*v* m **'&**£ w>> -W'^ &&* ; V > ^ \M\ *«i*:?i . - < •^•: 9n3rc^9 EH *^tJiPI Ol Brim \ BsSa? / y/jfi t^ft #* •»;.«: ^ private ^tihrarg of r, i F Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Institute of Museum and Library Services through an Indiana State Library LSTA Grant http://www.archive.org/details/appletonscyclopdwils APPLETONS' CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY VOL. II. CEANE-6EIMSHAW £Zs^/ APPLE T O N S CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY JAMES GKANT WILSON AND JOHN FISKE As it is the commendation of a good huntsman to find game in a wide wood, so it is no imputation if he hath not caught all. Plato. VOLUME II. CRANE-GRIMSHAW NEW YORK D0 APPLETON AND COMPANY 1, 3 and 5 BOND STEEET 1888 Copyright, 1887, By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. LIST OF PORTRAITS ON STEEL. ARTIST ENGRAVER PAGE Grant, Ulysses S. Kurtz Hall Frontispiece Dix, John Adams Bogardus Ritchie Face 183 Emerson, Ralph Waldo Munroe Hall 343 Farragut, David Glasgow Brady Hollyer 412 Fillmore, Millard Baker Hall 452 Franklin, Benjamin St. Memin Hall 526 Fulton, Robert West Hall 503 Garfield, James Abram Sarony HaM 599 Greeley, Horace Bogardus Hall 734 Greene, Nathanael Trumbidl Hall 750 SOME OF THE CHIEF OONTEIBUTOES TO APPLETONS' CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY, Adams, Charles Kendall, President of Cornell University. Agassiz, Alexander, Author and Professor. Allibone, S. Austin, Author " Dictionary of Authors." Amory, Thomas C, Author " Life of General Sullivan," etc. Bancroft, George, Author " History of the United States." Barrett, Lawrence, Author "Life of Edwin Forrest." Bayard, Thomas F., Secretary of State. Bigelow, John, Author " Life of Franklin," etc. Boker, George H., Poet, late Minister to Russia. Botta, Mrs. Vincenzo, Author and Poet. Bradley, Joseph P., Justice United States Supreme Court. Brooks, Phillips, Author " Sermons in English Churches." Carter, Franklin, President of Williams College. Champlin, John Denison, Author "Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings." Chandler, William E. , Ex-Secretary of the Navy. Clarke, James Freeman, Author " Ten Great Religions," etc. Cooper, Miss Susan Fenimore, Author "Rural Hours," etc. Conway, Moncure D., Miscellaneous Writer. Coppee, Henry, Professor in Lehigh University, Pa. Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, P. E. Bishop of Western New York. Courtenay, William A., Mayor of Charleston, S. C. Cullum, Gen. George W., Author " Register of West Point Graduates," etc. Curry, Daniel, Author and Editor. Curtis, George Ticknor, Author " Life of James Buchanan," etc. Curtis, George William, Author and Editor. Custer, Mrs. Elizabeth B., Author " Boots and Saddles." Daniel, John W., United States Senator from Virginia. De Costa, Benjamin F., Historical Writer. De Lancey, Edward F., Ex-President Genealogical and Biographical Society Didier, Eugene L., Author " Life of Edgar Allan Poe." Dix, Morgan, Rector of Trinity Church, New York. Doane, William C, P. E. Bishop of Albany. Drake, Samuel Adams, Author "Historic Personages of Boston," etc. Draper, Lyman C, Secretary of Wisconsin Historical Society. Dupont, Col. Henry A., Of Delaware, late U. S. Army. Fiske, John, Author and Professor. Frothingham, Octavius B„ Author "Life of George Ripley.1* Gayarre, C. E. A., Author " History of Louisiana." Gerry, Elbridge T., Member of New York Bar. Gilman, Daniel C, President of Johns Hopkins University. Goodwin, Daniel, Jr., Member of Illinois Bar. Greely, Gen. A. W., IT. S. A., Author '• Three Years of Arctic Service.1' Green, William Mercer, Late P. E. Bishop of Mississippi. Greene, Capt. Francis Vinton, United States Engineer Corps. Hale, Edward Everett, Author "Franklin in France." etc. Hay, Col. John, Author "Life of Lincoln." etc. Henry, William Wirt, Of the Virginia Historical Society, Higginson, Col. T. W., Author " History of the United States." etc, Vlll SOME OF THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTORS. Hilliard. Henry W., Late Minister to Brazil. Hoppin, Professor James M., Of Yalo College. Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward, Author '• Later Lyric;?. " etc. Hunting-ton, William R., Elector of Grace Church, New York. Jay, John, Late Minister to Austria. Johnson, Gen. Bradley T\, Member of Maryland Bar. Johnson, Rossiter, Author '• History of the War of 1812," etc. Johnston, William Preston, President of Tulane University. Jones, Horatio Gates, Vice-President of Pennsylvania Historical Society. Jones, J. William, Secretary of Southern Historical Society. Jones, William Alfred, Author " Character and Criticism,11 etc. Kobbe, Gustav, Musical Editor of New York "Mad and Express.1' Lathrop, George Parsons, Author " A Study of Hawthorne,11 etc. Lincoln, Robert T., Ex-Secretary of War. Lodge, Henry Cabot, Author '• Life of Hamilton." Long, Col. Charles Chaille, Late of the Egyptian Army. Lowell, James Russell, Late Minister at Court of St. James. MacVeagh, Wayne, Ex-Attorney-General, IT. S. Mathews, William, Author " Orators and Oratory," etc. McMaster, John Bach, Author " History of the People of the United States." Mitchell, Donald G., Author " Reveries of a Bachelor," etc. Norton, Charles Eliot, Professor in Harvard University. O'Neal, Edward A., Governor of Alabama. Parker, Cortlandt, Member of New Jersey Bar. Parkman, Francis, Author " Frontenac," " French in Canada," etc. Phelan, James, M. C, Editor Memphis "Avalanche," Tenn. Phelps, William Walter, Member of Congress from New Jersey. Pierrepont, Edwards, Ex-Attorney-General United States. Porter, David D., Admiral United States Navy. Porter, Gen. Horace, Late of Gen. Grant's Staff. Preston, Mrs. Margaret J., Author and Poet. Pur on, Dr. Juan G., Spanish Author and Editor. Read, Gen. J. Meredith, Late Minister to Greece. Reid, Whitelaw, Editor of New York " Tribune." Ricord, Judge Frederick W„, New Jersey Historical Society. Robinson, Ezekiel G., President of Brown University. Romero, Mattias, Mexican Minister to the United States. Sanborn, Miss Kate, Miscellaneous Writer. Schurz, Carl, Ex-Secretary of the Interior. Shea, John Gilmary, Author and Editor. Sherman, William T., Late General of United States Army. Smith, Charles Emory, Editor Philadelphia " Press." Spencer, Jesse Ames, Author and Professor. Stedman, Edmund C, Author "Poets of America," etc. Stiles, Henry R., M. D., Author " History of Brooklyn, N. Y." Stoddard, Richard Henry, Author '• Songs of Summer," etc. Stone, William L., Author " Life of Bed Jacket," etc. Strong, William, Ex-Justice United States Supreme Court. Stryker, William S., Adjutant-General of New Jersey. Tucker, J. Randolph, Member of Congress from Virginia. Waite, Morrison R., Chief Justice United States Supreme Court. Warner, Charles Dudley, Author and Editor. Washburne, Elihu B., Late Minister to France. Welling, James C, President of Columbian University. Whitman, Walt, Author " Leaves of Grass," etc. Wilson, Gen. Jas. Grant, President Genealogical and Biographical Society. Winter, William, Poet and Theatrical Critic. Winthrop, Robert C, Ex-United States Senator. To the above list other names will be added as the worh progresses. Among the Contributors to the second volume of " Appletontf Cyclopaedia of American Biogra- phy " are the following . S. Austin Allibone, LL. D., Author of " Dictionary of Authors." Everett, Alexander H., Everett, Edward. Gen. Christopher C. Andrews, Member of the Minnesota Bar. Gilfillan, James, Goodrich, Aaron. Lawrence Barrett. Forrest, Edwin. Marcus Benjamin, Fellow of the Chemical Society. Draper, John William, Gtbbs, George, and other articles. Rev. Beverley R. Betts, Editor "New York Genealogical Record." Eigenbrodt Family, Glass, Francis. Arthur E. Bostwick, Ph. D. Emmet, Thomas Addis, Girard, Stephen, and other articles. James C. Brogan. Articles on ROxMAn Catholic Clergymen. Mrs. Isa Carrington Cabell. Floyd, John Buchanan, Fries, John, and other articles. John D. Champlin, Jr., Author of " Cyclopaedia of Painters and Paintings." Articles on American Painters. William E. Chandler, Ex-Secretary of the Navy. Gilmore, Joseph A. Titus M. Coan, M. D., Author. Articles on American Missionaries. Moncure D. Conway, Author. Dabney, Virginius, Daniel, John Moncure. William A. Courtney, Mayor of Charleston, S. C. De Saussure, William G, Rev. Daniel Curry, D. D., Author and Editor. Articles on Bishops op the Methodi.vj Epis- copal Church. Mrs. Elizabeth B. Custer, Author of "Boots and Saddles.'" Custer, George Armstrong. Maturin L. Delafield. Articles on the Delafield Family. Edward F. De Lancey, Ex-President New York Genealogical Society. The De Lancey Family, The Floyd and Floyd-Jones Family, Eugene L. Didier, Author. Garrett, John Work, Gibbons, James, Cardinal. Rev. Morgan Dix, D. D., Rector of Trinity Church, New York. Dix, John Adams. Col. Henry A. Du Pont. Du Pont de Nemours, Du Pont, Samuel Francis. Ellsworth Eliot, M. D. Eliot, Rev. John, Eliot, Rev. Jared. John Fiske, Author and Professor. The Fairfax Family, Franklin, Benjamin, Fulton, Robert, Gage, Thomas, and other articles. Rev. Octavius B. Frothingham, Author of " Life of George Ripley/' Fuller, Sarah Margaret. Capt. Francis V. Greene, TJ. S. A., Author of "The Vicksburg Campaign.'1 Franklin, William B. A. P. C. Griffin, Of the Boston Public Library. Freneau, Philip, Gerry, Elbridge, Jacob Henry Hager, Journalist and Translator. Dickinson, Daniel Stevens, Gentry, Meredith Poindexter, and other articles. CONTRIBUTORS TO THE SECOND VOLUME, Henry W. Hilliard, Late I". S. Minister to Brazil. Fitzpatrick, Benjamin, Prof. James M. Hoppin. Foote. Andrew Hull. Mrs. Julia Ward Howe. Crawford. Thomas. Frank Huntington. Cushman, Charlotte Saunders, Dallas. Alexander James, and other articles. Oliver Johnson, Author of •' Sketches of the Anti-Slavery Move- ment." Garrison, William Lloyd. Rossiter Johnson, Author of •' History of the War of 1812." Farragut. David Glasgow, Giddings. Joshua Reed, and other articles. Horatio Gates Jones, Member of the Philadelphia Bar. Graff, Frederick, Grant. William Robertson. Rev. J. Ryland Kendrick, D. D.? Ex-President of Vassal College. Articles on Baptist Clergymen. Samuel A. King, Aeronaut. Donaldson, Washington H. Gustav Kobbe, Musical Editor of the New York "Mail." Articles on Musicians. George Parsons Lathrop, Author of "A Study of Hawthorne," Dana, Richard Henry, Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Josiah Granville Leach, Member of the Philadelphia Bar. Articles on Pennsylvanians. Neil Macdonald. Elgin, James Bruce. Earl of, Galt, Alexander Tilloch, and other Canadian statesmen. Rev. S. E. Ochsenford, D. D. Articles on Lutheran Clergymen, Francis Parkman, LL. D., Author of " The French in Canada." Frontenac, Louis, Count. William Walter Phelps, Member of Congress from New Jersey. Garfield, James Abram. Admiral D. D. Porter. Decatur. Stephen. Gen. Horace Porter, Formerly of Gen. Grant's Staff, Grant, Ulysses S. Juan G. Puron, M. D., Spanish Author and Editor. Articles on South and Central Americans, Whitelaw Reid, Editor of the New York Greeley, Horace. Tribune. Frederick W. Ricord, Librarian of the New Jersey Historical Society. Edwards, John, Frelinghuysen, Frederick T., Frelinghuysen, Theodore. Rt. Rev. Edmund de Schweinitz, Moravian Bishop. Articles on Bishops of the Moravian Church, Miss Esther Singleton. Damrosch, Leopold, Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, and other articles. Rev. Jesse Ames Spencer, D. D., Author of " History of the United States." Articles on Bishops of the Protestant Epis- copal Church. Henry R. Stiles, M. D., Author of " History of Brooklyn." Ellsworth, Oliver, glllmore, qulncy adams. William L. Stone, Author of " Life of Brant.". Fraser, Simon, Gates, Horatio. Charles Burr Todd, Author of " Life of Joel Barlow." Dwight, Timothy. Charles Dudley Warner, Author and Journalist. Fiske, Daniel Willard. John W. Weidemeyer. Cushing, Caleb, Fry, William Henry, and other articles. Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson, Author and Editor. Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., Drake, Joseph Rodman, Fillmore, Millard, Grant, Anne, of Laggan, and other articles. John Laird Wilson, Author and Journalist. Frobisher, Martin, Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, and other articles. Robert C. Winthrop, Ex-U. S. Senator from Massachusetts. Granger, Francis, Granger, Gideon0 APPLETONS' CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGMPHY. CRANE CRANE, Anne Moncnre (Seemuller), author, b. in Baltimore, 7 Jan., 1838 ; d. in Stuttgart, Ger- many, 10 Dec., 1872. In 1869 she married August Seemuller, of New York, and in 1871 went to Ger- many, hoping to derive benefit from the medicinal waters there, but did not live to return. Her first novel, " Emily Chester " (Boston, 1864), was anony- mous. She subsequently published " Opportunity " (1867), and " Reginald Archer " (1871). She wrote for periodicals, and a collection of her miscellane- ous essays was published in 1873. CRANE, Bruce, painter, b. in New York in 1857. He studied under A. H. Wyant in New York, where he first exhibited in the National academy in 1879. His studio is at Summit, N. J. His principal works are " Old Mill-Pond on Long Island " (1879) ; " On Shrewsbury River," " After the Rain " (1880) ; " Moor in Nantucket," " Inlet on the Jersev Shore " (1881) ; " Suburban Road at Easthampton," " Blossom Time " (1882) ; " Winter " (1883) ; " The Waning Year," " Indian Summer " <1885); "Land Near the Sea," "November Woods," " Summer " (1886). CRANE, Ichabod B., soldier, b. in New Jersey ; d. in Port Richmond, Staten Island, N. Y., 5 Oct., 1857. He was appointed second lieutenant of ma- rines in January, 1809 ; captain of 3d artillery in April, 1812 ; brevet major in November, 1813 ; major in the 4th artillery in September, 1825 ; lieutenant- colonel in 2d artillery, 3 Nov., 1832 ; colonel in 1st artillery, 27 June, 1843 ; and governor of the Mili- tary asylum at Washington in May, 1851, in which latter capacity he acted till November, 1853. — His son, Charles Henry, surgeon-general, U". S. A., b. in Newport, R. I., 19 July, 1825 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 10 Oct., 1883. He was graduated at Yale in 1844, and studied medicine at Harvard medical school. In 1847 he passed the examination as act- ing assistant surgeon, and was at once ordered to Mexico, and, after attaining the full grade of as- sistant surgeon, served with the army of invasion till July, 1848. During the ten years that followed he was stationed in almost every state and terri- tory of the Union, and was repeatedly in the field with expeditionary forces against the Indians, nota- bly that against the Rogue river tribe in 1856. He was promoted surgeon, 21 May, 1861, and in Feb- ruary, 1862, was assigned to duty as medical direc- tor, Department of Key West. On 30 June he was appointed medical director, Department of the South. In September, 1863, he was placed on duty in the surgeon-general's office in Washington, and VOL. II. — 1 became assistant surgeon-general, with the rank of colonel, 28 July, 1866. On the retirement of Surg.- Gen. Barnes. 3 July, 1882, he became surgeon-gen- eral of the U. S. army. He received brevets to in- clude the rank of brigadier-general in the regular service at the close of the civil war. One of his most noteworthy characteristics was the facility with which he managed the complicated routine of his office, and the good judgment that he brought to bear in reconciling the often conflicting interests of the army medical corps when it was at its nu- merical maximum during the civil war. CRANE, Jonathan Townley, clergyman, b. in Connecticut Farms, near Elizabeth. N. J., 18 June. 1819 ; d. in Port Jervis, N. Y., 16 Feb., 1880. He was graduated at Princeton in 1843, in 1844 was licensed to preach, and was admitted to the New Jersey annual conference of the 3Iethodist Episco- pal church in 1845. In 1846 he was stationed as pastor at Hope, Warren co., N. J., and in 1847 at Belvidere in the same state. In 1848-?9 he preached at Orange, N. J., and in June, 1849, was elected president of the Conference seminary at Penning- ton, N. J., which office he resigned in 1858 to as- sume the pastorate of Trinity church. Jersey City. In 1868-'72 he was presiding elder of the Newark, N. J., district. Dr. Crane was a delegate to the general conferences of 1860, 1864, 1868. and 1872. He was an able preacher, contributed largely to the periodical literature of his church, and pub- lished " Essay on Dancing" (1848): "The Right Way, or Practical Lectures on the Decalogue " (1853) ; " Popular Amusements " (1869) ; " Arts of Intoxication" (1870); "Holiness the Birthright of all God's Children " (1874) : and - Methodism and its Methods " (1875). CRANE, William, merchant, b. in Newark. X J., 6 May, 1790 ; d. in Baltimore. Md.. 28 Sept., 1866. In Richmond, Ya.. where he resided from 1811 till 1834, he was distinguished for his zeal in promoting the religious welfare of the colored peo- ple. He was the founder of the Richmond Afri- can Baptist missionary society which sent out Lott Cary to Liberia, and he taught the first school for blacks in Richmond, and was one of the origina- tors of Richmond college, giving to it 81.000. His benefactions to other religious objects were large. — His son, William Carey, clergyman, b. in Rich- mond, Va.. 17 March, 1816 : d. in Independence. Texas, 27 Feb., 1885. was graduated at Columbian college and at Hamilton theological seminary. He was ordained in 1838 and was pastor of a Baptist CRANE CRAVEN church in Montgomery. Ala., from 1839 till 1842, and afterward pastor of various other churches in Mississippi and Texas. He has been president of Mississippi female college, of Semple Broadus col- lege, of Mount Lebanon college, and of Baylor university, Independence. Texas, to which he was called in L863, retaining the place till his death. Upon the removal, in 1885. of the names of Baylor university and Baylor female college to Waco and Belt on. respectively, the property, buildings, etc., were left at Independence, and were thenceforth called " Crane college " in honor of Dr. Crane. He was regarded as one of the ablest and most schol- arly divines of his denomination. He was the author of "Literary Discourses,'"' a ''Life of Sam Houston." and other works. CRANE, William Montgomery, naval officer, b. in Elizabethtown. X. J., 1 Feb., 1776; d. in Washington. 18 March. 1840. He was a son of Gen. William Crane, an officer in the Revolutionary army, who was wounded at Quebec, and died in 1814. William Montgomery entered the navy as a midshipman in 1799, became lieutenant in 1803, commander in 1813, and captain, 22 Nov., 1814. While in command of the brig " Vixen " he distin- guished himself in the attack on Tripoli. He was in the "Chesapeake"' when she was attacked by the " Leopard." In July, 1812, while in command of the brig " Nautilus," he was captured by the frigate "Southampton," and, on being exchanged, was ordered to the lakes, where, in command of the " Madison " and " Pike," in Chauncey's squad- ron, he served until the end of the war. In 1827, in the flag-ship " Delaware," he commanded the Mediterranean squadron, acting as joint commis- sioner with Mr. Offley, U. S. consul at Smyrna, to open negotiations with the Ottoman government. He was appointed navy commissioner in 1841, and in 1842 chief of the bureau of ordnance and hy- drography. He died by his own hand. CR AN FIELD, Edward, governor of New Hampshire, d. in England in 1704. He was select- ed by Robert Mason to become governor of New Hampshire in 1682, and gave up lucrative employ- ment in England with hopes of bettering his for- tune. In the administration of his office he was exceedingly arbitrary, and in his greed for money he attempted to tax the people without their con- sent. This action was strongly resented, and com- plaints referred to the board of trade were decided against him. Associations were formed for mu- tual support in resisting the collection of illegal taxes. At Exeter, the collector was driven off with clubs, and farmers' wives threatened to scald the officer if he should attempt to attach prop- erty in the house. Gov. Cranfield forbade the usual exercise of church discipline, and, in his efforts to intimidate the clergy, prosecuted, con- demned, and imprisoned the Rev. Joshua Moody. Religious worship was almost entirely broken up in the colony. In 1685 he returned to England, and afterward became collector of Barbadoes. CRANSTON, Henry Young, lawyer, b. in New- port, R. I., 9 Oct., 1789; d. there, 12 Feb., 1864. lie received a limited education, and after follow- ing a trade, studied law, and in 1809 was admitted to the bar. From 1818 till 1833 he was clerk of the court of common pleas, and he was a member of the state conventions held for framing and im- proving the constitution of Rhode Island. He was a member of the state legislature from 1827 till 1843, and was repeatedly elected its presiding officer. Subsequently he was sent to congress and served from 4 Dec, 1843, till 3 March, 1847, after which he was again a member of the state legisla- ture and for three years its speaker. He retired from public life in 1854, but continued his resi- dence in Newport until his death. — His brother, Robert Bennie, b. in Newport, R. I., 14 Jan., 1791 ; d. there, 27 Jan., 1873, received a public- school education and later was employed in the collection of internal revenue. For a time he was sheriff of Newport, and then was elected as a whig to congress, serving from 4 Sept., 1837, till 3 March, 1843. He was a banker for several years, was postmaster, and a member of the state legisla- ture, serving for one term as speaker. Subse- quently he was sent to congress as a " law-and- order whig," and served from 6 Dec, 1847, till 3 March, 1849. Later he was elected mayor of New- port, but declined the office. He bequeathed $75,- 000 to those poor of Newport " who are too honest to steal and too proud to beg." CRANSTON, John, president of Rhode Island, d. 12 March, 1680. He appears to have had some knowledge of law, and was for many years attor- ney-general of the colony, first holding this office under Nicholas Easton in 1654. In 1672 he be- came deputy-governor, and continued in that ca- pacity until his election as governor in 1678, in which office he remained until his death. During King Philip's war he was selected to command all the militia of the colony, and he was the first that ever held the rank of major-general in the colony. — His son, Samuel, president of Rhode Island, d. in 1727. He became governor in 1698, and was thirty times successively chosen to that place, holding the office until his death. Gov. Cranston held his place probably longer than any other man that has ever been subjected to the test of an annual election. He also held the highest military office that it was possible to occupy in the colony, and his great firmness in times of unex- ampled trial is said to have been the cause of his great popularity and successful administrations. CR APO, Henry H., governor of Michigan, b. in Dartmouth, Mass., 24 May, 1804; d. in Flint, Mich., 23 July, 1869. He early removed to New Bedford, where he resided until 1857, when he set- tled in Michigan. For many years he was exten- sively engaged in the manufacture and sale of lum- ber, and also held important political offices. He was elected mayor of Flint, subsequently served in the state senate, and was twice chosen governor of the state, holding that office from 1864 till 1868. Dur- ing the civil war he rendered important services to the cause of the Union. CRAVEN, Charles, colonist, d. in 1754. He was secretary of the proprietors of South Carolina, and governor of the colony from 1712 till 1716. During 1712 he was ordered to sound Port Royal river, and it is supposed that he then founded Beaufort. Three years later all of the Indians from Cape Fear to St. Mary's river combined un- der the leadership of the Yemassees for the pur- pose of destroying the colony on Ashley river. Gov. Craven at once proclaimed martial law, laid an embargo on all ships to prevent the departure of men or provisions, and at the head of 1,200 men, part of whom were faithful blacks, met the Indians in a series of desperate encounters and finally drove them beyond the Savannah. CRAVEN, Thomas Tingey, naval officer, b. in Washington, D. C, 30 Dec, 1808 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 23 Aug., 1887. He was the oldest son of Tunis Craven, of the U. S. navy, and his wife, Hannah Tingey, daughter of Com. Thomas Tingey, also of the U. S. navy. Young Craven attended school until 1822, when he entered the navy, and from 1823 till 1828 served in the Pacific squadron CRAVEN CRAVEN 3 on the u United States" and on the " Peacock." In 1828 he joined the "Erie," of the West India squadron, as sailing-master, and took part in the capture of the pirate " Federal." After being commissioned lieutenant in 18:>0, he spent three years in cruising on the " Boxer," and in 1835- 6 was attached to the receiving-ship at New York, after which he joined the "John Adams." In 18:>8 he commanded the "Vincennes," Capt. Wilkes's flag-ship in the antarctic exploring expedition. I If; then served on the "Boxer," " Fulton," " Monroe," " Macedonia," and " Porpoise," principally in the African squadron, after which, during 1846, he was attached to the naval rendezvous in New York. He then served on the " Ohio," in the Pacific squad- ron, and on the " Independence," in the Mediter- ranean squadron, returning home in January, 1850. In the following July he was made commandant of midshipmen in the U. S. naval academy in An- napolis, becoming commander iu December, 1852, and remaining at the academy until June, 1855. After commanding the " Congress," of the Mediter- ranean squadron, for several years, he was ordered to resume his post at Annapolis. In October, 1860, he was detached from this place, and, after a short time spent in recruiting-service in Portland, Me., was commissioned captain in June, 1861, and assigned to the command of the Potomac flotilla. In the autumn of 1861 he was placed in command of the " Brooklyn," participating in the capture of New Orleans and subsequent operations on the Missis- sippi. He was made commodore in July, 1862, and during the subsequent years of the civil war commanded the " Niagara," on the coast of Eng- land and France. In September, 1866, he was placed in command of the navy-yard at Mare isl- and, Cal., where he received, in October of the same year, his commission as rear-admiral, and continued there until August, 1868, when he as- sumed command of the Pacific squadron. In De- cember, 1869, he was retired, but continued on duty in San Francisco until that office was dispensed with. He afterward resided at Kittery Point, Me. — His brother, Alfred Wingate, civil engineer, b. in Washington, D. C, 20 Oct., 1810 ; d. in Chis- wick, England, 29 March, 1879, was graduated at Columbia in 1829, studied law and then civil en- gineering. In 1837 he was associated with Gen. George S. Greene on important professional work near Charleston and elsewhere. He was a success- ful -railroad engineer and manager, and rapidly rose to the first rank in his profession. Mr. Craven became engineer commissioner to the Croton water board of New York on its organization in 1849, and continued in that capacity until 1868. Among the many works projected and carried out during these years under his supervision were the building of the large reservoir in Central park, the enlargement of pipes across High Bridge, and the construction of the reservoir in Boyd's Corners, Putnam co. He also caused to be made an accurate survey of Croton valley, with a view of ascertaining its capa- city for furnishing an adequate water-supply, and was largely instrumental in securing the passage of the first law establishing a general sewerage system for New York city. Later he was associated with Allan Campbell as a commissioner in the work of building the underground railway extend- ing along 4th avenue from the Grand central depot to Harlem river. He was one of the original members of the American society of civil engineers, a director for many years, and its president from November, 1869, till November, 1871. — Another brother, Tunis Augustus Macdonough, naval officer, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 11 Jan., 1813 ; d. in Mobile bay, Ala.. 5 Aug., 1864. Be enter S. navy as a midshipman in February, 1829, and until L837 serve'] in different vessels, at\ he was at his own request attached to the i survey. In 1841 he wm made a lieutenant served in the "Falmouth" unt.il 1843, nrhen be whs transferred to the "North Carolina." Three years Later he was connected with the Pacific squad- ron as Lieutenant of the "Dale," and particif in the conquest of California. In 1849 he returned east, and for some time afterward v,. ciated in the work of the coast-survey, having command of various vessels attached to this bureau. He com- manded the Atrato expedition which left New York in October, 1857, for the purpose of survey- ing the isthmus of Darien by tray of the Atrato river for a ship-canal. Later lie commanded the " Mohawk," stationed off the eoa-t of t'uhfi. to inter- cept slavers. On one occasion he captured a brig containing 500 negroes, who were- afterward sent to Africa and liberated. He also saved the crew of a Spanish merchant vessel, for which he was presented by the queen of Spain with a gold medal and a di- ploma. About the same time the New York board of un- derwriters presented Mrs. Craven with a silver service of plate for the efficient serv- ices rendered to mer- chant vessels while at sea by her husband. At the beginning of the civil war he was placed in command of the " Crusader," and was instrumental in preserving for the Union the fortress at Key West. In April, 1861, he was made a commander, and ordered to the charge of the " Tuscarora." in search of Confederate cruisers. While so oc- cupied he succeeded in blockading the " Sumter." so that, after it had been kept a close prisoner for two months in Gibraltar, the officers and crew deserted her. On his return home, he was given command of the monitor " Tecumseh," and di- rected to join the James river flotilla. A few months later he was attached to Admiral Far- ragut's squadron, then collected for the attack on Mobile. In the subsequent battle the " Tecumseh *' was given the post of honor, and on the morning of 5 Aug., leading the fleet, she fired the first shot at 6.47 a. m. The general orders to the various commanders directed them, in order to avoid the line of torpedoes at the entrance of the bay. to pass eastward of a certain red buoy and directly under the guns of Fort Morgan. The Confederate ram " Tennessee " was on the port-beam of the u Te- cumseh," inside of the line of torpedoes, and Cra- ven, in his eagerness to engage the ram. passed to the west of the buoy, when suddenly the monitor reeled and sank with almost every one on board. destroyed by a torpedo. As the " Tecumseh " was going down, Com. Craven and his pilot, John Col- lins, met at the foot of the ladder leading to the top of the turret. Craven, knowing it was through no fault of the pilot, but by his own command, that the fatal change in her course had been made, stepped back, saying: "After you. pilot." There was no ''after" for him. When the pilot reached the top round, the vessel seemed "to drop from ^2<u^ CRAWFORD CRAWFORD under him," and no one followed. A buoy that swings to and fro with the ebb and flow of the tide marks the scene of Com. Craven's bravery and of his death, and beneath, only a few fathoms deep, lies the w Tecumseh." He has been called the - Sydney" of the American navy. — Charles Hen- derson, naval officer, son o( Thomas Tingey, b. in Portland. Me.. 30 Nov.. 1843, was graduated at the V . S. naval academy in 1863, promoted to ensign, and served in that rapacity in the South Atlantic blockading squadron until 1805. He participated in many of the engagements in the vicinity of Charleston and Savannah during 1863-'4, and was attached to the " Housatonic " when she was blown up in February. 1804. During 1805-7 he served in the European squadron on the "Colorado," and was commissioned lieutenant-commander in No- vember. 1800. He then served on the "Wampa- noag." and was made lieutenant-commander in March. 1808, after which he was attached to the Pacific squadron. Subsequently he served on shore duty at Mare island, Cal. In 1874 he became ex- ecutive officer of the "Kearsarge," of the Pacific squadron, and later of the "Monocacy." He was detached from duty in June, 1879, broken down by over-work, and was retired in May, 1881. — Henry Smith, another son of Thomas Tingey, civil en- gineer, b. in Bound Brook, N. J., 14 Oct., 1845, studied in St. John's college, Annapolis, Md., and later in the scientific department of Hobart, but was not graduated, as he entered the army shortly before the close of the civil war. He obtained em- ployment on the Croton works in New York city, but in 1806 went to California and became secre- tary, with the rank of lieutenant, to his father, then commanding the North Pacific squadron, and in 1869 was appointed assistant civil engineer of the navy-yard at Mare island. This office he resigned in 1870. and then practised his profession in San Francisco until 1879. He was commissioned civil engineer in the U. S. navy during the latter year, and ordered to Chester, Pa., where he was occupied with the construction of the iron floating dock then building for the Pensacola navy-yard. Later he was ordered to the navy-yard at League island, Pa., and in July. 1881, was sent to the navy-yard at Portsmouth, N. H., and in September, 18*82, as- signed to special duty at Coaster's harbor training- station. He was granted leave of absence in 1883, and took charge of the construction of the new Croton aqueduct in New York, up to March, 1886. He is the inventor of an automatic trip for mining- buckets and of nelling (1883). (1876), a tun- machine Mr. Cra- ven was given the honorary degree of B. S. by Hobart in 1878, and is a member of the American society of civil engineers. CRAWFORD, George Wash- ington, lawyer, b. in Columbia county, Ga., 22 Dec, 1798. He was graduated at Princeton in 1820, and after study- ing law with Richard Henry Wilde in Augusta, %*T&^^/' was admitted to the bar in 1822. He was appointed attorney-general of Georgia in 1827, and continued in that office until 1831. From 1837 till 1842 was a member of the legislature from Richmond county, with the exception of one year. He then was elected to congress as a whig to fill the vacancy caused bv the death of Richard W. Habersham, and served from 7 Feb., 1843, till 3 March of the same year, during which he was also elected gov- ernor of Georgia, and re-elected in 1845. Later he held the office of secretary of war in President Taylor's cabinet, serving from 7 March, 1849, till 15 Aug., 1850. On the death of the president Mr. Crawford resigned his portfolio, and subsequently spent some time in travel abroad, after which he returned to Georgia, where he has since resided in retirement at his home in Richmond county. CRAWFORD, Martin Jenkins, lawyer, b. in Jasper county, Ga., 17 March, 1820; d. in Colum- bus, Ga., 22 July, 1883. He was educated at Mer- cer university, and, after studying law, was admit- ted to the bar in 1839. For a while he followed his profession, but the death of his father caused him to give his attention to planting. From 1845 till 1847 he was a member of the state legislature, and in 1850 was a delegate to the southern con- vention held in Nashville during May. In 1853 he was made judge of the superior courts of the Chat- tahoochee circuit, and held that office until his election to congress as a democrat, where he served from 3 Dec, 1855, until his withdrawal on 23 Jan., 1861. He was then elected by the convention of Georgia a delegate to the Confederate provisional congress, serving from January, 1861, till Febru- ary, 1862, and subsequently was appointed one of the three commissioners sent to treat with the au- thorities in Washington for a peaceful separation of the states. During 1862 he raised the 3d Georgia cavalry, and after a year's service was transferred to the staff of Gen. Howell Cobb, with whom he continued until the close of the war. He then re- sumed the practice of his profession, and in 1875 was appointed judge of the superior courts of the Chattahoochee circuit, to which office in 1877 he was reappointed for a term of eight years. In 1880 he was appointed associate justice of the su- preme court of Georgia, to fill the unexpired term of Logan E. Bleckley, on the completion of which he became his own successor by appointment from the state legislature. CRAWFORD, Samuel Wylie, soldier, b: in Franklin county, Pa., 8 Nov., 1829. He was gradu- ated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1846, after which he studied medicine, and in 1851 be- came an assistant surgeon in the U. S. army. He served in various forts in the southwest, principally in Texas, until 1860, when he was stationed at Fort Moultrie and later at Fort Sumter, being one of the garrison of that fort at the beginning of the civil war, and having command of a battery during the bombardment. From that time till August, 1861, he was at Fort Columbus, New York harbor. He then vacated his commission of assistant surgeon by accepting the appointment of major in the 13th infantry, and in 1862 was commissioned a briga- dier-general of volunteers. Gen. Crawford served with distinction in the Shenandoah campaign, being present at the battles of Winchester and Cedar Mountain, losing one half of his brigade in the last- named action. At the battle of Antietam he suc- ceeded Gen. Mansfield in command of his division, and was severely wounded. Early in 1863 he was placed in command of the Pennsylvania reserves, then stationed about Washington, and with these troops, forming the 3d division of the 5th army CRAWFORD CRAWFORD corps, he was engaged at Gettysburg, serving with great bravery. Subsequently fie participated in all the operations of the Army of the Potomac until the close of the war. He was brevetted successively from colonel, in 180:}, up to major-general in 180.">, for conspicuous gallantry in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Petersburg, Five Porks, and other engagements. Gen. Crawford was mus- tered out of the volunteer service in 1800, and then served with his regiment in the south, becoming colonel of the 10th infantry in February, 1869, and later of the 2d infantry. lie continued in the ser- vice until February, 1873, when, owing to disability resulting from wounds, he was retired with ttyc rank of brigadier-general. CRAWFORD, Thomas, sculptor, b. in New York city, 22 March, 1814 ; d. in London, 16 Oct., 1857. He was of Irish parentage. Of his early years we only know that he was at school with Page, the artist, and that his proficiency in his studies was hindered by the exuberance of his fancy, which took form in drawings and carvings. His love of art led him, at the age of nineteen, to enter the studios of Frazer and Launitz, artists and artificers in marble, well known to the New York of that day. In 1834 he went abroad for the pro- motion of artistic studies, and took up his residence in Rome for life, as it proved. The celebrated sculp- tor, Thorwaldsen, became his master and friend. Under this fortunate guidance he devoted himself to the study both of the antique and of living models. His first ideal work was a group of " Or- pheus and Cerberus," executed in 1839, and pur- chased, some years later, for the Boston athenaeum. This was followed by a succession of groups, single figures, and bas-reliefs, whose rapid production bore witness to the fertility as well as the versatili- ty of his genius. Among these are " Adam and Eve " and a bust of Josiah Quincy, now in the Bos- ton athenaeum ; " Hebe and Ganymede," presented to the Boston art museum by Mr. C. C. Perkins, and a bronze statue of Beethoven, presented by the same gentleman to the Boston music hall; "Babes in the Wood," in the Lenox library ; " Mercury and Psyche " ; " Flora," now in the gallery of the late Mrs. A. T. Stewart ; an Indian girl ; " Dancing Jenny," modelled from his own daughter ; and a statue of James Otis, which adorns the chapel at Mount Auburn, Cambridge. In 1849, while on a visit to this country, he received from the state of Virginia an order for a monument to be erected in Richmond. He immediately returned to Rome and began the work, of which the design was a star of five rays, each one of these bearing a statue of some historic Virginian, Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson among the number. The work is surmounted by a plinth, on which stands an equestrian statue of Washington. These statues, modelled in Rome, were cast at the celebrated Mu- nich foundry, where, as elsewhere, their merit was much appreciated. Mr. Crawford's most important works after these were ordered bv the national gov- ernment for the capitol at Washington. First among these was a marble pediment, bearing life- size figures symbolical of the progress of American civilization ; next in order came a bronze figure of Liberty, which surmounts the dome ; and last of these, and of his life-work, was a bronze dove on which are modelled various scenes in the public life of Washington. Prominent among Mr. Crawford's works was also his statue of an Indian chief, much admired by the English sculptor Gibson, who pro- posed that a bronze copy of it should be retained in Rome as a lasting monument. Mr. Crawford's health failed under the pressure of the great public works here enumerated, in 1850 he wa suddenly afflicted with blindnee can ed by s cane fection. Ee was above middle height, well formed and athletic, with a clear eye, ruddy complexion, and energetic temperament. Jn politics he Liberal, in religion a Protestant, in character erons and kindly, and adverse to discords, pr< sional or social. — Bis son, Francis Marion, thor, b. in Bagni dM Lucca, Italy, 2 Any.. 1854^ lived chiefly abroad. He has publishec DOTels, in- cluding "Mr. Isaacs" (New York. 1882 ; "D tor Claudius " (1883) ; "A Roman Singer" (1884); "To Leeward" (1884); "An American Politician" (1885); "Zoroaster" (1885); "Tale at a Lonely Parish " (1880); and "Saraeinesea :r (1886). CRAWFORD, Thomas Hartley, lawyer, b. in Chambersburg, Pa., 14 Nov.. 1780; d. in Washing- ton, I). C, 27 Jan., 1803. He was graduated at Princeton in 1804, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1807, and began to practise in Chambers- burg. Later he was elected as a Jackson democrat to congress, and was re-elected, serving from 7 Dec, 1829, till 2 March, 1833. During 1833 he a member of the state legislature, and in 1830 was appointed a commissioner to investigate alleged frauds in the purchase of the reservation of the land of the Creek Indians. From 1838 till 1845 he held the office of commissioner of Indian affair-. In 1845 he was appointed judge of the criminal court of the District of Columbia, and continued as such until his death. CRAWFORD, William, soldier, b. in Berkeley county, Va., in 1732; d. in Wyandot county. Ohio, 11 June, 1782. He was a surveyor, and the asso- ciate of Washington, under whom he served. At the beginning of the French and Indian war he be- came an ensign in the Virginia rifleman, and was with Gen. Braddock in the expedition against Fort Duquesne. He continued in the service until 1761, having been promoted to the grade of captain on the recommendation of Washington. He again served during the Pontiac war from 1763 till 1?»>4. and in 1767 settled in western Pennsylvania, where he purchased land and became a justice of the peace. Soon after the beginning of the Revolu- tionary war he raised a company of Virginians and joined Washington's army. In 1776 he was made lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Virginia regiment, and later became colonel, resigning from the army in 1781. He was at the battle of Long Island, in the subsequent retreat across Xew Jersey and over the Delaware, participated in the battles of Trenton and Princeton, and afterward was engaged around Phila- delphia. In 1778 he was assigned to frontier duty. and during the following years was occupied in suppressing the Indian attacks on the settlers. After his resignation he retired to his farm, in the hope of spending the remainder of his days with his family, having already given nearly twenty-five years of his life to the service of his country : but in May, 1782, at the urgent request of Gens. Wash- ington and William Irvine, he accepted, though with great reluctance, the command of an expedi- tion against the Wyandot and Delaware Indians on the banks of the Muskingum. The Indians were discovered on 4 June, and an engagement ensued. in which Crawford's troops were surrounded in a grove called Battle island by a force much larger than his own. For two days the fight was con- tinued, when, finding themselves hemmed in. they decided to cut their way out. In the retreat that followed, the soldiers were separated, and Col. Craw- ford fell into the hands of the Indians. After sev- eral days of cruel experience, during which he was subjected to horrible torture, he was burned to CRAWFORD CREIGHTON death. The stow is told by N. X. Hill. Jr., in the ■•Magazine of Western History" for May, 1885, under the title of -Crawford's Campaign." CRAWFORD, William Harris, statesman, b. in Amherst county. Va.. 34 Feb., 1778; d. in Elbert county, Ga., 15 Sept.. 1834 His lather, who was in reduced circumstances, removed first to South Carolina and then to Columbia county, Ga. After teaching school at Augusta the boy studied law, began practice at Lexington in 1799, and was one of the compilers of the first digest of the laws of Georgia. Be became a member of the state senate in 1808, and in 1807 was chosen U. S. senator to fill a vacancy. The political excitement of the period led him to engage in two duels, in one of which his opponent ' fell, and in the second of which he was himself wounded. He was re-elected in 1811, acquiesced in the policy of a U. S. bank, and in 1812 was chosen president pro tern, of the senate, lie was at fust opposed to the war with Great Britain, but eventually gave it his support; and in 1813. having declined the place of secretary of war. accepted that of minister to France, where he formed a personal intimacy with Lafayette. In 1816, on the re- tirement of Mr. Dallas, he was appointed sec- retary of the treasury. He was prominently urged as a can- didate for the presidency, but remained at the head of the treas- ury department, where he adhered to the views of Mr. Jefferson, and opposed the federal policy in regard to in- ternal improve- ments, then sup- ported by a considerable section of his own party. This position on the great question of the time sub- jected him to virulent hostility from opponents of his own party; and Mr. Calhoun, who was one of these opponents, became a dangerous rival for the democratic nomination for the presidency, to suc- ceed Monroe, Crawford, however, as the choice of the Virginia party, and the representative of the views of Jefferson, secured the nomination of a con- gressional caucus in February, 1824; and in the election that followed he received the electoral votes of Virginia and Georgia, with scattering votes from New York, Maryland, and Delaware — in all, 41. No choice having been made by the electoral college, the election reverted to the house of representatives, where John Quincy Adams was elected over Jackson and Crawford, through the influence of Henry Clay, the fourth candidate before the people, who brought his friends to the support of Adams. The result was also due, in a measure, to the confirmed ill health of Mr. Crawford, and perhaps to imputa- tion- brought against his conduct of the treasury department. These charges he promptly refuted, and a committee that included Daniel Webster and John Randolph unanimously declared them to be unfounded. But his health rendered it impossible for him to continue in public life; and, although he recovered his strength partially, he took no part after this date in politics. Returning to Georgia, he became circuit judge, which office he continued ^^0^a^^^- to fill with great efficiency, by successive elections in 1828 and 1831, until nearly the end of his life. He had no connection with the nullification move- ment, to which he was opposed ; and his last days were spent in retirement. Personally he was a man of conspicuous social gifts, an admirable conversationalist, religious in his views and feel- ings, and a supporter of Baptist convictions. At his home he dispensed a hearty republican hospi- tality, and his name is eminent among the illus- trious citizens of Georgia. — His son, Nathaniel Macon, educator, b. in Oglethorpe county, Ga., 22 March, 1811 ; d. in Walker county, Va., 27 Oct., 1871, was graduated at the University of Georgia in 1829 with the first honor. At the age of twen- ty-five he was elected to a professorship in Ogle- thorpe college, at Milledgeville, Ga. He had been a Presbyterian, but changed his views and entered the Baptist ministry. In 1846 he accepted the chair of theology in Mercer university, and ten years later was elected to the presidency, but soon retired to accept the professorship of moral philoso- phy in the University of Mississippi. In 1857 he became professor of theology in Georgetown, Ky., but returned to Georgia again as president of Mer- cer university, where he remained for seven years. At the close of the war, in 1865, he accepted the presidency of Georgetown college, Ky., and con- tinued to fill this office until near the time of his death. He was the author of a volume entitled " Christian Paradoxes." CRAZY HORSE, Indian chief, b. about 1842. He was an Ogallalla Sioux, brother-in-law of Red Cloud, and one of the principal chiefs of the hos- tile Indians that for several years defied the au- thority of the U. S. government in the northwest- ern territories. He left Fort Laramie, and went to war, after the murder of his brother in 1865. He soon established a reputation as a brave and cunning leader, and gathered a strong band, whom he ruled with despotic rigor. With Sitting Bull he surprised and destroyed Gen. Custer's com- mand on the Little Big-Horn river, 25 June, 1876. He was pursued by Gen. Terry into the Black Hills, and the following spring Gen. Crook conducted an expedition against him and forced him to surren- der, with 900 followers, at the Red Cloud agency. CREERY, William Rufus, educator, b. in Bal- timore, Md., 9 May, 1824 ; d. there, 1 May, 1875. He was graduated at Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., in 1842, and at once began teaching in the pub- lic schools of Baltimore, continuing in this occu- pation until 1854, when he became professor of belles-lettres in Baltimore city college. In 1859 he was chosen president of the Lutherville female seminary, where he remained until 1862, when he renewed his teaching in the public schools of Bal- timore. Five years later he was elected city super- intendent of public instruction for a term of four years, and in 1872 was re-elected, In conjunction with Prof. M. A. Newell he prepared the Maryland series of school-books, which includes " Primary- School Spelling-Book " ; " Grammar-School Spell- ing-Book " ; a series of six " Readers," and " Cate- chism of United States History." CREIGHTON, John Orde, naval officer, b. in New York city about 1785; d. in Sing Sing, N. Y., 1 3 Oct., 1838. He entered the navy as a midshipman in June, 1800, served under Preble before Tripoli, be- came a lieutenant, 24 Feb., 1807, and was attached to the frigate " Chesapeake," in June, 1807, when she was attacked by the " Leopard." He was af- terward attached to the " President," and was first lieutenant in her action with the " Little Belt," 16 May, 1811. In 1813 he commanded the brig " Rat- OREIGJITON CRESSON tlesnakc," with the rank of master-commandant, and was made captain, 27 April, 18 Hi. In 1829-30 he commanded the squadron on the coast of Brazil. CREIGHTON, Johnston Blakeley, naval offi- cer, b. in Rhode Island, 12 Nov., 1822; d. in Mor- ristown, N. J., 13 Nov., 1888. lie entered the navy as a midshipman, 10 Feb., 1888, became a lieutenant, 9 Oct., 1853, commanded the steamer " Ottawa," of the South Atlantic blockading squad- ron, in 1802, commissioned as commander, 20 Sept., 1802, was on special duty in 1808, and in 1863-'4 commander of the steamer " Mahaska," of the South Atlantic blockading1 squadron, which was engaged in the bombardment of Forts Wagner and Gregg in August, 1803. He was transferred to the " Mingo," of the South Atlantic blockading squadron, and commanded that steamer till the close of the war. He was commissioned captain on 20 Nov., 1808, and became a commodore on 9 Nov., 1874. He was commandant of the Norfolk navy-yard in 1879, and was retired with the rank of rear-admiral in 1883. CREIGHTON, William, clergyman, b. in New York city in 1793 ; d. in Tarrytown, N. Y., 23 April, 1865. He was graduated at Columbia in 1812, studied theology, and took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church, and during a great part of his earlier ministry, 1816-30, was rector of St. Mark's in New York city. During the suspen- sion of Bishop Onderdonk he was elected provisional bishop of the diocese of New York, but declined the office. He presided in the diocesan convention for nine years, and in the lower house of the gen- eral convention of the P. E. church during its ses- sions of 1853, 1850, and 1859. He was, from 1830 until 1805, rector of Christ church, Tarrytown. CRELE, Joseph, centenarian, b. in Detroit, Mich., in 1725 ; d. in Caledonia, Wis., 27 Jan., 1800. The date of his birth is established by the record of his baptism in the French Catholic church, Detroit. He was married in 1755 at New Orleans, and a few years afterward settled at Prairie du Chien. He bore arms at Braddock's defeat, and before the Revolution was employed in carrying letters between Prairie du Chien and Green Bay. He settled in Wisconsin during the Revolutionary war. The later years of his life were passed with a daughter by his third marriage, born when he was sixty-nine years old. He enjoyed ro- bust health up to within two years of his death, and was able to walk several miles without fatigue and to chop wood for the family. CRENSHAW, Anderson, jurist, b. in South Carolina, 22 May, 1783 ; d. in Alabama in 1847. He was graduated in 1800 from the College of Co- lumbia, S. C, being the first graduate of the insti- tution, became a successful lawyer, removed to Alabama about 1819, and held the offices of judge of the circuit court from 1821 to 1838, being also, until 1832, judge of the supreme court, and chan- cellor of the southern division of the state from the organization of a separate court of chancery in 1838 till his death. Though a Whig in politics, he was elected to the judicial posts that he held by a Democratic legislature. — His son, Walter Henry, b. in Abbeville district, S. C, 7 July, 1817; d. in Alabama in 1878. He was graduated at the Uni- versity of Alabama in 1834, and was from 1838 till 1867 a member of either the upper or lower house of the Alabama legislature, officiating as speaker of the house in 1801-'5, and president of the senate in 1865-'7. In 1865 he was a member of the Constitu- tional convention. He was afterward judge of the Butler county criminal court, and with two other commissioners codified the laws of the state. CRESAI*, Michael, trader and Indian fighter, b. in Alleghany county, Md., 29 June, 1742; d. in New York city, 18 Oct., 1775. Hi-, father, Th< emigrated from Yorkshire. England, settled in western Maryland, and was a member of the Ohio company in 1752. His son married a .Mi-- White- head, of Philadelphia, while vet a minor, became a merchant, removed to the Ohio in the spring of 1774, and established a settlement below Wheel- ing, lie took command of the pioneers, who pre- pared for an Indian war, and, after \)r. Connolly had warned him of a general Indian war, made a declaration of hostilities on 26 .April and defi a party of Indians in a skirmish on the river. An- other party of whites treacherously massacred the family of the chief Logan on Fellow creek. Lo- gan, who had been friendly to the English, ac- cused Cresap, as the leader of the white men in that region, of committing the crime, and through a pathetic speech, attributed to Logan and pre- served in Jenerson's " Notes," the deed attached to his memory, until his son-in-law, J. J. Jacob, and later Brantz Mayer, proved that he was in Mary- land at the time of the occurrence. Gov. Dunmore gave him the commission of captain of the Hamp- shire county militia in Virginia. After the con- clusion of the Dunmore expedition he returned to Maryland, but again went to Ohio the following spring, and penetrated almost to the Kentucky wilderness. On his return he learned that he had been commissioned by the Continental congr* captain of a company of Maryland riflemen. He went with his company to Boston and joined the army of Washington ; but, having been afflicted with his final illness before he took the command. and finding himself growing worse, he left for home, and died on the way, in New York, where he was buried with military honors in Trinity church- yard. See " Biographical Sketch of the Late Capt. Michael Cresap," by J. J. Jacob (1826 ; new ed., with notes, by Brantz Mayer, Cincinnati. 1866). See, also, Mayer's discourse in vindication of Cre- sap, delivered before the Maryland historical so- ciety in May, 1851, published under the title " Tagah-jute, or Logan the Indian, and Captain Michael Cresap " (New York, 1867). CRESPEL, Emanuel, clergyman, b. in Bel- gium about 1700. He arrived in Quebec in 1724. where he finished his ecclesiastical studies, and was ordained in 1726. He accompanied, as chaplain, the expedition of Lignery against the Foxes, and was then successively stationed at Niagara. Fron- tenac, and Crown Point. Being recalled to France, he sailed from Quebec in 1736, but his vessel, the " La Renommee," was driven on Anticosti island and wrecked. Fifty-four of the passengers escaped. The remainder, including Father Crespel. at- tempted to reach Mingan in two boats, one of which wras lost. The survivors were hemmed in by ice and forced to remain till spring. Father Crespel escaped to an Indian camp, and thence found his way to a French post, from which he sent assistance to his companions. Only three of them were found alive. When he recovered from his sufferings he went to Quebec and was appointed pastor of Solanges. He returned to Europe in 1 ToS. He wrote a series of letters describing his adven- tures, which appeared in French (Frankfort. 174?'. and were shortly afterward published in German (English translation. 1797). CRESSON, Elliott, philanthropist, b. in Phila- delphia, 2 March. 1796: d. there. 20 Feb.. 1854. He was a member of the Society of Friends, became a successful merchant in Philadelphia, and devoted his attention to benevolent objects, especially the CRESSON CREVAUX promotion o( the welfare ol the Indians and ne- - in the United States. Be ooneeived the in- tention ol becoming a missionary anions the Semi- rida, but afterward cave his mind to the scheme of colonizing American negroes in Africa, engaged in establishing the first colony of es at Basse Cove, on the drain coast, became president of the Colonization society, and labored as its agent in New England in the winter - - '•.'. in the southern states in l839-'40, and tain in isio-'-J and L850-'3. Be left in his |122,000 to various benevolent institu- lot, valued at $80,000, f or a home for superannuated merchants and gentlemen. ( KI'.SSON. John Chapman, civil engineer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1806; d. therein 1876. s lucated at a Friends' academy, attended - d agriculture at the University of Penn- . and then became a farmer, but sold his farm in ls34. and engaged in business in Philadel- phia, lb' was then made superintendent and en- gineer of the Philadelphia gas-works, and held the twenty-eighl years. Be was given the (.hair of mechanics and natural philosophy in Franklin institute in 1S37. and in 1855 was made it< president. Be also held a similar chair in the Philadelphia high-school for two years. He was for many years a manager and one of the vice- presidents of the Pennsylvania institution for the blind, and was connected with many other charita- ble institutions. He was also manager of the Schuylkill navigation company, president of the Mine' Hill and Schuylkill Haven railroad company in 1847-76, and one of the original Fairmount park commissioners, afterward becoming chief en- : that park. CEESWELL, John A. J., statesman, b. in Port sit, I 1 co., Md., 18 Nov., 1828. He was graduated at I ttckmson college, Pa., in 1848, studied law. and was admitted to the Maryland bar in 1850. Be was a member of the state legislature in 1860 and 1*62. and assistant adjutant-general for Mary- land in 186£-'3. Be was elected to congress, and served from 7 Dec, 1863, till 3 March, 1865; and, having distinguished himself as an earnest friend of the Union, was elected as a republican to the U. St, - oate in March, 1865, to fill the unexpired term Chomas II. Bicks. On 22 Feb., 1866, he de- livered, at the request of the House of represen- tative, a memorable eulogy of his friend and col- ]•• _-,••. Ib-nry Winter Davis. He was a delegate t<> tie- Baltimore convention of 1864, the Philadel- phia loyalists1 convention of 1866, the Border states ention held in Baltimore in 1867, and the Chicago republican convention of 1868. In May, 1868, he was elected secretary of the U. S. senate, but declined. On 5 March, 1860, he was appointed by President Granl postmaster-general of the United States, and served till 3 July, 1874. ( ELESWELL, Julia (Pleasants), author, b. in Buntsville, Ala., 21 Aug., 1827; d. nearShreveport, 0 June, L886. Ber father, Col. James J. P nit-, of Virginia, removed to Alabama, be- came secretary of state, and married a daughter of Gov. Bibb. The daughter was educated by a superior teacher from the north, and was encour- aged by her father to write \<t<<'>. In 1854 she riea David Creswell,a lawyer and planter, who a district judge of Alabama. Her cousin, Thomas Bibb M. Bradley, a young poet of promise, who died soon afterward, induced her to publish a selection of her poems with some of his own. The volume appeared in 1854, before her marriage, un- der the title " Apheila, and other Poems, by two Cousins of the South " (New York). After the war Mrs. Creswell taught a village-school, while her husband, who had lost his large estate, resumed the practice of law. She has published an allegorical novel entitled "CaJlamura" (Philadelphia, 1868), and left many unpublished poems to be issued in a posthumous volume. CRETIN, Joseph, R. C. bishop, b. in Lyons, Prance, in 1800; d. in St. Paul, Minn., in 1857. lie studied in his native diocese, and became a priest, with the intention of devoting himself to the foreign missions. In 1838 he volunteered for the diocese of Dubuque, and reached that city in 1839. He was appointed vicar-general and pastor of the cathedral. In 1843 he took up his residence at Prairie du Chien among the Winnebagoes. He was requested by them to build a church and. school-house, but was prevented from doing so by the Indian agent. Father Cretin continued among the Winnebagoes till 1848, when he was expelled by the government officials, and the tribe removed to Long Prairie. He then returned to Dubuque. In 1849 the seventh council of Baltimore recom- mended the erection of Minnesota into a diocese, with the title of St. Paul, and the appointment of Father Cretin to the new see. He proceeded to France in order to secure priests for his diocese, and there received episcopal consecration at the hands of the bishop of Belley. He returned to America in 1851, accompanied by several priests, and began his work at St. Paul. Before the end of the year he was enabled to substitute a building of stone for the little log cabin in which he minis- tered, and to establish a school and seminary. At this period there was an immense influx of popula- tion into Minnesota, and Bishop Cretin was soon organizing Catholic parishes in every direction. In 1853 the Sisters of St. Joseph were introduced into the diocese, and placed in charge of an acade- my for young ladies, and of the parochial schools. Bishop Cretin also erected a hospital, an asylum, and novitiate, which he confided to their care. He revived the mission among the Winnebagoes, who had been removed to Long Prairie. He stationed a pastor and opened a school among them, which was managed by the Sisters of St. Joseph. He also established missions among the Ojibways, and sta- tioned priests and founded churches at Crow Wing, Mill Lake, Sandy Lake, Saux Rapids, and Fond dn Lac, as well as promoting the nourishing Indian settlements on the British border. In 1855 he gave the Brothers of the Holy Family charge of his schools for boys, and established a novitiate of the order in St. Paul. He founded a house of the Sis- ters of the Propagation of the Faith at Pembina for the instruction of the Indians. Through his agency a convent of the Benedictine order was erected at St. Cloud, which has grown into a great school and abbey. He also founded a convent of Benedictine nuns. Bishop Cretin did much to de- velop the resources of Minnesota by the interest he took in immigration. His letters addressed to in- tending emigrants, published in the New York journals, and copied into the newspapers of Eu- rope, had the effect of determining many to settle in his adopted territory. When he was appointed bishop, there were in his diocese one log church and three priests ; in a few years there were twenty priests, twenty-nine churches, and thirty-five sta- tions, and the Catholic population had increased to more than 50,000. He built the cathedral of St. Paul at a cost of $70,000. CREVAUX, Jules Nicolas, French explorer,, b. in Lorquin, Lorraine, 1 April, 1847; killed in Bolivia, 24 April, 1882. He studied medicine at Strasburg and in the Naval medical school at Brest, CREVFCCEUR CRITTENDEN 9 became assistant surgeon in the French navy on 24 Oct., 1868, was attached to the marines at the he- ginning of the war of 1870, became a surgeon of the second, class in 1873, gained the cross of the legion of honor in 1870 for devotion to yellow- fever patients in the Salut islands, and, after re- covering from an attack of the disease, ascended Maroni river in French Guiana, explored the Tu- muc-Humac mountains, and descended the Yari to the Amazon. He afterward ascended the Oyapook again, and descended the Payou to the Amazon, and then explored Yapoura river. After a visit to France, Dr. Crevaux returned to South America, made a voyage on the Orinoco, and in 1881 set out from Buenos Ayres with a number of companions to ascend the Paraguay and cross over to the Ama- zon by the Tapajos and the Zingu. The expedi- tion reached the confluence of the Pilaya and Pil- comayo, and embarked in three boats ; but, in the region of the Teyo, Dr. Crevaux and all his com- panions save two were treacherously murdered by the Tapeti Indians. CREVECCEUR, J. Hector St. John de, au- thor, b. in Normandy in 1731 ; d. in 1809 or 1813. He finished his education in England, and em- barked for America in 1754. He purchased an estate in the neighborhood of New York, and mar- ried the daughter of an American merchant. Dur- ing the wars of the Revolution his farm was fre- quently ravaged, and he himself forced to seek safety in flight. In 1780, as his affairs in Europe required his presence, he obtained permission from the British commander to cross the line of the army, and entered New York with one of his sons, from which city he was about to sail. But the unexpected appearance of a French squadron led to his being suspected of having entered New York as a spy, and he was cast into prison. After a de- tention of three months, he was released by two prominent merchants becoming security for him. He then embarked on a vessel sailing for Dublin, and reached France in 1782. About this time he introduced the culture of the American potato into Normandy. He had previously published in English his "Letters of an American Farmer." He now translated those letters into French and had them published in Paris. He then returned to New York, where he was appointed French consul. No sooner had he landed, in November, 1783, than he learned that his house had been burned and his farm ravaged by the savages. His wife had died a few weeks before, and he could learn nothing of his children. He discovered them, however, in the charge of an English merchant named Flower, who, through gratitude for Crevecceur's kindness to the English prisoners in Normandy, had, at great risk, rescued them. The appointment of Crevecoeur was agreeable to the American govern- ment, and Washington gave him particular proofs of his esteem. He accompanied Franklin in the journey that the latter took in 1787 to Lancaster to lay the first stone of the college which he had founded. The " Lettres d'un cultivateur Ameri- cain " consists of three volumes, giving a descrip- tion of the United States and Canada. It was so laudatory of the climate, productions, etc., that more than five hundred families left France on the faith of Crevecoeur's statements, and settled on the Ohio, where most of them perished. He also wrote " La culture des pommes de terre " and " Voyage dans la haute Pensylvanie et dans l'etat de New York " (2 vols., Paris, 1801). CRIADO DE CASTILLA, Alonso (cre-ah -do day cas-teel'-yah), Spanish governor of Guatemala from 1598 till 1611. During his administration peace and order reigned in every section of the country, as the nlibustering expeditions headed by Drake had been successfully repelled before lie en- tered office. lie founded the town and port of Santo Tomas, on the harbor of Castilla. CRINNON, Peter Francis, Canadian B bishop, b. in Cullen, county Louth, Ireland, in 1818; d. in .Jacksonville, Fla., in 1882. He I to Canada when a boy, and was ordained in To- ronto in 1854. lie was I ben appointed to mission- ary duty in London, Ontario. He erected St. Mary's church in Stratford- He became bishop of Hamilton in 1874. During his administration of the diocese Hie number of Catholics was doubled. CRISPIN, Silas, soldier, b. in Pennsylvania about 1830. lie was appointed to the U. S, mili- tary academy in 1840, and at graduation ranked third in his class. Assigned to duty at the arsenal at Watervliet, N. Y., he remained there two years, and then served successively at the arsenals at Alleghany, Pa., St. Louis, Mo., and the Leaven- worth ordnance depot in Kansas, in 1800 lie be- came assistant inspector of arsenals, lie was pro- moted captain of ordnance, 3 Aug., 1801, and in that grade served through the civil war, having charge of different depots for the ordnance depart- ment. He received successive brevets to include that of colonel in the regular army at the close of the civil war, but did not receive his promotion as major of ordnance until 7 March, 1807. On 14 April, 1875, he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and colonel, 23 Aug., 1881. CRITTENDEN, John Jordan, statesman, b. in Woodford county, Ky., 10 Sept., 1787 ; d. near Frankfort, Ky., 26 July, 1863. His father served in the war of the Revolution, with the rank of major. The son was graduated at William and Mary college in 1807, and entered upon the prac- tice of the law in his native coun- ty, but after a short time re- moved to Logan county, border- ing on Tennessee, a thinly settled part of the state. In 1809 Gov. Vinian Edwards appointed him attorney - general of the territory of Illinois. He served for a short time as a volun- teer in the war of 1812, was aide to G-en. Shelby in 1813, and served with Adair and Berry in the Canada campaign. After leaving the army he resumed the practice of his profession, soon attaining a high place at the bar. In 1816 he was elected to the legislature, where he at once took a high rank. The next year he was elected to the U. S. senate, but after three years' service he resigned his seat, and in 1819 took up his residence^ in Frankfort. Here he soon rose to eminence in the legal profession, especially as a criminal lawyer, and served several terms in the legislature. lit 1827 he was appoint- ed by President Adams U. S. district attorney. but, on the accession of Gen. Jackson to the presidency in 1829. he was removed. He was elected again to the U. S. senate in 1835, and served a full term. In the remarkable canvass of 10 CRITTENDEN CRITTENDEN 1840 Mr. Crittenden took an active part in favor of Gen. Harrison. He was re-elected to the senate at the expiration of his term, but resigned his seat to accept the appointment of attorney-general in Harrison's cabinet. On the death of Harrison, and the accession of Mr. Tyler, Mr. Crittenden's views of national policy not being in harmony with these of the new president, he retired from the cabinet. Mr. Clay having decided to retire from the senate in isto. Mr. /Crittenden was ap- pointed to till the vacant seat : and at the expira- tion of the term was again elected for a full term. In 1848 he was elected governor of Kentucky, and s _ned his seat in the senate to till that office. \ withstanding the intimate relations between Mr. Clay and himself, lie favored the nomination of Gen. Taylor in 1848 as the whig candidate for the presidency, but only after Mr. Clay had assured him that he would not be a candidate. When the president died, and Mr. Fillmore suc- ceeded him. Mr. Crittenden accepted the port- folio of attorney-general in the new cabinet. The groat question as to the constitutionality of the fugitive-slave law was referred to him, and he prepared an opinion in favor of it. In 1855 he was once more elected to the senate, and took a leading part in the discussions of the impor- tant questions that came before congress in the course of the next five years. The sentiments uttered by him were eminently national, and he exerted his full strength in a patriotic effort to effect a satisfactory settlement of the disturbing elements that imperilled the perpetuity of the Union. He opposed the repeal of the Missouri compromise, and, in expressing his views of the questions growing out of the Kansas troubles, vig- orously opposed the policy of the administrations of Pre>idents Pierce and Buchanan. He favored the election of Bell and Everett in the presidential canvass of 1860. He vehemently opposed seces- sion, and supported Mr. Lincoln's administration, holding that it was the right and duty of the gov- ernment to maintain the Union by force. He ex- erted his full power to effect a compromise between the contending parties, but, failing to accomplish it. took his stand for the government. In the hope of maintaining the Union, he proposed an amendment to the constitution in December, 1860, providing for the re-enactment of the Missouri compromise, and the prohibition of any interfer- ence by congress with slavery wherever it should be legally established. Mr. Crittenden had been six time- elected to the senate, and his last effort in that body was to save the Union. On 4 March, 1861, he presented the credentials of his successor, Mr. Breckinridge, and retired. Returning to Ken- tucky, he urged his state to stand by the Union, and held it firmly against the appeals of the other states of the south. He became a candidate for a seat in congress, and, being elected, took his place in the house of representatives, where he was at once recognized as a powerful leader. He offered, on 10 July. 1861, the following resolution, which adopted with only two dissenting votes: "Re- solved by the house of representatives of the con- - of the United States, That the present de- plorable civil war has been forced upon the country by the disunionists of the southern states, now in arms against the constitutional government, and in arms around the capital; that in this national emergency congress, banishing all feelings of mere pa—ion or resentment, will recollect its only duty to the whole country; that this war is not waged on their part in any spirit of oppression, or for any purpose of conquest or subjugation, or purpose of overthrowing or interfering with the rights or es- tablished institutions of those states, but to defend and maintain the supremacy of the constitution, and to preserve the Union with all the dignity, equality, and rights of the several states unim- paired; and that as soon as these objects are ac- complished the wrar ought to cease." He opposed the employment of slaves as soldiers, and he denied the power of congress to organize the state of West Virginia. His last speech, delivered 22 Feb., I860, showed that his force had not abated. He denounced the conscription bill, and declared that the war had been changed from its original pur- pose. He was again a candidate for congress, but died before the election. Mr. Crittenden's per- sonal qualities were fine. He made friends every- where ; there was cordiality blended with dig- nity in his manner ; his voice was musical in con- versation, and captivating in his public speeches. By Thomas Corwin and others of his compeers he was esteemed the most able debater in the senate. — His son, George Bibb, b. in Russellville, Ky., 20 March, 1812 ; d. in Danville, Ky., 27 Nov., 1880, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1832, served in the Black Hawk expedition, though not at the seat of war, and resigned, 30 April, 1833. He volunteered in the Texan revolution of 1835, and was taken prisoner at Meir, on the Rio Grande, by the Mexicans, who carried him with his com- pany to the city of Mexico, where he was confined in a foul prison until released, through the inter- vention of Daniel Webster, nearly a year after- ward. On one occasion the Mexicans decided to shoot a certain number of the prisoners as a meas- ure of retaliation, and Crittenden, being an officer, was one of the first to draw lots to determine which of them should die. He drew a favorable lot, but when a friend who had a family drew a fatal black bean, he gave to that soldier his white bean, and risked his life in another chance. He served through the Mexican war as captain of mounted rifles, and was bre vetted major for gal- lantry at Contreras and Churubusco, was one of the first to enter the city of Mexico, became major of mounted rifles, 15 April, 1848, served on frontier duty, was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 30 Dec, 1856, and on 10 June, 1861, resigned and joined the Confederate service. He was commissioned brigadier-general, and soon afterward major-gen- eral, and was assigned, in November, 1861, to the command of southeastern Kentucky and a part of eastern Tennessee. On learning that Gen. Zolli- coffer had moved his forces across the Cumberland at Mill Spring, he gave orders to recross the river, but Zollicoffer delayed executing the order until the rise of the river rendered it impracticable to transport the artillery. When Gen. Thomas ap- proached with a large force, on 18 Jan., 1862, Gen. Crittenden ordered an attack. The Confederates attempted to surprise the Union troops at Fishing Creek ; but only two regiments came up to begin the attack in the morning of 19 Jan., and after the death of Gen. Zollicoffer the troops were demoral- ized. Gen. Crittenden effected the retreat of his forces across the river, leaving the artillery be- hind. He was severely censured for making the attack, was kept under arrest until November, and soon afterward resigned his commission. He con- tinued to serve as a volunteer on the staff of Gen. John S. Williams, who frequently followed his ad- vice and gave him the command of bodies of troops. After the war he resided in Frankfort, Ky., where he was state librarian from 1867 to 1871. — Another son, Thomas Leonidas, b. in Russellville, Ky., 15 May, 1815, studied law under his father, was ad- CROASDALTC CROCKER 11 mitted to the bar, and became commonwealth's at- torney in Kentucky in 1842. He served In the Mexican war as lieutenant-colonel of Kentucky infantry, and was volunteer aide to Gen. Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. In 1849 he was ap- pointed by President Taylor consul to Liverpool, and served till 1853, then returned to the United States, resided for some time at Frankfort, and afterward engaged in mercantile business at Louis- ville, Ky. At the beginning of the civil war he es- poused the national cause, and on 27 Oct., 1861, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded a division at the battle of Shiloh, and was promoted major-general, 17 July, 1802, for gal- lant services on that occasion, and assigned to the command of a division in the Army of the Tennes- see. He commanded the 2d corps, forming the left wing of the Army of the Ohio under Gen. Buell, and afterward served under Gen. Rosecrans in the battle of Stone River, and at Chickamauga commanded one of the two corps that were routed. In the Virginia campaign of 1864 he commanded a division of the 9th corps. He resigned, 13 Dec, 1864, but entered the regular army as colonel of the 32d infantry on 28 July, 1866, was brevetted brigadier-general for gallantry at Stone River, 2 March, 1867, transferred to the 17th infantry in 1869, and served with his regiment on the frontier until he was retired on 19 May, 1881. — Thomas T., a nephew of John Jordan, b. in Alabama about 1828, served in the Mexican war as lieutenant of Missouri mounted volunteers, afterward settled in Indiana, and entered the volunteer army in 1861 as colonel of a regiment of three months' men, with a detachment of which he took part in the battle of Philippi. The regiment was reorganized under his command at the expiration of its term of service, and served for three years. He was promoted brigadier-general on 28 April, 1862, and taken prisoner at Murf reesboro on 12 July, and not released till October. He resigned 5 May, 1863. CROASDALE, Samuel, soldier, b. in Penn- sylvania; d. at Antietam, Md., 17 Sept., 1862. He was a lawyer in Doylestown, Pa. Immediately after the president's proclamation of 15 April, 1861, he volunteered for three months, and, after the governor's call for nine months' men in the summer of 1862, raised a company in Doylestown, and, upon the organization of the 128th Pennsylvania regiment, was appointed its colonel. After a few weeks' service in camps of instruction near Wash- ington, the emergencies of the invasion of Mary- land required the services of the regiment in the field. At Antietam it was assigned an important position, and Col. Croasdale, having formed his men in line, was leading an assault under a heavy fire, when a ball killed him instantly. CROCKER, Alvah, capitalist, b. in Leominster, Mass., 14 Oct., 1801; d. in Fitchburg, 26 Dec, 1874. He obtained an academic education, entered a paper-mill at Franklin, N. H., in 1820, removed to Fitchburg, Mass., in 1823, and began to manu- facture paper on his own account on borrowed capital. He struggled for many years with debts, but gradually extended his business, and in 1834 laid the foundation for a fortune by purchasing all the land in the Nashua valley, in order to build a new road. He was elected to the Massachusetts legislature in 1835, where he advocated steam communication with Boston, returned to the legislature in 1842, and obtained a charter for a new railroad between northern Massachusetts and the seaboard, which was completed through his exertions in 1845. He afterward engaged in build- ing the Vermont and Massachusetts, the Troy and Boston, and the Boosac tunnel rail: .'i m 1847-8 Lectured In behalf of the tunnel project.. Near his paper-mills, which became the largest in the United States, lie built machine-shops arid foundries. He was the first to u-e COtton-waste in the manufacture of white paper, and palm-leaf fibre for coarse wall-paper. He was a member of the state senate for two terms during the civi. on 2 Jan., 1872, was elected to cons a re- publican to serve out, the unexpired term of William B. Washburn, who had been made governor, and was re-elected for the following term, serving from 14 Feb., 1872, until his death. CROCKER, Charles, railroad builder, b. in Troy, N. Y., 16 Sept., 1822. He bad a limited education, and was early turned adrift, by his father. In 1849 he went to California, and. after engaging in placer mining, opened a general store in Sacramento. He was elected to the common council in 1855, and to the legislature in 1860. With Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, and Col lis P. Huntington, he furnished means for the survey of a railroad route across the Sierra Nevada: and on the passage of the Union Pacific railroad bill by congress he was associated with them in con- structing the Central Pacific division, the four supplying the capital beyond the government subsidy. He personally built a large portion of the most difficult sections, under contract. In 1871 he was elected president of the Southern Pacific railroad company, of California, and second vice-president of the Central Pacific, superintend- ing, in the former capacity, the construction of the divisions in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. In 1884 he effected a consolidation of the properties of the two companies, having a joint control of 8,903 miles of railroad and steamship lines, and soon afterward removed to New York citv. CROCKER, Hannah Mather, author, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1765 ; d. in Roxbury, Mass., 10 July, 1847. She was a granddaughter of Cot- ton Mather, a daughter of the Rev. Samuel Mather, of Boston, and married Joseph Crocker, of Taunton, who left her a widow. In 1810 she sent to a newspaper a series of " Letters on Free- masonry," which were republished on the advice of the Rev. Dr. Thaddeus M. Harris, who wrote a preface to the volume. She published afterward " The School of Reform," and in 1818 " Observa- tions on the Rights of Woman," and wrote an account of the life of Madam Knight, the school- mistress of Benjamin Franklin, which is preserved in the library of the Antiquarian society of Worcester, Mass. CROCKER, Marcellus 31., soldier, b. in Frank- lin, Johnson co., Ind., 6 Feb.. 1830 ; d. in Wash- ington, D. C, 26 Aug., 1865. He entered the U. S. military academy in 1847, but left at the end of his second year, studied law, and practised in Pes Moines, Iowa. He entered the national service as major of the 2d Iowa infantry in May. 1861. was promoted colonel on 30 Dec. fought with distinc- tion in the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7. 1862. was promoted brigadier-general on 29 Nov., 1862. and engaged at the siege of Vieksburg. conducting a raid in Mississippi. "After the re-enlistment of his brigade as veteran volunteers he fought through the Georgia campaign of Gen. Sherman, command- ing a division a part of the time. He was suffer- ing from consumption during the whole of his military career, and was assigned to duty in New Mexico on account of sickness. The brigade that he had commanded and brought to a high state of discipline was nicknamed " Crocker's greyhounds." It lost heavily in the assault of Bald Hill before 12 CROCKER CROCKETT Atlanta, on 82 July. 1804, and in Hardee's attack on their position later in the day fully half were killed, wounded, or captured. CROCKER, Nathan Bourne, clergyman, b. in Barnstable, Mass., 4 July, 1781; d. in Providence, R. I.. 19 Oct.. L865. He prepared lor college at Sandwich academy, was graduated at ■ Harvard in 1803, studied medicine, and then theology, took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1803, and was elected rector of St. John's church in Providence, over which he presided until his death, with the exception of a few years, during which his health prevented his preaching. He was sec- retary of the corporation of Brown university from 1 B3 : till 1843. The ministerial life of Dr. Crocker was identified with the history of the Episcopal church of Rhode Island, which contained but four churches of that denomination when he assumed his pastorate. Some of his sermons and occasional addresses and lectures were published. CROCKER. Uriel, publisher, b. in Marblehead, Essex co.. Mass.. 13 Sept.. 1790; d. in Cohasset, Mass., 19 July, 1887. He went with his father to Boston in 1811. and was apprenticed to Samuel T. Armstrong to learn the printer's trade. Two months later. Osmyn Brewster, a son of Dr. Brew- ster, of Wbrthington, entered the same office. Mr. Armstrong's store, jSTo. 50 Cornhill, was formerly occupied by Paul Revere, and is now 173 and 175 Washington street. In 1814 Mr. Crocker was made foreman of the printing-office, and in 1818 taken into partnership by Mr. Armstrong, with his asso- ciate Brewster. Mr. Armstrong withdrew in 1825, and the firm of " Crocker & Brewster " was contin- ued until they retired from active business in 1870. At the fiftieth anniversary of their copartnership Mr. Crocker said : " Mr. Brewster and I first met in the year 1811, as apprentices of the late Samuel S. Armstrong. It was in the old building which stood on the same lot where we spent fifty-four of the fifty-seven years that we have been together, the old number being 50 Cornhill — that's old Cornhill — now forming part of Washington street. We left it only three years ago, when we removed to the adjoining store. I had been an apprentice about two months when he came. It was pleasant to see him, as it removed from me the title which the youngest apprentice in a printing-office has affixed to his name. Our partnership agreement, 1818, just fifty years ago, was drawn up and wit- nessed by Jeremiah Evarts, father of William M. Evarts. In the arrangement of our business, Mr. Brewster attended chiefly to the book-store. I di- rected the printing-office, the latter having been wholly in my charge since I was eighteen years of age. The numerous persons in our employ — and there were in former years from twenty-five to thirty in the printing-office alone — were paid in full every Saturday night. The first large work we published was ' Scott's Family Bible ' (0 vols., 8vo, 1820;. It was an experiment, and many of the older booksellers prophesied that we should not be successful. The result was entirely satisfactory." On 20 Nov., 1880, Mr. Crocker celebrated the sev- enty-fifth anniversary of his partnership with Mr. Brewster. A number of distinguished people were assembled at his home to congratulate the two nonogenarians. Among them were Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. Dr. Samuel Herrick, Frederick D. Ames, ex-Gov. Rice, and Grov.-eleet Ames. Each jjnest was presented with a portrait of these mer- chant princes, and a member of the Brewster fam- ily contributed a poem in commemoration of the diamond wedding festivity. See Mr. Crocker's " Autobiography " (Boston," 1809). CROCKETT, David, pioneer, b. in Limestone, Greene co., Tenn., 17 Aug., 1780; d. in Texas, 6 March, 1880. His father, a Revolutionary veteran of Irish birth, moved to eastern Tennessee after the war. and about 1793 opened a small tavern on the road from Knoxville to Abingdon. When David was about twelve years old his father hired him to an old Dutchman, with whom he went 400 miles on foot, but, after remaining a few weeks with his master, ran away atid succeeded in reaching home. Shortly afterward he was sent to school, but on the fourth day gave one of the pupils with whom he had quarrelled a sound beating, and, after playing truant for a time to avoid a flog- ging, ran away from home to es- cape the venge- ance of his fa- ther. For three years he worked for teamsters in Tennessee, Mary- land, and Vir- ginia, and for eighteen months was bound to a hatter in the last-named state. Tired of wander- ing about, he finally returned home, and short- ly afterward worked hard for a year to pay two notes of his father's, amounting to $70. He then went to school for six months, and learned his letters for the first time, but relinquished study to seek a wife, and, after several disap- pointments in love, married and settled in Lin- coln county in 1809, and about 1811 in Frank- lin county, one of the wildest parts of the state. Crockett had by this time acquired some fame as a hunter, and, at the beginning of the Creek war in 1813, he enlisted in a regiment of sixty-day vol- unteers. He served through the war, and after- ward settled on Shoal creek, in a desolate region of the state, where a temporary government was formed by the settlers and Crockett was made a magistrate. He was subsequently appointed to the same office by the state legislature, and was then elected colonel of militia. In 1821 he was a candidate for the legislature, and winning favor by telling amusing stories and by his skill with the rifle, was elected by a handsome majority, though he had never read a newspaper in his life, and was entirely ignorant of public speaking. In 1822 he lost all his property by fire, and moved again to the Obion river, where he devoted himself to his favorite occupation of hunting, living on bear- meat and venison. He served again in the legisla- ture in 1823-'4, and in the latter year was an un- successful candidate for congress. In 1820 he was again a candidate, as a supporter of Jackson, and this time was elected, serving two terms, from 1827 till 1831. In his second term he opposed Jackson's Indian bill, and this course caused his defeat in 1830; but he served again in 1833-'5. Crockett was popular at Washington, where he became noted not only for his eccentricity of manner, but for his strong common sense and shrewdness. He prided himself on his independence, and thus set forth his position : " I am at liberty to vote as my conscience and judgment dictate to be right, with- out the yoke of any party on me, or the driver at my heels, with his whip in hand, commanding me CROES CROGHAN L3 to ge-wo-haw, just at his pleasure." After the in- creasing influence of Jackson in Tennessee, which made it impossible for Crockett to be re-elected to congress, he joined the Texans in their struggle for independence, and, having performed various exploits, ended his adventurous life in the famous defence of the Alamo, where, as one of the six sur- vivors of a band of 140 Texans, he surrendered to Santa Anna, only to be massacred by that officer's orders. An unauthorized account of Crockett's life, entitled "Sketches and Eccentricities of Colo- nel David Crockett" (Philadelphia, 1833), drew from him a characteristic autobiography (1834), and he also published a burlesque " Life of Van Buren, Heir- Apparent to the Government " (1885) ; and a " Tour to the North and Down East " (New York, 1835). See, also, "Crockett's Exploits in Texas " (New York, 1848) ; and " Life of Colonel David Crockett," by Edward S. Ellis (Philadel- phia).— His son. John W., b. in Trenton, Tenn. ; d.. in Memphis, Tenn., 24 Nov., 1852, was a mem- ber of congress in 1837-'41. He was elected by the legislature attorney-general for the 9th dis- trict of Tennessee on 1 Nov., 1841, and afterward removed to New Orleans, where, on 22 May, 1848, he became associate editor of the " National." CROES, John, P. E. bishop, b. in Elizabeth- town, N. J., 1 June, 1762 ; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 26 July, 1832. His early years were occu- pied partly in mechanical pursuits and partly in efforts to acquire a classical education. During the Revolution he served as a sergeant and quarter- master, and after the war he opened a school in Newark, N. J., and studied for the ministry of the Episcopal church. He was ordained deacon by Bishop White in Philadelphia, 28 Feb., 1790, and priest in March, 1792. He then became rector of Trinity church, Swedesborough, N. J., which place he held for twelve years. He was uniformly active and zealous in the service of the church, in both diocesan and general conventions. Dr. Croes be- came rector of Christ church, New Brunswick, in 1801, having in charge also a neighboring church and an academy. He was elected bishop of New Jersey in the summer, and consecrated in Philadel- phia, 19 Nov., 1815. During the remainder of his life he gave himself to the duties of his high office with conscientious devotion and fidelity. Bishop Croes published a few sermons and addresses. CROFFUT, William Augustus, author, b. in Redding, Conn., 29 Jan., 1835. He received his education in the public schools of Orange, Conn. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the U. S. army, and with a certain pride records that the warrant of a corporal is the highest military appointment he has ever held. He was a journalist before join- ing the army, and has been successively engaged upon the New Haven, Conn., " Palladium," the Rochester, N. Y., " Democrat," the St. Paul, Minn., " Times," the Minneapolis " Tribune," the Chicago " Post," the New York " Graphic," " Tribune," and "World," and the Washington, D. C, "Post." He has twice visited Europe, and travelled through Mexico, Yucatan, Cuba, and Nova Scotia, and has been a voluminous correspondent of papers in most of the large cities of the west. He wrote the libretto of a comic opera entitled " Deseret," brought out in New York in 1882, for which Dud- ley Buck composed the music. The motive for this opera was drawn from life among the Mor- mons. He is the author of " The History of Con- necticut in the Rebellion " (New York, 1*867) ; " A Helping Hand " (Cincinnati, 1868) ; " Bourbon Bal- lads," a popular series of political rhymes (New York, 1880) ; " A Midsummer Lark " (1882) ; and "The Vanderbilts n OHW). The "Mid Lark " is a humorous account of a tour through Europe, written in rhyme, but printed tor the part iri the form ot pro < . CR06HAN, George, Indian agent, b, in Ire- land; d. in Paseayunk, Pa., about August, He was educated in Dublin, and coming to this country settled near Barrisburg, Pa,, and wj Indian trader there as early as 1746. Having quired the confidence of the Indians and a knowl- edge of their languages, he became agent for the colony among them. He was a captain in Brad- dock's expedition in 1755, engaged in the defence of the western frontier in (.756, and in November was made deputy Indian agent for the Pennsylva- nia and Ohio Indians by Sir William Johnson, who, in 1703, sent him to England to confer with the ministry relative to an Indian boundary-line. While on amission, in 1705, to pacify the Illinois Indians, he was attacked, wounded, and taken to Vincennes, but was soon released, and succeeded in accomplishing his mission. In .May. 1766, he made a settlement four miles from Port Pitt, and he continued thereafter to render valuable service in pacifying the Indians and conciliating them to British interests until 1776. CROGHAN, George, soldier, b. near Louis- ville, Ky., 15 Nov., 1701 ; d. in New Orleans, 8 Jan., 1849. His father was Maj. William C'ro- ghan, of the Revolution, and his mother a sister at Gen. George Rogers Clark. He was graduated at William and Mary college in 1810, and. entering the army, was aide to Col. Boyd at the battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, and made captain in the 17th infantry, 12 March, 1812. He distinguished him- self under Harrison in the sortie from Fort Meigs, became his aide-de-camp, with the rank of major, 30 March, 1813, and, on the 1st and 2d of August following, conducted the memorable de- fence of Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky, against Gen. Proctor, wuth an army of 500 regulars and 700 Indians. Maj. Croghan was brevetted lieu- tenant-colonel for his gallantry on this occasion, and subsequently re- ceived from con- gress a gold med- al. He was made a lieutenant-colo- nel 21 Feb., 1814; upon the reduc- tion of the army at the close of the war, he was transferred to the 1st infantry. He resigned in 1817, was postmaster at New Orleans in 1824, and w7as ap- pointed inspect- or-general, with the rank of colo- nel, 21 Dec, 1825. In 1846 he joined Taylor's army in Mexico, and served with crec at the battle 'of Monterey.— His son. George St. John, a Confederate officer, was fatally wounded at McCoy's Mills, W. Va., during Floyd's retreat from Cotton Hill, in December. 1861. Before his death he admitted to Gen. Benham. by whose sol- diers he had been wounded, that he had fought on the wrong side. He invented a peculiar pack- saddle for mules, which had been successfully used ye&: faw^st^ 14 CROIX CROOK in conveying wounded men over the mountain- passes of western Virginia, CROIX, John Baptist Do La, R. C. bishop, h. of a noble family, in Grenoble. France, in 1653; d. in Quebec, OS Dec., 1787. He was first almoner to Louis XIV.. and came to Canada in 1685 as suc- cessor to Laval, the first bishop of Quebec, lie founded three hospitals, and distributed more than a million livres among the poor. CROLY, David Goodman, journalist, b. in Now York city, 3 Nov., ISO;), lie was graduated at New York university in 1854. was subsequently a professor of phonography, and a reporter for the New York "Evening Post" and "Herald" from L855 till 1858. lie owned and edited the Rockford, 111.. " Daily News" from 1858 till 1859, and became city editor of the New York " World " when it was founded in I860, t hen its managing editor until 1872, His active work as a newspaper editor terminated in 1878. when, in consequence of ill health, he re- signed the editorship of the Xew York "Graphic," which he had held since 1872. Mr. Croly has had some notoriety as a predicter of financial catastro- phe^, and foretold in the spring of 1872 the panic of the autumn of 1873. naming the banking-house (Jay Cooke & Co.) that first failed, and also indi- cated the railroad (the Northern Pacific) that would first go down. Mr. Croly has contributed many articles to periodicals, and published lives of Seymour and Blair, with a "History of Recon- struction " (Xew York, 1868), and a " Primer of Positivism" (1876). — His wife, Jane Cunning- ham, b. in Market Harborough, England, 19 Dec, 1831. is known by her writings under the pen- name of •• Jenny June."' Her father came to the United States when she was ten years old. Until that time she was educated at her native place, afterward by her father and brother at Poughkeep- sie and Xew York. In 1857 she was married, and in 1860 became editor of Demorest's " Quarterly Mir- ror of Fashion." and when that periodical and the Xew York " Weekly Illustrated News " were in- corporated into " Demorest's Illustrated Monthly " she became the editor of the new journal. Mrs. Croly has been also editorially connected with the Xew York " World," " Graphic," daily " Times," and "Noah's Sunday Times," and was dramatic critic and assistant editor of the " Messenger" for five years, 1861-'6. She invented the system of duplicate correspondence, and has practised it for thirty years. Mrs. Croly's pen-name of "Jenny June" was derived from a little poem by Benja- min F. Taylor, sent to her, when she was about twelve years old, by her pastor, in Poughkeepsie, with the name underlined, because, he said, " You are the Juniest little girl I know." Mrs. Croly called the first Woman's Congress in Xew York, in 1856, and also the second, in 1869, and in 1868 founded the Sorosis, and was its president until l^Tu. and again from 1876 till 1886. She is vice- president of the A-sociation for the advancement of the medical education of women. She has pub- lished "Talks onWomen's Topics" (1869); "For Bet- ter or Worse " (1875; ; a " Cookery- Book for Young Housekeepers"; and "Knitters and Crochet," " Letters and Monograms" (Xew York, 1885-6). ^ CROMPTON, William, inventor, b. in Preston, England, in 1806. He was brought up as a hand- loom cotton-weaver, and at, an early age learned the trade of a machinist. While superintendent of a cotton-mill in Ramsbottom, near Berry, he made many experiments on cotton-looms. He came to Taunton, Mass., in 1X50, and while there devised a loom for the manufacture of fancy cotton goods, for which he received a patent on 23 Xov., 1837. In this loom one part of the warp was depressed while the other was lifted, instead of allowing one part to remain stationary, thus securing more room for the passage of the shuttle. Another feature of it was the chain, which, with its peculiar apparatus, operated the warp. Mr. Crompton went to Eng- land in 1838. and, after patenting his loom there, returned with his family to this country in 1839, and in 1840 adapted his loom to the weaving of fancy woollens. At least three fourths of all the woollen goods now made in the United States are woven on the Crompton loom, or on looms embody- ing its principles. Mr. Crompton retired from act- ive business in 1849. on account of failing health. — His son, George, inventor, b. in Ramsbottom, Eng- land, 23 March, 1829, came to the United States in 1839, and in 1849 was called to the management of his father's business. In 1851 he engaged in the manufacture of fancy looms in Worcester, Mass., where the Crompton loom-works have since been established. He soon directed his attention to im- provements in his father's loom, and since 1854 has taken out more than fifty patents, including those for the harness mechanism, picker movement, let- off and stop motions, shuttle and shuttle-boxes, shipping mechanism, and devices for finding the pick when broken or exhausted. He has also re- ceived eight patents for textile fabrics. At the Centennial exhibition in 1876 he received an award " for the best looms for fancy weaving on shawls, cassimeres, and satinets." By Mr. Crompton's im- provements in his father's looms there is an in- creased production of sixty per cent., with a saving of fifty per cent, in labor and more than that in the cost of repairs. CROMWELL, Henry Bowman, merchant, b. in 1828 ; d. in Brooklyn, X. Y., 2 April, 1864. He engaged in trade at an early age, and became a member of the firm of Cromwell, Haight & Co. be- fore he was twenty years old. In 1850 he became a partner in the firm of John Haight & Co., in Hud- dersfield, England, and resided there until 1854, when he returned to his native city, and soon en- gaged in the shipping business, managing a line of screw propellers in connection with the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, his business increasing until he had connection with nearly all the important do- mestic seacoast ports. During the few years pre- vious to 1861 he had in successful operation steam lines from Xew York to Savannah, Charleston, Wil- mington, Xorfolk, Alexandria, and Washington, Portland, and Baltimore ; also from Baltimore to Charleston and Savannah. When the civil war be- gan he sold nearly all his vessels to the government, and immediately proceeded with the construction of two fine steamers, the " George Washington " and " Oliver Cromwell," which subsequently sailed between Xew York and Xew Orleans. Although Mr. Cromwell's commercial interests were so large- ly connected with the south, he firmly upheld the cause of the government during the war. CRONYN, Benjamin, Canadian P. E. bishop, b. in Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1802 ; d. in London, Ontario, 22 Sept., 1871. He was graduated at Trin- ity college, Dublin, in 1821, in 1825 was ordained a deacon of the Episcopal church, and afterward officiated for a short time as curate in the diocese of Chester, England. Returning to Ireland, he served for six years as curate under the late arch- bishop of Tuam. In 1832 he emigrated to Cana- da and became rector of St. Paul's church, Lon- don, which charge he kept until 1857, when he was elected bishop of the new diocese of Huron. CROOK, George, soldier, b. near Dayton, Ohio, 8 Sept., 1828. He was graduated at the CROOK CROOKS 15 U. S. military academy in 1852, and was on duty with the 4th infantry in California in 1852-'01. He participated in the Rouge river expedition in 1856, and commanded the Pitt river expedition in 1857, where he was engaged in several actions, in one of which he was wounded by an arrow. He had risen to a captaincy when, at the beginning of the civil war, he returned to the east and became colonel of the 30th Ohio infantry, lie afterward served in the West Virginia campaigns, in com- mand of the 3d provisional brigade, from 1 May till 15 Aug., 18C2, and was wounded in the action at Lewisburg. He engaged in the northern Virginia and Maryland campaigns in August and September, 1862, and for his services at Antietam was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. army. He served in Tennessee in 1863, and on 1 July he was transferred to the command of the 2d cavalry division. After various actions, ending in the battle of Chickamauga, he pursued Wheeler's Con- federate cavalry from the 1st to the 10th of October, defeated it, and drove it across the Tennessee with great loss. He entered upon the command of the Kana- wha district in western Vir- ginia in Febru- ary, 1864, made constant raids, and was in numerous ac- tions. He took part in Sheri- dan's Shenan- doah campaign in the autumn of that year, and received the brevets of brigadier - gen- eral and ma- jor-general in the U. S. army, 13 March, 1865. Gen. Crook had command of the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac from 26 March till 9 April, during which time he was engaged at Dinwid- die Court- House, Jettersville, Sailor's Creek, and Farmville, till the surrender at Appomattox. He was afterward transferred to the command of Wilmington, N. C, where he remained from 1 Sept., 1865, till 15 Jan., 1866, when he was mus- tered out of the volunteer service. After a six weeks' leave of absence he was assigned to duty on the board appointed to examine rifle tactics, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 23d infantry, U. S. army, on 28 July, 1866, and as- signed to the districts of Boise, Idaho, where he remained until 1872, actively engaged against the Indians. In 1872 Gen. Crook was assigned to the Arizona district, to quell the Indian disturbances. He sent an ultimatum to the chiefs to return to their reservations or "be wiped from the face of the earth." No attention was paid to his de- mand, and he attacked them in the Tonto basin, a stronghold deemed impregnable, and enforced sub- mission. In 1875 he was ordered to quell the dis- turbances in the Sioux and Cheyenne nations in the northwest, and defeated those Indians in the battle of Powder River, Wyoming. In March another battle resulted in the destruction of 125 lodges, and in June the battle of Tongue River was a victory for Crook. A few days later the battle of the Rosebud gave him another, when the & T-o-cri<^ maddened savages massed their forcei and eeeded in crushing Caster. (See Custer, George Armstrong.) Crook, en receiving re-enfon struck a severe blew at Slim Buttes, b;i! followed it, up with such relentless rigor that by May, 1877, al I the hostile tribes in the north had yielded. In LS82 lie returned to Arizona, forced the Mormons, squatters, miners, and stock- raisers to vacate the Indian lands on which they had seized, encouraged the Apaches in planting, and pledged them the protection ot the govern- ment. In the spring of 1883 the Chiricanua trenched themselves in the fastnesses ot the moun- tains on the northern Mexican boundary, and began a series of raids. Gen. Crook struck the trail, and, instead of following, took it backward, penetrated into and took possession of their strong- holds, and, as fast as the warriors returned from their plundering excursions, made them prisoners. He marched over 200 miles, made 400 prisoners, and captured all the horses and plunder. During the two years following, he had sole- charge of the Indians, and in that time no depredation occurred. He set them all at work on their farms, abolished the system of trading and paying in goods and store orders indulged in by contractors, paid cash direct to the Indians for all his supplies, and stimulated them to increased exertion. The tribes became self-supporting within three years. CROOKS, George Richard, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 3 Feb., 1822. He was graduated at Dickinson college in 1840, and in 1841 entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church, and became a missionary in Illinois. He was called to Dickinson college in 1842 as classical and mathematical tutor, in 1843 became principal of the Collegiate grammar-school, and in 1840 adjunct professor of Latin and Greek. In 1848, having returned to the ministry, he was stationed succes- sively at Philadelphia, Wilmington, New York, and Brooklyn. In 1860 he became editor of " The Methodist." In conjunction with Dr. McClintock, he has prepared a series of "First Books " in Latin and Greek (1846-'7); and he supervised an edition of Butler's " Analogy," for which he furnished an analysis, index, and biography (1852). He also wrote "Life and Letters of Rev. Dr. John McClintock" (1876), and " Sermons of Bishop Simpson " (1885). CROOKS, James, Canadian merchant, b. in Kilmarnock, Scotland, in 1778 ; d. in West Flam- borough, Ontario, in 1860. He was one of the earli- est settlers in Upper Canada, making his home at Niagara in 1794. He established the first paper- mill, and sent the first load of wheat and flour from Upper Canada to Montreal. During the war of 1812 he served with distinction at Queenstown and other points on the Niagara frontier. He was soon afterward elected to the assembly, and ulti- mately became a member of the legislative council. — His'son, Adam, Canadian statesman, b. in West Flamborough, Ontario, 11 Dee.. 1827j d. 28 Dec. 1885, was graduated with honors at King's college, Toronto, in 1850. admitted to the bar in 1851. and distinguished himself as an equity lawyer. He was for eight years vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto (formerly King's college\ He contested the representation of the West Riding of Toronto in the Ontario legislative assembly in 1867 as a liberal, and was defeated, but was elected by the same constituency in 1871. and appointed attorney-general in Mr. Blake's cabinet. He became provincial treasurer under Mr. Mowat in 1872, and minister of education in 1876. holding the two portfolios until 1877. when he resigned the treasurer's, but retained that of the minister of 16 CROOKSHANKS CROSBY education until 18S3. when he was judicially de- clared insane and confined in a private asylum at Hartford, Conn. Though his administration of the department of education was successful in a certain sense, his concessions to the Catholic hier- archy of Ontario in deleting passages obnoxious to them from Collier's school history of England, and the discarding of one of Sir Walter Scott's poems as a teachers' examination class-book, for a similar reason, gave great offence to the majority of the liberal party, as well as to the conservatives. CROOKSHANKS, George, Canadian pioneer, b. in Xew York in 1773: d. in Toronto, 21 July, 1859. His father, a native of the Orkney islands, emigrated to Shrewsbury. X. J., about 1775, but, being a loyalist, soon left the United States and set- tled in New Brunswick. The son went to Canada in 1796. During the war of 1812-5 he directed the construction of military roads, and attended to the transportation of cannon, etc.. for the army. When York (now Toronto) was captured by the Americans, he followed the British forces to Kingston, and his house in York became the head- quarters of the American commander. He was for many years a member of the legislative council, and 'was noted for benevolence and charity, when systematized charity was unknown. He con- tributed largely toward the erection of St. James Cathedral. Toronto. CROPPER, John, soldier, b. in Virginia in 1756; d. at Bowman's Folly, Accomac co., Va., 15 Jan.. 1801. He was a captain in the 9th Virginia regiment of the Revolutionary forces in 1775, was soon promoted to be major of the 5th, engaging in the battle of Brandywine, where his regiment suf- fered severely, and became colonel of the 7th, tak- ing part in the battles of Germantown and Mon- mouth. He was made lieutenant-colonel of the 11th regiment on 15 May, 1778, and afterward pro- moted to be its colonel. CROPSEY, Jasper Francis, painter, b. in Rossville, X. Y., 18 Feb., 1823. After studying architecture for five years he turned his attention to landscape painting, under the instruction of Edward Maury. He visited England, France, Switzerland, and Italy in 1847, went abroad again in 1855, and resided seven years in London, sending his pictures to the Royal academy and to the International exhibition of 1862. After his return home, in 1863, he opened a studio in New York, where he resided until 1885, when he re- moved to Hastings-on-Hudson. He has been since 1851 a member of the National academy. His works include " Jedburgh Abbey " ; " Pontine Marshes " (1847) ; " Backwoods of America " (1857) ; "Richmond Hill" (1862); "Greenwood Lake" (1870); "Lake Nemi in Italy" (1879); "Old Church at Arreton, Isle of Wight " (1880) ; " Ram- apo Valley" (1881) ; "Autumn on the Hudson" (1882): "Wawayanda Valley" (1883); "Spring- time in England" (1884); "October in Ramapo Valley " (1885); "Autumn on Lake George," and "A Showery Day" (1886). CROSBY, Dixi, surgeon, b. in Sandwich, N. H., 8 Feb., 1800 ; d. there, 26 Sept., 1873. Dr. Crosby received a classical education, but it is not known that, he was a graduate of any college. He studied in the medical school of Dartmouth, and received his degree in 1824. In this year he devised a new and ingenious mode of reducing metacarpo- phalangeal dislocation. After practising his pro- fession at Gilmanton and Laconia, N. II., fourteen years, he removed to Hanover. Pie was the first to open an abscess at the hip-joint. In 1838 he was called to the chair of surgery in the medical department of Dartmouth, which he occupied un- til 1841, when he was promoted to the surgical professorship made vacant by the removal of Prof. Mussey to the west. To this chair was add- ed that of obstetrics and diseases of women and children, and Dr. Crosby for twenty-seven years delivered both courses of lectures. At the begin- ning of the civil war he served in the provost- marshal's office by day and attended to his medi- cal practice at night. In 1868 he turned over the surgical lectures to his associate, and the college did not appoint a full surgical professor till 1871. In 1870 he found himself unable to perform even the divided duty to his satisfaction, and was ap- pointed emeritus professor of surgery, and lectured when he pleased. The degree of LL. D. was con- ferred on him by Dartmouth in 1867. — His broth- er, Nathan, lawyer, b. in Sandwich, N. H., 12 Feb., 1798; d. in Lowell, Mass., 9 Feb., 1885, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1820, and practised his profession in Gilmanton, N. H., Salisbury, New- buryport, and Lowell, Mass. In 1845-6 he pur- chased for the Lowell manufacturing corporations the great lakes of New Hampshire, which now form the reservoirs of water-power for that city. He was commissioned justice of Lowell police court, 19 May, 1846, and held the office till his death. He was the author of " First Half-Century of Dartmouth College," and eulogies on Tappan Wentworth, and Judge S. S. Wilde, of the Massa- chusetts supreme court, and many lectures and essays on historical and philanthropic subjects. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1879. — Another brother, Alpheus, educator, b. in Sandwich, N. H., 13 Oct., 1810; d. in Salem, Mass., 17 April, 1874. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1827, and in 1829-'31 was a tu- tor. He studied theology at Andover in 1831-'2, and in 1833-'7 was professor of Latin and Greek at Dartmouth, when, after a tour in Europe, dur- ing 1836-'7, he entered upon the professorship of Greek alone, occupying the chair for twenty years. After resigning the active duties of his professorship at Dartmouth, he resided chiefly in Hanover, N. H., and Newburyport, Mass., till September, 1854, when he was appointed agent of the Massachusetts board of education and lecturer in the teachers' institutes of that state. In 1857 he became principal of the normal school in Salem, Mass., where he remained until 1865. He was the author of various text-books, including " Greek Lessons," " Greek Tables," " Greek Grammar," " Greek Fables," and an edition of " Xenophon's Anabasis." He also published the " Second Ad- vent " (Boston, 1850), and " First Lessons in Geometry " (New York, 1851). — Another brother, Thomas Russell, b. in Gilmanton, N. H., 22 Oct., 1816 ; d. in Hanover, N. H., 1 March, 1872, was also a surgeon. After graduation at the medi- cal department of Dartmouth in 1841, he began the practice of his profession. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the army, and was put in charge of the Columbian college hospital in Wash- ington. In 1866 he became professor of general and military surgery and hygiene in the National medi- cal college, where he remained until 1870. During 1854-'64 he was professor of physics and natural history in Norwich, Vt., university, in 1866-'70 professor of military surgery in the National medi- cal college, and from 1870 until his death profes- sor of animal and vegetable physiology in the New Hampshire agricultural college. — Dixi's son, Al- pheus Benning, surgeon, b. in Gilmanton, N. H., 22 Feb., 1832 ; d. in Hanover, N. H., 9 Aug., 1877, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1853, and at the CROSBY CROSBY 17 medical department there in 1850. Meanwhile he had devoted one year as an assistant surgeon in the marine hospital at Chelsea, Mass. Returning to Hanover, he began practice, but at the begin- ning of the civil war joined the 1st New Hamp- shire volunteers as surgeon, and was afterward promoted to brigade-surgeon. In 1802 he re- signed, and became associate professor of surgery to his father, who was professor of surgery and anatomy in Dartmouth. On his fathers death, in 1868, he became his successor, and occu- pied the chair until 1877. Dr. Crosby was also, in 1866-'72, a professor in the University of Vermont, in 1869-70 a lecturer in the University of .Michi- gan, in 1869 a professor and lecturer in Bowdoin college, in 1871-'2 a professor in the Long Island college hospital, and in 1872-7 professor of an- atomy in Bellevue hospital medical college. In June, 1877, he presided at the annual meeting of the New Hampshire medical society, and delivered an address upon " The Ethical Relations of Physi- cian and Patient." Many of his medical lectures have been published. — Nathan's son, Stephen Moody, b. in Salisbury, Mass., 14 Aug., 1827, was educated in the Boston Latin-school and the Lowell high-school, graduated at Dartmouth in 1849, and at Harvard law-school in 1852. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the national service, was paymaster from 1862 till 1866, and brevetted lieutenant-colonel for meritorious ser- vices. He was elected representative in the state legislature in 1869, was state senator in 1870-'l, state director of the Boston and Albany railroad for 1871-'2, commissioner of the Hoosac tunnel in 1874-'5, and treasurer of the Massachusetts Trust company in 1870-'83, when he became president of that corporation. CROSBY, Eben, soldier. Of his early life nothing is known. He served with distinction in the national army throughout the civil war, losing an arm at Gettysburg. He received, on 28 July, 1866, the appointment of second lieutenant of in- fantry in the U. S. army, and on 27 May, 1869, was assigned to service on the western border. He was killed by Indians, near Heart river, fifteen miles from Fort Rice, while returning from the Yellowstone expedition, 3 Oct., 1872. CROSBY, Ebenezer, physician, b. in Brain- tree, Mass., 30 Sept., 1753; d. 16 July, 1788. He was a son of Judge Joseph Crosby, and was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1777, and at the medical de- partment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1780. He served through the Revolutionary war as surgeon of Gen. Washington's guards, and was one of the original members of the Society of the Cincinnati. At the close of the war he mar- ried Catharine, daughter of William Becllow, and niece of Col. Henry Rutgers, of New York, and be- came a physician in that city. He was also pro- fessor of obstetrics at Columbia college, and one of the trustees of that institution until his death. — His son, William Bedlow, philanthropist, b. in New York city, 7 Feb., 1786 ; d. there, 18 March, 1865. His parents died when he was two years old, and he was adopted by Col. Henry Rutgers, his mother's uncle, from whom he received a large part of the old Rutgers estate, comprising most of the present seventh ward of New York city. He never engaged in business, but gave his time and atten- tion to the care of his property and to works of benevolence. He was connected with many so- cieties, and spent a large part of his income in private charities. By virtue of his father's ser- vice in the war of the Revolution, he was made a member of the Society of the Cincinnati.— Will- VOL. II.— 2 lam Bedlow'i son, Howard, b. in N Feb., 1826, was graduated at the Universil the city of New York in 1841 and became pro- fessor of Greek there in 1851. In 1850 hi called to the chair of Greet at Rutg< years later he entered the ministry of the Pr< terian church, and united the duties of pastor of the first chureh of New Brunswick with the his professorship. In 1808 be gave up hi- work at. New Brunswick to become pastor of the Fourth avenue Presbyterian ehureh in New York city, which place he still holds, lie a No held the office of chancellor of the University of New Fork from 1870 fill 1881, and has been since 1801 a. member of its council. In 1853 he received the degree of I), i). from Harvard, and in 1871 that of LL. I), from Columbia. lie was chosen moderator of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church of the United States in 1873, and has often been a dele- gate to that body. In 1877 he was a dele- gate to the first Pres- byterian general coun- cil at Edinburgh. In addition to his work as an educator and clergyman, Dr. Cros- by has taken a lively interest and exerted a beneficent influence in public- affairs, particularly in advocating temperance as distinguished from total abstinence. In 1877 he took the principal part in founding the Society for the Prevention of Crime, whose chief object is the reduction of the number of saloons and the re- striction of the liquor traffic. Through this so- ciety, of which he has been president since its foundation, and apart from it, he has done much in this great work, influencing legislation and the municipal government of his own city in so far as it has relation to the regulation of intemperance and crime. He has also been actively interested in the welfare of the Indians, and in the procure- ment of an international copyright law. His published works include " Lands of the Moslem." written after a tour in the east (New York, 1851) : "CEdipus Tyrannus of Sophocles." edited with notes (1851) : " Scholia on the Xew Testament " (1861); ''Social Hints" (1866); "Life of Jesus" (1870); "Bible Companion" (1870): •• Healthv Christian " (1871) ; " Thoughts on the Pentateuch " (1873); "Notes on Joshua"" (1875) : "Commentary on Nehemiah " (1876) : - The Christian Preacher " (1879); "The Humanity of Christ" (1880); and "Commentary on the Xew Testament" (1885). He has also written largely for periodicals, and was a member of the American committee to revise the New Testament. — Howard's nephew, John Schuyler, soldier, b. in Albany. X. Y.. 19 Sept., 1839. He was educated in the Xew York schools and at the University, but before graduation made a tour of the world." At the beginning of the civil war he entered the regular army as sec- ond lieutenant of artillery, served with his battery under McClellan in the Army of the Potomac, and in the Florida campaign of i860 was transferred to the Department of the Gulf under Gen. Banks, and brevetted captain after the Teehe campaign. He carried the first despatches from the Red river IS CKOSBY CROSBY to Farragut, for which he was brevetted major, and also brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel in the regular army for his services at Sabine Cross-Roads and Pleasant Hill. In August. 1864. he was com- missioned colonel of the 7th New York heavy artil- lery, but declined the appointment, becoming as- sistant adjutant-general on the staff of Gen.Canby in the Department of the Gulf, and being after- ward transferred to Sheridan's staff. In 1800 he served in the campaigns of Sheridan and Custer against the Indians, lie resigned in 1872. and was appointed consul to Florence, Italy, in 1876. He became governor of Montana on 4 Aug., 1882, took an active part in preventing the Yellowstone park from falling into the hands of a cattle syndicate, and in November, 1884. was appointed first assistant postmaster-general, but resigned 4 March, 1880. CROSBY, Enoch, patriot.!), in Harwich, Mass., 4 Jan., 1750; d. in Brewsters,N. Y., 26 June, 1835. He was supposed to be the original of " Harvey Birch " in Cooper's " Spy." In his infancy his par- ents removed to Southeast. Dutchess co., N. Y., and by a series of disasters were reduced to poverty. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a cord- wainer. At the beginning of the Revolutionary war he joined the Continentals, and served in the Lake Champlain campaign for several months, then became ill and was sent home. On his recov- ery he shouldered his musket and set out on foot for the American camp. On his journey an inci- dent, of which he took advantage, revealed a deep- laid conspiracy, upon which he successfully studied and acted. The result was the prompt arrest of a band of tories, and his own appointment to a place in the Secret Sendee Department. He became a most successful worker, and by his shrewdness pre- vented various catastrophes to the patriot cause. After many hair-breadth escapes he finally joined the command of Lafayette, under whom he served till the end of the war, when he purchased a farm and devoted himself to agriculture for the rest of his life. The story of his secret-service life, which was thought to be incorporated in Cooper's " Spy " (though Cooper had never heard of him), was dramatized, and Mr. Crosby was on one occasion present at a representation of the play in New York city, and, as the hero, received the plaudits of the multitude. His narrative, taken from his own lips by Capt. H. L. Barnum, was published under the title of " The Spy Unmasked " (New York, 1828). CROSBY, Peirce, naval officer, b. near Chester, Delaware co., Pa., 16 Jan., 1823. He was educated at a private school, and was appointed in 1838 mid- shipman from Pennsylvania. He sailed in 1842 on the frigate " Congress " to the Mediterranean, serv- ing on her six months, when he returned to the United States. In May, 1844, he was promoted to passed midshipman, and served on the coast survey in 1844-'6. He was six months on the " Decatur," in the gulf of Mexico during the Mexican war, par- ticipated in the attack and capture of Tuxpan and Tobasco, and then served a year on the " Petrel." Peace being declared in 1848, he was transferred to other duties, and commissioned lieutenant, 3 Sept., 1853. At the beginning of the civil war Lieut. Crosby served in Chesapeake bay, keeping the com- munications open between Annapolis and Havre de Grace, was detailed, on the night prior to the battle of Big Bethel, to transport troops across Hampton creek, and also upon their return from their unsuc- cessful expedition. In the attack on Forts Hat- teras and Clark he commanded the " Fannie," a light-draught steamer, and superintended the land- ing of troops, until the surf swamped and broke his boats. He then took a ship's heavy launch and landed two more boat-loads of men ; but the sea became so heavy that the launch was dashed upon the shore and the crew hurled out. He succeeded in landing 300 men, but, on account of the bad weather, the squadron stood off seaward, leaving him and his companions upon shore. Lieut. Cros- by put out a strong picket in front of the enemy's batteries, thus preventing their making a recon- noisance and ascertaining his weakness. On the following day the squadron returned and captured the forts. In the winter of 1861-'2 he took com- mand of the gun-boat " Pinola," and joined the Gulf squadron under Farragut. On his way he captured the " Cora," loaded with cotton. On ar- riving at the mouth of the Mississippi, he co-oper- ated with the " Itasca " in breaking the chain bar- rier across the river below Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and participated in the capture of New Or- leans, and also at the passage and repassage of the batteries at Vicksburg, 30 June and 15 July. He was promoted to commander, 3 Sept., 1862, and ap- pointed fleet-captain of the North Atlantic squad- ron, and did good service in various expeditions. In the winter of 1863 he took command of the " Florida," destroyed two blockade-runners at Ma- sonboro inlet, was transferred to the " Keystone State " in 1864, and captured five blockade-runners, causing many others to throw overboard their car- goes in order to escape. In 1864-'5 he was in com- mand of the " Metacomet," and planned and super- intended the removal, by the use of drag-nets, of 140 torpedoes which interfered with the approaches to Mobile, successfully clearing the track so that vessels passed up the river and forced the surren- der of the city. In 1865 he was transferred to the command of the " Shamokin," and sailed in her for the coast of Brazil, where he remained until 1868. On 27 May, 1868, while yet in Brazilian waters, he was promoted to a captaincy, and returned to the United States, becoming inspector of ordnance at Norfolk navy-yard. He was promoted to commo- dore, 3 Oct., 1874, made rear-admiral, 10 March, 1882, and assigned to the command of the Asiatic squadron. In 1883 he was placed on the retired list. He had been in active service more than forty- eight years, over twenty-three of which were at sea. CROSBY, William George, lawyer, b. in Bel- fast, Me., in 1806; d. there in 1881. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1823, and studied and practised law in his native town. Gov. Crosby was one of the two whigs that held the office of gover- nor, Edward Kent being the other. In 1853 the Maine law and the pro-slavery tendencies of the democracy lost that party the control of both branches of the legislature, which elected Mr. Crosby governor, and he was re-elected by the legis- lature in 1854. After the close of his term he took no active part in politics. During the civil war his sympathies were with the Union, but at its close he affiliated with Andrew Johnson and was a democratic candidate for congress, but was defeat- ed. He was prominent in promoting the public- school system of Maine. While in college he published a small volume of poems. He was a contributor to the " Token," a Boston annual, edited by N. P. Willis; "The Legendary," which illustrated the scenes, romances, and legends of our own country; and the "Bowdoin Poets," and was the author of " Poetical Illustrations of the Athenaeum Gallery." CROSBY, William Otis, geologist, b. in Decatur, Ohio, 14 Jan., 1850. He was graduated at the Massachusetts institute of technology in 1876, where he was an assistant in 1876-'80, in- structor in 1880-3, and assistant professor of CROSMAN CRO 19 mineralogy and lithology since; 1883. In 1875 he was appointed assistant in the Boston museum of natural history. Prof . Crosby is a member of numerous scientific societies, and has Lectured in the Lowell course. lie has travelled extensively throughout the United States, Canada, and the West Indies, and has published memoirs on the geology of the localities visited in various scientific journals. " Native Bitumens and the Pitch Lake of Trinidad " (1879) is one of his most important papers. He is the author of "Common Minerals and Rocks" (Boston, 1881 ; enlarged ed., 1880). CROSMAN, (xeorge Hampton, soldier, b. in Taunton, Mass., in Nov., 1708; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 May, 1882. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1823, assigned to the 0th in- fantry, and served on frontier and garrison duty. He was promoted to first lieutenant on 30 Aug., 1828, and made assistant quartermaster on 15 Oct., 1830. He performed the duties of this office in the Indian country during the Black Hawk war of 1832, and in the Florida war of 1830-7, and was promoted to captain, 30 April, 1837. He was chief quartermaster in the military occupation of Texas in 1845-0, and distinguished himself at the storm- ing of Palo Alto, 8 May, 1840, receiving the brevet of major for his gallantry on that occasion. He became major on the staff and quartermaster, 3 March, 1847, deputy quartermaster-general with the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1850, and assist- ant quartermaster-general with rank of colonel in 1803, serving during this time in charge of various clothing depots and arsenals. From 1804 till 1800 he was occupied in preparing for publication a " Manual for the Quartermaster's Department." He was bre vetted brigadier-general and major- general, U. S. army, for his services during the civil war, on 13 March, 1805, and was retired from active service in 1800, but was on duty again in Philadelphia as chief quartermaster of the Depart- ment of the East till 1808. — His son, Alexander Foster, naval officer, b. in St. Louis, Mo., 11 June, 1838 ; d. in Greytown, Nicaragua, 12 April, 1872, was appointed to the U. S. naval academy from Penn- sylvania, and graduated in 1855. He was attached to the frigate " Congress," of the Mediterranean squadron, in 1850-8, made master, 4 Nov., 1858, served on the Paraguay expedition of 1858-'9, and was promoted to lieutenant in 1801. He com- manded the " Somerset," of the East Gulf squad- ron, in 1802, was made lieutenant-commander on 10 July of that year, and served in the South Atlantic blockading squadron during the rest of the war, most of the time in the " Wabash." He was with the naval brigade of that squadron on Geri. Hatch's expedition to sever the railroad from Charleston to Savannah, and co-operated several times with the army on Stono river, engaging Fort Lamar once. He was honorably mentioned in Commander George H. Preble's official report of 10 Jan., 1805. After the war he served on the " Ossi- pee," the " Onward," and at Portsmouth navy-yard. He was commissioned commander in 1870, ordered to the command of the isthmus surveying expedi- tion in January, 1872, and was drowned in the harbor of Greytown. At the time of his death he was preparing a book on seamanship. CROSS, Charles E„ soldier, b. in Massachusetts in 1837 ; d. near Fredericksburg, Va., 5 May, 1803. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in May, 1801, standing second in a class of forty- five, and was assigned to the engineer corps. He was engaged in drilling volunteers at Washington, D. C, and as assistant engineer in constructing the defences of that city till March, 1802, participating in the battle of Bull Run on 21 July. 1861 being promoted to first Lieutenant on 0 Aug. In the Virginia peninsular campaign he in the siege of Yorktown. and in the construction of roads, field-works, and bridges for the pa of the army and its immense trains over White Oak swamp and Chiekahominy river. lie com* manded an engineer battalion at Antietarn, and received the brevet of Lieutenant-colonel for gal- lantry there, having previously been given tl.. major for services on the peninsula. He wae en- gaged in building the pontoon bridges for the advance and retreat of the army at Fredericksburg, and was employed in throwing up field-works, making surveys, and guarding bridge-, in the early part of 1803, being promoted to captain of en- gineers on 3 March. He was at the battle of Chancellorsville, 3-5 May, 1803, and wm killed while assisting to throw a bridge across the Rap- pahannock, in the face of the enemy, for his gallantry on this occasion he was given, after his death, the brevet of colonel. CROSS, Charles Robert, physicist, b. in Troy, N. Y., 29 March, 1848. He was graduated at the Massachusetts institute of tfechnology in 1870, and has since been connected with the physical depart- ment of that institution as student assistant in 1809-70, instructor in 1870-1, assistant prof< in 1871-5, and as professor in 1875-'87. In addition to holding the chair of physics, he is di- rector of the Rogers laboratory, and is also at the head of the department of electrical engineering. The developing and superintending of this latter course, one of the first to be introduced in a college in this country, has occupied his attention for several years, and its success under his administra- tion is his just reward. Prof. Cross is a member of the Appalachian mountain club, and was its presi- dent in 1880. He was a delegate to the Interna- tional congress of Alpine clubs held in Geneva in 1879, and was elected one of its vice-presidents. Besides numerous papers contributed to " Proceed- ings of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts," "American Journal of Otology," he has pub- lished " Course in Elementary Physics " (Boston. 1873) and "Lecture Notes on Mechanics and Optics " (1884). CROSS, David W., lawyer, b. in Richland (now Pulaski), Oswego co., N. Y., 17 Nov.. 1814. He was educated at Hamilton, X. Y., seminary (now Madison university), and removed in 1830 to Cleve- land, Ohio, where he began the study of law. He was appointed deputy collector of the port in 1837, and held the office till 1855. He began the practice of his profession in 1844, was chosen township clerk in 1848, and a member of the city council in 1849. In 1855 he entered extensively into coal- mining, and continued in it till 1807. Since then he has been connected with other important enter- prises and has done much for the industries of Cleveland. Mr. Cross is an ardent sportsman, and was one of the first to plant successfully the Cali- fornia trout in Ohio waters. He has published " Fifty Years with the Gun and Rod " (Cleveland. 1880),' and has been for years a contributor to " Forest and Stream." the " American Field." and the " American Angler." CROSS, Edward Ephram. soldier, b. in Lan- caster, N. H., 22 April. 1832 : d. near Gettysburg. Pa., 2 July. 1803. He was educated at Lancaster academy, and began life as a journeyman printer. He went to Cincinnati in 1852. and in 1854 became an editor of the " Cincinnati Times." also acting as correspondent for the " Xew York Herald " and other journals. In 1854 he canvassed the stare of 20 CROSS CROSWELL Ohio for the American party. He was afterward employed as agent of the St. Louis and Arizona mining company, in which he subsequently became a large stockholder. In 1858 he made a trip across the piains, taking the first steam-engine and the first printing-press thai ever crossed the Rocky moun- tains. In I860 he held a lieutenant-colonel's com- mission in the Mexican army, and when the news of the attack on Fori Sumter reached him he was in command of a large garrison at El Fuerte. He at once resigned, and hastened to Concord, N. H., where he offered his services to the governor of the state, organized the 5th New Hampshire regiment, and was commissioned as its colonel. Under his command the regiment distinguished itself in many important engagements, and won an enviable reputation for bravery, becoming known as the u Fighting Fifth." He was mortally wounded at the battle of Gettysburg while leading the 1st bri- gade of the lsl division. 2d army corps. He had been several times wounded before, and Gen. Han- cock had strongly recommended his promotion to brigadier-general, but, though he had commanded a brigade for several months with conspicuous gallantry, it was delayed, as has been claimed, through political influence. Col. Cross was the author of numerous poems and prose sketches, written under the pen-name of Richard Everett. CROSS, George Dilwyn, jurist, b. in Westerly, R. I.. 24 Jan., 1799 ; d. there, 1 Oct., 1872. lie was educated at a private school in Lebanon, Conn., and entered public life in 1821. He served six terms in the general assembly, was state senator in 1826-'35 and 1848-50, chief justice of the court of common pleas for Washington county in 1837-'49, and in 1840 was one of the commissioners for fix- ing the boundary-line between Connecticut and Rhode Island. In 1842, and again in 1853, he was elected a member of the conventions to amend the state constitution. He held many offices of honor and trust in his native town, interesting himself especially in the matter of free schools. CROSS, Joseph, clergyman and author, b. in East Brent, Somersetshire, England, 4 July, 1813. Be came to the United States in 1825, and in 1829 entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church in Genesee, X. Y. He was for some time professor of English literature in Transylvania university, Lexington, Ky., and became prominent in the southern branch of the church. He was a member of the Nashville general conference of 1856 and its official reporter, and principal of a female seminary at Spartanburg, S. C. He entered the mini-try of the Protestant Episcopal church in lv<'»<;. and. after holding pastorates at Houston, Tex., Buffalo, \. Y., St. Louis, and other places, became in 1885 rector of the church at Las Vegas, New Mexico. Among his publications are k' Head- lands of Faith"; " Life and Sermons of Christmas K van-." from the Welsh; "The Hebrew Mission- ary" (Nashville, Tenn., 1855) ; "Pisgah Views of the Promised Inheritance," a series of dissertations on the unaccomplished prophecies (New York, 1856 : -A Year in Europe " (1859) ; "Gospel Workers "' ( Ball imore, 1861) ; " Stories and Illusl ra- tion- of the Ten Commandments" (New York, ! : " Illustrations of the Shorter Catechism" I ols., Philadelphia, 1805;; "Prelections on Charity"; "Edens of Italv" (New York, 1882); "Knight Banneret" (1882); "Coals from the Altar*5 (2 vols., 1883); "Pauline Charity" (188:5); and "Old Wine and New" (1884). "The last four are collections of sermons. Dr. Cross has also compiled a " Church Reader for Lent" (1885). — His wife, Jane Tandy Cliinn, author, b. in Har- rodsburg, Ky., in 1817; d. in Elizabethtown, Ky., in October, 1870, married James P. Hardin, a law- yer, in 1835, but he died in 1842, leaving her with three children, and in 1848 she married Dr. Cross. Mrs. Cross devoted more than twenty years to the education of young ladies, in which she was emi- nently successful. During a trip through Europe with Dr. Cross, she wrote letters to the " Christian Advocate," and also to the Charleston " Courier," and contributed largely to the Nashville "Home Monthly " and other periodicals. During the civil war she sympathized strongly with the south, and at one time she and her two daughters were arrest- ed, tried by a military tribunal, and sent to jail. Her works, all published in Nashville, Tenn., be- tween 1860 and 1870, include " Heart Blossoms for my Little Daughters"; "Wayside Flowerets"; " Bible Gleanings " ; " Drift- Wood " ; " Gonzalvo de Cordova," a translation from the Spanish of Flo- rian ; " Duncan Adair," a story of the civil war ; and " Azile," a story partly of southern experiences, during the war (1868). CROSS, Trueman, soldier, b. in Maryland ; d. near the present Fort Brown, Texas, 21 April, 1846. He entered the army as ensign in the 42d infantry, 27 April, 1814 ; became assistant deputy quarter- master-general, with the rank of captain, 16 June, 1818 ; major-quartermaster, 22 May, 1826 ; and assistant quartermaster-general, with the rank of colonel, 7 July, 1838. He was chief of the quartermaster's department of the army of occu- pation from 10 Oct., 1845, till his death, which he met at the hands of Mexican banditti. Col. Cross- published " Military Laws of the United States " (Washington). — His brother, Osborne, soldier, b. in Maryland in 1803 ; d. in New York city, 15 July, 1876, was graduated at the IT. S. military academy in 1825, assigned to the infantry, and served on garrison, frontier, and commissary duty. He was made first lieutenant on 31 Dec, 1831, assistant quartermaster, 1 Jan., 1836, and became captain in the first infantry, 7 July, 1838. He was chief quartermaster of Wool's division in 1846-'7, and of the Army of Mexico in 1848, promoted to major on 24 July, 1847, and served until the civil war, during which he was chief quartermaster of various posts and camps. He was made deputy quartermaster-general, 26 Feb., 1863, and on IS March, 1865, was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army. He was promoted to colonel, 29 July, 1866, and on the same day was retired. CROSWELL, Andrew, clergyman, b. in Charles- town, Mass., in 1709 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 12 April, 1785. He was graduated at Harvard in 1728, or- dained in Groton, Conn., 14 Oct., 1738, and on 6' Oct., 1738, was installed over a society in Bos- ton formed by persons from other churches. He was active as a controversialist. Among his numerous publications are " Reply to a Book en- titled ' A Display of God's Special Grace ' " (1742) ; " The Apostle's Advice to the Jailor Improved ; being a Solemn Warning against the Awful Sin of Soul-Murder " (1744) ; " Heaven Shut against Ar- minians and Antinominians" (1747) ; " Remarks on Bishop Warburton's Sermon before the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel " (1768) ; and " Re- marks on the Satirical Drollery at Cambridge, Last Commencement Day " (1771). CROSWELL, Charles M., statesman, b. in New- burg, N. Y., 31 Oct., 1825 ; d. in Adrian, Mich., 13 Dec, 1886. He was apprenticed to the carpen- ter's trade in Adrian, but in his twentieth year be- gan the study of law, and soon became deputy county clerk. In 1850 he was city registrar, and was re-elected in 1852. Mr. Croswell became CK'.OSWKLL CROWE 21 mayor of Adrian in 1802, and in the autumn of that year entered the state senate. After serving in this capaeity three terms, he was successively president of the Constitutional convention in 1867, elector-at-large on the republican ticket in 1868, speaker of the lower house of the legislature in 1874, and later secretary of the State board of chari- ties. After filling the oilicc of governor of Michi- gan in 187G, he was re-elected in 1878. CROSWELL, Harry, clergyman, b. in West Hartford, Conn., 16 June, 1778; d. in New Haven, Conn., 13 March, 1858. He was educated under the care of Rev. Dr. Perkins and Dr. Noah Web- ster. When quite young, he entered his broth- er's printing-office in Catskill, N. Y., and soon be- came editor of a paper issued there. He founded a Federalist newspaper called the " Balance " in Hudson, N. Y., in 1802, which became noted for the bitterness and scathing sarcasm of its editori- als ; and M r. Croswell became involved in many libel suits. The most celebrated of these was caused by an article on Jefferson, published in the " Wasp," a paper controlled by Mr. Croswell, and Alexander Hamilton's last and one of his finest speeches was made in Croswell's defence at the trial. Croswell afterward edited a political news- paper in Albany, whither he removed in 1809, and was again prosecuted for libel by a Mr. South- wick, who recovered damages. Croswell called on his friends for money to make good this amount, and on their refusal determined to enter the min- istry of the Protestant Episcopal church, though he had been brought up a Congregationalist. He was ordained deacon, 8 May, 1814, and had charge of Christ church, Hudson, till 1 Jan., 1815, when he became rector of Trinity church, New Haven, Conn., then the only Episcopal church in the city, holding services in an old wooden building on Church street till the opening of the new church edifice, on 22 Feb., 1816. He remained in New Haven till his death. One who knew him writes : " His tall figure and manly form, clerical garb, and high-topped boots with knee-buckles, impressed every beholder as they saw him walk the streets of New Haven. He was not a great preacher, but he had an extraordinary knowledge of human nature, and could ingratiate himself into every man's heart." Trinity college gave him the degree of D. D. in 1831. He published " Young Churchman's Guide " (4 vols.) ; " Manual of Family Prayers " (New Haven) ; " Guide to the Holy Sacra- ment " ; and a " Memoir " of his son, Rev. William Croswell, D. D. (New York, 1854). He 'left in manuscript "Annals of Trinity Church" and a voluminous diarv. See " Letters of Waldegrave," by Rev. G. W.* Nichols (New York, 1886).— His son, William, clergyman, b. in Hudson, N. Y., 7 Nov., 1804 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 9 Nov., 1851, was graduated at Yale in 1822, taught a select school in New Haven, with an elder brother, and in 1824 was engaged with his cousin, Edwin Croswell, as assistant editor of the Albany " Argus." He en- tered the General theological seminary in NewT York in 1826, and pursued his studies with Bishop Brownell, in Hartford, in 1827, at the same time editing the " Episcopal Watchman." He was or- dained in 1828, and, after holding several pastor- ates, became rector of the recently organized Church of the Advent in Boston, where he re- mained till his death. His manner of conducting the church services led to a controversy with Bish- op Eastburn, by whom he was officially censured. His life was one of charity and religious devotion. Trinity college gave him the degree of D. D. in 1846. He wrote numerous short lyricai poems, some of which were published in hit father's memoirs of him, and his " Poems, Sacred and Secu- lar," were edited, with a memoir, bv k< .. ,\. Cleveland Coxe, D.D.(New York, 1859), — B Croswell's nephew, Edwin, journalist, b. in ( al kill, N. Y., 29 May, 1797; d. in Princeton. X. J., 13 June, 1871, Occam Lant editor of his fa- ther's paper, the, "Catskill Recorder," his first arti- cle being a. defence, and vindication of the soldiers drafted for fix; defence of Xew V'ork during the war of 1812. After the retirement of his father, his management of the " Recorder " attracted the attention of the democratic Leaders, and in 1824 he was invited to Albany by Martin Van Buren, Benjamin P. Butler, and others, to edit, the "Argus," and also to become state printer. Mr. Croswell remained in Albany thirty years, changed the " Argus" from a semi-weekly to a daily jour- nal, and made it one of the chief democratic organs in the country. As a member of the so- called " Albany Regency," a group of politicians who directed the party councils in the state, it was his duty to preserve order in the ranks through the columns of his journal, and to his tact in per- forming this duty may be largely ascribed the position of the democrats in Xew York at that time. The leading articles in the "Argus" were copied in the minor party papers throughout the state as embodying all that was sound of demo- cratic principles, and for many years it was regarded as political apostasy to question the authority of the party organ. When the whigs obtained possession of the state in 1840, Mr. Cros- well was succeeded in the office of state printer by Thurlow Weed, but held it again from 1844 till 1847. Subsequently he found himself opposed to Martin Van Buren and others of his early political associates, through a split in the party. He retired from journalism in 1854 and engaged in business in New York. He published numerous addresses. CROTHERS, Samuel, clergyman, b. near Chambersburg, Pa., 22 Oct., 1783 ; d. in Oswego. 111., 20 July, 1856. He went to Lexington. Ky., with his father in 1787, entered the academy there in 1798, and, after studying at the Xew York theological seminary, returned to Kentucky in 1809, and was licensed to preach by the Kentucky presbytery. After a year of missionary work, he was settled, in 1810, over the churches of Chilli- cothe and Greenfield, Ohio, but in 1813 devoted himself to the latter alone. In company with his former teacher in New York, Dr. Mason, he op- posed close communion, and the exclusive use of what has been called inspired psalmody. Trouble growing out of his opinions on these subjects led him, in 1818, to resign his charge and move to Winchester, Ky. ; but he returned to Greenfield in 1820, organized a new church, and remained pas- tor of it" till his death. Dr. Crothers was a con- cise and vigorous writer and an eloquent preacher. See " Life and Writings of Samuel Crothers.'" by Rev. A. Ritchie (Cincinnati. 1857). CROWE, Frederick, missionary, b. in Bel- gium ; d. in New York city, 7 Nov., 1S5S. He was the son of a British subj'ect. Coming to Balize about 1838, he established himself there as an in- dependent missionary, labored thirteen years in disseminating the scriptures in Spanish America, and was the author of a valuable historical work on Central America. He was expelled from San Salvador, as is said, by the Roman Catholics, be- cause he circulated the Bible, and intended to open a school in San Miguel. After being imprisoned, harassed, and at last driven by mob violence from the country, he came to New York, and soon died. oo CROWELL CRUGER CROWELL, William, journalist, b. in Middle- Odd, Mass., in 1806; d. in Flanders, X. J., 19 \ ._-.. is7i. After receiving on academical educa- tion, he entered the Baptist ministry, and was pas- tor for some years at Waterville, Me, Be look charge, in 18&8, of t ho "Christian Watchman," the principal Baptist paper in Now England, to which he ha»l previously been a large contributor, and conducted it with ability till its consolidation with the u Christian Reflector" in 1848. He then edited the ••Western Watchman," in St. Louis, for several years, and during the civil war was pas- tor of a church in central Illinois. Rochester university gave him the degree of D.D.in 1857. Dr. Crowell was the author of " The Church-Mem- s Manual of Ecclesiastical Principles": "The Church-Member's Band-Book" (Boston. 1850): a "History of Baptist Literature for Fifty Years." for the missionary jubilee volume, and several Sunday-school books. CBOWNINSHIELD, Jacob, congressman, b. in Salem, Mass., 31 March, 1770: d. in Washing- ton, 1>. C, 14 April, 1808. He was educated for a merchant, and at one time he and three of his brothers were in command of vessels in the India trade. Be was a member of the Massachusetts _ slature in 1801, and elected to congress, serving from 1803 till 1805. lie was appointed secretary <>f the navy by President Jefferson on 3 March, 1805, but never entered upon his duties, owing to hi- rapid decline and death, the result of consump- tion.— Jacob's brother, Benjamin Williams, sec- retary of the navy. b. in Boston, Mass., 27 Dec, 1772: d. there. 3 Feb.. 1851, received an English education, and engaged in business in Salem, M — . He was a state senator in 1811, and on 17 . 1M4. appointed secretary of the navy by President Madison. He held the same office in Monroe's cabinet, and resigned in November, 1 s 1 S I le was a presidential elector in 1820, again a -tat-' senator in 1822-'3, and then elected to con- - a- a democrat from the Salem district, serv- ing from 1 Dec, 1823, till 3 March, 1831. He was a candidate for re-election in 1830, but defeated by Etufus Choate. — His grandson, Arrant Schuy- ler, naval officer, b. in New York state, 14 March, 18 (3, was graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1863. Be was attached to the steam sloop 'k Ti- conderoga," and participated in both attacks on Fort Fisher, being commended for his efficiency by (apt. Charles Steedman. He was made lieutenant, 10 Nov., 1866, lieutenant-commander, 10 March, 1868, and commander, 25 March, 1880. He is a member of the naval advisory board in New York city. — Benjamin Williams's grandson, Fred- eric, artist, b. in Boston, Mass., 27 Nov., 1845, was graduated at Harvard in 1866, and began the study of water-color drawing in London in 1867 under Bowbotham, devoting himself to landscape-paint- ing in water-colors and in oil. He passed eleven consecutive year- in Europe, most of the time in Italy, and studied his profession chiefly under Couture, though he was for one term in the Paris ecole des beaux arts, under Cabanel. At this time he took up figure-painting. His first work exhibited in public was an allegorical portrait group sent to the Pari- salon of 1878. His water- colors are much admired. After his return to this country he became, in 1879, instructor in the art school connected with the Museum of fine arts in Boston, and remained there till 1885. Be has lately devoted the greater part of his time to mural painting, and to stained glass. CROXTON. John Thomas, soldier, b. in Bour- bon county, ky., 20 Nov., 1887; d. in La Paz, Bolivia. 16 April. 1874. He was graduated at Vale in 1857, studied law in Georgetown, Ky., was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began practice in Paris. Ky., in August, 1850. Two years later he was active in the movement for raising Union troops, and went to the front in June, 1861, as lieutenant-colonel of the 4th Kentucky infantry. In March, 18(52, he succeeded to the command of the regiment, and in August, 1864, was commis- sioned brigadier-general. Soon afterward he was brevetted major-general. He participated in the battles of Sherman's army, and at the close of the war was put in command of the military district of southwest Georgia, with headquarters at Macon. In December, 1865, he resigned his commission and returned to Kentucky, where he resumed the practice of law, residing on his farm near Paris. Two or three years later he was active in estab- lishing the " Louisville Commercial " as a repub- lican journal. His exposure during the war and subsequent overwork had greatly impaired his health, and in 1873 he accepted the office of U. S. minister to Bolivia, in the expectation of benefit to his health from it ; but it was too late. CROZER, John Price, manufacturer, b. in Springfield, Delaware co., Pa., 13 Jan., 1793 ; d. in Upland, Pa., 11 March, 1866. In the manufacture of cotton goods he made an ample fortune, which he largely devoted to philanthropic purposes. In 1858 he erected at Upland, Pa., at a cost of $45,- 000, a building intended for general education, but which he subsequently gave to the Baptists for a theological seminary. In honor of him as a founder, this institution was called the Crozer theological seminary. His widow and children have endowed it with contributions amounting to $275,000. Mr. Crozer made other large gifts to the cause of education, the American Baptist pub- lication society, and humane institutions. CROZET, Claude, educator, b. in France ; d. in 1863. He was educated at the Polytechnic school in Paris, and became an officer of artillery under Napoleon I. He came to the United States in 1816, and on 1 Oct. was appointed assistant professor of engineering at the U. S. military academy at West Point, and on 6 March,- 1817, professor. He resigned in 1823, and thereafter acted as a civil engineer. CRUCE, Francisco, author, b. in Granada, Spain, about 1600 ; d. in Peru in 1664. He was a Dominican, and held many offices in the province of San Juan Bautista, Peru. He founded the col- lege of Santo Tomas in Lima, and was its professor of theology at the time of his death. He was a voluminous writer, both on theological and politi- cal subjects. His principal works, published in Lima, are " Historia del Rosario a Coros," " Dis- cursus pro Oceidentalibus," " Cursus Artium," and " Manifiesta obligacion del Vasal lo." CRUFT, Charles, soldier, b. in Indiana; d. in Terre Haute, Ind., 23 March, 1883. He was com- missioned an officer of volunteers from Indiana, 16 July, 1862, and became a major-general of volun- teers, 5 March, 1865. He served with credit through- out the war, and specially distinguished himself in the battles that were fought near Richmond, Ky., 29 and 30 Aug., 1862, having command of a bri- gade under Gen. Mahlon D. Manson. CRUGER, John, colonial mayor of New York, b. there, 18 July, 1710; d. 27 Dec, 1792. He early turned his attention to trade, and became eminent as a shipping merchant. Like his father, who was mayor from 1739 till 1744, he filled important po- litical offices. In 1754 he was chosen alderman of the dock ward, and from 1756 till 1765 was mayor. CRUSH) CRUZ 33 £££^ He was elected to the general assembly in 1750, and in 17(51 Mr. Cruger was a leading member of the committee on correspondence, and was asso- ciated in the drafting of me- morials to the king, the lords, and the com- mons, "relative to the dangers which threat- en the colonies to be taxed by laws to be passed in Great Britain." Again in 1769 he was sent to represent New York city in the last colo- nial assembly, and was unani- mously chosen speaker, which office he held until 1775. He was the first president of the New York chamber of commerce in 1768. In 1775, with thirteen other members of the assembly, he addressed a letter to Gen. Thomas Gage, urging " that no military force might land or be stationed in this province." During the Revolutionary war he retired to Kin- derhook, but, after peace was declared, returned to New York. — His brother, Henry, merchant, b. in 1702 ; d. in Bristol, England, 8 Feb., 1780, was a member of the assembly and council of New York, and settled as a merchant in Bristol, England, of which city he was mayor at the time of his death. — Henry, son of the preceding, politician, b. in New York in 1739 ; d. there, 24 April, 1827, established himself in trade, with his father, in Bristol, and succeeded him as mayor in 1781. He was elected to parliament as the colleague of Burke in 1774, and re-elected in 1784, and advocated on all occasions a conciliatory course toward his countrymen. He so severely retorted upon Col. Grant, who said, in par- liament, that the colonists would never dare to face an English army, that he was called to order by the speaker. After the war he became a merchant in New York, and was elected to the state senate while yet a member of parliament. — John Harris, broth- er of the preceding, British officer, b. in New York city in 1738 ; d. in London, 3 June, 1807, succeeded his father as a member of the New York city council, was its mayor in 1764, and at the beginning of the Revolution was its chamberlain. He was a son-in- law of Col. De Lancey, and commanded the 1st battalion of his loyalist corps. In June, 1780, he was captured at a plantation in Belfast, Ga., but was soon exchanged for Col. John Mcintosh. In September he made a forced march to Augusta, to relieve Col. Browne, and arrived most opportunely. He distinguished himself at the battle of Eutaw Springs, where his corps formed the British centre. His defence of Ninety-Six, when attacked by Greene in May, 1781, won great praise. His property was confiscated, and he went to England after the war. CRUSE, Christian Frederic, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 June, 1794 ; d. in New York city, 5 Oct., 1864. He was graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1815, and after study- ing theology was ordained in the Protestant Epis- copal church by Bishop White, of Pennsylvania, in 1822. lie acquired a high reputation Cor his knowl- edge of ancient languages. From 18^1 t.ilJ 1888 he was assistant professor in the [JniYersity of Penn- sylvania, and also {<>!■ a time professor in St. Paul's college, Minn. In 1847 he became rector of Trinity church in Kishkill, X. V., where he remained until 1853, after which he became librarian in the Gen- eral theological seminary in New Fork. Hi- trans- lation of Eusebius's " Ecclesiastical Bistory" (New York; reprinted in London, 1838) is considered the best English version. CRUSE, Peter Hoffman, writer, b. in Balti- more, Md., in 1795; d. there, 7 Sept.. 1832. He was educated at Princeton, and studied law. but subse- quently devoted himself entirely to literary pur- suits. His contributions appeared principally in the reviews, and for ten years prior to his death he edited the "Baltimore American." During the years 1818-9 he was associated with John P. Ken- nedy in the publication of "The Red Book." a fortnightly of local and temporary interest, which contained much playful satire by Kennedy, and some bright poetry by Cruse. He was noted as a brilliant conversationalist. CRUTTENDEN, Daniel Henry, educator, b. in Galway, N. Y., 27 Feb., 1816; d. in Castleton, N. Y., 21 June, 1874. He was graduated at Union in 1841, and became principal of the school of the Mechanics' institute in New York city. He advo- cated methods of teaching that are now in general use. He published text-books, including a series of " Systematic Arithmetics " (New York, 1868) ; " The Philosophy of Language " (1870) ; and a " Rhetorical Grammar " (1872). CRUZ, Juan Bautista Yalerio de la (crooth), cacique and captain-general of the Chichimecas, b. in Texcoco, Mexico, about 1517; d. in the city of Mexico in 1572. He was a descendant of King Netzalhualcoyotl. When the Spaniards occupied Mexico he was baptized, and, entering the Spanish militia, was appointed ensign of the royal guards two years afterward. Antonio de Mendoza gave him command of 80 Spanish soldiers and 400 In- dian archers, and sent him to enlist volunteers and conquer the territories occupied by the Chichime- cas. When Mendoza left Mexico, in 1550, he ap- pointed Cruz cacique of all territories that he might conquer, and in 1559 Luis de Velasco advanced him to the rank of captain-general of the Chichimecas. Cruz gave the church and convent of Tula to the Franciscan friars in acknowledgment of their work in favor of the natives, and built the bridge of that city. Charles V. rewarded him with new privil- eges, and Cruz continued his services during the rest of his life. His remains were buried in the convent of Santiago Tlaltelolco of Mexico. CRUZ, Rodrigo de la (crooth), soldier, b. in Marbella, Spain, 25 Dec, 1637; d. in Mexico, 16 Sept., 1716. He went to Central America with his father, who had been appointed governor of Costa Rica, in 1656, and afterward succeeded him in that office. He accomplished the conquest of Talaman- ca, in which he spent a large portion of his private fortune, and the king of Spain rewarded him with the title of Marquis de Talamanca : but he soon entered the order founded by Father Betencourt in Guatemala, and succeeded him as superior. 2 Feb., 1668. He went to Peru, where he founded numer- ous hospitals, and obtained the incorporation of his order, 26 March. 1687. For this purpose he went to Rome and Madrid, where he remained for nine years, and on his return he founded new in- stitutions and hospitals in Mexico and Peru. He wrote " Constituciones de la Religion Betlemitica fundada en las Indias Oceidentales " (Mexico, 1751). 84 CRUZ CUDEQUALA CB1 "/. S r .luana lues do la. Mexican poet.b. in San Miguel de Nepantla, near the city o( Mex- ico, 12 Nov., 1651; A in Mexico, i? April, 16*95, At the age of five she could read, write, and keep ac- s, and at the age of eight composed a poem the holy sacrament. Soon afterward she was to the city of Mexico, Learned Latin and other branches rapidly, and asked her parents' permission to disguise herself as a student so that she could enter the university. Not beingallowed to do this. she continued her studies privately, and her literary tmplishments soon made her famous in Mexico. -queen retained her as one of the ladies of the household. The viceroy, the Marquis de Man- . wishing to test Inn- Learning and intelligence being then seventeen years old), invited several ois. jurists, philosophers, and poets to a ting, during which she had to answer, unpre- i. many questions, and explain several difficult ts u various scientific and literary subjects. The manner in which she acquitted herself aston- I all present, and greatly increased her repu- tation. She was much admired in the vice- court for her beauty, but refused several pr>>i - - marriage, and entered first the con- vent of San Jose, and subsequently that of San Jeronlmo, where she finally took the veil. She then devoted herself for twenty-seven years to hei- nous duties, as well as to her favorite studies of theology, interpretation of the Scriptures, logic, rhetoric, natural philosophy, mathematics, history, music, and poetry. In 1693 she gave up all studies and ■ zeroises unconnected with her religious du- - in the convent, and sold her splendid library bo help the poor. Two years afterward a terrible rge desolated the city of Mexico, and Sister Juana Lnes, while personally assisting other nuns suffering from the epidemic, became its victim and died. Her remains were buried with extraordinary ceremonies. She was generally known as "The Nun of Mexico," and was also called "The Tenth .Mihi'." 1 1 1 - 1* writings, mostly in verse, include "Amor es Laberinto," a classical drama; "Los empefios de una casa," a comedy; " Ovillejos," a satirical poem; "El Neptuno alegorico," and two volumes entitled " Poesias sagradas y profanas." CUADRA, Pedro Lucio' (kwah'-drah), Chilian engineer, b. in the city of Santiago, 14 April, 1842. Be studied in the university of his native city, and when -till very young was attached to the scientific commission I hal t he government appointed to make _ graphical study of the Chilian territory, his oal efforts assuring the success of the commis- sion's work. In 1*74 the owners of the newly dis- covered silver mines al Caracoles, Bolivia, gave Cuadra the general superintendence of the works, and in ls7'» he was appointed president of the Bank of Valparaiso. During Pinto's administration Cu- adra reral times offered a portfolio in the cabinet, but declined it. and in 1882 he accepted that of finance under President Santa Maria, dis- s tishing himself by important reforms. Being a member of the cabinet that negotiated l he treaty of peace with Spain, he used all his influence in ■ of its negotiation, and King Alfonso XII. rded him the Greal Cross of Naval Merit. He elected senator in 1882 for six years, and was president of the senate in 1886. CUAUHTEMOTZIN (fcwau-tay-mo-tseen'), which in'.: - ■• Eagle's Eyesight," sometimes called Cuauhtemoc, Quauhtemotzin, Quauhtemdc, G-uate- moc, Guatimoc, or Gkiatimocln, thirteenth and last, Mexican king (eleventh monarch, according to ol her account-;, b. in 1495; d. in 1524 He was the son of Ahuitzol,and married Tccuichpatzin, a daughter of Mbtecuhzoma (Moctezuma) and the widow of Cui- tlahuatl, his own uncle, whom he succeeded on the throne, being elected and crowned about the end of January. 1521. Cuauhtemotzin at once began to strengthen the defences of the city of Mexico; but Cortes, after several successful battles and subse- quent agreements with the natives, besieged the city with a large force of Indian allies and his Spanish troops, ami final- ly Cuauhtemotzin ^ and all his war- riors surrendered (13 Aug., 1521). The siege last- ed 75 days, and cost the Spaniards over 100 men of the 900 present, their allies losing several thousand, while many thou- sand Mexicans died fighting or from starvation and disease. Cu- auhtemotzin had on one occasion, with the approval of the senate, sac- rificed four Span- iards and 4,000 Indians, to obtain favor of the gods. The invaders tortured him to make him tell where his treasures and those of the temples were hid- den ; and three years afterward he was executed, with the kings of Texcoco and Tlacopan, on sus- picion that they had conspired against the Spanish rule. The young emperor endured his torture calmly, and when the Texcoco chief groaned in his death-agony, reproved him, saying, " Do you think I am on a bed of roses % " A monument to Cuauhte- motzin, surmounted by a bronze statue, represent- ed in the illustration, was erected in the city of Mexico in January, 1887. CUBA, Dionisio Yiyes, Count of, Spanish gen- eral, b. in the latter part of the 18th century ; d. in 1840. He was captain-general of Cuba in 1824, when all Spanish possessions on the American con- tinent had become independent. He had then but few troops under his command, but managed to maintain order and preserve the island of Cuba for Spain without troubles or any sort of violence. In recognition of his valuable services to the mother country, the government rewarded him with high honors, among them the title of Count of Cuba. CUDEQUALA (coo-da-kah'-lah), Araucanian warrior, b. in the Mariguena valley, Chili, about 1555; d. near Puren, 12 Dec, 1587. While very young he entered the Araucanian army as a pri- vate, although he was a nobleman, and gradually won promotion to the grade of general. The gen- eral-in-chief, Dayaucura, gave him command of a strong army to attack the city of Angol, which he did without success, but then marched to the city of Aratico, besieged and entered it. Afterward he intended to attack Fort Trinidad, this fortress com- manding the passage from Biobio, but a body of Spanish troops under Francisco Hernandez came out, and defeated Cudequala, who lost an arm and was otherwise severely wounded. This forced him to retire to the mountains. He was followed thither by the lieutenant-governor of Chili, who attempted an ambuscade, only to be discovered, defeated, and killed, with fifty of his men, 14 Nov., 1580. On CUDWORTII CUFFEE 25 the same day Cudequala was elected general-in- chief by acclamation. In the following year, 1587, Thomas Cavendish, who commanded a predatory expedition of three ships against the Spanish colo- nies, landed at Quintero, but Cudequala's warriors attacked the English and forced them to sail away, a number of their men having been killed. After some successful operations the Araucanian chief determined to take the city of Angol by surprise, for which he managed to have the Indian inhabi- tants prepared to set fire to the houses of the Span- iards at an appointed time during the night, while he would have his troops quietly approaching the gates of the place. This was done, and, while the flames consumed many buildings, the frightened inmates ran about the streets only to be horribly dealt with at the hands of the Araucanians. The governor of Ragol hastily gathered some troops, and, after desperate fighting, Cudequala retreated at daybreak. But this did not discourage the In- dian general, who soon besieged Puren and defeated a body of Spanish troops sent by the governor to re-enforce the place. Then he proposed to the be- sieged that they either surrender or enter his own service ; but, as his proposals received no attention, Cudequala went near the rampart of the place, rid- ing on a splendid horse taken by himself from the governor, and challenged the commander of the Spanish forces to come out and fight personally with him. The commander, Garcia Ramon, imme- diately accepted the challenge, and on an appointed day the chiefs met in an open field, each being ac- companied by a small number of officers and men. The encounter was very short, for the two oppo- nents at once made a furious attack, riding at full gallop, and Cudequala fell, having been run through with the Spaniard's spear. Even when dying the Araucanian warrior would not admit defeat, and tried in vain to mount his horse again. CUDWORTH, James, colonist, b. in England about 1612; d. there in 1682. He was an eider brother of Ralph Cudworth, famous among Cam- bridge Platonists, and came to America in 1634, settling in Plymouth. Later he removed to Scitu- ate, where for several years he was prominent in public affairs, and one of the council of war. He was a brave and prudent officer, and commanded the Plymouth troops during the Indian war with King Philip, winning a military reputation second only to that of Miles Standish. He became unpopu- lar on account of his opposition to the severe meas- ures taken against the Quakers. In 1681 he was made deputy governor, and during the same year sent to England as an agent for the colony, but died soon after his arrival. Some of his letters on public^ business are still extant. CUELLAR, Jose" T. de (kwayl'-yar), Mexican author, b. at San Luis Potosi, 15' Aug., 1835. He studied at the San Carlos academy in Mexico, and afterward entered the diplomatic service. He was attache to the Mexican legation at Washington from 1856 till 1858, when he returned to Mexico to fill a place in the foreign office. He accompanied President Juarez to Paso del Norte in his official capacity, and returned to the capital with Juarez in 1867. Having asked for a leave of absence,' he retired to his native city in 1868, and there won literary reputation by a novel entitled " El Pecado del Siglo." He was appointed secretary to the Mexican legation at Washington in 1870,' and re- mained there until 1882, then being recalled and subsequently elected a representative to congress. His appointment as chief officer or under-secretary of foreign affairs was made in August, 1886. Among Cuellar's works are these comedies and dramas: '• Deberes y saorifioio-.*' "Azares de una renganza," " Natural y flgura," "Arte de amar," "Cubrir las apariencias," " Bedencion," and '•'■ Dn viaje a Oriente." ilis novels include "Ensalada de polios," " Chucho el Xinfo," " bsolina la ex-figu- rante," "Las jamonas,*' "Las gentes que son a-i.;: and "Q-abriel el Cerrajero." He has also wriu.cn several poems. CUENECURA (kway-nay-eoo'-rah), Araucanian soldier, b. in the province of Catiray, Chili in 1578; d. in October, 1009. Being hereditary cacique of Catiray, and officer of the Araucanian army under Cuillamachu, he accompanied this chieftain in all his battles against the Spaniards, and finally suc- ceeded him in his command early in 1004. ]n 1005 he defeated the Spanish troops under the German commander, Lisperger, near Baroa, directed three fierce attacks on that city, and took it, Lisperger having been killed during its defence. hi 1007 Cuenecura routed 3,000 Spaniards newly sent from Peru and marching in two columns, headed by Gens. Saravia and Pineda, and every man of that army was either killed or made a prisoner by the Indians. The captain-general of Chili went with 2,000 men to attack him in 1000, but after a well-fought battle retreated. Cuenecura was wounded then, but directed another battle before he recovered, and, seeing that his condition pre- vented him from continuing the fight, being ex- hausted, he took his own life on the battle-field. He adopted the use of artillery and other fire-arms taken from the Spaniards, and his Indians became very dexterous in handling their new weapons. CUEYA, Beatriz de la (kway'-vah), wife of Pedro de Alvarado, the conqueror of Guatemala, b. in Spain early in the 10th century ; d. in the city of Guatemala, 11 Sept., 1541. When Alvarado re- turned to Central America, after his second voyage to Spain in 1539, he had married there Doiia Beatriz, a sister of his first wife, Dona Francisca de la Cueva, who died in Vera Cruz in 1530. In 1540 Alvarado was engaged in several expeditions in Mexico, and while crossing the mountains was killed by a fall of his horse early in July, 1541. When this news reached Guatemala, the municipal council elected Dona Beatriz to succeed her hus- band in the government ; but on the day following her inauguration she perished, with many other people, during the terrible earthquakes and floods that destroyed the city, 11 Sept., 1541. Ever since she has been generally called " Dona Beatriz la sin ventura " (Dona Beatriz, the unfortunate). CUEVAS DAVALOS, Alonso, Mexican prel- ate, b. in the city of Mexico, 25 Nov., 1590 ; d. 2 Sept., 1005. He was the first native Mexican elected to the archiepiscopal see of Mexico. He studied at the college of San Ildefonso, won the doctor's de- gree in theology, and then filled the chair of the- ology in the University of Mexico. He was sent to Puebla as first canon of the cathedral in 1035, and distinguished himself by his charitable work during an epidemic in 1042-3. Eight years after- ward he was translated to the capital, and filled high offices both in the cathedral and in the uni- versity, after which he was promoted to the bishopric of Oaxaca, where he succeeded in restoring peace among the revolted population of Telmantepec. the king of Spain thanking him by a special de- cree, 2 Oct., 1002. He received in June. 1004. his appointment to the see of Mexico, which he occu- pied until his death. He had begun important reforms, but did not live to finish them. CUFFEE, Paul, Indian preacher, b. in 1757 : d. in Montauk, Long Island. 7 March. 1812. He was a member of the Shinnecock tribe of Indians on CUPFEE CUITLAHUATZIN Long Island, and was the fourth missionary em- d among them by the New York missionary aching there thirteen years. iTKKri'. Paul, philanthropist, b. on one of abeth isles, near New Bedford, Mass.. in 1759; d. 7 Sept., IMS. lli< father was a negro, born in Africa, who had boon a slave, and his mother an Indian. Be followed a seafaring life, became owner of a vessel, which he manned en- tirely with negroes, and acquired a Large fortune. - an influential member of the Society of Friends. In Ins Later years he interested himself in the scheme of colonizing American freedmen on the western coast of Africa, corresponded with friends of tho enterprise in England and Africa, visited tho colony in his own ship in 1811 to study - I vantages, and in 1815 carried out thirty-eight red emigrants and provided moans for estab- lishing them in Africa. Be applied to the British rnment for leave to land other companies of red people in Sierra Leone, but died before the permission came. CUICUITZCATZIN (kwee-kweets-cah-tseen'), twelfth king ofTexcoco, crowned in 15:20. He was a brother of Cacamatzin, or Caminatzin, who, hav- ing determined to make war against the Spaniards, would not listen to the entreaties of envoys sent by Cortes. Subsequently the conqueror managed to have him dethroned by Moctezuma, and replaced by Cuicuitzcatzin, but this king ruled his nation <»nly three or four months, as Coanacatzin suc- Led him in 1521. After serious trouble with the Spaniards, he was imprisoned and taken to Tlascala, and escaped thence to Texcoco, where his brother Coanacatzin ruled. But the latter, think- ing him to be a spy for the Spaniards, ordered his immediate execution. CDIENT U K(kwee-en'-toor), Araucanian cacique <>f the province of Xancu, Chili, b. there in 1578 ; d. in 1627. Be entered the Araucanian army as a pri- vate, and was gradually raised to the rank of a gener- al after rendering great services to the Araucanians. In Ml* h<- succeeded Loncotegna in the command of their army, and one of his first operations was to ;T a Spanish detachment and take possession of their 400 horses. In the following year he routed the Spaniards under the mayor of Chilian (who was killed) near that city, and afterward pillaged the whole province. He then attacked the town of Felipe de Austria, ransacked other neigboring town-, and finally took up a position in the Can- grejeras Pass, to opposethe Spanish troops. Com- mander Rebolledo firsl defeated him, but in a ttd battle was utterly routed by Cuientur. This Araucanian chief captured Neculguenu and killed every man of it- garrison. Be continued his op- eration- till 1625, when, being tired of warfare, he srned his command and rel ired to his own lands for the rest of Ins life. Be used to call himself the eldest son of Port une. ( UILLAMACHU (kweel-yah-mah'-tchu), Arau- canian soldier, b. in the Utnanmapu valley, Chili, in 1534; d. in December, 1603. Be was cacique of (Jthanmapu, and while very young joined, with the warrior- of hi- tribe, the rest of the Araucanian army. Baving taken part in many battles against, Spaniards, he was given f he supreme command in 1593, and organized a large army at Lumaco. year- later he attacked and took Port Jesus, and then spread hi- forces about the districts Dear the Spanish settlements in 1594, causing them great trouble-. In 1597 he took the important fortresses of Puren and Lumaco, and on 22 Nov., 1598, surprised in an ambuscade the governor of Chili, Loyola (a nephew of the founder of the Jesuit order), who was crossing the Curalava val- ley with his family, sixty officers, and three priests, the whole party perishing after a desperate resist- ance. Cuillamaehu immediately ordered that not only all the Araucanians, but the Cuncos and Guilliehes also, rise in arms to kill every Spaniard or creole found outside of the fortified cities or towns ; and during the year he closely invested the cities of Osomo, Valdivia, Villarrica, Imperial, Cailete, Angol, and Coya, as well as the fortress of Arauco. In the mean time he crossed Biobio river, burned the cities of Coneepcion and Chilian, pillaged every populated place in those provinces, and re- turned to his quarters with a large booty. The royal troops under Gen. Quiiiones had several undecisive encounters in 1599 with the Araucani- ans along the banks of the Biobio, especially at Yumbel, where 2,000 Indians under the cacique made a determined resistance against 2,000 Spanish soldiers. On 24 Nov., at daybreak, he crossed Calla valla river, at the head of 4,000 men, surprised the city of Valdivia, and obtained plunder valued at nearly two million dollars. He then set fire to the buildings, killed many of the people, attacked the ships in the harbor, and returned to his quar- ters, near the Biobio, with all the Spanish artillery and war material, and over 400 prisoners. In 1600 a Dutch expedition tried to land at Valdivia ; but the cacique at once attacked and drove it away. In 1602 the Indian chieftain took possession of the city of Villarrica, which had been closely besieged for nearly three years, and the cities of Osorno and Imperial also surrendered to him in 1603. Cuilla- maehu was the most famous of the Araucanian generals, and the only one that succeeded in re- establishing independence in his country after it was conquered by the Spaniards. In his long ca- reer as a warrior he was wounded forty-four times. On one occasion the governor of Chili invited him to negotiate for peace ; but he answered that he would never submit to a foreign power while a drop of blood remained in the veins of his warriors. CUILLAVILU II (kweel-yah-ve-loo'), cacique of the Araucanian Indians called Puelches, b. in the Yumbel district, Chili, in 1580; d. 3 Oct., 1612. He was noted for his bravery, gave continual trouble to the Spanish authorities, and fought many battles against Merlo, the governor of Chili, and against his successor, Juan Jaraquemada. In 1612 Cuillavilu received a letter from the king of Spain, Philip III., suggesting an arrangement for peace and establishment of the Christian religion ; but he paid little attention to it, thinking it was intended to delude him and prepare his ruin, and at once directed new operations, but not long after- ward was killed in a battle near Chilian. CUITLAHUATZIN, or CUITLAHUATL (kweet-lah-wah-tseen'), tenth Mexican or Aztec king (twelfth king, according to other chroniclers), b. in 1490 ; d. 12 Oct., 1520. Being one of the sons of Axayacatl, he was also the lord of Tztapalapan and a general of the Mexican army, when elected king upon the death of his brother, Moctezuma II. His rank of generalissimo was won in the battles of Atlixco, Mixtecapan, and Tehuantepec. While ruling at Tztapalapan, he improved and en- larged that city by means of important public works. Before and after the occupation of the city of Mexico by the Spaniards he advocated a policy of resistance to the invaders, advised other native princes to oppose any advance made by Cortes, and also sent ambassadors to Tlaxcala to ask aid from that republic. But he was unsuccessful in this attempt, after having caused Cortes the defeat and subsequent troubles that gave rise to the events of CULBHRTSON CULLUM 27 "La noche triste," and died of small-pox, which had recently been introduced into Mexico by a slave of Narvaez. Cuitlahuatzin's rule lasted but three months. CULBERTSON, Matthew Simpson, clergy- man, b. in Chambersburg, Pa., 18 Jan., 1818; d. in China in August, 1862. lie was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1889, and served with the rank of second lieutenant of artillery at Rouse's Point during the Canada border disturbances, and as assistant professor of mathematics at the mili- tary academy, fie resigned his commission, 15 April, 1841, studied theology at Princeton, and upon graduation in 1844 was ordained as a mis- sionary to China, and labored in that country until his death. He was engaged for several years in preparing a revised Chinese translation of the Bible (1855). He published " Darkness in the Flowery Kingdom, or Religious Notions and Popular Su- perstitions in North China " (New York, 1857). CULLOM, Shelby Moore, senator, b. in Mon- ticello, Wayne co., Ky., 22 Nov., 1829. His father settled in Tazewell county, 111., in 1830, where he became prominent among the pioneers of the state, a member of the legislature, and a trusted friend of Abraham Lincoln. The son received a classical education, began the study of law in Springfield, 111., in 1853, and as soon as he was ad- mitted to the bar was elected city attorney. He practised law in Springfield, was a candidate for presidential elector on the Fillmore ticket in 1856, elected to the legislature in 1856 and 1860, chosen speaker in his second term, a member of the war commission that sat at Cairo in 1862, and a member of congress from Illinois from 4 Dec, 1865, till 3 March, 1871, representing the Springfield district, which before his election was democratic. During his third term he served as chairman of the committee on territories, con- ducted an investigation into the question of polyg- amy in Utah, and secured the passage of a bill for the extirpation of polygamy, which failed to come to a vote in the senate. In 1872 he returned to the Illinois house of representatives, was elected speaker in 1873, and in 1874 served another term in the legislature. After his return from Wash- ington he became a banker at Springfield. He was a member of the Republican national conven- tion in 1868, and, as chairman of the Illinois dele- gation, placed Gen. Grant in nomination at Phila- delphia in 1872 and Gen. Logan in 1884. He was elected governor of Illinois in 1876, and re- elected in 1880, serving from 8 Jan., 1877, to 5 Feb., 1883, when he resigned, having been chosen U. S. senator as a republican, to succeed David Davis, independent democrat, for the term expir- ing on 3 March, 1889. Mr. Cullom has been promi- nently connected with the question of railroad regulation. As speaker of the house of representa- tives he appointed the committee that drafted the stringent railroad law of Illinois, which was one of the first states to take action on the subject. During his service of six years as governor it be- came his duty to appoint the Illinois railroad com- missioners, and to see that they secured the en- forcement of the law, which was sustained by the courts and practically put in operation during his administration. As senator he has been zealous and active in endeavoring to secure national legis- lation upon the same subject, and in 1885, as chair- man of the senate committee on interstate com- merce, conducted an investigation into the ques- tion of the regulation of railroad corporations by national legislation. His report upon this subject, submitted to the senate, 18 Jan., 1886, is an elabo- rate review of the whole subject., and baa atfcn attention at home and abroad, resulting in the passage by the senate of the bill that bears bit name, which whs n-ACrr-cji to a conference com- mittee of the two houses. CULLUM, George VV., soldier. \>. in New York city, 25 Feb., 1809. Be was graduated at the U. 8. military academy in 1833, entered the engineer corps, was promoted captain on 7 July, 1838, su- perintended the construction of fortifications and other public works at New London, Conn., and in Boston harbor, organized ponton-trains for the army in Mexico, was engaged in 1847— '8 in pre- paring a "Memoir on Military Bridges with Jndia- Rubber Pontons," and from 1848 till 1855 was in- structor of practical military engineering at the military academy, except two years, during which he travelled abroad on sick-leave. In 1853-'4 he constructed for the treasury department the assay- office in New York city, after which he was em- ployed for five years on fortifications and harbor improvements at Charleston, S. C, and superin- tended works at New Bedford, Newport. New Lon- don, and the eastern entrance to New York harbor. On 9 April, 1861, he was appointed aide-de-camp to the commander-in-chief of the army. He was promoted major of engineers on 6 Aug., 1861, commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 1 Nov., appointed chief engineer of the Department of the Missouri, was chief of staff to Gen. Halleck while commanding the Departments of the Mis- souri and the Mississippi, and general-in-chief of the armies, directed engineer operations on the western rivers, was for some time in command at Cairo, was engaged as chief of engineers in the siege of Corinth, and, after accompanying Gen, Halleck to Washington, was employed in inspecting fortifications, examining engineering inventions, and on various engineer boards. He was also a member of the U. S. sanitary commission from 1861 till 1864. In the autumn of 1864 he was employed in projecting fortifications for Nashville, Tenn., which had been selected as a base of operations and depot of supplies for our western armies. From 8 Sept., 1864, till 28 Aug., 1866, he was superintend- ent of the U. S. military academy. He was bre- vetted colonel, brigadier, and major-general for meritorious services during the rebellion on 13 March, 1865, and mustered out of the volunteer service on 1 Sept., 1866. He was a member of the board for improving the defences of New York. and then of the board for fortifications and river and harbor obstructions required for the national defence from 1867 till 13 Jan., 1874, when he was retired from active service, after which he resided in New York, and devoted himself to literary, scientific, and military studies. He was chosen in that year vice-president of the American geo- graphical association, and has been president of the geographical library society since 1880. He has published a " Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Mili- tary Academy, from 1802 to 1850.'' afterward en- larged to cover the period until the army reor- ganization of 1867. with a supplement continuing the register to 1879 (New York, 1879): a transla- tion of Duparcq's " Elements of Military Art and History" (1863); "Systems of Military Bridges " (1863) ; " Sketch of Major-General Richard Mont- gomery, of the Continental Army " (1876) : " Cam- paigns and Engineers of the War of 1812-'5 " (1879); "Historical Sketch of the Fortification Defences of Narragansett Bay since the Founding. in 1638, of the Colony of Rhode Island" (Wash- ington, 1884). 88 CULPEPER CULYER CULPEPER, .lolui. surveyor-general and po- ll loader in the Carolinas, o, in England. He - a refugee from the southern or Clarendon colony, and in 1678 headed an- insurrection in the northern or Albemarle colony in favor of popular liberty. The grievances that led to the uprising were the interference of the executive in elections, and the imposition of excessive taxes on com- merce. Under his load the people deposed the s lent and deputies o\' the proprietaries, seized the public funds, appointed now magistrates and judges, called a parliament, and took all the func- - of government into their own hands. After the now government was organized, Culpeper was sent to Bngland to negotiate a compromise. He a -here indicted for high treason, but was ac- quitted, on the ground that there existed no regu- lar government in Albemarle at the time of the rebellion. Be returned to Carolina, and in 1680 laid out Charles Town (Charleston). ( [JLPEPER, or COLEPEPER, Thomas, Lord, colonial governor of Virginia, b. in England ; d. there in 1719. He was one of the royal favor- ites to whom, in 1673, King Charles II. granted for the period of thirty-one years the entire ter- ritory of Vir- ginia, depriving the royal colo- nists of the very titles of their lands. Culpep- er, in 1675, pur- chased of the Earl of Arling- ton, his co-gran- tee, the latter's rights between the Rappahan- nock and Poto- mac rivers. He was appointed one of the com- missioners for plantations in July, 1675, and proclaimedgov- ernor of Virginia for life. He came to the colony in 1680. CTnder his administration was passed an act of indemnity for offences committed dur- ing the rebellion under Gov. Berkeley; also an act to enable the governor to grant naturaliza- . and one to prevent the frequent meeting of slaves. Returning to England in 1683, in vio- lation of his orders, he was arrested immediately on hi< arrival : and. as he had corruptly received nts from the assembly, a jury of Middlesex found thai he had forfeited his commission. He was shrewd and capable, but enriched himself by bribery and extortion. His estates, consisting of land- on the Isle of Wight, manors in Kent, and the tract of the Northern Neck in Virginia, con- taining 5.700.000 acres, descended through his daughter, Cathebine, who married Baron Fairfax, to her son, Lord Fairfax, patron of Washington. ( DLTZHAYOTL (cooltz-ay-yot'-l), Aztec pod, b. in 1370; d. in L431. He was the son of the Tlaxcaltec prince Xentiple. His first work was a Long poem entitled " Zempaxoehitl." The Count of Regla, as descendant and heir of Bernan Cortes, preserved the original, a translation of which made, by Peredo, who calls Pultzhayotl the Aztec Virgil. His second work, " Huitzilopoxtli," is considered superior to the first. Clavrjero, a profound scholar, finds in it many features resem- bling those of Dante's " Divine Comedy." Cultz- havotl was the first that gave a vigorous character and form to tragedy in Mexico, and had the war- dances replaced by dialogues and tableaux. The Aztec king and nobility attended the performance ot his tragedy, "Mih.ua ; but the noblemen thought the play was a satire on religion, and caused the poet to be imprisoned and subsequently buried alive, to the neck, in a field near Chapultepec. According to Netzahualcoyotl, a lady of the court saved him, leaving in plafce of the victim a Toltec prisoner. He wandered about until the priests of the Mitla temple offered him protection. While in retirement he wrote a powerful satire, called " Cuitlacochitl," against the Moctezuma dynasty and the corrupt nobility. Fearing that the Mitla priests might assassinate him, he took refuge in Cholula, where the people made his arrival the oc- casion for a magnificent display. But he soon had to leave Cholula also, and hid for the rest of his life in the Cacahuamilpa cave, a description of which is found in his poem, " Cacahuamitl." CULWER, Daniel, pioneer, b. in Maryland in 1793 ; d. in California in 1857. He was the first American that went to upper California, and the first that built a house in San Francisco (on the same ground now occupied by the Palace Hotel). He was also the founder of the town of Santa Bar- bara. At the beginning of the Mexican war, in 1847, Culwer went to New Orleans, organized a company at his own expense, and joined the expe- dition under Gen. Scott. When the American navy- had bombarded Vera Cruz, Culwer advanced to- ward Jalapa and defeated a guerilla band; but, having gone farther into the country, he was cap- tured by the Mexican chief Father Jaranta, who was about to have him hanged at Plan de Barran- cas when Sergeant Lincoln, of the volunteer force, saved him. He specially distinguished himself at the battle of Cerro Gordo, when he almost effected the capture of Gen. Santa Anna, and did take his richly caparisoned horse. He was dangerously wounded at the capture of the city of Mexico, re- turned to the United States, and again settled in California, where he resided for the rest of. his life, and accumulated a fortune, a large part of which was bequeathed, to charity. CULYER, John Yapp, civil engineer, b, in New York city, 18 May, 1839. He studied survey- ing and architecture, after which he spent three years in general engineering. Subsequently he be- came assistant engineer in Central park, New York, and during the civil war was assistant secretary of the U. S. sanitary commission. He also served for a time on the defences south of the Potomac. In 1865 he returned to Central park, remaining there for a year, when he was appointed assistant engi- neer in charge of the Brooklyn parks, and from 1872 till 1886 was chief engineer and superinten- dent. He has acted in the capacity of associate engineer to the Albany parks, to the parks and the riverside improvement in Chicago, and to the state capitol grounds in Nashville. He was a member of the first rapid transit commission in Brooklyn, and later engineer of the sixth rapid transit com- mission, besides being connected with a great va-: riety of general railroad work and public improve- ment, Col. Culyer has invented implements for improved road construction and for the trans- planting of large trees. He is a member of the: American society of civil engineers. For more than t wenty years he has been a contributor to sci- entific, literary, and art journals, and he has also edited educational and sanitary journals. CUMBERLAND CUMMING 29 CUMBERLAND, Frederic William, Cana- dian architect, b. in London, England, in 1820; d. in Toronto, 5 Aug., 1881. He was educated at the Collegiate school, Dublin, and subsequently at King's college, London. After completing bis course, he was apprenticed to a civil engineer, was in 1844 appointed to the engineering department of the admiralty, and superintended the const ruc- tion of the dry docks and sea-walling at Chatham, and assisted Sir William Denison and Capt. James, R. E., during 1845-7, in editing " The Professional Papers of the Corps of Royal Engineers." In 1847 he arrived in Toronto, Canada, and at once attained prominence as an architect and railway constructor. In 1852 he undertook the superin- tendence and construction of the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron railway (subsequently the Northern railway) to its terminus at Collingwood, on the Georgian bay, of which road he afterward became managing director. Having completed the con- struction, he resigned in 1854, and gave his atten- tion solely to architectural work. He designed the plans of St. James cathedral, the normal school, and Osgood hall, in Toronto, and that of the University of Toronto. The last named is said to be the finest specimen of Norman Gothic archi- tecture on this continent. In 1861, at the time of the '• Trent " affair, he organized in Toronto the regiment now known as the Royal Grenadiers, be- came its first colonel, and retained the command until 1864, when he was appointed aide-de-camp to the governor-general, ceasing to be such by his resignation on the departure of Lord Dufferin. At the time of the Fenian raid in 1866 he had charge of the railway service. He represented Algoma district in the legislature of Ontario in 1867, and in 1871 in the dominion parliament. CUMING, Sir Alexander, British officer, b. about 1700. He was sent in 1730 by the English government on a mission to the Creeks and Chero- kees, the object of which was to counteract the designs of the French, who were endeavoring to win the friendship of those tribes, in pursuance of a scheme for the annexation of the interior regions in America lying between their colonies in Canada and those at the mouth of the Mississippi. CUMMING, Alexander, clergyman, b. in Freehold, N. J., in 1726 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 25 Aug., 1763. He was a nephew of Rev. Samuel Blair (see Blair), and received his education part- ly under his uncle's direction. He was licensed to preach by the " New Side " presbytery of New- castle in 1746. He was the first Presbyterian min- ister that preached within the bounds of Tennessee. He was ordained in 1750 as colleague of Rev. Mr. Pemberton in New York, and in 1753 both pastors requested a dismission on account of troubles in the church in respect to matters of ecclesiastical order. Mr. dimming was relieved on 25 Oct., and on 25 Feb., 1761, was installed as colleague pastor with Dr. Sewall, of the Old South church, Boston, where he remained until his death. He published his installation sermon (1761), and "Animadversions on Rev. Mr. Croswell's late Letter," etc. (1763). GUMMING, Gilbert W., lawyer, b. in Delaware county, N. Y., in 1817. He was apprenticed to a carriage-maker, but spent his spare hours in study. He began to study law in 1838, and became prom- inent in his profession. During the anti-rent troubles of 1845 he commanded a military regi- ment, and succeeded in restoring quiet. He re- moved, in 1853, to Janesville, Wis., and in 1858 to Chicago. In September, 1861, he raised the 51st Illinois regiment, and was appointed its colonel. He was afterward assigned to the command of a brigade, and did good service at bland Number Ten, New Madrid, and Corinth. CUMMING, Kale, author, b. about 1835. She is of Scottish descent, and has resided in .Mobile, Ala., since \\cr childhood. During the civil war she was with one of the Confederate armies, receiv- ing the wounded and assisting in organizing the field hospitals in the campaigns in Tennessee, Ken- tucky, and Georgia, when the army was retreating. Every evening she spent a few moments over \i<r diary, recording the incidents that had taken place around her. She published *' Hospital Life in the Army of Tennessee" (Louisville, Kv., 1866;. CUMMING, William, soldier, b. in Georgia about 1790; d. in Augusta, Ga., in February, 1863. He studied at the Litchfield, Conn., law-school, but inherited a fortune and never practised. He was appointed major in the 8th infantry on 25 March, 1813, and was wounded in the battle of Chrysler's Field, 11 Nov. He was made adjutant- general, with the rank of colonel, on 16 Feb., 1814, being severely wounded at Lundy's Lane on 25 July, and resigning 31 March, 1815. He declined the appointment of quartermaster-general, with the rank of brigadier-general, in April, 1818. and also that of major-general, tendered him by Presi- dent Polk on 3 March, 1847. Col. Cumming was a leader of the Union party in the nullification struggle, and his quarrel with George McDuffie, of South Carolina, on this issue was notorious. The two men, attended by a long train of friends in their own equipages, rushed from one point to another in the attempt to find a place of meeting, and loudly accused each other of betraying their intentions to the officers of the law. They were widely caricatured, and their actions were watched with interest all over the country. They finally succeeded in meeting twice, and exchanged three shots, by one of which McDuffie was wounded in the hip and lamed for life. — His brother, Alfred, governor of Utah, b. about 1802 ; d. in Augusta, Ga., 9 Oct., 1873, was a sutler during the Mexican war. He had been superintendent of Indian affairs on the upper Missouri, and in 1857 President Buchan- an appointed him governor of Utah territory, and sent him there with a force of 2,500 men to protect him in the discharge of his functions, which con- stituted the famous "Utah Expedition" of that year. On 27 Nov. the governor issued a proclama- tion declaring the territory to be in a state of rebellion, and this document was sent to Salt Lake City by a Mormon prisoner, accompanied by a letter to Brigham Young, evincing a willingness to tem- porize. The expedition went into winter quarters at Camp Scott, on Black's Fork, and in March, 1858, Col. Thomas L. Kane arrived in the camp, having been sent by the president as special envoy to Brigham Young. The relations between Gov. Cumming and Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, com- mander of the expedition, had become somewhat strained, and, soon after Col. Kane's arrival, that gentleman, taking offence at a fancied slight, wrote a challenge to Gen. Johnston with Gov. Cumming's consent. During the spring difficulties constantly arose, through a misunderstanding on Cumming's part, as to the power he possessed over the troops. On 8 March Judge Cradlebaugh made requisition for soldiers to protect his court, sitting at Provo, during the trial of the Mormons indicted for complicity in the Mountain Meadows massacre. and they were furnished by Gen. Johnston, where- upon Gov. Cumming protested against their use, and on 27 March issued a proclamation denouncing the general's action. The secretary of war after- ward forbade Gen. Johnston to use troops for 3 i CUMMINGS CUMMINGS such purposes. A fun- the proclamatioD of par- don to the Mormons, in accordance with the tem- porizing policy adopted by Buchanan's administra- tion. Gov. Camming objected to the farther advance of the army. but. notwithstanding his protest, it was marched into Salt Lake City, and did much to preserve order. Gov. dimming hold his office i ill 1861, when he was succeeded by Stephen S. Harding.— Alfred's nephew, Alfred, b. in Augusta, GkL, 90 Jan., 1829, was graduated at the I . S. military academy in 1849. Ho was aide to . Twiggs at Now Orleans in l851-'3, was made first lieutenant on 3 March. 1855. and captain in the 10th infantry. 20 July, L856. Ho was on the Utah expedition of 1859-^60, and on L9 Jan., 18(51. - Erned, and was soon commissioned lieutenant- nel in the Confederate army, lie rose to the rank of brigadier-general, and served until disabled by wounds received at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga.. 31 Am:.. 1864 After the war he became a planter near Rome, Ga. CUMMINGS, Amos Jay. journalist, b. in Conk- ting, N. V.. in L842. His 'father edited and pub- lished a weekly religious paper in Irvington, and the youth entered the printing-office at the age of twelve years. After attaining manhood, he trav- elled and worked at the case in many states of the Union and in Canada. He also visited Mexico, Centra] America, and Europe. At the beginning of the civil war he was a compositor on the New York •• Tribune." but soon joined a regiment of vol- unteers, and [ought in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. Soon afterward he returned t<> w<»rk at the " Tribune " establishment, becoming successively night editor, city editor, and political editor of that paper. At present (1887) he is on the editorial staff of the New York "Sun." In L885-'6 he was president of the New York press club. Mr. Cummings is known as a ready extem- poraneous speaker. In 1886 he was elected a rep- resentative in congress. CUMMINGS, Andrew Boyd, naval officer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 22 June* 1830; d. in New Orleans, La.. 18 March, 1863. He entered the U. S. navy a- midshipman in April, 1847, and was suc- - vlv advanced through the different grades until h'- became lieutenant-commander in July, 1862. During the passage of Forts Jackson and St Philip, and the capture of New Orleans, he was executive officer of the "Richmond." During the subsequent engagement with the batteries at Port Hudson he fell moil ally wounded while cheering the men at their ^uns. lie wras removed to New Orleans, but died four days later. Admiral Porter said in a letter written at that time: "lie was a gallant officer, and too good a man to lose." Ad- miral Farragut wrote: "Poor Cummings was a greal loss, both to tie; country and to his family." ( CM MINGS. Asa. clergyman, b. in Andover, Mass.. 29 Sept., 1701 ; dLal sea, 5 June, 1856. lie was graduated ;it Harvard in 1817, and during 1819-20 was a tutor at Bowdoin, meanwhile studying at Andover theological seminary. In February, 1821, he was ordained and became pa-tor of the Congre- gational church in North Yarmouth, Me., holding that charge until 1829. Physical infirmities com- pelled him to relinquish preaching, and he accepted the editorship ol the " Chrisl ian Mirror," at that time the organ of the Main'' missionary society. Some year- later, owing to conflicting opinions on the slaven- question, concerning which the Maine mis- sionary society was unwilling to take positive ground, the paper became his personal property, and he continued in editorial control of the "Mirror" until the close of 1855. A few months laterhe sailed for Aspinwall, on a visit to his daughter and for the benefit of his health. On the return voyage, soon after leaving the isthmus, he died. He published a •• Memoir of Dr. Edward Payson" (Boston, 1846). CUMMINGS, Ebenezer Edson, clergyman, b. in Claremont, N. II., 9 Nov.. 1800; d. in Concord, 22 Feb.. 188(5. lie was graduated at Waterville (now Colby university) in 1828, and ordained pastor of the Baptist church in Salisbury, N. H., in Sep- tember of the same year. From 1832-64 he was pastor of churches in Concord, N. H. He was especially active in promoting the educational interests of his state, having been president of the board of trustees of the New London institution from its beginning, and for some time a trustee of Colby university. In 1855 he received the degree of I). I), from Dartmouth. Dr. Cummings published several sermons, and left in manuscript " The Bap- tist Ministry of New Hampshire for the First Century of our History," CUMMINGS, Jereiniah W., clergyman, b. in Washington, D. C, 5 April, 1823 ; d. in New York, 4 Jan., 1866. He studied at the College of the Propaganda, Rome, where he took the highest honors, and in 1848 returned to the United States. He was first stationed at the old cathedral of St. Patrick, on Mott street. In 1856 he built St. Stephen's church, and was its pastor until his death. Father Cummings was an effective preacher, a popular lecturer, and a promoter of sacred music. He published " Italian Legends " (New York, 1859) ; " Songs for Catholic Schools " (1862) ; " Spiritual Progress" (1865); and "The Silver Stole," and contributed to the " American Cyclopaedia." CUMMINGS, John, tanner, b. in Woburn, Mass., 26 Feb., 1785 ; d. there, 8 June, 1867. He early established himself in the tanning business, devoting his winter months to that occupation, while his summers were spent in farming. His hides were obtained from farmers through his own exertions in travelling on horseback to collect them, and bark was brought in from the ad- jacent country. About 1830 he began the manu- facture of high grades of leather as a special- ty, and gained reputation for the quality of his goods, supplying manufacturers throughout New England. Subsequently, when enamelled leather came into use, he became one of the largest tanners in the state. He continued in business until late in life, when he was succeeded by his eldest son. Mr. Cummings probably taught more young men the business of tanning, aiding them to establish themselves, than any other leather manufacturer in Massachusetts. CUMMINGS, Joseph, educator, b. in Falmouth county, Me., 3 March, 1817. He was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1840, and then taught at Amenia, N. Y., seminary, becoming its principal in 1843. In 1846 he joined the New England con- ference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was stationed successively at Maiden, Chelsea, Hanover street, and Bromfield street (Boston) churches. He then became professor of theology in the Methodist general biblical institute in Con- cord, N. II., remaining there for the year 1853-'4, after which, until 1857, he was president of Genesee college at Lima, N. Y. From 1857 till 1875 he was president of Wesleyan university, and from 1875 till 1877 professor of mental philosophy and political economy in that institution. He preached at Maiden during 1877-9, and at Harvard street church, Cambridge, during 1880-1. In 1881 he became president of Northwestern university, Evanston, 111. He was a delegate to the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal church in CUMMINGS CUNBQUBO 31 1864,1870, 1880, and 1884. He Has receded the degrees of D. D. from Wesleyan and from Har- vard, and of LL. I), from the Northwestern uni- versity. Dr. Cummings's literary work includes the editing of Butler's "Analogy of Religion" (New York, 1875) and numerous sermons and ad- dresses, a list of which is given in the " Alumni Record of Wesleyan University." CUMMINGS, Moses, clergyman, b. in Haver- hill, Mass., about 1810; d. in New York city, 6 Jan., 1807. He entered the ministry of the Chris- tian denomination at the age of eighteen, and labored for many years in New Jersey and New York. From 1854 till 1802 he had editorial con- trol of " The Christian Messenger " and " The Pal- ladium," the central organs of the sect of which he was a member. He was a determined opponent of slavery, and a friend and admirer of Horace Mann, whose peculiar educational views received his cordial support. CUMMINGS, Thomas Seir, painter, b. in Eng- land in 1804. He came to New York in infancy, entered his father's counting-room, studying art in his spare hours, and afterward pursued his studies with Henry Inman. He worked at his profession, that of miniature portrait-painting, until the in- troduction of photography, numbering among his sitters many distinguished persons. He was one of the founders of the National academy in 1826, was an early vice-president, and its treasurer in 1840-'5. The schools of the academy owe most of their perfection to him, and he was the instructor of many who afterward became prominent artists. Mr. Cummings was for a long time connected with the militia, commanded a regiment for several years, and in 1838 was commissioned brigadier- general by Gov. Seward. About 1866 he retired to a farm in Connecticut. He published " Historic Annals of the National Academy from its Founda- tion to 1865 " (Philadelphia, 1805). CUMMINS, Ebenezer Harlow, clergyman, b. in North Carolina about 1790; d. in Washington, D. C, 17 Jan., 1835. He received a collegiate edu- cation, and then studied law. For several years he served in the state legislature of Georgia, but sub- sequently entered the marine corps. Later he studied theology, and after settling in Baltimore became a magistrate. He published " Geography of Alabama " (Baltimore, 1819) and " History of the Late War " (1820). CUMMINS, Francis, clergyman, b. near Ship- pensburg, Pa., in 1732 ; d. in Greensborough, Ga., 22 Feb., 1832. His early life was spent on a farm, and he received a collegiate education at " Queen's Museum," in Mecklenburg county, N. C, whither his family had removed in 1772. After graduation, he was a teacher in South Carolina and Georgia, numbering among his pupils many who subse quently became famous, including Senator William Smith and President Jackson. In 1775 he was an ardent patriot, was present at all of the Mecklen- burg whig meetings, and at the exciting scene during the reading of the celebrated Declaration in the Mecklenburg court-house. Meanwhile he studied theology under Rev. Dr. James Hall, and was ordained to preach by the presbytery of Orange in December, 1780. Afterward he filled the office of pastor to twenty parishes in different localities in Georgia and the Carolinas. In 1778 he was a member of the South Carolina convention held to decide upon the constitution of the United States, and voted for its adoption. The University of Georgia conferred upon him the degree of I). D. in 1820. He published sermons and political and scientific pamphlets. CUMMINS, George David, assistant P. K. bishop, b. in Kent county, l)<-,\., 11 Dec,, 18^2 ; d. ?J) June, 1870. He was graduated at Dickinson col- lege, Carlisle, Pa., in 1841, and entered the Metho- dist ministry, but subsequently took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church, being ordained deacon in 1845 and priest in 1847, and becoming rector of churches in Virginia, Maryland, and Illinois. He was consecrated assistant bishop of Kentucky, 15 Nov., I860, but soon became dissatisfied with" the state of things in the Episcopal church, chiefly on account of the progress of ritualism, and in 187:; abandoned his olliee and took steps toward found- ing a new sect, designated by itself " The Reformed Episcopal church," becoming its first bishop. He was formally deposed from the Protestant Episco- pal ministry, under the canon provided for similar cases, by the presiding bishop, the Bt. Rev. Jj<;n- jamin Bosworth Smith. CUMMINS, Maria Susanna, author, b. in Salem, Mass., 9 April, 1827; d. in Dorchester, 1 Oct., 1866. She was the daughter of Judge David Cummins, and received her education at Mrs. Charles Sedgwick's school in Lenox. About 1850 she turned her attention to literature, and beside her novels contributed various articles to the " At- lantic Monthly " and other magazines. Her first book, " The Lamplighter " (Boston, 1854), achieved great popularity, and upward of 40,000 copies were sold within two months. It passed through several editions in this country and in England, and its entire sale has exceeded 119,000 copies. Her later publications include " Mabel Vaughan " (1857), which is considered by many critics superior to her first book ; " El Fureidis," a story of Pales- tine and Syria (1860) ; and " Haunted Hearts " (1864). Miss Cummins was a writer of great power ; her characters were drawn with skill, and there was always a motive in her productions aside from their general interest. CUNARD, Sir Samuel, founder of the Cunard steamship line, b. in Halifax, N. S., 15 Nov., 1787 ; d. in England, 28 April, 1865. He was the son of a mechanic, and became a successful merchant in several kinds of business. In 1838 he formed the Cunard company, and made a contract with the British government to carry the mails fortnightly for seven years between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston. The " Britannia," " Acadia," " Caledonia." and " Columbia " steamships, of 1,200 tons register and 440 horse-power, were built for this service, and formed the first line of mail steamers. Mr. Cunard was created a baronet, 9 March, 1857. — His son, Sir Edward, b. in Halifax, N. S.. 1 Jan., 1816; d. in New York, 6 April, 1869. was educated in his native province, and was for thirty years agent of the Cunard line of steamers at New York. He succeeded to his fathers title. CUNEQUEO (coo-nay-cay'-o), Araucanian hero- ine, b. in the Manguena district. Chili, in the latter part of the 16th century; d. about 1612. While very young she married Quepotan. an Araucanian officer, and began her career as a warrior by ac- companying her husband, fighting by his side. against the Spaniards. She distinguished herself during the long defence of Liben. After Quepo- tan had been killed, she resolved to avenge his death ; and in 1590 was at the head of an army of Pulches, with which she attacked every Span- ish settlement in Arauco, and put to death all Eu- ropeans taken prisoners by her troops. The gov- ernor of Chili, with a large force, went to meet her army, but Cunequeo. by remaining in well- chosen positions and ably directing attacks upon the Spaniards, forced him to retreat. Then she 38 d'NHA BARBOSA CURANTEO moved toward the fortress of Pucnanqui, defeated and killed Maj. Aranda and pan of his troops that had left the place to prevent her from advanc- But she baled to take the fortress, and was obliged to go into winter quarters near the city of Villarrica. which her warriors kept besieged until, early in 1591, its governor came out with a Large number of men. She commanded her forces dur- ing several attacks, and did not leave the held until the Spanish artillery had decimated her ranks. After this campaign she retired to private life. Cunequeo always went on horseback among her officers, fought like the bravest of her war- -. and on several occasions killed Spanish soldiers with her own hands. Ercilla, the author . >f •• La Araucana." devoted many pages of his great epic to a description of her prowess. ( IM1.V BARBOSA, Januario da (koon'-yah bar-bo'-sa), Brazilian statesman, b. 10 July. 1780; d. 22 Feb., 1846. He was chaplain of John VI., anil afterward professor of moral philosophy. On 15 Dec., 1821, he established, in conjunction with Ledo, the " Reverbero Constitucional," a political journal, at Rio de Janeiro, favoring Brazilian in- dependence. After this had been declared, Cunha was arrested, ? Dec., 1822, and banished to France. To repair this injustice, he was appointed in 1824 canon of the imperial chapel. In 182G he became a member of the assemby. In concert with Gen. Cunha. he founded the Historical and geographical ity of Rio de Janeiro. lie also edited a politi- cal journal favorable to the government, and an agricultural paper, and was imperial historiogra- pher and director of the national library. He left a small volume of poems. CUNHA DE AZEYEDO COUTINHO, Jose Joaqaim da (koon'-ya day ah-thay-vay'-do koo- tc.-n -yo), Brazilian bishop, b. in San Salvador do Campo dos Goitacazes, Rio Janeiro, 8 Sept., 1743; d. in Rio Janeiro, 12 Sept., 1821. After studying in the capita] of his province, he finished his edu- cation at Coimbra. Portugal, and returned to his country. In 1784 he went to Lisbon as deputy to the Inquisition, and was appointed bishop of Per- nambuco in 1794, where he at once devoted him- self to benevolent work, specially the building of hospitals, also founding a seminary for the instruc- tion of priests, for which Queen Mary of Portu- gal gave him several estates that had belonged to the Jesuits, lb' was appointed bishop of Bra- ganza in 1802, archbishop of Braga in 1806, and bishop of Beja in 1817, and although he declined to be removed from his diocese, he was obliged rve as presidenl of the board in charge of monastic affair-, lb- died soon after his election a- deputy to the Brazilian cortes. lie had distin- guished himself by his patriotism during the Na- »nic wars, and left works highly esteemed in 1 and Portugal, which have been translated into several languages. ( I.M1 \ MATTOS. RaimundoJos§da(koon- yah-mah'-tos), Brazilian soldier, b. in Faro, prov- ince of Algarve, 2 Nov., 1770; d. in March, 1840. lb- entered the Portuguese army in 1700, served three year- in the south of Prance, and eighteen in Africa, then served in Rio Janeiro, and afterward acting governor of St. Thomas. In 181? he returned to Brazil, commanded the artil- of Pernambuco, and subsequent ly governed the province of Goyaz. !!'• published a work on the interior of Brazil (1830). Removing to bio de Janeiro in 1820. be was elected to the legislature, directed the military academy of bio in \K>2< and was mad'- commander-in-chief of the Brazilian army. He was secretary for life of the industrial aid society, atid one of the founders, and for sev- eral years vice-president, of the Historical society of Rio de Janeiro. CUNNINGHAM, Robert, loyalist, b. in Ire- land about 1730 ; d. in Nassau, W. L, in 1813. In 1 769 he settled in the district of Ninety-Six (now Abbeville), S. C, and soon became a judge. He in- curred the enmity of the whigs by his disapproval of their action in sustaining the cause of Massa- chusetts and in the adoption of the non-impor- tation act. In 1775 he was imprisoned in Charles- ton, and after his release joined the British forces. During 1780 he was commissioned brigadier-gen- eral, and placed in command of a garrison in South Carolina. In the following year he served in the field against Gen. Thomas Sumter. His estate was confiscated in 1782. After the war he petitioned to be allowed to remain in South Caro- lina, but this request was refused, and he removed to the Bahamas and settled in Nassau. The British government made him a liberal allowance for his losses, and gave him an annuity. CUNNINGHAM, William, provost-marshal, b. in Dublin ; d. in London, 10 Aug., 1791. From his confession, published at the time of his death, he appears to have been the son of a trumpeter in the dragoons, and to have been born in the bar- racks in Dublin. He arrived in New York in 1774, and was occupied for a time in the breaking of horses and in giving riding-lessons. His course at the beginning of the Revolutionary war rendered him obnoxious to the whigs in New York, and he fled to Boston, where, continuing his opposition to the popular movement, he attracted the attention of Gen. Thomas Gage, who appointed him provost- marshal to the royal army. In 1778 he had charge of the prisons in Philadelphia, and later of those in New York ; and in both places his cruel- ties to the prisoners became notorious. The de- tails of his crimes are horrible. Of the prisoners under his care, 2,000 were starved to death, and more than 250 were hanged without trial. At the close of the war he went to England, and settled in Wales. Later he resided in London, where he became exceedingly dissipated, and, in order to re- lieve his embarrassment, mortgaged his half-pay, and subsequently forged a draft. For this offence he was convicted and executed. CURANTEO (coo-ran-tay'-o), Araucanian cacique of the Promanco tribe, b. in Puren, Chili, in 1726 ; d. there in 1785. He became famous among the Araucanian warriors, and they appointed him their generalissimo to direct the war against the Span- iards in 1766. He began operations by destroying several towns and settlements of the whites. At the head of 8,000 Indians, he fought a battle at Tucapel (1767) against the Spanish Gen. Gonzala, who, after a long and tenacious resistance, was forced to retreat to Chilian, and subsequently be- sieged by Curanteo. In 1768 he fought and won another important battle in the Arauco valley, but lost a leg in the struggle. In a fierce battle near Angol with Gen. Ponte, governor of Chili, in 1768, he was badly defeated. From that time until 1772 Curanteo had many encounters with the Span- iards, his principal purpose being to damage the settlers rather than obtain victories in the field. In April, 1773, he was again defeated near Quillero in one of the most terrible battles known in the history of Chili. In 1780 he won a battle against the Spanish army, whose commander signed a treaty of peace granting the Araucanian chief what he demanded. Curanteo retired to his na- tive town, and, although his body was covered with wounds, attained an advanced age. CURRIE CUEEY 33 CURRIE, James George, Canadian statesman, b. in Toronto, 24 Nov., 1827. He was educated at Niagara, Ontario, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. lie was speaker of the Onta- rio assembly from 21 Dee., 1871, till 30 Mareh, 1873, when he resigned and represented Niagara in the legislative council of Canada from 1862 till August, 1866. In 1875 he introduced measures in the Ontario legislature in favor of manhood suffrage -in local parliamentary elections, for the establishment of cumulative voting in municipali- ties, and for the abolition of grand juries. CURRY, Daniel, clergyman, b. near Peekskill, N. Y., 26 Nov., 1809 ; d. in New York city, 17 Aug., 1887. He was graduated at Wesleyan in 1837, and in the same year became principal of Troy conference academy. He was called to a profes- sorship in the female college at Macon, Ga., in 1839, and in 1841 entered the Georgia conference of the Methodist Episco- pal church, holding pastorates at Ath- ens, Savannah, and Columbus. When the church sepa- rated into a north- ern and a southern branch, Mr. Curry joined the New York conference, and filled impor- tant stations in New Haven, Brook- lyn, New York, and Hartford. Wesley- an university gave him the degree of D. D. in 1852, and from 1854 till 1857 he was presi- dent of Indiana Asbury university, at Greencastle, Ind. He then resumed pastoral work till 1864, when he was chosen tp the editorship of the New York " Christian Advocate," retaining it till 1876. He edited the " National Repository " in 1876-80, and resumed his ministerial duties till 1884, when he became chief editor of the " Methodist Review," having been an associate editor since 1881. Syra- cuse university gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1878. Besides about sixty articles in periodicals, Dr. Curry has published " New York : a Histori- cal Sketch" (New York, 1853); "Life-Story of Bishop D. W. Clark" (1873); "Fragments, Re- ligious and Theological" (1880); and "Platform Papers" (1880). He has also edited Southey's " Life of John Wesley " (1847). CURRY, George Law, governor of Oregon, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 2 June, 1820 ; d. in Portland, Oregon, 28 July, 1878. His grandfather was a na- tive of England, and his father, George Curry, commanded the Philadelphia " Washington Blues " as first lieutenant in the battle of Bladen sburg in 1812. Young Curry removed with his family to Caracas, Venezuela, in 1824, but soon returned, re- siding near Holmesburg, Pa., till his father's death in 1829. From 1831 till 1840 he lived with his uncle in Boston, where he was apprenticed to a jeweller. In 1838 he was president of the Mechanic apprentices' library, and delivered several addresses and poems before the association. He went to St. Louis in 1843 and connected himself with Joseph M. Field in the publication of the " Reveille." He removed to Oregon City, Oregon, in 1846, took charge of the " Oregon Spectator," the first news- paper published on the Pacific coast, and in 1848 VOL. II. — 3 ^t^C C***svy founded the "Oregon Free IV---." He v.;. pointed secretary of the territory in 1853. and, after twice acting as governor for short periods, wae ap- pointed to that office in 1854, and held it till the admission of Oregon into the Union in 1859. His administration was marked by the rapid develop- ment of the territory and by several Indian wars, one of which — in 1855 — was the most bloody in the history of the northwest coast. Besid< I . - troops, about 2,500 volunteers were kept in the field for several months, and Gov. Cnrry distin- guished himself by his services in conquering a peace. He was afterward thanked by the legisla- tures of Oregon and Washington territories. In 1860 he came within one vote of an election to the U. S. senate. In 1866 he worked earnestly in be- half of the Northern Pacific railroad, which he had first advocated in St. Louis in 1845. l\<- afterward retired to his farm on Willamette river. He was subsequently state land commissioner. CURRY, Jabez Lamar Monroe, educator, b. in Lincoln county, Ga., 5 June, 1825 He re- moved with his father to Talladega county, Ala., in 1838, was graduated at the University of Georgia in 1843, and at Harvard law-school in 1845. After entering on the practice of his pro- fession in Talladega county, he served in the Mexi- can war as a private of Texas rangers in 1846. but resigned on account of his health. He was chosen to the Alabama legislature in 1847, 1853, and 1855, and in 1856 was an elector on the democratic ticket. He was then elected to congress without opposition, as a state-rights democrat, and served from 7 Dec, 1857, till 21 Jan., 1861, when he re- signed, having previously joined with the other Alabama representatives at Washington in advis- ing the immediate secession of the state. He was a deputy from Alabama to the provisional Confed- erate congress, a representative in the first Con- federate congress, and in 1864— '5 served in the Confederate army, under Gen. Joseph E. John- ston, as lieutenant-colonel of cavalry. At the close of the war he was ordained as a Baptist clergyman, was president of Howard college, Ala., in 1866-'8, and professor of English, philosophy, and constitutional law in Richmond college, Va., in 1868-'81. He was president of the foreign mis- sion board of the southern Baptist convention in 1874-'85, and of the trustees of Richmond college in 1882-'5. In 1881-'5 Dr. Curry was general agent of the Peabody educational fund, and he has " labored in behalf of public-school education, higher, normal, and industrial, for all the people of both races." Dr. Curry is one of the most effective platform speakers in the country, and has declined numerous invitations to become a pastor, preferring to preach occasionally. An address made by him before the Evangelical alliance, urg- ing the complete separation of church and state, was reprinted and distributed in England by the disestablishment party. In the spring of 1885 Dr. Curry was appointed IT. S. minister to Spain, and in that capacity he has settled several important questions that have been pending for years. Mer- cer university, Georgia, gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1867, and Rochester university that of D. D. in 1871. He is a contributor to the religious press, and has published speeches and pamphlets. CURRY, Otway, journalist, b. in Greenfield. Ohio, 26 March. 1804 : d. in Marysville. IT Feb.. 1855. He removed with his father to Pleasant Valley, Ohio, in 1811. and his early education was interrupted by the war. He went to Lebanon in 1823, learned the carpenter's trade, and worked at it in various towns till 1829, at the same time 34 CURTIN CURTIS writing poetry for the newspapers. He was then a farmer in Union county till IS:!;1, ami served in the slat u re in IS;U>-'?. ' lie became one of the edi- • rs of the "Hesperian," at Columbus, Ohio, in - -. ami in 1839 began to study law at Marvsville. Ele was again in the legislature in 1843, and in that year bought the "Greene County Torchlight," pub- lished in Xmia. Ohio, lie returned to Marvsville in 1845, ami practised his profession till his death, t in 1 N-""»">-'4. when he edited the "Scioto Ga- /.ette." in Chillieothe. He published - Love of the ' st," a poem (Cincinnati, 1838). See Coggeshall's •■ r ts and Poetry of the West.** CURTIN, Andrew Gregg, governor of Penn- sylvania, b, in Bellefonte, Centre eo., Pa., 82 April, 1*815. His father, Roland Curtin, emigrated from •id in 1793, and in 1807 established near ';'. fonte one of the first manufactories of iron in that region. Andrew studied law in Dickinson college law-school, was admitted to the bar in 1839, and soon became prominent. He early entered politics a- a whig, laboring for Harrison's election in L840, aiul making a successful canvass of the state for Clay in 1844. lie was a presidential elector in 1848, and a candidate for elector on the whig ticket in 1852. In 1854 Gov. Pollock ap- pointed him secretary of the commonwealth and i \- Ificio superintendent of common schools, and in the discharge of his duties Mr. Curtin did much toward reforming and perfecting- the school system of the state. In his annual report of 1855 he recom- mended to the leg- islature the estab- lishment of nor- mal schools, and his suggestion was adopted. In 1860 he was the re- publican candi- date for governor. The democrats, though divided in national politics, were united in Pennsylvania, but Mr. Curtin was elected by a ma- jority of 32,000. In his inaugural address he advo- cated th<- forcible suppression of secession, and throughout thecontesl thai followed he was one of the '• war governors" who were most earnest in their support of the national government. lie responded promptly to the first fall for troops, and when Gen. Patterson, who wa- in command in Pennsylvania, asked for twenty-five thousand more, they were im- mediately furnished. Gen. Patterson's requisition afterward revoked by the secretary of war, on rip: ground that the troops were not needed; but I - . Curtin. instead of disbanding them, obtained authority from th<' legislature to equip them at the state's expense, and hold them subject to the call of the national government. This body of men ne known as the " Pennsylvania Reserve," and accepted by the authorities at Washington a reeks later. Gov. Curtin was untiring in his effort- for the comfort of the soldiers, answering carefully the numerous letters sent him from the field, and originated a system of care and instruc- tion for the children of those slain in battle, mak- ing them wards of the state. He thus became known in the ranks as " the soldiers' friend." Gov. p.^* /^^sW^ZZ^i Curtin's health began to fail in 1863, and he signi- fied his intention of accepting a foreign mission that had been ottered him as soon as his term should expire, but in the mean time he was re- nominated, and re-elected by 15.000 majority. In November, 1865, he went to Cuba for his health, and in that year declined another offer of a foreign mission. In 1809 Gen. Grant appointed him min- ister to Russia, and in 18(58 and 1872 he was promi- nently mentioned as a candidate for vice-president. He returned home in August, 1872, supported Hor- ace Greeley for the presidency, and subsequently joined the democratic party, by which he was elect- ed to congress for three successive terms, serving from 1881 till 1887. CURTIN, Jeremiah, linguist, b. in Milwaukee, Wis., about 1835. He had little education in child- hood, but at the age of twenty or twenty-one pre- pared himself to enter Phillips Exeter academy, made extraordinary progress, and soon entered Har- vard college, where he was graduated in 1863. By this time he had become noted among his classmates and acquaintances for his wonderful facility as a linguist. On leaving college he had acquired a good knowledge of French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Rumanian, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic. Gothic, German, and Finnish, besides Greek and. Latin. He had also made considerable progress in Hebrew, Persian, and Sanskrit, and was beginning to speak Russian. When Admiral Lissofsky's fleet visited this country in 1864, Curtin became ac- quainted with the officers and accompanied the ex- pedition on its return to Russia. In St. Petersburg- he obtained employment as a translator of polyglot telegraphic despatches, but he was presently ap- pointed by Mr. Seward to the office of secretary of the U. S. legation, and he held this place till 1868. During this period he became familiar with the Polish, Bohemian, Lithuanian, Lettish, and Hun- garian languages, and made a beginning in Turkish. From 1868 till 1877 he travelled in eastern Europe and in Asia, apparently in the service of the Rus- sian government. In 1873, at the celebration at Prague of the 500th anniversary of the birth of John Huss, he delivered the oration, speaking with great eloquence in the Bohemian language. , Dur- ing his travels in the Danube country he learned to speak Slovenian, Croatian, Servian, and Bulga- rian. He lived for some time in the Caucasus,, where he learned Mingrelian, Abkasian, and Ar- menian. At the beginning of the Russo-Turkish war in 1877, he left the Russian dominions, and, after a year in London, returned to his native country. Since then he has been studying the languages of the American Indians, and has made valuable re- searches under the auspices of *Maj. John W. Powell and the bureau of ethnology. He is said to be ac- quainted with more than fifty languages. CURTIS, Alfred A., R. C. bishop, b. in Somer- set county, Md., in 1833. He began his studies for the Protestant Episcopal church in 1854, support- ing himself during his course by teaching. In 1856 he was ordained deacon and sent to St. John's parish, Worcester, and in 1859 was ordained priest. At the close of the year he had charge of Catoctm Furnace parish, Frederick co., Md. While there he received a call as assistant rector of St. Luke's, Baltimore, where he ministered until 1864, when he was sent to officiate at Chestertown, Md. He was recalled at the close of the year and placed in charge of Mount Calvary church, Baltimore, where he remained rector until December, 1870, when he resigned. He went to England in 1871, was re- ceived into the Roman Catholic church the same year by Cardinal Newman, returned to Baltimore, CURTIS CURTIS 35 /Z?sf and entered the Seminary of St. Sulpiee. He was ordained by Archbishop Bayley in 1874, being ap- pointed his secretary and assistant at the cathedral, and he was created bishop of Wilmington in 1886. CURTIS, Alva, physician, b. in Columbia, N. TI., 3 June, 1707; d. in Ohio in 1881. He lectured in the Botanic medical college of Ohio, and from 1837 till 1852 was editor of the " Botanico-medi- cal Recorder," also of the " Journal of Education and of Physiological and Medical Reforms." Dr. Curtis published " Medical Discussions " (1833) ; "Lectures on Midwifery" (1838); "Theory and Practice of Medicine" (1842, republished in Eng- land) ; and " Medical Criticisms " (1856). CURTIS, Benjamin Rohbins, jurist, b. in Watertown, Mass., 4 Nov., 1809 ; d. in Newport, R. I., 15 Sept., 1874. He was graduated at Har- vard in 1829, ad- mitted to the bar in 1832, and, after practising for a short time in North- field, Mass., re- moved to Boston. The extent and readiness of his at- tainments, his ac- curacy, and his logical mind, soon made him promi- nent in his pro- fession. In 1851 President Fillmore appointed him to the U. S. supreme bench. In the cele- brated " Dred Scott " case he dissented from the decision of the court and made a powerful argu- ment in support of his conclusions. He upheld the right of congress to prohibit slavery, and declared his dissent from " that part of the opinion of the majority of the court in which it is held that a person of African descent can- not be a citizen of the United States." On this memorable occasion only one other justice of the seven coincided with the opinion of Judge Cur- tis. He resigned in 1857, and resumed practice in Boston, frequently appearing before the su- preme court at Washington in important cases. He was for two years a member of the Massachu- setts legislature, but took little part in politics, devoting himself with earnestness to his profession. In the impeachment trial of President Johnson in 1868 Judge Curtis was one of the counsel for the defence. The answer to the articles of impeach- ment was read by him, and was largely his work. He opened the case in a speech that occupied two days in delivery, and that was commended for legal soundness and clearness. He was the democratic candidate for U. S. senator in 1874. He published "Reports of Cases in the Circuit Courts of the United States" (2 vols.. Boston, 1854); " Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States," with notes and a digest (22 vols., Boston) ; and " Digest of the Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States." from the origin of the court to 1854. Of his "Memoir and Writings" (2 vols., Boston, 1880), the first volume contains a memoir by George Ticknor Curtis, and the second " Mis- cellaneous Writings," edited by his son, Benjamin R. Curtis.— His brother, George Ticknor, lawyer, b. in Watertown, Mass., 28 Nov., 1812, was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1832. He was admitted to the bar in 1836, and engaged in the practice of the law in Boston till 1862, when he removed to New York. While in Boston, Mr. Curtis held the office of U. S. commissioner, and as such, in 1851, return':'! to his master a fugitive slave named Thomas Sim*. \<>r which act he was severely denounced by the aboli- tionists. J le also served for two or three year- in the Massachusetts legislature, but has allowed politics to interfere but little with his profession and his historical investigations. Be has published a "Digest, of English and American Admiralty Decisions" (Boston, 1830;; volumes ii. and iii.of a "Digest of the Decisions of the Courts of Com- mon Law and Admiralty in the United Stun-" (3 vols., 1840-0); "Rights and Duties of Merchant Seamen " (1841) ; " American Conveyancer " (1846) ; "Law of Copyright" (1847); "Law of Patents" (1849; 4th ed., 1873); "Equity Precedents " (1860); " Inventor's Manual," " Commentaries on the Juris- prudence, Practice, and Peculiar Jurisdiction of the Courts of the United States " (2 vols.. l*54-:8; ; "History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Constitution of the United States " (2 vols.. 1855-'8) ; " Life of Daniel Webster " (New York. 1870); "Life of James Buchanan" (1883;: and " Creation or Evolution " (1887). CURTIS, Calvin, artist, b. in Stratford, Conn., 5 July, 1822. He studied art in the National acad- emy in 1841, and also under Daniel Huntington. After painting portraits in New York for some years, he went to Bridgeport, Conn., in 1850, and afterward to Stratford. His works include por- traits of Chief-Justice Thomas B. Butler, Gren. W. U. Noble, Judge C. B. Beardsley, and Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Hewitt. Mr. Curtis has also given some time to landscape-painting. He has suffered from a spinal disease for thirty years, and it has been said that " every touch of his pencil has been at- tended with a twinge of nervous pain." CURTIS, George William, author, b. in Provi- dence, R. L, 24 Feb., 1824. After attending a school in Jamaica Plain, Mass., he removed to New York with his father in 1839, and for a year was a clerk in a mercantile house in that city. He with his elder brother, in 1842, joined the community of Brook Farm, in West Roxbury, Mass., and, after eighteen months of study and farm labor, the brothers went to Concord, Mass., where they spent eighteen months more in a farm- er's family, after- ward tilling a small piece of land on their own account for six months. In 1846 Mr. Curtis went abroad, living for some time in Italy and Germany, and afterward travel- ling in Egypt and Syria. He re- turned to this country in 1850, and soon after- ward became one of the editorial staff of the New York " Tribune." Mr. Curtis was one of the editors of the first series of " Putnam's Monthly " from its appearance in 1852 till it ceased to exist. About three years after it was established the magazine passed into the hands of the firm of Dix, Edwards 6 Co., in which Mr. Curtis was a special partner, pecuniarily responsible, but taking no part in its commercial management. In the spring of 1857 'fe-^^y^ CURTIS CURTIS the house, which had also undertaken to publish books. \\;i> found to be insolvent for a Large amount, and Mr. Curtis sank his private fort une in the endeavor to save its creditors from loss, h he finally accomplished in L873. In 1858 he g Hi in - Harper's Monthly " the series of papers entitled the " Kditor's Easy Chair," ami in the same year entered the lecture field, meeting with great success. He soon gained reputation as a popular and in the presidential canvass of 185(5 re in behalf of the republican candidates. after the establishment of " Harper's Weekly," in 1857, he became its Leading editorial writer. which place he still holds, and on the establishment of " Harper's Bazar*' in L867 he began a series of papers under the title oi " Manners upon the Road," which was continued weekly until the spring of 1873. He was a delegate to the Republican na- tional conventions of I860 and 18(54. and in the ■ year was an unsuccessful candidate for con- — in the 1st New York district. In 1862 he declined the office o\' consul-general in Egypt, offered him bv President Lincoln. In 18G7 he was elected a delegate at large to the Constitutional con- vention of New York, in which he was chairman of the committee on education. In 1868 he was nominated a republican presidential elector, and in ls»i!' declined the republican nomination for tary of state of New York. Mr. Curtis has always been an earnest advocate of civil-service reform, and in 1871 was appointed by President Grant one of a commission to draw up rules for the regulation of the civil service. He was elected chairman of the commission and of the advisory board in which it was subsequently merged, but - _i.d in March. 1873, on account of difference of views between him and the president in regard to the enforcement of the rules. He was a delegate to til.- National republican convention of 1876 that nominated Presidenl Haves, and at the beginning of the administration he was asked to select a for- eign mi— ion. which he declined, and he also de- clined the special offer of the mission to Germany. Mr. < lurtis was chairman of a meeting of independ- ent republicans that met in New York on 16 June, lssl. to take action against the nomination of James <;. Blaine, made by the Chicago convention, and he subsequently supported the democratic can- didate, Grover Cleveland. Since 1864 Mr. Curtis has been one of the regents of the University of the state of New York, and is now (1886) its vice- chancellor, lb- has published "Nile Notes of a Bowadji" (New York. 1851); "The Howadji in Syria" (1852); "Lotus-Eating," letters originally n to the New York ••Tribune" from various ring-places (1852); two volumes of selections from h;- contributions to "Putnam's Magazine," entitled "Potiphar Papers" (1853) and " Prue and I " | 1856); and "Trumps," a novel, which had appeared in " Harper's Weekly" in ls.^s-'ii (1862). half-brother, Joseph Bridgham, soldier, b. in Providence, P. I.. 25 Oct., 1836; killed near Fredericksburg, Va., 13 Dec., 1802, was gradu- ated at the Lawrence scientific school of Har- vard in 1856. In 1*57 In- became a member of th<- New Fork Central park engineer corps, and in April. 1861, was appointed engineer, with the rank of captain, in the 9th New York volun- After thai regimenl was mustered out, he became, on it; Sept., 1861, second lieutenant in the ith Rhode Island volunteers, and was pro- moted to first lieutenant on 2 Oct. !!<■ served wit h Burnside in North Carolina, distinguished himself by hi- coolness and daring ;it the capture of Roan- oke Island, 7 Feb., L862, and on 9 June was ap- pointed assistant adjutant-general on Gen. Rod- man's staff. In August he was promoted, at Gen. Burnside's special request, to the lieutenant-colo- nelcy of the 4th Rhode Island regiment, joined the Army of the Potomac, and was with it in the suc- cession of battles between the Rappahannock and Washington. In the battle of Antietam his regi- ment sulfe red so much that it was withdrawn from the Held by the general's command, whereupon Col. Curtis took a musket and cartridge-box from a dead soldier and did duty as a private in a Penn- sylvania regiment till the close of the battle. He was killed at Fredericksburg while in command of his regiment, the colonel having been disabled by a wound. See a memoir by George William Curtis, in John R. Bartlett's " Rhode Island in the Rebel- lion " (1867). — Joseph Bridgham's brother, Ed- ward, b. in Providence, R. I., 4 June, 1838, was graduated at Harvard in 1859, and received his medical degree from the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1864. He had entered the army as medi- cal cadet on 6 Sept., 1861, became acting assistant surgeon on 5 May, 1863, assistant surgeon in 1864, and was. brevetted captain and major on 13 March, 1865. He resigned from the army in 1870, and began practice in New York city. During the later years of his army service he was in charge of the microscopical section of the medi- cal museum, and was especially engaged in develop- ing the art of photographing through the micro- scope. He became lecturer on histology in the College of physicians and surgeons in 1870, and in 1873 was given the chair of materia medica and therapeutics, becoming professor emeritus in 1886. He was made assistant surgeon to the New York eye and ear infirmary in 1872, surgeon in 1874, and in 1876 became medical director of the Equitable life assurance society, retiring from active practice. Dr. Curtis has published a " Catalogue of the Mi- croscopical Section of the U. S. Army Medical Mu- seum " (Washington, 1867), -and " Manual of Gen- eral Medicinal Technology" (New York, 1883). — Another brother, John Green, became, in 1873, adjunct professor of anatomy in the College of phy- sicians and surgeons, New York city. CURTIS, Harvey, clergyman, b. in Adams, Jefferson co., N. Y., 30 May, 1806 ; d. in Galesburg, 111., 18 Sept., 1862. He was graduated at Middle- bury, in 1831, with the highest honors of his class, and studied for the next three years at Princeton theological seminary. He was licensed to preach by Troy presbytery, and, on 18 Feb., 1836, was ordained pastor of the Congregational church in Brandon, Vt. In 1841 he accepted an appoint- ment from the American home missionary society as their agent for Ohio and Indiana, and from 1843 till 1858 held pastorates in Madison, Ind., and Chi- cago, 111. He was chosen president of Knox col- lege, at Galesburg, 111., in 1858. CURTIS, Josiah, physician, b. in Wethersfield, Conn., in 1816. He was graduated at Yale in 1840, and soon afterward became principal of an academy in Salem, N. J., and later taught in Philadelphia, where he studied medicine, and in 1843 was gradu- ated at Jefferson medical college. After spending a year in lecturing on physiology and public health, he settled for practice in Lowell, Mass. In 1849 he removed to Boston, and between 1850 and 1855 twice visited Europe for the purpose of studying the sanitary condition of the large cities. In 1861 he was called to Washington to superintend the mortality statistics of the U. S. census of 1860. lie 1 here entered the army, and remained with it until 1865, when he took up his residence in Knox- ville, Ky. In 1872 Dr. Curtis filled the place of CURTIS CCKTISS \>>1 surgeon, microscopist, and naturalist to the U. S. geological survey, and in 1873 became chief medical ollicer of the XT. S. Indian service. He has pub- lished numerous articles on ventilation and kindred subjects, and is the author of a report on the " Hy- giene of Massachusetts " (1849), and earlier reports to the Massachusetts legislature on the registration of births, marriages, and deaths. He is noted as the discoverer of collodion. CURTIS, Newton Martin, soldier, b. in Do Peyster, St. Lawrence CO., N. Y., 21 May, 1835. He was educated at common schools, and at Gouver- neur Wesleyan seminary, in 1854U'5. He became a prominent democrat, was postmaster of his native town in 1857-'61, and democratic candidate for assembly in 1860. He enrolled a volunteer com- pany on 14 April, 1861, was commissioned captain in the 16th New York regiment on 7 May, and served in the Army of the Potomac. He became lieutenant-colonel and then colonel of the 142d New York infantry, and during the battle of Cold Harbor was assigned to the command of a brigade whose leader had been killed in the action. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 28 Oct., 1864, and for his services at the capture of Fort Fisher was promoted on the field to briga- dier-general of volunteers, and was also thanked by the legislature of New York. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, and assigned to duty as chief of staff to Gren. E. 0. C. Ord. On 1 July, 1865, he was given the command of southwestern Virginia, with headquarters at Lynchburg, and was mustered out on 15 Jan., 1866. He was collector of customs in the district of Os- wegatchie, N. Y., in 1866-7, special agent of the U. S. treasury from 1867 till his resignation in 1880, and a member of the legislature in 1883-'5, having been elected as a republican. He was presi- dent of the state agricultural society in 1880, and has been secretary and trustee of the state agricul- tural station since its organization in that year. CURTIS, Samuel Ryan, soldier, b. in New York state, 3 Feb., 1807; d. in Council Bluffs, Iowa, 26 Dec, 1866. He removed when a child to Ohio, and was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1831, but resigned from the army in 1832, and became a civil engineer, superintending the Muskingum river improvements in 1837-'9. He then studied law, and practised in Ohio from 1841 till 1846. He had become a captain of militia in 1833, was lieutenant-colonel in 1837-'42, colonel in 1843-'45, and in 1846 was made adjutant-gen- eral of Ohio for the special purpose of organizing the state's quota of volunteers for the Mexican war. He served in that war as colonel of the 2d Ohio regiment, and was commandant of Camargo, a large military depot, holding it on 18 Feb., 1847, against Gen. Urrea, and then pursuing the enemy by forced marches through the mountains to Ramos, Mexico, thus opening Gen. Taylor's communica- tions. After the discharge of his regiment he served on Gen. Wool's staff, and as governor of Saltillo, Mexico, in 1847-'8. He then engage4 in engineering in the west, and in 1855 settled as a lawyer in Keokuk, Iowa. While a resident of this place he was elected to congress as a republican, and served two terms and part of a third, from 1857 till 1861, being a member of the committees on military affairs and the Pacific railroad. He was also a delegate from Iowa to the peace con- gress of February, 1861. He resigned from con- gress in 1861 to become colonel of the 2d Iowa regiment, and on 17 May was commissioned briga- dier-general of volunteers, being on the first list sent to the senate for confirmation. He took charge of the large camp of instruction Dear St. Louis in August and September, 1861, commanded the southwestern district of Missouri from 26 Dec, 1861, till February, 1862, and the arm flic southwest fill August, 1862. On 6-8 March, at Pea Ridge, Ark., he gained a decisive victory over a Confederate fore-, commanded by Gens. Price and MoCulJooh. lb; wjj.s promoted to major- general of volunteers on 21 March, 1862. and from 14 July fill 29 August, occupied Helena, Ark., having marched over one thousand miles through wildernesses and swamps. While on Leave of ab- sence, from 29 Aug. till 24 Sept., 1862, he was president of the Pacific railroad convention in Chicago. He was at the head of the Department of the Missouri from September, 1862. till May, 1863, and of that of Kansas from 1 Jan., 1864. till 7 Feb., 1865, commanding at Fort Leavenworth during the Price raid of October, 1864, and aiding in the defeat and pursuit of Gen. Price's army. He commanded the Department of the Northwest from 16 Feb. till 26 July, 1865, was U. S. commis- sioner to negotiate treaties with various Indian tribes from August till November, 1865, and to examine the Union Pacific railroad till April, 1866. CURTIS, Thomas, clergyman, b. in England about 1780; d. in 1858. He came to the United States in 1829, was pastor for some years of the Wentworth street Baptist church in Charleston, S. C, and subsequently established a young ladies' school at Limestone Spring. Dr. Curtis was a man of extensive knowledge and very powerful as a preacher. While in England he was the publisher of the " Encyclopaedia Metropolitana." He per- ished in a burning steamer on the Potomac river. — His son, Thomas F., b. in England, 26 Sept., 1815 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 9 Aug., 1872, was educated at a southern college, and studied the- ology. After holding a pastorate near Boston for several years, he accepted the chair of theology in Lewisburg university, Pa., but resigned in 1865, and in 1867 removed to Cambridge, Mass. He suffered with softening of the brain for some time before his death. Dr. Curtis published " Com- munion: the Distinction between Christian and Church Fellowship " ; " Progress of Baptist Prin- ciples in the last Hundred Years " ; and, after his resignation, " The Human Element in the Inspira- tion of the Sacred Scriptures," in which he took similar views with Bishop Colenso, but went be- yond him in some particulars, repudiating both the inspiration and authenticity of much of the Old Testament and part of the Xew (1867). CURTIS, William Edmund, jurist, b. in Litchfield, Conn., in 1824; d. in Watertown. Conn., 6 July, 1880. He was graduated at Trinity in 1843, admitted to the bar in 184?, and practised in New York city, where he rose rapidly in his profession. In 1871 he was elected judge of the New York supreme court, and at the time of his death was chief justice of the superior court. He was commissioner of the board of education, and for four years its president, and also vice-president of the geographical society. Judge Curtis re- ceived the degree of LL. D. from Trinity in 1862. CURTISS, Abby Allin. poet. b. in Pomfret, Conn., 15 Sept., 1820. Her father. Daniel Allin. was a sea-captain of Providence. R. I. In 1852 she married Daniel S. Curtiss, a Chicago journal- ist, and soon afterward removed with him to a farm in Madison, Wis. Her first piece. " Take me Home to Die," appeared in " Xeal's Gazette " in 1846. She has published - Home Ballads " (Bos- ton, 1850), and contributed to periodicals under the signature of " Xillo." - CURTISS GUSHING CURTISS, Samuel lyes, educator, b. in V- n. Conn., 5 Feb., L844 Be was graduated at Amherst in 1867. and at CTnion theological semi- nary in ls70. engaged in missionary work in New York, and in 1870 '2 wasconnected with the Fifth nue Presbyterian church. Be travelled in Ireland and Scotland in l872-'3, was ordained by the N . \\ Fork presbytery in 1874, and in 1874-8 stor of the Ajnerican chapel at Leipsic, of which he was one of the founders. While in Leipsic he attended lectures at the university. receiving the degree of Ph, D. in 187(5, and was afterward made a licentiate by Berlin university. Iowa college gave him the degree of D. D. in 1878, and in the same year he became professor of bibli- literature in the Congregational theological seminary, Chicago. In 1879 he was transferred to the chair of Old Testament literature and in- terpretation. Be is the author of "The Name Machabee," his doctor's thesis (Leipsic, 187G) ; a translation of Bickell's "Outlines of Hebrew Grammar" (,1877): of Delitzsch's "Messianic Prophecies" (Edinburgh, 1880): and "Old-Testa- ment History of Redemption" (1881); "The Levitical Priests" (1877): " De Aaronitici sacer- dotii atque thorse Elohisticse origine," his licentiate thesis i Berlin, 1878) : " Ingersoll and Moses " (Chi- g . 1879); and contributions in the "Current 1 1 a ossions in Theology" (1883 et seq.). CURWEN, Samuel! loyalist, b. in Salem, Mass., 28 Dec., L815; d. there, 9 April, 1802. He was graduated at Harvard in 1735, and studied for the mini-try. but became a merchant in his native place. In the winter of 1774-N5 he was a captain in Sir William Pepperell's expedition against Louisburg. In 1759 he became impost officer for i Sss x county, Mass., and in 1775 was judge of the admiralty court. From 1775 until 1784, as a loyal- ist, he resided abroad, returning to his native place in the autumn of 1784. His "Journal and Let- - " New York. 1842) contains interesting and valuable information concerning the lives of loyal- riles while abroad. ( I'SACK. Mary Frances, philanthropist, known a< the Xun of Ken mare, b. near Dublin, id. 'i May. 1*30. She spent most of her early lit''- in England, and began to write when very young. She entered an Anglican religious sister- hood, -""ii afterward became a Roman Catholic, and. returning to Ireland, joined at Newry, in 1859, a community of Franciscan nuns, known as the Irish Poor Clares, engaged in teaching poor 3. Two years later she established a convent of the Sisters at Kenmare, one of the most desti- tute parts of Ireland, and in 1884, in a personal interview with Pope Leo XIIL, obtained permis- sion to have the Poor Clares and found a new order, the Sisters of Peace, intended for the estab- lishment and care of homes for friendless girls, where domestic service would be taught and moral habit- be inculealed. She opened the first house of the new order at Nottingham, England, and in 1885 a similar house in Jersey City, N. J., the 'firs! foundation of the Sisters of Peace in the United States. Ber active efforts for the relief of the wretched pea-ants of Kenmare brought her into controversy with the Marquis of Lansdoune, the Ear] of Kenmare, and some others of the ter landlord- of that region, and with a section of the Catholics of England; bul she, seems to snjoved from the beginning the sympathy of most of the leading Catholics, lay and clerical, of her own country. She was in the United States in 1886. She has published more than fifty works, chief among which are a "Student's History of Ireland"; "Woman's Work in Modern Society"; lives of Daniel O'Connell, St. Patrick, St. Colum- ba, and St. Bridget; "The Pilgrim's Way to Heaven"; "Jesus and Jerusalem"; and "The Book of the Blessed Ones." CUSHING, Caleb, statesman, b. in Salisbury, Mass., 17 Jan., 1800; d. in Newburyport, Mass., 2 Jan., 1879. He was graduated at Harvard in 1817, and for two years was a tutor in mathematics and natural philosophy. He then studied law, was ad- mit ted to the bar, and settled in Newburyport. He rose rapidly in his profession, and, although busily engaged with his practice, found time to devote to literature and politics, and was a frequent contribu- tor to periodicals. In 1825 he was elected a repre- sentative to the lower house of the Massachusetts legislature, and in 1826 a member of the state sen- ate. At this time he belonged to the then repub- lican party. In 1829 Mr. Cushing visited Europe, and remained abroad two years. In 1833 he was again elected a representative from Newburyport to the Massachusetts legislature for two years, but in 1834 was elected from the Essex north district of Massachusetts a representative to congress, and served for four consecutive terms, until 1843. He supported the nomination of John Quincy Adams for the presiden- cy, and was a whig until the accession of John Tyler. When the break in the whig party occurred, during the ad- ministration of President Tyler, Mr. Cushing was one of the few northern whigs that continued to support the presi- dent, and became classed as a dem- ocrat. Soon af- terward he was nominated for secretary of the treasury, but the senate refused to confirm him. He was subsequently confirmed as commissioner to China, and made the first treaty between that country and the United States. On his return he was again elected a rep- resentative in the Massachusetts legislature. In 1847 he raised a regiment for the Mexican war at his own expense, became its colonel, and was subsequently made brigadier-general. While still in Mexico he was nominated by the democratic party of his state for governor, but failed in the election. From 1850 till 1852 he was again a mem- ber of the legislature of his native state, and, at the expiration of his term, was appointed associate justice of the state supreme court. In 1853 Presi- dent Pierce appointed him U. S. attorney-general, from which office he retired in 1857. In 1857, 1858, and 1859 he again served in the legislature of Massachusetts. In April, 1860, he was president of the Democratic national convention in Charles- ton, S. C, and was among the seceders from that body who met in Baltimore. At the close of 1860 he was sent to Charleston by President Buchanan, as a confidential commissioner to the secessionists of South Carolina; but his mission effected noth- ing. Mr. Cushing was frequently employed during the civil war in the departments at Washington, CUSIIING CUSHING 30 and in 18GG was appointed one of the three com- missioners to revise and codify the laws of con- gress. In 1808 ho was sent to Bogota to arrange; a diplomatic difficulty. In 1872 he was one of the counsel for the United States at the Geneva con- ference for the settlement of the Alabama claims, and in 1873 was nominated for the office of chief justice of the United States; but the nomination was subsequently withdrawn. A year later he was nominated and confirmed as minister to Spain, whence he returned home in 1877. His publica- tions include a " History of the Town of Newburv- port " (1820) ; " The Practical Principles of Politi- cal Economy " (1820) ; " Historical and Political Review of the Late Revolution in France " (2 vols., Boston, 1833) ; " Reminiscences of Spain " (2 vols., Boston, 1833) ; "Growth and Territorial Progress of the United States " (1839) ; " Life of William II. Harrison " (Boston, 1840) ; and " The Treaty of Washington " (New York, 1873). CUSHING, Frank Hamilton, ethnologist, b. in Northeast, Erie co., Pa., 22 July, 1857. He manifested in early childhood a love for archaeolog- ical pursuits, and at the age of eight years began to collect fossils and minerals, made a complete Indian costume, and lived in a bark hut in the woods. He learned from observation that wherever Indian encampments had been long established the soil and vegetation had undergone a change, which materially assisted him in his search for relics. At the age of fifteen he had discovered the process of making arrow-heads from flint by pressure with bone. In 1870 his father removed to Medina, N. Y., where the son's researches found new ground and a greater wealth of material. In the town of Shelby were ancient remains of fortifications rich in relics, and they, with ancient fortifications, burial-grounds, and camp sites in the counties of Madison and Onondaga, were carefully searched, as well as the Hamilton group of rocks. In the spring of 1875 he became a student in Cornell university, but spent most of his time as assistant to Dr. Charles Rau in the preparation of the Indian collections of the National museum for the Centennial exposition at Philadelphia, and was curator of the entire col- lection until the close of the exhibition, when he was appointed curator of the ethnological depart- ment of the National museum. During the sum- mer of 1870 he gained his first knowledge of the Pueblo Indians, and joined Maj. J. W. Powell in his expedition of 1879 to New Mexico, as assist- ant ethnolcgist of the U. S. bureau of ethnology, of the Smithsonian institution. The expedition spent two months among the Zuni Indians, and Mr. Gushing, at his own request, was left there. He adopted the costume, habits, and life of the race, and for three years lived strictly the life of an Indian among the Indians, studying their hab- its, language, and history. During the second year of his sojourn he had so far made himself one of the tribe, and gained the esteem of the chiefs, that he was formally adopted and initiated into the sacred esoteric society of priests, the " Priesthood of the Bow." In 1882 he visited the east with a party of six Zunis, who came for the purpose of taking water from the Atlantic ocean, or " Ocean of Sunrise," as a religious ceremony, and carrying it to their temple in the Pueblos. Four of the Zunis returned, while Mr. Cushing remained with the other two during the summer in Washington, for the purpose of writing, with their aid, his con- tribution to the bureau of ethnology on Zuni fetiches. In September of the same year he re- turned to Zuni ; but, in the spring of 1884, failing- health obliged his return for two years to the east. He brought with him three Indians to aid him in the preparation of a dictionary and grammar of the Zuni language, and translations of myth and beast stories, hero legends, songs, and rituals. Mr. Cushing's publications and contribution- to peri- odical literature include "Antiquities of Orleans County" (Washington, 1874; ; "Zufii Fetiches" (1881); "The Relationship between Zuni Sociologic and Mythic Systems" (1882;; "The Nation of Hie Willows" (1882); "Adventures in Zufii" (1883); "Studies of Ancient Pueblo Keramic Art, as Illus- trative of Zuni Culture-Growth "(J884j; and "Zufii Breadstuff" (1885). CUSHING, Jonathan Peter, educator, b. in Rochester, NT. II., 12 March, 1 7ij:i ; d. in Raleigh, N. C, 25 April, 1835. In his boyhood he was ap- prenticed ; but, by skilfully managing the proceeds of his overwork, he purchased a portion of his time, and immediately entered Phillips Exeter academy. By working a portion of each day and by teaching, he paid his way through college, being graduated at Dartmouth in 1817. His health failed, and he went south, became a tutor in Hampden Sydney college in the November follow- ing his graduation, and professor of chemistry and natural philosophy two years later. This chair he held for two years, when he became the president of the college. By his exertions, the institution, which had been sadly disorganized and broken down, was built up again ; but the labor and re- sponsibility of the enterprise exhausted his strength and hastened his death. CUSHINGr, Luther Stearns, jurist, b. in Lu- nenburg, Mass., 22 June, 1803 ; d. in Boston, 22 June, 1856. He was the only graduate at the Har- vard law-school in 1826. For some years after leaving college he was associated with Charles Sumner and George S. Hillard in the editorship of " The American Jurist and Law Magazine " in Boston, when in 1832 he was made clerk of the house of representatives, an office which he held for fourteen years. In 1844 he was chosen a mem- ber of the legislature, then for four years was judge of the court of common pleas in Boston, after which he became reporter of the decisions of the supreme court of the commonwealth, and pre- pared twelve volumes (55 to 66 inclusive) of law reports, extending from 1850 to the time of his death. In 1848 he became lecturer on Roman law in Harvard law-school, and filled the chair until his death. His name is best known in connection with his " Manual of Parliamentary Practice " (Boston, 1844), which- immediately became an au- thority for proceedings in deliberative assemblies. He also published a " Treatise on Trustee Process " (1837) ; " Treatise on Remedial Law " (1837) ; Eng- lish translation of Savigny's " Recht des Besitzes." law of possession (1838) ; translation of Pothier's " De la vente," contract of sale (1839) : translation of Mattermaier on '♦ Effect of Drunkenness on Criminal Responsibility" (1841); translation of Domat's " Les lois civiles dans leur ordre natn- rel" (1850); "Reports of Controverted Election Cases in Massachusetts " (1852) ; " Introduction to the Study of Roman Civil Law " (1854) : and " Lex Parliamentaria Americana." a comprehensive work on parliamentary law (1856). CUSHING, Nathaniel, soldier, b.in Pembroke, Mass., 8 April, 1753 ; d. in Marietta, Ohio, in Au- gust, 1814. He joined the forces that went from Massachusetts in 1775, became a lieutenant in Brewer's regiment in July of that year, was ad- vanced to a captaincy in 1777, organized a sur- prise, and captured forty of the De Lancey loyal- ists in May, 1780, after many fruitless attempts 40 CUSHING GUSHING had been made by others. He participated in many engagements, and received in 1782 the bre- vet of major. At the close of the war he removed to Belpre, Obia CI sHIN©, Thomas, statesman, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1785; d. there in 1788. He was the son of a wealthy merchant, in whose counting-house Samuel Adams was for a short time employed, lie fell under t ho influence of Adams, and presently une prominent among the popular loaders who were preparing the way for tne Revolution, In May, l ?<><». he was elected to the Massachusetts -- ably, and immediately afterward, when dames I ' s, who had been chosen speaker, was refused by . Bernard, Mr. Cushing was chosen speaker in - stead. He was speaker of the house until 1774, ami as such occupied, in the eyes of the British, a prominence greater than his abilities entitled him Dr. Johnson, in one of his silly pamphlets ah nit American affairs, asserted that one of the objects of the Revolution was to place a diadem on the head of Thomas Cushing. He was not fitted for leadership, and on several occasions showed himself weak-kneed. In 1772. along with Hancock, he opposed the formation of committees of corre- dence, and afterward refused to serve on one t<> which he had been appointed. At the same time he i- described by John Adams as possessing a rare fatuity for procuring secret intelligence, which made him useful to the patriot leaders. He was elected in June, 1774, to the first Continental congress, and in February, 1775, to the second. He was one of those whom the king instructed Gage, in April. 1 7 75, to seize and send over to Eng- land. t<> In- tried for treason. In July, 1775, when Massachusetts formed a new government, Mr. Cushing was chosen a member of the council. In the Continental congress he opposed a declaration of independence, and consequently, in the third annual flection of delegates, 19 Jan., 1776, he did not receive a single vote, but Elbridge Gerry was ted instead. In 1783 and several following - he was lieutenant-governor of Massachu- setts. He was a member of the convention, held in January and February, 1788, that ratified the Federal constitution. CUSHING, Thomas Humphrey, soldier, b. in 1765; d. in New London, Conn., 19 Oct., 1822. He d during the Revolutionary war, beginning as a sergeant, was in Arnold's naval battle on Lake Champlain, and for his bravery was successively advanced until in July, 1812, he had reached a brigadier-generalship. In January, 1816, he was appointed ("licet or of customs in New London. Some time alter this he became involved in a quar- rel with William J. Lewi-, member of congress from Virginia, and the ball from Mr. Lewis's weapon struck Gen. Cushing's watch. The differ- ences between the two gentlemen were amicably adjusted, and Lewis, stepping up to the general, said: •• I congratulate you. general, on having a watch that will keep time from eternity." CUSHING, Thomas Parkman, merchant, b. in Ashburnham, Mass., in 1787; d. in Boston, 28 . 1854 Be carried on business in Boston, and bequeathed the bulk of his fortune, supposed to amount to (150,000, for the maintenance of two schools in hi- nal ive town. ( USHING, William, jurist, b. in Scituate. Mass., 1 March, L732; d. there, L3 Sept., 1810. He Laated al Harvard in 1751, studied law with Jeremy Gridley, became attorney-genera] of Massachusetts, was appointed judge of probate of Lincoln county, Me., in 1708. became judge of the Massachusetts superior court in 1772, chief justice in 1777, and in 1780 was chosen the first chief justice of Massachusetts under the state constitu- tion. At the beginning of the Revolution he stood almost alone among the superior officials in sup- porting the cause of independence. His grand- father and his father (both named John) were judges of the superior court, and his father, whom he succeeded as chief justice, presided over the trial of British soldiers for the Boston massacre of 5 March, 1770. On 27 Sept., 1789, Judge Cushing was appointed an associate justice of the U. S. su- preme court. President Washington nominated him chief justice in 1796, but he declined. He was one of the founders of the American academy of arts and sciences in 1780. In 1788 he was vice- president of the Massachusetts convention that ratified the federal constitution. CUSHING, William Barker, naval officer, b. in Wisconsin, 24 Nov., 1842 ; d. in Washington^ D. C, 17 Dec, 1874. He was appointed to the naval academy from New York in 1857, but re- signed on 23 March, 1861. In May, 1861, he vol- unteered, was appointed master's mate, and on the day of his arrival at Hampton Roads captured and brought into port a tobacco-schooner, the first prize of the war. He was attached to the north Atlantic blockading squadron during the war, and repeatedly" distinguished himself by acts of bra- very. He was commissioned lieutenant on 16 July, 1862. In November, 1862, he was ordered in the steamer " Ellis " to capture Jacksonville, Fla., in- tercept the Wilmington mail, and destroy the salt- works at New Juliet. He captured a large mail,, took two prizes, and shelled a Confederate camp, but was unable to cross the bar that night, and in the morning ran aground. The crew transferred everything except the pivot-gun to one of the cap- tured schooners, and sailed to a place of safety, a. mile and a half away; but Cushing remained with six volunteers on board the steamer until she was- disabled by a cross-fire from the shore, when he set her on fire and made his escape to the schooner in a row-boat. He distinguished himself the same year on the Blackwater and in the sounds of North Carolina. In 1863 he added to his reputation for bravery and judg- ment by an ex- pedition up the Cape Fear and Little rivers and operations on the Nansemond. His most brilliant ex- ploit was the de- struction of the Confederate iron- clad ram " Albe- marle " on the night of 27 Oct., 1864. This power- ful vessel had suc- cessfully encoun- tered a strong fleet of U. S. gun- boats, and fought them for sev- eral hours with- out sustaining material damage. There was nothing able to cope with her in the sounds. Cushing volunteered to de- stroy her, and with a steam launch and a volunteer crew he ascended Roanoke river, towing an armed cutter. The river was lined with pickets to guard against just such an attack as this; but Cushing's luck did not desert him, and he was within a few 7%-<&^^^J!L CUSHMAN CUSHMAN 41 yards of the " Albemarle " before he was discovered. Casting oil the boat that was in tow, he ordered its crew to attack a picket-post near by, while, with a full head of steam, he drove the launch straight at the huge bulk of the iron-clad, whose crew rushed to quarters and at once opened fire. The launch replied effectively with her howitzer. A raft of heavy logs surrounded the larger vessel, but the launch was driven over them, and by the time she had received her death-wound from the "Albemarle's" guns Gushing had coolly swung the torpedo-boom under the great ship's overhang and exploded the charge. A large hole was blown in the iron-clad's side, she sank at her moorings, and was never raised. Telling his companions to look out for themselves, Gushing left his sinking launch and swam down stream, reaching the bank, thoroughly exhausted, half a mile below. As soon as he recovered his strength he plunged into the dense swamp, and after many hours of tedious wading came out upon the shore of a creek, where, with his usual good luck, he found a picket-boat, and at 11 p. m. the following night reached a U. S. gun-boat at the mouth of the river. Of the gallant fellows who risked their lives with him, only one escaped besides himself. Two were drowned, and most of the others captured. Lieut, dishing did not expect to return alive from this enterprise. When he set out to destroy the ram, he said laughingly to the • companions he was leaving, "Another stripe, or a coffin." Five times the secretary of the navy officially wrote him com- mendatory letters, and for the " Albemarle " af- fair he received the thanks of congress, and was promoted lieutenant-commander, 27 Oct., 1864. At Fort Fisher, under a constant and heavy fire, he buoyed out the channel in a small skiff, and continued the work for six hours till he had completed it. At the final assault on Fort Fisher he led a force of sailors and marines from the " Monticello " in an attack on the sea-front of the fort, and amid an unceasing fire at short range, which cut down his men in windrows, he crossed a hundred yards of sand, rallied his men, and lent such efficient assistance to the troops that before midnight the fort was surrendered. After the war he served in the Pacific and Asiatic squadrons, be- ing in command of the steamer " Lancaster " in 1866-7, and of the " Maumee," in the Asiatic squadron, in 1868-9. On the return of the " Mau- mee " to the United States, Lieut.-Com. Cushing was advanced to the rank of commander, 31 Jan., 1872, being the youngest officer of that rank in the navy. He was allowed leave of absence, but his health, which had been impaired by over-exertion, failed completely, and he died of brain fever. CUSHMAN, Charlotte Saunders, actress, b. in Boston, Mass., 23 July, 1816 ; d. there, 18 Feb., 1876. She was a descendant in the eighth genera- tion from Robert Cushman. Her father rose from poverty to be a successful West India merchant, but lost his fortune, and died, leaving his family in straitened circumstances. Charlotte was a re- markably bright, sportive child, excelling her schoolmates and developing a voice of remark- able compass and richness, with a full contralto register. Two friends of her father, one of them John Mackey, in whose piano factory Jonas Check- ering was then foreman, provided her with the best musical instruction. She sang in choirs, and aided in the support of the family from the age of twelve. When Mrs. Joseph Wood visited Boston in 1834, Gapt. Mackey introduced Miss Cushman, who sang with her in two of her concerts. Through Mrs. Wood's influence she became »an articled pupil to James G. Maeder, that lady's musical director, and under his instruction made \i'-r first, ap- pearance in opera In the Tremont theatre as the Countess Almaviva in the u Marriage of Figa- ro" with great success, and her second as Lucy Bertram in " Guy Mannerinff." She went with his com- pany to New Or- leans, where her voice, which had been strained by the soprano parts assigned to her, suddenly failed. Seeking the coun- sel of James H. Caldwell, manager of the principal theatre of New Or- leans, she was ad- vised by him and by Barton, the tra- gedian, to become an actress, and given the part of Lady Macbeth to study, in which she made her appearance with complete success in 1835. Going to New York, she declined a trial at the Park theatre, to enter into a three years' engagement with Thomas Ham- blin, of the Bowery theatre, where she appeared for a season in leading tragic roles. Miss Cushman brought her mother, who had supported the family by keeping a boarding-house, to New York ; but soon after this the theatre was burned, and her wardrobe, for which she was in debt, was destroyed. Miss Cushman then secured an engagement in Al- bany, where she acted for five months, and made many acquaintances among politicians through her relative, Gov. Marcy, then in the U. S. senate. Con- vinced that she had not served a proper apprentice- ship in her art, she applied to the manager of the Park theatre for any place that might be vacant, was engaged to do general utility business, and soon made her mark as a leading actress. This engagement lasted from 1837 till 1840. In 1842 she assumed the management of the Walnut street theatre in Philadelphia, which she retained till 1844, when she accompanied Mr. Macready on a tour in the northern states, in the course 'of which she un- dertook the higher range of tragic parts with great success. She was an ardent student, and rapidly added new characters to her list, such as Elvira. Bianca, Helen McGregor, Emilia, Queen Katherine, Cardinal Woolsey, Ophelia, Pauline, Yiola, and Katherine in "Taming of the Shrew." She was powerful and electric in tragedy, masterful in the depicting of every passion, great in Shakespearian characters, and in her young days was distin- guished as a performer in high comedy parts. On 26 Oct., 1844, Miss Cushman sailed for England. In Lofidon she immediately achieved a triumph- ant success in the parts of Lady Macbeth. Rosa- lind, Mrs. Haller, Bianca in " Fazio." and Emilia. She sent for her family, and began her second sea- son at the Hay market as Romeo, a part she had chosen in order to bring out her sister as Juliet. The power of her impersonation created a sensa- tion in London, and afterward in Dublin, while her sister's grace and beauty added to the suc- cess. She played other male companion parts with her sister, achieved a great success as Julia in " The Hunchback.*' Meg Merrilies. a part that she had first performed at the Park theatre. New 42 CUSHMAN CUSIIMAN York, in IS41. Nancy Sykes. Lady Gay Spanker. and other characters, constantly added to her professional reputation, and made warm friends in the intellectual society of England. In Au- -•. 1849, she returned to the United States and played throughout the country. She took her farewell at the Broadway theatre. 15 May. L852, visited friends in England, and travelled on the inent, but began playing again in December, 1853. Her house in May fair became a centre of artistic anil literary society, and during the dra- matic season she acted with undiminished popu- larity in London and the provinces, while part of her winters she passed in Home. In 1857 she re- turned to the United States and performed during the winter and the spring of 1858, and returned to Rome, establishing herself in a spacious perma- nent winter home in January, 1859. In 18(50 she again acted in New York, and appeared on several isions f->r the benefit of the Sanitary commis- sion. During the last six years of her life Miss Cushman developed a remarkable ability as a dra- matic reader, giving scenes from Shakespeare, bal- lad poetry, dialect poems, and humorous pieces with a success not less decided than her early his- trionic triumphs. In 1871, after a residence in Europe, she resumed her career in the United States as a reader, besides fulfilling several dra- matic engagements. Iler farewell appearance was announced at least seven times in as many differ- ent years. Her final performance in New York at Booth's theatre, where she played the part of Lady Macbeth, was signalized by social and literary dem- onstrations. She took a similar demonstrative farewell in the same character in Philadelphia and ol her cit ies. and her career closed in Boston, at the B theatre, on 15 May, 1875. After a reading- tour to Rochester, Buffalo, and Syracuse, she re- tired with a large fortune to her villa at Newport, where -lie was seized with her final illness, and in October went to Boston and placed herself under medical treatment. An obelisk copied from Cleo- patra'- Needle was placed over her tomb in Mount Auburn cemetery in 1880. See " Charlotte Cush- man. her Letter- and Memories of her Life," edited by Emma Stebbins, the sculptor, who was her inti- mate friend and companion at Rome for several years | Boston, 1878). — Her sister, Susan Webb, b. in Boston, Mass., 17 March, 1822; d. in Liverpool, England, 10 May, 1*59, made her debut on the _ in April, 1837, at the Park theatre, New York city, as Laura Castelli in Epes Sargent's play, " The Genoese," and achieved an immediate success. She played Desdemona to George Vandenhoff's Othel- 1". Grace Elarkaway to her sister's Lady Gay Spanker, and other prominent parts in New York and Philadelphia, and mad*.' a remarkable success in "Satan in Paris." In Lngland her impersona- tion of Ophelia was regarded as of the first rank, her Juliet ran '200 nights, and in her old and many new characters her acting was greatly admired for it- grace and delicacy. In 1847 she retired from the stage, and in March, 1848, married Dr. James Sheridan Muspratt, of Liverpool, the distinguished chemisl and author. CUSHMAN, Klislia, clergyman, b. in Kingston, .. 2 May, L788; d. in Hartford, Conn., 26 Oct., 1838. He abandoned the carpenter's trade to be- come a preacher al the age of twenty, was licensed by the Baptist church in Kingston after a short course oi study, and ordained a pastor in Hartford. ok a prominent, part in establishing the Con- necticut Baptist missionary society in 1814, which zed as the Baptist convention in 1822, and in 1822 founded and edited a denominational journal called the " Christian Secretary." In 1825 ho resigned his charge in Hartford to become pastor o[' a church in Philadelphia, but returned to Con- necticut in 1829, and after preaching in Fairfield became pastor of the church in New Haven in 1831. In 1835 he removed to Plymouth, Mass., but on the failure of his health in 1838 returned to Hartford a few weeks before his death, for the purpose of re- sinning the editorship of the " Christian Secretary." CUSHMAN, Pauline, spy, b. in New Orleans, La., 10 June, 1833. She was the daughter of a Spanish refugee, who became a tradesman in New Orleans, and afterward an Indian trader at Grand Rapids, Mich. After reaching womanhood she re- turned to the south as a variety actress, and at- tracted attention by her beauty. When acting in Louisville, Ky., in March, 1863, she was offered a bribe if she would give a toast to Jefferson Davis during the performance, and, on informing the provost-marshal, Col. Moore, was induced to carry out the plot. She was afterward employed by the government as a detective to discover the southern sympathizers and spies in Louisville, and their methods of conveying information and medical supplies across the lines, and frequently also as a scout. Securing a theatrical engagement at Nash- ville, where she was welcomed as a secessionist, she performed valuable services for the army police in detecting thefts from the government stores, trade in contraband, and the practices of guerillas. Thence she was sent beyond the lines in May, 1803, ostensibly as a rebel sympathizer, in order to gain information of the strength of the Confederate forces and fortifications, the extent of their sup- plies, and their contemplated movements. She was captured, taken to the headquarters of Gen. Bragg, and sentenced by a court-martial to be hanged as a spy, but was left behind at the evacuation of Shelbyville, where she was found by the Union troops. The fame of her adventures extended over the country, and after her escape from imprison- ment she was given by the soldiers the title of major, and was accoutred as an officer. Her knowledge of the roads in Tennessee, Georgia, Ala- bama, and Mississippi was of great service to the Army of the Cumberland. See her " Life," by F. L. Sarmiento (Philadelphia, 1865). CUSHMAN, Robert, Plymouth pilgrim, b. in Kent, England, about 1580 ; d. in England in 1625. With John Carver he was instrumental in effecting the emigration of the pilgrims to Holland, where he joined them after they had been in Ley den sev- eral years. He became a leading member of the community in Leyden, and took a deep interest in the project of settling in an English colony. In 1617 he was sent with Deacon Carver to London to negotiate with the Virginia company, which had secured a grant from the king of all the territory between boundaries 200 miles north and 200 miles south of Point Comfort, for permission to settle on their lands, and to apply to King James to grant them liberty of conscience there. The king would only grant them permission to settle, and refused to issue a charter under his seal, though he prom- ised not to molest them. Cushman undertook a subsequent mission to England for the same object with Elder Brewster in 1619, when a patent was ob- tained in which the king granted toleration for their form of religion so long as they remained faithful subjects. The arrangement with the Lon- don merchant adventurers was concluded through his agency. He and Carver then returned to Eng- land to collect subscriptions, make purchases, and prepare for the voyage. They chartered the " May- flower," and, while Carver was busy with the ship CUSICK CUSTER 43 at Southampton, Cushman, at the solicitation of the adventurers, altered the agreement on his own responsibility, abandoning the two days a week for their private affairs that had been reserved to the colonists in the original contract. Robert Cush- man, who was given the office of assistant govern- or, embarked with his family on the " Speedwell " on 5 Aug., 1620, when the two vessels began the voyage together ; but when the " Mayflower " sailed again alone on 6 Sept., with only a part of the com- pany, he remained behind to act as their financial agent in England and send them supplies. In 1621 he published a pamphlet on " Emigration to Ameri- ca,'7 urging the advantages of that country for settlement, and in July he sailed for New England in the " Fortune," taking with him his only son, Thomas, and arriving 21 Nov. He returned to Europe to manage the business of the colonists there, but left his son in the family of Gov. Brad- ford. Before his departure he preached on the " Sin and Danger of Self-Love," 9 Dec, 1621, noted as the first discourse delivered in New England that was published (London, 1622). It was re- printed in Boston in 1724, in 1780, and, with a bio- graphical sketch by Judge John Davis, in 1785 (Plymouth). It is also contained in the " Cushman Genealogy," and was photo-lithographed from one of the three existing examples in 1870. On 13 Dec, 1621, he sailed for England, and continued as agent for the colonists in London. On the voyage he was captured and plundered by the French, and taken to France, but released after two weeks' de- tention. On his arrival in England he published an eloquent vindication of the colonial enterprise, and an appeal for Christian missions to the North American Indians. In 1623, with Edward Wins- low, he obtained from Lord Sheffield a grant of territory on Cape Ann, where a new band of Puri- tans made the first permanent settlement with- in the limits of the Massachusetts bay colony. — His son, Thomas, b. in England in 1608 ; d. in Plymouth, Mass., 11 Dec, 1692. He married Mary, third daughter of Isaac Allerton, about 1635. He was always the confidential friend of Gov. Brad- ford, and became ruling elder of the church on the death of Brewster in 1649. His wife survived him, and was the last of the " Mayflower " passengers, dying in 1699 at the age of ninety years. A large granite monument to the memory of the first Cush- mans was erected at Plymouth, Mass., by their de- scendants in 1858. CUSICK, Nicholas, Indian chief, b. in Oneida, N. Y., in 1756 ; d. in Tuscarora village, near Niagara, N. Y., 29 Oct., 1840. His Indian name was " Kayh- natho." In the war of the Revolution he served on the American side five years, and at one time saved the life of Gen. Lafayette. Cusick belonged to the Tuscarora tribe. — His nephew, David, pub- lished a pamphlet with four illustrations, entitled " Sketches of the Ancient History of the Six Na- tions " (Lockport, N. Y., 1848). CUSTER, George Armstrong', soldier, b. in New Rumley, Harrison co., Ohio, 5 Dec, 1839 : d. in Montana, 25 June. 1876. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in June, 1861, and re- ported for duty at Washington. Gen. Winfield Scott gave him despatches to carry to Gen. Irwin McDowell, then in command of the Army of the Potomac, he was assigned to duty as lieutenant in the 5th cavalry, and participated, on the day of his arrival at the front, in the first battle of Bull Run. Gen. Philip Kearny selected him as his first aide- de-camp, and he afterward served on the staff of Gen. William F. Smith. While on this duty he was given charge of the balloon ascensions, to make reoonnoissanees. in May, W>';1. Gen. George B. McClellan was so impressed with the energy and perseverance that he showed in wading the unicka- bominy alone, to ascertain what would he a safe ford for the army to cross, and with his courage in reconnoitring the enemy's position while on the other side, that he was appointed aide-de-camp, with the rank of captain, to date from 15 June. 1862. Capt. Custer applied at once for permission to attack the picket-post he had ju.-t discovered, and at daylight the next morning surprised the enemy, drove them back, capturing some prison- ers and the first colors that were taken by t he- Army of the Potomac. After Gen. McClellan's retirement from command of the army, Capt. Cus- ter was discharged from his volunteer appoint- ment and returned to his regiment as lieutenant. He had served there but a short time when Gen. Alfred Pleasonton, on 15 May, 1863, made him aide-de-camp on his staff. For daring gallantry in a skirmish at Aldie and in the action at Brandy Station, as well as in the closing operations of the Rappahannock campaign, he was appointed briga- dier-general of volunteers, dating from 29 June, 1863, and as- signed to du- ty as com- mander of the Michigan bri- gade. At Get- tysburg his brigade, to- gether with those of Gregg and Mcintosh, defeated Gen. Stuart's ef- forts to turn the left flank. For this action he was brevet- ted major in the U. S. army, to date from 3 July, 1863. At Culpepper Court - House he was wounded by a spent ball, which killed his horse. He took part in Gen. Sheridan's cavalry raid toward Richmond, in May, 1864, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for gallant and meri- torious services in the battle of Yellow Tavern. 11 May. In Gen. Sheridan's second raid on Rich- mond the Michigan brigade made a most gal- lant fight at Trevillion Station ; but so great was their peril that the colors of the brigade were only saved from capture by Gen. Custer's tear- ing them from the standard, held in the grasp of a dying color-sergeant, and concealing the flag in his bosom. On 19 Sept., 1864. he was made brevet-colonel, U. S. army, for gallantly at the bat- tle of Winchester, and on 19 Oct. he was brevetted major-general of volunteers for gallantry and meritorious services at Winchester and Fisher's Hill. On 30 Sept. he assumed command of the 3d division of cavalry, with which he fought the brilliant battle of Woodstock on 9 Oct.. where he was confronted by his former classmate at West Point, the Confederate Gen. Rosser. He drove the enemy twenty-six miles, capturing everything they had on wheels except one gun. At Cedar Creek he confronted the enemy from the first attack in the morning until the battle ended. The 3d division recaptured, before the day was over, guns and colors that had been taken from ^4^LCt^/^i. 44 CUSTER CUSTER the anny earlier in the fight, together with Con- federate flags and cannon. Alt or this brilliant saooess Hon. Caster was sent to Washington in charge of the captured colors, and recommended romotion. In the spring at L865, when Gen. S «lan moved his cavalry toward Richmond again, the 3d division fought alone the battle of w rnesboro. The enemy's works were carried, and 11 guns, 200 wagons, 1,600 prisoners, and 17 battle-flags were captured. On reaching Pred- rickshall Station, (Jen. Custer found that Gen. j had rallied from his retreat at Waynesboro and was preparing for another attack, lie there- fore sent a regiment to meet him at once. Gen. \ was nearly captured, his command destroyed. and a campaign ended in which he lost his army, every piece of artillery, and all his trains. For fallant and meritorious services at the battles of 'ive Porks and Dinwiddie Court-House, Gen Cus- ter was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, to date from 13 March. 1865. In a general order ad- ssed to his troops, dated at Appomattox Court- Bouse, 9 April. 1865, Gen. Custer said: "During the past six months, though in most instances con- fronted by superior numbers, you have captured from the enemy in open battle 111 pieces of field artillery. 65 battle-nags, and upward of 10,000 prisoners of war. including seven general officers. Within the past ten days, and included in the above, you have captured 46 field-pieces of artil- lery, and oT battle-flags. You have never lost a gun. never lost a color, and never been defeated; and. notwithstanding the numerous engagements in which you have borne a prominent part, includ- ing tlmse memorable battles of the Shenandoah, you have captured every piece of artillery which the enemy has dared to open upon you." Gen. Custer received the first flag of truce from the Army of Northern Virginia, and was present at the surrender at Appomattox Court-House. He was brevetted major-general for his services in the last campaign, and appointed major-general of volunteers, to date from 15 April, 1865. He par- ticipated in all but one of the battles of the Army of the Potomac. After the grand review he was ordered to Texas, to command a division of cav- alry. In November, 1865, he was made chief of cavalry, and remained on this duty until March, 1866, when he was mustered out of the volunteer service, to date from February, 1866. He then ap- plied to the government for permission to accept from President Juarez the place of chief of Mexi- can cavalry in the struggle against Maximilian. President Johnson declined to give the necessary of absence, and Gen. Custer decided to accept the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 7th cavalry, his ap- f (ointment dating from 28 July, 1866. He joined ii- regiment at Port Riley, Kansas, in November, 1866, and served on the plains until 1871. On 27 Nov. he fought the battle of the Washita, in Indian territory, and inflicted such a defeat upon the In- dians that the entire tribe of Cheyennes were com- pelled to return to their reservation. He was or- dered, with hi< regiment, to Kentucky, in 1871, where be remained until 1 H?->. In the spring of that year he woe sent, with the 7th, to Fort Rice, 1 , and from there accompanied an expedition to tic Yellowstone. On 4 Aug. he fought the Sioux, with hi- regiment, on the STellowstone, near the mouth of Tongue river, and on the 11th had another engagement three miles below the mouth of the Big Horn. In July, 1874. the government ordered an expedition, commanded by wen. Custer, into the Black Hill-, which resulted in a hitherto unexplored region being opened to miners and frontiersmen. On 15 May, 187G, Gen. Custer com- manded his regiment in a campaign against the confederated Sioux tribes. The Indians were dis- covered encamped on the Little Big Horn river, in a region almost unknown. Eleven tribes, number- ing nearly 9,000, had their villages on and in the vicinity of the Little Big Horn. The government expedition consisted of 1,100 men. The strength of the enemy not being known, Gen. Custer was ordered to take his regiment and pursue a trail. He arrived at what was supposed to be the only Indian village on 25 June, and an attack was made by a. portion of the regiment numbering fewer than 200 cavalry, while Gen. Custer, with 277 troopers, charged on the village from another direction. They were met by overwhelming numbers, and Gen. Custer, with his entire command, was slain. The officers and men were interred upon the bat- tle-field, and in 1879 it was made a national ceme- tery. A monument recording the name and rank of all who fell was erected by the IT. S. govern- ment on the spot where Gen. Custer made his last stand. In 1877 his remains were removed to the cemetery at West Point, N. Y. He was nearly six feet in height, broad-shoul- dered, lithe, and active, with a weight never above 170 pounds. His eyes were blue, his hair and mus- tache of golden tint. He was a man of immense strength and endurance, and, as he used neither liquors nor tobacco, his physical condition was per- fect through all the hardships of his life. Eleven horses were shot under him in battle. At the age of twenty-three he was made a brigadier-general, at twenty-five a major-general. The close of the war reduced his command from thousands to hun- dreds ; but his enthusiastic devotion to duty was not diminished, and his form was seen at the head of his men in his Indian service just as it had been during the civil war. He reverenced religion, he showed deference to the aged, he honored womankind, he was fond of children, and devoted to animals. His domestic life was characterized by a simplicity, joyous contentment, and fondness for home that was surprising when it is remem- bered that, out of the thirty-seven years of his brief life, fourteen were spent in active warfare. One of his friends wrote his history under his name in one sentence, " This was a man." In 1871 Gen. Custer began to contribute articles on frontier life to the " Galaxy," which were published in book-form un- der the title " My Life on the Plains " (New York, 1874). He was engaged on a series of " War Me- moirs " for the " Galaxy " at the time of his death. He occasionally contributed articles on hunting to " Turf, Field, and Farm " and " Forest and Stream." His life has been written by Frederick Whittaker (New York, 1878).— His wife," Elizabeth IJacon, whom he married in February, 1864, was with him at the front during the last year of the war, and also accompanied him in his nine years' service on the western frontier. She has pub- lished "Boots and Saddles, or Life with Gen. Custer in Dakota" (New York, 1885), and is now (1887) at work upon a volume of reminiscences of the general's service in Texas and Kansas. — His brother, Thomas Ward, soldier, b. in New Rumley, Harrison co., Ohio, 15 March, 1845 ; d. in Montana, 25 June, 1876. After repeated attempts, which failed on account of his youth, he succeeded in enlisting as a private in an Ohio regiment, and served in the west until he was made aide-de-camp on his brother's staff, then with the Army of the Potomac. His appointment as second lieutenant in the 6th Michigan cavalry dated from 8 Nov., 1864. His horse was often neck and neck with that CUSTINE CUTHBERT 45 of his brother in the famous cavalry charges, and in the fight at Namozine Church, 2 April, 1805, he captured a Confederate flag. At Sailor's ('reck, 6 April, he captured a second flag, but was shot by the standard-bearer and severely wounded in the face. He was preparing to charge again, when stopped by his brother and told to go to the rear and have his wound dressed. As he paid no at- tention to this request, it became necessary for Gen. Custer to order him under arrest before he could check his ardor. He received a medal from congress for the capture of the colors at Sailor's Creek. In the spring of 1865 he accompanied Gen. Custer to Texas and served on the staff until mustered out of service in November. He re- ceived the brevets of captain, major, and lieuten- ant-colonel. On 23 Feb., 1866, he was appointed second lieutenant in the 1st infantry of the regu- lar army, and on 28 July was promoted to a first lieutenancy in his brother's regiment, the 7th cav- alry, with which he served on frontier duty until he fell beside his brother in the battle of the Little Big Horn. When he was asked his opinion of his brother, just before the final campaign, Gen. Cus- ter said : " If you want to know my opinion of Tom, I can only say that I think he should be the general and I the captain." CUSTINE, Adam Philip (kus-teen'), Count de, French soldier, b. in Metz, 4 Feb., 1740 ; d. in Paris, 28 Aug., 1793. After serving as a captain in the seven years' war under Frederick the Great, he became a colonel in 1762. He took part in the Revolutionary war, and was quartermaster-general of the French forces in America in 1778-83. He was present at the surrender at Yorktown, and on his return to France in 1783 was made mareschal- de-camp and governor of Toulon. In 1789 he was deputed to the states-general by the nobility of Metz. and advocated the cause of reform. He subsequently commanded the army of the north, received in June, 1792, the command of the army of the lower Rhine, and after some successes again took command of the northern army in May, 1793, from which, however, he was soon recalled by the committee of safety and placed at the bar of the revolutionary tribunal, and, notwithstanding a spirited defence, was sentenced to be guillotined. CUSTIS, George Washington Parke, author, b. at Mount Airy, Md., 30 April, 1781 ; d. at Ar- lington House, Fairfax co., Va., 10 Oct., 1857. His father, Col. John Parke Custis, the son of Mrs. Washington by her first husband, was aide-de- camp to Washington at the siege of Yorktown, and d. 5 Nov., 1781, aged twenty-eight. The son had his early home at Mount Vernon, pursued his classi- cal studies at St. John's college and at Princeton, and remained a member of Washington's family until the death of Mrs. Washington in 1802, when he built Arlington House on an estate of 1,000 acres near Washington, which he had inherited from his father. After the death in 1852„of his sister, Eleanor Parke Custis, wife of Maj. Law- rence Lewis, he was the sole surviving member of Washington's family, and his residence was for many years a favorite resort, owing to the inter- esting relics of that family which it contained. Mr. Custis married in early life Mary Lee Fitz- hugh, of Virginia, and left a daughter, who mar- ried Robert E. Lee. The Arlington estate was con- fiscated during the civil war, and is now held as national property, and is the site of a national sol- diers' cemetery. The house is represented in the ac- companying illustration. Mr. Custis was in his early days an eloquent and effective speaker. He wrote orations and plays, and during his latter years executed a number of hag': paintings of Revolu- tionary battles. Jiis "Recollections of Washing- ton," originally contributed to the "National Jn- ttmiZai. '{ •'»' /' i '" telligencer," was published in book-form, with a memoir by his daughter and notes by Benson J. Lossing (New York, 1860). CUTBUSH, James, chemist, b. in Pennsylva- nia ; d. at West Point, N. Y., 15 Dec, 1823. Con- cerning his early history, very little is known, ex- cept that he taught chemistry. He was appointed to the army with the rank of assistant apothecary- general in 1814, served first in Philadelphia, was afterward attached to the northern division of the army, and was chief medical officer of the TJ. S. military academy and the post at West Point from June, 1820, till November, 1821. On the reorgani- zation of the army he became assistant surgeon and acting professor of chemistry and mineralogy at West Point, in which capacity he continued until his death. He was president of the Columbian chemical society in Philadelphia, wrote several papers in the earlier volumes of Silliman's " Ameri- can Journal of Sciences," and was the author of "Useful Cabinet " (1808) ; " Philosophy of Experi- mental Chemistry " (1813) ; and " Treatise on Pyro- technics " (Philadelphia, 1825). CUTHBERT, Alfred, senator, b. in Savannah, G-a., about 1781 : d. near Monticello, Ga., 9 July, 1856. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1803, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began to practise in Monticello, Jasper co., Ga. He was first elected to the state legislature, then a representative from Georgia in the 13th and 14th congresses, serving till 1816, when he resigned. He was again elected to the 17th, 18th, and 19th congresses, serving from 3 Dec, 1821, till 3 March, 1827. He was elected U. S. senator from Georgia in place of John Forsyth, who resigned 27 June, 1834, and was re-elected for a full term, serving from 12 Jan., 1835, till 3 March, 1843. CUTHBERT, James Hazzard, clergyman, b. in Beaufort, S. C, 13 Dec, 1823. He was gradu- ated at Princeton in 1843, studied theology under his uncle, Rev. Richard Fuller, D. D.. and became in 1847 pastor of the Wentworth street Baptist church, Charleston, S. C. In 1855 he was called to the pastorate of the 1st Baptist church. Philadel- phia, Pa., where he remained until the beginning of the civil war in 1861. Returning to the south, he preached for some years in Augusta. Ga.. and in 1869 became pastor of the 1st Baptist church in Washington, D. C, where he still remains (1886s). He has received the degree of D. D. from Wake Forest college. N. C. He is the author of " The Life of Richard Fuller, D. D." (New York. 1879). CUTHBERT, John A., jurist, b. in Savannah, Ga., 3 June, 1788; d. near Mobile. Ala.. 22 Sept., 1881. His father was a colonel in the Revolution- 40 CUTLEB CUTLER rmy. lie was graduated at Princeton in 1805. and in 1809 became a law student in Now York. In 1S10 he was elected to the Legislature of Geor- trom Liberty county, which he continued to represent for years. During the war of L812 he commanded a volunteer company to protect the st. In ISIS Georgia electee! her representatives in congress on one general ticket, and uuthbert was thus chosen. At that time the Missouri question occupied the attention of congress, and Judge Cuth- bert took an active and zealous part in maintain- ing the southern side of it. In 1831 he became editor, and subsequently proprietor, of "The Fed- eral Onion," a paper published at MilledgeviUe, Ga., and in 1837 removed to Mobile to practise his profession. In 1S40 he was elected judge of the county court of "Mobile, and in 1852 appointed judge of the circuit court. CUTLER, Benjamin Clarke, clergyman, b. in Boxburv, Ma<>.. 6 Feb., 1798: d. in Brooklyn, N. Y.. 10 Feb.. 1863. lie was for some time a clerk in the mercantile house of Messrs. Andrews & Co., Boston, lie was graduated at Brown in 1822, studied theology under the direction of Bishop Griswold, and by him was ordained deacon in No- vember. 1822. His first settlement was in Quincy, Ma—., where he remained about seven years, but left on account of failing health, and spent the winter of 1S30 in Savannah. He returned, to New England on horseback, and subsequently passed a year as rector of the Episcopal church in Leesburg, Va. In the summer of 1832 he took charge of the first city mission of the Episcopal church in New York : and in April, 1833, accepted a call to St. Anne's church, in Brooklyn, where he spent the Last thirty years of his life. In 1835 he received the degree of D. D. from Columbia. He left a vol- utin- of sermons (Philadelphia, 1857). CUTLER, Elbridge Jefferson, educator, b. in Holliston, Middlesex co., Mass., 28 Dec, 1831 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 27 Dec, 1870. In 1865 he was appointed professor of modern languages at Har- vard, a chair which he held at the time of his death. He was a brilliant writer, and an able though generous critic His published works were - War Poems" (Boston, 1867) and "Stella" (1868). A memoir of Prof. Cutler was published by Andrew P. Peabody (Cambridge, 1872). CUTLER. Enos, soldier, b. in Brookfield, Mass., 1 Nov., 1781 ; d. in Salem, 14 July, 1860. He was graduated at Brown in 1800, and was a tutor there for one year. He studied law, and, being called to the bar, settled in Cincinnati. He joined the army, and was appointed lieutenant in the 7th infantry in 1808, rising by successive promotions to be colonel of the 4th infantry in 1836. He resigned on 30 Nov.. 1839. lie saw service in the war of 1812, in the first Seminole campaign with Gen. Jackson, and in the Creek war. CUTLEB, Ephraim, pioneer, b. in Edgarton, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., in 1767; d. in Ames- town. Ohio, in 1853. His early life was spent in Connecticut on a farm, where he acquired a knowl- edge of mathematics and surveying. In 1788 he was appointed agent of the Ohio company, and soon afterward engaged in mercantile business until 1704. Finding his ventures unprofitable, he removed to Ohio, where he had an interest in some land. His journey thither required more than three month-, and was delayed by privations, ad- venture, and sickness. On his arrival in Ohio, Gov. St. Clair appointed him judge of quarter <ns and judge of common pleas. In 1797 Judge Cutler exchanged his possessions for an es- tate in the township of Ames, where he spent the remainder of his life. He erected a log cabin in the wilderness, planted a few acres of corn, and re- assumed the duties of his judgeship, periodically making his way through the wulds to Marietta to attend court. He says that during seven years, in winch he served in three courts, his "dividend was not sufficient, but in a single instance, to pay the weekly board." He early interested himself in education, and stimulated the people of Ames and Dover townships to establish a public library. The necessary funds were obtained by the sale of furs procured by native hunters. This is thought to have been the first incorporated public library in the west. Toward the close of his life Judge Cutler wrote : " More than sixty individuals have grown to maturity within this circle, two have be- come professors in colleges, three are ministers of the gospel, one of them a bishop, at the head of them Thomas Ewing, several judges of courts, and one general." His last public service was in 1839 as a delegate to the whig convention at Harrisburg. He was the author of a " History of the First Settlement of Amestown in Athens County, Ohio," and " The First Settlement of Athens County," etc., both published in Hildreth's " Pioneer Settlers." CUTLER, Hannah Maria Tracy, physician, b. in Becket, Berkshire co., Mass., 25 Dec, 1815. She is a daughter of John Conant, and was edu- cated in the common school of Becket. In 1834 she married the Rev. J. M. Tracy, who died in 1843. Subsequently she prepared herself for teaching, and was matron of the Deaf and dumb asylum at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1848-9. In July, 1851, she visited England as a newspaper corre- spondent at the World's fair. She was also at the same time a delegate from the United States at the peace congress in London, and while in England delivered the first lectures ever given there on the legal rights of women. In 1852 she married Samuel Cutler and removed to Illinois, where she labored assiduously for the, reform of the laws re- lating to women. She was president of the West- ern union aid commission, Chicago, 111., in 1862-'4. In 1873 she visited France, in company with her son, J. M. Tracy, artist, and remained there till 1875. After her graduation as a physician at the Homoeopathic college in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1879, she settled at Cobden, 111., where she has practised with success. She is the author of " Woman as she Was, Is, and Should be" (New York, 1846); " Phillipia, or a Woman's Question " (Dwight, 111., 1886) ; and " The Fortunes of Michael Doyle, or Home Rule for Ireland " (Chicago, 1886). CUTLER, Henry Stephen, musician, b. in Boston, Mass., 7 Oct., 1824. He was organist and choir-master in Trinity church, New York, from 1860 till 1868. He compiled " The Psalter, with Chants" (Boston, 1858); "Trinity Psalter" (New York, 1863) ; and " Trinity Anthems " (1868). The last named contains several of his own composi- tions. In 1864 he received the honorary degree of Doctor in Music from Columbia. CUTLER, Lizzie Petit, author, b. in Milton, Albemarle co., Va., in 1836. She was instructed until her fourteenth year at a seminary in Char- lottesville, Va., after which her education was con- tinued very irregularly. Her first novel, " Light and Darkness " (New York, 1855), was republished in London and translated into French. This was followed by " Household Mysteries, a Romance of Southern Life " (1856), and " The Stars of the Crowd, or Men and Women of the Day " (1858). As Miss Petit (her maiden name), she gave, in 1860, a series of public readings. About 1858 she mar- ried Mr. Cutler, a New York lawyer. CUTLER ci;tli<;r 47 CUTLER, Lys.inder, soldier, b. in Maine about 1800; d. in Milwaukee, Wis., 30 July, 1800. He offered his services to the government at the be- ginning of the civil war, and was given command of the 0th Wisconsin regiment, which he speedily brought into a state of discipline, and rendered one of the best in the service. Subsequently he was in command of the " Iron Brigade " (originally Mere- dith's), of the Army of the Potomac, to which his regiment was attached, and won the promotion of brigadier- and afterward major-general. He was twice wounded. CUTLER, Manasseh, clergyman, b. in Kil- lingly, Conn., 3 May, 1742 ; d. in Hamilton, Mass., 28 July, 1823. He was graduated at Yale in 1705, after which he engaged in the whaling business, and opened a store in Edgartown, Martha's Vine- yard. Meanwhile he continued his studies, princi- pally legal, and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1707. He conducted a few cases in the court of common pleas, but, finding the profession un- congenial, he gave it up and removed to Dedham, where he studied theology under the direction of the Rev. Thomas Balch, whose daughter he had married. In 1770 he was licensed and preached for six months as a candidate at the Hamlet parish (then a part of Ipswich, but since 1793 the town of Hamilton). He was ordained pastor of the Congregational society in this parish on 11 Sept., 1771, and remained associated with this organiza- tion until his death. Soon after the battle of Lexington he addressed the minute-men, then mustering in Ipswich, and accompanied them on horseback to Cambridge, where he saw the British as they retreated into Boston. He received a com- mission as chaplain in September, 1770, and served under Col. Ebenezer Francis in the 11th Massachusetts regiment. For his gallantry in the action in Rhode Island, on 28 Aug., 1778, he was presented with a fine horse by his commander. Toward the close of the war, when the physician of the Hamlet parish was employed in the army, and the people were without proper medical ad- vice, Mr. Cutler at once applied himself to the study of medicine, and soon mastered the science sufficiently to practise. For several years there- after his attention was divided between the physi- cal and spiritual wants of his congregation. About this time his mind was directed to the study of botany by casually meeting with an English work on the subject, and he was the first to examine the flora of New England. Over 350 species were inspected by him, and classified according to the Linnsean system. His papers published on this subject are the first attempts at a scientific de- scription of the plants of New England. In 1784, with six others, he ascended the White mountains, and his party is said to have been the first to reach the summit. With the instruments that Dr. Cut- ler carried, it was computed that Mount Washing- ton was 10,000 feet above the level of the sea — an error of about 3,400 feet. Two years later he be- came associated with a number of Revolutionary officers who, owing to the uncertain condition of affairs, had determined to settle in the west, and formed the Ohio company for the purpose of hav- ing their bounty lands located together. He was appointed, with Maj. Winthrop Sargent, agent of the company, and in this capacity visited Wash- ington, where he contracted with the authorities for 1,000,000 acres of land northwest of the Ohio river, obtaining also an additional grant of 500,000 acres as an allowance for bad lands and incidental charges. On his return home, an expedition was fitted out for the intended settlement. He had a large wagon built and covered with black canv£ which was painted in white letters the word-. "Ohio, for Marietta on the Muskingum." Forty-five men were engaged to accompany it, and to assist in the settlement and defence of the new country for three years. In December, 1787, the expedition left Cutler's house, their number was Increased to sixty, and after a long journey they reached their destination, where;, under Gen. ButUfi Putnam, on 7 April, 1788, the settlement of Marietta was be- gun. Cutler made the; trip in a sulky, and travelled in twenty-nine days a distance of 750 mile-. Inn- ing his stay in the west he examined the fortifica- tions and mounds in the neighborhood, which he- regarded as the work of a people more civilized than any existing tribes of Indians. After remain- ing a short time in Marietta lie determined to re- turn home, and, bidding farewell to the colony he did so much toward establishing, he departed for New England. In 1791 the degree of LL. L). was conferred on him by Yale. In 1795 he was ten- dered a commission as judge of the supreme court of the Ohio territory, but declined it. Later he was elected to the Massachusetts legislature, and then was sent to congress as a federalist, serving from 7 Dec, 1801, till 3 March, 1805. During his pre- vious stay in Washington he drafted for Nathan Dane the celebrated ordinance of 1787, which ex- cluded slavery from the northwest territory. He declined a re-election to congress in 1804, and con- tinued until his death to be pastor of the church in Hamilton. He was elected a member of the Amer- ican academy in 1781, and contributed the follow- ing papers to its " Proceedings " : " On the Tran- sit of Mercury over the Sun, 12 Nov., 1782 " ; " On the Eclipse of the Moon, 29 March, 1782, and of the Sun in the following April " ; " Meteorologi- cal Observations, 1781, '82, '83 " ; " An Account of some of the Vegetable Productions Naturally growing in this Part of America"; and "Remarks on a Vegetable and Animal Insect." He was a member of the American philosophical society, and of other learned and scientific bodies. The chapter on trees and plants in Belknap's " His- tory of New Hampshire " was prepared by him, assisted by Dr. William D. Peck. He was also the author of a " Century Discourse " delivered at Hamilton, 27 Oct., 1814. — His son, Jervis, pio- neer, b. in Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard. Mass.. 19 Sept., 1708 ; d. in Evansville, Ind., 25 June, 1844. He was one of the pioneers from New Eng- land, led by Gen. Rufus Putnam, who settled in Marietta, Ohio, in 1788. He was an officer in the militia, and also in the regular army. He ac- quired the art of engraving, and for years de- voted his time to this pursuit. In 1823 Mr. Cut- ler removed to Nashville, Tenn., and in 1841 settled in Evansville. He published " Topographical De- scription of the Western Countrv. with an Account of the Indian Tribes " (1812). CUTLER, Timothy, clergyman, b. in Charles- town, Mass., in 1083 ; d. in Boston, in August. 1705. He was graduated at Harvard in 1701. became pastor of a Congregational society in Stratford. Conn., in 1710, and soon acquired a high reputa- tion as a preacher. Yale college having become established in New Haven, Mr. Cutler was ap- pointed rector in 1719, and entered upon his du- ties with zeal and energy. It was not long, how- ever, before the new rector, having read some standard church works in the college library (such as those of Barrow. Patrick. 5outh, Sherlock, etc.), was persuaded that Presbyterian and Congrega- tional ordination was invalid. A discussion was held on this subject in the college library in Oeto- 48 CUTT CUTTER ber, 1 ?~*2, when the rector and Mr. Johnson, of Stratford, uphold the divine right of episcopacy. Of course. Mr. Cutler could not remain in Yale college, and the trustees promptly voted his dis- missal, lie thereupon, in company with Mr. John- son and Mr. Browne, sailed for England, in Novem- ber, 1722, was ordained by the bishop of Norwich, in March. 1723, and received the degree of D. D. from both Oxford and Cambridge. He was ap- pointed missionary by the Propagation society, re- turned to America, and took charge of Christ church. Boston, which was first opened for public worship on 29 Dec. Dr. Cutler continued in this place during his long and useful life, always a con- sistent churchman, yet rarely engaging in contro- versy. He published several single sermons, and was one of the most influential and learned of the Episcopal clergy in colonial days. CUTT. John, colonial governor of New Hamp- shire, b. in England in 1625 ; d. in Portsmouth, N. EL, 27 March. 1681. He came to this country with his brothers. Richard and Robert, before 1645. Richard, b. in 1627, settled on the Isles of Shoals and became a fisherman, but afterward removed to Portsmouth. Robert, b. in 1628, became a noted ship-builder in Lattery, while John established himself in Portsmouth as a merchant, becoming also a farmer and a mill-owner, and acquired a large property. During the union with Massachusetts he was sent as deputy to the general court, and was one of a committee from Portsmouth appointed under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts and against the claims of Capt. John Mason. He was appointed president of the province by Charles II. in 1679, and continued in that office until his death, when he was succeeded by Richard Waldron. The de- scendants of these brothers (who now spell the name Cutts) include all the families on both sides of the Piscataqua. — Charles, senator, b. in Ports- mouth, N. H., 31 Jan., 1769 ; d. in Fairfax coun- ty. Va.. 25 Jan., 1846. He is fourth in descent from Gov. John Cutt's brother Robert. He was graduated at Harvard in 1789, studied law with Judge Pickering, and was admitted to the bar. In 1804 he was elected to the New Hampshire legis- lature, becoming speaker of that body during the same year. He was elected a senator from New Hampshire, served from 3 Dec, 1810, till 3 March, 1813, and subsequently was appointed senator to fill a vacancv during a recess of the legislature, holding office from 24 May till 21 June, 1813. From 1814 till 1825 he was secretary of the U. S. senate. — Richard, politician, b. on Cutts island, near Saco, Me., 22 June, 1771 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 7 April, 1845. He was a first-cousin of Charles, and was descended from Robert. He was graduated at Harvard in 1790, after which he studied law, but was diverted to business, was ex- tensively engaged in commerce, and spent some time in Europe. On his return he became a mem- bei of the Massachusetts legislature, serving in 1 101) and in 1800. He was elected as a democrat to congress, and with subsequent re-elections served continuously through six terms, from 7 Dec, 1801, till 3 March, 1813, but was finally defeated by Cy- rus King, when a candidate for the 13th congress. In .June, 1813, he was appointed superintendent- general of military supplies, an office which he continued to fill until it was abolished, in March, lsl '(. after which he was appointed second comp- troller of the treasury, remaining as such until 1829. lie continued to reside in Washington in retirement until his death. In 1804 he married Anna Payne, sister of President Madison's wife. — His ^on, James Madison, b. on Cutts island, near Saco, Me., 29 July, 1805 : d. in Washington, D. C.9 11 May, 1863. lie was educated in Washington, and was destined for the bar. but the war of 1812 swept away much of his father's property, and young Cutts, then a student in William Wirt's of- fice, was compelled to give up his studies. He was appointed in the treasury department, becoming chief clerk in the second comptroller's office, and ultimately, during Buchanan's administration, sec- ond comptroller. This office he held until his death, through the administration of President Lincoln. His daughter Ada married, first, Senator Stephen A. Douglas, and, several years after his death. Col. Robert Williams, U. S. A. — Another son, Richard Dominions, surveyor, b. in Wash- ington, D. C, 21 Sept., 1817; d. there, 13 Dec, 1883. He was educated at Georgetown college, and entered the coast survey in 1843, remaining in its service for over forty years. His first efforts were directed towTard raising the standard of topo- graphical work, which he accomplished with emi- nent success. Of late years the higher scientific work of the survey has occupied his attention, and his operations have extended to all parts of the country. The shores of the Chesapeake, the coasts of the Pacific, the plains of Texas, and the moun- tains of New England equally bear testimony to his professional ability. To him the navigators of the Pacific are indebted for the first surveys of San Francisco, San Diego, and Monterey bays, and some other minor harbors on the coast. In 1855 he was appointed U. S. surveyor upon the Inter- national fisheries commission for the settlement of the limits of the fishing-grounds between the United States and the British dominions in North America. In the civil war he was on the staff of Gen. Henry W. Halleck, and received the brevet rank of brigadier-general of volunteers in March, 1865. In 1873 he was one of the IT. S. commis- sioners to the Vienna international exposition, and in 1883 he attended the -International geodesic conference in Rome, which was convened for the purpose of considering a universal prime meridian and the unification of time. He held at his death the office of first assistant superintendent of the coast survey, having direct charge of the office and topography. In 1845 he married Martha Jefferson Hackley, granddaughter of Thomas Mann Ran- dolph, of Tuckahoe, Ga. CUTTER, Amiiii Ruhamah, physician, b. in North Yarmouth, Me.. 4 March, 1735 ; d. in Ports- mouth, N. H., 8 Dec,' 1819. His father, the first minister of that town, was chaplain of a New Eng- land regiment at the siege of Louisburg in 1745. His son was graduated at Harvard in 1752. and afterward studied medicine with Dr. Clement Jack- son, of Portsmouth. He was surgeon of Col. Rob- ert Roger's rangers until they were disbanded, and in 1758 surgeon of the New Hampshire troops in the successful expedition against Louisburg. He was physician-general of the eastern department, stationed at Fishkill from April, 1777, until the beginning of 1778, when he resumed practice at Portsmouth. He was a delegate to the New Hamp- shire constitutional convention, a Whig, and long president of the New Hampshire medical society. CUTTER, Calvin, physician, b. in Jaffrey, N. H., in 1807 ; d. in Greene, Me., 25 March, 1872. He was a pupil at the New Ipswich academy, and after- ward taught in Wilton, N. H., and Ashby, Mass. In 1829 he studied medicine, and practised his pro- fession in Rochester, N. H., from 1831 till 1833. in Nashua from 1834 till 1837, and in Dover from 1838 till 1841. Between 1842 and 1856 Dr. Cutter visited twenty-nine states of the Union, delivering CUTTER CUTTING 49 medical lectures. In 1847 he began the compilation of "Cutter's Physiology," a text-hook for schools and colleges, of which, prior to 1871, about 500,000 copies had been sold. It has been translated into several oriental languages. In 1850 Dr. Cutter was chosen to convey a supply of Sharpe's rifles to Kansas, a hazardous task, which was successfully performed. Later in the same year he led info Kansas the Worcester armed company of sixty men, and also the force known as " Jim Lane's army," which he commanded for nearly a year. He was president of the military council in Kansas, and instrumental in the capture of Col. Titus. In 1861 Dr. Cutter became surgeon of the 21st Massa- chusetts infantry, and served in the national army nearly three years. He was twice wounded, and made prisoner at Bull Run. During most of his term of service he had charge of the medical depot of the 9th army corps as surgeon-in-chief. CUTTER, Charles Amrni, author, b. 14 March, 1837. He was graduated at Harvard in 1855, and appointed librarian of the Boston athenaeum in January, 1869. an office that he now (1886) holds. He has prepared a new classification for libraries, and written " Rules for a Printed Dictionary Cata- logue" (Washington bureau of education, 1876); " Boston Athenaeum : How to get Books, with an Explanation of the New Way of marking Books " (Boston, 1882); and edited "Catalogue of the Li- brary of the Boston Athenaeum, 1807-71 " (5 vols., Boston, 1874-82). Since January, 1881, he has edited the " Library Journal " of New York. CUTTER, George Washington, poet, b. in Massachusetts in 1801 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 24 Dec, 1865. He studied law, and followed his pro- fession with success in Kentucky until about 1845. During the Mexican war he raised a company of infantry, of which he became captain, and which subsequently was included in the 2d Kentucky vol- unteers under Col. McKee. Later he married Miss Drake, an actress of Cincinnati, and for a time made his home in Covington, Ky. Afterward he became interested in politics, and was known fa- vorably as an eloquent orator. His services were rewarded with a clerkship in the treasury depart- ment, an office that he retained during several ad- ministrations. " The Song of Steam," " The Song -of the Lightning," and " E Pluribus Unum," are his best-known pieces. He published " Buena Vis- ta and other Poems " (Cincinnati, 1848) ; " Song of Steam and other Poems" (1857) ; and " Poems, Na- tional and Patriotic " (Philadelphia, 1857). CUTTING, Francis Brockholst, jurist, b. in New York city in 1805 ; d. there, 26 June, 1870. He studied at Columbia, was admitted to the bar, .and rapidly rose to distinction in his profession. In 1836 he was elected a member of the state legis- lature, as a democrat. Prom 1840 till 1853 he de- voted himself to his large and lucrative practice in his native city, and from 1853 till 1855 represented one of its districts in congress, where he was a war democrat. On the renomination of Abraham Lin- coln for the presidency, he aided in his re-election, and thereafter was active in supporting the cause • of the Union. After the war Mr. Cutting retired from politics and quietly pursued his profession. CUTTING, Hiram Adolphns, geologist, b. in Concord, Vt., 23 Dec, 1832. After years spent in teaching the natural sciences in the Vermont Methodist seminary at Montpelier, and in Nor- wich university, he was appointed in 1871 curator of the state cabinet of natural history, and in 1872 became state geologist of Vermont. In 1880 he was made secretary of the Board of agriculture, and in 1881 fish commissioner. He has made nu- vol. ii. — 4 merous experiments on the growth of plants, the means and proper methods of fertilizing the soil, and various observations on in-eets. His publica- tions include " Mining in Vermont w (Montpelier, 1872); "Meteorological Tables and Climatology of Vermont" (1877); "Microscopic Revelations" (1878); "Farm Pests, including Insects, Fungi, and Animalcules " (Manchester, 1870;; "Notes On Building Stones, also on Plant Growth " (Montpe- lier, 1880); "Lectures on Plants, Fertilization, in- sects, Forestry, Farm Homes," etc. (1882); "Lec- tures on Milk, Fertilization," etc. (1884); "Scien- tific Lectures" (1884); "Farm Lectures" (1884); and also "Reports of Geologist and Curator of State Cabinet" (1874-80); "Biennial Reporl Fish Commissioners of Vermont " (1881-:2 et seq.) ; and " Vermont Agricultural Reports " (1 882 et seq.). Prof. Cutting has for many years Lecl ared during the winter months on "The Bible: its History and Scientific Relations"; "God in Creation," etc. CUTTING, James Ambrose, inventor, b. in Massachusetts in 1814; d. in Worcester. Ma-.s., 31 July, 18G7. His early years were spent in Haver- hill, Mass., where he lived in straitened circum- stances. He invented a new bee-hive, and for the patent received sufficient encouragement to settle in Boston, where he then devised several im- proved processes, but deriving no important benefit from them, and soon lost all his property. After- ward turning his attention to the new art of mak- ing daguerreotypes, he discovered the process of making pictures on glass, which after his own name he called ambrotypes. This he at once pat- ented, and then disposed of his rights, both in this country and abroad. He established an aquarium in Boston, and subsequently the aquarial gardens. CUTTING, Sewall Sylvester, educator, b. in Windsor, Vt., 19 Jan., 1813; d. in Brooklyn. N. Y.. 7 Feb., 1882. He was graduated at the University of Vermont, and in 1836 was ordained pastor of the Baptist church in West Boylston, Mass., but soon removed to Southbridge, Mass., where he remained eight years as pastor of the Baptist church in that place. In 1845 he assumed edi- torial charge of the " Baptist Ad- vocate" in New York, changing its name to the "New York Re- corder." In his hands the pa- per at once rose in character and greatly increased in circulation. In 1850 he retired from the " Re- corder," and was for a short time secretary of the American and Foreign Bible so- ciety. From 1849 till 1852 he was editor of the " Christian Review," and from 1851 till 1853 was on the editorial staff of the " Watchman and Re- flector," published in Boston. In the last-named year he wras recalled to the editorship of the " New York Recorder." In 1855. in connection with Dr. Edward Bright, he bought the New York " Bap- tist Register," consolidating it with the " Re- corder," and changing the name to " The Ex- ^ / / c/?& 60 CUTTS CUYLER ■miner." In the same year he was called to the professorship of rhetoric and history in the Univer- sity of Rochester, a chair which he held until > 8. He was the tirst secretary of the Baptist educational commission, an association formed in - : "to promote education and the increase of the ministry in the Baptist denomination." In 1870 the scope of this commission was enlarged by affixing ** American " to its name and extending its care to the interests of higher education in general. Of this enlarged commission Dr. Cutting remained secretary. This organization, having ac- complished its aim. discontinued its agency in From September, 187(5. till May, 1879, Dr. Cutting was corresponding secretary of the Ameri- can Baptist home mis-ion society. He was the author of "Historical Vindications" (Boston, 1859); " Struggles and Triumphs of Religions Liberty" (New York. 1876); and " Ancient Bap- tistries " (published posthumously). Several of his poems, as well as many occasional discourses, were printed, lie received the degree of D. D. from the University of Vermont. CUTTS. Hari^ sister superior, b. in Lough- borough, Leicester. England, in 1811; d. at Grand Coteau in 1853. She entered the novitiate of the Society of the Sacred Heart in Paris at the age of seventeen, and on becoming a professed nun, in 1836, asked to be sent on the American mission. She was named superior of the Grand Coteau con- vent after her arrival, and afterward was made superior of all the convents of her order in the west of the United States. CUTLER, Sir Cornelius, soldier, b. in Albany, X. V., about 1740; d. at St. John's Lodge, Hert- fordshire. England, 8 March, 1819. In May, 1759, he joined the 55th regiment of foot (British) as an ensign, and was present at the reduction of Ticon- deroga in that year, and of Montreal in 1760. Serving through the old French war, he became captain in the 40th foot, 9 May, 1764, and was aide-de-camp to Gen. Sir William Howe from July. 1775. till 15 Jan., 1776, when he was pro- moted major of the 55th regiment. Pie continued on Gen. Howe's staff, and was at the battles of Long island, Brandywine, and Germantown. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, 16 Nov., 1777, and commanded his regiment at the battle of Mon- mouth. After the conclusion of peace he was transferred to the West Indies, where he was quartermaster-general of the British forces, and was afterward in chief command. He attained the full rank of general in 1799. CUTLER, Cornelius C, clergvman, b. in Al- bany. X. Y., 15 Feb., 1788; d. 31 Aug., 1850. His ancestors were among the early Dutch settlers of the neighborhood, and so common was the name Cornelius among them that those who bore it were obliged to adopt distinguishing initials to prevent mistakes. This accounted for the middle "C." of Dr. Cuyler's name. In 1806 he was graduated at Union, and began to study theology under Drs. Livingstone and Bassett. In 1809 he was ordained pastor of the Reformed Dutch church in Pough- keepsie, X. V., where he remained for twenty-five years, strengthening and uniting a congregation which he found in ;i weak and almost, divided con- dition. Asa preacher he was exceptionally suc- ' ill, and several revivals occurred under his mini-try. An invitation from the 2d Presby- terian church of Philadelphia was accepted in 1*34. and the pastoral relation then assumed con- tinued during tie- remainder of his life. For many years he was president of the board of trustees of Jefferson medical college. In 1838 he received the degree of S. T. D. from Union. Besides a large number of sermons, published separately, he was t he author of " A Narrative of a Revival of Relig- ion in the Reformed Dutch Church, Poughkeepsie, 1815," and three tracts issued by the Presbyterian board of publication. Their titles are " The Parity of the Ministry,'' " Evidences of a Gracious State," and " Who shall dwell in Heaven % " He also wrote for the religious press, notably a series of essays on the Atonement, published in the ''Journal and Telegraph," of Albany. CUYLER, John M., surgeon, U. S. army, b. in Georgia, about 1810 ; d. in Morristown, N. J., 26- April, 1884. He entered the army as assistant surgeon in 1834, being among the first to pass the rigid examination instituted in 1833. He was act- ively engaged in the Creek war of 1838, and the Seminole war of 1840, and served with distinction through the Mexican war, receiving promotion as major and surgeon on 16 Feb., 1847. Prom 1848 till 1855 he served at West Point. As senior medi- cal officer at Fort Monroe, during the first years of the civil war, his services were invaluable in or- ganizing the medical department of the armies con- gregated there. He served afterward as medical inspector and acting medical inspector-general. He served on examining boards, and sought to uphold a high professional standard among army surgeons. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel and medical inspector on 11 June, 1862, brevetted brigadier-general on 13 March, 1865, and promoted to the rank of colonel on 26 June, 1876. After the war he was medical director of important de- partments until his retirement, 30 June, 1882. CUYLER, Theodore Ledyard, clergyman, b. in Aurora, N. Y., 10 Jan., 1822, of which town his great-grandfather, Gen. Benjamin Ledyard, was. the founder. He was graduated at Princeton in 1841, and at the Princeton theological seminary in 1846. Two years afterward he was ordained into the Presbyterian ministry; and for a short time was pastor of the church in Burlington, N. J. Shortly afterward he was installed pastor of the 3d Presbyterian church in Trenton, N. J., and remained there until 1853, when he accepted an in- vitation from the Market street Reformed Dutch church in the city of New York. During the seven years of his ministry to this congregation occurred the remarkable and wide-spread religious revival of 1858. In the impressive services connected with this awakening Dr. Cuyler took a prominent part. In April, 1860, he was invited by the Lafay- ette avenue Presbyterian church, Brooklyn, N. Y., to become its first pastor, and under his charge the church rapidly grew to be one of the largest and most prosperous in the denomination, and it has twice outgrown its spacious buildings and sent out " colonies." As a preacher he has been remarkably influential, and nearly 3,500 members have been borne on the rolls of his church. He is a regular writer for the religious press, to which he has con- tributed nearly 3,000 articles, many of which have been republished and translated into foreign lan- guages. He has also written a large number of tracts on temperance. The titles of his books are " Stray Arrows " (New York, 1851) ; " The Cedar Christian" (1863); "The Empty Crib" (1868); " Heart Life " (1871) ; " Thought Hives " (1872) ; "Pointed Papers" (1876); "From the Nile to Norway' (1881); "God's Light on Dark Clouds" (1882) ; " Wayside Springs " (1884) ; and " Right to the Point" (spare-minute series, Boston, 1884). A large volume of miscellaneous articles on religious topics has been published in Dutch, and still an- other in Swedish. DABLON DABOLL 51 D DABLON, Claudius, clergyman, b. in Dieppe, France; d. in Canada in 1700. He arrived in New France in 1655, and was immediately sent among the Onondagas. In 1GG1 he accompanied Drui- lettes on his expedition to Hudson bay. He was next with Marquette on Lake Superior in 1668, after the latter had founded the mission of Sault St. Mary, and was appointed superior of all the mis- sions in 1670. He edited the " Relation " of 1671-2, and compiled other narratives, which are still in manuscript. He is also the author of a descrip- tion of Marquette's journey, published in the " Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Val- ley," by John Gilmary Shea (New York, 1853). DABNEY, Charles William, consul, b. in Al- exandria, Va., 19 March, 1794 ; d. in Fayal, Azores. 12 March. 1871. In 1826 he became U. S. consul at Fayal, and won the affections of the islanders in a remarkable degree by his efforts for their welfare. In the famines that visited the island from time to time during his residence, some of which were very severe, he furnished the inhabitants with food, as- sisted them to replant their fields, advised and sug- gested the culture of new and more varied crops, encouraged the despondent, and restrained the over- sanguine. During the whole of his residence in the island he acted the part of a wise and judicious father to the people, and, wherever he went, their blessings and gratitude were manifested. DABNEY, Richard, author, b. in Louisa coun- ty, Va., in 1787 ; d. there in November, 1825. His name was originally the same as that of the his- torian D'Aubigne. He applied himself to the ac- quisition of Latin, Greek, and Italian, acq airing a remarkable proficiency in those languages, and was employed as a teacher in a school in Richmond. At the burning of the theatre in December, 1811, he sustained severe injuries. In 1812 he published a volume of " Poems, Original and Translated," of which an improved edition was printed in Phila- delphia in 1815. The collection contained spirited and elegant translations from Euripides, Alcaeus, Sappho, Martial, Seneca, and Petrarch. The sec- ond edition was published by Matthew Carey, who employed Dabney for a few years. Carey's political tract, called the " Olive Branch, or Faults on Both Sides," is supposed to have been in great part written by Dabney. In a few years he returned to Virginia and taught a class of boys. The painful injuries received at a fire, together with the use of opium, taken to allay his sufferings, and indulgence in intoxicating drinks, caused his early death. — His nephew, Robert Lewis, clergyman, b. in Louisa county, Va., 5 March, 1820. He studied at Hampden Sidney college, and was graduated at the University of Virginia in 1842. After teaching for two years, he studied at the Union theological seminary in Virginia, was licensed to preach in 1846, ordained by the Lexington presbytery in July, 1847, and became pastor of Tinkling Spring church in Augusta county, Va., where he remained for six years. In 1853 he accepted the professor- ship of church history in Union seminary, Virginia, and remained until 1883, except during the civil war, when he was actively engaged in the Confed- erate serviee as chaplain of the 18th Virginia regi- ment, and afterward as chief of staff to Gen. T. J. Jackson. In 1883 he was elected to the chair of moral philosophy in the University of Texas. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Bampden Sidney college; in 1853, and that of LL. J), by the Southwestern Presbyterian university, Temi,, in 1877, and simultaneously by Hampden Sidney col- lege. Besides being a voluminous contributor to periodical literature, Dr. Dabney has published "Life of Rev. Dr. F. S. Sampson" (Richmond, 1854); "Life of Gen. T. J. (Stonewall; Jackson" (London, 1864); "Sacred Rhetoric" (Richmond, 1866) ; " Defence of Virginia and the South " (New- York. 1868) ; " Sensualist ic Philosophy of the Nine- teenth Century Considered " (1876) ; "A Course of Systematic and Polemic Theology" (St. Louis, 1878) ; and " The Christian Sabbath " (Philadelphia, 1881). — Charles William, son of Robert Lewi-, chemist, b. in Hampden-Sidney, Va.. 19 June, 1855. He was graduated at Hampden-Sidney college in 1873, and, after teaching for a year, spent some time at the University of Virginia, following special stud- ies, principally scientific. In 1877 he became pro- fessor of chemistry and mineralogy in Emory and Henry college, but relinquished this chair at the end of a year and visited Germany, where in 1880 he received the degree of Ph. D. from the Univer- sity of Gottingen. In October, 1880, he became state chemist of North Carolina and director of the North Carolina agricultural experiment station, and to these offices was added, in November, 1886. that of director of the North Carolina weather service. He has edited numerous technical circu- lars giving valuable scientific information to farm- ers, and prepared the annual reports from 1881 till 1886. Dr. Dabney is a member of several sci- entific societies, and has been secretary of the American association of official agricultural chem- ists, editing in that capacity the reports of their proceedings. He has discovered numerous miner- als in North Carolina, not previously known in that state, such as tin and arsenic ores, and he has published scientific investigations in the " Ameri- can Chemical Journal." DABNEY, Yirginius, author, b. at Elmington, Gloucester co., Va., 15 Feb., 1835. He was gradu- ated at the University of Virginia in 1855, and practised law. But he had abandoned this profes- sion for literature when the civil war began in 1861. He became a staff officer in the Confederate army, and served through the war. He has pub- lished "The Story of Don Miff, as told by his Friend, John Bouche Whacker, a Symphonv of Life " (Philadelphia, 1886). This book reached its fourth edition in six months. DABOLL, Nathan, educator, b. about 1750; d. in Groton, Conn., 9 March, 1818. He was famous as a teacher, and instructed as many as 1,500 per- sons in navigation. He published a treatise on arithmetic, entitled the " Schoolmaster's Assistant " (New London, 1799), which was for a long time a standard text-book ; also the " Practical Naviga- tor." In 1773 he began the annual publication of the " Connecticut Almanac." — His son, Nathan, b. in Groton, Conn., in 1782 ; d. there in 1863, was a member of the Connecticut house of representa- tives in 1832-'3, of the senate in 1835-?6, and judge of probate in 1843-'5. He was joint author of * In a work like this there is always difficulty in deciding where to place many of the names that begin with De. The general rnle is, that if the name retains its original form, it should be placed under the initial letter of the main word ; but if the particle has coalesced with the main word, it should be found under D. If the reader misses any well-known name here, he should look for it under another letter. 52 pa no UK DADD DabolTs "New Arithmetic." and compiled the •• Now England Almanac " from his father's death in 1818 until his own death. — David Austin, son of the second Nathan, b. in Groton, Conn., in 1813, sat continuously in the state house of representa- tives from 1840 till 1871, and then served a term in the senate, lie assisted his father in the prepa- ration of the "New Arithmetic." and since his father's death has continued the publication of the •• New England Almanac."— Another son. Celadon Leeds, inventor, b. in Centre Groton. Conn., 18 July. ISIS: d. in New London, Conn.. 13 Oct., - . was a merchant in New London, and from 1854 till 1861 was employed in the interior de- partment at Washington, lie conceived the idea of applying the principle of the clarionet to a large trumpet, to serve as a fog signal for mariners. — Another grandson of Nathan, Charles Miner, in- ventor, b. in Groton. Conn.. 14 Oct., 1823, was trained as a practical mechanic in the works of the Wilson manufacturing company. New London, of which he rose to be superintendent. He is the in- ventor of the cast-iron bell-bottom jack-screw bar- rel, now in general use throughout the world, for raising buildings and other massive objects, and of a lathe for cutting the thread of jack-screws, which has been in successful operation for twenty-five years, as has also his oval slide parallel bench-vise. He has invented also a breast-drill, a self-centring brace for bits, a mowing-machine, and the Daboll hushing. He developed his cousin's suggestion of a steam fog-trumpet, consisting of a steel reed vi- brating within a horn, using a hot-air engine to force cold air by means of an air-pump into a boiler, from which it escapes into the horn through a valve, causing the vibrations of the reed, which arc regulated by an automatic cam. He has held various local offices, and in recent years that of C S. government inspector, for Connecticut and Rhode Island, of boilers on steam vessels. DABOL R, John, artist, b. in Smyrna, Asia, in 1837. He was a pupil at the Academy of fine arts in Paris, and studied also at the Art museum of France. Fifteen years of his professional life were spent in the United States, painting portraits, which are to be found in the principal cities of the country, but chiefly in Baltimore. Among the more prominent of those that have been sitters in his studio are Archbishop Spaulding, of Baltimore ; Archbishop Purcell, of Cincinnati ; Senator Cam- eron, of Pennsylvania, and his son, Senator Davis, of Virginia; and Gov. Groome, of Maryland. DACIAN, Jakob (dah-see-an'), Danish monk, b. in Copenhagen in 1490 ; d. in Tarecuato, Mexico, in 1502. He belonged to the Danish royal family, became a Franciscan at the age of twenty-four, and was appointed provincial of his order in 1529. A few year- afterward he had to leave his country to escape persecution by the Lutherans, and went to Spain, where the emperor, Charles V., recommend- ed him to the civil and church authorities of New Spain. Dacian at once left for Mexico, and there filled important offices in his order, and for many fears worked mosl successfully as a missionary among the Indians, especially in the provinces of Santo Evangelio, Michoacan, and Guadalajara. He preached to the natives in their Tarasc lan- guage, which he mastered, as well as Spanish, Latin. Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic. While he was guardian of the Tarecuato convent he founded the town of Arancara. Dacian left many works in various languages, most of which have been lost. The best known is his " Declamacion del pueblo barbaro de los Indios, que habiendo recibido el bautismo, desean recibir los dernas sacramentos." DA COSTA, Jacob 31., physician, b. in the isl- and o\' St. Thomas, West Indies, 7 Feb., 1833. His literary and classical education was received in C.ermany, his medical in Jefferson college, Phila- delphia, where he was graduated in 1852, and in the hospitals and schools of Paris and Vienna, where he passed two years. In 1854 he returned to Philadelphia, established himself there in prac- tice, and made a special study of diseases of the heart and lungs. In 1804 he was appointed lec- turer on clinical medicine in Jefferson medical col- lege, and in the spring of 1872 was chosen profes- sor of the theory and practice of medicine in the same institution. His contributions to medical literature include " Epithelial Tumors and Cancers of the Skin " (1852) ; " An Inquiry into the Patho- logical Anatomy of Acute Pneumonia " (1855) ; " The Physicians of the Last Century " (1857) ; " On Serous Apoplexy " (1859) ; " Medical Diagnosis, with Special Reference to Practical Medicine" (1804) ; and " Inhalation in the Treatment of Dis- eases of the Respiratory Passages " (1807). He has also contributed many articles to the " Pennsyl- vania Hospital Reports," in the " American Journal of the Medical Sciences," and his clinical lectures have appeared in the " Medical and Surgical Re- porter " and the " Philadelphia Medical Times." DACRES, James Richard, British naval offi- cer, b. in Lowestoft, Suffolk, England, 22 Aug.. 1788; d. at his country-seat in Hampshire, 3 Dec, 1853. His father was Vice- Admiral Dacres, who in the Revolutionary war commanded the " Carle- ton," which engaged Gen. Arnold's flotilla on Lake Champlain in 1770. He entered the navy in 1790 as a first-class volunteer on board the " Serapis," commanded by his father, with whom he also served on the " Barfleur " in 1797. He afterward accompanied the expedition against Ferrol, in Au- gust, 1800, and was present, in the " Boadicea," in the action with the French ship " Duguay Trouin," in August, 1803. He received his first commission 15 Nov., 1804, and on 5 July, 1805, was given com- mand of the sloop "Elk," from which he was transferred, 14 Jan., 1800, to the " Bacchante." On 14 Feb., 1807, he captured the French schooner " Dauphin," and after other distinguished services returned to England m December, 1807. On 10 March, 1811. he was assigned to the command of the " Guerriere," and participated in the pursuit of the " Constitution," having previously had his ves- sel's name vauntingly printed in large letters on her foretopsail, and inquired of every ship he met for the " President," intimating that he would chastise her for the punishment she had given the "Little Belt." After the loss of the "Guerriere" he was transferred to the " Constitution," and was put on shore, on parole, at Boston, on 31 Aug., 1812. By the court-martial that, on 0 October fol- lowing, assembled on board the " Africa," at Hali- fax, to try Capt. Dacres for surrendering his ship to the enemy, he was honorably acquitted of all blame for her loss. While in command of the " Tiber " he took, on 8 March, 1815, the American privateer "Leo." He was on duty on the New- foundland and Channel stations from 1833 till 1 837. He attained flag rank 28 June, 1838, and in 1845 was appointed commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Plope. See Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson's address on " Commodore Isaac Hull and the Frig- ate Constitution " (New York, 1880). DAJ)I), Gcorg-e H., veterinary surgeon, b. about 1813. He was a native of England, but re- moved to the United States in 1839. He turned his attention to the diseases of the brute creation, and became a successful practitioner. He pub- DADE DAIILGRKX 53 lished "The Modern Horse Doctor "(New York, 1854) ; " The Manual oi Veterinary Science "(1855) ; " Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse" (Boston, 1856) ; and " The American Cattle Doctor." DADE, Francis Langhorn, soldier, b. in Vir- ginia; killed by Indians near Fort King, Fla., 28 Dee., 1835. lie was appointed third lieutenant in the 12th infantry on 13 March, 1813, became first lieutenant in 1810, captain in 1818, and brevet major- in 1828. When killed he was on the march to Fort King with a detachment, which was nearly destroyed by a treacherous attack of the Seminole Indians. A beautiful monument was erected at West Point to his memory and that of his command. DA(x(x, John L., educator, b. in Middleburg, Loudon co., Va., 13 Feb., 1794; d. in Haynesville, Ala., 11 June, 1884. He was ordained to the Bap- tist ministry in 1817, preached for some years in Virginia, and in 1825 removed to Philadelphia, Pa., where he became pastor of the 5th Baptist church. Retiring from the pastorate in 1833 on account of a diseased throat, he thenceforth devoted himself to teaching and authorship. In 1836 he took charge of the Alabama female athenaeum in Tuscaloosa, and in 1844 was made president of Mercer univer- sity at Penfield, Ga., where he remained for twelve years, giving instruction in theology in addition to his duties as president. In 1856 he resigned the presidency of Mercer university. His published works are " Manual of Theology " ; " Treatise on Church Order " ; " Elements of Moral Science " ; " Evidences of Christianity " ; and several pamph- lets, including " The More Excellent Way " ; " An Interpretation of John III. : 5 " ; " An Essay in Defence of Strict Communion " ; and " A Decisive Argument against Infant Baptism, furnished by One of its Own Proof-Texts." DAGGETT, David, jurist, b. in Attleborough, Mass., 31 Dec, 1764; d. in New Haven, Conn., 12 April, 1851. He was graduated at Yale in 1783, studied and practised law in New Haven, became state's attorney in 1811, mayor of the city in 1828, and held other local offices. From 1791 till 1813 he was a member of the Connecticut legislature, serving in 1794 as speaker, and from 1797 till 1804 and 1809 till 1813 as a member of the council or upper house. He voted as a presidential elector for Charles C. Pinckney in 1804 and 1808, and for De Witt Clinton in 1812. He was elected a U. S. senator in the place of Chauncey Goodrich, who resigned, and served from 24 May, 1813, till 3 March, 1819, when he returned to his extensive practice at the bar in Connecticut. From 1826 till 1832 he was a judge of the Connecticut supreme court, and then chief judge till 1834, when he reached the age of seventy years, and was retired under the statute. He became an instructor in the New Haven law-school in 1824, and was professor of jurisprudence from 1826 until he was compelled by the infirmities of age to resign the chair. A sketch of his life by the Rev. Samuel W. S. Dut- ton, D. D., appeared in 1851. — His son, Oliver Ellsworth, clergyman, b. in New Haven, Conn., 14 Jan., 1810 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 1 Sept., 1880, was graduated at Yale in 1828, studied in the law- school at New Haven, and, after being admitted to the bar in 1831, spent two years in the divinity- school. From 1837 till 1843 he was pastor of the South church in Hartford, Conn., and of the Congregational church in Canandaigua, N. Y., from 1845 till 1867. In September of the latter year he was chosen professor of divinity at Yale, where he remained till 1870, officiating during the same period as pastor of the college church. From 1871 till 1877 he was minister of the Congre- gational church in New London, Conn., after which he resided in Hartford. He published ser- mons and magazine articles, assisted in compiling a book of psalms and hymns (1845), and [eft a small volume of poems, printed posthurnouslv. DAGGETT, Naphtali, clergyman, b. in Attle- borough, Mass., 8 Sept., 1727; d. in New Haven, Conn., 25 Nov., 1 780. i I is grand father was the great- grandfather of David Daggett. He was graduated at Yale m 1748, studied theology, was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian church in Smithtown, L. I., in 1751, and in 1756 became professor of divinity at Yale, which post he retained until his death. When President Olapp resigned in 1766, he was chosen president pro tempore, in which ca- pacity he officiated until 1777, when he was suc- ceeded by Dr. Ezra Stiles. When the British attacked New Haven in July, 1779, Dr. Daggett took part in the defence with a shot-gun, but was taken prisoner, and compelled by the enemy to aet as a guide, and repeatedly pricked with bayonets un- til his strength failed, and he never fully recovered. He published several sermons and an account of the famous dark day in New England (1780). DAHLGREN, John Adolph, naval officer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 13 Nov., 1809 ; d. in Washing- ton, D. C, 12 July, 1870. His father, Bernard Ulric Dahlgren, was Swedish consul at Philadel- phia till his death in 1824. The great object of the son's early ambition was to enter the navy of the United States, and he received his midship- man's warrant on 1 Feb., 1826, making his first cruise in the " Macedonian," of the Brazil squadron, in 1827-'9. He was attached to the sloop " Onta- rio," of the Medi- terranean squad- ron, in 1830-'2, and made passed midshipman in the latter year, and in 1834, ow- ing to his mathe- matical proficien- cy, detailed for duty on the coast survey. In this year he wrote a series of letters on naval topics to the Philadel- phia " National Gazette," signed " Blue - Jacket." He was commissioned lieutenant in 1837. and in the same year his hitherto exceptionally fine sight became so impaired by incessant labor as to threaten entire loss of vision, and an absolute rest was needed. During this period of enforced inaction Lieut. Dahlgren resided on a farm. In 1842 he resumed duty, and in 1843 went to the Mediterranean in the frigate " Cumberland." re- turning late in 1845 to "the United States, the cruise having been shortened by the prospect of a war with Mexico. In January, 1847. Lieut. Dahl- gren was assigned to ordnance duty at Washing- ton, although he desired, and made an effort to obtain, active duty at sea. Then began those labors as an ordnance officer which for sixteen years demanded the most extraordinary energy, and which finally made Dahlgren chief of ord- nance, and gave him the world's recognition as a man of science and inventive genius. He saw al- most at once the defects in gunnery then existing. 64 DAHLGREN DAHLGREN and soon offered the remedy in the stylo of can- non known by his came, which for so many years constituted the naval armament of the United Stales. It was proposed by him in L850, and the gun according to his design was east in May of that year. These guns are of iron, east solid, and cooled from the exterior. They are distin- guished by great thickness at the breech, rapidly diminishing from the trunnions to the muzzle, and were the first practical application of results ob- tained by experimental determination of pressures at different points along the bore. They are chiefly smooth-bores of nine- and eleven-inch calibre; but Dahlgren also invented a rifled cannon, and intro- duced boat -howitzers with iron carriages, which were unsurpassed for combined lightness and ac- curacy. Under the sole direction of Lieut. Dahl- gren, the ordnance department at Washington acquired the most extensive additions, including the foundry for cannon, gun-carriage shops, the experimental battery, and equipment of all kinds. He was made commander in 1853, and, in order to introduce innovations that completely revolution- ized the armament of the navy, and to remove ob- jections particularly to his eleven-inch gun, which was then considered too heavy for use at sea, he was permitted to equip the sloop-of-war "Plym- outh" entirely as he wished. The experimental cruise of this vessel lasted from 1857 till 1859. He wa< on ordnance duty at the Washington navy- yard in 1860-'l, and on 22 April, 1861, after the resignation of Franklin Buchanan, who entered the Confederate service, was given command of the yard, which was not only of great importance on account of naval resources, but also as the key of the defences of Washington on the left. Com- mander Dahlgren hastened to secure the only route left to the capital by the Potomac river, and, when Alexandria was seized, he moved down the left wing of the column under Col. Ellsworth. He was appointed chief of the ordnance bureau on 18 July, lsi 12, and shortly afterward promoted to be cap- tain, his commission being antedated to 16 July. On 7 Feb., 1863, he was made a rear-admiral, re- ceiving at the same time the thanks of congress, and ten years additional on the active list, which, however, he did not live to enjoy. In July, 1863, he was ordered to relieve Admiral Dupont in the command of the South Atlantic blockading squad- ron. In July, August, and September of that year he co-operated with the land forces under Gen. Gillmore in various attacks on the defences of Charleston, and succeeded, by silencing Fort Sum- ter and the batteries on Morris island, in obtaining for the monitors a safe anchorage inside the bar, thus putting a stop to blockade-running. His fail- ure to take Charleston provoked some hostile criti- eism, but his operations had the continuous ap- proval of the navy department. He led a successful expedition up St. John's river in February, 1864, to aid in throwing a military force into Florida, co-operated with Sherman in the capture of Savan- nah, on 23 Dec, and entered Charleston with Gen. Schimmelpfennig on its evacuation in Febru- ary. 1865. In 1866 he was given command of the South Pacific squadron. He was again chief of the ordnance bureau in 1868-70, and a few months before his death was relieved at his own request and appointed to the command of the Washington ■ -yard. His death was the result of heart-dis- . Admiral Dahlgren was a man of great per- sonal bravery, dignified in manner, and of exem- plary character. He published many scientific works on ordnance, which have been used as text- books in the navy. They include " Thirty-two- pounder Practice for Rangers " (1850) : " System of Boat-Armament in the U.S. Navy" (1852: French translation, 1855); "Naval Percussion Locks and Primers" (1852); "Ordnance Memoranda" (1853); " Shells and Shell-Guns," explaining his own sys- tem (1856); and various reports on ordnance, arm- ored vessels, and coast defences. After his death appeared " Notes on Maritime and International Law," with a preface by his widow, indicating the plan of an uncompleted work (Boston, 1877). See " Memoir of John A. Dahlgren," by his widow (Boston, 1882). — His son, Ulric, b. in Bucks county, Pa., in 1842 ; d. near King and Queen's Court-House, Va., 4 March, 1864, removed to Washington with his father in 1848. In the intervals of study he spent his time in the navy-yard, where he became familiar with the construction and use of artillery, and was taught by the sailors to swim and row. He began the study of civil engineering in 1858, and in 1860 began also to study law in Philadel- phia ; but, at the beginning of the civil war, he re- turned to Washington, and just after the first battle of Bull Run was sent by his father to place and take charge of a naval battery on Maryland heights. He then became aide to Gen. Sigei, and served through Fremont's mountain campaign and through Pope's campaign, acting as Sigel's chief of artillery at the second battle of Bull Run. In November, 1862, he attacked Fredericksburg at the head of Sigel's body-guard of 57 men, and held the town for three hours, returning with 31 prisoners, and for his gallantry was detailed as special aide on Gen. Burnside's staff. He was after- ward on Gen. Hooker's staff, distinguished himself at Chancellorsville, and as aide to Gen. Meade per- formed much dangerous and important service in the Gettysburg campaign at the head of a hundred picked men. On the retreat of the enemy from Gettysburg he led the charge into Hagerstown, and was severely wounded in the foot. His leg was amputated, and for a time his life was in dan- ger ; but he recovered, was promoted to colonel for his gallantry, and, though obliged to walk on crutches, returned at once to active service. He lost his life in a raid planned by him, in concert with Gen. Kilpatrick, to release the Union prison- ers at Libby prison and Belle Isle. A memoir of him, written by his father, was revised and pub- lished by his stepmother (Philadelphia, 1872). — Admiral Dahlgren's second wife, Madeleine Yin- ton, b. in Gallipolis, Ohio, about 1835, is a daughter of Samuel F. Vinton, for over twenty years a lead- er of the whig party. At an early age she married Daniel Con vers Goddard, of Zanesville, who died, leaving two children. She married Admiral Dahl- gren on 2 Aug., 1865, and has three children of this marriage. As early as 1859 she published sketches and poems under the pen-name of " Co- rinne." In 1870-'3 she actively opposed the move- ment for female suffrage, and drew up a petition to congress, which was extensively signed, asking that the right to vote should not be extended to women. The literary society of Washington, of which she was one of the founders, held its meet- ings in her house for six years, and she was elected its vice-president. She was for some time presi- dent of " The Ladies' Catholic Missionary Society of Washington," and has built the chapel of " St. Joseph's of the Sacred Heart of Jesus," in South Mountain, M'd. Mrs. Dahlgren's works include " Idealities " (Philadelphia, 1859) ; " Thoughts on Female Suffrage" (Washington, 1871); "South Sea Sketches " (Boston, 1881) ; " Etiquette of Social Life in Washington " (Philadelphia, 1881) ; " South Mountain Magic" (1882); "A Washington Win- DAILLfi DALE 55 ter" and " Memoirs of John A. Dahlgren " (1882) ; and "The Lost Name" and "Lights and Shadows of a Life" (Boston, 1886). She has translated from the French, Montalembert's "Pius IX" and De Chambrun's "Executive Power" (Lancaster, Pa., 1874), the preface to the latter being written by James A. Garfield, and from the Spanish, Donoso Cortes's " Catholicism, Liberalism, and Socialism," for which she received the thanks of Pius IX. DAILLE, Pierre, clergyman, b. in France in 1049; d. in Boston. Mass., 21 May, 1715. He had been a professor at Saumur, one of the four great Protestant schools of France. The school was de- stroyed by order of Louis XIV. in 1685, and about 1683 Daille was banished on account of his Hugue- not faith, and was called by the consistory of the Reformed church in New York to labor for the French there. The scattered Huguenot families in Staten Island, Bushwick, Hackensack, and Har- lem were also under his care. In 1686 lie v. Lau- rentius Vandenbosch drew away two thirds of his country congregation, and established a new church on Staten Island, but he was suspended a few years later, and in 1692 the churches were re- united. Daille received a collaague, Pastor Peiret, in 1687, and from that time till 1692 he was an itinerant. Up to 1688 the French congregation worshipped in the Dutch church in the fort, but in that year they put up a church of their own in Marketfield street, or Petticoat lane, half way be- tween Broad and Whitehall streets. In 1692 Daille fell under Jacob Leisler's displeasure for exhorting the commander to meekness, and disapproving of his violent measures, and both he and Peiret were threatened with imprisonment. Notwithstanding this, the pastor showed his Christian spirit by sub- sequently endeavoring to prevent Leisler's execu- tion. For his efforts in this matter he was cited before the assembly and narrowly escaped impris- onment as a " promoter of sedition." He went to Boston in 1696, took charge of the School street church, and remained there till his death. The Boston " News-Letter " spoke of him as " a Person of great Piety, Charity, affable and courteous Beha- viour, and of an exemplary Life and Conversation." DAIN, Charles, French magistrate, b. in Gua- deloupe, West Indies, 29 Sept., 1812 ; d. there in 1873. He was graduated in law and admitted to the bar in Paris. Having made the acquaintance of the economist Considerant, he neglected his profession for communistic disputes, and became a follower of the phalansterian doctrines, then pro- fessed by Fourier, Enfantin, and Marquis de Saint Simon. He took a prominent part in the Euro- pean congress that was opened in Paris in 1833 by the French royal historical institute, and opposed the Christian philosophers Buchez and Roux-La- vergne. He was a contributor to " La democratic pacifique," in which he denounced slavery and urged its abolition in the French colonies. After the revolution of 1848 the slaves emancipated in Guadeloupe elected Dain their representative in the French chamber of deputies, and soon his radi- cal colleagues recognized him as their leader. As such he denounced the conduct of President Ca- vaignac, and went so far as to ask, on the floor of the legislative assembly, for the immediate arrest of the president and all the members of his cabi- net. When Louis Napoleon was elected president of the republic, Dain tendered his resignation, but the assembly refused to accept it. He returned to Guadeloupe in 1852 as judge of the supreme court, which office he held until his death. DAKIN, Thomas Spencer, merchant, b. in Orange county, N. Y., in 1831 ; d. in Brooklyn, 13 May, 1878. He was the eldest of four children, and, until he was seventeen year- of age, worked on his father's farm, lie then walked, about .sev- enty-five miles, to New York, and begun life a- an office-boy. In 1858 he established the firm of Thomas S. Dakin & Co., commission agents, con- tinuing it until 1861, when he engaged in the oil trade, and became the head of the firm of Dakin & Gulick. In 1870 he retired from business. He was elected captain in the 13th regiment, Brook- lyn, in 1862, and served in the Virginia campaign as a member of the staff of Gen. Crook, who then commanded the 5th brigade.'. After the war he be- came major-general of militia, and was widely known as a member of the American rifle learn. He especially practised shooting at long range, and took part in the first international contest at Creedmoor in September, 1874, when the Irish team, under Maj. Leech, was defeated by the American team. In the following year the Ameri- cans again defeated the Irish team at Dolly Mount, Ireland, when Gen. Dakin made the remarkable score of 165 in a possible 180. He was afterward elected a member of the legion of