked down through the opening left for the smoke to issue, where he saw the Pan- ther girl asleep, with her mouth wide open. The Lynx sat in wonder looking at the beautiful girl, and while he was panting from the exertions in ascending the lodge, some saliva dropped down into her mouth, which caused her to have a child, in due time, which could not be stopped from crying. The Panther Chief tried to quiet his grandchild, but could not ; the daughter tried, but failed, as did all the rest of the Panther's family. No one could be found who could be chosen as the father of the crying child. Then the Panther Chief called together all the young men of the tribe, and said, "Go you, all of you, and try if you can quiet my Grandchild, and the one in whose embrace it ceases to cry, shall be the father of my Grandchild and the husband of my daughter." Then the Bear tried to quiet the child but could not'; the Rabbit tried and failed ; and all the rest of the young men met with no success. The Coyote came last, and when he took up the child it became quiet at once, when the Panther Chief said, "Coyote, the child is yours, and you must take my daughter for your wife." This was as the Coyote desired, but when he at- tempted to take his wife away, all the young men, who had been repulsed in their previous attentions to the Panther girl, set upon the Lynx and beat him to death and scat- tered the pieces. 28 SELISH MYTHS. Then the tribe moved off to a distant camping place, leaving the Panther girl with her child and murdered hus- band to themselves. Then from the pieces of the Lynx lying about, came a voice directing her to place tbem to- gether as well as she could and to set the mass in a corner of the lodge, and to cover it with soft robes where it should remain for five days. The wife did as she was told, and sat despondently in the lodge waiting for the time to elapse when she could again have her husband restored to her. On the third day, the wife, who had become very lonely, approached her husband and asked, " May I remove the robes to look at yo.u?" "No," responded the Lynx, "wait two days longer and I will be well." Then she pressed the robes closely about him and pressed them upon his head to keep him warm. On the fourth day, the wife a- gain approached the corner in which her husband was, and said, "May I remove the blankets and take you out, I am very lonesome?" "No," responded the Lynx, "wait one day longerand thenlshallbe quite well." Onthemorningof the fifth day, the Panther again approached the Lynx and said, "May I remove the blankets and take you out, I am so lonesome that I can wait no longer ?" but before the Lynx could reply that the day was not yet over, she had removed the coverings to liberate her husband, when he immediately came forth, but his face was still broad and flat from the pressure of the blankets put upon it, and so it remains to this day. In the meantime the tribe, who had removed from the old camping ground, had suffered much from want and privation. Many had starved to death, and many more were dying. The Magpie happened to return to the old camp one day, and found that the Lynx and his family had all the meat they could eat ; in fact they had so much that everything was greasy with the fat that had been thrown SELISH MYTHS. 29 from the lodge. Then the Magpie gathered up a great quantity of meat, returned to his camp and fed the tribe. The Panther Chief then said, "Where did you find meat, we have none in our country ?" " I went hunting," answered the Magpie, "and killed some game." The other hunters now demanded the truth, as they did not believe the Mag- pie's story. Then the Magpie narrated his journey to the old camping ground, saying " the Lynx and his family have all they can eat. They have all the meat they can want, and more too, in fact they have so much that everything in their camp looks greasy." "Then we shall return to them," said the Panther, " get you everything together that we can take with us and let us leave at once." After all were ready to leave, the Panther said, "come, let us start for our old home," and they set out. After a long journey, the tribe came in sight of the lodge owned by the Lynx, and soon every one was glad, for the Lynx and his wife came out of the lodge and welcomed them back. HOW THE RABBIT HAD HIS LIP CUT. One day the Rabbit happened to visit a neighboring camp, where he saw a beautiful girl with whom he imme- diately fell in love. He at once started to catch her, but she ran very fast, and the faster the Rabbit ran in pursuit the faster went the girl. The young men of the tribe, seeing a stranger chasing their favorite, immediately gave chase, and when they got near enough, be^an to throw stones and clubs at the Rabbit, until finally one young war- rior hurled a club which hit the Rabbit below the nose slit- ting the upper lip, which has not healed to this day. THE COYOTE AND THE FISHES. The Coyote one day stood upon the bank of a large river in which he saw many white fish swimming about. Then he said to them, " Go, tell your people to come to 30 SELISH MYTHS. my lodge which I shall build here on the bank, and to play with me. I shall look for you to-morrow." The fish said they would go, and immediately disappeared in deep water. The Coyote was a great gambler, but did not suppose the fish would be able to come on land, still, he built a lodge as he had told them he would do. Next day great numbers of all kinds of fishes came swarming from the river and. entered the Coyote's lodge. Then they began to play, and played until the Coyote had lost everything he owned, even his clothing. When the Fishes were ready to go, one of them said, " Coyote, come and see us under the water to-morrow, and we will play again." The Coyote said that he would come, though he knew he could not go under the water, neither did the Fishes believe that he would come. Then the Coyote went away very sad, when the Fox, his cousin, met him and said, "Brother, why are you so sad?" "I am sad," replied the Coyote, "because I lost everything I owned yesterday while playing with the Fishes. I cannot recover the things, although they invited me to come and play with them to-day." Then the Fox said, " if that is all, I will take you under the water, and we can go now ;" so the Fox took his pipe, put the Coyote into the bowl and covered it with clay. Then the Fox got into a canoe and paddled out into deep water, when he jumped overboard and sank to the bottom, where he took the Coyote out of his pipe, and they started to visit the camp of the Fishes, which they soon found. The Coyote then began to play with the Fishes, and continued gambling until he had recovered all he had lost the day before, and had won everything from the Fishes that could be carried away. Then the Fox again put the Coyote into the bowl of his pipe, ascended to his canoe, and returned to the shore where he liberated his cousin, the ( Joyote. SELISH MYTHS. 31 THE COYOTE AND HIS NEIGHBORS. The Coyote had five sons with his wife, and lived in a lodge a great distance from any other habitation. One morning he took his youngest son and started to visit the Elk, who also had fivesons. When, after a long journey, they arrived at the Elk's lodge, they found it empty and no signs of anything to eat. Then the Coyote said to his son, "I do not like this, not having anything to eat after such a Ions: walk." Soon the Elk returned and after welcoming his visitors, stooped and picked up a sharp stick with which he began to tear open his hips to dig out some Kamass roots. The Elk then said " Eat some Kamass roots, they are very good : I always provide myself in this way when I am away from home and get hungry." " What," said the Coyote, " do you expect me to eat dung?" "That is not dung," said the Elk, " but Kamass roots." Then the Coy- ote picked up one of them, and after nibbling at it cau- tiously, discovered it to be very good, whereupon he and his son filled their bellies with Kamass. When the Coyote was about to depart, he said to the Elk, "Come and see me to-morrow, and see how I live." "Yes," responded the Elk, "I will come to see you to- morrow." Next morning the Elk took his youngest son and set out for the Coyote's lodge which he reached after a long jour- ney. After the Elk was welcomed, the Coyote took a sharpened stick, as he had seen the Elk do, and commenced to tear his flesh in a painful manner, when the Elk cried, " Stop ! stop ! do not tear yourself so ; I do not think you ever tried that before. It is my practice always to do that when I am away from home and get hungry, so let me provide the Kamass roots this time." "That is just what I wanted you to do for me," said the Coyote, and handing the stick to the Elk, they soon had enough Kamass for all, 32 SELISII MYTHS. and after they had filled their bellies, the Elk and his son left for home. Next day the Coyote said to his youngest son, "Let us call on our neighbor, the Bear, and see how he lives." So after telling his wife of his plan, the Coyote and his son started, and after a long journey, reached the Bear's lodge. Then the Bear welcomed his visitors, when the Coyote said " I do not see anything to eat, and we are hungry after our long walk." The Bear then got down a large knife, and after sharpening the edge against another stone,1 walked up to his wife and, grasping her by the hip, cut out some large slices of meat, which was soon broiled on the coals and served. The Bear then took up a handful of earth which he rubbed over the wound on his wife's hip, when it instantly healed and was covered with hair as before. Then the Bear said, "This is the way I always provide myself with meat when I am away from home and get hun- gry." After they had all filled their bellies with Bear's meat, the Coyote rose to go, and said, "Bear, come and see me to-morrow, and see how I live." "Yes," responded the Bear, "I will come and see you to-morrow." Next morning, the Bear with the youngest of his five sons, called at the Coyote's lodge and was welcomed. Af- ter a short time the Coyote arose and got a knife, which he sharpened on another stone, as he had seen the Bear do ; went up to his wife, grasped her by the hip, and cut her almost to pieces during which she screamed with pain. Then the Bear cried, "Stop ! stop ! why are* you doing that? I do not think you ever tried that before. It is my prac- tice always to do that when I am away from home and get hungry, but you have never tried it before." Then the Bear took the knife and cut a large quantity of meat from 1 It is evident from the use of this term that stone knives were used at the time to which the myth relates. SELISII MYTHS. 33 his own hip, after which he took up a small handful of earth, rubbed it upon the wound, which healed instantly and was covered with hair as before. "That is just what I wanted you to do," said the Coyote. After the piece of meat had been broiled on the coals, they all ate until their bellies were full, when the Bear arose and started for home. On the next day, the Coyote took his youngest son, and started to visit the Kingfisher, who lived at a very great dis- tance. They were both very tired and hungry by the time they reached the Kingfisher's lodge, but, when they had been welcomed, they were pleased to see preparations for something to eat. The Covote was astonished to see how the Kingfisher and his family all had their hair arranged in top-knots, but said nothing. The Kingfisher told his youngest son to collect some willow poles and to erect a platform on the top of the lodge, which he immediately proceeded to do. Then the Kingfisher flew to the top of the lodge, which was located near the river, and after watching a small opening in the ice for a short time, suddenly flew toward and into the hole, disappearing under the water. Soon he returned bringing a fine large fish in his mouth, which was broiled on the coals and served. After they had all filled their bellies with fish, tlie Coyote arose to go and said, " Kingfisher, come and see me to-morrow, and see how I live." " Yes," responded the Kingfisher, " I will come and see you to-morrow." Next morning, the Kingfisher and his youngest son started to visit the Coyote, whose lodge they reached after a very long journey. The Coyote had been very much occupied all the morning in tying his children's hair into little tufts on the tops of their heads ; when his wife said, " What are you doing with the children's heads ?" " Oh," ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 3* 34 SELISH MYTHS. replied the Coyote, "I am only doing honor to the King- fisher who is coming to see us to-day." The Kingfisher was welcomed, and the Coyote, thinking it time to have something to eat, called to his youngest son and said, "Go and gather some willow poles and erect a platform on the top of the lodge," which he immediately proceeded to do. When it was finished the Coyote as- cended the lodge, crawled on top of the platform, and jumped off into the river, but the water being covered with ice, he almost crushed his head and lay some time badly hurt. The Kingfisher, though too late, cried, "Stop ! stop ! why are you doing that? I do not think you ever tried that before. It is my practice always to clo that when T am away from home and get hungry, but you have never tried it before." Then the Kingfisher broke a hole in the ice, ascended the platform and so dived into the river, soon returning with a fine large fish, which was soon broiled on the coals and served. Then they all ate until their bellies were full, when the Kingfisher and his son returned to their home. After this, the Coyote continued to hunt his food as he had been taught by his forefathers. THE SALMON AND THE WOLF. The Panther's youngest daughter was a very beautiful girl, whom all the young men of the tribe desired to marry, but whose offers the Panther refused, one by one. To avoid the necessity of constantly refusing these applicants, the Panther said, "Any one who will break my Elk-horns shall have my daughter." This news soon spread to neigh- boring camps, and a day was set for the trial of breaking the " magic " Elk-horns. The Bear came forward, grasped the horns and crushed them into small pieces, but when 1425141 SELISH MYTHS. 35 he threw them upon the ground they immediately flew to- gether and the horns were entire, as before. Then the Rabbit took the horns and crushed them, but he had no sooner thrown them upon the ground than the pieces had again united. Then the Lynx tried, and the Coyote, and all the rest of the young men present. The Salmon had heard of the beautiful daughter of the Panther, and decided to try to obtain her, so he brought with him two friends, the Kingfisher and the Blackbird.2 The Salmon lived upon a large river at a great distance from the Panther's village, and he did not reach that place until all the young warriors had failed in their trials for the Panther's daughter. The wolf,3 who lived far to the south, had two elder brothers, and these three also started for the Panther's village, arriving there at the same time as the Salmon and his friends. Then the Wolf said, "Salmon, you came first, you break the horns if you can," but the Salmon re- fused, saying, "No, Wolf, you came before I did, you break the horns if you can." Then the oldest Wolf tried, broke the horns, but they immediately became whole again when thrown upon the ground. Then the next wolf tried, but with no better luck. The Wolf whose trial now came was a Shaman,4 and felt sure of winning the girl, so he picked up the horns, broke them into small pieces, but when he threw them upon the ground they slowly united as before. Then the Salmon came forward, took the horns, broke them into small pieces and threw them upon the ground where they remained and did not unite again. Then 2 This Blackbird is said to have peculiar eyes and habits, and evidently signifies the Pipilo megalonyx. 3 Canis occidentalism commonly known as the Grey Wolf. 4 Improperly termed "Medicine Man." 36 SELISH MYTHS. the Panther said, "Salmon, you broke the horns, you take my daughter for your wife." Then the Salmon took the Panther girl under his arm and with his companions, started for home. They had not gone far, before the Wolf and his elder brothers followed the Salmon and began to fight. They fought two days and two nights, during which time the Salmon and his friends gradually worked their way toward the river. On the third morning, just as the Salmon reached the bank of the river, the Rattlesnake, who lived on the opposite shore and who was a cousin to the Wolf, came out of his lodge, and seeing his cousin the Wolf fighting, took an arrow and shot it at the Salmon striking him in the side of the neck. The Salmon fell down near the water's edge, while his friends were com- pelled to leave because the Wolf and his elder brothers came and took away the Salmon's wife and went home. The fishes came and threw water on the Salmon, which kept him alive, and after a while he worked his way into the water and swam down-to the Fish Hawk's camp. The Fish Hawk welcomed the, Salmon and healed his wound, though he remained there a whole year. When the summer came again, the Salmon said to the Fish Hawk, " Fish Hawk, when you fly away from home, do you ever see anything of my enemy, the Wolf?" " Yes," said the Fish Hawk, " I see him sometimes ; he is a great hunter and kills many deer." Then the Salmon took the arrow with which he had been wounded, and set out to visit the Rattlesnake, who lived in a grass lodge. When the Salmon came near the lodo'e he listened and heard the Rattlesnake singing, telling how he killed a great Shaman, the Salmon, and gave the Wolf the victory. Then the Salmon went nearer to the lodge, coughed so as to attract the Rattlesnake's attention, when the Rattlesnake peeped • SELISH MYTHS. 37 out to see who was coming. When he saw the Salmon he was much surprised, but came out and pretended to wel- come him, saying, " Why, Salmon, I thought you had been killed last year, and I have been singing your death-song, and telling my friends how sad I was." Then the Salmon laid down the arrow with which the Rattlesnake had hit him, saying, "Rattlesnake, is this your arrow?" "Yes," said the Rattlesnake, "where did you find it?" "I found it down on the shore." "Oh!" replied the Rattlesnake, "I lost that yesterday while shooting ducks, I knew that it must have fallen somewhere, but could not find it." Then the Salmon said, "Give me some hot coals, Rattle- snake, I want to mend my boat with pine gum before I leave this place." Then the Rattlesnake brought out some hot coals, which the Salmon took and set the grass lodge on fire, and as the Rattlesnake was burning, said to him, "Rattlesnake, hereafter when more people come into your country you must not bite them with your arrows, but they must kill you wherever they find you or your people." Then the Salmon left and travelled a long distance when he saw the Wolf's lodge. He crawled up very slowly and found the Wolf's wife alone, but guarded by the Louse and the Flea. Then the Salmon said to the Louse, " I am the husband of the woman in that lodge, and if you will assist me I will give you the Wolf's head for your share," and to the Flea, "you shall have the Wolf's back and rump for your share." They both agreed to accept the offer and allowed the Salmon to enter the lodge. Then the Salmon and his wife planned how they should destroy the Wolf, as well as his two brothers who lived in the lodge also. The Salmon took a sharp knife and waited. Towards evening the oldest wolf returned carrying a deer on his shoulders, which he threw into the lodge and then went 38 SELISH MYTHS. , « away to wash his hands. He then returned and as he put his head into the door of the lodge, the Salmon struck him over the forehead with the knife and killed him. The woman then dragged the body back into the lodge where she covered it with robes. Soon the next Wolf came, having a deer upon his shoul- ders, which he threw into the lodge and then went to the spring to wash his hands. He then returned and as he put his head into the lodge, the Salmon cut off his head. The woman then dragged the body into the lodge and hid it with the body of the oldest Wolf. After a long time the youngest Wolf, who was a Sha- man, returned with a deer upon his shoulders. His magic power enabled him to know that the Salmon was in the lodge, and he called out, "Salmon, come out of my lodge, I know that you are there and want to kill me ; come out that I may fight you." The Salmon did not answer, and the Wolf came closer and again called out as before. The Salmon remained silent ; when the Wolf came up and threw the deer into the lodge and went to the spring to wash his hands. When he again came toward the lodge, he said, "Salmon, I know you are in my lodge and want to kill me ; now come out and fight me." The Salmon re- mained quiet, but after a short time asked the woman if the Wolf did not possess some charm or sacred rattle, by which means the Wolf could be induced to enter the lodge. The woman said that the Wolf had a rattle which, if used, would probably bring him in ; whereupon she took it down and began to use it, at the same time telling the Wolf to enter the lodge, as she was going to throw the rattle into the fire. The Wolf then came nearer but would not enter until he saw her throw the rattle upon the burning coals, when he made a leap through the door, the Salmon at the SELISII MYTHS. 39 same time striking him upon the nose and splitting his body lengthwise, one-half falling upon the floor, while the other half sprang upon the fire, grasped the sacred rattle and passed up through the smoke-hole and onward to the summit of a high mountain. Then the Salmon took his wife, and after giving the heads of the wolves to the Louse, and the backs and rumps to the Flea, returned to his own home. There was a village near the base of the mountain upon which the Wolf took refuge, and every night the people could hear him howl. Then the Coyote said, "I wonder what can be wrong with the Wolf, he is crying so much." Then several of the people went to find the Wolf's lodge to take him some food, but he could not be found. Soon, people were attacked by the Wolf at night, and so many were killed that the Chief said, "Let us move away to another camp, if we stay here we shall all be killed." Then the Coyote said "You must all go, but let me remain, I will kill the Wolf. " The tribe then moved away and the Coyote, who was a Shaman, 'transformed himself into a little boy. He dug a pit in the ground at the bottom of which he placed a log of wood, which he transformed into a dead man. Then the Coyote sat at the mouth of the pit and cried. When the Wolf heard a child crying, he came down from the mountain and, seeing the little boy, said, " Coyote, I know that is you, what is the matter with you?" But the Coyote only cried the harder and pointed down into the pit. Then the Wolf approached and asked, " Is that your father ?" when the Coyote assented by nod- ding his head and crying still louder. Then the Wolf jumped into the pit, which the Coyote at once caused to sink deeper and deeper, so that the Wolf should not escape. The Coyote then took his knife and, as the Wolf jumped 40 SELISH MYTHS. up the sides of the pit to make his escape, the Coyote thrust the blade into the Wolf's head and killed him. The pit was then filled with dirt and leaves, and the Coyote returned to his camp, summoned his people to return, which they did ; and there they still live in peace. NOTES. * Sko-le'-pl. This signifies cooking in a depression in the ground, similar to the method adopted in preparing Kamass roots in the northwest, and mescal roots in Arizona. Hot stones form the floor of the pit, upon which the roots are laid, and covered with a layer of stones, earth, grass, etc. t l'hui'-hue-u-gl's. The Cross-bill (Curvirostra Americana). It is said that at this time the bird had his mandibles distorted, which rendered his speech unintelligible to the others. Jxlus'-en'k-tsii'. The Wild cat (Lynx rufus) frequently called Lynx, by the Indians. The word for the latter is sin'-x^-tso'. This act of the Coyote is sup- posed to account for the flat face of the animal. 1Txlos'-gtI-sfi-mi-e. The Panther (Felis concolor) is said to have received his long tail at this time, having previously been a Lynx (L. Canadensis), BULLETIN ESSEX INSTITUTE Vol. 15. Salem : Apkil, May, June, 1883. Nos. 4, 5, 6. THE JESUITS.1 By George H. Hosmer. Mr. Hosmer first spoke of the Romish church previous to the year 1500 ; of the corruption in the church and of the vast treasures poured into Rome by the immense number of persons flocking to the eternal city. St. Peter's was commenced and partly paid by this treasure. The Ref- ormation under Martin Luther was next briefly traced, and the excitement caused by the protest of 1517 by Luther against the sale of indulgences. In 1491 Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, was born. He was of royal family and soon became famous as a bold and chivalrous gentleman and soldier, displaying great valor in war. In 1521, he suffered from a long and pain- ful illness, the result of a wound, during which time he be- came interested in reading the lives of the saints and his thoughts were directed towards a religious life. From l[An abstract of a paper read at a meeting Monday evening, April 2, 1883.] ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 4 (41) 42 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 21. an active life in the field and from the emoluments of the court and camp, he turned his future to the austerities of the monastery and devoted himself to the formation of the Society of Jesus and the propagation of its doctrines throughout the world. With Peter Faber, Xavier and five others, the society was founded and missionary work commenced. After varying fortunes the Pope recognized the order, Loyola having been chosen supervisor. The society spread and became a power, and while Loyola lived it was for good ; after his death the Jesuit order became corrupt as it grew in wealth and influence. This year .(1883) is the two hundred and fiftieth anni- versary of the settlement of the Jesuit order in America. Marquette came to America and preached from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi river, which last he is said to have discovered. The Jesuits also accompanied Lord Baltimore to Maryland in 1632. There were, in 1874, seventeen Jesuit colleges in the United States, and the sect numbered about 1062 persons. Annual Meeting, Monday, May 21, 1883. The annual meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President in the chair. Records of the last annual meet- ing were read and approved. The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, Li- brarian, and the Curators and Committees were read, and duly accepted and ordered to be placed upon file. Mr. T. F. Hunt, chairman of the committee upon nominations, reported the following list of officers, which was duly elected. Messrs. T. F. Hunt and F. Israel having been requested to colloct, assort and count the votes. ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 21, 43 OFFICERS ELECTED. PRESIDENT: HENRY WHEATLAND. VICE-PRESIDENTS : Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Frederick W. Putnam. SECRETAEY: George M. Whipple. AUDITOR: Richard C. Manning. Daniel B. Hagar. Robert S. Rantoul. TREASURER: George D. Phippen. LIBRARIAN: William P. Upham. History— Henry F. Waters. Manuscripts— William P. Upham. A rchozology— Frederick W. Putnam Numismatics— Matthew A. Stickney Geology— B. F. McDaniel. CURATORS : Botany— George D. Phippen. Zoology— Edward S. Morse. Horticulture— J OHN E. Peabody. Music— Joshua Phippen, Jr. Painting $ Sculpture— T. F. Hunt. Henry M. Brooks. Technology— Edwin C. Bolles. COMMITTEES : Finance .• The President, Chairman ex off. Geo. R. Emmerton. The Treasurer, ex off. David Pingree. Charles W. Paler ay. William D. Northend Library .• Henry F. King. William Neilson. Theodore M. Osborne. Edward S. At wood. H. F. Waters. The Librarian, ex off. Publication ; Abner C. Goodell, Jr. James A. Emmerton. Edwin C. Bolles. T. F. Hunt. Lecture .• Robert S. Rantoul. Frederick W. Putnam. Amos H. Johnson, Fielder Israel. Arthur L. Huntington. Field Meeting s The Secretary, Chairman ex off. George A. Perkins, Salem. George D. Phippen, Salem. George Cogswell, Bradford. Frank R. Kimball, Salem. Francis H. Appleton, Peabody. Eben N. Walton, Salem. Nathaniel A. Horton. Salem. Winfield S. Nevins, Salem. Edward S. Morse, Salem. John H. Sears, Salem. 44 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR compiled from the several reports read at the meeting and the remarks by several members in relation thereto, pre- sents the work of the Institute in the various departments since the last annual meeting. The past year has been one not specially eventful in the annals of the Institute, and there have been no important commemorative or social observances as have occurred in some of the previous years. The ordinary work of the so- ciety has gone smoothly. The various Kegular and Field Meetings have been well attended. The publications have been issued with pages well filled with valuable historical and scientific papers. Our membership has held its own. Generous donations to the library, cabinet, and the treasury have been made. The number of visitors to the rooms has been large and the year may, with propriety, be called a prosperous one. Members. — Changes occur in the list of our associates by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by death. MEMBERS ELECTED MAY 1882 TO MAY 1883. 1882, June 20 George Burnham Ives, Salem. Charles F. Pousland, Salem. Charles A. Buxton, Salem. Frank A. Brown, Salem. Jean M. Missud, Salem. Harriet Knight Kimball, Salem. Hattie L. Kimball, Salem. George Randall, Peabody. Sept. 5 William Henry Gove, Salem. " " Patrick J. Mc Cusker, Salem. " 19 Myra Hall, Salem. Dec. 5 Esther C. Mack, Salem. Feb. 5 tt 19 Men. 5 (< 20 Apr. 16 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAH. 45 1883, Jan. 15 Hannah L. Rantoul, Beverly. " " " Louise Preston Dodge, Danvers. Edmund Waters Longley, Salem. Lawrence Cunningham, Salem. Benjamin F. Mc Daniel, Salem. Charles Whitney Haddock, Beverly. Jabez Baldwin Lyman, Salem. Henry M. Meek, Salem. We have received information of the decease of fifteen during the year, who have been resident members. Oliver Carlton, son of John and Mary (Weston) Carlton, born at Mount Vernon, 1ST. H., July 20, 1801 ; graduated at Dartmouth college, 1824 ; a well known and distinguished Principal of the Latin School in Salem for many years ; taught at Francestown, in 1825 ; tutor in Dartmouth, 1825-6; taught at Windsor, Vt., in 1827; Haverhill, Mass., Marblehead, Salem, Portsmouth, N. H. ; and again at Salem; died at Salem, June 21, 1882. — Elected a member June 21, 1848. George Foster Flint, son of Addison and Mary E. (Foster) Flint; born at North Reading, Oct. 17, 1840; studied law in the office of George Wheatland, counsellor at law, Salem, and after admission to the Essex Bar, con- tinued in the office, associated with Mr. Wheatland in bus- iness until his decease, which occurred June 23, 1882. He was well known as a conveyancer and examiner of titles of real estate. Elected a member Feb. 20, 1861. Joseph J. Rider, son of Joseph and Abigail (Janes) Rider, born at Salem, June 26, 1827. Master mariner, died at Gorea, West Coast of Africa, July 25, 1882. Elected a member Oct. 13, 1858. Albion S. Dudley, son of Edmund and Rebecca (Bangs) Dudley, born at Kingfield, Me., Aug. 6, 1816, died at Asbury Grove, Hamilton, Mass., July 12, 1882. Dentist in Salem. Elected a member May 6, 1867. 46 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. George K. Proctor, son of James K. and Lucretia (Blood) Proctor, born inTownsend, Mass., July 9, 1837, a photographer in Salem, afterwards a grocer, died at Salem July 27, 1882. Elected a member July 16, 1872. Robert Brookhouse, son of Robert and Eliza W. (Grafton) Brookhouse, born at Salem, March 3, 1823, merchant in Salem, associated with his father and others in the West Coast of Africa trade, died at his seaside resi- dence in Marblehead, Aug. 2, 1882. An original member. Elizabeth Endicott (Gray) Newhall, daughter of James and Elizabeth (Endicott) Gray, born at Salem, Feb. 15, 1802; married April 14, 1829, Gilbert Grafton Newhall, merchant of Salem (see Hist. Coll. of Essex Institute, vol. vi, p. 127) ; died at Salem, Aug. 12, 1882. Elected a member Oct. 8, 1878. Joseph E. Fiske, son of William and Dolly (Welling- ton) Fiske, born at Heath, Mass., Feb. 12, 1811. In early life, a teacher in Danvers, afterwards a practising dentist in Salem more than forty-five years, noted for his gift of invention. Died at Salem, Aug. 25, 1882. An original member. Priscilla S. (Hodges) Clark, daughter of Jonathan and Elizabeth (Ropes) Hodges, born Nov. 4, 1799, mar- ried John Clark Sept. 4, 1821, died at Salem, Oct. 12, 1882. Elected a member June 9, 1864. Mr. Clark, son of John and Lydia (Sanderson) Clark, was bo^n in Wal- tham Mar. 14, 1796, gr. Harv. Coll. in 1816; soon after graduation was teacher of a private school, in Salem, for several years ; in 1824 mei chant in Boston ; in 1830 agent of Merrimac Manf. Co., Lowell; in 1848 Treas. Great Falls Manf. Co., place of residence, Salem, where he died Jan. 28, 1851. (See "Records of the descendants of Hugh Clark of Watertown, Mass.," by John Clark, p. 75. THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 47 Augustus Story, son of William and Elizabeth (Pat- ten) Story, born at Marblehead, April 6, 1812, removed to Salem with his parents in 1819, gr. Harv. Coll. in 1832. A lawyer by profession, for many years President and Treasurer of the Holyoke Mutual Fire Ins. Co. Died at Salem Oct. 19, 1882. Elected a member Mch. 29, 1848. Samuel Calley, son of William and Mary (Becket) Calley, born at Salem, April 14, 1821, a painter; mayor of Salem for the years 1872, 1881 and 1882; d. Jan. 1, 1883. Elected a member June 3, 1872. William Whitaker, son of William and Sarah (Ha- riman) Whitaker, born in Haverhill, Mass., Oct. 25, 1797, came to Salem, April 1, 1823, a carpenter; died at Hamilton, Feb. 2, 1883. Elected a member Sept. 21, 1864. Caroline Saltonstall, daughter of Leverett and Mary Elizabeth (Sanders) Saltonstall, born at Salem, Sept. 2, 1815; died at Salem, unmarried, Feb. 23, 1883. Elected a member July 6, 1864. James Osborne Safford, son of Ebenezer and Hannah (Osborne) Safford, born in Danvers June 21, 1819, died at his residence in Salem March 18, 1883 ; he was largely interested in the manufacture and sale of leather ; place of business in Boston. Elected a member Jan. 4, 1854. William Henry Prince, son of John and Loisa (Lan- der) Prince, and grandson of Rev. John Prince, LL.D., who was pastor of the First Church in Salem 1779 to 1836, and was noted for his scientific attainments, born in Salem, Nov. 15, 1817, gr. Harv. Coll. 1838, and of the Medical School in 1841, commenced practice in Salem; Superin- tendent of the Northampton State Lunatic Asylum, 1856 to 1864 ; connected with the water-cure at Clifton Springs, 48 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. N. Y., 1870-1878 ; from 1878 to his decease, a practitioner in Newton, where he died May 15, 1883. An original member. Field Meetings. These have been, perhaps, of more than usual interest and well attended. During the season four have been held. First at the Middlesex Fells, Stoneham, on Saturday, June 17, 1882, by invitation of the Middlesex Institute. During the forenoon pleasant rambles were made in the vicinity of Bear Hill, a delightful spot in the Fells, the place selected for the gathering. At 2 p. m. President Dame of the Middlesex Institute called the meeting to order and extended a cordial welcome to the members of the Essex Institute. He spoke of the work and objects of the two societies and alluded to several of the historical points of interest in this locality. Mr. George E. Davenport, sec- retary of the Middlesex Institute, read a poem entitled " Dame Nature's Greeting." The President of the Essex Institute responded, thanking the members of the Middle- sex society for the kind invitation to unite with them on this interesting occasion. Mr. John Robinson of Salem read a paper on our "native trees." Prof. Asa Gray of Cambridge, by invitation from the chair, gave some remi- niscences of Darwin and his teachings, and alluded to a recent visit to him in England. Appropriate remarks were made by Mr. John II . Sears of Salem, Eev. Joseph Banvard of Neponset, Mr. Williamson of Kentucky and others. Mr. Sears spoke of the plants noticed this day ; Mr. Banvard, of the benefit of these meetings, and Mr. Williamson, of the flora of his own state and that of Massachusetts. Second, on Wednesday, July 12, 1882, at theDummer Academy, Byfield, by invitation of the Trustees. This THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 49 school was organized in 1763 in accordance with the will of its patron and founder, Lieut. Gov. William Dummer,1 under the direction of Samuel Moody,2 its first principal, who held this position for thirty years and was a very successful teacher. During that period, the number of his pupils averaged over seventy. A renewed effort has recently been made to restore to old Dummer its pristine glory and reputation. Under the recently appointed head, John W. Perkins, for several years the accomplished principal of the Classi- cal and High School in Salem, the prospects are encourag- ing for a realization of the sanguine hopes of the trustees and its friends, in the accomplishment of this so praise- worthy and desirable an object. A pleasant ride by rail to Newburyport ; thence by covered barges to the place of meeting, passing through a region of great natural attractiveness and rich in historic lore ; a cordial reception by the trustees and Mr. and Mrs. Perkins, now comfortably domiciled in their new residence ; a generous lunch at noonday ; and the afternoon speaking of a pleasant character, and in general, having reference to the past history of the institution and its future pros- pects, with frequent allusions to those of its graduates who have well done their part in the great drama of life ; will 1 William Dummer, Lieut. Governor of the Province, and the acting Governor 1723-28, m. Catherine, dau. of Gov. Joseph Dudley, died 10 Oct., 1761. This farm was his country seat and the mansion house was his residence. These were included in his bequest for the foundation of the Academy. He was the son of Jeremiah Dumrrer, and a grandson of Richard Dummer of Bishopstoke, Hants, who was born there in 1599, came to New England in 1632 and was one of the first settlers in Newbury; he returned to England and came again in 1638. 2 Rev. Samuel Moody,5 the preceptor of Dummer. Harv. Coll., 1746; died at Exeter, N. H., Dec. 14, 1795, aged 70 years. He was son of Rev. Joseph,* of York, Me., Harv. Coll., 1718; a grandson of Rev. Samuel,8 Harv. Coll., 1697; a gr. grand- son of Caleb2 ; a gr. gr. grandson of William1, who came in 1634 (it was said a saddler) from Ipswich, Co. of Suffolk. He was first of Ipswich, afterwards in 1635 of Newbury, where he continued to reside. He died 25 Oct., 1673. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 4* 50 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. render this day one to be long remembered by all who were present on this interesting occasion.3 TJiird meeting at Magnolia, on Wednesday, August 9, 1882. This place has been, for a long time, a favorite sea- side resort. The old road was a pleasant drive, bordered with the wild rose and other flowering plants, with occa- sional hamlets, whose occupants obtained their livelihood from the land or the briny deep, winding through these fragrant woods and skirting the borders of the green fields that come down even to the beaches that are hard and smooth, and to the rocks whose hoary cliffs extend into the sea, scarred, wrinkled, and worn. This territory, especially that portion contiguous to the coast, has for the most part, within the past few years, been bought by the wealthy denizens of the city who make this their summer home. The elegant villas, re- cently built, with their quaint architecture dot the coast, and with their red roofs are in striking contrast with the sombre green of the woods. The name of this locality has also, recently, been changed, and instead of Kettle Cove we have Magnolia, appropriately named from the beautiful flower, whose northern habitat is in close prox- imity. These woods extending inland from the coast, diversified with ponds and inlets, rocky hills and meadows, the habitat of many rare plants, have been made famous by the herborizations of William Oakes of Ipswich, a very distinguished botanist, who died in 1848, leaving an ex- tensive collection of beautifully prepared specimens of our native flora with many valuable notes and observations. Peter Magnol of Montpellier, France, a very distinguished botanist during the close of the seventeenth and the early part of the eighteenth centuries, in whose honor the name » See Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., vol. XIX. THE KETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 51 of Magnolia was given to this genus of beautiful plants, rendered the herborization of Montpellier celebrated. Many botanists flocked thither desirous to enjoy the society and the benefit of his guidance and instruction. The forenoon was spent in visiting the interesting lo- calities and in the afternoon the meeting was held in a rustic pavilion, tendered to the Institute by the kindness of Mr. Barnard Stanwood. The President called the meeting to order, and alluded in a few brief remarks to the meeting held in this place some twenty-one years since and noted the great change that has taken place since that time. Vice President F. W. Putnam, being called upon, gave an interesting ac- count of his recent explorations in Tennessee and Ohio. He urged upon his hearers the importance of collecting Indian relics which are very valuable in any museum, for examination and reference. Mr. John H. Sears of Salem, Dr. Morse of Gloucester, President of the Cape Ann Literary and Scientific Association and Prof. William North Rice of Wesleyan University made pertinent re- marks. The latter gentleman alluded to the great differ- ence geologically between this rock-bound coast and the valley of the Connecticut, which was his place of residence and the field of his explorations. A vote of thanks was gratefully tendered to Mrs. Maria H. Bray and Mr. Stanwood for courtesies extended during this pleasant visit to Magnolia. Fourth meeting, Wednesday, August 30, 1882. Meet- ing at Topsfield. The party from Salem went in barges, those from other towns found their way thither by the cars or private carriages. The usual routine was observed relative to the rambles in the forenoon and the visiting of places of interest; the most notable, perhaps, is the old Capen House, now owned by Charles H. Holmes. It is 52 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. built upon the old Garrison house principle, and its archi- tecture is like that of two centuries ago. Mr. Holmes says that it was built in 1651. The afternoon session was held in the Town Hall. The President in the chair. Vice Presi- dent, Robert S. Rantoul of Salem, was introduced and read an interesting paper entitled" The Essex Junto — The Long Embargo— And The Great Topsfield Caucus of 1808." 4 Mr. Charles J. Peabody and Dea. Augustine Peabody of Topsfield gave interesting facts and traditions of the town. Hon. J. J. H. Gregory of Marblehead spoke of Forestry and the cultivation of trees. Mr. John H. Gould read extracts from the records of the town. He is the present town clerk. Samuel P. Fowler of Dan vers, now and ever since its organization a member of the Institute, gave reminiscences of its history, stating many interesting facts in that connection. Hon. N. A. Horton of Salem made a few remarks supplementary to Mr. Rantoul's paper. Af- ter the adoption of a vote of thanks to the people of Topsfield for their cooperation and courtesies, adjourned. Meetings. Regular meetings occur on the first and third Monday evenings of each month. At these or special meetings, the following communications were re- ceived or lectures delivered. On Monday, Oct. 9, 1882, Mr. Adoniram C. Orne of Marblehead read a paper " On popular errors in regard to the average duration of life."5 Monday, JVbv. 20, 1882. Mr. John Robinson gave an account of the opening of a shellheap under the direction of the Peabody Academy of Science, on the banks of the Ipswich River ; a large and valuable collection of articles 4 Seethe Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 226. 6 See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 133. THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 53 6 6' was found. Many of them were exhibited at the meeting. On the same evening Vice President F. W. Putnam spoke of the results of a search among the heaps on the coast of Maine.7 Monday, Jan. 15, 1883. Mr. S. S. Blanchard, formerly of Boston, now of Fargo, Dakota, gave a familiar talk on Dakota, alluding to its resources, the fer- tility of its soil, its large crops raised with little labor, the mineral products, etc. He also spoke of the social advantages, schools, churches, and other public institu- tions. Wheat farming was particularly noticed and a large picture of the harvesting of wheat on the Ingraham farm was shown ; on these large farms machinery is being largely introduced and farming is reduced to a system. Monday, Feb. 26, 1883. E. W. Kinsley, Esq., of Boston, spoke informally on Mexico and its business re- sources. He alluded to the steamers between New York and Vera Cruz in complimentary terms. The beautiful scenery of the country by rail from Vera Cruz through the mountainous districts was fully described and also the magnificent views as one descends into the city of Mexico ; the hotels were comfortable and rapidly adopting modern improvements. A visit to one of the large haciendas with the immense crops stored in large warehouses was fully sketched. A very enthusiastic and hopeful account of the Mexican Central and Atchison and Topeka Eailroads was given. Monday, March 5, 1883. Vice President F. W. Putnam spoke on the recent explorations that he had made in the valley of the Little Miami River, in Ohio, • See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 158. * See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 161. 54 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. including an account of the singular altar mounds and the interesting objects found upon the altars. The lecture was illustrated by diagrams, photographs and specimens. Monday, April 2, 1883. Rev. George H. Hosmer read a paper on " the Jesuits." Monday, May 14, 1883. Mr. Robert S. Rantoul read a memoir on our late associate member James O. Safford.8 Rev. Charles T. Brooks of Newport, R. I., read a memoir on our late associate member, Augustus Story.9 The following have been presented and printed in the publications : "Essex County and the Indians," a lecture before the Beverly Lyceum, Nov. 20, 1832, by Mr. Robert Rantoul, sen.,10 communicated by Mr. R. S. Rantoul. " Origin of Salem Plantation." Allotments of Land in Salem to Men, Women, and Maids," by Prof. Herbert B. Adams of Johns Hopkins University.11 "The Family of John Perkins of Ipswich," by George A. Perkins, M. D.12 " Common Fields in Salem," by Prof. Herbert Adams.13 "The family of William Townsend of Boston," by Henry F. Waters.14 "The Early Settlers of Rowley, Mass., including all who were here before 1662, with a few generations of their descendants," by George B. Blodgette, A. M., of Rowley.15 8 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 81. ^ Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 115. l° Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 126. » Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 153. l*Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 213. " Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 241. i* Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 2G9. 15 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 297. THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 55 M A Note on the authenticity of the Portraits of Gov. Endecott," by Mr. K. S. Rantoul.16 "Sketch of the Family of Thomas Townsend of Lynn, Joseph Townsend of Boston, and a few English Notes rela- ting to the name of Townsend, by Henry F. Waters.17 * Salem Meadows, Woodland, and Town Neck," by Prof. Herbert B. Adams.18 "Notice of Charles Davis of Beverly, Librarian of Essex Institute," by Mr. Robert S. Rantoul.19 "Carcinological Notes, No. V,"by Mr. J. S. Kingsley.20 "Catalogue of the Flora of Oak Island, Revere, Mass., with notes," by Herbert Young ; "Introduction and Sum- mary" by Mr. John Robinson.21 " Arrow makers at Pine Grove, by Mr. John Robinson.22 A Social Meeting of the members and their families was held in the rooms on the evening of Jan. 1, 1883. Mr. Alban Andren of Beverly gave a familiar talk on Sweden, illustrating his remarks by lantern views. Sim- ple refreshments were served. Receptions. Wednesday, May 31, 1882. During the evening a reception wras tendered to Mr. Raymond Lee Newcomb, on his return to Salem from his perilous voyage to the Arctic regions in the steamer " Jeannette." The large hall on the second floor was thrown open and after a few words of welcome from the President, and an address from Vice President D. B. Hagar, Mr. Newcomb gave a brief account of his trip and related some of the experiences of the expedition. At the close of his re- marks Mr. Newcomb was introduced to the members and their families. " Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 1. 17 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 37. 18 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 52. 19 Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., Vol. XX, p. 73. 20 Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 105. « Bulletin of Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 141. 22 Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. XIV, p. 163. 56 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. On Friday, Sept. 8, 1882, at noon, President Chester A. Arthur visited the rooms. There was no ceremony or formality. A few members happened to be present and escorted him through the building and about the grounds. He was accompanied by his private secretary Phillips, Surrogate Rollins of New York, and Capt. Green of the "Despatch." Friday, Nov. 10, 1882. Dr. William B. Carpenter, of England, was in Salem, the guest of Robert S. Rantoul, Esq. The forenoon was spent in visiting the State Nor- mal School, the Court Houses, East India Marine Hall, and other objects of interest. In the afternoon he was in the rooms of the Institute where he received calls from ladies and gentlemen of our city. By the joint invitation of the Institute and the Peabody Academy of Science, the Boxford Natural History Society on Wednesday, May 31, 1882, The President and faculty of Wellesley College, on Monday, June 12, 1882, and the West Newbury Natural History Club, on Oct. 28, 1882, visited Salem on the respective days named, to ex- amine the collections in the East India Marine Hall, the libraries and collections in Plummer Hall and other objects of interest. Lectures. A course of eight Lectures, under the direction of the lecture committee, has been delivered, as follows : First, Alban Andren of Beverly, " Sweden," Wed., Nov. 22, 1882. Second, Frederick A. Ober, of Beverly, "Mexico," Wed., Nov. 29, 1882. Third, G. M. Towle, " Eugenie, ex-Empress of France," Wed., Dec. 6, 1882. Fourth, G. M. Towle, "John Bright," Wed., Dec. 13, 1882. Fifth, G. M. Towle, Wed., Dec. 20, 1882, "The Irish Struggle." Sixth, G. M. Towle, "Vic- tor Hugo," Wed., Dec. 27, 1882. Seventh, I. J. Osbun, THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 57 "Steam," Wed., Jan. 3, 1883. Eighth, I. J. Osbun, "The Storage of Electricity," Wed., Feb. 21, 1883. In addition to the above, by an arrangement made with the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, two courses of free lectures were given. First course, by Prof. C. C. Bessey, of the State Agricultural College, Iowa, on Thursday afternoons, Jan. 18, 25, and Feb. 1, 1883, three lectures on "Problems in Vegetable Physiol- ogy :" I. "Green slime and yeast Plants." II." Structural and physiological development of the vegetable kingdom." III. "The evolution of the Flower." Second course: five lectures by Prof. J. Walter Fewkes, an assistant in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. "Corals and Coral Islands," on the afternoons of Wednesdays, Jan. 17, 24, 31, Feb. 7, 14, 1883. Concerts. Under the personal direction of the curator of music, two chamber concerts have been given with great acceptance. This was the fourteenth concert season of the Institute. First, Friday evening, Feb. 16, 1883. The selections of the two trios by Beethoven and Schubert formed a happy contrast, the latter perhaps being the more brilliant. It was very pleasant to hear Mr. Arthur W. Foote again in Salem after so long an interval. He was ably assisted by Messrs. Gustave Dannreuther, Wulf Fries, and Miss Louise Gage. Second, Monday, March 26, 1883. Mr. Hiram G. Tucker, of Boston, gave a piano recital. He had the assistance of Miss Grace F. Daiton, soprano vocalist. Both parties did themselves much credit in their respective numbers and the concert was both enjoyable and interesting. Excursions. Friday, June 9, 1882, visited Plymouth, ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 5 58 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. tarried at the Samoset House and returned on Saturday in the afternoon. The attractive objects : "The national monument to the forefathers," which stands eighty-one feet from the ground, not finished; Pilgrim Hall, built in 1824, rebuilt in 1880 by the liberality of Joseph Henry Stickney, Esq., of Baltimore, Md., containing many relics brought over by the Pilgrims, and several large and striking paintings, representing the landing and ideas connected therewith ; Plymouth Rock returned to the original spot and now covered by a solid granite canopy of elaborate architectural design ; Burial Hill and other places of interest, were visited by some of the party. Thursday, Aug. 3, 1882. Atrip along the North Shore to Pigeon Cove in the steamer General Bartlett, Capt. J. O. Davis, commander. The party landed at the Cove and spent about an hour ashore, then across the bay to Swampscott and along the Marblehead shore to the place of departure. Wednesday, Sept. 6, 1882. A party left for an excur- sion to the summit of Mount Moosilauke. A special car direct from Salem to Plymouth, N. H., without change, thence to the village of Warren, where the mountain ascent is made on buckboarcls or in wagons, to the breezy Point House, a bright roomy hotel with broad piazzas and a wide view of the unbroken forest, then to the Tip Top House. This hotel, as well as the Breezy Point House, will be found in all respects comfortable, while the moun- tain scenery is unsurpassed. Returned on Saturday the ninth. Publications have been issued as heretofore : the Bulletin, Vol. xiv, and the Historical Collections, Vol. xix. The exchange list, with few exceptions, continues the same as last year. THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 59 Library. — The additions to the Library for the year (May, 1882 to May, 1883) have been as follows : By Donation. Folios, 24 Quartos, 160 Octavos, 801 Duodecimos, 29G Sexdecimos, 54 Total of bound volumes, 1,425 Pamphlets and serials, 10,143 Total of donations 11,568 By Exchange. Folios, , 1 Quartos, 18 Octavos, 95 Duodecimos, 4 Total of bound volumes, 118 Pamphlets and serials, 2,172 Total of exchanges, .......*..., 2,290 By Purchase. Quartos, . 5 Octavos, 107 Duodecimos, 179 Sexdecimos, 15 Total of bound volumes, ........... 306 Pamphlets and serials, 197 Total of purchases, 503 Total of donations, 11,568 Total of exchanges, 2,290 Total of purchases, . 503 Total of additions, 14,361 Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 6,447 were pamphlets, and 6,065 were serials. The donations to the Library for the year have been received from one hundred and fifty-six individuals and 60 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. forty-one departments of the General and State govern- ments and societies, five of which are foreign. The exchanges from one hundred and fifty-six societies and incorporate institutions, of which eighty-four are foreign; also from editors and publishers. The annual examination of the Library has been made. Of the eight volumes that were missing last year, five have been returned ; thirteen others are now missing from their places. Donations or exchanges have been received from the following : Vols. Pam. Albany, N. Y., State Library, 7 1 Almy, James F., 1 Alnwick, Eng., Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, . . 1 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1 Amherst College Library, 1 Amiens, Societ6 Linneenne du Nord de la France, . 11 Anagnos, M., South Boston, 1 Andrews, Hiram, 5 " 2 Andrews, William P., 53 Appleton, F. H., Peabody, 1 Appleton, William S., Boston, 1 Archaeological Institute of America, .... 1 3 Atkinson, Edward, Boston, 1 Baltimore, Mel., Johns Hopkins University, . . 9 Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University Library of Historical and Political Science, .... 7 Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute, .... 1 Bamberg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ... 1 Bancroft, Rev. C.F. P., Andover, 1 Barton, William G., 77 Belfast, Eng., Naturalists' Field Club, .... 2 Bemis, Miss Caroline, 3 Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, . 1 Berlin, Vereiu zur Beforderung cles Gartenbaues, . 24 Berlin, Zeitschriftfur die gesammtenNaturwissenschaften, 1 Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 2 Bolles, Rev. E. C, D. D., 21 151 Bologna, Accademia delle Scienze, .... 1 THE RETROSPECT OE THE YEAR. Gl Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein, Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston, Board of Health, Boston, Bostonian Society, Boston, City of, .... Boston, City Hospital, ... Boston, City Hospital Medical Library, Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital Trustees Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society, Boston, Massachusetts State Library, Boston, M. O. L. L. U. S. Council of Commandery of Massachusetts, Boston, National Association of Wool Manufacturers, Boston, New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston, New England Manufacturers' and Mechanics Institute, .... Boston, Public Library, Boston, Scientific Society, Boston, Society of Natural History, Boston, Zoological Society, Boutwell, F. M., Groton, Bovey, Henry T., Montreal, Braunschweig, F. Vieweg und Sohn, Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein Briggs, Mrs. Edward T., ... Brigham, L. F., Brinley, Francis, Newport, E. I., Bristol, Eng., Naturalists' Society, Brooklyn, N. Y., Long Island Histor: Brooks, Mrs. Henry M. Brown, Augustus S., Brown, F. H., Boston, Brown, Henry A., Brown, Samuel J., Salisbury, Browne, Albert G., Briinn, Naturforschender Verein, Brunswick, Me., Bowdoin College Bruxelles, Societe Beige de Microscopie, Bruxelles, Societe Entomologique de Belgique, Newspapers cal Society, Newspapers Vols. 1 Tam. 2 1 2 16 1 5 3 17 2 1 2 3 1 28 1 3 1 2 62 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Bruxelles, Society Malacologique de Belgique, Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, Buffalo, N. Y., Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, N. Y., Young Men's Association, Burchard, Horatio C, Washington, D. C, Burns, Charles E., Biitzow, Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte, Caen, Acaclemie Nationale des Sciences, Calcutta, Geological Survey of India, Caldwell, Augustine, Ipswich, Caldwell, Rev. S. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y Caller, James M., Cambridge, Harvard University, Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology Cambridge, Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, .... Carpenter, Rev. C. C, Mt. Vernon, N. H., Case, Theodore S., Kansas City, Mo., Cherbourg, Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles, Chicago, 111., Headquarters Military Division of the Missouri, Chicago, 111., Historical Society, Chicago, 111., Public Library, Christiania, La Commission geodesique internationale, Christiauia, K. N. Frederics Universitets, Christiania, Videnskabs Selskabet, . Cincinnati, O., Mechanics' Institute, . Cincinnati, O., Society of Natural History, Cleveland, H. W. S., Springfield, 111., . Cleveland, O., Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society, Cole, Miss Caroline J., Cole, Mrs. N. D., Newspapers, Columbia, Mo., State University, Currier, John M., Castletou, Vt., Curwen, George R., Curwen, James B., Cushing, L. B., Newburyport, Cutter, A. E., Charlestown, Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Darmstadt, Verein fur Erdkunde, Davenport, la., Academy of Natural Science, i. Pam. 2 16 6 1 1 3 10 1 31 10 1 1 3 5 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 6 4 4 2 1 3 84 1 2 1 41 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 03 Vols. Pam Dennis, W. P., 3 Dodge, James H., Boston, 1 Donnell, E. J., New York, N. Y., 2 Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Isis, 3 Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, 8 Dudley, A. M., 9 Eads, H. L., So. Union, Ky., ...... 1 Edinburgh, Royal Society, 1 Edmands, T. F., Boston, 1 Ellis, Henry P., Milwaukee, 1 Emclen, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, . 1 Emmerton, James A., ....... 6 54 Epping Forest and County of Essex Naturalists' Field Club, 1 Erfurt, K. Akademie gemeinniitziger Wissenschaften, . 1 Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societat, . . 1 Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, . 1 Firenze, Istituto di Studi Superiori, .... 12 Folsam, A. A., Boston, 3 Foote&Horton, Newspapers, 4 314 Fox, G. V., Washington, D. C, 2 Frankfurt, a. M., Senckenbergische naturforschende Ges- ellschaft, 1 1 Frankfurt, a. M., Zoologische Gesellschaft, ... 6 Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1 Gatschet, Albert S., Washington, D. C, . 2 Geneve, L'Institut National Genevois, .... 1 Geneve, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle, . 1 George, M. C, Washington, D. C, 1 Gillis, James A., 17 148 Glasgow, Natural History Society, .... 1 Gottingen, K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, , . 2 Gould, John H., Topsfield, 1 Green, Samuel A., Boston, 82 322 Hager, Albert D., Chicago, 111., 1 Halifax, N. S., Institute of Natural Science, ... 1 Halle, K. Leop.-Carolinische D. Akademie der Naturfors- cher, . 4 Hamburg, Verein fur Naturwissenschaftliche Unterhal- tung, . 1 2 Hamilton, R. I., Narragansett Historical Publishing Com- pany, 4 Hammond, Joseph, 1 G4 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Vols. Pam. Harlem, Societe Hollandaise des Sciences, ... 3 Hart, Charles H., Philadelphia, Pa., .... 1 Hart, Rev. Samuel, Hartford, Ct., 1 Haskell, Mrs. A. M., West Roxbury, .... 1 Hassam, John T., Boston, 1 Hazen, W. B., Washington, D. C, .... 1 Hildeburn, Charles R., Philadelphia, Pa., ... 1 Hill, B. D., Peabody, .... Newspapers, 4 Hill, H. A., Boston, 1 Hingham, First Parish, 1 Hoar, E. R., Concord, 1 Hobart Town, Government of Tasmania, ... 1 3 Hobart Town, Royal Society of Tasmania, ... 1 Holmes, John C, Detroit, Mich., 1 Horton, N. A., 1 Huguet-Latour, L. A., Montreal, 3 24 Hunnewell, James F., Charlestown, .... 1 Hunt, Miss S. E., 12 Hunt, T. F., 166 188 Hunt, Mrs. Thomas, 46 Illinois Department of Agriculture, 5 Israel, Rev. F., Newspapers, 2 40 James, U. P., Cincinnati, Ohio., 2 Jenison, O. A., Lansing, Mich., 1 Johnson, D. H., 8 24 Johnson, Samuel, Estate of the late, . Newspapers, 79 1744 Kimball, Mrs. James, 4 4 Kimball, Jonathan, Chelsea, 1 Kjobenhavn, K. D. Videnskabernes Selskab, ... 3 Konigsberg, Physikalisch-okonomische Gesellschaft, . 3 Lansing, Mich., State Library, 25 7 Latham, Williams, Briclgewater, 1 Lausanne, Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, . 3 2 Lawrence, George N., New York, N. Y., ... 6 Leach, Henry C, 1 Lee, F. H., Newspapers, 1 343 Leeds, Philosophical and Literary Society, ... 1 LeMans, Soci6te d'Agriculture, Sciences, et Arts de la Sarthe, 2 Lincoln, Francis EL, Boston, 1 London, Royal Society, 7 Lord, G. R., 31 28 Lothrop, D. & Co., Boston, 2 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 65 Vols. Pam. Lowell, Old Residents' Historical Association, . . 1 Lund, Carolinische Universitat, 4 6 Liineburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, ... 1 Lyon, Academiedes Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts, . 1 Lyon, Societe d'Agriculture, ...... 2 Lyon, Societe Linneenne, 1 Mack, David, Hampton, Va., 8 31 Mack, Miss Esther C, 1 12 Madison, Wis., State Library, 1 Madrid, Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, . . 1 Maiden, Middlesex Institute, 1 Manchester, Rev. L. C, Lowell, 18 Manning, Robert, 50 Manson, A. S., Boston, 1 9 Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 4 Marsh, Rev. W. H. H., New Brunswick, N. J., . . 1 Marshall, John W., Rockport, 1 Massachusetts, Commonwealth of, 2 McDanolds, James S., Trenton, N. J., .... 2 Meek & Fielden, 1 Meek, Henry M., 1 Merrill, N. F., . 1 Merrill, William, Jr., West Newbury, .... 29 Mexico, Museo Nacional, 3 Middletown, Conn., Museum of Wesleyan University, . 1 Milburn, Mrs. W., 2 Montreal, Natural History Society, 1 Montreal, Societe Historique, 1 Moulton, J. T.,Lynn, 3 Miinchen, K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften, . . 14 Miinster, Westfalischer Verein fur Wissenschaften u. Kunst, 1 Nagle, J. T., New York, N. Y., 2 Nevins, W. S., Newspapers, 4 Newark, N. J., Historical Society, 3 2 New Haven, Conn., Academy of Arts and Sciences, . 2 New Haven, Conn., Yale College Library, ... 4 New York, Academy of Sciences, 8 New York, American Geographical Society, ... 7 New York, American Museum of Natural History, . 5 New York, Chamber of Commerce, 1 New York, Genealogical and Biographical Society, . 3 ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 5* 06 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Vols. Pam. New York, Historical Society, 1 New York, Linnaean Society, 1 New York, Mercantile Library Association, ... 2 Northampton, Secretary of Smith College, ... 11 Northend, W. D., 106 143 Northey, William, 6 146 Norwegian No. Atlantic Expedition, Editorial Committee, 6 Oclell, Charles, 10 12 Oliver, Henry K., 1 Osgood, John C, 17 12 Talfray, C. W., 33 274 Palmer, B. P., Boston, 1 Paris, Societe d'Acclimatation, 11 Paris, Societe d'Anthropologie, 5 Paris, Societe des Etudes Historiques, .... 8 Peabody, G. L., Newspapers, 2 2 Peabocly, John P., 1 Peabody Institute, Peabody, 1 188 Peet, Rev. S. D., Clinton, Wis., 4 Perkins, A. C, Exeter, N. H., 4 Perkins, George A., 23 Perley, Jonathan, 2 Perley, Sidney, 2 Perry, Rev. W. Stevens, Davenport, la., ... l Philadelphia, Pa., American-Belgian Chamber of Com- merce, 1 Philadelphia, Pa., Historical Society of Pennsylvania, . 4 Philadelphia, Pa., Library Company, .... 2 Philadelphia, Pa., Mercantile Library, .... 4 Philadelphia, Pa., Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, 3 Philadelphia, Pa., Woman's Medical College, ... 1 Philadelphia, Pa., Zoological Society, .... 2 Pickering, Miss Mary O., ... Newspapers, 162 Pingree, David, 6 101 Pluiner, Miss Mary N., . . . Newspapers, 3 Pool, Wellington, Wenham, 2 Poole, W. F., Chicago, 111., 1 Preston, Charles P., Dan vers, 1 Providence, R. I., Public Library, 1 18 Providence, R. I., Rhode Island Historical Society, . 1 Putnam, Mrs. Eben, 48 Putnam, F. W., Cambridge, 1 4 Quebec, Literary and Historical Society, ... 2 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 67 Ramsay, Alexander, London, Eng., llantoul, R. S., Newspapers, Regensburg, K. b. botanische Gesellschaft, Regensburg, Zoologisch-mineralogischer Verein Rice, William, Springfield, .... Riga, Naturforschencler Verein, Roads, Samuel, Jr., Marblehead, .... Robinson, E. P., Saugus, . . . Newspapers Robinson, John, . Ropes, Rev. W. L., Andover, Sale, John, Chelsea, Salem, Peabody Academy of Science, San Francisco, Cal., Academy of Science, San Francisco, Cal., Mercantile Library Association, Savannah, Ga., Georgia Historical Society, Scudder, Samuel H., Cambridge, .... S'Gravenhage, Nederlandsch-entomologische Vereenig- ing, Smith, George Plumer, Philadelphia, Pa., South Hadley, Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary, Soule, Charles C, Boston, Springfield, Mo., Drury College, .... Stanwood, James R., Boston, Stettin, Entomologischer Verein, .... St. Gallen, St. Gallische naturwissenschaftliche Gesell schaft, St. John, N. B., Natural History Society, St. Louis, Mo., Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Mo., Public School Library, Stockholm, Entomologiska Foreningen, Stockholm, R. Academie des Sciences, Stone, Eben F., Washington, D. C, Stone, Robert, .... Stone, William, .... Stowers, Mrs. Nathaniel, . ... St. Petersbourg, Academie Imperiale des Sciences, Strahan, Thomas, Chelsea, Sydney, N. S. W., Department of Mines, Sydney, N. S. W., Royal Society of New South Wales, . Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Archaeological and Natu- ral History Society, Taunton, Public Library, Newspapers, Newspapers, Vols. Pam. 4 60 2383 2 1 1 1 2 9 67 1 7 163 1503 1 1 1 1 4 2 3 1 2 23 3 1 1 1 4 2 5 1 170 405 9 13 18 72 10 1 1 3 68 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. Vols. Pam. Teele, Rev. A. K., Milton, 1 Tenney, Jonathan, Albany, N. Y., 1 Throndhjem, K. Norske Videnskabers Selskab, . . 1 Titus, Rev. Anson, Jr., So. Weymouth, .... 2 Tokio, Japan, University of, 2 1 Topeka, Kans., State Historical Society, ... 1 Toronto, Canadian Institute, 1 Tuckennan, J. F., 1 Unknown, . 2 11 Upsal, SocietasR. Scientiarum, 1 U. S. Bureau of Education, 14 U. S. Bureau of Ethnology, 1 U. S. Chief ofEngineers, 10 U. S. Chief Signal Officer, 3 5 U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1 U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, ... 1 17 U. S. Department of the Interior, 63 3 U. S. Department of State, 138 U. S. Hydrographic Office, .... Charts, U. S. National Board of Health, 10 U. S. National Museum, 27 U. S. Nautical Almanac Office, 1 U. S. Naval Observatory, 1 1 U. S. Patent Office, 3 51 Walter, Joseph R., Wilmington, Del., Newspapers, Waring, George E., Jr., Newport, R. I., ... 2 Washington, D. C, Smithsonian Institution, ..28 Waters, C. C, Jamestown, D. T., . . . Map, Waters, H. F., 27 298 Waters, J. Linton, 44 145 Waters, Stanley, Newspapers, 1 28 Waterville, Me., Colby University, 2 Watson, Miss C. A., Map, 1 Webb, Miss Sarah F., 10 Whipple, George M., 1 4 Whipple, Mrs. George M., 3 Whitcher, Mary, Shaker Village, N. H., .... 13 Whitney, Mrs. Mary W., Lawrence, . 31 Whittier, Charles C, Boston, . Genealogical Chart, Wien, K. k. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaf't, . . 1 Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung naturwissenschaftliche Kcnntnisse, 1 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 09 Wiesbaden, Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde, . Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, Willson, Rev. E. B., Wilmington, Delaware Historical Society, Wilson, John & Son, Cambridge, Winnipeg, Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, Winsor, Justin, Cambridge, Worcester, American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Society of Antiquity, Wurzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, Vols. Pam. 2 2 110 1 1 5 34 3 1 1 1 The following have been received from editors or publishers: — American Journal of Science. Canadian Naturalist. Cape Ann Bulletin. Danvers Mirror. )ssex County Statesman. European Mail. fireside Favorite. Gardener's Monthly and Horti- culturist. Ipswich Chronicle. LaBibliophilie. Lawrence American. Lynn Bee. Magnolia Leaves. Marblehead Messenger. Medical Register. Musical Herald. Nation. Naturalist's Leisure Hour and Monthly Bulletin. Nature. Newton Transcript. Our Dumb Animals. Peabody Press. Quaritch's Catalogue. Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend. Salem Gazette. Salem Observer. Salem Post. Salem Register. Turner's Public Spirit. West Newbury Era. Zoolosischer Anzemer. An Art Exhibition opened on Tuesday evening, May 30, 1882. In some respects it was far superior to its pre- decessors, although those given in former years have proved very successful. The influence of such exhibitions can be noticed in the steady increase from year to year in the number of exhibitors and the progress developed in the interest of the general public relative to art matters. There were on exhibition from about one hundred and 70 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. twenty-five contributors, nearly four hundred specimens in the various departments of art, including pictures from the amateur's pencil up to the elaborate oil painting, decorated ware, plaques, panels, etc., in extensive and beautiful array. The arrangement was very effective, and the hall very attractive. The following is a list of the contributors. Geo. W. Harvey. Frank W. Benson. Miss Edith Rantoul. Anson Daniels. Mrs. W. H. A. Putnam. Miss B. A. Putnam. " A. B. Kilham. " M. W. Haskell. O. W. H. Upham. Anna R. Thacher. Miss M. M. Brooks. 11 I. S. Jackson. " J. S. Warden. " A. M. Quimby. " A. G. Pingree. " Minnie Pond. " K. Pond. Mrs. N. A. Frye. Miss A. F. Perkins. " Ellen M. Nichols. " M. R. Nason. " H. M. King. " Fanny L. Story. Mrs. H. H. Davis. Miss S. Ellen Pratt. . Mrs. Chas. Sewall. " Geo. Harrington. Arthur H. Hayvvard. Geo. Newcomb. Miss Alice M. Batchclder. Joseph Ropes. Miss Delia Sheldon. " Agnes W. Endicott. Mrs. C. L. Read. Miss Hattie L. Kimball. 11 Sarah E. Smith. " A. L. Chad wick. " E. W. " Mrs. E. V. Emilio. Miss S. S. Kimball. " J. A. Ward. Mrs. J. T. Mooney. " K. T. Woods. Mrs. J. F. Hill. Master Henry Whipple. H. B. H. Harrington. Mrs. J. C. Abbott. Miss Carrie Goldthwaite. " L. J. Grant. " Bessie F. Lord. J. J. Redmond. Miss Mary A. Batchelder. Mrs. C. N. Symonds. Miss L. M. Symonds. " H. W. Brown. " Mary K. Robinson. Mrs. J. Robinson. Pupils of Miss A. G. Pingree. Miss Edith Harlow. Master Arthur F. Harlow. Mrs. J. H. Roberts. Miss A. B. Holden. " Edith B. Dalton. " B. P. Smith. " E. R. Pickering. " Sarah B. Balch. THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 71 Miss E. W. Fiske. Charles Norris. Miss A. P. Putnam. " F. Emerson. " M. Swan. Mrs. J. Battis 2d. Miss Mary C. Torrey. " C. L. Adams. Mrs. George S. Osborne. Miss E. R. Edmands. " M. E. Phippen. Mrs. D. Kelham, jr. Miss Lucy B. Hood. " C. B. Harrington. " N. G. Peirce. " L. C. G. Peirce. " C. F. Chase. " Rose Farndale. " Eva Mrs. G. P. Osgood. " H. P. Ives. Master I. P. Symonds. . " J. G. Morse. Miss C. L. Grant. Mr. E. C. Larrabee. Miss Ida Tappan. " Julia Barker. " Lizzie B. Gilford. " Lizzie L. Read. " Maggie Bolles. Geo. A. May. Arthur W. Dow. Miss A. P. Pitman. Miss Mary L. King. " H. F. Buxton. Mrs. N. G. Symonds. " Martha G. Smith. Miss Edith O. Morse. " A. S. Tukey. " Clara L. Pitman. " L. L. Symonds. Mrs. Joseph Symonds. Albert I. Whipple. Mrs. C. F. Quincy. Miss L. L. A. Very. Mr. John M. Murray, from the Lawrence pottery works in Beverly was present with his potter's wheel and gave practical illustrations of the manner that shapeless and unpromising clay can be transformed into vessels of usefulness and ornament. Frequent and valuable additions to the art library are made by the curator of painting and sculpture, and the number of persons interested in this subject who consult this library is increasing. Many of the volumes contain valuable and useful information which the student could not obtain readily elsewhere. Horticultural Exhibition. The annual Horticultural Exhibition was held on Wednesday and Thursday, Sept. 72 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 20 and 21, 1882, although the season was very unpropi- tious for a large and fine display, on account of the ex- cessive drought, yet there was a creditable showing, and the hall had a most attractive appearance by the judicious arrangement of the various contributions. Good specimens of vegetables were received from Plum- mer Farm School, Salem, Andrew Nichols of Dan vers, J. Page Weston of Dan vers ; W. A. Ireland, E. Goss and Clarence Murphy of Salem. Contributors of fruit were as follows : Charles A. Ropes, George F. Brown, George Bowker, A. C. Locke, IST. C. Locke, Charles Higbee, S. Endicott Peabody, J. C. Rogers, E. Verry, Caleb Buffum, Miss S. O. Russell, Miss E. P. Richardson, James P. Cook, Fred. Lamson, George D. Glover, G. H. Frye, jr., Mrs. Woodbury, Mrs. E. H. Valentine, E. Goss and others. The centre of the hall was occupied by a large stand of foliage plants. Among them were some beautiful speci- mens of ferns in fine condition from the collection of S. Endicott Peabody at Kernwood ; also fine foliage and flow- ering plants in pots from H. W. Putnam, William A. Ireland, H. C. Merriam and Mrs. C. Buffum. Mrs. L. P. Weston of Danvers, W. A. Ireland, George D. Phippen, J. C. Rogers, H. C. Merriam, Miss Mary Ropes, Chas. A. Putnam, Mrs. W. F. Gardner and others, had very creditable exhibits of cut flowers. John H. Sears presented a collection of native plants. The judges, Messrs. J. E. Peabody, R. C. Manning and Hugh Wilson, awarded the prizes as follows: — Best green-house plants, S. Endicott Peabody ; coleus, Henry W. Putnam ; cut flowers, Mrs. L. P. Weston of Danvers. Pears, best Beurre Bosc, George F. Brown ; best Beurre d' Anjou, N. C. Locke; best Beurre Diel, C. A. Ropes; best Beurre Snperfin, C. A. Ropes ; best Belle Lucrative, THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 73 G. H. Frye, jr. ; best Duchess d'Angouleme, N. C. Locke ; best Louise Bonne de Jersey, S. E. Peabody ; best Lawrence, A. C. Locke; best Seckel, F. Lamson ; best Flemish Beauty, Mrs. Woodbury. Apples, best Gravenstein, Mrs. E. H. Valentine ; best Baldwin, C. A. Ropes ; best Porter, Caleb Buffum. Grapes, Best Native, George D. Glover and Mrs. J. Wilson ; best Foreign, S. E. Peabody and J. C. Rogers ; best Delaware, Charles Higbee. Best collection of vegetables, Plummer Farm School. Gratuities were awarded to H. C. Merriam and J. CL Rogers for flowers ; Andrew Nichols for vegetables ; William A. Ireland for tomatoes. Museum. The specimens in natural history, including those in archaeology, which have been given during the year are on deposit with the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance with previous arrange- ments. Those of an historical character or that possess an artistic interest have been arranged in the rooms. The following may be specified as contributors : Shepard Devereux Gilbert, Miss .Dorcas C. Nourse, Charles T. Jenkins, Rev. Joseph Banvard, of Neponset, A. A. Galloupe, Beverly, T. F. Hunt, George Nichols, Chicago, 111., Peabody Academy of Science, Estate of the late Samuel Johnson, Miss Lydia Pope, Ray- mond Lee Newcomb, Rev. William H. Halley, John Robinson, A. C. Orne, Marblehead, Charles H. Allen, Ellen and Robert Hale Bancroft, Beverly, John H. Langmaid, Mrs. Francis Dodge, Danvers, William M. Hill, Benjamin O. Pierce, Beverly, William P. Upham, Mrs. Eben Putnam, B. D. Hill of Peabody, Peter Thatcher, Boston, James B. Nichols, Mrs. James Kimball, Elbriclge G. Putnam, Philadelphia, Joseph W. Stone, Rev. B. F. McDaniel, 0. W. H. Upham, Mrs. Lydia C. Nichols, Rev. F. Israel. The most important of the historical donations are, Door Latch from the old Parris House ; piece of the root ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 6 74 THE RETKOSPECT OF THE YEAR. of an apple-tree from the grave of Koger Williams ; Bal- uster from the Old South Church, Beverly, Baluster from the Hancock House, Boston ; First Shoe ever pegged by machinery ; Spoon used on board the frigate Constitution ; some of Gen. George Washington's hair. Financial. — The Treasurer's Report of the receipts and expenditures of the past year (condensed for print- ing)- RECEIPTS. Balance on hand at commencement of year .... $376 84 Hist. Soc. Fund. Dividends of stocks, 32 Nat. Hist. Soc. Fund. Dividends of stocks, 36 Davis Fund. Interest of bonds 391 70 Ditmore Fund. Interest of bonds and stocks 180 40 Manuscript Fund. Interest of Savings Bank, 23 02 Gift of Geo. Plumer Smith of Phila., 50 73 02 Ladies Fair Fund. Interest of bonds, 60 00 Howes Fund. Interest of bonds 1,527 50 Story Fund. Legacy from the estate of the late Aug. Story, .... 10,000 00 General Account. Dividends of stocks, 25 00 Return state tax, 12 07 Assessments of members, 905 00 Publications, 741 31 Lectures, Concerts, Excursions, etc., ...... 429 81 Salem Athenaeum, parts of bills 197 51 $2310 70 Sale of bonds $2000 00 premium, 134 50 2,134 50 Salem National Bank, Treasurer's note, ..... 500 00 $17,622 66 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 75 EXPENDITURES. Historical. Binder's bill, 75 00 Natural History and Horticulture. Binder's bill, 75 00 Ditmore Fund. Annuity to F. I. Perkins, 110 00 Amount omitted, 1879 and 1880, 20 00 130' 00^ Manuscript Fund. Interest and gift, added to fund, 73 02 Davis Fund. Interest added to fund, 11 70 Derby Fund. Deposits in Salem Savings Bank, Reported on debit in last account, 400 00 Story Fund. Investments; transferred from the estate, 10,000 00 General Account. Salaries, 2,168 61 Publications, 1,459 13 Books and binding, 185 75 Salem Athenaeum, Rent and Libraries, 350 00 Fuel, Gas, Express, Postage, etc., 453 07 4,616 56 Paid note of Institute and interest since 1875, .... 2,186 74 Balance, cash on deposit at Salem National Bank, . 54 64 $17,622 66 The invested funds of the Institute are now, .... $45,766 78 In March, this year, the Institute acting in cooperation with several of the Historical Societies of this state, which were desirous to ascertain the condition of the various city and town records, sent a circular and also a carefully pre- pared blank form to each town and city clerk in Essex county, inviting their cooperation and requesting that the form be filled out in accordance with the instructions annexed, and returned to the Institute; also suggesting that great care be taken to make every statement precise and accurate especially as to the dates ; these returns when collected and summarized, will be printed, constitu- 76 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. ting a valuable account of the records of our various municipalities. The New England Historic-Genealogical Society, having appointed Mr. Henry F. Waters of Salem, an officer of the Institute, its agent in London for the purpose of mak- ing genealogical and historical investigations among the English records, and having called for funds in aid of this purpose, a committee, composed of Messrs. Rantoul, Emmerton and Hunt, was appointed to solicit subscrip- tions. The subject was brought to the notice of a few persons interested in Mr. Waters and his mission, and the sum of $525.00 was collected and sent to the commit- tee of the above-named society, who have this duty in charge. In closing this retrospect of the year's work of the In- stitute, the officers indulge in the hope, that, ere long its friends will devise some plan, by which suitable accommo- dations will be provided, for the proper arrangement of its library and collections. BULLETIN ESSEX I1TSTITTJTE. Vol. 15. Salem: July, Aug., Sept., 1883. Nos. 7,8,9. NOTICE OF THE DEATH OF CHARLES TIMOTHY BROOKS. At the regular meeting, Monday, June 19, 1883, after the routine business was transacted, the President called the attention of the meeting to the recent death of Rev. Charles Timothy Brooks of Newport, R. I., a member of the Institute, and said that it seemed proper that some notice should be taken of his decease. Rev. E. B. Willson said that while he was not pre- pared to make a formal address at this meeting, he wished to pay his tribute of respect to the memory of Mr. Brooks, and to express his admiration of the high character and delightful Christian spirit of the deceased. He had known him intimately of late years, and deemed it a great privi- lege to have had such a friend. In the course of his re- marks, Mr. Willson said that on the occasion of the North Church Centennial celebration Mr. Brooks had been most helpful in making it a success. He also said that he had made the death of Mr. Brooks the theme of his discourse on Sunday. Rev. E. C. Bolles said that he was glad to add his word to endorse the remarks of the last speaker, and ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 7 (77) 78 MEMORIAL MEETING ; moved that the President and Mr. Willson be a committee to prepare appropriate resolutions on the death of Mr. Brooks, also to arrange to hold at some later day, a more formal and an appropriate- memorial service under the auspices of the Institute. The motion was unanimously adopted. Mr. Albert G. Browne and Dr. George A. Perkins remarked on the kindly and genial disposition and spirit of Mr. Brooks, and gave some personal reminiscences of his life. Dr. Perkins said that they had been life-long acquaintances and were in early years schoolmates, and the friendship had never waned. In the year 1834 he made a journey on foot to the White mountains with Mr. Brooks. This jaunt was always pleasantly remembered by both of them, and was alluded to in their frequent meetings, and it had been the expressed intention of both Mr. Brooks and himself, that, if they lived, the fiftieth anniversary of that excursion should be passed by them on the top of Mt. Washington. Mr. Robert S. Rantoul spoke of the literary char- acter of the deceased and dwelt especially on his remark- able facility and genius in his translation of German poetry. He said : In the death of Charles T. Brooks we have lost another of those sons of Essex County who have made a place for themselves in American letters. I never heard Mr. Brooks preach, and my estimate of his mental qualities is made up from sources quite apart from his efforts in the pulpit. I know him, as most of us have known him, through his occasional verses, through his translations, through his sunny face and his cordial greeting. He was successful as a translator. He had that fineness of apprecia- tion,— delicacy of touch and fibre, — faculty for giving him- NOTICE OF C. T. BROOKS. 79 self over without reserve to his author, a sort of literary self-renunciation, self-surrender, which is to my mind the sine qua non, the beginning and end of successful effort to fairly interpret and render in good faith the spirit of an- other's work. He had also the drollery, the love of the grotesque, the quiet, humorous enjoyment of the extravagant vagaries of German wit, of that sly fun that so pervades home life and street life in Germany, which made it easy for him to transfer that peculiar atmosphere to his American reprint. His "Max and Maurice," for instance, is, of its kind, in- imitable. No one is too old, no one is too young, to laugh over it. But he was equally fortunate in his more serious efforts in German translation. I will not enumerate these works nor characterize them. The death of Freiligrath, the great revolutionary, democratic, people's poet of modern Germany, — the Burns, the Whittier, of the Teu- ton race, occurred while I was at Stuttgart, where he had been residing, and when the first anniversary of it came about, I was still at Stuttgart. In Southern Germany the custom is to celebrate the day of the death rather than of the birth of those to whom the world owes something, and this first anniversary of Freiligrath's death was noticed by the English and American residents of Stuttgart with me- morial exercises in which many Germans, who understood English, united with the English-speaking admirers of the poet. He had lived much in England, had purposed em- igrating to America whither he had already sent forward a pioneer in the person of his son, and was well acquainted with Longfellow (whom he had translated,) and with Mr. Brooks, and was read and admired by Whittier. I was asked to make the address on the occasion, and in that connection took some pains to seek out the best English translations of some of Freiligrath's characteristic poems. 80 MEMORIAL MEETING ; From a considerable collection of English translations made by English, Scotch and Irish writers of note as well as by Mr. Brooks, I selected as best suited to my purpose one which I will read, and, lest my local partiality might mislead me as to the quality of Mr. Brooks' work, I con- sulted competent critics on the spot, including the family of the German poet himself, and found that they shared my preference. I read, from the published proceedings of the occasion, Mr. Brooks's version of THE EMIGRANT'S DEPARTURE. Ye men, that from your necks set down Your heavy baskets on the earth Of bread, from German corn baked brown, By German wives, on German hearth, And you, with braided tresses neat, Black Forest maidens, slim and brown, How careful, on the sloop's green seat, You set your pails and pitchers down ! Ah! oft have home's cool, shady tanks Those pails and pitchers filled for you ! By far Missouri's silent banks Shall these the scenes of home renew,— ■- The stone rimmed fount, — the village street, Where oft ye stooped to chat and draw,— The hearth, — and each familiar seat, — The pictured tiles your childhood saw ! Soon, in the far and wooded west, Shall log-house walls therewith be graced : Soon many a tired and tawny guest Shall sweet refreshment from them taste : From them shall drink the Cherokee, Faint with the hot and dusty chase. No more from German vintage ye Shall bear them home in leaf-crowned grace ! Oh say ! Why seek ye other lands ? The Neckar's vale hath wine and corn : Full of dark firs the Schwarzwald stands : In Spessart rings the Alp-herd's horn ! NOTICE OF C. T. BROOKS. 81 Ah ! In strange forests you will yearn For the green mountains of your home, — To Deutschland's yellow wheat-lields turn, — In spirit o'er her vine-hills roam ! How will the form of days grown pale In golden dreams float softly by, Like some old legendary tale, Before fond memory's moistened eye ! The boatman calls ! Go hence in peace ! God bless you, — wife and child and sire ! Bless all your fields with rich increase, And crown each faithful heart's desire ! Rev. Fielder Israel referred to the help Mr. Brooks had been to him in many ways and endorsed the views of the previous speakers. He read some verses of the deceased, entitled, "A winter morning on the Merrimac." Letters were read from Rev. B. F. McDaniel and Mr. William P. Andrews, regretting their necessary absence from the meeting. Rev. Mr. McDaniel writes :— "I regret very much that a previous engagement, which I cannot set aside, will prevent me from attending, this evening, the meeting in memorial of Mr. Brooks, whom to know was to see the kingdom of Heaven. I should rejoice to hear the loving tributes paid by those who knew him better than I did." Mr. Andrews writes as follows : Dear Dr. Wheatland, It is a matter of sincere regret to me that I cannot be personally present with you on Monday evening, to render what little tribute I may to the worth of our dear friend, Mr. Brooks ; and I beg you or Mr. Willson will kindly add my word to what may be said on that occasion. 82 MEMOEIAL MEETING ; "Half Lamb, half Cowper," Mr. Silsbee has most happily called our friend, and the thought is a picture of his blended wit and simple goodness. Simplicity, and goodness itself were personified in his gentle, unobtrusive life ; and as he lately read his tribute to Mr. Story in your hall, many of us must have been struck with the applicability of his poetic praise of Mr. Story's worth to his own. His appearance, his manner and matter on that occasion, must remain forever memor- able to those who were fortunate enough to hear him. The man himself was always a delightful poem, of which his fluent, tender verse hardly gives us a full report. None the less he lived in an atmosphere of poetry which, flowing spontaneously from his mind and pen, bright- ened and uplifted many sorrowing hearts, and adorned many a serious or gay assemblage. It seems to me his greatest success in literature, however, was in his most difficult undertaking, the then untried ren- dering of the German masterpiece into English, in its orig- inal metres. Only those who have attempted that task, or carefully compared the leading translations word by word with the German text, can appreciate the difficulty of that accomplishment, or the remarkable success with which our poet has met it. However much the loudly-blown trumpet of praise may exaggerate the merits of another version of Goethe's Faust that owes a deep and yet unacknowledged obligation to Mr. Brooks' work ; the fact remains that our friend's work has never been equalled by any published translation, in fidelity to the letter, or to the feeling of the original — a fact the leading journals have lately noticed, and which was admirably stated some years since in a for- mal article on the subject contributed to the "New Eng- landcr." But while it is our duty to record here the debt under NOTICE OF C. T. BROOKS. 83 which Mr. Brooks' faithful and loving labors in this, and many another admirable translation, have placed the litera- tures of the two great Teuton families, we must with mournful hearts acknowledge the personal obligation we all feel in recalling his gracious life of varied usefulness and beauty. The charm of perpetual youth that surrounded his simple, unpretentious spirit ; the warm appreciation of his friends, and ready word of kindly sympathy and encour- agement ; the delight of his cordial manner, and mellow flavor of his mingled wit and wisdom, made his annual return, to these his native haunts, always a memorable pleasure to all of us. He was indeed a man, whose like we may not look upon again. I am, my dear sir, sincerely yours, Wm. P. Andrews. The President gave some account of the class of 1832 at Harvard, of which Mr. Brooks was a member, and men- tioned the interesting as well as remarkable fact that, in the year when Mr. Brooks entered college, twenty-four applicants from Salem were examined for admission to the various colleges, of whom nineteen obtained their degree in regular course : of the twenty-four, seventeen were admitted to Harvard, and thirteen of these graduated at the expiration of four years. This is probably an unpar- alleled record in the educational history of the city. The following is a list of those admitted to the differ- ent colleges in 1828. Amherst. James Oliver left during the Freshman year ; afterwards entered Colby University, receiv- ing his degree in 1838. A teacher and joint author of "Wreck of the Glide;" died in Cambridgeport, Jan., 1845. 84 MEMORIAL MEETING ; Brown. Joseph Farnum, a physician and dentist, died in Salem, Nov. 22, 1874. Samuel Randall, died at Madison, N. J., April 20, 1862, set. 50, Rector of Episcopal Church in that town. Dartmouth. Richard Manning Chipman. Edward Brown Emerson, Harvard. Haley Forrester Barstow, a lawyer, died at Grand Rapids, Mich., Aug. 13, 1871. Charles Timothy Brooks, the subject of this notice. George William Cleveland, merchant, died at Pon- totoc, Miss., Sept. 20, 1848. James Arthur Cleveland was admitted, but did not join the class; artist, died at Tarrytown, N. Y., May 8, 1868. William Bewail Cleveland, left at the close of the Sophomore year. William Fabens, lawyer, died at Marblehead, March 11, 1883. John Forrester, left during the Freshman year, engaged in mercantile pursuits, died Feb., 1841. William Prescott Gibbs, lawyer, died in Lexing- ton, Mass., July 27, 1852. Benjamin Manning Hodges, left on account of ill health, at the close of the Freshman year, died at Salem, June 30, 1830. Charles Grafton Page, physician, electrician, Ex- aminer U. S. Patent Office, died at Washington, D. C, May 5, 1868. Archer Ropes, lawyer in Baltimore, Md., died Oct. 2, 1855. NOTICE OF C. T. BROOKS. 85 John Boardman Silsbee, merchant, died in Salem April 1, 1867. John Henry Silsbee. William Silsbee. Augustus Story, lawyer, Pres. Holyoke Ins. Co., Salem, died Oct. 19, 1882. William Henry West, lawyer, died at Indianapolis, Lid., August, 1838. Henry Wheatland. Yale. Horace Lorenzo Oonolly; transferred his connec- tions to Trinity college in the senior year and received his degree from that college. Authorized to take the name of Horace Ingersoll, Nov. 16, 1858. John Spencer Wallis. Of the above list, eight are now living after the lapse of fifty-five years from the time of admission. These are the four who entered Yale and Dartmouth, and four of those who entered Harvard. Of the twenty-four admitted to college in 1828, fourteen were from the Latin School in Salem, and the others from private schools. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 7* THE FIRST NOTICE OF THE PINE GROVE OR FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP. BY F. W. PUTNAM. It now seems strange that any one could for a moment believe the great deposits of oyster, clam, quahaug and other shells along the seacoast, and of the fresh-water clam along our interior rivers, were formed by natural agencies, but fifty years ago they were almost universally considered as natural deposits ; the result of upheaval of ocean beds or ancient beaches. Dr. Ducatel, in his report on the geology of Maryland, pronounced the great heaps of oyster shells on the Chesa- peake to be artificial productions, and he seems to have been the first geologist in this country to call attention to their true origin, which he did in the following words : — " Some of the other agricultural resources of the state, besides those derived from the use of marl, have been already alluded to in the preceding sections. There is one especially, scarcely inferior in value to the marl, con- sisting of extensive accumulations of oyster shells, evi- dently made by the aboriginal inhabitants of the country ; — since they are found to enclose human skeletons, deer horns, tools, coarse pottery, etc., plainly significant of their origin. The accumulations are found in many parts of the eastern shores and their principal localities are laid down in the map." — Report of J. T. Ducatel, State Geologist of Maryland, Dec. 29, 1834. These deposits had been referred to by several of the (8G) F. W. PUTNAM. 87 early writers on the habits of the Indians of the Atlantic coast as the refuse piles of the Indians, and even fifty years ago there were local traditions of their being the camping grounds of Indians, but these statements were not among the general possessions of the geologists, who were obliged to study these recent deposits in the same way that they studied the beds of fossils. Some fossil shell-beds were known, and as great stress had been laid upon the uprising of sea beaches, it became the accepted theory that all similar beds or heaps of shells were owing simply to the uprising of the coast. In 1841 Mr. Lardner Vanuxem, a distinguished geolo- gist on the New York Survey, made a communication before the meeting of American Geologists and Natural- ists in which he gave his reasons for differing from Mr. T. A. Conrad, who seems to have persisted in the theory that the shell-beds were of natural origin,1 and showed that the association of the shells with stone arrowheads and fragments of pottery proved their artificial origin, which was confirmed by the fact that the shell-beds were depos- ited upon the natural surface of the soil, and that under them were the remains of cedar trees which had formerly grown on the spot. Thus, seven years after the statement by Ducatel the question of the natural or artificial origin of the shell heaps was still under discussion. Iu this connection, and with these facts before us, it is of interest to read in the unpublished records of 1840, of the Essex County Natural History Society, to which my attention was directed by the honored president of the Institute, Dr. Wheatland, the first account of the shell- heap at Pine Grove, from which so many of us have ob- 1 Vanuxem and Ducatel both agreed with Conrad in stating that some beds were of natural origin, but they were true fossils. 88 FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP ; tained scallop shells in our younger days, when the place was famous as a picnic ground, and into which some of us have dug in after years, with a full knowledge of its Indian origin. The record of the secretary's book of the society is headed " Report on the presence of shells in great quan- tities near the seashore in Salem, Mass., observed May, 1840, by John Lewis Russell." From the record it appears that Mr. Russell addressed the society on the subject of raised beaches, and he quotes from several authors accounts of elevations of land in various parts of the world in recent times, caused by earth- quakes, and also mentions several instances of raised beaches on which are great masses of shells. All these deposits, following the opinions of the authors he has quoted, he regards as natural formations. He then states that there have been found " strata of Mya, Mytilus, and Ostrea, several inches thick, from five to ten feet below the surface at Lechmere's Point in Cambridge," and that "S. C. Dana, M. D., the ingenious and accomplished chemist of Lowell .... found them on the site of the Court House [at East Cambridge] and has no doubt that they were raised to their present position from the adjacent beds of the harbor, of which the hill in question was probably at one time the shore of the then sea."2 After these preliminary remarks Mr. Russell comes to the special subject of the Pine Grove Shellheap, which he 2 The remains of an old shellheap were still visible at Lechmere's Point a few years since and probably can still be traced. As an instance of finding shells at considerable depth along the old shore lines of Salem, I may mention that, when a boy, the old North River bank was graded at that part of Federal Street where now stand the houses built by Messrs. Haskell and Walden, and that in the old shore sand-bank, many shells of the large hen- clam, Macira solidissima., were found. These were evidently shells which had been buried on the former beach of North River. BY F. W. PUTNAM. 89 regarded as of natural origin, notwithstanding the singular association of several species of shells and bones of mammals. Had he continued to make the excavation which he mentions, to the bottom of the heap, his conclu- sions would probably have been entirely different. The record, however, is of interest as the first account of this now nearly effaced shellheap, and is here copied in full, as follows : — "Having thus introduced you to these phenomena abroad, allow me to call your attention to similar in our own neighborhood and under our own eyes. Owing to the suggestion of an acquaintance I was induced to visit, in company with him, the southern shore of our harbor in that portion just east of the very picturesque group of pitch pines, contiguous to the Lead Factory of Mr. Francis Peabody. Any one who has ever rambled over the undulating hills of this spot is familiar with the indented features of the land. After passing over the crest of the hill about a fourth of a mile from where the Marble- head railroad enters the point after crossing the mouth of Forest River you descend into a valley, and at the elevation of several feet above its level, and probably more than twenty feet above high water mark, you will notice the appearance of broken shells protruding from the soil. Similar appearances exist on the shores of the Mill Pond above the Salem railroad bridge (at the foot of Circus street), but whether referable to the same agency, further examination can only determine. "Digging into one of these spots we found an aston- ishing accumulation of shells in all stages of decay. Penetrating to the depth of more than four feet there seemed to be little indication that we had reached its bottom. Indeed it is not improbable from existing appear- ances that the bed was of indefinite extent. Specimens of 90 FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP ; every kind of the mass were carefully saved, and are offered for the acceptance of the Society to be deposited in its cabinets. "The greatest amount of specimens were oiMya arenaria or common clam. These were interspersed sparingly with Modiola jpapuana, Mytilus edulis, Mactra solidissima, JSfassa obsoleta, Natica heros, N~. triseriata and occasionally jV~. duplicates, Fusus cinereus, Sanguinolaria fusca, Cre- pidulafornicata, Pecten concentricus , Ostrea sp., upon the outside of which were minute and almost microscopic species of Spirula. "You will take notice that the occurrence of the Oyster was quite rare. How this happens when its almost con- stant companion, Pecten concentricus was comparatively in abundance, I cannot explain. The oyster seems to have been an inhabitant of our northern coasts, but in sparse quantities. Pecten concentricus is found in com- pany with the oyster on the southern shores as I have been informed, and indeed the exuviae of our oyster shops are sufficient proofs of the fact, among which it is often seen. Natica duplicata also is peculiarly of southern habit, and belongs to a group of our maritime shells, whose living habitat is not considered as belonging to the northern shores of Cape Cod. "But the most interesting discovery remains. This was the occurrence of fragments of bones, near the bottom of the penetration which we effected. They were in a very soft and friable condition, but became more hard and firm when exposed to the air. I have succeeded by the kind assistance of my friend, Dr. Jeffries Wyman of the Boston Natural History Society, in determining these to belong to some large species of deer, and the animal as of a young age. The existence of the fourth or fifth molar of the left lower jaw most indubitably points out BY F. W. PUTNAM. Dl this fact, the teeth of the deer possessing a peculiar process which the teeth of no other animal have. This specimen I have retained, until I hear from a friend who is familiar with the history of our native deer. From its great size I think that it may belong to the moose, being somewhat larger than any tooth of the upper jaw of the elk or wapiti now in the cabinets of the Boston Nat- ural History Society. That collection does not possess the lower jaw of the wapiti so that the corresponding tooth could not be compared with this. The other bones, five in number, compose some portion of the lower extremities of the right and left legs. They are : — 3 " 1. Fragment of the lower extremity of the tibia (right leg). The epiphysis is separated from the shaft of the bone, ossification not being complete. "2. Astragalus. "3. Os calcis. The posterior extremity broken off. " 4. A small bone situated between the lower extrem- ity of the tibia and the upper lateral portion of the os calcis. This was an articulation with both these bones, and is supposed by Cuvier to represent the lower head of the fibula. "5. Fragment of the left metatarsal bone. The outer condyle broken off. "The first four bones fit accurately together and ob- viously belonged to the same foot. "The want of coossification of the epiphysis of the tibia with its shaft, would indicate that the animal had not ac- quired its maturity. The metatarsal bone No. 5 was obviously that of a ruminant possessing originally two 3 The paragraphs numbered 1 to 6 are given in quotations in the record and are probably a copy of Dr. Wyman's notes on the specimens which he identified for Mr. Russell. 92 FOREST RIVER SHELLHEAP. condyles, for the articulation of two sets of phalanges of the toes. It undoubtedly belonged to the same animal with the other bones, though it formed a part of the right foot and the others of the left. " 6. The 4th or 5th molar of the left lower jaw. "It remains only to add that occasional pieces of granite of the character with the super-adjacent rocks were dug up ; these were very much decomposed and in some in- stances had actually become sand, owing to the presence of iron, and the action of water causing oxidization. At the surface, or just below it, of similar spots the shells were so decomposed as to resemble marl, and could be easily moulded by the hand. To the agriculturist these deposits may become rich means for the improvement of his soils, requiring only the labor of transportation to places where the action of carbonate of lime would be beneficial. Such has been actually the case with a similar elevation of recent marine shells in Hingham near the alms house, and these when spread over grass land, and even on old worn-out pastures have produced astonishing effects in the production of fine and healthy grass. The Hingham bed, with which I am familiar, is, however, different from ours, being completely thrown above the soil, and presenting the aspect of a vast heap of old oyster and clam shells, designedly thrown there by the hand of man. At some future opportunity I hope to be able to procure specimens from that locality to add them to the suite from the southern shore of our harbor." WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY. BY JOHN H. SEARS. A weed is any plant which occupies cultivated ground to the injury of the particular crop intended to be grown. Thus, even the most useful plants may become weeds if they appear out of their proper place. The term is some- times applied to any insignificant looking or unprofitable plants which grow profusely in a state of nature, as the fireweed, pigweed, mayweed, whiteweed, etc. There are weeds by the roadside, in gravel, brick and plank- walks, on railroad beds, in brooks, ponds and water courses. By a system of natural selection some plants seem to thrive best in certain localities, as for instance the purse- lane. Portulaca oleracea is always found growing in cultivated grounds, while the common plantain (Plantago major) grows quite as abundantly in a hard, uncultivated situation. And again, the sorrel (Humex aceiosella) may be said to grow in either situation equally as well. A large proportion of the plants called weeds are in- troduced from Europe, and as they are brought here with different kinds of crop seeds they become more or less adapted to the situation in which the seed is sown. And when the weed has perfected its seed, it will continue to thrive if the situation is a suitable one. Such plants as have become adapted to their surroundings usually grow in a like kind of soil and place, as there they thrive best, though a great many kinds of weeds have become so ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 8 (93) 94 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY ; thoroughly established that they grow equally well in a variety of situations. Plants also take a variety of forms from their situations and what they have to contend with in their season's growth. The Roman wormwood (Ambrosia artemisioafolia) , found growing in cultivated ground, is usually two or three feet high, with a spread of two feet on the surface ; while if grown in an old pasture where it is browsed on by cattle it will be found to take a form of one or two inches in height where it will thrive ; and as the law of nature is for plants to mature seeds, one of these low, dwarfed plants will produce as many seeds as the larger plants grown in tilled ground. This often leads to the question asked by cultivators who, after ploughing and planting an old piece of pasture-land, find it thickly cov- ered with the Roman wormwood, "Where do the seeds come from?" And as the full grown plant has not beeii detected by the casual observer for a series of years pre- vious to the fields being planted, the query is made as to how long the seed has lain dormant in the soil. Again, seeds of such plants as the Canada thistle (Cir- sium arvense) and the fireweed (Erechthites hieracifolia) are furnished with a pappus of fine, soft hairs, which makes them very buoyant and easily transported by the wind to a great distance, and as such plants are very pro- lific, each plant producing thousands of seeds, when they do alight on cultivated or new burnt soil are immedi- ately covered with the lighter material of which the soil is composed, and are ready to form a crop for the next sea- son. Probably two-thirds of the seeds are dropped on grass lands and in woods where they never reach the soil, otherwise the country would soon be covered with these plants. I have arranged a classified list, with notes, of the weedy plants of Essex County, as follows : BY JOHN H. SEARS. 95 Order Ranunculacese. Virgin's Bower, Clematis Virginiana, is a climbing plant, growing on fences and in moist, mowing lands. It is a troublesome weed. Tall Meadow Rue, Thalictrum Cornuti, is a coarse growing weed in fresh meadows. Banunculus acris, tall Crowfoot or Buttercup, is very abundant and always avoided by cattle on account of its very acrid, blistering juice. European. Banunculus bulbosus and B. repens are equally abundant, and have similar properties. European. Order Berberidacese. Berberis vulgaris, common Barberry. This shrub was introduced from Europe, as a garden plant, for the sake of its berries. The seeds remain on the bushes all winter and supply food to the robins and other birds. They drop the seeds in fence rows and near stone walls, where they germinate and form large patches, which must be considered as weeds. They are fast covering our rocky pastures and are too abundant all over Essex County. Order Papaveracege. Celandine, Chelidonium majus, is quite common in old gardens and near dwellings. It was introduced from Furope. Order Fumariacese. Common Fumitory, Fumaria officinalis, is a weed in grain fields, and in some places a bad weed in grass lands. European. Order Cruciferse. Yellow Rocket, Barbarea vulgaris, grows in low lands and by road- sides. It is an European plant. Hedge Mustard, Sisymbrium officinale, found in waste places and near dwellings. European. Black Mustard, Brassica nigra, always grows in cultivated fields. European. Shepherd's Purse, Gapsella Bursa-pastoris, is common in grass and tilled lands. European. Wild Pepper-grass, Lepidium Virginicum, a roadside weed, native of the Southern States. 96 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY; Jointed Charlock, Baphanus JRaphanistrum, is one of the worst weeds in old farm lands, as it is very prolific in bearing seeds. European. Order Cistacese. Pinweed, Lecheas, of which there are three species, is a common weed in pasture lands. Order Hyperieacese. St. John's-wort, Hypericum perforatum, abundant in old pastures and fields. European. Order Caryophyllacese. Bladder Campion, Silene inflata, a British species of the pink family, is spreading rapidly in many parts of Essex County. It is a deep- rooted plant. It is almost impossible to pull it up. Common Soapwort or Bouncing Bet, Saponaria officinalis, escaped from gardens, is a roadside weed. European. Corn Cockle, Lychnis QUhago, a very pretty reddish-purple flower of the pink family, is a weed in grain fields. European. Common Chickweed, Stellaria media, grows everywhere in damp grounds. European. Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium viscosum, a weed on lawns and in grass lands. European. Pearlwort, Sagina procumbens, grows in damp places in brick walks often forcing the bricks out of place. Sand Spurry, Spergularia rubra, var. Campestris, grows in similar situations to the last and in gravelly foot-paths. Knawel weed, Scleranthus annuus, grows on railroad beds and waste places. Common. European. Carpet weed, Mollugo verticillata, grows in cultivated ground, gravel walks, etc. From farther south. Order Portulacaceae. Purslane, Portulaca oleracea. This plant is the worst weed that the agriculturist has to contend with, as it seeds very fast, and is so tenacious of life, even after it has been cut up, taking root again. Its season of growth is also during the haying time, so that it gets a good start before it is observed. It is one of the oldest European pot- herbs. BY JOHN H. SEARS. 97 Order Malvaceae. Common Mallow, Malva rotundifolia, grows near dwellings and in garden paths. European. Indian Mallow, Abutilon Avicennce, a tall, coarse plant, escaped from gardens. From India. Order Geraniacese. Wood- Sorrel, Oxalis stricta, grows around dwellings and in gar- deus. Common. Order Anacardiacese. Poison Ivy, Rhus Toxicodendron, stone walls, climbing on trees, and in sandy fields. Order Leguminoses. Woad Waxen, Genista tinctoria. This plant was introduced from Europe, prior to 1628, as a dye plant. It is fast covering the unculti- vated pastures in all parts of the county. It is a native of central and southern Europe. Zigzag Clover, Trifolium medium, forms dense patches in Danvers and Salem. European. Yellow or Hop Clover, Trifolium agrarium, sandy fields and road- sides. European. Black Medick, Medicago lupulina, abundant in grass lauds. Euro- pean. Vetch, Vicia Cracca, a very pretty plant, but a bad weed in mowed land, as it is hard to exterminate. Abundant at Danversport. Wild Indigo, Baptisia tinctoria, abundant in old pastures. Ground Nut, Apios tuberosa, grows on the edges of fields, and on walls and fences, climbing on the grass. Order Rosacese. Canada Burnet, Poterium Canadense, a weed in fresh meadows and on river banks. Common in Danvers, Topsfield and Ipswich. Cinque-foil, Potentilla Norvegica, grows in fresh meadows. It is a coarse weed. High Blackberry, Mubus villosus, grows on the borders of thickets and wet meadows. 98 Low Blackberry, Bubus Canadensis, grows on rocky hills and pas- tures. Common. Early Wild Rose, Bosa blanda, everywhere abundant in roadsides and fence rows. Swamp Wild Rose, Bosa Carolina, common in wet meadows. Order Crassulacese. Garden Orpine or Aaron's-Rod, Sedum Telephium, one of the worst weeds in grass lands. Abundant in Danvers, Wenham and Beverly. It increases principally by tubers, though even a leaf of it will take root if covered with soil. Kerosene oil will kill it. Order Onagracese. Willow-herb, Epilobium angustifolium, found on new burnt land and in wet pastures, increasing rapidly by its seeds which have a tuft of long hairs at the end. The wind carries these seeds in all direc- tions. Common Evening Primrose, Oenothera biennis, a very persistent weed on roadsides, gravelly pastures and railroad beds. Order Cucurbitacese. Star Cucumber, Sicyos angulatus. This plant is an introduced weed from the south. It is often used to cover trellises and walls near dwellings, but is a most troublesome weed in damp soils. Order UmbellifersB. Common Carrot, Baucus Carota, introduced into mowing lands. It seeds freely and is an unsightly weed. European. Cow- Parsnip, Heracleum lanatum, is a very large, coarse plant. Found in pastures and near brooks. Common Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa, common in mowed lands and in- creases very fast if neglected. European. Great Angelica, Archangelica atropurpurea, damp fields and river banks. A coarse, strong-scented weed. Poison Hemlock, Conium maculatum, a dangerous, narcotic, poison- ous plant, growing by roadsides and in old gardens. This plant should be well known by all persons, as its seeds act very quickly, often producing paralysis when eaten. BY JOHN II. SEARS. 99 Order Compo sitae. Asters and Goldenrods. These pretty plants are weeds in fence rows, on the borders of fields and in pastures. They are hard to dislodge. Horse-weed, Butter-weed, Erigeron Canadensis, grows on roadsides and in fields. Very common. Roman Wormwood, Ambrosia artemisiaifolia. This weed is common in all parts of the United States east of the Rocky mountains. It is a composite, with sterile and fertile heads, occupying different parts of the same plant. Spiny Clotbur, Xanthium spinosum, waste places on the seacoast, and established as a weed in Peabody and Danvers. From tropical America. Cone Flower, Budbeckia Jiirta, a common weed in mowing lands. It was introduced with clover seed from the west, and is native on the prairies of Wisconsin and southward. Tick-seed, Coreopsis tricJiosperma, and common Beggar's Tick, Bidens frondosa, are coarse weeds, the seeds adhering to the dress and to the fur of animals, and are thus disseminated. May-weed, Maruta Cotula, roadsides and dooryards. A very com- mon weed. European. Yarrow, Achillea Millefolium, waste places and around dwellings. Common. European. Ox-eye Daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare, White weed, fields ahd pas- tures. Too abundant. European. In Hanson's history of Danvers, page 47, it is said that Edward Grover planted it in his garden as an herb in 1683 at Salem Village. Common Tansy, Tanacetum vulgare, escaped from old gardens. Grows in dense patches by roadsides and in fields. European. Common Everlasting, Gnaphalium polycephalum, grows everywhere in pastures and old fields. Fire-weed, Erechthites hieracifolia, common in recent clearings where the ground has been burnt over. Canada Thistle, Cirsium arvense, a most troublesome weed in hay fields. European. Burdock, Lappa officinalis, waste places and around dwellings. It is an unsightly weed. European. 100 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY; Cichory, Cichorium Intybus, a deep-rooted weed, and one that spreads very fast. Hay fields and roadsides ; too common. European. Hawkbit, Fall Dandelion, Leontodon autumnale, fields and road- sides, destroying the turf on banks and lawns. European. Common Dandelion, Taraxacum Dens-leonis, grows in fields and pastures. Blue or False Lettuce, Mulyedium, and Sow Thistle, Sonchus, are coarse weeds in cultivated swamp land. Order Lobeliacese. Indian Tobacco, Lobelia inflata, in mowed land it is often abundant. In hay it causes horses to slaver, and is hurtful for cows to eat. Order Plantaginaceae. Common Plantain, Plantago major, near dwellings, yards and waste places. European. Rib-grass English Plantain, Plantago lanceolata, grows in dry fields and lawns, its long thin leaves escaping the mower. European. Order Scrophulariacese. Mullein, Verbascum Thapsus, roadsides, pastures and old fields. European. Toad-Flax, Butter-and-Eggs, Linaria vulgaris, old fields and road- sides; very troublesome in grain fields. European. Order Labiatse. Motherwort, Leonurus Cardiaca, waste places and around dwellings. European. Order Borraginaceae. Viper's Bugloss, Echium vulgare, roadsides and waste places in Beverly, Danvers and Middleton. It is a bad weed in cultivated fields in Virginia. European. Order Convolvulacese. Bind-weed, Convolvulus arvensis, abundant in Salem and vicinity, growing in dense mats and seeding rapidly. It is a perennial low climber, twining upon the grass and everything within its reach. Hedge Bind-weed, Calijstegia sepium, is another climbing weed, and BY JOHN H. SEARS. 101 on tillage lands is one of the worst weeds, as it twines around young plants. It is especially abundant in Dan vers, Salem and Marblehead. Dodder, Cuscuta Epilinum. In Europe this plant is very injurious to the Flax. It is common in many parts of this county and is para- sitic on the bark of Asters, etc. Order Solanacese. Thorn Apple, Datura Stramonium, waste grounds. It is a dan- gerous, but well known weed, its seeds being a powerful emetic. From Asia. Order Phytolaccacese. Garget or Pigeon-berry, Phytolacca decandra, tall and stout peren- nials, growing on burnt land and reclaimed swamps. The stout stalks are eaten as a substitute for asparagus in early spring. Order Chenopodiacese. The Pigweeds, Chenopodium album, etc., are all naturalized from Europe. The beet and spinach are in the same family. Order Amarantacese. Green Amaranths or Sugar-weed, Amarantus. There are three species, all natives of tropical America. Order Polygonacese. Polygonum, Knot- weeds, we have thirteen species growing as weeds in the county. Those commonly known are called Smart-weed, the Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb, Goose-grass, Water pepper, Lady's Thumb with a dark spot in the leaf, and are among the best known. Curled Dock, Bumex crispus, fields and roadsides. Common. Eu- ropean. Yellow Dock, Bumex obtusifolius, fields and roadsides. Common. European. Field or Sheep Sorrel. Bumex acetosella, everywhere abundant. Order Euphorbiacese. Spurge, Euphorbia maculata, grows in open places everywhere, es- pecially in gravel walks. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 8* 102 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY; Order UrticacesB. Nettles, Urtica dioica, waste places and roadsides. European. Rich-weed or Clear-weed, Pilea-pumila, grows in cool, moist shady places in old gardens. Cannabis sativa, Hemp, waste places, roadsides, etc. Abundant at Newburyport. Sweet Fern, Comptonia asplenifolia, pastures and roadsides. Order Salicacese. Willow Family. There are several shrubby species that we may consider as weeds. Salix livida, quite common in dry soil in pastures and fields. Salix humilis, Prairie Willow, and Salix discolor, Pussy Willow, are abun- dant as roadside weeds in damp places. Salix sericea, Silky Willow, and Salix lucida, Shining Willow, are common by streams and ponds, their long roots often filling them up and choking water courses. Order Coniferse. Common Juniper, Juniperus communis, dry, sterile hills and pas- tures. Order Aracese. Skunk Cabbage, Symplocarpus fcetidus, moist, springy fields and near brooks. Its coarse, fibrous roots are hard to dig up. Order Naiadacese. Pond weeds, Potamogetons, of which there are several species, are abundant in ponds and streams, sometimes completely filling up and changing water courses. Order Iridacese. Blue Flag, Iris versicolor, in wet meadows. Order Smilacese. Green-brier, Smilax rotundifolia, grows abundantly on the borders of woods and thickets, and on account of its tough roots and formidable scattered prickles, it is hard to eradicate. BY JOHN H. SEARS. 103 Order Liliacese. American White Hellebore, Indian Poke, Veratrum viride, swamps and low grounds. Common. Onion or Field Garlic, Allium Canadense, is a vile weed giving its alliaceous flavor to all plants grown in its vicinity. Common. Eu- ropean. Order Pontederiacese. Pickerel weed, Pontederia cordata, common in ponds, brooks and streams. Order Gr amine 88. Cheat or Chess, Bromus secalinus, one of the European grasses com- mon in rye and oat fields. There are four species, all European. Dog-grass, Triticum repens, in cultivated grounds, fields, etc. Its long, underground stems cause much trouble to gardeners. Joint-grass, Paspalum setaceum, common in light soils, first showing itself in August on tillage grounds. Growing in mats it is difficult to pull out of the soil, as it breaks easily at the joints. Panic-grass, Panicum sanguinale, has habits like the last, and is abundant in all cultivated and waste ground. European. Old Witch-grass, Panicum capillare, common in sandy, cultivated fields. Barnyard-grass, Panicum Crus-galli, is a native of the south of Europe, and one of the principal forage plants in Italy. With us it is a troublesome weed. Foxtail-grass, Setaria. Three species exist here. Very common near dwellings and in cultivated fields. They are usually very weedy grasses, resembling the Millet, which is another species rarely spon- taneous. Beard-grass, Andropogon furcatus, and scoparius. These two grasses are abundant in dry, sterile grounds and roadsides. Order Equisetacese. Horsetail, Equisetum arvense, is common in moist, gravelly soil and on railroad beds where it is a troublesome weed. Equisetum sylvati- 104 WEEDS OF ESSEX COUNTY ; BY JOHN H. SEARS. cum grows abundantly in wet meadows, and Equisetum hyemale the Scouring Rush, on river banks and near brooks. They are all weeds on reclaimed meadow-land. When cut and dried with hay, cows eat them with a greedy relish. Order Filices. Ferns. There are several species which are considered as weeds : Osmunda regalis, Osmunda Claytoniana, Osmunda cinnamomea, Pteris aquilina and several species of Aspidium are all called Buckhorn, Brake, etc. They are all noxious weeds, being poisonous to young horses when mixed with hay, and they are not relished by other cattle, though goats will thrive on them better than on English hay. Order Musci. The Mosses are small plants not distinguishable except by the botanist. The Hair Cap Moss, Polytrichum commune, in dry, sterile pastures, covers many acres, forcing the grass out entirely and leaving a complete carpet of the moss. Some species of Hypnum will persist and make a rapid growth even in cultivated fields ; others are parasitic on the bark of trees and are injurious to orchards as hiding places for insects. Order Lichens. Lichens are parasitic on dead wood and decayed vegetable matter. The Reindeer Moss, Cladonia rangiferina, completely covers some sections of our old pasture-land in Danvers and Wenham, making them entirely destitute of other vegetable growths and worthless as grazing land. Other lichens on trees in the orchard and in the woods form hiding-places for insects, where they deposit their eggs. FIELD MEETING AT OAK DELL, GEORGETOWN. The first field meeting of the season was held at Oak Dell, on Tuesday, June 13, 1883. It is a picturesque spot in South Georgetown, as its name signifies, an oak grove. A beautiful pond is within easy walking distance, and the surface is pleasantly diversified. The proprietors have taken advantage of the natural attractions of the place in order to adapt it to picnics and other gatherings. A raised platform for speakers and seats for an as- sembly of two hundred are placed under the oaks, and near by, a cook-house and tables for refreshments. The party from Salem and vicinity went in barges and car- riages, and were joined at the grounds by others from Dan vers, West Newbury, Boxford, Georgetown and Groveland. Exploring parties were at once formed, the botanical work alone promising good results. Mrs. Char- lotte N. S. Horner chiefly conducted this part of the work ; others visited the lake and other points of interest. At 2 o'clock p. m., the meeting was held in the grove, President Wheatland presiding, who prefaced the exer- cises with remarks on the utility of field meetings and the pleasant auspices under which this one was held. Mrs. Horner was introduced as one highly conversant with natural history, and who has devoted herself to the study of the flora of Essex County, especially of her own dis- trict, Georgetown and vicinity. She exhibited and described a number of plants col- lected in the forenoon's ramble, indigenous to the locality. She considered Bthis a rare field for botanical study, and stated that more species of plants can be found in it than in any other district of equal extent in the county. 105 106 FIELD MEETING AT A list of the more important and interesting plants of the higher orders found by her in Georgetown has been prepared by Mrs. Horner, and will be found appended to this report. Rev. William P. Alcott, of Boxford, being called up- on, spoke of the lichens as worthy of study both for their beauty, botanical interest, and the part they play in the economy of the vegetable world. He also spoke of the study of mineralogy, and exhibited some specimens of rocks and minerals which he had brought from Egypt. Rev. Benj. F. McDaniel, of Salem, took up the sub- ject left by Mr. Alcott, and gave a brief outline of the region, regretting that the rock exposures in the vicinity were so few and uniform in character as to leave little for him to say. He urged the importance of the study of geology, even in such an unpromising field, and asked for the cooperation of local students in bringing the hidden things to light. In answers to questions, he gave a brief account of the formation of peat bogs and their transformation, through several stages, into coal. Messrs. Sidney Perley, of Boxford, and Henry M. Nel- son, of Georgetown, spoke on historical matters relating to the town, Mr. Nelson stating that Oak Dell was a part of a large tract of land, an original grant to his ancestors. Messrs. Andrew Nichols, of Danvers, M. W. Bartlett, of West Newbury, and Dr. B. F. Stevens, of the Boxford Natural History Society, made brief remarks. After the usual votes of thanks to Miss Nelson and the Messrs. Nelson for the use of the grounds and other cour- tesies received, and to Messrs. Elliot, Perley, Mrs. Horner and others who contributed to the success of the meeting, the parties separated for their journeys home- ward. OAK DELL, GEORGETOWN. 107 NOTES ON THE FLORA OF SOUTH GEORGETOWN. BY MRS. CHARLOTTE N. S. HORNER. Following is a list of plants that are found on the shores and in the meadows and pastures bordering on Lake Ray- nor, South Georgetown, and a short distance beyond the Boxford line ; but all within a half mile of the lake. Many of the plants enumerated in this list are very common everywhere, and others are more or less fre- quently found in other localities ; but some are found here that are rare elsewhere in the county. These are printed in italics, and their home is the small district described above. There is a small locality at the base and on the sides of some precipitous hills where are found an unusual number of rare plants. The most noteworthy of these are marked in the list with an asterisk(*). In this dis- trict are many pond weeds, grasses, sedges, mosses and lichens not found elsewhere in the town ; but these are not enumerated in the list. Clematis Virginiana. Anemone " " nemorosa. Hepatica triloba. Thalictrum anemonoides. " dioicum. " cornuti. Kanunculus abortivus. " recurvatus. " bulbosus. " acris. Caltha palustris. Coptis trifolia. Aquilegia Canadensis. Actcea rubra. " alba. Caulophyllum thalictr aides.* Nymphaea odorata. Nuphar advena. Sarracenia purpurea. Sanguinaria Canadensis. Cardimiue hirsuta. Viola lanceolata. " blanda. 41 cucullata. " " var. cordata. " pubescens. Helianthemum Canadense. Lechea major. " minor. Hypericum Canadense. " perforatum. " Sarothra. 108 FIELD MEETING AT Geranium maculatum. Impatiens fulva. Oxalis stricta. Elms glabra. " copallina. " venenata. " Toxicodendron. Vitis labrusca. Ampelopsis quinquifolia. Celastrus scandens. Acer saccharinum. Polygala sanguinea. " polygama. Desmodium nudiflorum. Amphicarpaea monoica. Lespedeza hirta. " capitata. Apios tuberosa. Baptisia tinctoria. Prunus maritima. " serotina. Spiraea salici folia. " tomentosa. Agrimonia Eupatoria. Potentilla Canadensis. Pragaria Virginiana. Mubus odoratus.* " strigosus. " occidentalis. " villosus. " Canadensis. Rosa lucida. " rubiginosa. Pyrus arbutifolia. Saxifraga Virginiensis. Sedum Telephium. Hamainelis Virginiana. Circsea Lutetiana. Epilobium angustifolium. " coloratum. CEnothera biennis. " pumila. Ilydrocotyle Americana. Cicuta maculata. Aralia racemosa.* Aralia nudicaulis. Cornus Canadensis. " sericea. " paniculata. Triosteum perfoliatum. Sambucus Canadensis. Viburnum Lentago. " acerifolium. Mitchella repens. Houstonia caerulea. " purpurea, probably introduced with grass seed. Galium asprellum. Cephalanthus occidentalis. Liatris scariosa. Eupatorium purpureum. " perfoliatum. " ageratoides* Sericocarpus conyzoides.* Aster corymbosus. " patens. " laevis. " undulatus. " multiflorus. " dumosus. " Traclescanti. " acuminatus. Diplopappus linarifolius. " umbellatus. Solidago bicolor. " latifolia.* " cassia. *' neglecta. " nemoralis. " Canadensis. " lanceolata. Inula Helenium. Rudbeckia hirta. Helianthus devaricatus. Bidens frondosa. Maruta cotula. Achillea millefolium. Leucanthemum vulgare. Guaphalium polycephalum. " uliffinosum. OAK DELL, GEORGETOWN. 109 Antennaria margaritacea. " plantaginifolia. Erechthites hieracifolia. Seuecio aureus. " " var. obovatus. Cirsium lanceolatum. " pumilum. Krigia Virginica. Leontodon Autumnale. Hieraceum scabrum. " venosum. Nabalus albus. Taraxacum Dens-leonis. Lobelia cardinalis, spike of 2 feet. Lobelia inflata. Gaylussacia resinosa. Vacciniura macrocarpon. " Pennsylvanieum. Cassandra calyculata. Andromeda ligustrina. Kalmia augustifolia. Khodosia Canadensis. Azalea viscosa. Pyrola rotundifolia. " elliptica. " chlorantha. " secunda. Moneses uniflora. Chimaphila umbellata. " maculata. Monotropa uniflora. " Hypopitys.* Ilex verticillata. Trientalis Americana. Lysimachia thyrsiflora. " lanceolata. " stricta. " qu ad ri folia. Utricularia cornuta. Epiphegus Virginiana.* Verbascum Thapsus. Linaria Canadensis. " vulgaris. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. Chelone glabra. Mimulus ringens. Gratiola aurea. Gerardia purpurea. " flava. Castilleia coccinea. Melampyrum Americanum. Verbena hastata. " urticifolia. Phryma Leptostachya. Mentha viridis. " Canadensis. Lycopus Europaeus. Pycnanthemum muticum. " lanceolatum. Hedeoma pulegioides. Brunella vulgaris. Leonuras cardiaca. Scutellaria galericulata. " lateriflora. Echium vulgare. Two or three plants in a hay field not per- manent. Myosotis verna. Convolvulus arvensis. Cuscuta Gronovii. Solanum Dulcamara. Gentiana crinita, plant 2 feet with 45 blossoms and buds. Gentiana Andrewsii. Menyanthus trifoliata. Apocynum androsaemifolium. Asclepias Cornuti. " purpurascens. " incarnata. Phytolacca decandra. Sassafras oflicinale. Lindera Benzoin. Comandra umbellata. Euphorbia maculata. Ulmus fulva.* " Americana. Platanus occidentalis. Juglans cinerea. xv. 9 110 FIELD MEETING AT OAK DELL, GEORGETOWN. Carya alba. " porcina. Quercus alba. Fagus ferruginea. Corylus Americana. Ostrya Virginica. Myrica Gale. " cerifera. Comptonia asplenifolia. Betula lutea. " alba var. populifolia. " papyracea. Alnus serrulata. Salix alba. Populus tremuloides. Pinus rigida. " Strobus. Abies Canadensis. Juniperus communis. Arisaema triphyllum. Peltandra Virginica. Typha latifolia. Sparganium eurycarpum. Alisma ptantago. Habenaria lacera. " psycocles. " fimbriata. Goodyera repens.* " pubescens. Spiranthes cernua. " gracilis. Arethusa bulbosa. Pogonia ophioglossoides, white variety. Calopogon pulchellus. Corallorhizajnultiflora.* Cypripedium acaule. Hypoxis erecta. Iris versicolor. Sisyrinchium Bermudiana. Smilax rotundifolia. " herbacea. Trillium cernuum.* Medeola Virginica. Smilacina racemosa. " bifolia. Polygonatum biflorum. Lilium Philadelphicum. " Canadense. Pontederia cordata. Filices. Polypodium vulgare. Adiantum pedatum.* Pteris aquilina. Asplenium Trichomanes.* " ebeneum. " Filix-foemina. Phegopteris hexagonoptera. Aspidium Thelypteris. " Noveboracense. " spinulosum.* " cristatum. " marginale.* " acrosticoides.* " var., in- cisum.* Cystopteris fragilis* Struthiopteris Germanica.* Onoclea sensibilis. Woodsia obtusa. Dicksonia punctilobula. Osmunda regalis. " Claytoniana. " cinnamomea. Botrychium Virginiauum.* " ternatum, var. aus- trale? fine specimens. Botrychium ternatum var. ob- liquum. Botrychium ternatum var. dis- sectum. Equisetum arvense. Lycopodium lucidulum. " dendroideum.* " clavatum. " complanatum. Selaginella rupestris.* " apus. BULLETIN ESSEX USTSTITTJTB Vol. 15. Salem : Oct., Nov., Dec, 1883. Nos. 10-12. Field Day at Dodge's Mill, Eowley, Friday, June 29, 1883. The party from Salem went to Ipswich in the morning express train, and by carriages to the place of meeting, some five or six miles distant. At Ipswich, a passing sail was made at the Manning High School , where there is a fine mineral ogical collection, also specimens repre- senting other departments of natural history. The mill is about three miles from Rowley village in the direction )f Georgetown and near to the limits of By field. It is upon the Dummer stream or brook, and it is owned by Mr. Ignatius Dodge ; in whose imnediate family it has been since 1772, and perhaps from an earlier date. Members and friends assembled soon from Georgetown, Boxford, Ipswich, Rowley and Groveland. Tables were >repared on a sequestered little island formed by the run- ling brook. Some of the party under the guidance of [r. Sears went on a botanizing excursion in the neighbor- hood ; others drove a couple of miles to a hill on which there are vestiges of supposed Indian earthworks. This hill, known as Hobson's Hill, is owned by Joshua . Foss. It stands out alone and commands a good view ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 9* (111) 112 FIELD DAY AT DODGE'S MILL. of the surrounding country to points from three to ten miles distant. The hill lies in part within the precincts of the Byfield parish, which is bounded by the Dummer stream. The principal object in visiting the summit of the hill was to examine a long but very low embankment and ditch extending nearly in a straight line over the hill to the low land. Mr. Foss discovered this line and sup- posed it to be Indian work, partly, perhaps, because of evidence that the place was a resort of the Indians many years ago. Mr. Putnam said that the work bore some resemblance to an Indian trail, but its abrupt termination was not favorable to that theory, and he thought a careful exami- nation of the place was required before an expression of opinion would be of any importance. After the noon repast, the company repaired to the saw mill where comfortable seats were improvised for the accommodation of those attending the afternoon session. President Wheatland introduced the exercises with a w observations relating to the vari< under which the field meetings are held. few observations relating to the various circumstances *© Mr. John H. Sears exhibited and remarked upon speci- mens of the following plants which had been collected during the day : Actsea spicata, var. rubra (Red Bane Berry). Thalictruui cornuti (Tall Meadow Rue). Magnolia glauca (Small Magnolia). Nuphar advena (Cow Lily). Corydalis glauca. Sarracenia purpurea (Pitcher Plant). Fragaria virginiana (Strawberry). Rosa lucida (Wild Rose). Cornus sericea (Round-leaved Cornell). FIELD DAY AT DODGE'S MILL. 113 Cornus alternifolia. Cornus circinata. Nyssa multiflora (Tupelo or Sugar Gum Tree). Rudbeckia hirta (Cone Flower). Leucanthemum vulgare (White Weed). Specularia perfoliata (Venus' Looking Glass). Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry). Kalraia latifolia (Large Laurel). Kalmia angustifolia (Sheep Laurel). Rhododendron rhodora (Rhodora). Pyrola chlorantha (Winter Green). Pyrola rotuudifolia (Winter Green). Chiraaphlia umbellata (Prince's Pine). Linaria canadensis (Toad Flax). Brunella vulgaris (Self-heal). Cynoglossum officinale (Hound's Tongue). Calystegia sepium (Hedge Bind Weed). Apocynum androssemifolium (Dogbane). Ostrya virginica (Hop Horn-beam). Peltandra virginica (Arrow Arum). Habenaria virescens (Orchis). Habenaria fimbriata (Great Purple Orchis). Pogonia ophioglossoides (Pogonia). Hypoxis erecta (Star Grass). Sisyrinchium bermudiana (Blue-eyed Grass). Allium canadense (Field Garlic). Vice President F. W. Putnam was introduced and made some very interesting remarks on archaeological subjects. These have been arranged in an illustrated paper and will be inserted at the close of this volume. The President then introduced Mr. John Eobinson with a reference to the Museum at Salem, in which collections have been going on for eighty-four years. Mr. Eobinson spoke of the earlier collection of speci- mens from the South Sea Islands and the East Indies by the East India Marine Society, and those of later date, 114 FIELD DAY AT DODGE'S MILL. chiefly zoological specimens, by the Essex Institute, all of which are now permanently deposited with the trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science and are arranged in the cabinets in the East India Marine Hall, Salem, where they are on free exhibition every day to the public. The Academy has lately given especial attention to per- fecting the collections representing the geology, botany, zoology and prehistoric relics of Essex County and nearly every species of the flora and fauna of this region may now be seen there, also specimens of its mineralogy and geol- ogy. The collection of prehistoric or "Indian relics" is also very large and displayed in the best manner. This Museum is county property and the people of the county should realize their rights and privileges in this ownership. To make this museum as perfect as it is de- sired it should be, the cooperation of our citizens is ear- nestly solicited by the trustees in charge. It is their wish to do all in their power for the instruction of visitors to the collections, and they have the means and facilities to care for all accessions which are made. Mr. Alfred Osgood, of Newburyport, made some general remarks upon the different forms of arrowpoints, and expressed some theories of his own upon the origin and use of the several forms. Hon. N. A. Horton, of Salem, was the last speaker, and, in closing, offered the following vote which was unanimously adopted. Voted. That the thanks of the Essex Institute are ten- dered to Messrs. Ignatius G. Dodge, Phineas Dodge, Harrison Nelson, W. Walker, Mrs. Hubbard, and others of the vicinity for the many kind attentions of the day, also for abundant refreshment at the noon lunch. Ad- journed. A Day at Linebrook, Thursday, July 26, 1883. This is a rural country village situated in the western part of the township of Ipswich, and is about the same distance from the principal settlement as from Boxford and Topsfield ; some of the people receive their mail matter in the latter town. The party from Salem went in carriages ; delegations from towns in the vicinity were also present. Soon after the arrival, a large number joined the botanical ramble under the guidance of Mr. John H. Sears ; others went at will over the hills and valleys to see places of interest in this pleasant locality. The noon-day repast was partaken of in a beautiful grove not far from the village church, which at 2.30 p. m. was well filled with an attentive audience ; the President opened the meeting with some preliminary remarks on the general subject of field meetings, and said that the three meetings held this season were in places which the Institute had visited for the first time, an unusual experience in its his- tory. Mr. John H. Sears, of Salem, described the flora of the neighborhood, which, he said, is so varied, that a large portion of the plants indigenous to the county can be found here. He exhibited quite a long list of those that had been collected during the day. Mr. M. V. B. Perley, of Linebrook Parish, read a communication which he had prepared, giving some in- teresting facts concerning the parish which is an old settle- ment, dating back to about 1636, an abstract of which is herewith appended. (115) 116 FIELD DAY AT LINEBEOOK. Rev. B. F. McDaniel, of Salem, made an humorous reference to his attempt to reach "Pulpit Rock," which he presumed, from a specimen taken from it, was a kind of porphyry common to the neighborhood. He said there was much to be seen and investigated, in a geological point of view in the stone walls hereabouts, and gave ad- vice in the direction of encouraging geological and min- eralogical investigation. He suggested that specimens of the various rocks in the town be collected and sent to the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science in Salem, and he promised to do his part in arranging the same. Mr. Sidney Perley, of Boxford, was the next speaker, He made a lengthy presentation of the state of society that preceded the Revolutionary period, especially referring to the houses, domestic appliances, food, dress, educa- tion, etc. Hon. J. J. H. Gregory, of Marblehead, made some practical suggestions about our common weeds. He said that some botanist should make a specialty of weeds com- mon to our pastures and fields, and give the benefit of his observations to the farmers and people of the county. Mr. A. C. Perkins, formerly of the Phillips Academy, Exeter, spoke of the importance of habits of observa- tion among the young, and how satisfactory it is to know a plant or flower when seen. He told the story of the country storekeeper, who placed on his counter a nicely arranged bunch of the blossoms of the common potato plant, and then as the farmers, his customers, generally came to his store, he asked them if they could tell him what the flower was? Of course, all of them had seen the potato blossom year after year, but no one recognized it and wondered what the beautiful specimens were. Mr. Perkins said that such meetings were of great FIELD DAY AT LINEBROOK. 117 value to the people, and he invited the persons present to examine their closets and garrets, and send printed or written historical or genealogical matter to the Institute for preservation, mentioning instances of papers, thus found, that were of great value and importance to the student in history. Hon. N". A. Horton, of Salem, said a few words respecting the parish of Linebrook and its connection with the witchcraft troubles in 1692. The Secretary offered a vote of thanks to the people of Linebrook for their kind attentions, and also for the use of the church for the purposes of the meeting. After an unanimous adoption, the meeting adjourned. The people of Linebrook seemed to have taken a great interest in this meeting ; men, women and children turned out en masse during the day, while at the afternoon meeting there was a large attendance. It was the generally ex- pressed opinion that the gathering was one of more than ordinary interest and enjoyment. A PEN-RAMBLE IN LINEBROOK. BY M. V. B. PERLEY. This is ancient territory. There were vested rights, upon the southeast, as early as 1635 or 6. Before 1653 Ipswich-Linebrook was all improved. The earliest own- ers were Batchelder, Winthrop, Norton, Foster, Payne, Jacobs, etc. The earliest settlers were Batchelder, Foster, Sherwin, Howe, Perley, Fowler, Davis, Grant, Bnrnham, Cooper, Burpee, Tenney, Pingree, Kimball, Chapman, Dodge, Jewett, Dresser, etc. The earliest settlements were upon the south and north where the rivers led. It has always been a farming com- munity. The surface is agreeably diversified with hills, plains and meadows. Hunsley hill upon the northeast, 300 feet above the level of the sea, is the highest eleva- tion in the county, except Baldpate in Georgetown, 392 feet, and Holts hill in Andover, 423 feet. Upon Huns- ley's summit, a tree, which was used by the United States government as a beacon for many years, was destroyed by the wind some ten years ago. The plain land is some- what sandy and not now particularly adapted to farming. When the soil was new it was very satisfactory for raising the cereals, and our early ancestors sought and valued it for corn, wheat, flax and others. The valleys are rich and fertile. The meadows were highly prized by the settlers, for they were the principal source of feed for their cattle in winter. One hundred and twenty -five years ago Mr. Job Pingry owned three thousand acres of this territory. Within our southwestern border is Hood Lake, fifty acres of beautiful water, lately stocked with choice fishes. (118) A PEN-RAMBLE IN LINEBROOK. 119 Near the site of the ancient church is n pulpit rock," hav- ing a perpendicular frontage of some ten feet, overlooking a broad plain, where Rev. George Whitefield electri- fied the multitude with the spirit of his power, as he reasoned of righteousness, temperance, and a judgment to come. Near the present church is one of the largest barns in the county, 120 by 41 feet, with excellent equipments. Opposite this barn is the site of the old garrison and tavern, where at a militia election the successful candidate was accidentally shot by his opponent, who was tried and convicted, but pardoned by the Governor before sentence was pronounced ; and where upon an election day a Mr. J. P. climbed the flag-staff, unaided, to the top of the mainstaff, for the reward of a bowl of punch that had been placed there by means of ladders. Having reached the top and secured the prize, he offered to share it with any who might earn it as he had. Several attempts with as many failures made him Monarch of all he surveyed With rights that none could dispute. Early in the present century there was the very eccen- tric sign of a very eccentric man. It has found its way into literature, and has been told as an entertaining story by travellers far and wide. His title was corporal, his trade blacksmith, his business landlord, and his sign : " I shoe the horse, I shoe the ox; I carry the nails in my box ; I make the nail, I set the shoe, And entertain some strangers too." At times he would not reply when questioned unless addressed by his title. He was as obliging and generous as he was eccentric. During the Revolution, report said one day that the enemy was sailing up Batchelder's brook, and men, wo- ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 10 120 A PEN-RAMBLE men and children fled for their lives. But one Dresser, whom they met, called them fools and deliberately taking out his pipe and lighting it, said, w I'll take a little smoke before they get here." They did not come, but we are not to infer that he is smoking now. One of our most substantial, practical, influential and valuable citizens, in general business and town affairs, was Phineas Nelson Dodge, for many years selectman and as- sessor, and several times elected special supervisor and commissioner in valuations and expenditures of large sums of money. Rev. Samuel Perley was born here — a graduate of Harvard College, an able preacher, and a member of the convention that ratified the Federal Constitution, and voted for its adoption. Here, too, was born Rev. Nathaniel Howe, uncle of our present pastor, a graduate of Harvard College, a preacher of Hopkinton, and noted for his orig- inality, incisive diction and hard logic. Linebrook fought in the Indian wars, in the Revolution, in the war of 1812, and furnished some fifteen or twenty soldiers against the Rebellion. But what of the parish as such? Of what use is it when churches and ministers are not particularly necessary to lead the great majority in the contemplation of truth : when saving truth is uttered only by the most popular preachers ; when converts can be made on a Sunday pleasure-ride, as in a prayer-room ; when seasides and groves are as hallowed, as the place where prayer is wont to be made? Of what use when men, therefore, are under no especial obligation to support it, except as a matter of charity to the church ; and tire so much during the week in the service of the world, that they feel too tired to serve God on Sunday ? There is little use of it, and there is a corresponding ignorance of its function. But there IN LINEBROOK. 121 was a time when the parish had its use ; when every man understood and obeyed its precept or felt its rod of correction ; when the parish was a power for good in social life and moral conduct, to say nothing now of the exemplary piety fostered by that old regime. There was a time when a man should labor six days and rest on the seventh ; when he must belong to some parish, must contribute proportionally of his substance for the gospel support, must be in his place of worship, with his family, on Sunday, or give a good and substantial reason for his neglect, and so bring up his children in rectitude. The parish was not a regime of compulsion more than any rule of right conduct of to-day. Worship is naturally inherent and is the foundation of religious life, and no well-ordered life exists without a time and place for every- thing. So every community for religious worship and instruction must have its metes and bounds, its corps of officers, its laws and by-laws and means of support. Parishes grew up then as towns do now. New corpo- rations in either case remove existing burdens and open new facilities for progress and prosperity. The inhabi- tants of this precinct were burdened in being so far re- mote from their respective places of worship. Boxford first parish, and Rowley second, were upon the west, Byfield upon the north, Rowley and Ipswich first parishes upon the east, and Topsfield parish upon the south. Cen- tral Linebrook is some four miles from either. Besides, many living within that distance would be better accom- modated here ; and with ample territory and consequently ample means, it was thought advisable to employ a relig- ious teacher as early as 1739 or 40. Shortly afterwards the propriety of a corporate parish began to be discussed, and a petition was sent to the Great and General Court of Massachusetts Bay. Finally, a committee of that body 122 A PEN-RAMBLE " repaired to the several parishes, took a view of the sit- uation and circumstances and heard the parishes con- cerned," and submitted their report March 21, 1745, old style. "In Council June 4, 1746, it was ordered that the inhabitants and their effects by the report set off to- gether with such other persons exempted as may join them within twelve months, be and are hereby erected into a distinct and separate precinct accordingly, and that they do duty and receive privileges as other precincts within the Province do or by law ought to enjoy, and that the charge of the committee amounting to 9£. 9s. 6p. be paid by the petitioners." "Sent down for concurrence. "J. Willard, Sec'y. "Keceived and concurred in. "J. Hutchinson, Speaker. " Consented to. "W. Shirley. " Copy examined , Pr Josiah Willard, Sec'y." The warrant for the first meeting was issued by " the worshipful Jonathan Wade, one of his Majesty's Justices of the Peace for the county of Essex." It was directed to Abraham How, and he was requested "to notify and warn the freeholders and other inhabitants of the precinct qualified to vote in town affairs to assemble and meet at the meeting-house in said parish, on Monday, the 7th day of July next, at one of the clock afternoon." It was dated and signed : " Given under my hand and seal this twelfth day of June in the twentieth year of his Majesty's reign annoq: Domini 1746. Jonathan Wade Justc Pa- ds." Mr. How made return of the warrant, and the first parish meeting was held according to its precept. George IN LINEBROOK. 123 Hibbert was chosen moderator ; Mark How, clerk ; and John Smith, Daniel Foster, George Hibbert, Jonathan Burpee and John Fowler, jr., a committee for calling future meetings. Thus the parish obtained its status, its right to command its parishioners and to tax their prop- erty. The perimeter of the parish is in part composed of five different brooks, and it was, therefore, determined by vote Jan. 27, 1746-7, to name it Linebrook. Dec. 25, 1755, Dea. Jonathan Burpee, Sen. David Perley and Mark How were chosen a committee to join with the neighboring parishes in perambulating the line, which was described in the petition to the Great and General Court, and recorded in the parish records March 17, 1752, as follows : In Ipswich, beginning at the mouth of Howlett's brook, so called, by the north side of Ipswich river ; thence run- ning northeasterly by said river till it comes to Gravelly brook, so called ; thence running northerly by said brook across the West Meadows till it comes to John Smith's, to the west branch of Egypt river, so called, and by said river till it comes to the northeasterly corner of Bull- brook pasture so called ; thence northwesterly including said pasture till it comes to where said pasture strikes Rowley line ; thence westerly on Rowley line till it comes to Batchelder's brook, so called ; thence northerly by said brook, including George Kilburn's and Thomas Wood's land on the east side of said brook, following the said brook till it conies to the easterly part of George Hibbert's land ; then, as said Hibbert's land runs to the northwest corner thereof, including said Hibbert's land ; thence running northwesterly as the line runs between Jonathan Burpee's and Aquilla Jewett's land to the brook, on which stands Mr. Tenney's grist-mill ; so by the brook 124 A PEN-RAMBLE to the said mill ; thence by said brook till it comes to Straight bridge ; still southwesterly on said brook includ- ing Aaron and Job Pingree's and Jedediah and David Kilburn's and David Perley's land on the north of said brook to an island in the Great Meadows, called Pea- body's Island, to Boxford line ; thence southerly as Box- ford and Rowley line runs till it comes to the Ipswich line ; thence as the line runs between Boxford and Ips- wich, till it comes to the corner bounds between Ipswich, Boxford and Topsfield before Capt. Perley's door; thence as the line runs between Topsfield and Ipswich, till it comes to the first mentioned bounds at Howlett's brook. Feb. 11, 1774, a part of the parish with the same part of the town of Ipswich was by the General Court set off to Topsfield. June 28, 1786, a law was passed wherein the bounds of parishes formerly settled were " confirmed and established." After the amendment to the State Constitution a law was made whereby all memberships of parishes must be preceded by an application in writing. In 1846, a part of Ipswich was set off to Boxford, but no mention was made of the parish, which was, therefore, uneffected. No other changes have come to our notice and the Linebrook of to-day includes parts of Rowley, Ipswich and Boxford — the original line except in the set-off to Topsfield. A parishioner, at first, as deter- mined by Worshipful Wade's warrant for the first meet- ing, was an inhabitant of the precinct, qualified by law to vote in town affairs. By the law of June 28, 1786, a parishioner must pay, over and above his poll-tax, a tax equal to two-thirds of a single poll-tax. We know of no other restriction and no change in these. The Public Statutes of 1882 say: "Nothing in this chapter shall enlarge or diminish the powers of taxation enjoyed by IN LINEBROOK. 125 any religious society by virtue of any special law or act of incorporation, nor impair the existing right of prop- erty of any territorial parish." Thus Linebrook exists to-day, if these laws have been complied with, — exists at the age of one hundred and thirty-seven years, strong in her original powers and privileges, and only subject to the duties and liabilities of her youth. The first meeting-house was erected in 1743. June 27, 1746-7, the parish voted to finish the house thus : First, the pulpit and deacon's seat ; second, the body seats be- low ; third, three fore seats in each gallery ; fourth, the gallery stairs and plaster under the gallery ; fifth, a pew for the parish. May 18, 1747, it was voted that the meeting-house be finished by the last of October. It was a two-story, square house, was furnished with box-pews, and was entered by a front door and a door on each side. Dec. 28, 1747, a committee was chosen to receive and receipt for a gift from Abraham Smith, and discharge the executor. They were also to paint the pulpit suit- ably and put on it the name of Abraham Smith deceased. This house stood about a third of the way on the road from the Ipswich-Linebrook school-house to the Rowley- Georgetown road. The building committee were John Smith, Thomas Potter, Mark How, Jonathan Burpee and John Abbott. The genealogy of the Fowler family reads that James Davis, who married Abigail Metcalfe, gave the land on wrhich the house stood. The parish records read that the price of pew No. 11, bought by Joseph Metcalfe and Jonathan Burpee, was "3£ acres of land to build the house on." The house was removed to the location of the present church and rebuilt in 1828 and dedicated Jan. 1, 1829. The rebuilding followed the old model. The present church was erected in 1848. Their method of psalm singing was quaint. The tuner, 126 A PEN-RAMBLE as the leader was called, would read a verse or line and then strike some symmetrical movement, when all the organs vocal followed. In 1791, the singing-school was invited to assist the timers, and their office began to decline. No Ruling Elder was chosen after 1787. The deacons number twelve. Dea. William F. Conant, the present incumbent, has worthily and efficiently performed the duties of his office for fifty-two years. He has also been superintendent of the Sunday School, at intervals, about forty years. The school was established about 1818. No records of its progress or doings have been kept or are now. It is doing a good work, and has a membership of about fifty. The church has had five settled pastors. Rev. George Leslie was the first. He was a native of Scot- land, a graduate of Harvard College, a divinity student of Rev. John Emerson of Topsfield, was ordained here when the church was organized, married Deacon Burpee's youngest daughter, had eight children (six sons), removed to Washington, N. H., where he was installed in 1780, where he was offered and declined a professorship in Dartmouth College, and where his family sleep, save one son. He was an eminent scholar, intellectually powerful, and a pious and successful minister. Rev. Gilbert T. Wil- liams succeeded. He was a native of New Jersey, a grad- uate of Dartmouth College, lived in the house Mr. Leslie owned and occupied, and was dismissed after a useful min- istry of twenty-four years. He settled the next year in West Newbury, where a shock of palsy terminated his la- bors. He died at Framingham in 1824. Rev. Ezekiel Dow was the next pastor. He was born in Warren, N. H. , where he now resides. He was installed Christmas, 1860, and he closed his pastorate in 1866. Mr. Dow's suc- cessor, 1866-1871, was Rev. Alvah M. Richardson, a IN LINEBROOK. 127 native of Woburn, a graduate of Amherst and Andover, a good, worthy and pious man, but an unsuccessful preacher. Rev. Benjamin Howe, our present pastor, succeeded him. Mr. Howe is a native of Linebrook ; he fitted for college at Meriden, N. H., Academy, graduated at Amherst College, and at Hartford, Conn., Seminary. He is a worthy citizen, is generous and charitable, a good and diligent student, a faithful and fairly successful preacher, a pious man. The infirmities of age have unfitted him for parochial duties, except on occasions, and he has retired to his farm in Hudson, N. H. Serus in coelum redeas. There have been stated supplies by the Rev. Messrs. David Tullar, Moses Welch, J. jW. Shepard, Eliphalet Burchard, E. E. Abbott and J. W. Healy, now Doctor of Divinity and President of Sierra Madre College, Pas- sadena, California, and others, whose labors have been blessed with fruitful harvests. The internal life of the church has been an average harmony. Her worldly goods and favors have been scanty, yet in moral worth and religious fervor she has kept abreast of her sisters. The Master of the Vineyard has evidently been lovingly watchful of his own, as at- tested by his Spirit. The membership now is forty-nine, about forty of whom are residents. Through all these years the church has been a power for good ; and no well-minded, thoughtful parishioner, who loves his own, who cherishes his neighbor, who seeks good society, who would purify social life, who would help to elevate the moral standard, would throw wholesome influences about his children, and so make his own name redolent with praise, — will stand complacently by and see the old society need any good thing. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 10* A Day in Groveland, Wednesday, August 15, 1883. The meeting this day was held by invitation of the Groveland Flower Mission, and was one of much enjoy- ment. It was attended by a good delegation from Salem, and in the afternoon by many representative citizens of the immediate neighborhood. At the station, on the arrival of the morning train, was a committee who kindly guided the visitors to the places of interest. Some passed the forenoon exploring the fields along Johnson's Creek, above the Boston and Maine Railroad Station and Palmer's Creek, which finds its way to the river, a short distance below Balch's Grove, in quest of plants, a good collection of which was made for the afternoon session. Among those who visited the * Great Rock" was Mr. Alfred Osgood of Newburyport, who says it is a boulder of apparently fifteen tons, resting upon three smaller stones; it is of diorite, the prevailing rock of this vicin- ity, which consists of feldspar and hornblende. Those who did not join the excursionists went to Balch's Grove, the place for the meeting, which is a very attractive spot, bordering on the Merrimac River. It is extensive in area, and is made up of some open level land and a hill which extends, we should judge, almost or quite half a mile in the direction of the Groveland bridge. The eastern termination of this hill rises from the river's path- way as a steep bluff, and from the cleared space at the summit a very fine river-view may be obtained, which in- cludes the hills and wooded banks opposite, the river below until it winds out of sight and the flourishing city (128) A FIELD DAY IN GROVELAND. 129 of Haverhill above. Steamers and tug boats were from time to time seen going up and clown the river, and an occasional sail or row boat contributed to the attractive- ness of this beautiful, historic and very important indus- trial stream. The lunch was served on the grounds, and our hosts showed great hospitality in their courteous and kind at- tentions. The afternoon session was held in the pavilion at 2.30 p. m. The President made a few preliminary remarks, in which he spoke of previous visits of the Institute to Groveland, the first being in 1837, when they were re- ceived in the Academy Hall, Rev. Dr. Perry and pre- ceptor Morse being much interested in the work of the Institute. Another visit was in 1872, the meeting being in the new Academy Hall. Miss Harriet E. Paine, the President of the Grove- land Flower Mission, was then introduced, who gave a very interesting account of the botanical rambles, show- ing a variety of plants gathered, some of which are not found in the surrounding towns, and others which are rare, comprising in all some seventy-six species. She subsequently read a list of some of the plants to be found in Groveland which are not mentioned by Mr. Robinson in his " Flora of Essex County." In the course of her remarks she alluded to the fact of occasionally finding plants not previously noticed ; the seeds, from which they germinated, were probably brought down in the waste from the mills above. A partial list of the plants above alluded to is hereto appended. Hon. George B. Loring, U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, was introduced to speak upon the subject of 130 A FIELD DAY IN GROVELAND. "Forestry," which had just been engaging his attention at the west. Before proceeding to that subject, however, he spoke a pleasant word for the fidelity of Mr. W. P. Conant, an associate member of the Institute who is do- ing faithful work in the Agricultural Department at Washington in the collection and classification of the grasses. He spoke of the Merrimac River and its asso- ciations with matters of history, and of the vast im- portance of its many and varied industries at Manchester, Lowell, Lawrence and other places, contrasting them with the woollen industry by hand process of the olden time. After briefly alluding to the leather and other indus- tries, he then spoke of the lumbering business and its growth within the past fifty or sixty years ; formerly it was considered as being identified exclusively with Ban- gor. The activity of the woodman in destroying our forests is raising the question of the future supply. If it continues at the rate it has been going on in Maine, the supply will be exhausted in eight or ten years. In Michigan, Wisconsin, and other western states, it will be but a few years before similar results will follow. But in Texas, rating from the past it would take 250 years to exhaust the supply, and in South Carolina 150 years. While lumbering is disappearing along the northern belt, there is a belt of lumber standing along the Gulf States. The south now wants the activity and energy of New Eng- land, and this will be one of the stepping-stones by which this section will become prosperous and enterprising. While these remarks had more particular reference to pine, he spoke also of ornamental wroods. At St. Paul's he had been presented with a gavel made of hickory, wThich was very handsome. Of all the many and various woods in the collection at Washington there were none A FIELD DAY IN GROVEL AND. 131 that would compare with the beauty of some of the south- ern pines or that of the ornamental woods in which the country abounds. Dr. Loring spoke of the importance of impressing upon the public mind the necessity of pre- serving our woods. This can be done by taking the same care of the cut woodlots that is taken of the cornfield. The woodland should be protected the same as any other land. Pine wood will make a growth in twenty years ; oaks and hard woods, as a rule, in about forty-two years. Wherever a man goes trees follow him. Trees will grow anywhere and will grow plentifully. It is only necessary that the ground should be cultivated. Many trees are not to be transplanted, but planted ; those that are indigenous to the soil do best. He said this might seem to be a small question by the side of the great crops of the country, but it was one of great importance. Hon. N. A. Horton, of Salem, presented a few brief sketches from the history of Groveland. He spoke of the Old Parish Church, organized June 7, 1727. The first occupant of its pulpit was the Rev. William Balch ; he died Jan'y 12, 1792. His successor was the Rev. Ebenezer Dutch ordained colleague-pastor Nov. 17, 1779, who died Aug. 4, 1813, at the age of sixty-two. He was followed by Rev. Gardner Braman Perry,1 who died Dec. 16, 1859, having been in the active service of the ministry over thirty-six years. Rev. Mr. Perry is represented as a man of more than ordinary ability as a preacher, and stood high in his denomination. He appeared to have that faculty of dis- creetness which was capable of giving a strong moral sup- 1 Rev. Gardner Braman Perry, D. D., son of Nathan and Phebe (Braman) Perry, born at Norton, Mass., Aug. 9, 1783; gv. Union College, 1801; ordained Sept. 28, 1814. See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. IV, 106. 132 A FIELD BAY IN GROVEL AND. port to the reforms of the times without the misfortune of antagonizing any party. He was a promoter of temper- ance reformation and a sympathizer with the anti-slavery cause. He was a man of much public spirit and was in- terested in the promotion of works to benefit the town and the public. Mr. Horton then spoke of the late Dr. Jeremiah Spof- ford,2 who died in this place a few years ago, at an advanced age. He alluded to him as a man whose opinions were always strong and decided, and a fair type of that old- fashioned citizenship which constituted the best life of New England, and to the influence of which this state and coun- try must look for prosperity and permanence in the future. He then proceeded to read, with here and there a passing comment, a dozen short extracts from an address deliv- ered by Dr. Spofford in the First Church, Groveland, June 22, 1867. It was published at that time in a pam- phlet entitled " Reminiscences of Seventy Years, includ- ing Half a Century in the Practice of Medicine in this Place." It was a mixture of autobiography and town history. After some remarks from Dr. Loring and Dr. George Cogswell, of Bradford, in reference to Rev. Dr. Perry and Dr. Jeremiah Spofford, and the passing of a vote of thanks to the Flower Mission of Groveland, and to Mr. Balch, the proprietor of the grove, for courtesies extended during this pleasant visit to Groveland, the meeting ad- journed. 2 Jeremiah Spofford, son of Jeremiah and Temparence Spofford, born at New Rowley (Georgetown), Dec. 8, 1787, removed to East Bradford (Groveland), in 1817, died Sept. 16, 1880. See Bulletin Essex Inst., Vol. IV, 108. PLANTS SHOWN AT THE MEETING IN GROVELAND, MASS., AUGUST, 1883 BY MISS HARRIET E. PAINE. Ranunculus Flammula, var. reptans (Creeping Spearwort). Actea rubra) # (Red Baneberry). " alba ) fruit (White Baneberry). Hypericum ellipticum (St. John'swort). " corymbosum (Common St. John'swort). " mutilum. Ceanothus Americanus (fruit) ; a plant from which tea was made during the Revolution). (New Jersey Tea). Desmodium Canadense. Ly thrum Salicaria (Spiked Loosestrife). Cicuta bulbifera (Cowbane). Sium lineare (Water Parsnip). Liatris scariosa (Blazing Star). Solidago latifolia. " lanceolata. Krigia Virginica (Dwarf Dandelion). Hieracium Canadense. " venosum (Rattlesnake Weed). Lobelia Cardinalis (Cardinal Flower). Campanula rotundifolia (Harebell). Lysimachia ciliata. Mimulus ringens (Monkey Flower). Gratiola aurea. Scutellaria lateriflora (Mad-dog Skullcap). Cuscuta Gronovii (Dodder). Laportea Canadensis (Wood-nettle). Carya alba (fruit) (Shagbark Hickory). Peltanclra Virginica (fruit) (Arrow Arum). Goodyera repens. Dulichium spathaceum. Zizania aquatica (Indian Rice). Spartina cynosuroides (Salt Marsh Grass). Bromus ciliatus. Andropogon furcatus. " scoparius. Equisetum hyemale (Scouring Rush). Struthiopteris Germanica (Ostrich Fern). Cystopteris fragilis, var. dentata. Buxbaumia aphylla. (133) GROVELAND PLANTS NOT REPORTED BY MR. ROBINSON IN COUNTY ELORA. BY MISS HARRIET E. PAINE. Ly thrum alatum, a few blossoms near a creek flowing from a woollen factory. Penstemon Digitalis, found in several places, one of them an old field where it could not have been introduced with western grain. Trillium album and Trillium declinatum, in a rich meadow where all the intermediate steps between T. cernuum and T. erectum may be found , some of the plants also varying in the direction of T. sessile and T. erythrocarpum. In the same meadow has been found one plant of a Salix which has not yet been identified by any of the four or five bot- anists who have seen it. It was not more than one or two feet in height, and further search in the meadow has failed to discover any trace of more. Allium Sehoenoprasum. Buxbaumia aphylla. Eegatella couica. The above were mentioned at the Institute, with the exception of the Willow. Since then, the following have been added to the list, as well as many varieties of plants, particularly of lichens. Sanicula Canadensis. Houstonia purpurea, a var. Solidago gigantea. Bidens cernua. Penstemon pubescens. Rumex glomeratus. Pertusaria multipuncta. (134) Field Day at West Peabody, Wednesday, Sept. 19, 1883. By invitation of the West Peabody Farmers' Club, a meeting was held this day at the Schoolhouse Hall in West Peabody. The members of the Institute and their friends began to assemble at 10 a. m., and were cordially received by a committee of the Farmers' Club, consisting of the President, Mr. Taylor, and Messrs. Upham, Hen- derson, Viles and Farwell. The company was divided into excursion parties, and under the direction of members of the Club visited several places of interest in the fields and woods. The farms of Messrs. Henry Saltonstall, Francis H. Appleton, William P. Upham and Joseph Henderson were visited, and every facility was extended to examine these well laid-out grounds, extensive barns filled with hay and other crops, fine breeds of stock, and the various new and improved implements used in the general management of the farm. These are in striking contrast with the system adopted and the means employed in carrying on large farms some fifty years ago. Similar improvements are perceptible in all the other industries of this county. The agricultural keeps pace with the mechanical, the commercial and manu- facturing. A botanical ramble was organized under the direction of Mr. John H. Sears, and many places of interest were visited. At one o'clock the various parties reassembled for lunch, and at an hour and a half later the afternoon ses- sion was held. The President in the chair. After a few introductory remarks, he called upon Mr. John H. Sears who gave, in a very pleasant manner, the results of the botanical ramble ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XV. 11 C13^) 136 FIELD DAY AT WEST PEABODY. showing a variety of plants which were collected. Many of the species were those that are usually found at this season in similar localities in this vicinity : others were rarities of considerable interest. He spoke of the Gen- tiana crinita (Fringed Gentian), Veronica americana (Brook Lime), Parnassia caroliniana (Grass of Parnas- sus) and of some of the species of Solidago and Asters. In a small pond near the residence of W. P. Upham, Esq., he collected specimens of Polygonum amphibium. Mr. George Dixon, an English gentleman now resid- ing in Virginia, spoke of the English grasses and of the English sparrow. He is of the opinion that we shall find this sparrow to prove troublesome ere long. Mr. William P. Upham read a paper giving an account of the early settlements in West Peabody, the bounds and landmarks of many of the farms and estates and the traditions relating thereto that have come down in the old families. This paper was referred to the publication committee, and will appear in the Historical Collections. Messrs. James F. Ingraham, Willard Spalding, James P. King, Joseph Henderson, all of West Peabody, Woodbury P. Conant, of the U. S. Agricultural Depart- ment, and J. S. Kingsley made appropriate and interest- ing remarks. The Secretary offered the following vote which was unanimously adopted. Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute are due and are hereby tendered to Messrs. Harrison Taylor, W. P. Upham, Bowman Viles, James P. King, John E. Hedrick, Joseph Henderson, Edwin C. Farwell and other members of the West Peabody Farmers' Club, for the many kind attentions tendered during the day ; also to the town authorities for the use of the schoolhouse for the purposes of the meeting. Adjourned. KEMAKKS UPON SOME CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS. BY F. W. PUTNAM. (Communicated at the meeting on June 29, 1883.) Vice-President Putnam addressed the meeting on the subject of "American Archaeology." After a general statement of the importance of studying the works of man in the past, not only in order to obtain an insight in- to the condition and development of the early races, but also, by comparison, to trace their connections and migra- tions over the world, he confined his remarks to the method of manufacture, the character and use of chipped stone implements. The subject was illustrated by several photographs and drawings which he brought from the Museum at Cambridge, and by the local collection ex- hibited to the meeting by Mr. Dodge. The first cutting implements used by man, to supple- ment his finger nails and teeth, probably consisted of pieces of stone, broken shells, the teeth of animals and splinters of bone or wood, according to the particular circumstances and surroundings of the individual. While such natural and primitive implements are still in use by the lower savages, and in emergencies are resorted to by us all, the natural wisdom of man, as shown by his great inventive power in his onward march, soon led him to prepare implements better adapted to his purposes. Thus, among the very oldest works of man, of whfch we have positive knowledge, are the chipped stone imple- (137) 138 CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS. merits found at greater or less depth in the gravel beds of various parts of the world ; such as those discovered by Dr. Abbott in the gravel of the Delaware valley at Trenton, N. J., of which figs. 1 and 2 are representations. Implements such as these were made readily from any kind of stone which fractures with a sharp edge, and they were formed by striking off pieces with another stone which served as a hammer. In each locality the stones which have this essential character soon became known and hence we find that chipped implements made of the several varieties of slate, jasper and quartz are abundant in this vicinity, while in other parts of America flint or chert, obsidian, chalcedony and other kinds of stones were used. A variety of argillite was the material in common use among the people inhabiting the valley of the Delaware at a time so remote that we are unable, as yet, to express it in years. While we cannot affirm that the rudely- made implements found in the Trenton gravel were fast- ened to handles, it is probable that they were, as we know that similar implements are furnished with handles by savages probably as low in the scale of humanity as were the ancient men of the glacial epoch. Figures 1 and 2 represent two of the argillite implements from the Trenton gravel. Fig. 3 is an illustration of a rude stone implement pro- vided with a handle, from Tasmania. The handle is sim- ply a tough twig which has been cut or scraped flat on one side and then bent over the stone ; the flat surfaces of the twig coming together below the stone are secured in place by a string and form a rounded handle. A similar method may have been followed in hafting the rude imple- ments found in the gravel. Another primitive form of cutting implement is shown CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS. 16\) in fig. 4. This is from Australia, and was made by fastening sharp fragments or flakes of stone to a stiek by means of a tenacious gum. It is a good illustration of the manner in which flint and other flakes may have been mounted for use as saw-like knives by North American tribes. The original of this figure is in the collection of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem. Another rude but efficient form of knife is shown in fig. 5. This is simply a large flake of striped gray flint, slightly chipped along two of its edges. It was taken from an Indian grave in southern California, and is described with several others of a similar character in Vol. VII, Keport of Lt. Wheeler's survey west of 100th meridian. Fragments of the wooden handle and some of the as- phaltum with which it was fastened, are still attached to the base of the stone. Such flint knives without their han- dles are common, and are often called rude arrowheads or spearpoints, although by most archaeologists they are termed flake-knives or trimmed flakes. A flint knife with its wooden handle is shown in fig. 6. This also was from an Indian grave near Santa Barbara, California. Numer- ous other specimens of this character have been found in graves in southern California. It is seldom the case that the wooden handle is preserved, although the asphaltum with which the blade was fastened to the handle often remains attached to the stone. In other regions different substances were used for se- curing the blade to the handle. Among many interesting objects taken from bundles containing human skel- etons,1 found by Dr. Edward Palmer in the burial caves of Coahuila, Mexico, and now in the Peabody Museum ^ee Reports Peabody Museum Arch, and Ethn., Cambridge. Vol. Ill, p. 233. 140 CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS. at Cambridge, are large, thin and well-chipped points of flint which are fastened to short handles, by means of a tenacious substance probably obtained from the cactus. Representations of seven of these knives from two burial caves are given in figures 7-13, as they form a very in- teresting addition to our knowledge of at least one of the methods of mounting the large chipped points, and they also show that not all such points were spearheads. Although large rude implements, like those from the Trenton gravel, were made by simply chipping off pieces so as to leave a rough cutting edge or a point, the deli- cately flaked knives from the Mexican caves required ad- ditional work of a higher character. The art of making arrowheads and similar objects out of stone is often stated to be one of the lost arts ; but this is not the case, since at the present time there are many Indians in this country, who continue to manufact- ure them, and even work pieces of glass bottles into sym- metrical and delicate arrowpoints. The method of making the points has been described several times by eye-wit- nesses, and although there is a difference in detail accord- ing with the material used and the skill of the workman, the manufacture may be described in general terms as follows : A piece of that particular kind of stone, which experi- ence has shown to be the best attainable for the purpose, is selected and roughly shaped by striking blows with a hammer-stone. If it is found to chip readily, it is shaped still further by light blows along the edges, each blow strik- ing off a chip. Partly wrapped in a piece of skin, it is then held in the left hand and finished by flaking off little bits. This delicate part of the work is done with a flak- ing tool made usually of a piece of bone or antler. This CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS. 141 is a few inches long and about half an inch wide, hav- ing one end rubbed down to a blunt edge, which may be either straight, pointed or notched. The other end is fastened to a piece of wood so as to give a firm support to the hand. Sometimes this wooden handle is long enough to be held under the arm, thus steadying the implement which is grasped by the right hand. The edge of the flaker is pressed firmly against the edge of the stone, then with a slight rotation of the wrist a small flake is thrown from the edge of the stone. It will be found that, with a little practice, this flaking can be done with consid- erable rapidity and precision. Some stones flake better after being heated. The numerous forms of chipped im- plements known as scrapers, drills, knives, spearpoints and arrowheads, which are represented in the collection before us, probably were made by a method similar to this which I describe. Presumably the smaller are arrow- heads which were mounted in various ways. A mounted point, which may have been either a heavy arrow or a javelin, is shown in fig. 14. It was found in an ancient grave near Arica, Peru, by Mr. J. H. Blake. The point is of quartz and is held in the socket by the string which passes over the barb and is wound round the end of the wooden shaft. The other end of the wood is so shaped as to lead to the conclusion that it was set into a shaft like the more slender piece which forms part of the arrow shown in fig. 15. Both specimens were found by Mr. Blake in the same grave. The more delicate quartz point of the latter is set in a hole in the end of a piece of hard wood and held fast by gum or pitch. The thread was wound round the wood simply to keep the piece from splitting. This piece was then set in a hollow reed which formed the long shaft of the arrow. This 142 CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS. method of mounting arrowpoints is common in North America. Figs. 16, 17 and 18 represent arrows made by the Navajo and Pah-Ute Indians. In these the points, which are of chalcedony and obsidian, are fastened in a notch at the end of the wood with pitch and a lashing of sinew. The piece of wood is then set in a hollow reed, as shown in fig. 16a; the end of the reed being wound with sinew to prevent its splitting. Another mode of mounting is shown in fig. 19. It is an arrow made by the natives of Tierra del Fuego. The point is chipped from a piece of bottle glass, and is fastened directly in a slot at the end of the wooden shaft by binding firmly with' a sinew with- out the aid of any pitch or gum. Fig. i. Fig. 1. Implement of argillite from the Trenton Gravel. -1 Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Two views of an Implement op argillite from the Trenton Gravel.-}- Fig. 3. »f Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Rude Stone Axe in a wooden handle. J From Tasmania. Fig. 4. Stone Chips fastened by gum to a wooden handle, ± From Australia. Fig. 6. Fig. 5. Flake Knife with remains op wooden handle, i From Graves near Santa Barbara, California. Fig. 7. Figs. 7, 8. Flint Knives in wooden handles. £ From Burtal Cave in Coahuila, jukxico. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Figs. 9, 10. Flint Knives in wooden handles. § From Burial Cave in Coahuila, Mexico. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. :-M m •■■ ': ! liiil Figs. 11, 12. Flint Knives in wooden handles, h From Burial Caves in Coahuila, Mexico. FIG. 13. Fig. u. mill 1/ ih ,' i ill Hi t:f Fig. 13. Flint Knife in wooden handle. | From Cave in Coahuila, Mex . Fig. 14. Quartz Point in wooden socket. J- From Grave in Arica, Peru. Fig. 15. Arrow Point with shaft of wood and reed. £ From Grave in Arica, Peru. BULLETIN ESSEX INSTITUTE, VOLUME XVI. 1884. SALEM, MASS. PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS, 1884. CONTENTS. Page. Prefatory Note, . 1 The North American Reptiles and Batrachians ; by Samuel Gar- man, 3 An Extraordinary Shark ; by Samuel Garman, .... 47 A Species of Heptranchias supposed to be new ; by Samuel Gar- man, 56 Pigeons and the Pigeon Fancy; by Win. G. Barton, ... 59 Annual Meeting, Monday, May 19, 1884, 82 Election of officers, 82; retrospect of the year, 83; members, 83; field meetings, 88; meetings, 89; lectures, 90; publications, 91; library, 92; art exhibition, 103; horticultural, 105; museum, 105; financial, 107; abstract of secretary's report, 108. Field Day at Topsfield, Wednesday, June 18, 1884, . . .109 Remarks of the President, 111 ; of James J. H. Gregory, 111 ; of Rev. Fielder Israel, 112. Notes on the Condition of Zoology, fifty years ago and to-day : in connection with the growth of the Essex Institute ; by E. S. Morse, 113 The Progress of Botany in Essex County during the last half century, especially as influenced by the Essex Co. Natural His- tory Society and the Essex Institute ; by John Kobinson, . 122 Geology and Mineralogy in Essex County; by B. F. McDaniel, 133 An Historical Sketch ; by Samuel P. Fowler, . . . .141 A Field Day at Annisquam, Wednesday, July 16, 1884, . . 146 Remarks of the President, 147; of Alpheus Hyatt, A. C. Perkins, 147; of Jonas H. French, James Davis, 148. The Annisquam Laboratory ; by J. S. Kingsley 149 CM) CONTENTS. Field Day at Asbury Grove, Hamilton, Thursday, July 31, 1884, 152 Remarks of the President, 153; of James F. Almy, 153; of George D. Phippen, F. W. Putnam, 154; of J. H. Sears, Rev. B. F. McDaniel, N. A. Horton, 156. Field Day at Newbury Old Town, Thursday, August 28, 1884, 158 Remarks of the President, 158; of Luther Dame, Alfred Osgood, 159; of Stephen H. Phillips, D. B. Hagar, 160; of Rev. Fielder Israel, George Osgood, 161; tribute to Rev. Dr. Withington, 161. Geology and Mineralogy of Newbury, by B. F. McDaniel, . 163 Flowering of Plants, December, 1884, 170 BULLETIN ESSE2I UsTSTITUTE Vol. 16. Salem : Jan., Feb., March, 1884. Nos. 1, 2, 3 PKEFATOKY NOTE. At a meeting of the Essex Institute, held on Monday, December 17, 1883, it was announced that the Friday evening preceding (Dec. 14) was the fiftieth anniversary of the assembling together of a few friends, among whom may be mentioned Dr. Andrew Nichols of Danvers, Wil- liam Oakes of Ipswich, John C. Lee, Thomas Spencer, J. M. Ives, B. H. Ives, Charles G. Page and others, of Salem, to take the initiatory steps in the organization of a society for the promotion of Natural History, under the name of the Essex County Natural History Society. At this meeting a committee was appointed to draft a consti- tution and by-laws, and these were adopted at an ad- journed meeting held on the Wednesday following. The completion of the organization was effected at a meeting held in Topsfield on Wednesday, April 16, 1834. This last event it is proposed to commemorate in April next at Topsfield. This Society united with the Essex Historical Society, organized in 1821, was incorporated by the Legislature of 1848 under the name of the Essex Institute. The following publications may be specified among those issued by the Institute since its organization in 1848. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XYI. 1 (1) 2 PREFATORY NOTE. Proceedings and Communications 6 vols., 8vo, 1848 to 1868. These volumes contain a large number of descrip- tions and figures of new species, especially of corals, insects and polyzoa, and many valuable papers in natural history. The first three volumes also contain many im- portant historical papers. In addition to the papers on special subjects, these volumes contain the proceedings of the meetings of the Institute, the records of additions to the Library and Museum, and many important verbal communications mtde at the meetings. Bulletin 15 vols., 8vo, issued quarterly, a continuation of the "Proceedings of the Essex Institute" containing an account of the Eegular Home and Field Meetings of the Society and papers of scientific value. Historical Collections 20 vols., 8vo, issued quarterly, contain extracts from the records of courts, parishes, churches and towns in this county ; abstracts of wills, deeds and journals ; records of births, baptisms, marriages and deaths, and inscriptions on tombstones ; also papers of historical, genealogical and biographical interest. In these volumes will be found memoirs of deceased mem- bers of the Institute and others ; also genealogies of Es- sex County families. Flora of Essex Co., by John Robinson, 8vo, pp. 200. First Cruise of Frigate "Essex," by Admiral Geo. H. Preble, U. S. N. In the year 1883 the Institute exchanged publications with thirty-two societies in Germany, ten in France, four in Switzerland, three in Austria, one in Denmark, four in Sweden, two in Italy, two in Belgium, thirteen in Great Britain (besides receiving the Government Surveys of India and the United Kingdom) , and with eighteen Mis- cellaneous, twenty-three Scientific and twenty- three His- torical Societies in America. THE NORTH AMERICAN REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. A LIST OF THE SPECIES OCCURRING NORTH OF THE ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC, WITH REFERENCES. BY SAMUEL GARMAN. The following list is presented in the shape in which it has proved most useful in my own work. As in other pub- lications, I have placed the date immediately after the au- thority, as one naturally thinks it. In order accurately to determine species, comparison should be made with the original description rather than with the opinion of a sub- sequent writer ; for this reason reference is made to the discoverer and not to one in whose opinion the species belongs to a genus some other than that in which it was originally placed. Consequently, the references are under names unaffected by frequent changes from one genus to another. Heretofore, the faunal limit for North America has been patriotically placed at the Mexican boundary. The distribution of the reptiles and Batrachians proves this limit to be unscientific, and shows the nearest approach to a separation between the faunas of the Americas, North and South, at the southern extremity of the tableland of Mexico. Attempt is made in this list to include all the species known to occur north of that point. When several localities for a species are given, they are chosen to indicate the extent of its range as nearly as possible. With a slight modification, the binomial system is fol- lowed. For various reasons, as will be seen below, the tri- (3) 4 GARMAN S LIST OF or polynomials affected by different authors, can hardly be considered improvements. Such names as, for example, Cinosternum ( Thy roster num) pennsylvanicum pennsylvan- icum (v) x, or Trqpidonotus (Nerodia) compressicaitdus compressicaudus flavirostris (v) y, if there were varieties, have the appearance of doubtful advances from a binomial system. According to that system, if V first describes a spe- cies under a certain title, and W discovers one closely allied — giving it a name — and X says W's species is not suffi- ciently distinct, X is entitled to the credit rather than W, and the formula reads Genus (Subgeyius) species subspecies (V) X. That is, V is credited with a form he never saw, and W is discredited by X who claims to rank with V be- cause, for whatever reason, possibly insufficient knowl- edge, he arrives at a conclusion differing from that of W. If there are varieties, Y may displace X, and for author- ities we should have (V) Y, or, if Z discovers that Y's variety is out of place, (V) Z, and in either case the authorities cited may give us no information concerning the form to which the names refer. If we are now to adopt a polynomial system, we might, to be more consistent, accept the names given before Linne's time. The modification su^ested in the binomials consists in using a symbol, a letter, to represent each form or race of a species with its history or synonymy. To illustrate, Eutoenia sirtalis Linn. ; B. & G., is the first (A) of a group of forms of the species sirtalis, Linne being au- thority for the species, and Baird and Girard for its posi- tion in the genus. The A can always be understood and need not be written with the first described form. If either the symbol or the name following it is in italics there can be no confusion. B Eutamice sirtalis is the form to which Catesby gave the name Vipera gracilis maculatus, afterward named by N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACFIIANS. 5 Linne Coluber ordinatus. The authorities for the races succeeding the first may or may not be written. To write them, D E. sirtalis Say; Jan, is that described by Say as Coluber parietalis, but placed as a variety of sir- talis by Jan. In the synonymy, the history of each of the various forms is indicated under their respective let- ters. The use of the letter leaves little or no excuse for duplication, confusion, and excessive length in the name, or for a questionable disregard of the earlier authorities. It may be objected that the original name tells more about the form than would a symbol. If we grant this in cases in which the name fixes some obvious characteristic of the species, there remain all those in which such names as Smithi, Doubledayi, Wosnessenskyi , and similar ones have been employed, many others in which the history of the form begins under a vernacular, or, if a variety noted by Gray, Giinther, Bibron, Boulenger and other writers, under a letter, and a multitude of cases of names empha- sizing some peculiarity — individual, sexual, or belong- ing to certain seasons or ages, which not being permanent or general are inaccurate or misleading. It is suggested that the names are easier to learn or remember than the letters. Why the name Smithi should be easier than D or II does not appear ; neither does it appear that a large number of letters, as in the long names, is easier to learn or remember than a single one. Letters are in use among English and French writers to indicate varieties, the custom dating back half a century or more. The method suggested has been applied in a few of the following genera. There are numerous others in which the present list of species, as in Sceloporus, Geotrilon, and others, is susceptible of a considerable reduction, which will be a necessary consequence of further study. garman's list of TESTUDINATA. CHRYSEMYS PICTA. 9- Gular. x. Axillary. pg- Postgular. Pectoral. i. Inguinal. n. Nuchal. ab. Abdominal. m-m. Eleven Marginals pa. Preanal. co. Four Costals. an. Anal. c. Caudal. v-v. Five Vertebrals. SPHARGIDIDAE. DERMATOCHELYS Blainv., 1816, Bull. Soc. Philom., p. 111. Testudo coriacea (Rond.) Linn., 1766, Syst., Ed. 12, 350. Tropical Atlantic and adjacent waters. D. schlegeli Tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. CHELONIOIDAE. THALASSOCHELYS Fitz., 1836, Ann. Mus. Wien, I, 121. Testudo cephalo Schueid., 1783, Schildkr., 303 (caouana auct.). Tropical Atlantic and adjacent waters. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 7 Chelonia olivacea Eschsch., 1829, Zool. Atlas, p. 3, pi. 3. Tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. COLPOCHELYS Garman, 1880, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 124. C. kempi Grmn., 1. c. 123. Northeastern part of the Gulf of Mexico. ERETMOCHELYS Fitz., 1843, Syst. Rept., 30. Testudo imbricata Linn., 1766, Syst., 350. Tropical Atlantic and adjacent waters. Caretta squamata Krefft, 1871, Austral. Vertebr., 39. Tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. CHELONIA Brongn., 1805, Essai d'une Class. Rept. Testudo mydas Linn., 1758, Syst., 197. Tropical Atlantic and adjacent waters. (B) Chelonia marmorata D. & B., 1835, Erp., II, 546. Atlantic around Ascension Island. Chelonia agassizii Bocourt, 1870, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., p. 26, pi. 6. Tropical part of the eastern Pacific. TRIONYCHIDAE. AMYDA Fitz., 1843, Syn. Rept., 30. Trionyx muticus Les., 1827, Mem. Mus., XV, 263. PLATYPELTIS Fitz., 1836, Ann. Wien Mus. Testudo ferox Penn., 1767, Phil. Trans., LVI. Mississippi valley and eastward. ASPIDONECTES Wagl., 1830, Amph., 134. Trionyx spiniferus Les., 1827, Mem. Mus., XV, 258. Mississippi river, tributaries and eastward. A. asper Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 405. Valley of the lower Mississippi. A. nuchalis Ag., I. c, 406. Tennessee river and eastward. A. emoryi Ag., 1. c, 407. • Texas to Mexico. CHELYDROIDAE. CHELYDRA Schweigg., 1814 (read 1809),Prodr. Monogr. Chelon., 23. 8 GARMAN S LIST OF Testudo serpentina Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad. Fridr., 36, — 1758 Syst., 199. From Canada southward, east of the Eocky moun- tains. MACROCLEMYS Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 48. Chelydra lacertina Schw., 1814, Chelon., 23. Florida to Texas. CLNOSTERNOIDAE. AROMOCHELYS Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 46. Testudo odorata Latr., 1801, Rept., I, 122. Maine to Texas. GONIOCHELYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 423. Aromochelys carinata Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 47. Florida to Texas. G. minor Ag., 1857, 1. c, 424. Alabama to Louisiana. THYROSTERNUM Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 427. Testudo'pennsylvanica Gmel., 1788, Syst. Linn., I, 1042. Virginia to Florida. Cinosternum sonoriense LeC, 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac., 184. Arizona; Sonora. C. integrum LeC, 1. c., 183. Mexico. C. henrici LeC, 1. c, 182. Arizona. C. doubledayi Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort., 33. California. C. cruentatum Dum., 1851, Cat. Met., 16. Mexico ; Texas. K. punctatum Gray, 1855, Cat. Sh. Rept., 45 (s. d.). Eastern Florida. K. shavianum Bell., 1825, Zool. Jour., II, 304. PLATYTHYRA Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 429. P. flavescens Ag., l. c, 430. California; Texas; Utah. X. A. REPTILES AXD BATEACHIAXS. EMYDOIDAE. PSEUDEMYS Gray. 1555. Cat. Sh. Rept.. 33. Testudo rugosa Shaw. 1802, Z :'... III. 28. New Jersey j North Car >li T. concirma LeC, 1520. Ann. X. Y. Lye. 106. Xorth Carolina: Missouri: Louisiana. Emys mobiliensis Holbr., 1542. Herp.. I. 71. Florida to Mexico. E. hieroglyphica Holbr.. 1. c, 111. Golf States to Tennessee. E. ornata Gray. 1531. Syn. Rep:. Mexico. Callichelys? pulcherrima? Gray. 1863, Ann. Mag.. 151. Mexico. TRACHEMYS Ag., 1557. Contr.. I. 434. Tesnido scabra Linn.. 1755. Syst.. I. 193. Xorth Carolina to Georgia. Emys troostii Holbr., 1842, Herp.. I. 123. Illinois and southward. E. elegans Wied., 1539. Reise X. Arner.. I. 176, 213. Dakota to Texas. GRAPTEMYS Ag.. 1537. Contr.. I. 436. Testudo geographica Les.. Jour. Phil. Ac. I. 55. pi. 5. New York to Texas. Emys lesueurii Gray. 1531. Syn. Rept.. 12. MAT.ACOCLEHSTYS Gray, 1544, Cat. Tort.. 25. Testudo palustris Gmel.. 1755, Syst. Linn.. I. 1041. Xew York to Texas. CXiRYSEMYS Gray. 1544. Car. Tor:.. 27. Tesnido picta TIerrm.) Schneid.. 1753, Schildkr.. 345. Xova Scotia to Louisiana. C. marginata Ag.. 1557. Contr.. I. 439. Michigan to Iowa. C. dorsalis Ag., 1. c, 441. Mississippi to Louisiana. Emys belli Gray. 1531. Syn.. 12. Hlinois to Missouri. E. oregonensis Harl.. 1537, Am. Jour. Sc. 352, pi. 31. Oregon. I— ZX ES'ST. BULLETIN". VOI. XVI. 1* 10 garman's list of DEIROCHELYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 441. Testudo reticulata (Bosc.) Daucl., 1805, Kept., II, 144. North Carolina to Louisiana. EMYS Brongn., 1803, Mem. des Sav. Strang. Testudo melagris Shaw & Nodder, 1793, Nat. Misc., pi. 144. New England to Wisconsin. NANEMYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 442. Testudo guttata Schn., 17—, Berl. Gesellsch. Nat. Fr., IV, pi. 4. New England to North Carolina. CALEMYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 443. Testudo muhlenbergii Schoepff, 1702, Test., 132. Pennsylvania to New Jersey. GLYPTEMYS Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 443. Testudo insculpta LeC, 1828-1836, Ann. Lye. N. Y., Ill, 112. Nova Scotia to Kentucky. Emys incisa Boc, 1870,-Miss. Sci. Mex., Kept., 11, pis. 1 and 2. Mexico. ACTINEMYS Ag., 1857, 1. c, 444. Emys marmorata B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 177. California to Puget sound. CISTUDO Flera., 1822, Philos. Zool., 270. Testudo carinata Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 198. New England; South Carolina; Michigan. C. triunguis Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 445. Georgia; Louisiana. C. ornata Ag., 1. c, 445. Kansas ; Dakota. C. major Ag., l. c, 445. Alabama; Florida. Onychotria mexicana Gray, 1849, P. Z. S. Lond., 17. Mexico. TESTUDINIDAE. XEROBATES Ag., 1857, Contr., I, 446. Testudo Carolina Linn., 1758, Syst., 198. South Carolina; Texas. X. berlandieri Ag., 1. c, 447. Texas; Mexico. X. agassizi Cooper, 1863, Pr. Cal. Acad., II, 120. California; Sonora. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRAOIIIANS. 11 EHIZODONTA. CROCODILIDAE. CROCODILUS Gronow, 1756, Mus. Ichth.,II, 74,-1763, Zooph., 1, 10. C. acutus Cuv., 1807, Ann. Mus., X, 55. South America ; West Indies; Florida. C. paciflcus Boc, 1870, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 31. Mexico; Ecuador. ALLIGATOR Cuv., 1807, Ann. Mus., X. Crocodilus missis sippiensis, Daud., 1805, Rept., II, 412. North Carolina to Mexico. SAUKIA. 1 Rostral. 2 Supranasals. 3 Internasal. 4 Prefrontals. 5 Frontal. 6 Postnasals. 7 Nasals. 8 Loreals. 9 Preorbitals. 10 Labials. EUMECES FASCIATUS. 11 Postorbitals. 12 Temporals. 13 Supraciliaries. 14 Frontoparietals. 15 Interparietal. 16 Parietals. 17 Occipitals. 18 Supratemporals. 19 Infralabials. 20 Submentals. 12 garman's list of EUBLEPHARIDAE. COLEONYX Gray, 1845, Ann. Mag., XVI, 162. Stenodactylus variegatus Bel., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 254. Texas : California. GECCONIDAE. SPHAERODACTYLUS Wagl., 1830, Amphib., 143. S. notatus Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 254. Key West, Fla. PHYLLODACTYLUS Gray, 1829, Spicil. Zool., 3. P. tuberculosus Wiegm., 1835, Act. Acad. Caes. Leop., XVII, 241, pi. 18, f. 2. Mexico. P. xanti Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 102. Cape St. Lucas. DIPLODACTYLUS Gray, 1832, Pr. Zool. Soc, 40. D. imctus Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 102. Lower California. HELODERMIDAE. HELODERMA Wiegm., 1829, Isis, 627. H. horridum Wiegm., 1. c. Mexico. H. suspectum Cope (name only) 1875, Checklist, 47. Utah to Mexico. TEIIDAE. CNEMIDOPHORUS Wagl., 1830, Syst. Amph., 154. Lacerta 6-lineata Linn., 1766, Syst., 364. Southern States to Colorado. Ameiva tesselata Say, 1823, Long's Exp., II, 50. Colorado. (B) Cnem. gracilis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 128. Desert of Colorado. (C) C. tigris B. & G., 1852, Stansbury's Rep., 338. Texas to California. (D) C. melanostethus Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 104. California. C. inornatusB. & G., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 255. New Leon. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACIIIANS. 13 C. octolineatus Bel., 1858, 1. c. New Leon. C. grahami B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 128. Texas to California. C. maxinms Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 104. Lower California. C. perplexus B. & G., 1852, 1. c Texas ; New Mexico. C. mexicanus Pet., 1860, Mb., Brl. AkacL, 62, pi. 34. Mexico. C. deppii Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 28. Colima. C. guttatus Wiegm., 1. c, 20. Mexico. C. hyperethra Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 103. (?). Lower California. AMEIVA Meyer, 1705, Syn. Rept. A. undulata Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 27. Mexico. Cnemidoph. praesignis B. & G., 1822, Pr. Phil. Ac, 120. Acapulco. ZONURIDAE. BARISSIA Gray, 1838, Ann. Mag., 300. Gerrhonotus olivaceus Bel., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 255. Mexico; California. GERRHONOTUS Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 370. Elgaria nobilis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 120. Arizona; Sonora. G. (Elgaria) kingi (Bell) Gray, 1838, Ann. Mag., 300. Mexico. G. deppei Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 370. Mexico. G. leiocephalus Wiegm., 1. c. Mexico. G. imbricatus Wiegm., 1. c Guanahuato. G. rudicollis Wiegm., 1. c Elgaria principisB. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 175. California. 14 garman's list of G. multicarinatus Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. clu Mus., 289, pi. 25, f. 2. California. Elgaria grandis B. & G., 1852, 1. c, 176. California; Oregon. G. infernalis Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 255. (?). Texas. Tropidolepis scineicaudus Skilton, 1849, Am. Jour. Sci.,202. California. XENOSAURTJS Pet., 18G1, Mb. Brl. Ak., 453. Cubina grandis Gray, 1856, Ann. Mag., 270. Vera Cruz. ANGUIDAE. OPHEOSAURUS Daud., 1803, Kept., VII, 346. Anguis ventralis Linn., 1766, Syst., 391. South Carolina; New Mexico; Illinois. ANNIELLIDAE. ANWIELLA Gray, 1852, Ann. Mag., X, 440. A. pulchra Gray, 1. c. California. XANTUSIIDAE. XANTUSIA Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 255. X. vigilis Bd., 1. c California. SCINCIDAE. OLIGOSOMA Grd., 1857, Pr. Phil. Ac, 196. Scincus lateralis Say, 1823, Long's Exp., II, 324. South Carolina; Mexico; Nebraska; Illinois. EUMECES Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 36. LacertafasciataLinn., 1758, Syst., I, 209. Nebraska; Florida; South Carolina; Texas. Plestiodon obsoletum B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 129. Kansas ; Mexico. P. inornatum Bd., 1858, 1. c, 256. Nebraska. N. A. REPTILES AND BATKACIIIANS. 15 P. skiltoniaxmm B. & G., 1852, Stansbury's Rep., 349. California. P. septentrionalis Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 256. Texas ; Minnesota. P. egregius Bd., 1. c. Florida. P. tetragrammus Bd., 1. c. Lower Rio Grande. P. leptogrammus Bd., 1. c. Nebraska. P. multivirgatus Hallow., 1857, Pr. Phil. Ac, 215. Texas; Nebraska. P. anthracinus Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac, I, 294. Pennsylvania; Mississippi. P. longirostris Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 313. Bermudas. Mabouia brevirostris Gthr., 1860, Pr. Z. S. Lond., 316. Oaxaca. Euprepes lynxe Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 36. Guanaxuato. Lamprosaurus guttulatus Hallow., 1853, SitgreavesRep., 113. Arizona. Eumeces onocrepis Cope, 1869, Rep. Peab. Ac, 82. (?). E. hallowelli Boc, 1879, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 435, pi. 22 e, f. 7. California. E. obtusirostris Boc, 1881, 1. c, 441. Texas. (?)Diploglossusmillepunctatus O'Shaug., 1874, Ann. Mag., 301. N. W. N. America. IGUANIDAE. HOLBROOKIA Grd., 1850-51, Pr. A. A. A. S., 201. H. maculata Grd., 1. c ^ Texas ; Dakota ; Sonora. (B) H. approximans Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 253. Tamaulipas. (C) H. propinqua B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 126. Texas. (D) H. affinis B. & G., 1. c, 125. Sonora. Cophosaurus texanus Trosch., 1850 (1852), Arch. f. Natg. 389, Tab. VI. Texas. 16 gaeman's list of H. elegans Boa, 1874, Miss. Sci. Mex., Kept., 164, pi. 17 Ms, f. 8. Mazatlan. H. lacerata Cope ?. Texas. CALLISAURUS Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus., 286. C. draconoides Blainv., 1. c., 286, pi. 24, f. 2. (B) Homalosaurus ventralis Hallow., 1854, Sitgreaves Eep., 117. UMA Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac., 253. U. notata Bd., 1. c. Arizona. SAUROMAIiUS Dum., 1856, Arch. Mus., 535. S. ater Dum., 1. c, 536. California to Arizona. CROTAPHYTTJS Holbr., 1842, Herp., II, 79. Agama COllaris Say, 1823, Long's Exp., II, 252. Kansas to New Mexico. C. wislizenii B. & G., 1852, Stansb. Rep., 340. California to Texas. C. reticulatus Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 253. Texas. C. copii Yarr., 1882, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., 441. California. DIPSOSAURUS Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, VII. Crotaphytus dorsalis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 126. Colorado; California; Sonora. UTA B. &. G., 1852, Stansb. Rep., 344. U. ornata B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 126. Colorado; Texas; Sonora. U. stansburiana B. & G., 1852, Stansb. Rep., 345. Utah; Nevada. U. schottii Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 253. California. IT. thalassina Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 104. (?). Lower California. XT. nigricauda Cope, (?). Lower California. U. graciosa Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 92. California. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 17 U. elegans Yarr. La Paz, Cal. Phymatolepis bicarinatus Dum., 1856, Arch. Mus., VIII, 549. Puebla, Mexico. Phymatolepis (Uta) irregularis Fisch., 1881, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., VII, 232. Mexico. SCELOPORUS Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 369. Agama torquata Peale & Green, Jour. Phil. Ac, VI, 231. Texas ; Mexico. « Stellio undulatus (Bosc.) Latr., 1801, Rept., II, 40. Pennsylvania to Florida and California. (B) S. occidentalis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 175. California ; Washington Territory. (C) S. thayeri B. & G., 1. c, 127. Texas to Sonora. S. scalaris Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 369. Mexico; Sonora. S. COUChii Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 254. New Leon. S. ornatus Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., Rept., 5. Sonora. S. poinsetti B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 126. Texas; Sonora. S. garmani Blgr., 1882, Pr. Z. S. Lond., 761, pi. 56. Southern Dakota; Nebraska. S. marmoratus Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 178. Southern California. S. biseriatus Hallow., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, Williamson, 6. Mexico. S. consobrinus B. & G., 1854, Marcy's Exp., 208. Utah; California. (B) S. gratiosus B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 69. Utah. S. Clarkii B & G., 1852, 1. c, 127. Arizona; Sonora. (B) S. zosteronras Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 105. Cape St. Lucas. S. horridus Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 50. Vera Cruz; Colima. S. formosus Wiegm., 1. c. Colima. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 2 18 garman's list of S. microlepidotus Wiegm., 1. c, 51. Puebla; Colima. S. floridanus Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 254. Florida. S. spinosus Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 369. Mexico. S. dugesi Boa, 1874, Miss. Sci. Mex., 188, p. 18, f. 7. Colima. S. jarrovi (Cope) Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 569. Arizona. S.*smaragdinus Yarr., 1. c, 572. Utah; Nevada. S. tristichus Yarr., 1. c. Taos, New Mexico. S. rufidorsum Yarr., 1882, Pr. Nat. Mus., 442. La Paz, California. S. utiformis Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 177. Colima, Mexico. S. gracilis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 75. California. PHRYNOSOMA Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 367. Lacerta orbicularis Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 206. Mexico. Agama douglassi Bell, 1829, Trans. Linn. Soc, XVI, 105, pi. 10. Dakota; Arizona. (B) Tapaya ornatissima Grd., 1858, Wilkes Exp., Kept., 396. Arizona; Mexico. (C) P. pygmaea Yarr., 1882, Pr. U. S. Mus., 443. Oregon. Tapaya hernandesi Grd., 1858, Wilkes Exp., 395. Mexico. P. regale Grd., 1. c, 406. Arizona ; New Mexico. P. modestum Grd., 1852, Stansb. Rep., 365. Texas ; Arizona ; New Mexico. P. platyrhimim Grd., 1. c, 361. Utah; Arizona; Nevada. Agama (Phrynos.) coronata Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann., 284, pi. 25, f. 1. California. P. blainvillei Gray, 1839, Rept. Beechey's Voy., 96, pi. 29, f. 1. California; Arizona. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACIIIANS. 19 Agama cornuta Harl., 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac, IV, 299, pi. 20. Texas ; Mexico ; Anota mc'calli Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 182. Arizona; Nevada. Tapaya boucardi Boc, 1874, Miss. Sci. Mex., 225, pi. xi, f. 4. Mexico plateau. P. braconnieri Boc, 1. c, 233, pi. 7. Oaxaca. P. taurus Duges, 1869, Cat. Vert. Mex. Mexico. P. planiceps Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 178. Western Texas. P. asio Cope, Pr. Phil. Ac, 178. California; Mexico. CYCLILRA Harl., 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac, IV, 242. Lacerta acanthura Shuw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 216. Mexico ; California. C. teres Harl., 1. c, 246. Vera Cruz ; California. C. peetinata Wiegm., 1834, Herp. Mex., 42, pi. 2. Colima. Ctenosaura cycluroides Wiegm., 1828, Isis, 371. C. (Ctenosaura) hemilopha Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 105. Cape St. Lucas. ANOLIS Daud., 1802, Kept., IV, 50. Lacerta principalis Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad., — 1758, Syst., I, 201. North Carolina to Texas. A. sericeus Hallow., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac, 227. Jalapa, Mexico. A. COOperi Bd., 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 254. California. A. tropidonotus Pet., 1863, Mb. Brl. Ak., 135. Orizaba. A. cymbos Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 173. Vera Cruz. AMPHISBAENIDAE. CHIROTES Cuv., 1817, R. An., Ed. 1, 57. Bipes canaliculars Bounat., 1789, Erpetol., 68. California; Mexico. LEPIDOSTERNON Wagler, 1824, Spix Serp. Brazil, 70. L. floridanum Baird, 1858, Pr. Phil. Ac, 225. Florida. 20 garman's list of OPHIDIA. COLUBER CONSTRICTOR. 1 Rostral. 11 Parietals. 2 Nasals. 12 Occipitals. 3 Loreal. 13 Labials. 4 Preoculars or Anteorbitals. 14 Infralabials, 5 Postoculars or Postorbitals. 15 Gulars. 6 Temporals. 16 Mental. 7 Internasals. 17 Submentals. 8 Prefrontals. 18 Ventrals. 9 Frontal. 19 Dorsals. 10 Supraciliaries or Supraoculars. 20 Tongue. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 21 SCOLECOPHIDIA. TYPHLOPIDAE. TYPHLOPINAE. TYPHLOPS Schneid., 1801, Amph., II, 339. Ophthalmidion longissimum D. & B., 1844, Erp., VI, 263. Texas ; " North America." T. perditus Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak., 435. Orizaba. T. basimaculatus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 320. Cordova; Orizaba. T. emuncfrus Garman, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Rept., 3. Central America. STENOSTOMINAE. ANOMALEPIS Jan, 1861, Arch. Zool., 185. A. mexicanus Jan, 1. c. Mexico. STENOSTOMA Wagl., 1824, Spix Serp. Braz., 68. Rena dulcis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 142. Texas. R. humilis B. & G., 1. c, 143. Valliecetas, California. S. rubellum Grran., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 130. Uvalde, Texas. S. tenuiculum Grmn., 1. c, 5. San Luis Potosi, Mexico. S. myopicum Grmn., 1. c, 6. Tampico, Mexico. SIAGOETODON Pet., 1881, Gesellsch., 71. S. dugesi Boc, 1882, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., 507, pi. 29, f. 9. Colima. ONTCHOPHIDIA. ERYCIDAE. CHARINA Gray, 1849, Cat. Snakes, 113. TortrixbottaeBlainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus., 289, pi. 26, f. 1. California to Mexico. 22 garman's list of Wenona plumbea B. &. G., 1853, Serp., 154. California to Puget Sound. Lichanura trivirgata Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 304. Lower California; Mexico. (B) L. myriolepis Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac., 2. BOIDAE. BOA Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 214. B. imperator Daud., 1802, Rept., V, 150. Central America; Mexico. B. mexicana Rapp. Mexico. CHILABOTHRUS D. & B., 1844, Erp., VI, 562. Boainornata Reinh., 1843, Dansk. Vid. Selsk., pi. 21-23. West Indies; Central America; Mexico. ACACOPHIDIA. COLUBROIDEA. DIPSADIDAE. LEPTOGKNTATHUS Dura., 1852, Mem. Acad., XXIII, 467. Tropidodipsas fasciata Gthr., 1858, Cat. 181. Mexico. L. dumerili Jan, 1863, Sist., 101. Mexico. Coluber nebulatus Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad., 32, pi. 24, f. 1. Brazil to Mexico; West Indies (Gthr.). L. dimidiatus Gthr., 1872, Ann. Mag., 31. Mexico. L. brevis Dum., 1852, Mem. Acad., 23, p. 467. Mexico. SIBOW Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 60. Dipsas biscutata D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1153. Central America to Mexico. (B) Dipsas biscutata var. latifaseia Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak., 877. Pueblo, Mexico. Coluber annulatus Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad. Fridr., pi. 8, f. 2. Mexico to Brazil. (B) Dipsas septentrionalis Kenn., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, 16, pi. viii, f. 1. Texas; Arizona; Mexico. N. A. REPTILES AND BATKACHIANS. 23 Leptodeira torquata Gthr., 1860, Ann. Mag. Nicaragua. (B) L. paciflca Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac, 310. Mazatlan, Mexico. (C) L. personata Cope, 1. c. Mazatlan. L. discolor Gthr., 1860, Pr. Zool. Soc, 317. Oaxaca. DENDROPHIDAE. LEPTOPHIS Bell, 1825, Zool. Jour., 329. L. mexicanus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 536. Mexico. NATRICIDAE. TROPIDONOTTJS Kuhl, 1826, Isis, 205. (CHILOPOMA.) C. rufipimctatum Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Exp., V, 543, pi. xx, f. 1. Southern Arizona. (EUTAEWIA.) Coluber saurita Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 385. Mississippi valley to Atlantic. (B) Eutaenia faireyi B. & G., 1853, Serp., 25. Minnesota and Wisconsin southward. (C) E. SackeniiKenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 98. Florida. »(D) Coluber proximus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., I, 187. Arkansas and Texas to Mexico. (E) E. radix B. &G., 1853, Serp., 34. Wisconsin ; Illinois. Coluber sirtalis Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 222. Nova Scotia to Mississippi valley. (B) C. ordinatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 379. Coast from Nova Scotia to Georgia and Alabama. (C) E. marciana B. & G., 1853, Serp., 36. Kansas to Texas and Mexico. (D) Coluber parie talis Say, 1823, Long's Exp., I, 186. Missouri basin to Utah. (E) E. vagrans B. & G., 1853, Serp., 35. Rocky mountains to Sierras ; Sonora. (P) Trop. collaris Jan, 1863, Sist., 69. Southern Mexico ; Panama. 24 gasman's list of (G) E. leptocephala B. & G., 1853, Serp., 29. Oregon. (H) Coluber infernalis Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus., 291, pi. 26, f. 3. California to Mexico. (I) E. atrata Kenn., 1860, P. R. R. Rep., XII, 296. California. (J) Trop. quadriserialis Fisch., 1879, Verh. Nat. Ver. Hamb., 82. Mazatlan. Atomarchus multimaculatus Cope, 1883, Am. Nat., 1300. New Mexico. (NERODIA.) Coluber sipedon Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 219. Mississippi valley to Maine. (B) C. fasciatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 378. Southern States. (C) C. erythrogaster Holbr., 1838, Herp., II, 91, pi. 19. Southeastern States. (D) Trop. rhombifer B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 177. Mississippi valley to Wisconsin. Trop. taxispilotus Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 35, pi. 8. Southeastern States. T. cyclopion L\ &B., 1854, Erp., VII, 576. Ohio to Florida. Nerodia eompressicauda Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 335. Florida. (REGINA.) Coluber leberis Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 216. Michigan to Texas. (B) C. rigidus Say, 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac, 239. New York, southward and westward. (C) Regina elarkii B. & G., 1853, Serp., 48. Texas to Mexico. (D) R. grahamiiB. & G., 1. c, 47. Michigan to Texas. (E) R. valida Kenn., I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 334. California to Mexico. R. kirtlandi Kenn., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac, 95. Illinois to Ohio. STORERIA B. & G., 1853, Serp., 135. Tropidoelonium storerioides Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac, 190. Mexico. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 25 Tropidonotus occipitomaculatus Storer, 1839, Kept. Mass. 230. Mississippi valley and eastward. Trop. dekayi Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 53, pi. 14. Maine to Mexico. Adelophis copei Cope, 1879, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 265. Guadalaxara. Microps lineatus Hallow., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac., 241. Texas to Kansas. HELICOPS Wagler, 1830, Amph., 170. H. alleni Grmn., 1874, Pr. B. N. H. Soc, 92. Florida. HYDROPS Wagl., 1830, Amph., 170. Coluber erythrogrammus Latr., 1802, Kept., IV, 141. » Illinois and Virginia southward. C.abacurus Holbr., 1836, Herp., I, 119, pi. 23. North Carolina to Texas. Homalopsis quinquevittatus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 975. Mexico; Central America. Calopisma septemvittatum Fisch., 1879, Verh. Nat. Ver. Hamb., 84. Mexico. COLUBRIDAE. SALVADORA B. & G., 1853, Serp., 104. (Not preoccupied among animals.) S. grahamii B. & G., 1. c. California to Mexico ; Utah to Texas. (B) S. bairdii Jan, 1861, Icon., livr. 1, pi. 3, f. 2. Mexico. (C) Phymothyra hexalepis Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 305. Arizona. Phym. decurtata Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac, 310. Lower California. CYCLOPHIS Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 119. Coluber vernalis (De K.) Hail., 1827, Jour. Phil. Ac, 361. Nova Scotia to Rocky Mountains. PHYLLOPHILOPHIS Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 40, 146. Maryland to Mexico. Coluber aestivus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 387. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 2* 26 COLUBER Linn., 1748, Syst., p. 34, —1758, Syst., I, 216,-1766, Syst., I, 375 (Part.). (BASCANIUM.) Coluber constrictor Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 216, —1766, Syst., 1, 385. Nova Scotia to Texas. (B) C. flaviventris Say, 1823, Long's Exp., I, 185. Mississippi valley west to Pacific. Coryphodon mentovarius D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 187. Mexico. (MASTICOPHIS.) Coluber flagelluni Shaw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 475. (B) C. testaceus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., 248. Dakota to Texas and the Pacific. (C) Drymobius aurigulus Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 301. Lower California. JSamenis mexicanus D. &. B., 1854, Erp., VII, 695. Mexico. Masticophis spinalis Pet., 1866, Mb. Brl. Ak., 91. Mexico. Leptophis taeniata Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 181. Plains to the Pacific. (B) Masticophis bilineatus Jan, Sist., 40. Mexico. SPILOTES Wagler, 1830, Amph., 179, (GEORGIA.) Coluber couperi Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 75, pi. 16. Gulf States. C. obsoletus Holbi-., 1. c, 61, pi. 12. Florida to Texas. (SPILOTES.) Coluber corais (Cuv.) Boie., 1827, Isis, 537. Brazil to Mexico. C. variabilis Max., 1825, Beitr., 271. Mexico to Brazil. (B) Spilot. pullatus var. auribundus Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 300. Mexico. S. melanurus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 224. Mexico. S. poecilonotusGthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 100, Mexico. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 27 PITYOPHIS Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 7. Coluber melanoleucus Daud., 1803, Rept., VI, 409. East of the Mississippi,. Ohio and Pennsylvania south- ward. C. catenifer Blainv., 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus., IV, 290, pi. 26, f. 2. Oregon to Mexico. (B) C. sayi Schleg., 1837, Ess., II, 157. Rocky Mountains to Illinois. (C) P. mexic anus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 236. Mexico. (D) Elaphis deppei D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 268. Arizona to Mexico. (E) Churchillia bellona B. & G., 1852, Stansb. Exp., 350. Utah basin. (P) C. vertebralis Blainv., 1835, 1. c, 293, pi. 27, f. 2. Lower California. ELAPHIS Aldrov., 1640, Serp. Drac, 267, -—1765, reprint; Bonap., 1831, Saggio. (SCOTOPHIS.) Coluber obsoletus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., I, 140. Mississippi valley. (B) C. alleghaniensis Holbr., 1842, III, 219. New England to Alabama. (C) S. lindheimeri B. & G., 1853, Serp., 74. Illinois to Texas. (D) C. bairdi Yarr., 1880, Bull. U. S. Mus., 41. Fort Davis, Texas. (E) S. confinis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 76. C. guttatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 385. Virginia to Louisiana. (B) S. vulpinus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 75. Massachusetts to Nebraska. C. quadrivittatus Holbr., 1. c, 80, pi. 20. DROMICUSBibr., 1843, Rept. Cuba, Sagra, 221. D. laureatus Gthr., 1868, Ann. Mag., 419. City of Mexico. D. flavilatus Cope, 1871, Pr. Phil. Ac. Florida to North Carolina. Herpetodryas margaritiferus Schleg., 1837, Ess., I, 151, II, 184. Mexico ; Central America. D. putnamii Jan, 1863, Sist., 67. Southern Mexico. 28 garman's list of CORONELLIDAE. TACHYMENIS Wiegm., 1834, Act. Acacl. Caes. Leop., 252. Tomodon lineatum D. &"B., 1854, Erp., VII, 936. Mexico. Taeniophis imperialis B. & G., 1855, Gilliss' Exp., II, 215. Texas and Mexico. Coniophanes lateritia Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 524. Guaclalaxara. Coniophanes proterops Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 249. Mexico ; New Granada. Coronella fissidens Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 36. Mexico. Coronella bipunctata Gthr., 1. c. Mexico. T. melanocephala Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak., 876. Mexico. ERYTHROLAMPEUS Boie, 1826, Isis, 981. E. guentheri Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 63. =E. venustissimus var. D Gthr., 1858, Cat., 48. " Mexico." OPHIBOLTJS B. & G., 1853, Serp., 82. Coluber doliatus Linn., 1766, Syst., 1, 379. Southeastern States. Osceola elapsoidea B. & G., 1853, Serp., 133. Southern States east of Mississippi river. C. triangulus Boie, 1827, Isis, 537. Mississippi valley eastward to Canada. (B) C. calligaster Had., 1835, Med. Res., 122. Northern Mississippi valley. (C) O. triang. var. mexicanus Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., QG. San Luis Potosi. (D) O. doliatus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 89. Nebraska and southward. (E) O. gentilis B. & G., 1. c, 90. Arkansas to Utah. (P) C. (Zacholus) zonatus Blainv., 1835, Ann. Mus., IV, 293. California. (G) Lampropeltis annulata Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 329. Mexico. N. A. KErTILES AND BATliACIIIANS. 2V (H) Coronella rhombomaculataHolbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 103, pi. 23. Southeastern U. S. Coluber getulus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 382. Southern States to Texas. (B) Coronella sayi Holbr., 1842, Herp., Ill, 99, pi. 22. Mississippi valley, Illinois to Texas. (C) O. boylii B. & G., 1853, 1. c, 82. California to Mexico. (D) O. splendidus B. & G., 1. c, 83. Arizona and southern California to Mexico. (E) O. pyrrhomelanus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 305. Arizona; Sonora. LIOPHIS Wagl., 1830, Amph., 187. Pliocercus elapoides Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 253. Mexico. DIADOPHIS B. & G., 1853, Serp., 112. Enicognathus annulatus D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 335, pi. 80, f. 1-3. Mexico. Coronella decorata Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 35. Southern Mexico. Rhadinea fulvivitta Cope, 1875, Jour. Phil. Ac, 139. Southern Mexico. Coluber punctatus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 376. Southern and Eastern States to Nova Scotia. (B) D. arnyi Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 99. Illinois to Arkansas. (C) D. docilis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 114. Texas to Mexico. (D) D. amabilis B. &G., 1. c, 113. Arizona to California. D. regalis B. & G., 1. c, 115. Mexico. RHINOCHEILUS B. & G., 1853, Serp., 120. R. lecontei B. & G., 1. c, 120, 161. Texas to California. (B) R. lecontei var. tesselatus Grran., 1883, Mem. M, C. Z., Rept., 74. Mexico. HETERODON (Pal. de Beauv., 1799) Latr., 1802, Kept., IV, 32. BE. platyrhinus Latr., 1. c, 32, pi. 28, f. 1-3. Eastern, Middle and Southern States. 30 garman's list of (B) H. niger Troost, 1836, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 186. Southern States east of Mississippi river. Coluber simus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 375. Mississippi valley to the Atlantic. (B) H. nasicus B & G., 1852, Stansb. Exp., 352. California to Texas and Nebraska. (C) H. kennerlyiKenn., I860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 336. Sonora. CEMOPHORA Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 244. Coluber coccinneus Blumenb., 1788, Licht. & Voigt. Mag., pi. V. Southern States east of Texas. (B) C. copei Jan, 1863, Sist., 45. Tennessee. XENODOM" Boie, 1827, Isis, 541. X. bertholdi Jan, 1863, Arch. Zool., II, 108. Mexico. HYPSIGLENA Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 246. H. ochrorhynchus Cope, 1. c Lower California. (B) H. chlorophaea Cope, 1. c Arizona to Sonora. CALAMARIDAE. FICIMIA Gray, 1849, Cat. Serp., 80. Toluca frontalis Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 167. Colima. Gyalopion canum Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 243, 310. Arizona. Conopsis nasus Gthr., 1858, Cat., 6. California. Toluca lineata (Kenn.) Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, Kept., 23, pi. 21, f. 2. Mexico. Oxyrhina maculata Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 54, 61. Mexico. Amblymetopon variegatum Gthr., 1858, Cat. Serp., 7. Mexico. F. olivacea Gray, 1849, Cat. Serp., 80. Mexico. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACIIIANS. 31 CHEILORHIWA Jan., 18G2, Arch. Zool., II, 57. C. villarsii Jan., 1. c. Western Mexico. STENOBHINA D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 865. S. freminvillei D. & B., 1. c, 868. Central America and Mexico. Microphis quinquelineatus Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 97. Mexico. TANTILLA B. &. G., 1853, Serp., 131. T. gracilis B. & G., 1. c, 132, 161. Texas. (B) T. hallowelli Cope, 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 77. Kansas. (C) T. ealamarina Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 320. Guadalaxara. T. nigriceps Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 328. Texas; New Mexico. T. coronata B. & G., 1853, Serp., 131. Gulf States. (B) Homalocr anion wagneri Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 50. Florida. Coluber planiceps Blainv., 1835, Ann. Mus., IX, 294, pi. 27, f. 3. California. ELAPOMOBPHUS (Wiegm.) Fitz., 1843, Syst., 25. E. mexicanus Gthr., 1862, Ann. Mag., pi. 9, f. 1 (Extr., p. 6). Mexico. CONTIA B. & G., 1853, Serp., 110. (SONOBAO S. semiannulata B. & G., 1853, Serp., 110. Sonora. Bhinostoma occipitale Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 95. Arizona. (B) Lamprosoma annulatum Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, 22. Arizona. C. isozona Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 304. Arizona to Utah. (PBOCINUBA.) P. aemula Cope, 1871, Pr. Phil. Ac, 223. (?Position). Mexican plateau. 32 gasman's list of (CONTIA.) C. mitis B. & G., 1853, Serp., 110. California. Lamprosoma episcopum Kenn., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, Kept., 22, pi. 8, f. 1. Texas. LODIAB & G., 1853, Serp., 116. « Calamaria tenuis B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac., 176. Oregon and Washington Territory. NINIAB. &G., Serp., 49. Chersodromus liebmanni Reinh., 1860, Vid. Medd. Kjobenh., 35, pi. IV, f. 10, 11. Vera Cruz ; Mexico. Streptophorus sebae D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 515. Mexico. S. sebae var. collaris Jan, 1865, Icon., livr. 12, pi. 3, f. 6. Mexico. Elapoid.es sieboldi Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool., II, 21. Mexico. N. dimidiata B. &G., 1853, Serp., 49. Mexico. VIRGINIA B. &G., 1853, Serp., 127. Coluber striatulus Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 375. Virginia to Texas. V. inornata Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Kept., 97. Texas. V. elegans Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 99. Southern Illinois. V. valeriae B. & G., 1. c, 127. Maryland to Georgia and Illinois. (B) Carphophis harperti D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 135. Georgia to Texas. CARPHOPHIS Gerv., 1843, D'Orb. Diet. N.Hist., Ill, 191. Chilomeniscus stramineus Cope, 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 33. Lower California. Chilom. cinctus Cope, 1. c, 303. Guaymas. Celuta helenae Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 100. Illinois to Mississippi. Carphophis amoena Gerv., 1843, 1. c, 191. Massachusetts to Illinois and southward. (B) Celuta vermis Kenn., 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 99. Missouri and southward. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 33 GEOPHIS Wagler, 1830, Amph., 342. Rabdosoma semidoliatum D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 93. Mexico. G. bicolor Gthr., 1868, Ann. Mag., 413. Valley of Mexico. G. latifrontalis Grain., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z.,Rept., 103. San Luis Potosi. G. unicolor Fisch., 1881, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., VII, 227, pi. xv, f. 1-3. Mexico. Sympholis lippiens Cope, Pr. Phil. Ac, 524. Guadalaxara. TOXICOPHIDIA PROTEROGLYPHA. CONOCERCA. ELAPIDAE. ELAPS Scbneid., 1801, Amph., 289. Coluber fulvius Linn., 1766, Syst.,I, 381. Southern States east of the Mississippi. (B) E. nigrocinctus Grd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 226. Central America to Mexico. (C) E. affinis Jan, 1859, Rev. and Mag. Zool., 6, 14, pi. B, f. 2. Mexico. (D) E. bipunctiger D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1227. Mexico; Florida. (E) E. tenere B. & G., 1853, Serp., 22, 156. Texas. (P) E. apiatus Jan, 1859, 1. c, pp.6, 11, pi. A, f. 4. Vera Cruz. (G) E. epistema D. & B., 1854, Erp., VII, 1222. Mexico. (H) E. diastema D. & B., 1. c, 1222. Mexico. (I) E. cerebripunctatus Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak., 877. Pueblo. E. euryxanthus Kenn., 1860, Pr. Phil. Ac, 337. Arizona to Mexico. E. marcgravii var. laticollaris Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Ak. Pueblo. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 3 34 garman's list of E. decoratus Jan, 1859, 1. c, pp. 7, 14, pi. B, f. 5. Mexico. E. elegans Jan, 1. c, pp. 6, 13, pi. B, f. l. Mexico. PLATYCEECA. HYDROPHIDAE. PELAMIS Daud., 1803, Kept., VII, 357. Anguis platura Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 391. West coast of Mexico and Central America to East Indies and China. SOLENOGLYPHA. BOTHROPHERA. CROTALIDAE. CROTALUS Linn., 1754, Mus. Ad. Fridr., 39. C. durissus Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 214. Brazil to Mexico. (B) C. molossus B. & G., 1853, Serp., 10. North Mexico; Arizona; New Mexico. (C) Caudisona basilisea Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 166. Western Mexico. C. adamanteus Beauv., 1799, Trans. Ann. Phil. Soc, IV, 368. Texas to North Carolina. (B) Caudisona scutulatus Kenn., 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 207. Arizona ; Mexico. (C) Crotalus atrox B. & G., 1. c, 5, 156. Texas to Mexico. C. confluentus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., II, 48. Dakota to Texas. (B) Caudisona pyrrha Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 308, 310. Arizona. C. oregonus Holbr., 1842, III, 21, pi. 3. Oregon to California. (B) C. lucifer B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 177. California to Mexico. (C) C. lucifer var. cerberus Coues, 1875, Wheeler's Eep., V, 607. Arizona. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACIIIANS. 35 (D) Caudisona mitcliellii Cope, 18G1, Pr. Phil. Ac, 293. Lower California. (E) Caud. enyo Cope, 1. c.,293. Lower California. Crotalus exsul Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 114. Cedros Island. C. horridus Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 214. New England to Texas. C. cerastes Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 95. California; Arizona; Mexico. PCaudisona lepida Kenn., 1861, Pr. Phil. Ac, 206. Mexico. Crotalus tigris (Kenn.) Bd., 1859, Mex. Bound., II, Rept., 14, pi. 4. Mexico. C. triseriatus Wiegm., 1828, Mus. Berl. Mexico. (B) C. jimenezii Duges, 1879, La Naturaleza, IV, 23. Mexico. SISTRURUS Grmn., 1883, Mem. M. C. Z., Rept., 110, 118, 176. Crotalinus catenatus Raf., 1818, Am. Month. Mag., IV, 41. Ohio and Michigan to the Plains and south to Missis- sippi. (B) Crotalophorus consors B. & G., 1853, Serp., 12. Texas. Crotalus miliariusLinn., 1766, Syst., I, 372. Southern States. (B) Crotaloph. edwardsii B. & G., 1. c, 15. Texas; Arizona; Sonora; Mexico. (C) Crotalus ravus Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac, 191. Mexican plateau. Crotalus intermedius Fisch., 1881, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., VII, 230, pi. XIV, f. 1-4. Mexico. ANCISTRODOW" Pal. de Beauv., 1799, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, IV, 381. Coluber contortrix Linn., 1758, Syst., I, 216. Mississippi valley to New England. (B) Acontias atrofuseus Troost., 1836, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 181. Mountains from Virginia southward. Crotalus piscivorus LaC, 1789, Quad. Ovip. Serp., II, pp. 130, 424. South Carolina to Texas. 36 garman's list of (B) Toxicophis pugnax B. & G., 1853, Serp., 20, 156. Texas. A. bilineatus Gthr., 1863, Ann. Mag., 364. West Mexico ; Tehuantepec. BATEACHIA. APODA. CAECILIIDAE. DERMOPHIS Pet., 1879, Mb. Brl. Akad., 937. Siphonops mexicanus D. & B., 1841, Erp.,VIII, 284. Mexico. CAUDATA. SIRENIDAE. SIREN Linn., 1766, Act. Acad. Upsal. (dissert, auct. Osterdam), 15. S. lacertina Linn., 1766, 1. c. North Carolina to Illinois and Mexico. PSEUDOBRANCHUS Gray, 1825, Ann. Phil., 216. Siren striata LeC, 1824, Ann. Lye. N. Y., I, 54, pi. 4. South Carolina; Georgia; Simahmoo Bay, Washington Territory (Yarrow). PROTEIDAE. NECTURUS Eaf., 1819, Jour. Phys., Vol. 88, 417. N. maculatus Raf., 1. c. Mississippi valley and eastward ; Canada. Menobranchus punctatus Gibbes, 1853, Jour. B. N. H. Soc, 369. North Carolina ; South Carolina. AMPHIUMIDAE. AMPHIUMA Linn., Garden, 1821, Linn. Corresp., Smith, 333. A. means Linn., 1821,1. c, 333, 532, 599. North Carolina to Louisiana. A. tridactyla Cuv., 1828, Mem. Mus., XIV, pi. 1. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 37 CRYPTOBRANCHUS Leuck., 1821, Isis, 257. Salamandra alleghaniensis Latr., 1802, Rept., II, 253 (index). New York to Missouri. Menopoma fusca Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 99, pi. 33. Pennsylvania to Louisiana. SALAMANDEOIDEA. AMBLYSTOMATIDAE. AMBLYSTOMA Tschudi, 1838, Batr., 57. Salamandra opaca Gravenh., 1807, Ueb. Zool. Syst., 431. New Hampshire to Mexico. S.talpoidea Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 73, pi. 24. South Carolina to Louisiana. S. tigrina Green, 1825, Jour. Phil. Ac, V, 116. Mississippi valley to New Jersey. (B) A. bicolor Hallow., 1857, Pr. Phil. Ac, 215. New Jersey. (C) A. mavortium Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac, I, 292. Dakota to Mexico. (D) A. californiense Gray, 1853, Pr. Z. S. Lond., 11, pi. 7. California. (E) A. trisruptum Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 194. Colorado to New Mexico. (F) A. xiphias Cope, 1867, 1. c, 192. Ohio. (G) A. obscurum (Bd.) Cope, 1. c, 192. Iowa. Lacerta punctata Linn., 1766, Syst., 370. Maine to Texas. A. macrodactylum Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac, 292. Oregon. A. paroticum (Bd.) Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 200. Oregon ; Puget sound. A. aterrimum Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 201 (s. d.). Rocky mountains. A. tenebrosum B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 174. Oregon. A, conspersum Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 123. Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Salamandra texana Matthes, 1855, Alg. Deutsch. Nat. Zeit., 266. (?) 38 garman's list of S. jefiersonania Green, 1827, Cont. Macl. Lye, 4. New England and Canada to Illinois. (B) A. laterale Hallow., 1858, Jour. Phil. Ac, III, 352. Canada to Wisconsin. (C) A. platineum Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 198. Ohio. (D) A. fuscum Hallow., 1858, 1. c, 355. Indiana; Virginia. A. cingulatum Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 205 (s. d.). South Carolina. A. microstomum Cope, 1867, 1. c, 206. Louisiana to Ohio. Gyrixms mexicanus Shaw, 1800, Nat. Misc., 343. Mexico. Axolotes maculata Owen, 1844, Ann. Mag., XIV, 23. (?) Mexico. DICAMPTODOW Strauch, 1870, Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. (4), XVI, 68. Triton ensatus Eschsch., 1833, Zool. Atlas, pt. 5, p. 6, pi. 22. California. PLETHODONTIDAE. ANAIDES Bel., 1849, Icon. Encycl., II, 256. Salamandra lugubris Hallow., 1848, Jour. Phil. Ac. (2), I, 126. California. A. ferreus Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac, 109. Oregon. PLETHCDON Tschudi, 1838, Batr., 92. Heredia oregonensis Grd., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac, 235. Oregon; California. P. flavipnnctatus Strauch, 1870, Salamand., 71. California. Salamandra glutinosa Green, 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac, I, 357. Louisiana to Wisconsin and east. P. croceater Cope, 1867, Pr. Phil. Ac, 210. Fort Tejon, California. P. intermedins (Bd.) Cope, 1. c, 209. Vancouver's island. S. erythronota Green., 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac, 356. Wisconsin to Canada. (B) S. cinerea Green, 1. c, 356. Indiana; Pennsylvania; Canada. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACIIIANS. 39 (C) P. dorsalis Baird. Kentucky. P. iecanus (Cope) Yarrow, 1883, (?). HEMIDACTYLIUM Tschudi, 1838, Batr., 59, 94. Salamandra scutata Schleg., 1838, Fauna Japon., Amph., 119. Canada to Texas. Salamandrina attexmata Eschsch., 1833, Zool. Atl., pt. V, 1, pi. 21. California. H. pacificum Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac, 195. California. Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac, 98. California. GEOTRITOW Bonap., 1831, Saggio, 84 (Spelerpes Raf., 1832). Salamandra rubra Latr., 1802, Kept., IV, 305. Missouri to Florida. (B) Pseudotriton montanus Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac. (2), I, 293. New York to South Carolina. (C) Spelerpes sticticeps Baird. Mexico. Salam. longicauda Green, 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac, I, 351. Ohio to Georgia. Sal. guttolineata Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 29, pi. 7. Ohio to Georgia. Sal. bilineata Green, 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac, I, 352. Florida to Ohio. Sal. variegata Gray, 1831, Synops., 107. City of Mexico to Central America. Spelerp. multiplicatus Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac, 106. Arkansas. S. lineolus Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac, 197. (?) Vera Cruz ; Orizaba. S. chiropterus Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 54. (?) Mexico. S. cephalieus Cope, 1865, Pr. Phil. Ac, 196. Mexico. S. leprosus Cope, Pr. Phil. Ac, 105. Vera Cruz ; Oaxaca ; Orizaba. S. belli Gray, 1859, Batr. Grad., 46. Mexico. Oedipus rufescens Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac, 104. Vera Cruz. 40 garman's list of O. morio Cope, 1. c, 103. Mexico. Pseudotriton marginatus Hallow., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac., 130. Georgia. Salam. porphyritica Green, 1827, Macl. Lye, I, 3, pi. 1, f. 2. Ohio to Massachusetts and Georgia. Spelerp. laticeps Broc, 1883, Miss. Sci. Mex., Batr., 110, pi. 18, f. 1. Vera Cruz. Bolitoglossa mexicana D. & B., 1854, Erp., IX, 93, pi. 104, f. 1. Mexico. MANCULUS Cope, 1869, Pr. Phil. Ac, 101. Salamandra quadrigitata Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 65, pi. 21. North Carolina to Florida. M. remifer Cope, 1869, Rep. Peab. Ac, 84. Florida. DESMOGNATHIDAE. DESMOG-NATHUS Bd., 1849, Jour. Phil. Ac. (2), I, 282. Triturus fuscus Raf., 1820, Ann. of Nat. (fid.). New York to Louisiana. (B) S. auriculata Holbr., 1. c, 47, pi. 12. Ohio to Georgia. Salam. nigra Green, 1818, Jour. Phil. Ac, I, 352. Illinois to Georgia. S. quadrimaculata Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 49, pi. 13. Florida to New York. D. OChrophaea Cope, 1859, Pr. Phil. Ac, 124. New York, to Georgia. THORIUS Cope, 1869, Am. Nat., 222. T. pennatulus Cope, 1. c Mexico. SALAMANDRIDAE. DIEMYCTYLUS Raf., 1820, Ann. Nat., No. 22. Triturus (Notophthalmus) miniatus Raf., 1. c Canada to Texas. (B) T. (Diemyctylus) viridescens Raf., 1. c Canada to Texas. Triton torosus Eschsch., 1833, Zool. Atlas, V, 12, pi. 21, f. 15. Oregon; California. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 41 ECAUDATA. RANIDAE. RANA Linn., 1735, Syst., —1758, Syst., I, 210, —1766, Syst., I, 354. R. catesbeiana Shaw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 106. Mississippi valley to the Atlantic. (B) R. horiconensis Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 83, pi. 19. New York ; Canada. R. clamitans Latr., 1801, Rept., II, 157. New England to Texas. (B) R. septentrionalis Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 61. Canada to Montana. R. montezumae Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 61. City of Mexico. R. virescens Kalm, 1761, Resa N. Araer., Ill, 46 (halecina auct.). Mexico ; United States and northward. (B) R. berlandieriBd., 1859, Mex. Bd. Surv., Rept., 27, pi. 26, f. 7-10. Mississippi valley ; Dakota to Mexico. (C) R. nigricans Hallow., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 96. El Paso creek, California. (D) R. areolata B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 173. Texas. (E) R. capitO LeC, 1855, Pr. Phil. Ac, 425, pi. 5. Illinois to Florida. (P) R. sinuata Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 61 (circulosa Jord.)- New York to Michigan. (G) R. lecontei B. & G., 1853, Pr. Phil. Ac, 301. R. palustris LeC, Ann. Lye N. Y., I, 282. Missouri to the Atlantic R. silvatica LeC, 1. c, 282. Mississippi valley to Atlantic. (B) R. eantabrigensis Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 61. Canada to Saskatchewan ; New England. (C) R. aurora B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 174. California; Oregon. R. pretiosa B. & G., 1853, Pr. Phil. Ac, 378. Puget sound. R. maculata Brocchi, 1876, Bull. Soc Philom. (7), I, 178.? Mexico. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 3* 42 garman's list of B. adtrita Trosch., 1865, Wirbelth.-Mex., 82 ? Mexico. R. pachyderma Cope ? ENGYSTOMATIDAE. ENGYSTOMA Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 65. E. carolinense Holbr., 1838, Herp., I, 83, pi. 2. South Carolina to Missouri and Florida. E. ustum Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac., 131. Mexico. E. elegans Blgr., 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal., 162. Cordova, Mexico. E. rugosum D. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 744. Mexico. CYSTIGNATHIDAE. HYLODES Fitz., 1826, Neue Class., 38. H. ricordii D. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 623. Southern Florida. Lithodytes latrans Cope, 1878, Amer. Nat., 186 ? Texas. Syrrhophus marnockii Cope, 1. c, 253. ? Texas. H. berkenbuschii Pet., 1869, Mb. Brl. Akad., 879. Mexico. Batrachyla longipes Bd., 1859, Mex. Bd. Surv., II, pi. 37.? Californiato British America. BUFONIDAE. BUPO Laur., 1768, Syst., 25. Rana lentiginosa Shaw, 1802, Zool., Ill, 173. North Carolina to Colorado and Florida. (B) B. americanus (LeC.) Holbr., Herp., V, 17. Nova Scotia to Dakota, and southward. (C) B. fowleri Putnam, Rep. Peab. Ac. This is an americanus of moderate size and with frontal ridges low, close together, and nearly or quite parallel. Voice peculiar. Manitoba to Winnipeg; Massachusetts. (D) B. COgnatus Say, 1823, Long's Exp., II, 190. Arkansas ; Colorado ; Dakota. (E) B. frontosus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 301. Colorado ; Utah ; New Mexico. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 43 (P) B. dorsalis Hallow., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 181. New Mexico. (G) B. speciosus Grd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 86. Texas ; New Mexico. (H) B. microscaphus Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 301. Colorado; Utah; California. (I) B. pictus Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rept., V, 522. Utah. (J) B. mexicanus Broc, 1879, Bull. Soc Philom. (7), III, 23. Mexico. B. punctatus B. &G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 173. Texas; Mexico; Arizona. B. debilis Grd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 87. Taraaulipas. B. halophila B. & G., 1853, Pr. Phil. Ac, 301. California. B. columbiensis B. & G., 1853, 1. c, 378. Oregon and Washington Territory. B. valliceps Wiegm., 1833, Isis, 657. Louisiana to Mexico. B. compactilis Wiegm., 1. c, 661 ? Texas ; Mexico ; Peru. B. dipternus Cope, 1879, Am. Nat., XIII, 437 ? Montana. B. monksiae Cope, 1879, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 263 ? B. copeii Yarr. &Hensh., 1878, Rept. & Batr., W. 100 Merid., 4. Selkirk and James bay, British America. B. beldingii Yarr., 1882, Pr. U. S. Mus., 441. La Paz, California. B. quercicus Holbr., 1842, Herp., V, 13. North Carolina to Florida. B. occipitalis Camerano, , Atti Ac. Torin, 889, XIV ? Mexico. B. bocourtiBroc, 1876, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), I, 186. Totonicapam, Mexico. B. argillaceus Cope, 1868, Pr. Phil. Ac, 138 ? Western Mexico. HYLIDAE. CHOROPHILUS Baird, 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 60. Hyla triseriata Wied., 1839, Reise N. Amer., I, 249. New Jersey; Colorado. 44 gasman's list of (B) Helocaetes clarki Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 60. Texas. (C) C. triseriatus subspecies corporalis Cope, 1875, Check- list ? New Jersey. Bana nigrita LeC, 1824, Ann. N. Y. Lye, I, 282. South Carolina ; Florida. Cystignathus ornatus Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 103, pi. 25. South Carolina; Georgia. Hylod.es ocularis Holbr., 1. c, 137, pi. 35. South Carolina; Georgia. C. COpii Blgr., 1882, Cat. Bat. Sal., 334. Georgia. C. septentrionalis Blgr., 1. c, 335, pi. 23, f. 1. Great Bear lake. C. verrucosus Cope, 1877, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 87 ? Florida. ACRIS D. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 506. Rana gryllus LeC, 1824, Ann. N. Y. Lye, I, 282. Illinois ; North Carolina to Florida. (B) A. crepitans Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 59. Maine to Dakota and Texas. (C) A. achetae Bd., 1. c, 59. Key West, Florida. (D) A. bufonia Blgr., 1882, Cat. Bat. Sal., 337. New Orleans. HYLA Laur., 1768, Rept., 32. Calamita cinereaSchn., 1799, Amph., 1, 174. This is the H. carolinensis of authors, = the cinereous froj of Pennant, 1792, Arct. Zool., II, 331. North Carolina to Florida. (B) H. semifasciata Hallow., 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac, 306. South Carolina; Texas. H. aflftnis Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 61. ? Sonora. H. gratiosa LeC, 1856, Pr. Phil. Ac, 146, pi. VI. Georgia; Florida. H. versicolor LeC, 1824, Ann. Lye N. Y., I, 281. Texas; Wisconsin; Massachusetts. H. femoralis Daud., 1803, Rainettes, 15. pi. 1, f. 1. Georgia; Florida. H. squirella Daud., 1. c, pi. 14, f. 3. South Carolina ; Florida. N. A. REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 45 H. andersoni Bd., 1854, Pr. Phil. Ac, 61. Maryland ; South Carolina. H. eximia Bd., 1. c, 61. New Mexico ; Mexico. H. regilla B. & G., 1852, Pr. Phil. Ac, 174. Mexico ; Oregon ; Nevada. H. baudiniiD. & B., 1841, Erp., VIII, 564. Texas ; Central America. H. nigropunctata Blgr., 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal., 366. Cordova; Jalapa; Vera Cruz. H. crassa Broc, 1876, Bull. Soc Philom. (7), I, 130. Mexico. H. plicata Broc, 1. c Mexico. H. cadaverina Cope, 1866, Pr. Phil. Ac, 84 ? California. H. arenicolor Cope, 1. c Utah; Sonora. H. curta Cope, 1. c, 313. Lower California. H. miotympanum Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 47 ? Jalapa, Mexico. H. graeilipes Cope, 1865, 1. c, 195 ? Northeastern Mexico tableland. H. bistineta Cope, 1877, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc, 87 ? Vera Cruz. Hylodes pickeringii Holbr., 1842, Herp., IV, 135, pi. 34. Maine ; Illinois ; South Carolina. PHYLLOMEDUSAWagl., 1830, Syst. Amph., 201. P. dacnicolor Cope, 1864, Pr. Phil. Ac, 181. Colima. PELOBATIDAE. SCAPHIOPUS Holbr., 1838, Herp., I, 85. S. solitarius Holbr., 1. c, 85, pi. 12. Massachusetts; Florida; Mississippi. (B) var. albus Garman, 1877, Pr. A. A. A. S., Buffalo meet- ing, 194. Average size less than that of preceding. Brown of the back lacks the red or chocolate tinge. Readily distinguished by the great amount of white on back, flanks and upper surface of limbs. The white forms spots or vermiculations which coalesce into bands of irregular shape and extent. Key West, Florida. 46 GARMAN S LIST OF S. COUChii Bd., 1855, Pr. Phil. Ac, 52. Texas; Utah; California. (B) S. varius Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 52. Utah ; Lower California. (C) S. rectifrenis Cope, 1. c, 52. Tamaulipas ; Coahuila. S. multiplicatus Cope, 1. c Mexico. S. hammondi Bd., 1859, P. R. R. Rep., X, pt. 4. 12, pi. 27, f. 2. California. S. bombifrons Cope, 1863, Pr. Phil. Ac, 53. Missouri; Nebraska; Texas. S. dugesi Broc, 1879, Bull. Soc Philora. (7), III, 23. Mexico. Spea stagnalis (Cope) Yarr., 1875, Wheeler's Rep., V, 525, pi. 25, f. 6-8. New Mexico. Scaphiop. intermoDtanus (Cope) Yarr., 1883, Checklist, 26. 5 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK. BY SAMUEL GARMAN. CHLAMYDOSELACHUS ANGUINEUS. 48 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK ; Measurements. — Total length 59.5 ; snout to angle of mouth 4.5, to back of skull 4.25, to occipital pores 3.9, to end of gill covers 7., to end of pectorals 14.25, to vent 35.5, to base of ventrals 32., to end of ventrals 38.6, to base of anal 39.75, to end of anal 47.6, to base of dorsal 42.25, to end of dorsal 47.75, to base of caudal 48.5; greatest width across ventrals 7., greatest width across caudal 5., greatest width across dorsal and anal 6.5, greatest circumference of body 11.5, width of head across eyes 3.5, width of teeth between the outer prongs (length of longest prong little less) .25 inches. Rows of teeth !$•§-• -ff. Rays on hyomandibular and ceratohyal (first branchial arch) 22, on second arch 15, third 14, fourth 12, fifth 9, sixth 6, and on the seventh none. Hab., Japanese seas. Description. Body very long, slender, eel-like, in- creasing in size comparatively little anteriorly, compressed near and behind the vent, which is in the posterior half of the total length. Head broad, wider than high. Crown slightly convex forming a rather sharp angle with the snout and sides of the head, from the eyes forward. Skull with an anterior foramen, beginning a short distance in front of a vertical from the front edge of the orbit, re- sembling that of Raja. Behind this, midway between the eyes, there is an elongate depression on the crown as of a second foramen, while on the occiput a little distance in front of the occipital pores a deep rounded depression in- dicates what is commonly called the second, the posterior foramen. Snout broad, rounded, hardly extending in front of the jaws, rather acute-angled or shovel-shaped at the top. Nostril moderate, vertical, separated by a fold from each side into an upper opening looking forward and a lower one looking backward, situated about midway from eye to end of snout and near the middle of the space from top of head to month. Eye moderately large, orbit elongate, near a vertical from the middle of the length of the mouth. Spiracle very small, over the hyomandibular; its distance behind the eye equal to that from eye to BY SAMUEL GARMAN. 49 end of snout. Mouth cleft very deep, slightly curved, extending as far back as the skull. Roof and floor of mouth covered with sharp scales, the former curving up- ward very strongly behind the teeth between the nostrils. Upper and lower jaws about equal in length . Lips without a groove or labial fold. Glossohyal cartilage (basihyal) prominent above the floor of the mouth and free at its ex- tremity about half an inch, forming a tongue. Teeth small, similar in both jaws, several in each row in function at the same time, each with three long, smooth, curved, backward directed, slender, very sharp cusps — each of which bears some resemblance to a serpent's tooth. A small cusp on the base at each side of the central. Bases of teeth broad, extending inward about the length of the cusps, terminating in two prongs (see fig.) which, extend- ing beneath the base of the next tooth, prevent the possi- bility of reversion or turning the cusps forward. Fourteen rows of teeth on each side on the upper jaws, no median series. A median row on the symphysis of the lower jaws, its teeth similar in size and shape to those of the thirteen rows on each side of it. Hyomandibular and ceratohyal closely and somewhat firmly connected with the jaws at the hinge or hinder angle of the latter. Branchial arches long, very slender, with sharp small scales on their inner edges. Without dissecting, twenty-two branchial rays can be counted on the hyomandibular and ceratohyal (the first arch) and on the succeeding six arches, in order, 15, 14, 12, 9, 6, and 0 respectively. In most cases the outer ex- tremities of the rays are produced in a sharp flexible point beyond the adjacent margin of the gill covers. Gill open- ings very wide, oblique, the opposite series very narrowly separated on the throat, the fourth in front of a vertical from the pectoral and the fifth and sixth extending back above the shoulder. A broad opercular flap covers the first ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 4 50 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK ; branchial aperture and is continuous and free across the isthmus, forming a frill or ruffle ; it is held in place and prevented from turning forward by a thin fold or wall of membrane, near an inch in height, attached immediately beneath the middle of the basihyal. The external distri- bution of slime-canals is about as follows : starting above the nostril in front of the eye a line turns backward along each side of the skull and, after receiving a branch from behind the eye, continues along the middle of each flank to the extreme end of the vertebral column in the tail, where it makes an abrupt turn downward for about a quarter of an inch ; under the chin on each side, a line runs along the mandible and curving upward disappears behind the angle of the mouth ; a branch of this, beginning nearly on a vertical beneath the middle of the space between eye and nostril, runs farther from the mouth and turning up- ward near the margin of the opercular flap after receiving a short branch behind the angle of the mouth, continues to a point a very short distance behind the spiracle, a small branch coming into it near the end from the direction of the corner of the mouth. Pectorals moderate, broad, rounded. Dorsal comparatively small, its posterior ex- tremity extending as far back as that of the anal, angle blunt. The upper margin of the dorsal is armed with a series of enlarged, compressed, chisel-shaped scales, which extends forward on the back to a vertical from the vent, a few of the anterior being horizontally flattened. Ventrals large, broad — a little broader than long, rounded, poste- rior angle acute. Anal broad, long, rounded, acute-angled posteriorly. Caudal long, very broad, rounded anteriorly, posterior angle acute — produced into a filamentary point, margin very thin or membranaceous. Above the muscular vertebral portion of the tail there is a narrow expanse of fin, widening backward, the edge of which is armed by a BY SAMUEL GAEMAN. 51 sharp series of chisel-shaped scales, and extended down- ward behind the end of the vertebral column, where it be- comes about three-sixteenths of an inch in width. That it is the dorsal portion of the fin which descends is proved by the change in the direction of the points of the scales and of the mucus canal. The dorsal portion of the fin is plainly indicated on the hinder margin of the tail about half-way down to the filamentary point. The chisel-shaped scales are in reality formed from two series (one belonging to each side of the body) which have coalesced. Though small and harsh to the touch the scales on the body are not sharp ; they offer about the same resistance from what- ever direction the finger may be passed over them. On the tail, however, they are very sharp and the points are directed backward. Along the edges of the canals on both body and tail the scales are compressed and flattened ; they form the only cover or protection for these organs, which in the specimen described have the appearance of long seams or grooves. On the skull these canals do not stand open as on the rest of the body. Near the mouth and especially toward its angle the scales are larger and more prominent. Under the middle of the belly, the skin forms two closely approximated rolls or ridges sep- arated by a groove, and inside of these the muscle is thicker than towards the flanks. Intestine very small, valve spi- ral. Abdominal pores opening behind the vent, pro- tected by a fold. Cartilages soft and flexible as those of Somniosus or Selache. Uniform brown, darker at the thin margins of the tins. Specimen described, a female, apparently adult, purchased by the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology from Professor H. A.Ward, who gives Japan as the locality. The accompanying outlines are taken from the animal as it lies on the belly showing the back of the middle of the 52 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK ; body and the sides of the head and tail. The smaller sketches show the upper and lower surfaces of the head. The smallest figures give the outlines of a tooth viewed from above and from the sides. From the foregoing it appears that there is neither genus nor family to which the species described may prop- erly be assigned. The characters given below are se- lected for provisional diagnoses. Chlamydoselachus. Branchial apertures six. Oper- cular flap broad, free across the isthmus. Teeth similar in both jaws, with slender subconical cusps and broad backward produced bases. No teeth in the middle in front above ; a row on the symphysis below. Mouth wide, anterior ; no labial fold. No nictitating membrane. Fins broad, pectorals far in advance of the others. Caudal without a notch posteriorly. Gill arches slender, long, basihyal not wide. Intestine small. Chlamydoselachidje. Body much elongate, increas- ing in size very little anteriorly. Head depressed, broad. Eyes lateral, without nictitating membrane. Nasal cav- ity in skull separate from that of mouth. Mouth anterior. Snout broad, projecting very little. Cusps of teeth re- sembling teeth of serpents. Spiracles small, behind the head. One dorsal, without spine. Caudal without pit at its root. Opercular flap covering first branchial aperture free across the isthmus. Intestine with spiral valve. BY SAMUEL GARMAN. 53 Remarks. Such an animal as that described is very likely to unsettle disbelief in what is popularly called the " sea serpent. " Though it could hardly on examination be taken for anything but a shark, its appearance in the forward portion of the body, particularly in the head, brings vividly to mind the triangular heads, deep-cleft mouths, and fierce looks of many of our most dreaded snakes. In view of the possible discoveries of the future, the fact of the existence of such creatures, so recently un- discovered, certainly calls for a suspension of judgment in regard to the non-existence of that oft-appearing but elusive creature, the serpent-like monster of the oceans. Generally the attitude of ichthyologists in respect to the belief in unknown sea monsters is much the same ; they are inclined to accept it but are waiting more definite in- formation. A couple of years ago Professor Baird in a conversation on the subject drew a sketch of a strange creature, captured and thrown away by a fisherman on the coast of Maine, which might be readily considered by the ordinary observer as a form of " the serpent. " It was some twenty-four feet in length, ten inches in diame- ter, eel-like in shape, possessed of a single dorsal placed near the head, and had three gill openings. The question was " is it a shark ? " In several respects it resembled an eel rather more. An outline and the correspondence in relation to it have recently been published in the Proceed- ings of the Fish Commission. Notwithstanding the possession of peculiarities which prevent its entrance into any of the known families of the order, the subject of the present communication is a verit- able shark. A diameter of less than four inches to a length of five feet marks one of the slenderest of the tribe. Whether it attains much greater length we can only judge, 54 AN EXTRAORDINARY SHARK; from the structure and apparent age of the specimen, to be probable. The delicate margins and filaments of the fins are those of an inhabitant of the open sea or considerable depths. Bottom feeders are provided with larger spiracles and the fins usually show signs of wear. Rapidity of movement is suggested by the large amount of surface in the posterior fins. It is probable, however, that the large fins, being so far back, are of importance as support for the body when the anterior portion is quickly plunged forward to seize the prey ; that is, they secure a fulcrum from which the animal may strike like a snake. The anterior fins (pectorals) being only of moderate size are yet ample for balancing or directing the body when in motion how- ever rapid. There is a correspondence between the size of the gill openings and that of the mouth ; no matter how widely the latter may be opened when rushing upon the prey, the immense branchial apertures allow the water to pass through without obstruction. Favoring the idea of rapidity of movement still further are the peculiarities in the struc- ture of the nostrils. By means of a fold from each side of the vertically elongated nostril it is divided into what appears to be two nasal apertures. Of these the upper looks forward and catches the water as it is met turning it into the cavity upon the membranes of the interior ; while the lower opens backward allowing the water to escape after passing over the olfactory apparatus. In case of the upper opening it is the hinder margin that stands out farthest from the head and in the lower aperture it is the forward edge that is prominent. In fact the structure is such that the slightest forward movement will send a cur- rent of water in at the upper portion of the nostril and out at the lower while a move backward will simply reverse BY SAMUEL GARMAN. 55 the order making the current enter below and escape above. In most Selachians this current is secured by means of the nasal valve, which covers about half of each nostril. The teeth are constructed for grasping and from their peculiar shape and sharpness it would seem as if nothing that once came within their reach could escape them. Even in the dead specimen the formidable three-pronged teeth make the mouth a troublesome one to explore. Points of teeth in perfect preservation, shape of the cusps, and the structure of the small portion of the intestine left by the captor, leave little room for doubt that the food of the creature was such as possessed comparatively little hardness in the way of the mail or other armature. No other shark of which we know has the opercular flap free across the throat. In this particular it recalls the fishes. There is a certain embryonic look about the spe- cies, as others who have seen it also remark, that calls for a comparison with fossil representatives of the Selachians. Among them I have been unable to find anything which misrht be considered at all near. In Cladodus of the Devonian there is a form with teeth somewhat similar, a median and two lateral cones on each tooth, but the cones are straight instead of curving backward, and the enamel is grooved or folded instead of smooth. How- ever, the type is one which produces the impression that its affinities are to be looked for away back, probably ear- lier than the Carboniferous, when there was less difference between the sharks and the fishes. A SPECIES OF HEPTRANCHIAS SUPPOSED TO BE NEW. BY SAMUEL G ARM AN. HEPTRANCHIAS PECTOROSUS. Total length 16, snout to caudal 10.375, snout to anal 8.25, snout to dorsal 7.1, snout to vent 6.75, snout to end of pectoral 5, snout to angle of mouth 2, and snout to mouth 0.8 inches. Hab., Patagonia. Description. Body elongate, compressed posteriorly, heavy and broad in the anterior third of its length, chest broad. Head broad, short, somewhat depressed, snout and facial angles rounded, blunt. Nostril, anterior, more than half-way from the eye to the end of the snout, in the upper half of the distance between top of head and mouth. Eye moderate, without a nictitating membrane, situated about the middle of the length of the head. Spiracle very small, in front of the upper angle of the first gill opening, half-way to a vertical from the eye. Mouth very large, inferior, with a thin labial fold which extends along the lower jaw nearly half-way to the symphysis. Teeth com- pressed, unlike in the upper and lower jaws, which both have teeth on the symphysis. Roof and floor of mouth with compressed usually five-cusped scales, like shagreen. The tooth between the series of the upper jaws is sharp pointed, slightly oblique and resembles those on its left, as it is on that side the small notch appears at its base. On each side of thU tooth there is a series of seven, the me- dial of which bears a small cusp at the forward portion of (56) IIEPTRANCHIAS ; BY SAMUEL GAItMAN. 57 the base which is followed by a long sharp one and this in turn by one or two smaller ones. Behind the seven, toward the angle of the jaws, there are a number of very small ones. On the lower jaws the teeth are much broader, that on the symphysis is small and bears most of its notches on the leftside ; on each side of it there is a series of six, each of which has one to two small, followed by four mod- erate sized, cusps, the anterior of the four being little if any longer than the other three ; and, in cases, there is also a small cusp on the posterior portion of the base. As in the upper series there are very small teeth in the hinder portion of the series. Gill openings seven, wide, all in front of the pectoral, the series separated on the throat by a space nearly as wide as that between them back of the head ; the width of the openings, and of the spaces between them decreases toward the pectoral. Pectorals nearly as broad as long, angles rounded, posterior margin slightly indented. Width across both ventrals less than their length. The posterior inner portion of each ventral is a strong fold, opening toward the body, and in it is hidden the clasper. Dorsal rather small, beginning above the pos- terior extremity of the ventral and extending a little beyond a vertical from the middle of the anal, posterior margin in- dented, lower angle produced, blunt. Anal smaller than the dorsal, beoinnino;" under the middle of the length of the latter. Tail long without a pit at the root, armed on the upper edge by three series of enlarged (thickened and broadened) scales. Caudal rather narrow, widest ante- riorly. Scales carinate, where they have not been rubbed, with a long sharp central point and, on each side of this, one or two small ones. Brownish, more or less faintly blotched with darker on back and flanks. Type in Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam- bridge, Mass. BULLETIN ZESSIEIX: IHSTIT'D'TB Vol. 16. Salem : April, May, June, 1884. Nos. 4, 5, 6. PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY. BY WM. G. BARTON. The pigeon family, in the widest sense, includes a mul- titude of species, many living in the tropics and display- ing the gorgeous colors characteristic of the birds of hot climates. But the wild species of pigeons which inhabit Old and New England are few in number. In the former, we find four species, viz. : the Blue Rock Dove, which we shall speak of again, the Ring Dove, which is the com- monest wild pigeon of England, the Stock Dove — once considered the stock whence all domestic pigeons — and the Turtle Dove. In New England are two species only : the common Wild or Passenger Pigeon, and the Carolina Dove. The beautiful little Collared Turtle Dove, called also Ring Dove and Laughing Dove, common in both countries as a pet, is not to be confounded with these. Science has turned her scrutinizing eye sharply upon pigeons ; and Mr. Darwin took the domestic pigeon for his chief typical illustration of the variability of do- mestic animals, and made them contribute a surprising ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 4* (59) 60 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY ; array of facts toward the support of his grand and auda- cious theories of animal life. His opinion that all the varieties of tame pigeons have descended from one species, finds acceptance I believe with most scientists, although it has not lacked warm contestants, and certainly, to super- ficial observers, may well appear absurd. Those who are interested in the question should read that one of the several monuments of the great naturalist's patience and concen- tration , "The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domes- tication." The wild species assigned this post of honor is the one first mentioned — the Blue Rock Pigeon (Ool- umba livia) . This bird is very similar in appearance to that variety of our common pigeon which is slaty-blue with two well-defined dark bars across each wing. It is still found in Great Britain, particularly along the rocky shores of Scotland. Wild rock pigeons in other parts of the the world, as in India and Italy, differing somewhat in appearance from the British bird, are classed as the same species. It is interesting to notice how often the light bluish wing with the two bars appears among the fancy breeds. This marking is especially common in the off- spring of crosses between two varieties. The Blue Rock pigeon's nearest brother, and a variety which required neither the cunning interference of man nor long ages to produce, is the common Dove-house pigeon, with which, mingled in some degree with other blood, Salem and other cities are, in the words of a Salem clergyman, "infested." But, if we follow Mr. Darwin, we must also consider as Columba livia, birds so mutually diverse as the pouter, the tumbler, and the fan- tail. Our common pigeon is found all over Europe, and is the kind used in the cruel shooting-matches, which should be prohibited. It is so abundant that the swift- ness of its flight and the general beauty of its plumage, BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 61 especially in the "iris" of its burnished neck, are apt to escape our notice. Pigeons have been associated with mankind for un- counted ages. Noah's dove and the frequent references to pigeons in the Scriptures are familiar to us all. The earliest record of the domestic pigeon refers to the Fifth Egyptian Dynasty or 3,000 B. C. But, leaving that out of account, the ode to the carrier by Anacreon, written in the fifth century, B. C, and the complaints of Varro who was born 116 B. C, and of Columella, living about the year 1 A. D., regarding the extravagant prices paid for fancy pigeons by their contemporaries, are allusions to pigeons old enough to make the brownest crumbling doc- ument in this building seem a thing of yesterday. And there may be somebody here who, learning that £100 is paid for a pair of carriers at the present day, and that long lists of pigeon genealogy are printed, would shake hands with old Pliny across eighteen centuries, and la- ment as he did when he said : " Many are mad with the love of these birds ; they build towers for them on the tops of their roof, and will relate the high-breeding and ancestry of each, after the ancient fashion. Before Pom- pey's civil war, L. Axius, a Roman knight, used to sell a single pair of pigeons denariis quadringentis." This sum has been estimated £12 18s. 4d. Among the Orientals, pigeons have always been favorite pets. There are thirty Sanscrit names for them, and half as many Persian. India and China are old pigeon countries. In fact, we believe that all civilized, and many half-civilized, peoples have prized the pigeon. Besides the countries mentioned, there come readily to mind, as asso- ciated with this fancy, Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, Aus- tria, Italy, Spain, France, Russia, the United States, and preeminently Germany, Belgium, Holland and Great 62 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY; Britain. The dove which whispered into the Great Proph- et's ear has endeared this bird to Mussulmans ; Russians feel at this late day a practical affection toward them be- cause of the service rendered at the Deluge ; and the many associations of the dove with Scripture have kept alive a sentiment at least in their favor throughout Christendom. Large numbers are publicly fed every day in the great square of Venice ; flocks soar across the smoky sky of London ; the streets of St. Petersburg, Cairo, and Constantinople abound in them, tame and fear- less. Among the rafters in the dock-sheds of New York City live hundreds of pigeons, protected and cherished by salt and stevedore ; and the spillings from the nose-bags of the horses in Boston are devoured by denizens of loft, cornice, and church-tower ; while amid the smoke and din of the railway station in Salem doves rear their young. In feudal days the barons only were allowed to keep pigeons, which they suffered to prey upon the crops of their tenantry, who had no redress. So that, in France especially, we find hard words spoken against the dove- cotes — those towers of masonry in which these birds were lodged. These dovecote pigeons were no doubt at first the " blue rocks," which had been captured in their native haunts. The pigeon fancy must be considered strictly a fancy. Many men make it a business, of course, and a pigeon pie is a pleasing incident ; but the bald questions " Does it pay ? " and " Do you eat them ?" are considered almost in- sulting by the true fancier, and are a sign that the ques- tioner must experience, in respect to this subject, a sort of new birth before he can be enlightened. The fancy, then, is aesthetic, allied to that for roses, dahlias and tu- lips ; and I will venture to assert, that in grace of form, and beauty of color and marking, those flowers have in BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 63 pigeons formidable rivals. To the boy the pigeon is a pretty pet ; to the man it becomes the object of deep thought, of persevering training, and of patient experi- ment. Yes ! to the boy, pigeons are the royal pets ; and thereafter, the caged squirrel, the penned-up toad, the tethered tortoise, lose their charm. Captives are they — yet at liberty, and such a liberty — not of the earth, but of the heavens. They wander, not to catch grasshoppers in the mowing lot, but to soar with exultant freedom into the skies, still, as their proud owner knows, bound fast to the loft by the ties of home. To the urchin every- thing winged and hard to catch has especial charms, whether butterfly, bat, or bird. And the craving for pos- session grows so strong, that the black-barred, blue-check- ered, brick-red-checkered, white, or variously pied, com- mon pigeons of our streets and yards are enticed into the noose or under the sieve, if only for the short-lived pleasure of holding in the hand that throbbing form which just now cleaved the air, or of pressing to the cheek or lips the soft wing which has whistled so often overhead. The rapture felt, when the coop is being prepared ; when the first live pigeons are owned ; at the discovery of the first white egg ; or at the return of the birds after their taste and test of liberty, — only those who have felt it know. The speaker recalls the time when, although then opposed as now both from inclination and principle to early rising, he hastened to his loft at five in the morning, where seated on a hard box he spent an hour or two in watching the indoor habits of his pigeons. Sometimes I carried on evening observations by lantern light. Even now, I occasionally see in dreams such ideal pigeons as are figured in the books, and with that light upon their feathers which never was on sea or land. 64 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY; Pigeons pair, like the singing-birds; but, instead of mating for the season, remain paired year after year, even, as a rule, for life. I say as a rule because there are fre- quent exceptions ; and the constancy of the dove has been greatly exaggerated, as they occasionally desert one an- other to choose more congenial mates, and are by no means always faithful to the vows made at billing, even when the partnership is continued. So are their meekness and gentleness largely imaginary. It is, I fear, the soft, plaintive voice of the pigeon that has done much for its reputation. There could scarcely be a more striking illus- tration of a quarrelsome disposition, prone to pick up a row whenever possible, than is afforded by some cock pigeons. Such a bird will take up his station at the en- trance of a loft, and do his best to prevent the passage in or out of any inmate, rushing to and fro with malicious cooing and vicious strokes of his bill. Such a pigeon often takes possession of the whole side of the room, comprising many more nests than he can possibly use, and maintains his position until actually whipped in a free fight with some other cock. A pigeon frequently acts to perfection the dog in the manger, perching upon the food box or the bath solely to keep other pigeons away. This is hardly exceptional, unless in degree. No bird is more jealous of his rights and privileges, and they are all greedy and all will fight — or run. I have watched with some excitement fights over a nesting place, which lasted for many minutes. They approach one another sidewise, holding on high the off wing in a threatening way, and striking with the one next their rival, and also with their beak. It is highly amusing to see two that are about equally matched, in a nesting box, wrestling, each trying to pitch his antagonist out and not to be pitched out himself, so that they turn round and round BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 65 or stand as still as a Rogers group, tightly braced with outspread wings and legs. That they are seldom much injured in these fights is only because they are poorly armed. A squab which has tumbled to the floor is not unfrequently terribly lacerated — sometimes even killed by old birds ; and a sick pigeon is invariably persecuted with vehement malice. I regret to disturb any long cher- ished notion in the minds of my hearers, but am thus in the fashion in these iconoclastic times. You will find very much in these birds to compensate for a character often so unlovely ; and their habit of generally mating for life, and always very fondly, remains a remarkable fact. The perpetuation and improvement of existing varieties and the formation of new ones depend upon the fact that pigeons very kindly accept mates chosen by their owners, so that they may be made to mate according to the points possessed by the proposed parents and desired in the off- spring. Many pages of tedious detail have been written as to what birds should be mated to produce a given result. As the French in roses, the Dutch in bulb flowers, so, for example, have the Germans shown marvellous skill in the production of variously marked and colored pigeons. A cock and hen pigeon placed in a cage together, will generally mate in a day or two, unless the hen whip the cock. In which case, a few days sole possession of the cage will commonly furnish him with sufficient courage to bring the hen to submission. Two cock pigeons may mate, when males are too numerous, and, if given eggs, rear young; and females have been known to do the same, each laying two eggs in the nest, on which they sit with amusing patience. The nest is generally the choice of the cock, if not of the fancier. He flies into it, scratches about or crouches perfectly motionless and calls softly, louder and louder, to his mate, peeping out now 66 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY; and then to see if she responds. Probably she soon flies into the nest, coos softly in reply, and caresses his head gently with her bill in the most affectionate and delicate manner. Perhaps she has brought a stick or straw. But, at any rate, he soon flies off to fetch building material to her, which she arranges with great care, often taking it directly from his beak. These meetings are always accompanied by short, confiding coos. The nests vary greatly. Some pairs work with great industry, and build a toppling dangerous structure ; others are content with a dozen sticks, and deposit the eggs upon the bare board or earthen nest pan. Two eggs only are laid, the great fecundity of pigeons depending altogether upon the num- ber of the broods, which among good breeders may amount to ten or eleven a year. For several days before the eggs are laid, the cock follows the hen from place to place, giving her little peace except when she is on the nest. The first egg is laid in the late afternoon, and after two nights and a day have passed, the second one is placed by its side, probably in the forenoon. Then begins incu- bation in earnest, more and more assiduous as the days go on. In all these matters, the cock takes an affectionate and unaffected interest, perching near by, communicating frequently, and assuming an important share in the labor of incubation. He goes on to the nest in the middle of the forenoon, is cordially welcomed by the hen, who care- fully gets off the nest and seeks for food, recreation, and exercise, while he as carefully adjusts himself with an air of great comfort to await his mate's return, which will be in four or five hours. This time may vary slightly, but at night the nest is always occupied by the female. In about eighteen days after the second egg, the "golden couplets are disclosed," thinly covered with a yellow down, blind, and as helpless as young mice or sparrows. Now BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 67 we behold a marvel which distinguishes pigeons from other birds, and makes the old joke about pigeon's milk no joke at all. As in mammals the lacteal glands secrete milk at the birth of the young, so, at the hatching of the young pigeons, or rather at the time when they should hatch, the crops of both parents become thickened in structure, and secrete a milky liquid, which coagulates or curdles into something resembling curdled milk ; and the young pigeon has his beak taken into the side of that of his parent, and receives this curdy nourishment, ejected by a sort of vomiting, against his wide under mandible. For this, his appetite is excellent, and such remarkable nutritive power does it possess, that squabs grow at a wonderful rate. For a while they are covered closely by the parents, and fed exclusively upon this w soft meat." But in a few days, they are left uncovered longer and longer, and the soft meat becomes mingled with half-di- gested food ; and, after eight or ten days, it disappears altogether, the food being then merely softened by macer- ation in the crop of the parent. Later on, the old one, after eating heartily, directly swallows a copious draught of water and throws up his whole cropful into the maw of the young one, who is now fully feathered, perhaps flying from roof to roof, or running with outspread wings and a whistling note in pursuit of his father, — for the mother has probably weaned him, and is devoting her whole atten- tion to a second pair of eggs. Fanciers are in the habit of shifting eggs from one pair to another to afford valuable young the benefit of good nursing, and a large proportion of the highest bred birds are reared by foster-parents of a common sort. Young ones are sometimes given to several different pairs of nurses in succession, so as to be afforded more than one course of soft meat. Pigeons, like infants, may be brought ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 5 68 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY; up by hand, and many a one, deserted after a week or so by his parents, has flourished, first on chewed cracker, then on grain and water (which they soon learn to take deftly from the human mouth) ; or has been fed literally by hand with soaked peas or corn. A large number of the pig- eons sold for food in the London market have been stuffed by professional feeders, who charge a penny a dozen squabs for feeding them with millet or tares and water from their mouth. The crop is blown full in an instant and a whole meal thus given the astonished bird in almost the twinkling of an eye. The increase in weight of a young pigeon is thus given by an English clergyman. It was a young barb, and weighed at hatching one-half oz. The following are its weights on the respective days : — 6th day 4 J oz 7th " 5f " 9th " 8J " 12th " 10 " 18th " 111 " 20th " 11| " lmo. i2i « or a little more than the mother. In four or five weeks the bird is flying about, and in six months or so is anxious to find a mate of his own. Pigeons are great bathers, and common ones are often seen squatting in the puddles. During a shower, they sprawl about upon the roof, lying upon the side with one wing uplifted, that the drops may fall beneath it ; and they sometimes remain out until completely drenched. In their manner of drinking they resemble horses, suck- ing all they wish — a hearty pull — without raising the head, and, when very thirsty, immersing the beak nearly to the eyes. BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 69 fish, or peck day after day at the gravel where salt has been shaken from the table cloth. Their fondness for hemp seed is like the greed of chil- dren for candy ; and the wildest specimens may generally be quickly tamed by it, and made to eat from the hand and fly upon the head and shoulders of the feeder. They are as individual as men. I can recall the faces and coos of certain pigeons, and have often recognized one among a flock of thirty by the voice alone . Some are docile , intelligent, less greedy ; others pugnacious, stupid, and the very embodiment of selfish gluttony. Some, easily tamed, look trustingly at you ; others of the same variety, have the eye of a wild Texas bull and refuse to come near, un- less they are sure of hemp seed. There are very many obstacles to successful pigeon- keeping. Hawks may catch them on the wing ; cats bring bloody havoc into the loft, or snap up your choicest darling under your very nose ; rats may eat eggs and young ; lice in five or six species infest them ; or disease ravage like Asiatic cholera. Some refuse to lay, others allow their young to starve. You may be surprised some fine day to find that your best yellow fantail has fallen down a chimney. Several pigeons have' tumbled down two different chimneys in my house, and I was once obliged to rise at midnight to remove the fireboard in my chamber and admit a tumbler in this Santa Claus fashion, a tumbler indeed. The homes of pigeons are of every kind, from the soap- box of the ten year old boy, to the elaborately furnished, heated, and daily swept apartments of the wealthy fancier. The best lofts in England, Scotland, and the United States would doubtless greatly surprise most of us by their beauty, costliness, and adaptation. 70 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY; Many pigeon or columbarian societies, for the promo- tion of the fancy, exist in this country and in Europe. In London, at the present day, there is the National Periste- ronic Society, which consists of one hundred members, and which holds an annual exhibition at the Crystal Pal- ace. Of course there are multitudes of local societies. The premiums and the notoriety offered by exhibitions afford the special inducements to fanciers to breed for points of excellence. The prizes are awarded by judges ; and upon the standards adopted by the society, and the discretion of the judges depends, in some degree, what characteristics shall be demanded in certain varieties. So that, while the general character of a variety remains the same year after year, requirements as to minor points are constantly being modified. This subject sometimes gives rise to controversy. [In describing the principal varieties of fancy pigeons, the speaker referred to the pictures upon the stage, and was not confined to manuscript. His remarks, somewhat abridged, were as follows.] The Pouter is, in my opinion, the king of fancy pigeons, although this term has been applied to the carrier. The unsophisticated are apt to call him ugly, and at first sight he does bear a top-heavy look. But when we learn that his huge ball is simply inflated with air, he seems the lighter for it. Pouters are more cosseted and petted than any fancy pigeon. They are made very tame, handled often, stroked upon the back, and taught to " blow, " and trip about or " play" as it is called, when ad- dressed by the peculiar call which pouter fanciers utter. He is the most human pigeon, often assuming a nearly erect position, is intelligent, responsive, social, good-natured, comical. One comes to consider him a playful, sly rogue, ready for a frolic. If he does not swell up when BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 71 you want him to, it is an easy matter to put his bill into your mouth and blow him up, as a boy does a football. He will retain this air when set down, and strut about with as much satisfaction as if he did it himself. This habit of inflating the crop is in some degree common to all pigeons and affords them unmistakable pleasure, although once in a while the pouter may have a difficulty in dis- charging the air, perhaps even fall over backwards. They generally fly with much wing clapping and often with their crops fully inflated. When very hungry they are apt to gorge themselves, and all the pigeon books give instructions for hanging up a gorged pouter in a stocking leg. The pouter should be very tall and slender, with long legs that are properly feathered, long wings and tail, and a full .round crop. He should be as perfectly marked as possible. There are blue-pied, black-pied, yellow-pied, red-pied, white, and other colors. Indeed most varieties of fancy pigeons are found of different colors. There is a small or "bantam " variety called the "pigmy" pouter. The Scotch are noted for their fine pouters. £300 has been paid for three pairs, and $135 for a yellow-pied hen, and probably even larger prices have been realized. Prices like these are not rare among rich and enthusiastic fanciers, and figures as astonishing may be quoted for all the more important varieties of fancy pigeons. The Carrier is by many fanciers placed at the very head of the fancy, but it is not a favorite of mine. It has beauty, because it is a pigeon, and is very curious, but re- quires a high degree of culture to fully appreciate it. One must "be educated up to it," as the old saw-sharpener said to the man who objected to the music of his file. The carrier is now poorly named because, although its ances- tors were undoubtedly used for the purpose which the name suggests, this fancy carrier is, by the highly devel- 72 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY; oped eye and beak wattles, totally unfitted for long flights, its sight being so much obstructed that the best specimens cannot pick up scattered kernels of corn, but must be fed from a box. So the term " Homing Pigeon " or " Homer" has been applied to the actual carrier. The fancy carrier calls for more points of perfection than any other pigeon, and it is stated that twice as much money is annu- ally spent for them as for any other variety. He is not tame nor petted like the pouter, but is naturally wild. He is large, powerful, and bold-looking. His neck should be long, slender but not tapering. His beak-wattles, eye- wattles, beak, head, legs, outline, must approximate to a given standard. His main distinguishing feature is his abnormally large beak- wattle, which looks as if a small cauliflower had been impaled upon his bill. The Dragoon, often called the "Dragon," resembles the carrier, but has a smaller wattle which grows upon the upper mandible only. He is, I think, a much handsomer bird, being very symmetrical in form. They are good fliers and good nurses. The Antwerp is a name given to an important variety of " Homing " pigeon, but there is also a sort called the "Show Antwerp, " which is a fine bird, with lines to charm a sculptor, but with no very remarkable peculiarity. The Barb was perhaps named from the country of Bar- bary. All the " wattled" pigeons are probably of Oriental origin. A Turkish pigeon called the Scandaroon much resembles the carrier. The barb has a broad square head, with a bright red surface of wattle around the eye, and a short, thick, bullfinch beak. It is highly prized, and is, like the foregoing and most of those to follow, of various colors. The Mahomet is similar to the barb, but has a crest. The Tumbler is so called because he tumbles ; yet some BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 73 do not. In fact, tumblers may be divided into two classes : the Flying Tumblers, prized for their aerial performing, and Short-faced Tumblers, which are bred solely for certain peculiarities of appearance, without regard to their manner of flight. Tumbling, strictly speaking, is the turning of one or more complete backward somersaults during flight, so rapidly as not to impede progress, and often during an upward course. Good birds will tumble thirty or forty times a minute, and go over so quickly as to escape the notice of a person not used to watching them. The better spirits they are in, the more they tumble, appearing to take great pleasure in the act. But it is also true that among those called " House Tumblers," which tumble in the loft and are seldom let out, some individuals tumble if they rise a foot from the floor, and seem to dread the action; while occasionally an out-of-door tumbler loses control of himself and falls to the grouud. But the term tumbling does not mean falling, though some poor performers, especially young birds, do drop for some distance instead of going over. There is, however, a variety among tumblers called "Rollers," which drop through the air while rolling rapidly over and over. Collections or "kits " of flying tumblers are carefully trained to fly high in a compact flock. There is no more beautiful sight than a flock of these birds dashing off a roof, tumb- ling, rolling, and circling about higher and higher until almost or quite lost to sight. These flocks are often started off by flag waving, and called down by a whistle. They will remain aloft for hours, for seven hours even, never going out of sight, unless upward. The Short-faced Tumblers are bred very small and plump, with a roundhead, and an exceedingly short beak. They are of very many colors, and among them are the Baldheads with a white head, and the Beards with a white 74 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY; chin. All tumblers have short " faces," but the difference between the coarsest, M mousy, " flying-tumbler and the high-bred, delicate, short-face is very great, and there are all grades between. The Almond Tumbler should be of a dark, rich yellow color (difficult to describe — it might be called a very light brown), dotted with small black spots, while the flight and tail feathers should each show distinct marks of yellow, black, and white. Some of the finest specimens remind one of a tulip. The almond birds often have young of other colors, which are used in breeding other almonds. The Fantail or " Fan" is the best known fancy pigeon. It probably originated in India, and many have been brought home from Calcutta in Salem vessels. Ladies always admire the fantail ; and a flock of pure white ones strutting over a lawn, or a collection of various colors, white, black, blue, yellow, red, pied, saddle-backed? feeding in a dense cluster like a bouquet of fine flowers, is worth going some distance to see. The old name for them is Broad-tailed Shaker. The term shaker is on ac- count of the peculiar quivering motion of their necks when they strut. The tail of the common pigeon contains twelve feathers while that of the fantail has been known to carry forty. But erect carriage and symmetry of form are more to be desired than a great number of feathers, and most tails contain only between twenty and thirty. [Only short notes had been written about the following varieties which were more or less fully described.] The Frilled Pigeons, with a frill on the breast like a ruffled shirt-front, variously crested or plain-headed, in- clude the following, with many sub-varieties of color, etc. : Turbit, Turbiteen, Satinette, Brunette, Bluette, Blondi- ette, and Owl. The Jacobin, or "Jack," is apt to be poor, but when BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 75 good, is a most beautiful bird. Its distinguishing feature is an ample hood of colored feathers closely curving over its pretty white head. The Trumpeter has a "shell" crest, a strange tuft of feathers at the base of the upper mandible, and very heav- ily feathered legs. He is named for his remarkable, long- continued, very amusing coo. The Runt is the largest variety. It is bred solely for size. They weigh, per pair, between four and five pounds, and a single runt has weighed two pounds nine ounces. The pigeons which are usually called "Toy Pigeons," are mostly of German origin. Most of them are in- cluded in the following list. It should be remembered that of many of these, there are several sub-varieties of differing colors : Magpie, Nun, Spot, White-spot, Hel- met, Swallow or Tern, Fairy, Priest, Brunswick, Starling, Swiss or Crescent, Shield, Letz, Archangel, Ice, Fire, Suabian, Hyacinth, Porcelain, Victoria, Frill-back, Stork, Black-backed Gull. The following varieties are Oriental : Swift, Lahore or Martin, Burmese or Florentine, Scandaroon, Damascene, Capuchin, Mookee, Goolee, Sherajee. The Homing Pigeon, or the "carrier pigeon" of literature, must be distinguished from the carrier of the fancy. Pigeons have undoubtedly been used for many centuries to carry messages, and they are still used for that purpose ; but at present, where one is used for carrying a message, thousands are flown in matches for a trial of speed. In considering them, it should be remembered that they fly only to their loft, being influenced solely by their desire to get home, and that they accomplish long distances only after a prolonged course of training. In the opinion of most persons who have carefully weighed the facts, their ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 5* 76 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY; wonderful feats may be altogether accounted for by their acute eyesight, good memory, and great power of endu- rance and speed. Cases have been cited which were thought to prove that they possess some mysterious power of di- vining the way home, but the weight of the evidence is decidedly against this notion . Fog and darkness invariably interfere with their return, and even a light fall of snow, which changes the appearance of the landmarks, has thwarted them. Journeys of three or four miles have been made on moonlight nights ; but the offer made by Mr. Teget- meier of £10 for any pair of pigeons which would fly twenty-five miles on a dark night (although thousands will fly two hundred and fifty miles in a day) was not met. The same gentleman took a pigeon, which had often flown fifty miles, a distance of five miles in a fog, and the bird very wisely remained upon a housetop until the fog cleared away. The mystery of this homing power is lessened in some degree, when it is considered that a pigeon's power of vision is probably much greater than that of man, and that Mr. Glaisher, from a balloon one-half mile high over London, could see the River Thames all the way from Richmond to the Nore, and when a mile high, the cliffs at Dover seventy miles away. There can be little doubt that the very best-bred pigeon would certainly be lost if taken one hundred miles away for its first flight. Some birds which were twenty hours upon a journey of eighty- three miles flew over the same ground the second time in two. Even old ones, which have flown in races the previous season hundreds of miles in length, are never sent upon the longest journeys without being, in some degree, re-trained that year to refresh their memory. Dragoons, Tumblers, Owls, and other varieties, have BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 77 been used as carriers ; but the birds used for this purpose are prized solely for their flying, are generally the product of several judicious crosses, and so are of every variety of color. They must be muscular, close-feathered, with broad overlapping flight-feathers. Probably ninety-nine one-hundredths of the pigeons flown as carriers look much like common pigeons, being somewhat larger and stronger, stouter in build and beak, and having a sharp, intelligent look. When a pigeon, destined to be a homer, is two or three months old, he is taken a half mile or a mile away from his home and allowed to fly back. Then he is taken two miles, then say four, eight, sixteen and, perhaps, by this time ten, twenty, or thirty miles farther at each stage. Many birds are lost while being trained, thus carrying out the principle of the survival of the fittest. A most remarkable opportunity for the use of carrier pigeons was afforded by the siege of Paris. Pigeons whose home was in that unfortunate city were sent out in balloons and subsequently loosed to make their way back as bearers of valuable official and private despatches. By paying a high rate of postage any person could send a message to a friend in Paris limited to a certain number of words. A very large number of despatches were set up in type, making a page as large as that of a newspaper. This was reproduced on a much reduced scale by photography upon a small piece of paper. One such piece, which was probably a fair sample, measured one and one-fourth inches by two and one-fourth, and contained two hundred and twenty-six despatches, the postage on which aggregated £100. This scrap of paper was placed within a bit of quill, which was securely attached to the shaft of one of the tail feathers of the appointed messenger. If the brave little pigeon safely ran the gauntlet of hawks, storms, fog, and German 78 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY ; sharpshooters, upon its arrival the despatches were inter- preted with a microscope, distributed, or publicly displayed. During the siege, sixty-four balloons came out of Paris containing ninety-one persons and three hundred and sixty three pigeons. Of the pigeons, only seventy-three found their way back; a few of them, however, two or three times, while one bird made six trips. A pigeon which was captured by the Germans and sent by Prince Fred- erick Charles to his mother, upon escaping from her loft after four years' confinement, returned to its Parisian home. Is it to be wondered at that the governments of France and Germany at the present time breed and keep in training great flocks of homing pigeons as a military measure ? Pigeon racing is now practised to some extent in this country. The English are moderately fond of it, but the headquarters for this sport is Belgium. Pigeon-flying is there the national sport. The King favors it and the government subsidizes it. There are said to be more of these pigeons in Belgium than there are inhabitants, or over 5,000,000. Every town, every village, has its society, and flights of three, four, and five hundred miles are common. Upon a single day there were sent 200,000 pigeons from Belgium into France, all to be liberated in races or for training. Sometimes the wonderful sight is afforded of 2000 or 3000 pigeons being liberated together. They are shipped in willow panniers or baskets, each containing about thirty. On Saturday, May 11, 1878, two special trains of seventy-three cars left Belgium for different stations in France, carrying 1740 hampers containing about 70,000 pigeons to be liberated the following day, Sunday. And, upon Sunday, May 19, 125,000 pigeons were loosed, 24,000 in one French city alone. The races are generally flown under the direction of a BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 79 society. The distance from the starting point to each owner's loft is determined, and on the eve of the race, the birds, marked with their owners' name or number, are sent to the rooms of a committee, and there again marked with a cipher unknown to the owners. They are sent by rail with attendants to the starting point. When they are released the time is carefully taken, and various means are adopted to ascertain and verify the time of each bird's arrival at its home. In regard to the speed of these birds, Tegetmeier maintains that they can fly at the rate of three miles a minute. A pigeon has been known to make a journey in eight hours at an average speed of forty-five miles an hour. A French writer chose from the official reports of 300 great races the times of twenty-one birds, the circumstances of whose flight were particularly favor- able for his purpose. The slowest of these, according to his estimate, flew 867 yards per minute, the three next to the fastest about 1440 yards, the very fastest 1780 yards. The journey of the latter occupied four and three fourths hours. A mile a minute for nearly five hours ! Even this speed is greatly exceeded in short flights. In 1865, thirty birds were flown from Liverpool to Ghent, 300 miles; they were liberated at 5.30 A. m., the first arriving at 5.50 that evening, after twelve hours and twenty minutes, averaging twenty-five miles an hour. Eight returned the same day ; eight never returned. In 1868, 1507 birds were liberated, July 18, 5 a. m. at Agen, about 500 miles from Brussels. The prizes, including those offered by the king, amounted to 19,000 francs. The following morning at 6.04, the first pigeon arrived, and the 216th came in at 10.30 the day after. The longest race ever flown was from Rome to Belgium in 1868. 200 pigeons were liberated on July 22, at 4.30 80 PIGEONS AND THE PIGEON FANCY; a. m. All of them had flown home from the south of France but none had ever been farther. No bird reached home that month, nor on the first of Aug., nor the second, but on the third there arrived, at a town near Liege, the first messenger from the Eternal City, at 1.55 in the after- noon. If this pigeon had flown in a straight line, it must have crossed the Apennines and the Alps at an altitude of at least 7000 feet ; but it is thought probable that it kept to the west of these mountains, skirting the coast and entering France by the way of Nice. The second bird came in on the same day at evening; the third, the day following, Aug. 4 ; the fourth, Aug. 6 ; the fifth and sixth, Aug. 10 ; seventh, Aug. 11 ; eighth, Aug. 12 ; ninth, Aug. 18, nearly a month after starting ; and the tenth on Sept. 11, to Maestricht. Of the 200 birds liberated, 180 never returned. The following facts, selected from a mass of material, may be interesting. Mr. Van Opstal, a Belgian, living in New York City, writes me that the longest distance flown in the United States is about 725 miles. The pigeon which performed this feat was owned in Cleveland, O., and was bred from a pair imported from Brussels. A Newark bird has flown about 700 miles, but the time oc- cupied was about four weeks. In the summer of 1883, pigeons flew from Columbus, O., and arrived home at Newark, N. J., 460 miles away, on the same day they were liberated. Mr. Van Opstal writes that a distance of more than 550 or 600 miles seems to be too much for homing pigeons, from one to six weeks being spent iii accomplishing that distance, and 75 per cent of the pig- eons getting lost; while they often return 500 to 525 miles in a single day, and only 12 per cent get lost. They have flown from Steubenville, O., over the Alleghanies to ' BY WILLIAM G. BARTON. 81 N. Y. City, 350 miles, in eight hours. A homer called Jupiter had a record substantially as follows : Hatched in Antwerp Aug. 1874. Brought to America Jan. 1875. Philadelphia to New York 1875. " " " " (silver cup) 1876. Chester, Pa. to N. Y. (1st prize) 1877. Elkton, Md. to N. Y. Baltimore to N. Y. " Newark, N. J. to N. Y. (1st prize among 69) 1878. Tamaqua, Pa. to N. Y. (1st " " 40) " Sunbury, Pa. to N. Y. (1st " " 28) " This bird afterward won first prize from Altoona, Pa., 235 miles, and third prize from Steubenville, O., 355 miles. In a sale of Homing Pigeons in Brussels in 1877, No. 4 on the catalogue sold for 170 francs. It had flown from — Valencienne, 50 miles. Several prizes. Arras, 100 " " " Orleans, 280 " A prize. Chateauroux, 325 " " " Langon, 600 " (in 1876) 6th prize among 2000. Lectoure, 600 " 201stprize among 2468. Such is the wonderful travelling these birds perform. In closing, let me say, that to any one of you, whether lady, gentleman, or child, in search of a hobby, I can heartily recommend the Pigeon Fancy. You may keep pigeons merely as delightful pets, breed them for prize points, or fly them as tumblers or racers. ANNUAL MEETING, Monday, May 19, 1884. The annual meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock : The President in the chair. Records of the last annual meet- ing were read and approved. The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, Li- brarian and the Curators and Committees were read and duly accepted, and ordered to be placed upon file. The committee on nominations reported the following list of officers, which was duly elected. PRESIDENT: HENRY WHEATLAND. VICE-PKESIDENTS : Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Daniel B. Hagar. Frederick W. Putnam. Robert S. Rantoul. SECRETARY : TREASURER : George M. Whipple. George D. Phippen. AUDITOR: LIBRARIAN: Richard C. Manning. William P. Upham. Hist ory— Henry F. Waters. Manuscripts— William P. Upham. A rchceology— Frederick W. Putnam. Numismatics— Matthew A. Stickney. Geology— B. F. McDaniel. CURATORS: Botany— George D. Phippen. Zoology— Edward S. Morse. Horticulture— John E. Peabody. Music— Joshua Phippen, Jr. Painting $ Sculpture— T. F. Hunt. Technology— Edwin C. Bolles. COMMITTEES : Finance .• The President, Chairman ex off. Henry M. Brooks. Geo. R. Emmerton. David Pingree. The Treasurer, ex off. Library : CHAKLES W. PALFRAY. HENRY F. KING. WILLIAM NEILSON. William D. Northend. Theodore M. Osborne. The Librarian, ex off. (82) THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 83 Publication .- Edward S. Atwood. Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Edwin C. Bolles. B. F. McDaniel. H. F. Waters. James A. Emmerton. T. F. Hunt. Lecture .■ Robert S. Rantoul. Frederick W. Putnam. Amos H. Johnson. Fielder Israel. Arthur L. Huntington. Field Meeting : The Secretary, Chairman ex off. George A. Perkins, Salem. George D. Phippen, Salem. George Cogswell, Bradford. Frank R. Kimball, Salem. Francis H. Appleton, Peabody. Eben N. Walton, Salem. Nathaniel A. Horton, Salem. Winpield S. Nevins, Salem. Edward S. Morse, Salem. John H. Sears, Salem. THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR compiled from the several reports read at the meeting, and the remarks of several members in relation thereto, presents the work of the Institute in its various depart- ments since the last annual meeting. Members. — Changes occur in the list of our associates by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by death. We have received information of the death, during the year, of twenty-four persons, who have been resident members. Gardiner Leonard Chandler, son of Gardiner L. and Lucretia C. (Green) Chandler, born in Boston, 9 April, 1806; artist; died in Salem, 27 May, 1883. Ad- mitted a member 4 May, 1859. Charles Timothy Brooks, son of Timothy and Mary (Mason) Brooks ; born in Salem June 20, 1813 ; gradu- ated at Harvard College in 1832, Harvard Theological ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVI. 6 84 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19. School in 1835 ; pastor of the Unitarian Church at New- port, K. I., from 1838 to 1871; died at Newport, 12 June, 1883. . Admitted a member 12 Oct., 1859. Ernest Bruno de Gersdorff, son of Ernest von Gersdorff, a judge of the court of Saxe Weimar ; born in Eisenach, Germany, 18 July, 1820 ; graduated in medicine at Leipsic, 1846, and immediately came to this country, residing at Bethlehem, Penn. ; then Andover; in 1849, Salem; in 1865, he removed to Boston; a phy- sician; died at Pleasantville, N. Y., 28 June, 1883. Admitted a member 4 May, 1853. Charles Cotesworth Beaman, son of Ephraim and Eebecca (Greenleaf) Beaman; born in Boston, 12 Aug., 1799; in early life engaged in business pursuits; then entered Andover Theological Seminary, and graduated in 1837 ; pastor of the Howard Street Church in Salem from 1857-1864, having previously occupied other pulpits ; died in Boston, 4 July, 1883. Admitted a member 28 Jan'y, 1858. Horace Brown, son of Haydn and Harriet (Emery) Brown; born at West Newbury, 31 Aug., 1851 ; gradu- ated at Harvard College, 1872, the Harvard Law School in 1874 ; lawyer in Salem ; died at West Newbury, 5 July, 1883. Admitted a member 5 April, 1875. Samuel H. Nichols, son of Samuel H. and Sarah (Burdett) Nichols; born at Wakefield, N. H., 31 Jan'y, 1830 ; clerk ; died in Salem, 9 July, 1883. Admitted a member 22 July, 1868. John M. Ives, son of William and Mary (Bradshaw) Ives ; born in Salem, 8 July, 1799. In early life he was in the book business, and at the same time kept a circu- lating library ; afterwards interested in horticultural pur- suits ; died in Salem, 29 July, 1883. An original member. THE RETROSrECT OF THE YEAR. 85 Stephen Bradshaw Ives, a brother of the preceding ; born in Salem, 12 April, 1801 ; known for many years as a bookbinder and bookseller under the firm of W. & S. B. Ives ; established the Salem Observer in 1823 ; died 31 July, 1883. Admitted a member 15 Feb., 1852. William Sewall Cleveland, son of William and Mary (Hiller) Cleveland; born in Lancaster, 28 Feb., 1810 ; bookkeeper, secretary of the Commercial Insur- ance Company, treasurer of the Salem Turnpike and Chelsea Bridge Corporation, etc. ; was for a long time a clerk with Charles S. Nichols & Co. ; died in Salem, 3 Aug., 1883. An original member. William Hunt, son of William and Mary (Dean) Hunt; born in Salem, 25 April, 1804; a merchant, and with the late Robert Brookhouse was largely engaged in the west coast of Africa trade ; died at Salem, 3 Aug., 1883. Admitted a member 25 Jan'y, 1854. Thomas S. Jewett, son of Thomas and Lucy (Pinder) Jewett ; born in Ipswich, 18 Jan'y, 1812 ; came to Salem when a boy and learned the carpenter's trade ; followed this trade for many years ; the past twenty-three years one of the assessors of Salem; died 13 Aug., 1883. Admitted a member 28 Jan'y, 1856. William Leavitt, son of Joshua and Eunice (Rich- ardson) Leavitt; born in Hingham, 15 April, 1801 ; came to Salem with his parents in 1801 ; in early life a clerk or salesman in a hardware store, afterwards a teacher in the grammar schools of Salem ; many years an in- structor in navigation and bookkeeping ; interested in the local history of Salem and has compiled several communi- cations for the Historical Collections of the Essex Insti- tute; died at Salem, 3 Sept., 1883. Admitted a member 25 Nov., 1863. 86 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19. James C. Stimpson, son of Thaddeus and Hannah (Cook) Stimpson ; born at Salem, 9 July, 1799 ; one of the oldest tanners in Salem, and was for many years prom- inent in the leather business ; for several years a member of the City Government, either in the Council or Board of Aldermen, and also for many years a director of the First National Bank. Died 11 Sept., 1883. Admitted a member 28 July, 1864. Enoch K. No yes, son of Enoch and Sarah Noyes ; born at West Newbury, 11 Nov., 1820 ; a trader in Salem ; died 11 Sept., 1883. Admitted a member 26 Aug., 1857. Joseph Shatswell, son of Moses and Sarah (Lord) Shatswell; born in Ipswich, 2 Sept., 1801 ; merchant in Salem ; for many years engaged in the West India trade ; died 2 Oct., 1883. Admitted a member 20 Dec, 1854. Peter Silver, son of James and Susanna (Howard) Silver; born in Salem, 2 Nov., 1811; in early life a master mariner, afterwards a retired merchant; died in Salem, 6 Oct., 1883. Admitted a member 6 July, 1864. Benjamin Osgood Peirce, son of Benjamin and Be- becca (Orne) Peirce; born in Beverly, 26 Sept., 1812; and died there 12 Nov., 1883 ; graduated at Colby Uni- versity, 1835 ; a teacher in several colleges and acade- mies ; since 1849 engaged in business pursuits. Admitted a member 19 July, 1880. Joseph W. Chamberlain, son of John and Mary (Silver) Chamberlain; born in Salem, 25 Nov., 1830; druggist in Salem; died 10 Dec, 1883. Admitted a member 21 Sept., 1859. Henry W. Perkins, son of Henry W. and Dolly (Webb) Perkins ; born in Salem, 1 March, 1832 ; cashier THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 87 of the Mount Vernon National Bank, Boston ; died in Salem, 19 Jan., 1884. Admitted a member 16 Dec., 1873. William C. C. Moulton, son of Hiram and Mary (Batchelder) Moulton; born in Newport, Vt., 14 Oct., 1839 ; a trader in Salem ; died 17 Jan'y, 1884. Admitted a member 14 July, 1864. Stephen Bradshaw Ives, son of Stephen Bradshaw and Mary (Perkins) Ives ; born in Salem, 8 March, 1827 ; graduated at Harvard College in 1848 ; admitted to Essex Bar in 1851. He did not hold many official positions, but was a celebrated and well-known advocate in the courts of the state ; died at Salem, 8 Feb., 1884. Admitted a member 4 Jan'y, 1854. James Moore Caller, son of John and Mary (South- wick) Caller; born in Pleasant Valley, N. Y., 11 Jan'y, 1813 ; came to South Danvers at an early age ; for many years was largely engaged in the leather business as a tanner and currier ; died in Salem, 13 Feb., 1884. Ad- mitted a member 30 March, 1859. John Archer, son of Jonathan and Eachel (Wood- man) Archer; born in Salem, 4 July, 1796; in early life went to sea, and was privateering in the war of 1812-15 ; after the peace had a ship chandlery store on Derby street ; for many years retired from active business ; died 5 Mar., 1884. Admitted a member 26 May, 1858. Otis Phillips Lord, son of Nathaniel and Eunice (Kimball) Lord ; born in Ipswich, 11 July, 1812 ; grad- uated at Amherst College, 1832 ; admitted to the Essex Bar, Dec, 1835; practised in Ipswich until 1844, when he removed to Salem where he has since resided ; Asso- ciate Justice of the Superior Court from 1859 to 1875, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1875 88 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19. to Dec, 1882, when he resigned in consequence of failing health ; died 13 March, 1884. Admitted a member 5 Oct., 1874. . Field Meetings. Five meetings have been held as follows : First, on Tuesday, June 12, 1883, at "Oak Dell," South Georgetown, situated in a very delightful part of the county. Delegations from Georgetown, Groveland, Boxford, Topsfield and West Newbury joined those from Salem and its vicinity. After a ramble in the forenoon, and the lunch, the meeting was called to order, the presi- dent in the chair. Mrs. C. M. S. Horner, of George- town, spoke of the "Flora," Rev. Messrs. McDaniel, of Salem, and Alcott, of Boxford, on " Mineralogy and Geol- ogy," Messrs. Sidney Perley, of Boxford, and Henry M. Nelson, of Georgetown, on "Historical Matters of Local Interest ;" there were also remarks from Messrs. M. W. Bartlett, of West Newbury, B. F. Stevens, of Boxford, and others. Second, on Friday, June 29, 1883, at Dodge's Mill in Rowley, owned by Mr. Ignatius Dodge. The speakers at the afternoon session held in the old mill, where comfort- able seats were improvised, were Messrs. John H. Sears, F. W. Putnam, John Robinson, Alfred Osgood and N. A. Horton. The remarks were mainly on archaeological subjects, especially those of Messrs. Putnam, Robinson and Osgood. Third, on Thursday, July 26, 1883, at Linebrook Par- ish, a rural country village in the western part of Ipswich. The afternoon session was held in the church. Mr. John H. Sears gave an account of the "Flora," Messrs. M. V. B. Perley and Sidney Perley spoke on " Historical Mat- THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 89 ters ;" there were also remarks from Rev. B. F. McDaniel, Messrs. J. J. H. Gregory, A. C. Perkins, N. A. Horton, and others. Fourth, on Wednesday, Aug. 15, 1883, atBalch's Grove, Groveland, by invitation of the Groveland Flower Mis- sion. At the afternoon session, Miss Harriet E. Paine spoke on "The Plants of the Vicinity," Dr. George B. Loring on " Forestry ;" there were also remarks from N. A. Horton and Dr. G. Cogswell. Fifth, on Wednesday, Sept. 19, 1883, at West Pea- body, by invitation of the Farmers' Club of that place. The forenoon was spent in visiting the farms of Messrs. Henry Saltonstall, and F. H. Appleton, and other places of interest. At the afternoon session, the speakers were Messrs. J. H. Sears, George Dixon, W. P. Upham, J. H. Ingraham, Willard Spaulding, James P. King and J. S. Kingsley. Meetings. — Regular meetings occur on the first and third Monday evenings of each month. Special and ad- journed meetings occasionally. At these meetings papers have been presented by the following persons and referred to the publication committee : Edward A. Silsbee, on "Criticism of Poetry." William G. Barton, on "Pigeons and the Pigeon Fancy.1" Rev. B. F. McDaniel, on "The Literature and History of Bells." J. Ritchie, jr., and Charles Toppan, on " A New Process of Bleaching." F. L. Capen, on " Catastrophic Planetary Tidal Action of the Globe." 1 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, p. 59. 90 ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 19. Samuel Garman, on "The North American Reptiles and Batrachians, a list of the species occurring north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, with references.2" Samuel Garman, on "An Extraordinary Shark (Chlamy- doselachus anguineus) ."3 Samuel Garman, on "A Species of Heptranchias sup- posed to be New."4 John H. Sears, on " Weeds of Essex County."5 F. W. Putnam, on " The First Notice of the Pine Grove or the Forest River Shellheap."6 Herbert B. Adams, on "The Great Pastures of Salem."7 J. A. Emmerton, on "Dr. Bentley's East Parish Deaths ; some Notes and Corrections."8 Wellington Pool, "Inscriptions from Gravestones in the Old Burying Ground in Wenham."9 Leverett Saltonstall, "Memoir of Oliver Carlton."10 John T. Moulton, " Inscriptions from the Old Burying Ground in Lynn."11 Memorial of C. T. Bi*ooks: "Birth and Boyhood," by E. B. Willson12 ; " His Life at Newport," by Charles W. Wendte13 ; " Letter from W. P. Andrews14 ;" Remarks of R. S. Rantoul.15 Luke Brooks, "Genealogical Notes Respecting Henry Brooks and Some of his Descendants."16 Edward S. Atwood, " Memoir of John Bertram."17 Lectures. — A course of seven lectures, under the di- 2 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, p. 3. 8 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, p. 47. 4 Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XVI, p. 56. « Bulletin, Essex Inst., Vol. XV, p. 93.