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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF
THE SMITHSONIAN INS ELT UTION
SHOWING THE
OPERATIONS, EXPENDITURES, AND CONDITION OF THE INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30
1918
(Publication 2549)
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920
ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 75 CENTS PER COPY
V
IE yA Red pate
FROM THE
SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
SUBMITTING
THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1918.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, August 29, 1919. To the Congress of the United States:
In accordance with section 5593 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, I have the honor, in behalf of the Board of Regents, to submit to Congress the annual report of the operations, expendi- tures, and condition of the Smithsonian Institution for the year end- ing June 30, 1918. I have the honor to be,
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, Cuartes D. Watcort, Secretary. m1
CONTENTS.
Letter from the Secretary submitting the annual report of the Regents
LOM OI ROSS eee ee aE ee a ee ee WaMNbenESsO Pete yep) 0 ae ae Se a TRS Orgs Gh a i eee fe ee ener a ee General subjects of the annual report Ofeialsvor theunstitutionsandsits, branches == as es ee ee
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
The Smithsonian Institution Seaciite Establishment ee a ee tee Wee ee Ly eee eee BEES IS OATS O is ECCS CNN eae ee ae a ea gee ee GenerdlGeconsiG Ghat Onset on ae eee ee ee ee MINAN CES Sas = ae ee Researches and explorations: Geological explorations in the Rocky Mountains________________ Researchesson. the StLuclurenoL thllObiteS=a=—=——— == eee Geological work in the Appalachian and Ohio Valleys____-----~ Geolovicaleworkuins Maryland =") 5 se ee Geolociealt worl Central wemty Ckye sea ee eee Grasses of the Adirondack and White Mountains___________-__-
SIS en TNT SUD TD Gerry C0 Wa eras ee eo ee rae een Ethnological explorations in Colorado and Utah________---_____ National Parks Educational Committee
TENT OU EF2 9 10) 0S pe ra ee SA el ae p< a ae RS eee ANOS A Tee sy ee ee we a eras SS es ee iat Re ead aes Bo BINED UG OKT EN! I ee VLU Ue eee eer eee oR Re ee ab ee en woe JBAUTRSL OL OPEN EN GYSN FI EEN avend Del ov 0 VO) Oya eee ae oe ee eee INGTON ZOOL O 21 Callie bea Tet ret ee ee ee J NSGETOS OD ayy STK CEE leek OY OFS CEN 03) 10 esol SA a pe ae eee
iMpernatoOnal, HixXcC hay Ose ee = ee en ae ee ee Spine S International Catalogue of Scientific Literature NCCT LO yee eee cra a eee ee ee RE Se en a eee Appendix 1. Report on the United States National Museum________--~_ . Report on the Bureau of American Ethnology Report on the International Exchanges Report on the National Zoological Park___--____________-- Report on the Astrophysical Observatory__________________ Report onthe Wibrary see ene Report on the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature_ “Report on publications
DAR AS wh
XZXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND REGENTS.
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15. . The Law of Irreversible Evolution, by Branislav Petronievics___-__-~_ . The Fundamental Factor of Insect Evolution, by S. S. Chetverikov___ » he Psychic WitevoL Insects bya sue OUI == ss == ee . Sexual Selection and Bird Song, by Chauncey J. Hawkins___------_- . Marine Camoufleurs and Their Camouflage: The Present and Pros-
CONTENTS.
GENERAL APPENDIX.
. The Discovery of Helium, and What Came of It, by C. G. Abbot_____ . An Account of the Rise of Navigation, by R. H. Curtiss______________
The Tornadoes of the United States, by Prof. Robert DeC. Ward____
2 Wind! Power; by James: Carlill==- 22. ote eS ee eee . A Tribute. Samuel Pierpont Langley: Pioneer in Practical Aviation,
ony LES ara) Dev au wae ya ee er
Pe Dwentaechn©enuUry, Ly SLCSs) Wy yack te ce IV Tere . The Experiments of Dr. P. W. Bridgman on the Properties of Mat-
ter When Under High Pressure. Introductory Note by C. G. INDDOt Me See ee ee ee ee
. The Problem of Radioactive Lead, by Theodore W. Richards__----~~ . Sphagnum Moss: War Substitute for Cotton in Absorbent Dress-
ings, by, Prof. ‘George HeeNiChols22= == ee ee eee
. History of Military Medicine and its Contributions to Science, by
Cole W- PB: ‘Chamberlain Se ae a eae eee
. Some preblems of International Readjustment of Mineral Supplies as
Indicated in Recent Foreign Literature, by Eleanora F. Bliss__---~
. Reptile Reconstructions in the United States National Museum, by
Charles: W2(Gilmore= t= 2S er ee
. A Pleistocene Cave Deposit in Western Maryland, by J. W. Gidley___ . Paleobotany: A Sketch of the Origin and Evolution of Floras, by
Kdward. W.. Berry. 2222s ee eee The Direct Action of Environment and Evolution, by Prince Kropotkin_
pective Significance of Facts Regarding the Coloration of Tropical Rishes, by WH. Loneley = Se ee ee ee
~ Woot-Plow Agriculture in eens by.Oy lh. COuke == . Sun Worship of the Hopi Indians, by J. Walter Fewkes___-_---__--_ . A Constitutional League of Peace in the Stone Age of America: The
League of the Iroquois and Its Constitution, by J. N. B. Hewitt____
= The: Problem ot. Decenera cyan bya Hake D ned 20) eas ae eee » Ehistory) in) Loolss bys Weevine lind ers see hr Cas a ae eee . The Background of Totemism, by E. Washburn Hopkins_____------__ . A Great Naturalist: Sir Joseph Hooker, by Sir E. Ray Lankester____
is, OH
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1 2A Few piel Wee pete SR sinc Pema taeeaes Ra Langley (Leffmann) :
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Insect Evolution (Chetverikov) : Plate 1 Marine Camoufleurs (Longley) : Pilates, ahs eee 4 sees Foot Plow (Cook) : Plates: 14. ee Sun Worship (lewkes) : Plate 1 Plate 2h eats ae ees Plate Plate Plate 5 Plate. Gr. 2 Se satay wae eee ee Plate y (ee. ee Pe Plates (S22 ee ee Plate 9222= Rlaterl Oe eee Se = Plater Ti: Aries oe ee ee
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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE SMITHSONTAN INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1918.
SUBJECTS.
1. Annual report of the secretary, giving an account of the opera- tions and condition of the Institution for the year ending June 30, 1918, with statistics of exchanges, etc.
2. Report of the executive committee of the Board of Regents, exhibiting the financial affairs of the Institution, including a state- ment of the Smithsonian fund, and receipts and expenditures for the year ending June 30, 1918.
3. Proceedings of the Board of Regents for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918.
4, General appendix, comprising a selection of miscellaneous mem- oirs of interest to collaborators and correspondents of the Institution, teachers, and others engaged in the promotion of knowledge. These memoirs relate chiefly to the calendar year 1918.
Ix
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THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
June 30, 1918.
Presiding officer ex officio.—Woovrow Wison, President of the United States. Chancellor —EpwarpD Douctass Wuitr, Chief Justice of the United States. Members of the Institution: Wooprow WILSON, President of the United States, THOMAS R. MARSHALL, Vice President of the United States. EpwaArD DoucLAss WuitTe, Chief Justice of the United States. RoBERT LANSING, Secretary of State. WILLIAM Gripes McAnpoo, Secretary of the Treasury. NEWTON DIEHL Baker, Secretary of War. THOMAS WATT GREGORY, Attorney General. ALBERT SIDNEY BURLESON, Postmaster General. JOSEPHUS DANIELS, Secretary of the Navy. FRANKLIN KNIGHT LANE, Secretary of the Interior. Davip FRANKLIN Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. WILLIAM Cox REDFIELD, Secretary of Commerce. WILLIAM BAucHop WILSON, Secretary of Labor. Regents of the Institution: EDWARD DoUGLASS WHITE, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor. THomAS R. MARSHALL, Vice President of the United States. HeENRky Casor Lopcr, Member of the Senate. CHARLES S. THoMAS,, Member of the Senate. Henry FRENCH Horiis, Member of the Senate. Scorr Ferris, Member of the House of Representatives. LEMUEL P. PADGETT, Member of the House of Representatives. FRANK L. GREENE, Member of the House of Representatives. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, citizen of Washington, D. C. GrorGE GRAY, citizen of Delaware. CHARLES IF. CHOATE, Jr., citizen of Massachusetts. JOHN B. HENDERSON, Jr., citizen of Washington, D. C. Henry WHITE, citizen of Maryland. Eerecutive committee—GrorcE GRAY, ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, ERNEST W. ROBERTS. Secretary of the Institution.—CHARLES D. WaALcort. Assistant Secretary.—RicHARD RATHBUN. Chief Clerk.—Harry W. Dorsey. Accountant and disbursing agent.—W. I. ADAMS. Editor—A. Howarp CLARK. Assistant librarian.—PatuL BROocKETT. Property clerk.—J. H. Hitt.
X11 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Keeper ex officio —Cuartes D. WALcoTT, Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- tution.
Assistant secretary in charge.—RIcHARD RATHBUN.
Administrative assistant.—W. DE C. RAVENEL.
Head curators.—WiLiiAM H. HoLMES, LEONHARD STEJNEGER, G. P. MERRILL.
Curators.—PAvuL BaArtTSscH, R. S. BASSLER, T. T. BELOTE, A. HOWARD CLARK, F. W. CLARKE, F. V. CoviLLe, W. H. DALL, CHESTER G. GILBERT, WALTER HOUGH, L. O. Howarp, ALES HRDLIGKA, FREDERICK L. LEWTON, GEORGE C. MAYNARD, Gerrit 8. MILLER, Jr., ROBERT RIDGWAY.
Associate curators.—J. C. CRAWFORD, C. W. GILMORE, W. R. Maxon, J. N. Rosk, DAvip WHITE.
Curator, National Gallery of Art—W. H. HoLMEs.
Chief of correspondence and documents.—H. S. BRYANT.
Disbursing agent—W. I. ADAMS.
Chief of exhibits (Biology)—JAMES E. BENEDICT.
Superintendent of buildings and labor.—J. S. GOLDSMITH.
Editor—Marcus BENJAMIN.
Assistant librarian.—N. P. SCUDDER,
Photographer.—L. W. BEESON.
Registrar.—s. C. Brown.
Property clerk.—W. A. KNOWLES,
Engineer.—C. R. DENMARK.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
Chicf—J. WALTER FEWKES.
Bthnologists—JoHn P. Harrineton, J. N. B. Hewitt, FRANCIS LA FLESCHE, TrUMAN MICHELSON, JAMES MOOoNEY, JOHN R. SWANTON.
Honorary philologist—FRANZ BOAs.
Hditor.—STANLEY SEARLES.
Librarian.—ELLa LEARY.
Tllustrator.—Dr LANCEY GILL.
INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.
Chief clerk.—C. W. SHOEMAKER.
NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
Superintendent.—NEp HOLLISTER. Assistant Superintendent.—A. B. BAKER.
ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY. Director.—C. G. ABBOT. Aid.—F. EK. Fow Le. Jr.
Agssistant.—L. B. ALDRICH.
REGIONAL BUREAU FOR THE UNITED STATES, INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE.
LEONARD ©. GUNNELL.
Assistant in charge.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
Cuartes D. Watcotr
FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1918.
To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.
GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to submit herewith the customary annual report by the secretary on the present condition and the operations and activities of the Institution and its branches during the year ending June 30, 1918. The first portion of the report is devoted to the Institution proper and the summaries of the work of the National Museum and other branches, while the appendices give detailed accounts by those in direct charge of the activities of the Museum, the Bureau of Ethnology, the International Exchanges, the Zoological Park, the Astrophysical Observatory, the Library, and the Catalogue of Scientific Literature.
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. THE ESTABLISHMENT.
The Institution was created an establishment by act of Congress approved August 10, 1846. Its statutory members are the President of the United States, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive departments.
THE BOARD OF REGENTS.
The Board of Regents, which is charged with the administration of the Institution, consists of the Vice President and the Chief Justice of the United States as ex officio members, three Members of the Senate, three Members of the House of Representatives, and six citi- zens, “two of whom shall be residents of the city of Washington and the other four shall be inhabitants of some State, but no two of them from the same State.”
There were changes in the personnel of the board during the year, as follows: Senator Charles S. Thomas to succeed Senator William J. Stone, died April 14, 1918; Representatives Lemuel P. Padgett
al
2 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
and Frank L. Greene to succeed Ernest W. Roberts and James T. Lloyd whose terms expired December 26, 1917. The roll of regents on June 30, 1918, was as follows: Edward D. White, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor; Thomas R. Marshall, Vice Presi- dent of the United States; Henry Cabot Lodge, Member of the Senate; Charles 8. Thomas, Member of the Senate; Henry French Hollis, Member of the Senate; Scott Ferris, Member of the House of Representatives; Lemuel P. Padgett, Member of the House of Representatives; Frank L. Greene, Member of the House of Repre- sentatives; Alexander Graham Bell, citizen of Washington, D. C.; George Gray, citizen of Delaware; Charles F. Choate, jr., citizen of Massachusetts; John B. Henderson, citizen of Washington, D. C. (Charles W. Fairbanks, of Indiana, died June 4, 1918, vacancy not - filled at close of fiscal year) ; and Henry White, citizen of Maryland.
The board held its annual meeting on December 13, 1917. Mr. Henry White was elected a member of the executive committee to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr. Ernest W. Roberts, whose term of office would expire on December 26, 1917. The pro- ceedings of that meeting, as also the annual financial report of the executive committee, have been printed, as usual, for the use of the regents, while such important matters acted upon as are of public interest are reviewed under appropriate heads in the present report of the secretary. A detailed statement of disbursements from the Government appropriations under the direction of the Institution for the maintenance of the National Museum, the National Zoological Park, and other branches will be submitted to Congress by the secre- tary in the usual manner in compliance with the law.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS,
The routine operations of the Institution and its branches were carried on as usual during the year, but a number of activities were held in abeyance until after the war. The time and energy of mem- bers of the scientific staff were devoted, as far as practicable, to re- searches bearing on the effectiveness of certain devices and materials for the Army and Navy, and 24 employees were eeautes furloughs to enter active military service.
Through my connection with the National Research Council and other commissions and boards I have been able personally to render some war service to the Government.
The work of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, of which the secretary of the Institution is a member and chairman of the executive committee, has greatly broadened. At its suggestion the Council of National Defense appointed a committee, now known as the Aircraft Board, to consider all questions of aircraft produc- tion and to make recommendations to the military departments for
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 3
the production and purchase of aircraft and aircraft appliances. The experimental laboratory of the advisory committee has been erected
~at Langley Field, near Hampton, Va.
The original Langley man-carrying flying machine has been brought back from Hammondsport, after several successful flights, and is ex- hibited in the National Museum. This is the first heavier-than-air man-carrying machine built, although it did not have a successful flight until more than 10 years after its construction. It is also an im- portant historical relic, as it confirms the claim that Secretary Langley was the first to design and construct a heavier-than-air machine capa- ble of carrying a man in flight. There has never been any question that he was the first to successfully fly a heavier-than-air machine propelled by its own power.
In February the War Department allotted to the Smithsonian Institution the sum of $10,000 for experimental work in aviation in connection with the Signal Corps, which work is being successfully carried on. Upon the invitation of the War Industries Board, Mr. C. G. Gilbert, of the National Museum, was appointed a member of the Joint Information Board of Minerals and Derivatives, in which capacity he has done work of unusual value. In April the Secretary offered to the Government the services of Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, who has since prepared important reports upon eth- nography for the National Research Council and for a congressional committee of investigation into the effect of language on nationality.
The Smithsonian chapter of the Red Cross has done commendable war work. Early in the year an ambulance was given for service in Russia and later the funds were raised to defray for one year the expenses incidental to the maintenance of a bed in the American Red Cross Hospital at Neuilly.
Bequests—Among the bequests to the Museum during the past year is that of Miss S. J. Farmer, who willed to the Museum all the remaining models of her father, Moses G. Farmer, inventor of elec- trical apparatus.
The Institution has been made the Beitr legatee of the estate of Rev. Bruce Hughes, of Philipsburg, Pa. (died March 20, 1916), under the following terms of his will ed March 27, 1916:
All the balance and residue of my estate of which I may die seized shall be paid to the Smithsonian Institute of the city of Washington, District of Colum- bia, the sum to be invested and the income alone used to found the Hughes Alcove of the said Smithsonian Institute.
The final share of the Institution in the estate has been estimated at about $11,500. It is proposed that the “alcove” referred to in the will shall be established in and as a part of the National Gallery of Art and that the fund be devoted to the amassing of a reference library of art works.
4. ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
Gifts —Dr. Frank Springer has given the Institution the title and custody in perpetuity of his large collection of fossil crinoids and related groups of Echinoderms and has arranged for a fund of $30,000, the income of which is to be devoted to the administration of the collection.
Dr. W. L. Abbott has continued his generous gifts of collections and his support of an expedition in Celebes under H. C. Raven.
FINANCES.
The invested funds of the Institution consist of the following:
Deposited in the Treasury of the United States under authority OfM@ONETess= sass ==. 2 NL = So Ee eer. Bere eee $1, 000, 000. 00
CONSOLIDATED FUND.
Brooklyn Rapid Transit 5 per cent notes due July 1, 1918, cost___ $5, 040. 63 Province of Manitoba 5 per cent gold debentures due April 1, 1922, COSt 2a 22s a a rr 1, 935. 00 American Telephone and Telegraph Company 4 per cent collateral trust bonds due sully ay1929 cos tae 15, 680. 00 West Shore Railroad Co. guaranteed 4 per cent first mortgage bonds;due January, /1,, 23615 market wales eee ee ee 37, 275. 00 59, 930. 63 Excess: cost of bonds redeemed at) pars= aos ae 93. 75 Mota’ 2 ee ee eee ee ee 1, 060, 024. 38
The combined interest-bearing investments, aggregating $1,060,024.38, are represented by the following funds:
Smithson) fund; <%=. -..t (4.5 ee ee ee eee $728, 291. 00 Habel Gund: 22225. f > 2 k= eee ee ee eee 500. 00 iftamilton fund 2252-22. eee eee ee 2, 500. 00 Hodgkins: general funds ==... ee eee 158, 275. 00 Hodekins’ specific fund! 2") 2 ees eel ees Ue eS ES HOOT ODOR OO: IRHeeS hung Saas FS be eet eh eee eee ee 627. 00 Avery cfuindhsAsee scorers ily ea ee eee i 24, 020. 38 Addison 0. Reid fund-2. 2-2... > 2 2 eee 11, 672. 00 mucyu and George W.,Peoore fund. eee = 27, 965. 00 Georzei< Sanford funda 2 2 ey 1, 174. 00 @hambenlain: hund? 22s = St ee A 10, 000. 00
Ota == 2830 68 oo So 1, 060, 024. 38
One piece of improved real estate in the District of Columbia, be- queathed to the Institution by the late Robert Stanton Avery, was sold during the year; the net amount realized from this sale was $8,721, which amount has been invested in bonds forming a part of the Consolidated Fund.
The practice of investing surplus funds in certificates of deposit paying 3 per cent per annum has proved most satisfactory; the in- come from this source amounting to $1,275 during the year.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5
Instead of investing all surplus cash in certificates of deposit, the Institution purchased $10,000 of the United States Third Liberty Loan, which will be carried on the books temporarily as a special asset and later will be transferred to the Consolidated Fund.
The income of the Institution during the year, amounting to $165,135.02, was derived as follows: Interest on permanent invest- ments and other sources, $63,552.02; repayments, rentals, publica- tions, etc., $13,503.13 ; contributions from various sources for specific purposes, $24,358.87; bills receivable, $55,000; proceeds from sale of real estate, $8,721.
Adding the cash balance of $9,232.56 on July 1, 1917, the total resources for the fiscal year amounted to $174,367.58.
The disbursements, which are given in detail in the annual report of the executive committee, amounted to $173,077.68, leaving a balance of $1,289.90 in cash and on deposit in the Treasury of the United States and in bank.
In addition to the above disbursements by the Institution, there was included under the general appropriation for printing and bind- ing an allotment of $76,200 to cover the cost of printing and bind- ing the Smithsonian annual report and reports and miscellaneous printing for the Government branches of the Institution.
The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement of the following appropriations for the year ended June 30, 1918:
PALGEn eon leexchan ees ye sis es Users Sct Abe poe opel | De yrs $35, 000. 00 AINETICHNMCEIN OLO Lye 2 =e = Sashes meee ee Ee Se es 42, 000. 00 International catalogue of scientific literature_______________ Se ,,005,00 PASEROD MVS CAs OUSCEVALOLY) aaa 2 ae ee ee ee 138, 000. 00 Observations, eclipse of the sun of June 8, 1918___________________ 2, 000. 00 National Museum: Kurnigure cand aiixburessser eae io eet eee ee ae ts 25, 000.00 beatin Ser ig i hatin oe ee et ee eb 46, 000. 00 Ipresery atl OnioLaCOllectlOnsi a= BE eee Te 300, 000. 00 HS UN TCT aN See ae eee ee ee 10, 000. 00 ESO 0 Giese Renee Caer me eet LA AP YS TORE PACT IONE ARS POSE 2, 000. 00 Sta ae AIRS s EE RE LOLS Stine Fa ryae a 500. 00 INationaleZoologicalyiPark iver A tae ea ial ANUS lees OP lla yoo 100, 000. 00
inereasevorcomnensatonmdnd efinite)iaa= "eee er! Tee ee Sa
RESEARCHES AND EXPLORATIONS.
The researches and explorations by the Institution were greatly limited in their scope during the past year on account of war condi- tions. There was unusual activity, however, by members of the scientific staff in investigations which related to the operations of the Army and Navy, and it is believed that the results have been of great benefit to the service.
136650 °—20——2
6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
Several biological and ethnological expeditions to various parts of the world have been held in abeyance, although some already in the field have continued in operation on a limited scale. It is expected that after the war there will be greater activity in these lines than ever before.
Accounts of some of the more important researches are given here and others are reported upon in the Appendix.
GEOLOGICAL WORK IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.
Geological field work has been carried on by me in the Rocky Mountains for several years past, particularly in the study of Cam- brian and pre-Cambrian formations. The more important results of this work have been described in my paper on “ Evidences of Primitive Life” in the Smithsonian Report for 1915 and in various pamphlets of the Institution. Investigations during the summer and early fall of 1917 were carried on at the now well-known “ Burgess Pass” fossil quarry, discovered by me in 1910. Fifty days were spent at the Burgess Pass camp, 3,000 feet above Field, British Columbia, where a section in the quarry of about 180 square feet was taken out. This practically exhausts a quarry which has given the finest and largest series of Middle Cambrian fossils yet discovered and the finest invertebrate fossils yet found in any formation in any country. More than one and a half tons of specimens were trimmed out at the quarry, carried by pack horses to camp, and thence by rail to Washington.
A few days were taken to verify a geologic section near Lake Me- Arthur, and then the Vermilion River trip was begun. Following down the Bow River, we crossed to the south side near Mount Castle and camped at Vermilion Pass. Lower down the valley on the east- ern side near the mouth of Ochre Creek, Syncline Peak shows rem- nants of the compression and folding that accompanied the uplift of the mountain massif, now cut by erosion into hundreds of moun- tains, ridges, and canyons.
From Vermilion River the party followed a new forest ranger trail up Tumbling Brook to a small, beautiful glacier beneath the great eastward facing cliffs of Gray Peak.
Wolverine Pass is a broad, rolling area at about timber line. On its southwestern slope the northeast branch of Moose Creek begins, on the north slope the headwaters of Ochre Creek, and on the south- east the drainage is to Tumbling Brook, a branch of Ochre Creek. The views from the upper slopes northeast of the Pass are among the finest in the Canadian Rockies. Mount Drysdale, on the right, rises 2,200 feet above the Pass, and Mount Gray, on the left, 1,800 feet, the altitude of the Pass being 7,200 feet. Tumbling Glacier, on the left of Mount Gray, is formed from snows blown over the
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 7
cliffs from the westward. On the right of Mount Drysdale the east- ern side of the great Washmawapta snow field may be seen; in the distance, through the Pass, the dark Beaverfoot Range, and beyond it, in the extreme background, the snowy peaks of the Selkirk Ranges.
A late September storm drove us back from Wolverine Pass to the Vermilion River, where below Ochre Creek a search was made for moose. On October 1 a great bull, a cow, and young were brought down and their skins, skulls, and horns secured for the National Museum collections.
RESEARCHES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE TRILOBITES.
In my laboratory work for the past 45 years I have been on the watch for evidence bearing on the structure and organization of fossil trilobites. The study of a small and unique series of speci- mens secured at Burgess Pass since 1910 has so greatly increased our knowledge of these interesting animals that a special paper, ac- companied by 28 plates of illustrations, is now in press, to appear in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.
GEOLOGICAL WORK IN THE APPALACHIAN AND OHIO VALLEYS.
During the summers of 1916 and 1917 Mr. Frank Springer con- tinued his researches upon the fossil echinoderms of the Ohio. Valley with a view to obtaining further material and information for the completion of a monograph upon the Silurian crinoids of that area which he has now in preparation. His assistant, Dr. Herrick E. Wilson, collected in the vicinity of St. Paul and of Madison, in Indiana, proving for the first time the presence in the latter locality of the crinoidal faunas of both the Waldron and the Laurel forma- tions. One object of the present field investigation is to obtain further light on the relations of the Silurian faunas of the Chicago and southern Indiana areas with those of western Tennessee. Mr. Springer acquired by purchase all the echinoderms in the large col- lection of Mr. John F. Hammell, of Madison, Ind., which included that made by A. C. Benedict from the Indiana Silurian, containing the types of a considerable number of species. This material has been added to his collection of fossil echinoderms now deposited in the National Museum.
GEOLOGICAL WORK IN MARYLAND.
Dr. Bassler, of the division of invertebrate paleontology in the National Museum, reports that, in company with Assistant Curator Dr. C. E. Resser, he made some investigations in the Frederick and Hagerstown valleys of Maryland with the object of securing for the exhibition series large examples illustrating the various types of conglomerate. Two fine, large masses of the well-known Triassic
8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
limestone conglomerate were obtained with little difficulty, but equally good examples of the siliceous variety were secured only after much hard labor, owing to the ready disintegration of the rock on exposure. Efforts were finally successful, however, and there was also secured a mass of the so-called “ edgewise ” conglomerate several feet in diameter, which will well illustrate the phenomenon of intra- formation conglomerate described by me a number of years ago. This last was obtained where the steeply dipping lower Ordovician beds outcropped in such a manner that the desired material could be blasted without fracturing. All of such conglomerates are the result of ancient mud deposits of tidal flats becoming sun cracked when exposed to the air. The dried edges of the sun-cracked areas become tossed about by the wind and the fragments finally accumulate in layers which ultimately are hardened into rocklike conglomerate. Conglomerates usually indicate the base of a formation, but this particular kind may occur at any place within a formation, whence I applied the specific name “ intraformational ” to them.
GEOLOGICAL WORK IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY.
After the conclusion of geologic work in the Appalachian Valley in the early summer of 1917, Dr. Bassler proceeded to central Kentucky, where he spent several weeks in explorations for suitable exhibition specimens covering the general subject of stratigraphic paleontology. It was especially desirable that such phenomena as stratification, the occurrence of fossils, and unconformities should be illustrated in the Museum, and especial efforts were made to secure specimens exhibit- ing these features. Much discrimination was necessary in the selec- tion of these objects, as it was essential to obtain specimens of such size as to be appreciated by the public and still not too large for the available space, which is somewhat limited. This difficulty compli- cated the work, but the selection finally made was extremely satisfac- tory. In his account of the work Dr. Bassler says:
The early Paleozoic coral reef near Louisville, Ky., from which a section 6 by 10 feet in dimensions had been quarried and placed on exhibition during the summer of 1916, was revisited and several additional layers of highly fos- siliferous shale and limestone were secured. These have now been added in their proper position to the coral-reef mount, so that this single exhibit now illustrates the subjects of stratification in general, horizontal strata, change of lithology from limestone to shale, the occurrence of fossils in these types of sedi- ment, and the phenomenon of fossil coral reefs for which the exhibit was pri- marily planned.
The most valuable result of the summer’s work was achieved at Eikin, Ky. Here a single limestone slab, 6 feet long and several feet wide and thick, show- ing an unconformity distinct enough to be appreciated by the layman, was quarried out and shipped to the museum without breakage, where it now forms a most instructive exhibit. The outcropping limestone ledge, several feet in thickness, is composed of a distinctly white lower portion and a dark-colored
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 9
upper part, the head of the hammer marking their line of contact. This line also marks an unusually clear unconformity. Both of these layers are rich in fossils, those of Early Black River (Lowville) age occurring in the lower white rock and those of Early Trenton in the upper dark material. Since at other places in the United States 500 or more feet of strata of Middle and Late Black River age intervene between these two layers, it is shown that Kentucky was a land area during the deposition of the Middle and Upper Black River strata. This is also evidenced by numerous worm burrows extending downward from the top of the white limestone. When the material was in the condition of soft mud and exposed at the surface, the worms burrowed into it, as they do in the soil to-day.
The phosphate localities near Wallace, Ky., were next visited, in order to obtain illustrations of the gradual phosphatization of limestone and the types of fossils in phosphatic strata. Here it was discovered that phosphate rock occurs only along the joint planes of the limestone. Surface water passing along these joint planes leaches out the calcium carbonate of the phosphatic limestone, leaving the calcium phosphate content behind. i
GRASSES OF THE ADIRONDACK AND WHITE MOUNTAINS.
During the month of August, 1917, Mr. A. S. Hitchcock, systematic agrostologist in the Department of Agriculture and custodian of the section of grasses of the division of plants in the United States Na- tional Museum, visited the Adirondacks in New York and the White Mountains in New Hampshire for the purpose of studying their flora, especially the grasses of the alpine summits. Mr. Hitchcock reports as follows:
In the Adirondacks headquarters were at Lake Placid, from which point ex- cursions were made to the summits of Whiteface and McIntyre, the highest peaks in the group with the exception of Mount Marcy. It was impracticable to reach Mount Marcy without the use of a camp outfit. This peak rises to a height of 5,344 feet, but Mount McIntyre is nearly as high (5,112 feet). Both McIntyre and Whiteface extend above the timber line and support at the sum- mit an alpine flora.
The White Mountains reach a somewhat greater altitude than the Adiron- dacks, Mount Washington, the highest peak, being 6,293 feet. In the Mount Washington group there are several peaks whose summits are above the timber line. The alpine flora of these peaks and of the peaks of the Adirondacks are similar, and include plants that farther north are found at a lower altitude or, in the Arctic regions, even at sea level.
Four days were spent investigating the flora of the peaks. The ascent was commenced at Crystal Cascade on the east side, whence the trail led up Tucker- man Ravine to the Summit of Mount Washington, thence down to Lakes-of-the Clouds where there is an Appalachian Mountain Club hut for the accommoda- tion of climbers. From here the head of Oakes Gulf was explored. The second day was spent along the trail from Lakes-of-the-Clouds to the Mount Madison hut, going by the way of the Westside and Gulfside trail, which passes near the high peaks of Clay, Jefferson, and Adams. The return trip to Lakes-of-the Clouds hut was made on the third day, descending 3,000 feet through the Great Gulf by the Buttress trail and ascending again by the Six Husbands trail to the Alpine Meadow. On the fourth day the descent was made by way of Hunting- ton Ravine over a little-used and difficult trail.
10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
There are nine species of grasses that may be considered to be alpine. A few others extend from the lower zones into the alpine region. Most of the alpine species are circumpolar and extend southward in the mountains, one to the high peaks of western North Carolina and two through the Rocky Mountains even in South America. One species, Poa laxa, is abundant on the upper cone of Mount Washington, extending quite to the summit, and comprises almost the only vegetation of this area. This is a Huropean species which is found in North America only in the region of Mount Washington and on a few of the higher peaks of New England.
The forest flora of the mountains consists mainly of white pine, white spruce, larch, aspen, and white birch. Toward the summits of the peaks the dominant tree is the balsam fir, which near timber line becomes a straggling shrub.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OLD AMERICAN FAMILIES.
In continuation of his researches on old American families, Dr. Hrdlicka, of the National Museum, in 1917, visited Yale, Virginia, and Harvard Universities. The last two were visited on the occa- sion of the “ Teachers’ Course,” which brings to these institutions many adult individuals of old American parentage from a large territory. The total number of subjects examined, mainly for pig- mentation of hair, and eye and skin color, amounted to over 1,000, all of whom were Americans of at least three generations on both the paternal and maternal sides of the family. Dr. Hrdlicka says:
The results which are now being elaborated for a report are of uncommon interest. They show a number of important facts of which we had no previous reliable knowledge. One of these is, in brief, that there is no increase in the proportion or grade of pigmentation as we proceed from New England south- ward, and no increase in blondness as we proceed northward from the Caro- linas and Virginias. Another striking result shows that there are localized peculiarities in pigmentation, especially that of the hair, but that in every case these can be traced to the ancestry rather than to the environmental conditions. The latter nevertheless appear to have been active in general in reducing the total proportions of blondness.
So far as the color of the eyes is concerned there were found unexpectedly, in all the areas, a large proportion of ‘‘ mixed” colors; in other words, eyes in which more or less marked traces of brown coexist with various shades of blue, green, or gray.
Three cases were encountered in which the color of the two eyes was mark- edly different. Pure beautiful blues and browns were few in number.
THE MOUNTAINEERS OF TENNESSEE.
During the latter part of July, 1917, Dr. Hrdlicka made a trip to eastern Tennessee, for the purpose of becoming acquainted with the characteristics of the population of these regions, which in large part is of old American stock but has long existed under disadvantageous environment, remaining as a result backward in education and in other respects. He reports as follows on the results of his studies:
The work commenced at Bristol, Tenn., extended to Mountain City, and farther on into the hills: and its success was very largely due to the kind
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 11
offices and direct personal help of an old friend of the Smithsonian Institution, Mr. Samuel L. King, of Bristol. For additional help the writer is indebted to Mr. John Caldwell, of the same city.
The work extended mainly to the men called for examination by the first draft for the United States Army, and comprised 150 individuals. Both meas- urements and observations were taken. Some of the men came from the lower lands of the Bristol district and were kept apart, but a good number represented the real mountaineers.
It is too early to speak of the results of this interesting piece of research, the data not having as yet been properly reduced and analyzed; but it is safe to say that these mountaineers represent no separate type of Americans. In many cases they still show strong indications of their respective pre-Amer- ican ancestry. Among the men there were seen some fine examples of physique—willowy, clean-cut six-footers; but there were also others of rather feeble mental powers or nervous stability, which conditions, to some extent possibly, are due to hereditary effects of alcoholism or to defective heredity of other nature. .
The families of the mountaineers are remarkable in many cases for their large size, and there were seen examples of longevity and virility which it would be hard to find in our cities.
There are all grades of ‘mountaineers ” and no line of demarcation separates them from the people in the lower lands, who are mostly of similar derivation and sometimes of the same families. But as one proceeds into the wilds of the mountains the population becomes sparser and more backward, the cultivated patches of ground smaller in area, and the habitations poorer, until some of the latter come to resemble the shacks of the southern negro.
The poorer class of mountaineers frequently show characteristics partly due to their backwardness in education and their isolation and partly, perhaps, to hookworm disease or other abnormal conditions. Some of the young men are types of slouchiness, such as would delight the artist, while the women disfigure themselves by chewing snuff and frequently show uncouthness in dress, move- ments, and behavior. But the people are hospitable and interesting. In the course of a short ride of less than 2 miles through a sparsely settled gorge the writer and his local companion had no less than four invitations to lunch—in the other places there was no one at home. Their language and intonation are characteristic and quaint, and the people seem to be full of old and local folk- lore, the study of which would probably prove most delightful. Being largely dependent on themselves and their few neighbors, they have also many anti- quated and strange curative practices which would repay investigation.
Their worst enemies are the isolation, “‘ moonshine” whisky, and, in not a few cases, undoubtedly a poor heredity. The Army draft will be a godsend to many of the young men, some of whom can not even read or write; but probably few of those who will return will remain mountaineers.
THE VANISHING INDIAN.
Through the cooperation of the Institution and the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, Dr. Hrdlicka in August, 1917, made some interesting investigations of the Shawnee and other Indian tribes. Concerning his work he says: |
The progress of miscegenation among many of the Indian tribes has progressed to a degree that is surprising even to those who for many years have been studying the Indian. While the total number of ‘ Indians” as recorded by the
12 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
census increases from decade to decade, the fact is that this increase is due wholly to that of mixed bloods; the full bloods of pure strain in most localities are rapidly disappearing and in a considerable proportion of the tribes have become actually extinct er are on the point of extinction.
Two remarkable examples of this fact have just been experienced by the writer. For years a growing necessity in American anthropology has been to determine the physical type of the Shawnee, once a large tribe and one of con- siderable historic importance. No great difficulty was apprehended in this task, as the tribe is still well represented. The most promising part of the tribe was that of the so-called ‘“‘ absentee”? Shawnee, on the Shawnee Agency in eastern Oklahoma. They count 569 individuals, quite a few of whom are generally re- garded as “full bloods.” To his great disappointment the task of finding some pure bloods became exceedingly difficult. Quite a few of the Indians were found to be “ full bloods,” but on inquiry into the family history it was gener- ally learned that the subject was a mixture of Shawnee with the Oneida, Dela- ware, Créeks, or some other tribe. In conclusion, there were found but three individuals who so far as they or their friends knew were full-blood Shawnee. Two of these were old women and one an old man, all near or over 70 years of age, and two of the three were sister and brother.
The next tribe visited was the Kickapoo, the main body of which to the number of 211 is settled about McLoud, Okla. They were said by the old Shaw- nee to be practically the same people as themselves, having at some time in the past had but one camp fire, and it was generally believed that they would show some full bloods of pure strain. This proved to be a vain hope. On close inquiry all sorts of mixtures were discovered, even among the oldest men and women of the tribe, but no pure bloods. Only one single woman of middle age was believed to be possibly a full Kickapoo, but there was no real certainty. Some visiting Kickapoo from Mexico proved no better than the rest, and no hope was given that any pure strain Kickapoo could be found anywhere else.
Thus two tribes, one of which of considerable importance, may be regarded as lost to science, so far as pure bloods are concerned. Only a few years ago, according to local information, there were still a number of old men and women living in both tribes who represented the pure strain. The genuine In- dian is rapidly passing away and the work of the anthropologist who endeavors to record the physical type of the various tribes is becoming increasingly difficult.
ETHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN COLORADO AND UTAH.
One of the most important results of field work by the Bureau of American Ethnology during the past year was the investigation of little-known towers, castles, and great houses in southwest Colorado. In conjunction with the Department of the Interior, the Smith- sonian Institution has been engaged for a decade in the excavation and repair of large ruins situated on what is called the Mesa Verde National Park. The educational value of this work can hardly be overestimated, and in recent years over 2,500 people have visited the locality yearly to see these largest of all prehistoric ruins in our South- western States. In his field work during the summer of 1918 Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, investi- gated equally instructive groups of ruins in the valleys in sight of the Mesa Verde Park and found there many well-preserved build-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. iS
ings of which little has been hitherto known; the most striking of these were finely constructed towers, castles, and great houses, the walls of which have fine masonry, rising in some instances 25 feet high. They may be instanced as the best-preserved examples of Indian stone houses north of Mexico. Three clusters of these re- markable constructions in southwestern Utah are specially note- worthy, containing in all 11 different buildings, the majority of which are still, after centuries of wear, in nearly the same condition as when deserted by the aboriginal builders. Many evidences of their prehistoric character were gathered. The name of the race to which their builders belonged is no longer known, but the memory of them still survives in dim legends of descendants living many miles away. A visit to these towers well supplements one to the Mesa Verde, and broadens one’s knowledge of the variety of buildings which stood in the desert during the most flourishing epoch of North American architecture of the past. As a sequel to the explorations carried on by the Smithsonian in these remarkable monuments, the Director of the Public Park Service of the Department of the Interior, recog- nizing their educational value for scholars and tourists, has taken steps to have them set aside from the public domain and placed under the care of the Superintendent of the Mesa Verde Park for per- manent preservation.
NATIONAL PARKS EDUCATIONAL COMMITTHER.
On June 26, 1918, at a meeting held at the Smithsonian Institution there was organized the National Parks Educational Committee. Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, was chosen chairman, former Representative William Kent, of Cali- fornia, vice chairman, Henry B. F. Macfarland, of Washington, chairman of the executive committee, and Robert Sterling Yard, secretary. The membership includes representatives of universities, institutions, and public-spirited associations East and West, through whose cooperation it will present a front of many influential units.
The need of this organization grew out of the rapid growth of public interest in our national parks, due to the recent realization of their supreme qualities. It is a safe statement that there is no other cause so popular in America to-day that is not a war cause. The limitation of governmental functions practically to the physica) development of the national parks leaves the gathering of their enormous potential harvests of education and appreciation to the people themselves; it is to organize these departments of higher en- joyment, to give impetus to the art and literature of outdoors, to popularize natural science, and to encourage outdoor living that the committee is established.
14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
The committee will support a plan of systematic selection and development to secure for American national parks the recognized first place in world scenery, thus realizing their value as a national economic asset. Its educational plans are based upon views of national parks as popular classrooms and museums of nature. It will seek the cooperation of public schools and universities in the interpreta- tion of natural scenery in terms of popular science. Among its first acts was the passage of a resolution, offered by Leonidas Dennis, of New Jersey, favoring the bill which has passed the Senate and is now before the House to make the Grand Canyon a national park.
The committee will enlarge itself so as to become representative of every section and State in the country. It is the initial stage in a broad national organization to be perfected after the war under the title of the National Parks Association. The members at present are as follows:
Wallace W. Atwood, department of physiography, Harvard University.
Arthur E. Bestor, president of Chatauqua Institution.
Belmore Browne, explorer, author, artist.
Henry G. Bryant, president Geographical Society of Philadelphia, explorer.
John B. Burnham, president American Game Protective and Propagation Association.
William E. Colby, president Sierra Club.
Leonidas Dennis, conservationist, lawyer.
J. Walter Fewkes, chief Bureau of American Ethnology.
John H. Finley, president University of State of New York.
William B. Greeley, chairman conservation committee Camp Fire Club.
George Bird Grinnell, Boone and Crockett Club, pioneer of Glacier National Park.
William H. Holmes, curator of National Gallery of Art, head curator anthro- pology, United States National Museum.
William Kent, former United States Representative, donor of the Muir Woods National Museum.
George F. Kunz, president of American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society.
i. M. Lehnerts, department of geology, University of Minnesota; pioneer in national parks geology classes.
Henry B. F. Macfarland, publicist ; lawyer.
J. Horace McFarland, president American Civic Association.
La Verne Noyes, president board of trustees, Chicago Academy of Science.
George D. Pratt, conservation commissioner, State of New York; president Camp Fire Club.
D. W. Roper, director Prairie Club; engineer.
Edmund Seymour, president American Bison Society.
Charles Sheldon, Boone and Crockett Club; explorer, author.
Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman, conservation chairman, General Federation of Women’s Clubs.
Charles D. Walcott, secretary Smithsonian Institution.
Robert Sterling Yard, Chief Educational Division, National Park Service.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15 PUBLICATIONS.
The Institution and its branches published during the year 91 volumes and separate pamphlets. The total distribution was 134,284 copies, which included 1,591 volumes and memoirs of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 26,412 volumes and separates of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 19,815 Annual Reports and separate papers, 75,800 volumes and pamphlets of Museum Pro- ceedings, 7,344 Bureau of American Ethnology publications, 2,929 special publications, and others relating to the Astrophysical Obser- vatory, the Harriman Alaska Expedition, and the American His- torical Association.
War conditions naturally greatly delayed the issuance of publica- tions by the Government Printing Office, so that there is a large accumulation of material in proof and manuscript awaiting com- pletion.
Allotments for printing—The allotments for the printing of the Smithsonian Report and the various publications of the branches of the Institution were practically used up, a small balance remaining in one or two cases owing to the impossibility of getting certain publications off the press before the close of the year.
The allotments for the year ending June 30, 1919, are as follows:
For the Smithsonian Institution: For printing and binding the annual reports of the Board of Regents, with general appendices, the editions
of which shall not exceed 10,000 copies_____-_-_-- ee. — $10, 000 For the annual reports of the National Museum, with general appen- dices, and for printing labels and blanks, and for the bulletins and proceedings of the National Museum, the editions of which shall not exceed 4,000 copies, and binding, in half morocco or material not more expensive, scientific books, and pamphlets presented to or ac- quired by the National Museum library________— SRE TET 37, 500 For the annual reports and bulletins of the Bureau of American TEth- nology and for miscellaneous printing and binding for the bureau___ 21, 000 For miscellaneous printing and binding: Internationale xChan Ges Ss ese erst ey ey iyee eee eye Pe fos ee 200 International Catalogue of Scientific Literature___.-______- 100 ING tLOT ele AO O1O SCH) ele aie eens ks ee ee 200 Astrophysical Observatory. — 22 asl Be Bear etiologies 200 For the annual report of the American Historic aa NSSOCIAUON=== === 7, 000 Totals ae abn pe OE See SRE aR SPR eee Se 76, 200
Committee on printing and publication—The Smithsonian ad- visory committee on printing and publication considers all manu- scripts offered for publication by the Institution or its branches. During the past year 13 meetings were held, at which 68 manuscripts were considered and acted upon. The membership of the commit- tee is as follows: Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, head curator of biology, National Museum, chairman; Mr. N. Hollister, superintendent of the National Zoological Park; Mr. A. Howard Clark, editor of the
16 “ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
Institution, secretary of the committee; Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of geology, National Museum; and Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, who succeeded Mr. F. W. Hodge, resigned.
LIBRARY.
The library of the Smithsonian Institution is divided into (1) the main library, consisting chiefly of journals and transactions of learned societies and institutions throughout the world, which are in the cus- tody of the Library of Congress and administered as the Smithsonian deposit; (2) the National Museum library; (8) the library of the Bureau of American Ethnology; (4) the National Zoological Park library; (5) the library of the Astrophysical Observatory; and (6) the office reference library. Some of these are subdivided into sev- eral sectional libraries.
The report of the assistant librarian in the appendix presents de- tails of accessions. Mention should here be made of one exceptional and important addition to the Museum library, consisting of a large number of botanical and horticultural publications brought together at Biltmore, N. C., by the late Mr. George W. Vanderbilt and pre- sented by Mrs. Vanderbilt.
NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The detailed account of the operations of the National Museum is recorded in an appendix to this report by Mr. Ravenel, the adminis- trative assistant who had chiefly conducted the affairs for several months during the illness of Assistant Secretary Rathbun, whose death occurred shortly after the close of the fiscal year. It is there- fore unnecessary here to do more than to review some of the prin- cipal activities of the Museum and to refer to the appendix for fur- ther information.
The exhibits are now housed in three buildings: (1) the arts and industries collection in what is known as the old Museum building, (2) the natural history collections and the National Gallery of Art in the large new building, and (8) the graphic arts and National Her- barium in the original Smithsonian building.
During the year 69,286 square feet of room in the Natural History Building were turned over to the Secretary of the Treasury for use of about 3,000 clerks of the War Risk Insurance Bureau. I may mention here that a few weeks after June 30 the building was closed to the public, the exhibition cases were crowded into the least pos- sible quarters, and all available space was temporarily given over to the Insurance Bureau. This course was gladly taken, in order to put into immediate effect the financial assistance provided by Congress for the families of our soldiers and sailors.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 17
About 1,300 accessions to the Museum were recorded during the year, aggregating nearly 143,000 specimens and objects, including 11,000 pertaining to the department of anthropology, 61,500 to zool- ogy, 38,000 to botany, 11,300 to geology and mineralogy, and 17,900 to paleontology; 168 paintings and other art objects were lent for exhibition in the gallery of art.
Among the most interesting additions of anthropological objects were over 400 specimens from Celebes, East Indies, illustrating agri- culture and household economy in that region collected through the generosity of Dr. W. L. Abbott. A collection given by Mr. Alfred M. Erskine represented implements and costumes of the Dyaks of Borneo. A noteworthy addition to the division of American arche- ology was a collection of 83 specimens, mostly stone implements, also relics from the cliff and cavern dwellings of New Mexico, Indian relics from the Virgin Islands, and a large number of relics from Utah. By an exchange with the Royal Ontario Museum of Toronto there were acquired about 200 specimens of Babylonian tablets and prehistoric stone implements from Egypt, France, and England.
The division of mechanical technology was enriched by the addi- tion of a large number of firearms and firearm appliances. Among the historical objects received were two flags pertaining to the present war, one of which belonged to Zeppelin 49 at the time of its capture in 1917; the other was the flag used at the funeral of the American soldiers lost on the transport Tuscania in 1918. A most interesting object is the original letter written by Gen. Grant demanding the unconditional surrender of Fort Donelson. There are also large numbers of souvenirs of American soldiers and statesmen, among which may be mentioned a number of personal relics of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, United States Army, consisting of swords, uniforms, and other objects owned by him during the Mexican and Civil Wars; also the well-known Robert Hewitt Collection of Me- dallic Lincolniana made up of some 1,200 medallions, medals, tokens, and badges. To the collection of musical instruments were added five American pianos and one organ, seven English pianos, two Aus- trian grand pianos, and a number of other instruments. To the numismatic collection was added a large number of replicas of United States service medals and to the collection of philatelic material, 3,186 stamps, 2,706 of which were received from the Post Office De- partment. In the appendix the administrative assistant enumerates important additions in the departments of anthropology, biology, geology, and to the arts and industries collections which need not be repeated here.
In previous reports I have called attention to the rapid develop- - ment since 1912 of the collection of textiles, woods, and medicines. The additions to the collection, showing the methods of making tex-
18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
tiles and finished products, are most instructive, likewise the collec- tion of materia medica, which has been largely increased.
The division of mineral technology during the year has published a number of unusually important pamphlets on the resources of the United States, power, petroleum, nitrogen, and coal. Some interest- ing objects added to the exhibits in the division include models show- ing the occurrence and recovery of gold and the manufacture of lead and exhibits of coal-tar products.
The construction of the building for the Freer collection has pro- gressed as rapidly as could be expected under present war conditions. The exterior walls have been erected to entablature height. Nine hundred and twenty-eight items have been added to the Freer col- lection, including 159 oriental objects. The National Gallery of Art received a bequest comprising 12 paintings, a number of miniatures and other objects, 140 items in all, from the estate of Mrs. Mary Houston Eddy, to be known as the A. R. and M. H. Eddy donation. It has also received from the Russian artist, Ossip Perelma, a portrait by himself of M. Boris Bahkmeteff, first ambassador of the Russian Republic to the United States.
The number of visitors to the Natural History building during the year 1917 aggregated 306,003 on week days and 95,079 on Sundays, and to the Arts and Industries building the number was 161,298. The number of visitors to the old Museum building since it was opened to the public in 1881 has been 8,000,000; to the new building since 1909, 2,643,654; and to the Smithsonian building since 1881, 4,734,492. Many meetings of various scientific societies were held in the Museum auditorium during the year. Special exhibits have also been shown, among the most interesting of which were the collection illustrating the united organizations of the United States Food Administration and the exhibit of etchings of war industries by Pennell.
Following the custom of many years there was a distribution of some 8,000 duplicate specimens to schools and colleges for educational pur- poses, all properly classified and labeled. These included sets of mol- lusks, ores, minerals, and objects of ethnology and archeology.
The Museum publications of the year comprised 6 volumes and 40 separate papers, including the annual report for 1916, volume 51 of the Proceedings, and 5 bulletins. Bulletin 102, on the mineral industries of the United States, is of particular interest to the public, the four parts so far issued being devoted to coal products, fertilizers, sulphur, and coal.
Additions to the Museum library amounted to 3,230 volumes and 1,571 pamphlets, making the present aggregate of 52,534 volumes and 84,491 pamphlets and unbound papers. To the Biltmore collection of botanical works, presented by Mrs. George W. Vanderbilt, 2,000 volumes were added.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
The activities of the Bureau of American Ethnology are limited to the study of the past and present conditions of the North Amer- ican Indians. Their main purpose is to perfect the existing classifica- tions of the various stocks of these aborigines based on their language in order to discover their relationship, and to gain a clearer insight into the origin, history, and migration of man on this continent. The languages of the Indians are doomed to disappear in the near future; some have already gone and others will become extinct in a few years. Through intense, patient research the bureau is under- taking the task of recording these vanishing tongues before they dis- appear forever.
The bureau is also, through archeological work, resurrecting from the night of the past hitherto unrecorded chapters of the history of aboriginal Indian life that reached a high development and disap- peared before recorded history began. One evidence of a prehistoric phase of Indian life is indicated by the pueblos and cliff dwellers. Through erosion by the elements and vandalism due to man these re- markable houses are rapidly falling into decay. The Bureau of Ethnology is cooperating with the Department of the Interior in the excavation and repair of these remains in order that they may be of educational value and preserved for posterity.
The field researches of the bureau the past year have been particu- larly important, both from ethnological and historical points of view. Hitherto unknown prehistoric monuments have been discovered and surveyed, while others previously known have been excavated and permanently preserved. The advances made in ethnological knowl- edge, although often slow, are always important and have opened up new problems pleading for solution, indicating that the work of the bureau has barely begun, and that much available information re- garding our aborigines still remains to be gathered.
NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
Increasing popular interest in the Zoological Park is manifest by the number of visitors, which aggregated 1,593,337 in 1918 as com- pared with 564,634 in 1909 and 633,526 in 1913. The park is an edu- cational center as well as a place of resort for recreation and pleasure. This is shown by the fact that 78 schools and classes visited the park in 1918, with a total of 4,945 individuals. It is likewise a center for the life-history study of animals, for they are placed as nearly as practical in conditions of their natural environment, and as the collection increases in numbers or in kinds so does its value become of more importance as a source of scientific information.
20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
There is now in the park a total of 1,247 animals, representing 345 distinct species. These include 483 mammals, 706 birds, and 58 reptiles. The several species are enumerated in detail in the superin- tendent’s report in the appendix.
A most interesting recent accession is the first specimen of the glacier bear or blue bear ever known to have been captured alive. It has a very limited distribution in the region of the St. Elias Alps, near Yakutat Bay, Alaska. Being one of the rarest and least known of the great game animals of America, specimens have been eagerly sought for zoological gardens. Among other accessions may be noted keas, or sheep-killing parrots, and some flightless rails from New Zealand, and a large boa constrictor, 11 feet long, from Trinidad.
For several years I have urged the purchase of certain parcels of land along the western boundary of the park and in 1913 an appro- priation was made by Congress for that purpose, but as the purchase could not be completed before the time limit of the appropriation, further legislation becomes necessary for renewal of the allotment.
The superintendent calls attention to a number of important needs, including roads, bridle paths, automobile parking space, grading and filling, a new aviary building, a reptile house, and outdoor quarters for mammals.
A striking mark of the appreciation and interest of the children of Washington in the National Zoological Park is the tablet placed in the elephant house to the memory of the elephant “ Dunk,” through subscription to a popular fund by the children of Washington, “ whose favorite Dunk was for more than a quarter of a century.”
ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.
The general direction of the work of the Observatory has continued under Dr. C. G. Abbot, who, in addition to these duties, has been occupied during the year with a number of scientific investigations directly connected with the war.
The investigation of the absorption of long-wave rays by long columns of air containing known quantities of water vapor, refer- ence to which was made in my last report, have been continued and the results to date published in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. In describing his work Mr. Fowle says:
The main purpose of this research was to determine the transparency of water vapor, under atmospheric conditions, to radiation such as the warm earth sends toward space. Upon the absorptive property of water vapor rests in part the virtue of the atmosphere as a conservator of the heat which the earth receives from the sun. Radiation from the sun reaches the earth’s surface diminished by a certain portion scattered toward space and certain
other portions absorbed in the gases and vapors of the atmosphere. The re- turn of the energy of this radiation back to space is an indirect process. The
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 91
warmed earth is cooled partly by convection currents playing over its surface and partly by direct and indirect radiation through the constituents of its atmosphere. Of these the principal hindrances to free radiation are aqueous vapor and carbonic acid gas.
Mr. Fowle’s investigations have fixed the dependence of the trans- mission of the atmosphere on humidity for all wave lengths up to 17 microns. Thiscovers a region of spectrum about fifty times as long as that which is visible to the eye. At about 17 microns rock salt, which is used in preference to glass for optical work on long-wave rays because glass is opaque, itself becomes opaque. Further progress in the important region between 17 and 50 microns depends on finding a new transparent medium. Experiments by Mr. Aldrich have shown that potassium iodide is suitable. But hitherto this substance has yielded no crystals bigger than buckshot. Fortunately, new methods devised for war purposes seem likely to furnish large crys- tals of this substance and there is great hope that the investigation of atmospheric transparency may soon be carried further.
The total solar eclipse of June 8, 1918, was observed at Lakin, Kans., by Mr. Aldrich, of the Observatory, with two assistants. Some good photographs of the solar corona and other phenomena were secured. Throughout the afternoon and early night hours of June 8 and 9 observations were made with the pyranometer. The results “measure the gradual diminution of the radiation of the sun and of the brightness of the sky as the eclipse progressed, the outgoing radiation of the earth’s surface during totality, the gradual increase of sun and sky radiation afterwards, their decline toward sunset, and the outgoing radiation from the earth’s surface after nightfall.”
Investigations at Mount Wilson of the variability of the sun have been continued and improved. Observations were also made at Hump Mountain, N. C., but that station was abandoned as too cloudy, and in June, 1918, a station believed to be exceptionally well located was established near Calama in Chile at an altitude of 2,250 meters where meteorological records indicate 300 days per year favorable for solar constant work. This station is supported by a grant from the Hodgkins fund. It is in charge of Mr. A. F. Moore and is exceptionally well equipped.
INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.
The total number of packages handled by the International Ex- change Service during the year was 266,946, weighing 182,825 pounds, as compared with 399,695 pounds in 1917, the decrease being due almost entirely to war conditions.
The operations of the exchange service have been somewhat cur- tailed during the past year by the impossibility at times of obtaining
136650°—20—_3
22 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
cargo space. This condition and the excessively high freight rates necessitated shipments by mail where this could be done advan- tageously. Notwithstanding the scarcity of shipping, it is significant that governmental licensing boards for imports and exports, both of this country and of Great Britain, have recognized the importance of keeping open the interchange of scientific information by granting licenses to the Institution and its agents for the transmission of this material. Only three consignments of exchanges have been lost through hostile action since the beginning of the war.
In the interchange of Government publications 91 sets of United States governmental documents were received for distribution to designated depositories in foreign countries.
INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE.
The United States Bureau of the International Catalogue of Scien- tific Literature is carried on by the Smithsonian Institution by means of a congressional appropriation. The central bureau is in London, where data from regional bureaus are assembled and published in series of annual catalogues. The war has very greatly interfered with this work, some countries being so much in arrears in their con- tributions toward its support as to necessitate unusually large sub- scriptions from several institutions.
As its name ‘indicates, the catalogue is made up of bibliographical references to scientific literature in various countries. The United States bureau since 1910 has collected data for this country, aggregat- ing more than 350,000 reference cards. The 17 annual volumes issued in London are sold at an annual subscription price of $85, chiefly to large reference libraries and important scientific institutions, the aes covering in part the cost of the publication.
At the yan | convention in London in 1910 a committee was authorized to secure cooperation with other similar organizations in the preparation of the catalogue and to broaden its scope to include technical industries closely allied to researches in pure science. This would not only lead to economy of labor but would provide a uniform reference to the literature of all sciences.
NECROLOGY.
WILLIAM JOEL STONKH.
William Joel Stone, A. B., LL. D., United States Senator, regent of the Smithsonian Institution, was born in Madison County, Ky., May 7, 1848, and died April 14, 1918. Mr. Stone was educated at Missouri University, which later conferred upon him the degree of
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. mae
LL. D. He was admitted to the bar in 1869, after which he was successively prosecuting attorney of Vernon County, Mo., Repre- sentative in the Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, and Fifty-first Congresses, and governor of Missouri. He was a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1896 to 1904, vice chairman of the com- mittee from 1900 to 1904, and in 1903 was elected to the United States Senate, to which office he was twice reelected. He was regent of the Smithsonian Institution from 1913 until his death.
CHARLES WARREN FAIRBANKS.
Charles Warren Fairbanks, A. B., A. M., LL. D., twenty-sixth Vice President of the United States, regent of the Smithsonian In- stitution, was born in Union County, Ohio, May 11, 1852; died June 4, 1918. Mr. Fairbanks was educated at Ohio Wesleyan Uni- versity, was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1874, and established prac- tice at Indianapolis, Ind. He was delegate and chairman in several national political conventions, United States Senator from Indiana from 1897 to 1905, Vice President of the United States from 1905 to 1909. During his term as Vice President he was ex oflicio regent of the Smithsonian Institution, and was again regent by resolution of Congress from 1912 until his death.
Respectfully submitted. Cuarues D, Waxcort, Secretary.
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APPENDEX 1.
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Sir: Owing to the death on July 16, 1918, of Mr. Richard Rathbun, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in charge of the National Museum, the duty devolves on me of submitting the follow- ing report on the operations of the United States National Museum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918:
WAR ACTIVITIES.
During the trying conditions that have prevailed in the United States since it entered the war, the National Museum has demon- strated its value as a national asset in many ways. Members of its staff of experts, its great collections, its laboratories, and all the in- formation in its possession, have been placed unreservedly at the serv- ice of the executive departments and other Government agencies, and have been freely used by a number of them. Some of its exhibition halls have been closed to visitors and turned into office quarters for one of the important war bureaus of the Government. Facilities for the comfort and recreation of officers and men stationed in the vicinity and drilling on the Mall have been provided in the buildings, and the reading rooms of the libraries have been equipped with tables and writing materials for all men in uniform.
Its department of geology has been frequently called upon to fur- nish the Bureau of Standards, Naval Experiment Station, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Geological Survey, the Carnegie Institution, and various arsenals, materials for experimental work. A single call from the Bureau of Standards embraced 27 varieties of minerals, many of which were rare. To meet all of these demands, it has been neces- sary to make trips into the field to secure additional supplies. At the request of the National Research Council the head curator of this department has taken over the entire work of securing optical quartz for the needs of the United States and of Great Britain, involving a large volume of correspondence and travel to different points.
The division of mineral technology has concentrated its activities for the year upon the interrelationships, and consequent interdepend- ence, existing in the industries sustained by mineral resources. In addition to instructive exhibits, the curator and his assistants, in the solution of the problems connected with the fertilizér, sulphur, fuel, and power situations, have prepared for publication pamphlets which
25
26 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
have been not only in great demand by publishers of technical papers, engineers, and business enterprises interested, but of particular value to the Government bureaus handling these matters. They have fur- nished, also, a large amount of data to the Shipping Board, the fuel and fertilizer administrations, and the War and Navy Departments, including suggestions for insuring a sustained source of oil, and for the systematic assemblage of industrial data as a basis for reconstruc- tional work in man power.
The division of physical anthropology has furnished a large amount of information on raeial questions, particularly relating to the Balkans, to the National Research Council, and the Army and Navy Intelligence Bureaus.
In the conservation of food, the curator of the division of textiles, having charge of food and animal products, cooperated with the Food Administration in planning graphic exhibits for use through- out the country on the subject of conservation. He was also ap- pointed exhibits director in the District of Columbia and served as chairman of the campaign committee to carry out food conservation in the District. Incidentally he has prepared and placed on exhibi- tion an instructive exhibit of foods in the National Museum. Infor- mation was also furnished by him to the United States Shipping Board on raw commodities, and assistance in working out a system for classifying commercial data on vegetable fats and oils.
The Museum photographer has rendered valuable assistance in connection with the organization of laboratories in the War and Navy Departments, and also in confidential matters.
Other lines of work in which the Museum was active included geo- logical and biological problems arising in gas warfare, peat investi- gations, questions in connection with the construction of concrete ships and other similar problems, the translating of communica- tions, etc.
Since the war commenced 24 employees of the Museum have been granted furloughs to enter the military service of the country.
Bureau of War Risk Insurance.—In October, 1917, at the request of the President of the United States, space in the natural history - building of the Museum was placed at the disposal of the newly or- ganized Bureau of War Risk Insurance of the Treasury Department, the foyer on the ground floor and the adjoining rooms being con- verted into offices for the preliminary stages of the work. By re- arranging some exhibition halls and by closing others, additional space was given for the purpose from time to time as the force of the bureau increased, so that at the close of the fiscal year the bureau occupied 69,286 square feet in the foyer, adjoining rooms, auditorium, and ranges on the ground floor, and in the rotunda and the exhibi- tion halls on the first floor, extending from the center of the north
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2G
hall around east through the southern section of the west hall, pro- viding accommodations for 3,059 employees. This occupancy nec- essarily involved many changes and inconveniences, including the closing of the auditorium, with the cancellation of meetings and congresses. The importance of the work with which the bureau is charged—not only of providing insurance for the soldier and sailor, but of paying to their dependent families the allotments made by them and by the Government—more than justified any and all sac- rifices required, and the heartiest cooperation and assistance was cheerfully rendered by the entire staff of the Museum.
On July 16, 1918, at the further request of the President, the Board of Regents closed the natural history building to the public, in order to make every foot of space in the exhibition halls available for the Bureau of War Risk Insurance.
COLLECTIONS.
The additions to the collections, received in 1,288 accessions, aggre- gated approximately 142,902 specimens and articles, classified by sub- jects as follows: Anthropology, 11,058; zoology, 61,537; botany, 38,123; geology and mineralogy, 11,370; paleontology, 17,896; tex- tiles, woods, medicines, and other miscellaneous animal and vege- table products, 1,532; mineral technology, 308; and National Gallery of Art, 1,078. Seven hundred and eighty-one lots of material were received from various parts of the country for examination and report.
Space here permits the mention only of some of the important additions of the year.
Anthropology.—tThe ethnological collections were increased by some 400 specimens collected in Celebes by Mr. H. C. Raven and pre- sented by Dr. W. L. Abbott; examples of the work of the Dyaks of Borneo, donated by Mr. Alfred M. Erskine; African, Chinese, Fili- pino, and Porto Rican ethnologica from Miss Josephine A. Rohrer; baskets from the Koasati Indians, a pottery-making series of the Catawba Indians, Sioux and Chippewa objects, and Voodoo drums and charms from Haiti.
Through explorations under the Smithsonian Institution came relics from ancient cliff and cavern dwellings in New Mexico col- lected by Dr. Walter Hough, and archeological objects from Utah gathered by Mr. Neil M. Judd. The Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, sent an exchange of ancient Indian relics from the Virgin Islands, including stone implements and pottery. Stone implements were also received from Mr, J. G. Braecklein, and prehistoric implements gathered in Mexico from the Bureau of American Ethnology. Effigy earthen vessels from the Casas Grandes, Mexico, were donated by Miss Edith Symington, and an-
28 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918,
tique pottery with glaze color designs from Arizona by Mr. Victor J. Evans. The Royal Ontario Museum of Archeology, Toronto, con- tributed, by exchange, important Old World archeological objects, including Babylonian inscribed cuneiform tablets, stone implements from Egypt, France, and England, bronze and iron implements from Greece and Italy, besides Egyptian pottery, beads, coptic cloth, and arrowheads. A unique roasting spit found near the Colosseum, a marble head of Hercules, and some Roman coins were among the objects donated by Capt. Clarence Wiener of the British Army; of particular interest also were a bronze lamp, a rosary of Ken- tucky coffee beans, and a prayer book and selections from the Scrip- tures arranged for Jews serving in the Army and Navy of the United States.
The division of physical anthropology was enriched by Indian skulls and other bones from Alaska, Florida, Illinois, and the Navaho Reservation, a skull from the French Congo, an interesting cranium from the Malay Archipelago, a skull and part of the skeleton of an Eskimo, various other skeletal specimens, and plastic restorations of certain supposedly early man.
The original full-sized Langley flying machine of 1903 and a dupli- cate set of cylinders for the engine were deposited in the Museum by the Institution. Begun by former Secretary S. P. Langley for the War Department in 1898, in the interest of national defense, this machine has been demonstrated to be the first aeroplane constructed capable of sustained free flight carrying a man.
To the mechanical collections were added also revolvers and swords of Santo Domingo manufacture; modern firearms of English and American make, including a British Enfield rifle, model of 1914, and an up-to-date high-power sporting rifle; three guns which belonged to the late William Cost Johnson, Member of Congress from Maryland, 1833-1843; primitive appliances used with sporting rifles from 1840 to 1870; a crude iron box with flintlock attachment designed for firing an explosive; molds for casting lead bullets; a signal pistol used by the United States Navy in 1884; and a blunderbuss said to have been used in defending mail coaches running between Baltimore and Washington in the olden time.
Mr. Hugo Worch added 26 pieces to his previous munificent dona- tion illustrating the history and development of the pianoforte, and including dulcimers, spinets, clavichords, harpsichords, and organs, increasing the extent of this notable collection to 143 instruments.
The J. Lewis Ellis and Olive M. Ellis Memorial Collection was increased by an extensive series of articles in glass, porcelain, silver, and embroidered handkerchiefs and other textiles. Examples of Venetian glass, showing miniature portraits and landscapes by the famous glassworker, Jacopo Franchini, were received from Cavaliere
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 29
Salvatore Arbib through the American consul at Venice, Mr. B. Harvey Carroll, jr. Two bronze vases presented by the Government of Japan in 1884 to Commander John B. Bernadou, United States Navy, reached the Museum through bequest of his widow. Among loans were period china and Dresden groups and Japanese and Chi- nese ivory carvings.
To the division of graphic arts came woodcut blocks and progres- sive proofs from them, the work of Gustave Baumann; specimens of intaglio color printing from Miss Gabrielle De V. Clements; illus- trations of the new process “brulegravure,” from the inventor, Mr. John Williams Robbins, and an akrograph portrait made by Lord Kelvin.
The historical relics included a flag flying on the Zeppelin Z-49 at the time of its capture at Bourbonne les Bains, France, October 17, 1917, by Lieut. Lefevre, of the French Army, which reached the Museum by transfer from the United States Marine Corps, through Maj. Gen. George Barnett, commandant. This was accompanied by small fragments of the gas bag and of the outer envelope of the Z-49. Another trophy, received through President Wilson, was the Ameri- can flag made at Islay House, Islay, Scotland, for use at the funerals of American soldiers lost with the transport Tuscania, February 5, 1918.
The original note written by Gen. U. S. Grant to Lieut. Gen. Simon B. Buckner, Confederate States Army, demanding the un- conditional surrender of Fort Donelson, was contributed by Mrs. Glenn Ford McKinney, and a large collection of relics pertaining to Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, United States Army, including a number of swords, came as a gift from his son, Hon. George B. McClellan.
Among other historical relics received were a gold watch owned by Maj. Gen. C. C. Washburn; uniform chapeaux, epaulets, military insignia, and uniform buttons worn by Col. John N. Macomb, United States Army; a uniform coat of Gen. Samuel Jones, Con- federate States Army; a fragment of the Confederate military bal- loon made in Richmond, Va., of silk dresses; relics of the War of 1812-1815, the War with Mexico, and the Civil War, brought together by Bvt. Maj. Gen. Edward D. Townsend, United States Army; a sword carried by Col. William Dudley during the War of 1812-1815; and a snuffbox given by Rear Admiral Charles Stewart, United States Navy, to Coxswain William C. Parsons, who in turn pre- sented it to Rear Admiral George H. Preble, United States Navy. The naval service was further represented by relics relating to Ad- miral David G. Farragut, from the estate of his son Loyall Farra- gut, augmenting the large collection received a year ago. A sword and pair of flintlock pistols owned by Brig. Gen. Daniel Roberdeau
30 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
during the Revolution, and a spyglass and steel tape measure used by Lieut. Col. Isaac Roberdeau, when assisting in laying out the city of Washington, were among objects lent to the Museum, as was also a portion of the set of chinaware presented by Gen. Lafayette to Mr. and Mrs. George Graham, of Virginia.
To the historical costumes were added knee breeches and waist- coat worn during the Revolution by Col. Tench Tilghman; the official costume and sword of William L. Dayton, American minister to France in 1861-1864; the official costume and sword of William L. Dayton, jr., secretary to the American Legation in Paris during that period; and a satin dress worn by Mrs. Annette Henry Alger, wife of Russell A. Alger, Secretary of War, 1897-1899.
Particularly noteworthy is the collection of medallic Lincolniana assembled through many years by Mr. Robert Hewitt, of New York City, and presented by Mrs. Hewitt, consisting of 1,200 medallic souvenirs, including medallions, plaques, medals, coins, tokens, and badges. The Robert Hewitt collection is remarkable for the very wide range of subjects and types of numismatic material which it covers, and constitutes an epitomized medallic record of the career of President Lincoln. The United States Mint contributed a large series of bronze replicas of United States military and naval service medals, commemorative medals, and medals of award.
The philatelic material in the Museum was augmented by 3,186 specimens. Of the 2,706 transferred from the Post Office Depart- ment, 1,506 represented new issues received by the Department from the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union.
Biology—While the various divisions of this department report a decrease both quantitatively and qualitatively in the additions of the year, it is notable that they relate in most instances to the floras and faunas of foreign lands remote from the scene of war and war preparations.
Another trip to Haiti by the indefatigable collector and generous friend of the Museum, Dr. W. L. Abbott, resulted in important material for the Museum from that and adjoining islands, including new and rare forms of birds and reptiles. Mr. H. C. Raven, operat- ing under the auspices of Dr. Abbott, continued collecting birds and mammals in Celebes, moving toward the middle of the island and visiting one or more of the high peaks. He obtained interesting species and genera not found at lower levels, some of the species apparently new to science and several genera new to the Museum collection. Coming from the border country between north and south Celebes, the faunas of which differ considerably, the full significance of the series can only be appreciated when the entire Celebes collection has been carefully studied.
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 31
The Bureau of Science at Manila contributed a large lot of plants from Amboina, Borneo, and the Philippines. From the Philippines came also an important collection of named chaetognaths transferred by the Bureau of Fisheries, and land shells donated by Mr. Walter F. Webb; and butterflies from the Philippines and Yucatan were con- tributed by Mr. B. Preston Clark. “Hawaii sent a large lot of plants collected by Mr. A. S. Hitchcock, besides algae and mollusks.
South America was represented by the important collections of mammals, amphibians, and reptiles collected by the Peruvian expe- dition of 1914-15, under the auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society, adding the first fully representative series in these groups received by the Museum from any large area of South America. The Museum has been and is even now extremely deficient in material from that continent, and the collections pre- sented by the authorities responsible for this expedition are therefore of the utmost value as forming the basis of future work by American zoologists in that long-neglected field. A collection of fishes from western Colombia, received by exchange from the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, supplements material obtained a few years ago in connec- tion with the Smithsonian biological survey of the Isthmus of Pan- ama, as did also a series of plants from Panama contributed by Mr. Ellsworth P. Killip. From Argentina, Venezuela, Curacao, and the Galapagos Islands came large lots of plants.
South and Central America, as well as western United States, were represented in the donation by Dr. Harrison G. Dyar, custodian of Lepidoptera, of personal collections aggregating some 35,000 insects and including some 15,000 named Lepidoptera, 1,000 named sawflies, and large series of mosquitoes and miscellaneous Diptera.
A new genus and species of river dolphin from Tung Ting Lake, China, afforded a remarkable novelty in the increment to the mammal collection, belonging to a group of porpoises which includes nu- merous extinct forms found fossil in Europe and the eastern United States, its only known living relative occurring in the large rivers of South America.
In northern China interesting series of birds, mammals, fishes, rep- tiles, and insects were collected for the Museum by Mr. Arthur de C. Sowerby, who has lately returned to England for war duty. These supplement collections made by him in that country for the Museum during the past 10 years. From China came also some 1.200 plants from the Canton Christian College, and Chinese and Japanese plants were obtained from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
The Collins-Garner Congo expedition, on which the Museum is rep- resented by Mr. C. R. W. Aschemeier, sent large lots of well-prepared mammals and birds and smaller numbers of insects, plants, and shells from the French Congo, greatly needed for comparison with the
32 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
remarkable East African series in the Museum. Of birds alone this contains 10 or more species hitherto not possessed by the Museum and at least 1 genus.
The Public Library Museum and Art Gallery of Western Aus- tralia, at Perth, supplied in exchange a number of particularly de- sirable mammals, birds, reptiles, aid batrachians from Australia.
Even the Arctic contributed to the additions of the year. Nearly 700 crustaceans and mollusks collected by the Canadian Stefansson Expedition to the Arctic, 1913-1916, were presented by the Dominion Commission of Fisheries, Department of Naval Service, Ottawa, in recognition of services rendered by members of the Museum staff in identifying material.
During his explorations in British Columbia, Secretary Walcott collected for the Museum a number of large mammals, including a family of moose, which form a valuable addition to the North Amer- ican series of mammals. The activities of various Government agen- cies, mainly the Bureau of Fisheries and the several bureaus of the Department of Agriculture, resulted in much material for the Museum from the United States, representing practically every branch of biology and including particularly large series of grasses and insects. Of North American material mention should also be made of especially well prepared bird skins and skeletons from southern California presented by Mr. Edward J. Brown; marine invertebrates collected in Magdalena Bay by the donor, Mr. C. R. Orcutt; a killer whale from Florida representing a genus new to the coasts of the United States contributed by Mr. Lawrence S. Chubb, and plants from Alaska and California from Prof. W. L. Jepson.
Various localities, both domestic and foreign, were represented in an exchange from the Boston Society of Natural History of over 2,300 crustaceans and mollusks, and some 12,000 specimens of Ameri- can and foreign bird eggs were lent to the Museum by Dr. T. W. Richards, U. S. Navy.
Geology.—Special attention was paid to building up the collection of minerals heretofore classed as rare earths and rare metals, which have become of importance through the outbreak of the war. A group of exhibition specimens secured mainly through the efforts of Mr. F. L. Hess consists of a large mass of scheelite ore weighing 2,614 pounds, showing the full width of the vein and said to be the largest mass of tungsten ore yet mined; about 100 pounds of molyb- denum-copper ore showing the interesting geological associations of molybdenite; partly oxidized tungsten showing the atmospheric alteration of the common tungsten ore mineral wolframite; scheelite ore replacing limestone and showing unusually large cleavage sur- faces of the ore mineral; a sawn mass of brecciated ferberite ore— the so-called “ peanut ore;” a specimen of molybdenite; molybdenite
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 33
and molybdite in altered rhyolite; a mass of the newly discovered sulphide tungstenite; crystallized ferberite; and a collection of 15 ores and minerals, including molybdenite from Canada, carnotite replacing wood, ferberite in the form of iridescent crystals, and a specimen of the rare uranium-vanadium mineral uranite impreg- nating friable sandstone.
The exhibit of steel-hardening metals was further augmented by specimens of vanadium ores with incrustations of crystals of the ore minerals vanadinite and descloizite. Other gifts of interest in- clude a series of specimens from the famous nitrate deposits of Chile showing the caliche and its natural associations, a cross-fiber vein of asbestos showing unusually long pure fibers, and sandstone impregnated with the blue molybdenum sulphate, ilsemannite.
Collections made for the division by members of the staff included large exhibition specimens illustratmg unconformities, conglom- erates, rock phosphate, and phosphatic limestone secured by Dr. R. S. Bassler; albite crystals of unusual type, columbite, black mica, stau- rolite, bauxite, and quartz, the last named mainly for use by the Sig- nal Corps of the Army, collected by Dr. George P. Merrill; rocks to illustrate weathering, obtained by Dr. J. C. Martin; sphalerite with associated minerals and brecciated chert, and apatite and hematite, collected by Dr. Edgar T. Wherry.
A mass of graphite, showing an unusual columnar structure, was transferred from the United States Geological Survey, as were also blocks, fragments, and pebbles from an Alaskan glacial ground mo- raine of Silurian age, and a choice figured specimen of arborescent calcareous sinter from the Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park.
Of meteorites there were added a newly found stone from Eustis, Fla.; a slice of the Carleton siderite; 280 grams of an undescribed stone from Kansas City, Mo.; and an 826-gram specimen of the Burkett (Tex.) meteoric iron.
In the division of mineralogy and petrology gifts of exceptional value from Mr. C. S. Bement included particularly fine exhibition specimens of hetaerolite, crystals of rhodonite, zincite, leucophoeni- cite, manganosite crystals, a cut gem, a free crystal and an embedded erystal of willemite, and willemite with friedelite and white zeolite, all from Franklin, N. J.; calamine, pyrite, and milky quartz, from Colorado; free crystals of scheelite and scheelite crystals attached to chalcopyrite, from Mexico; an exceptionally fine, large twinned crys- tal of quartz and an unusual crystal of danburite, from Japan; the rare mineral achtaragdite and a variety of vesuvianite—wiluite— from Siberia.
The American consul at Changsha, China, Mr. Nelson T. Johnson, donated a specimen of twinned cinnabar crystals from China, show-
34 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
ing seven groups of crystals more than half an inch in diameter, and . as far as known the finest of its kind in the United States.
Other additions included crystals of tetrahedrite embedded in quartz, galena with crystals of anglesite, gem stones of variscite, opalized shells from the Cretaceous of South Australia, beryl, milky quartz crystals, crystals of selenite, large pyrites, aragonite crystals, besides type specimens presented by Dr. Henry 8S. Washington, of the Geophysical Laboratory, and minerals described by Prof. A. S. Eakle, of the University of California, and by Dr. W. F. Hillebrand, of the Bureau of Standards.
Specimens illustrating the geology and ore deposits of the Tintic district, Utah, the basis of Professional Paper 107, of the Geological Survey, by Prof. Waldemar Lindgren and Dr. G. F. Loughlin, were received as a transfer from the Survey, and an interesting series of rocks collected in the Orient by Dr. J. P. Iddings, in 1910. was formally turned over to the Museum.
Of the increment to the collections of invertebrate paleontology mention should first be made of about 10,000 specimens of Middle Cambrian fossils obtained by Secretary Walcott from the celebrated locality at Burgess Pass, British Columbia, comprising the study and reserve material of this wonderful fauna, the types of which were previously received as were these, by deposit from the Smith- sonian Institution.
A number of large fossils, mainly corals, and fossiliferous limestone slabs were collected by Dr. Bassler for enlarging the coral reef in- stalled in the exhibition series last year.
Well preserved invertebrate fossils from the Cretaceous formation of Tennessee constituted the most important addition to the Mesozoic collections. Of interest both for exhibition and study were fossil insects preserved in copal resin, collected by Prof. D. S. Martin by searching the gum copal from the Pleistocene deposits of East Africa shipped in large quantities to the varnish factories in the vicinity of Brooklyn.
Paleozoic and Mesozoic fossils especially selected to round out the study series of European forms, and ammonites from the Jurassie rocks of France needed in the revision of the exhibit of these forms, were secured by exchange. To the study series were added Tertiary fossils from the Pacific coast, and the Devonian stratigraphic series was increased by a rather complete representation of fossils from the Hackberry and Hamilton groups of Iowa. Small lots of well- preserved Eocene insects and a fossil fish collected in Colorado were of interest because of their rarity.
The section of vertebrate paleontology secured from the United States Geological Survey, the most important collection of fossil turtle remains ever brought together from the southwestern part of
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 35
the United States, many specimens being suitable for exhibition and no less than 49 are sufficiently well preserved to be identified specifi- cally. Other well-preserved turtles acquired included the type of a box turtle described by Dr. O. P. Hay, and an example from the Cretaceous of Georgia, valuable chiefly on account of its locality.
Fossil bones of the mammoth, rhinoceros, and horse collected for the Museum in Siberia by Mr. John Koren to supplement the ma- terial obtained by the Koren expedition in 1914-15, included a beau- tifully perfect mammoth humerus over 3 feet in length, indicating an animal of magnificent proportions.
Type material comprised the important additions in paleobotany. Fossil plants from Wyoming, the basis of a paper by Dr. F. H. Knowlton, were transferred from the survey; two lots from South America were contributed by Prof. E. W. Berry, the first from the Tertiary rocks of Bolivia, valuable not only as type specimens, but in furnishing data for additions to the geologic history of that country, the second from the Miocene of Peru; and specimens from Beaver County, Okla., described by Prof. Berry, were donated at his re- quest by Prof. E. C. Case.
Textiles—tThe efforts of domestic manufacturers to take advan- tage of the opportunity afforded by the war is shown by upholstery velvets and velours manufactured in this country from mercerized cotton, mohair, or silk, or combinations of these, including antique venetians made of mercerized cotton in imitation of old French and Italian fabrics and intended to take their place at a reasonable price.
The silk goods series was augmented by new figured novelty silk representing beautiful effects in the cross-dyeing of combinations of cotton, wool, artificial silk and spun silk, brocaded piece-dyed satins, figured cross-dyed crépe georgette, crépe meteore, and fabrics printed in designs suggesting water movements, silk poplins, georgette crépe printed in spiderweb-like design called “camouflage,” and suggest- ing Japanese batik work, “* Moon-Glo” crépe, a novelty crépe weave fabric with metalliclike surface, and a rough surface fabric printed with an all-over oriental design.
Fine silk fabrics ornamented with attractive designs by means of discharge printing are believed to be among the best examples of this method of printing fabrics that have been produced in the United States. These included Luxor taffeta, in Persian, Saracenic, and Italian designs of the eighth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, copies from ancient Peruvian fabrics, and Wedgwood prints which carry out remarkably the relief effect copied from Wedgwood pottery.
Woolen fabrics of the worsted type, woven from combed wools, are well represented in the Museum collections, but the carded woolen industry has not been adequately covered heretofore. Particularly
36 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
welcome therefore were some excellent examples of this type of fab- ric, comprising broadcloth, beaver, zibeline, chinchilla, flannels, over- coatings, and a strong corkscrew-weave fabric used for shoe tops. Owing to the need of conserving wool for use in the manufacture of military clothing, new types of fabrics for civilian use have been put on the market by manufacturers. One of these reaching the museum, “ Honey cloth,” is a cotton warp worsted having the weft threads composed of one-fourth mohair and three-fourths wool.
To the series of implements used in preparing and weaving textile fibers were added an old flax breaker and two small looms of the types employed in producing Gobelin and Beauvais tapestries, to- gether with a repairing board used in mending such fabrics. Some of the first embroidery machines brought to the United States from Europe are doing war work by embroidering service insignia for the Government. A contribution of 107 specimens of such official emblems of the United States Army, the United States Navy, the Food Admin- istration, and the Boy Scouts of America, on standard uniform fab- rics, makes a popular exhibit.
In emphasizing the importance of food conservation a large series of foodstuffs received as gifts from manufacturers or as transfers or loans of Government property enlarged the old section of foods and permitted an exhibit along the line of the Food Administration. Besides series of wheat substitutes, examples of the conservation of surplus fruits and vegetables by dehydrating and by canning were secured, and material to show the high food value of soy beans and peanuts. An exhibit of 74 models of ordinary articles of diet, each one representing a quantity of food sufficient to produce a heat value of 100 calories, shows graphically the relative heat value of the vari- ous articles in a manner easily comprehended by everyone.
Hand samples of woods produced by 344 trees indigenous to North America, carefully determined in the preparation of the Tenth Census Report as to value as fuel and for construction, reached the Museum from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, and the New York State College of Forestry contributed a collection of wood specimens representing the more important species in use in the in- dustries of New York State. Other additions to the section of wood technology included log sections cut from trees felled in Smithsonian and Seaton Parks in recently clearing the ground for the erection of temporary buildings for the War Department; an elaborate display of “ Korelock ” doors; a standard aeroplane propeller and an impeller also of laminated wood construction; specimens showing steps in the manufacture of a baseball bat, of a wagon wheel, of an automobile wheel, of a saw handle, of a billiard cue; and various specimens of California redwood.
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 37
In the division of medicine efforts were concentrated on obtaining exhibition material of educational rather than scientific value. Illus- trating organotherapy was a series of fresh specimens of glands and glandular tissues together with finished products of the different forms in which they are administered. Specimens illustrating the manufacture of pepsin and the finished product in various forms in- cluded a sample of pure pepsin with a standardized strength of 1:20,000, that is, it has the power to dissolve 20,000 times its own weight of freshly coagulated and disintegrated egg albumen. Other exhibits of crude vegetable drugs, synthetic medicinal chemicals, in- organic chemicals, plant constituents, opium and its products, cin- chona bark, aloes, and cascara sagrada were secured.
Mineral technology—tIn assembling collections representative of mineral technology, comprehensive popular exhibits had been ar- ranged at the beginning of the year, comprising abrasives, asbestos, asphalt, cements, coal, copper, glass, gold, graphite, iron, lead, lime, mica, petroleum, plaster, salt, sulphur, and tin. Under existing con- ditions it was decided to confine activity to enhancement of what was already established, deferring for the time being the various projects for numerical expansion. Accordingly an exhibit was added to the coal series showing the scope of recent American enterprise in the direction of coal product manufacture. It consists of a 200- pound lump of bituminous coal with derivatives in the form of dye- stuffs and other chemicals to the number of 233. The series treating of gold was enriched by a large panoramic model showing the occur- rence and the various methods employed in winning the metal. The magnificent panoramic model of the Bingham Canyon Copper Min- ing operations was completed, as was also the model, in part placed on display a year ago, showing the operations of lead manufacture.
In an effort to be of service in the present emergency of war five lines of investigation, which have been under consideration for sev- eral years in assembling exhibits, have been developed in the course of the year. These comprised fertilizer materials, sulphur, coal products, power, and petroleum. To mobilize the economic forces of production and to fill in their gaps is as necessary as that of effecting the requisite military organization, and far more intricate. The difficulty in building up deficiencies as they become apparent lies in the complexity of interrelationship. Especially is this true among the chemically conducted industries. First, there is the group relationship of progressive segregation, notably instanced in the coal-product series, wherein the isolation of any one product entails the work leading to the isolation of many others. Then comes the group relationship of recombination into usable form, as in the case of fertilizer manufacture, where an entirely different. basis of inter-
136650°—20——4
38 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
dependence is established drawing variously upon the other groups and linking them together. Thus to build up a deficiency in any one specific direction it often becomes necessary to carry the work of reconstruction far afield.
As applied to mineral derivatives, the question of interrelationship has been a subject of special study in the division of mineral tech- nology from the time of its establishment, and it was felt from the outset that here lay the chief opportunity to render service. When the country’s deficiency in fixed nitrogen came up for consideration some two years ago occasion was taken to point out* that a nitrogen situation as a thing apart and to itself did not and could not exist— that it was inextricably involved with the coal-product situation and fertilizer situation, and that the only remedy lay in giving heed to this interrelationship. So it is with the work of mobilizing the various other chemically conducted industries on a war-time basis. The need of giving advance heed to this question was appreciated by our enemies—Germany entered the war as fully prepared in this field as in the military branches. It was inadequately appreciated by those who eventually came to be our allies, however; while in the United States, up to the actual outbreak of hostilities, it was entirely disregarded as a national issue. Paramount among the problems thus entailed are those presented by the industrial groups having to do with the fertilizer materials necessary to an adequacy of foodstuffs, and with the energy resources requisite to the work of manufacture. In contributing to the solution of these two basic problems, investigations projected by Mr. Chester G. Gilbert, com- prising fertilizer materials, sulphur. coal products, power, and petro- leum, have resulted in the publication of pamphlets on the inter- pretation of the fertilizer situation, industrial independence in sul- phur, an object lesson in the resource administration in coal products, and the coal resource and its full utilization. Papers on power and petroleum were completed but not published at the end of the year. In view of the tendency toward duplication in the scientific work in Government departments, it is of special note that it is not pur- posed to initiate any new scientific or technical lines of work, but merely to interpret technical facts in popular form. This is not only of vital importance but it is peculiarly the function of the National
Museum. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART.
In the last report it was stated that foundations had been laid for a granite structure on the Smithsonian Reservation to house the Charles L. Freer Collection. Though some delays were encountered
1Sources of nitrogen compounds in the United States, by Chester G. Gilbert, Smith- sonian Institution Special Publication No, 2421, June, 1916.
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 39
in procuring materials and labor, the construction of this building has progressed during the year as rapidly as could be expected, con- sidering the vast undertakings of the Government in constructional enterprises in Washington due to the war. By June 30,1918, all of the exterior walls were erected to entablature height and about half of the architrave and frieze courses of the entablature were set. Four-fifths of the interior walls had risen to gallery ceiling height and all others were well advanced. The marble walls of the court were completed to about two-thirds of their ultimate height. The basement and first floor construction were completed, the drainage system below the subbasement floor finished, and 10 per cent of the heating and ventilating duct work in the subbasement installed.
During the year Mr. Freer increased the extent of his collection to over 6,200 items by 928 additions, of which 20 are paintings by the American artists Whistler, Tryon, Dewing, Melchers, Metcalf, Sar- gent, and Brush; while the oriental objects, numbering 908, consist of paintings, pottery, fabrics, jewelry, and objects of jade, bronze, wood, stone, glass, and lacquer.
By bequest of Mrs. Mary Houston Eddy, of Washington, the gal- lery received a collection of 12 paintings, 12 miniatures, 9 ivory carvings, a Limoges enamel, a marble bust, a bronze statue, and mis- cellaneous art objects, 140 items in all, to be known as the “A. R. and M. H. Eddy Donation.” Other permanent acquisitions were por- traits by Ossip Perelma of M. Boris Bakhmeteff, first ambassador to the United States from the Russian Republic, and of Mr. Frank B. Noyes, president of the Associated Press and editor of the Washing- ton Star; a portrait of Vinnie Ream (Hoxie), by G. P. A. Healy; a marble statue of Puck, by Harriet Hosmer; two miniatures by Isa- bey, one of Napoleon I, the other of Marie Louise; two old English silver snuff boxes and two large plaster landscape models made in 1902 of the park system proposed for the city of Washington by the commission appointed by the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia.
The special loan exhibitions consisted of a collection of Joseph Pennell’s lithographs of war work in Great Britain and the United States, displayed from November 1 to 24, 1917, with a special view on the evening of the 1st; and a series of architectural drawings by Charles Mason Remey, being preliminary designs showing varying treatments in different styles of architecture of the proposed Bahai Temple for Chicago, exhibited during March, 1918.
As elsewhere stated, the natural history building is, under normal conditions, greatly overcrowded with the collections of its depart- ments of biology, geology, and anthropology and of the art gallery, nearly one-fourth of its space being given over to art in its various
40 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
forms. The need of considering the erection of a building exclu- sively for the National Gallery of Art is pressing and should early receive attention. The gallery has already failed to acquire many rich gifts of art works because of the impossibility of caring for them in the present buildings, and other cities are being enriched at its ex- pense. Because of this unpreparedness, treasures of art of great worth well within its reach have gone elsewhere. Art works more than any other national possession typify advanced civilization, and the public demands means of acquiring and keeping and facilities for utilizing such. Most modern nations have made their capital cities principal centers of art development and art accumulation, and progress in this respect may well be regarded as an index of the de- gree of advancement of the people.
MEETINGS AND CONGRESSES.
The facilities afforded by the Museum for meetings were in greater demand than usual for governmental and scientific gatherings and were fully utilized until the latter part of October, when the com- mittee rooms were temporarily given over to the Bureau of War Risk Insurance. Meetings continued to some extent to be held in the audi- torium until the last of December, when all engagements of accomo- dations were canceled, and the auditorium was also placed at the dis- posal of that bureau.
The Washington Society of the Fine Arts, as customary, was granted the auditorium for its lecture courses for the season, but held only five at the Museum. One of the committee rooms was assigned to the Anthropological Society of Washington and to the Federal Photographic Society for their regular meetings for the winter. The former used it but once, holding four other assemblies in the auditorium, and the Photographic Society went elsewhere, though it used the auditorium twice in July for exhibitions of motion pictures.
The American Public Health Association held a three-day session in the auditorium, on health problems and opportunities of the war, with a reception on the opening night, and the Medical Society of the District of Columbia celebrated its centennial anniversary by an afternoon meeting there.
The facilities of the Museum were used by various Government departments for conferences (1) to formulate plans for the produc- tion and conservation of the live-stock industry of the United States, (2) in the interest of fall wheat and rye planting, (3) of State agents on home demonstration work in the South, and (4) on home eco- nomics; for the pathological seminar of the Bureau of Plant Indus- try; for a lecture on horticultural work in China; for a meeting of the women employees of the Department of Agriculture to discuss
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 4]
participation in war activities; for a second liberty loan meeting of Post Office Department employees; for two exhibitions of motion pictures relating to Army aeronautics for the Signal Corps of the United States Army; for a three-day school of instruction in the furtherance of the work of the United States Food Administration; and for lectures, on two occasions under the auspices of the National Council of Women, on one under the District of Columbia Chapter of the American Red Cross, and another under the Women’s Liberty Loan Committee.
Before the auditorium was turned over to the Bureau of War Risk Insurance, that bureau frequently made use of it for instructing and organizing the field parties of officers and enlisted men who were to be sent to the various camps to attend to the details relating to the issuance of life insurance.
For two days the auditorium was given over to the annual meeting of the Potato Association of America, and the Bureau of Commercial Economics made use of it three times showing motion pictures of the war, to Army officers, on the first two occasions, and to members of the National Council of Defense on the last.
Besides the reception to the American Public Health Association on the evening of October 18, there was a reception in the National Gallery of Art on the occasion of the opening of the exhibition of lithographs of war work by Joseph Pennell on the evening of No-
vember 1. MISCELLANEOUS.
Over 8,000 duplicate specimens, included in 8 regular sets of mol- lusks, 5 regular sets of fossil invertebrates, and a number of special sets, were distributed to schools and colleges. Exchanges for secur- ing additions to the collections involved the use of about 23,227 dupli- cates, while more than 11,000 specimens, chiefly botanical and zoologi- cal, were lent to specialists for study.
The attendance of visitors at the natural history building agere- gated 306,003 persons for week days and 95,097 for Sundays, being a daily average of 977 for the former and 1,828 for the latter. At the arts and industries building and the Smithsonian building, which are open only on week days, the totals were, respectively, 161,298 and 67,224, and the daily averages 515 and 214.
The publications of the year consisted of the annual report, one volume of proceedings, one volume of the contributions from the National Herbarium, and three bulletins, besides 40 separate papers. The latter comprised 28 from the proceedings, 4 from the contribu- tions, 7 parts of bulletins, and a catalogue of a special Joan collection in. the National Gallery of Art.
42 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
The library obtained, by purchase, gift, and exchange, 6,162 vol- umes, 42 parts of volumes, and 1,541 pamphlets. The more impor- tant donations were the library of Biltmore Herbarium, and a large series of pharmaceutical works transferred from the Hygienic Lab- oratory.
Respectfully submitted.
W. ve C. Ravenet,
Administrative Assistant. Dr. Cuartes D. WaAxcorrt,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Ocrober 31, 1918.
APPENDIX’ 2. REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
Sir: Pursuant to your request of July 3, I have the honor to sub- mit the following report on the operations of the Bureau of Ameri- can Ethnology during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1918, conducted in accordance with the act of Congress approved June 12, 1917, making provisions for the sundry civil expenses of the Government, and in accordance with a plan of operations submitted by the ethnolo- gist-in-charge and approved by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The act referred to contains the following item:
American ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, including the excavation and preservation of archzologic remains, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, including necessary employees and the purchase of necessary books and periodicals, $42,000.
The administrative affairs of the bureau prior to March 1, 1918, were conducted by Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist-in-charge, when he resigned to accept a position in the Museum of the American Indian (Heye Foundation). On that date Dr. J. Walter Fewkes was ap- pointed chief, and continued the administrative duties of the office to the close of the year.
As the American Indian is rapidly losing many of his instructive characteristics in his amalgamation into American citizenship, new features of the future work of the bureau stand out prominently pleading for investigation. Among these is the urgent necessity to rescue linguistic, sociological, and mythological data of aboriginal Indian life before its final extinction. When data now available disappear, unless recorded, they are lost forever.
The excavation and repair for preservation of archeologic remains, by no means a new activity of bureau work, is in the same condition. Both anthropology and popular approval call for the advancement and diffusion of knowledge by the bureau along this line.
In addition to their duties in “ continuing ethnological researches ” among the American Indians the members of the staff have devoted much time to matters germane to their work. Answers to many let- ters received by the bureau can not be written offhand, but demand investigation and often considerable consultation of authorities in the library. Their requests are not confined to Indian ethnology, but include a wide variety of questions on race mixture in the United
43
44 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918,
States, Old World anthropology, and the like. Although the staff is made up of experts in the study of the American Indians and the appropriation is limited to the study of our aborigines, the chief has not shrunk from the necessity of contributing what information he could on these related subjects, recognizing the need in the near future of a Bureau of Ethnology.
The “ethnological researches” of individual members of the staff the past year are outlined in the following pages.
At the close of the last fiscal year Mr. F. W. Hodge had begun excavations at Hawikuh, one of the “Seven Cities of Cibola,” situ- ated near the present pueblo of Zuni, N. Mex. This work was con- tinued in the summer months and yielded a large and varied collec- tion of artifacts, which are now in the Museum of the American Indian (Heye Foundation).
The excavations were confined to the great refuse heaps that cover the western side of the elevation on which the ruins are situated, the maximum height of the hillock being 60 feet above the eastern valley. It was believed that this refuse would be found to follow the config- uration of a gradual slope, but this proved not to be the case, for the farther the excavation was carried toward the ruined walls on the summit the deeper the refuse was found to be, and continuous work for nearly three months in this direction failed to reach a natural slope or escarpment.
The removal of the refuse, which had reached a depth of 15 feet when the work was suspended for the season, brought to light many features of interest, for, as was expected from the character of the surface soil, this great deposit of débris, consisting: largely of ash and other refuse from the dwellings, interspersed with quantities of broken pottery and other artifacts, strata of drift sand, building refuse, etc., formed one of the cemeteries of the pueblo, or, one might say, the western area of a single great cemetery that surrounded the pueblo which, with its appurtenances, covers an area of approxi- mately 756 by 850 feet, or nearly 15 acres. Excavation of perhaps a fifth of the cemetery area resulted in uncovering 237 graves.
Excavation had not proceeded very far before remains of walls of dwellings much older than those of historic Hawikuh were encoun- tered on the floor of the original surface, 15 feet below the maximum deposit of refuse; yet, as the work progressed, it was found that these walls had been built over and across the walls of other and more ancient houses that had been erected, occupied, abandoned, and filled in to afford space for the construction of the dwellings which in turn preceded Hawikuh probably by many generations. The ma- sonry of these earlier structures, on the whole, was much cruder than that of Hawikuh proper; but if allowance be made for disturbance caused by the burial of the dead through several generations, which
REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 45
included more or less comparatively recent pottery in the lower levels, the earthenware of the earliest inhabitants of the site is of finer quality and of finer decoration than that manufactured by the historic Hawikuh people not long before the abandonment of their settlement.
Although the study of the archeology of Hawikuh has been barely commenced, the results of last season’s work give promise of a material addition to our knowledge of an important phase of Pueblo culture, and it is hoped will ultimately open the way to the solution of related problems in southwestern archeology.
Besides the routine work of his desk Mr. Hodge gave what spare time he could while in Washington to continuing his work on the bibliography of the Pueblo Indians.
During July and August Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, com- pleted his report on the Heye collection of West Indian antiquities and in the autumn made a brief archeological reconnoissance in south- western Colorado, returning to Washington the middle of November. His plan of operations was to visit the ruins in the McElmo district and determine their architectural features in order to define with greater exactness the characteristics they share with the cliff dwell- ings and pueblos of the Mesa Verde National Park. The object was to gather material that would enable him to construct a classification of the prehistoric buildings of the Southwest from structural data. The Mesa Verde cliff dwellings and pueblos belong to a type or group of ruins distinguished by the structure of the roof and other feat- ures of the ceremonial room or kiva. The aim of the field work in 1917 was to investigate the distribution of this form of kiva and to discover other peculiarities of the Mesa Verde type or group at points remote from the plateau and thus enlarge our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the types.
It was found that the ruins in Montezuma Valley and the McElmo and its tributaries show extensions westward of the Mesa Verde type, and as the field work progressed much was added to our knowledge of the characteristics of great houses and towers, the examples of which on the Mesa Verde have been little investigated.
The most noteworthy group of the ancient ruins visited in the course of his field work were three clusters of great houses, castles, and towers situated a short distance over the State line on the north- ern tributaries of the canyons of the McElmo.
The most important result of the field work in 1917 is the conclu- sion that the ruins of the McEImo region indicate a people allied to those of Mesa Verde, who reached a high degree of architectural technique, surpassing any in America north of Mexico. Evidence was gathered that it was preceded by a stage indicated by one-house con- struction, and the suggestion is made that it antedated pueblos, on
: * 46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918,
which account it has been designated a middle phase in the Southwest. A considerable number of small ruins of the same structural type but with only one room were discovered in the tributaries of the McElmo and Dolores Rivers.
As a sequel to the exploration of the great houses, towers, and pueblos of Square Tower, Holly, and Hackberry Canyons, at the suggestion of Dr. Fewkes, the Director of the Public Park Service, Department of the Interior, has taken steps to have the ruins on these and adjacent canyons set aside from the public domain as a reserve, to be called the Hovenweep National Monument.
During the year Mr. James Mooney, ethnologist, remained in the office, engaged, as impaired health permitted, in the elaboration of his Cherokee sacred formulas. Throughout the winter and spring months much of his time was given to assisting the various delega- tions from the tribes of his working acquaintance, in the West, in their efforts before Congress, particularly in regard to their native Peyote religion, of which he has made a special study. The proof of friendship in the assistance thus given has completely won the hearts of the tribes concerned, and has opened the door to successful investi- gation along every line of inquiry.
On June 28 he left Washington for an extended stay with the Kiowa and associated tribes, among whom he is now at work.
During the past year, Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, has de- voted the greater part of his time to a study of three languages formerly spoken on and near the lower course of the Mississippi River—the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa (or Attacapa). The results of this study have been embodied in four papers—sketches of the grammars of the three languages in question, and a comparative study. A sketch of the Tunica language, covering about 70 type- written pages, has been accepted for publication in the International Journal of American Linguistics. The sketch of Atakapa, of 40 or 50 pages, is practically complete and is designed for publication in the same journal; that of Chitimacha covers about 100 pages. The latter is withheld from publication for the present so that more material may be added. Finally, the paper in which the three lan- guages are compared and the conclusion drawn that they belong in reality to but one linguistic stock, is to be published as a bulletin by this bureau. This covers about 70 typewritten pages.
During the latter half of April and all of May Dr. Swanton was engaged in field work in Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. In the first-mentioned State he continued his investigation of the Chitimacha language. His visit to Mississippi was principally for the purpose of inquiring into the social organization of the Choctaw still living there. In South Carolina he began a study of the Catawba language, with the help of manuscript material left by Dr. Gatschet,
REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 47
and he plans to continue this study during the coming year. It is important as the only well-preserved dialect of any of the eastern Siouan peoples and that upon which must be based most of the rela- tionship of the eastern Siouans to the other divisions of the stock. A small amount of ethnological material along other lines was also collected from the Chitimacha and the Catawba.
Dr. Swanton has also added some material to his history of the Creek Indians.
In July, 1917, Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, began a critical and comparative study of the Cayuga texts relating to the Iroquois Fed- eration, which he had recorded during the two previous field trips. This manuscript matter aggregates more than 500 pages and treats of more than 40 topics or features of the Federation of the Iroquois, dealing with the principles and structure of this institution of the Five “ Nations” or tribes.
This comparative study was carried to tentative completion and involved not only the critical reading of the 500 pages of Cayuga text, but also an equal number of pages of Mohawk and Onondaga texts.
Mr. Hewitt also read 200 galleys of proofs of the Seneca myths and tales of the Thirty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ameri- ean Ethnology, of which 20 were of native texts with interlinear translations; he added to them nearly 200 numbered explanatory notes and read also 632 pages of the first and second revises for this same report, of which 100 pages are in native text with interlinear translations.
During May and June, 1918, Mr. Hewitt was engaged in field work in Ontario, Canada, among the Indians of the Six Nations of Troquois. He took up the work in textual and literary criticism of the many texts he has recorded relating directly to the institution of the Federation cr League of the Five Tribes or Nations in earlier field operations.
By far the largest, and also the most trustworthy, part of these texts was recorded from the dictation of one of the best-informed ritualists and expounders of the league, but much additional and sup- plementary matter in the form of texts was recorded from the dic- tation of other informants who had the reputation in the community of being authorities in regard to the motives and plans of the found- ers of the federation or league and the decrees and ordinances pro- mulgated by them; but as these texts were given from memory it was Inevitable that some of the most important details of the struc- ture and working apparatus of the league have not been remembered with the same fidelity by different persons, and so various views and statements concerning the same subject matter are found. The prob- lem for the student, then, is to ascertain by an adequate investiga- tion upon what facts these conflicting views and statements were originally based. The vocabulary of the national terms employed is
48 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
that of statecraft and ritualism—the utterances of the statesmen and stateswomen of that earlier time, who had clear visions of institu- tions which are to-day being formulated and written into the statutes of our great republic. Among these may be mentioned the recall, the initiative, the referendum, a full-fledged colonial policy, and woman suffrage (limited to mothers), men having no voice in the body which nominates their chiefs.
It is well-nigh impossible to find an interpreter among the Iroquois who is such a master of both the English and the native Iroquoian languages as to be able to translate correctly a large number of | the most important native terms into the English tongue. The fol- lowing may be taken as a typical example. Dekanawida, in detail- ing the work of the founders in his “ farewell address,” used the following term frequently, and it also occurs elsewhere. This word is “ We’dwéfni’kera‘da’nyon’.” The literal meaning is “ We have made types or symbols of things.” This is the only rendering known to most native interpreters. But its technical signification is “ We have made ordinances, or laws, or regulations.”
Another form of criticism is the discovery of the reasons which led to the variation of the ritual as used by the father and mother sides of the league. As an example the following may be cited. One or the other of these sides is the mourning side in the council of condolence and installation. The side which is not the mourning side employs all fourteen of the sections of the “ Requickening address.” But it is customary for the mourning side, in replying, to employ only thir- teen, omitting the ninth, which refers to the caring for the grave of the dead chieftain. This omission may seem to be a small matter to solve, but it is one which brings out the intense esoterism and meta- phoric use of terms that characterize terminology of the institutions of the federation or league of the five nations or tribes of the Iroquois.
This definition or meaning shows that the rules of procedure among the Iroquois Five Tribes were not the commands of an auto- crat or tyrant, but rather the formulated wisdom of a body of peers, who owed their position to the suffrages of those who owned the titles to them, and that the form of government was a limited democracy, or, strictly speaking, a limited gynecocraey.
At the beginning of the year Mr. Francis La Flesche, ethnologist, took up the task of putting together his notes on the “ Wa-sha-be A-thi®,” a composite and intricate war ceremony of the Osage tribe. The name signifies the determination of the warrior Who becomes a member of the ceremonially organized war party to show no mercy to the enemy and that he shall be even as the fire—a power that con- sumes all things that happen to be in its destructive course.
The literal translation of the name, Wa-shi-be Athi’, is Wa-sha-be, a dark object; A-thi", to have in one’s possession to carry. The word
REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 49
“Wa-sha-be” is here used as a trope for the charcoal that symbolizes the merciless fire. The making of the symbolic charcoal forms an important part of the great ceremony and each warrior is required to carry with him a piece of this charcoal tied up in a little buckskin pouch. When he is about to attack the enemy he must blacken his face with this charcoal. If he happens to neglect this he will not be permitted to recount the strokes he may deliver the enemy in the attack and to count his war honors.
Originally there was only one “ Wa-sha-be A-thi"” ceremony and this ceremony pertained strictly to defensive and aggressive war- fare. Later this ceremony was employed for organizing a war party to be sent out to slay some member of an enemy tribe in order to send the spirit of the slain man to overtake and accompany the spirit of the deceased member of the tribe and to be his companion to the realm of spirits.
The original ceremony was described by Wa-xthi-zhi, who belongs to the great division of the tribe which represents the earth and is called Ho®-ga. The ceremony, when it is used as a mourning rite, was described by Xu-thé-wa-to?-i", a member of the great division representing the sky, and called Tsi-zhu.
The account of these two ceremonies, the text, the songs, with their music, the recited parts of the ritual, and the illustrations and diagrams cover 253 pages.
It required much time as well as the exercise of patience to secure the details of these war ceremonies. Particularly was this true of the wi-gi-es (the recited parts), which relate to the traditions of the people, on account of their religious character and the superstitious awe with which the men and women of the tribe regarded them. Deaths have occurred during the study of these rites, and these deaths have been by the people attributed to the reciting of the rituals without regard to the traditional and prescribed rules.
In May, 1918, Mr. La Flesche visited the Osage Reservation for the purpose of completing his investigations of the tattooing rite, which he had started some time ago, and succeeded in securing 22 of the wi-gi-es (the recited parts) from one man at a continuous sitting of two days—a remarkable feat of memorizing. Each of these wi-gi-es belongs to a gens of the tribe, the male members of which recite it at an initiation into the mysteries of the rite or at the cere- mony of the actual tattooing. All of these wi-gi-es are recited simul- taneously by their owners, and the volume of sound is like that of a responsive reading in a church, with the difference that the reciting is not in unison, as each man recites for himself independently of the others. Fourteen of these wi-gi-es have been transcribed and translated, and they cover about 100 pages of hand-written manv- script.
50 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918,
Besides these 22 wi-gi-es, Mr. La Flesche secured the penalty wi gi-es owned exclusively by the Thunder gens. He also obtained the penalty wi-gi-e owned in common by the various gentes of the Tsi-zhu division and the one owned by the gentes of the Wa-zha-zhe and Ho"’-ga subdivisions of the Ho*’-ga great division. These pen- alty wi-gi-es are recited by their owners to the man who offers him- self as a candidate for initiation into the mysteries of either the fasting or the shrine degree of the tribal rites. Like the “sword of Damocles,” the penalty hangs over the head of the candidate and drops upon him the moment. he violates his initiation obligations, and punishment comes to him by supernatural means. These two wi-gi-es have been transcribed, but are yet to be translated.
While in the office Dr. Truman Michelson, ethnologist, was en- gaged in correlating the Indian texts of the White Buffalo Dance with the English translation, and revising the latter. He left Wash- ington near the middle of July and, arriving at Tama, Iowa, re- sumed his field work among the Sauk and Fox. His attention was mainly directed to the esoteric meaning of the songs of the White Buffalo Dance, and to verifying sociological work of the previous season.. He obtained the names of nine-tenths of the Fox Indians and obtained information regarding the gens and dual divisions to which their owners belong. A number of ceremonies of these Indians were witnessed and he also learned some facts on Fox eschatology. During his work he purchased a number of sacred packs for the Museum of the American Indian (Heye Foundation), receiving the right to publish by the bureau the information pertaining to them. On leaving Tama, Dr. Michelson proceeded to Mayetta, Kans., to . conduct a preliminary survey of the Potawatomi, as it was very clear that the dual divisions of the Sauk and Fox could only be thoroughly understood after that of the Potawatomi was unraveled. Although unable to completely work out the regulations governing member- ship in the Potawatomi dual divisions, he determined definitely that this division was for ceremonial as well as athletic purposes, as among the Sauk and Fox. He successfully studied the gentile organ- ization of the Potawatomi and obtained a number of folk tales in English which show very clearly that a large body of European (French) element have been absorbed by the Potawatomi and that certain elements of the Plains Indians are present. To account for the distribution of the surviving tales we must assume an early asso- ciation with the Ojibwa and a later one with the Sauk and Fox group, which is quite in line with what would be expected on linguistic and historic grounds. Dr. Michelson returned to Washington in October and prepared manuscript on a number of miscellaneous topics apper- taining to the Fox Indians, to serve as an introduction to the pro- posed memoir on the White Buffalo Dance, which, with the excep-
_REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 51
tion of typewriting the Indian texts and the addition of a vocabu- lary, is now ready to submit for publication. During the winter Edward Davenport, a Fox pupil of the United States Indian School at Carlisle, spent a week in Washington, assisting in a number of points regarding the memoir.
In the spring Dr. Michelson made a preliminary translation of a Fox text of the “owl sacred pack.” In June he went to Carlisle and worked out the dubious points in the translation with this informant, who dictated the Indian text twice from that in the current syllabary, so that the entire text is phonetically restored. The punctuation (with a few exceptions, added later at Tama) of the Indian text and English translation was harmonized.
Dr. Michelson edited Part I of Jones’s Ojibwa Texts, containing about 50 pages, which were published by the American Ethnological Society, and collected the author’s proofs of Part II, numbering 750, for a sketch of an Ojibwa grammar which will be offered for publi- cation by the bureau.
Dr. Michelson has now in press an article in the Journal of Linguistics showing that the Pequot-Mohegan belong to the Natick group of the central division of the Algonquian language.
The beginning of the fiscal year found Mr. J. P. Harrington, ethnologist, in the field engaged in linguistic studies among the Mission Indians of Ventura County, Cal. At the close of this work, near the end of September, Mr. Harrington returned to Washington and spent the following months in the elaboration of recently col- lected material and his Tanoan and Kiowa notes.
Mr. Harrington has discovered a genetic relationship between the Uto-Aztecan, Tanoan, and Kiowa languages. The last two are so closely related that if the Kiowa had been spoken in New Mexico it would have been classed without hesitation by early writers as a Tanoan language. The Uto-Aztecan is more remotely but not less definitely related to the Kiowa genetically. The Kiowa sketch, amounting to 850 typewritten pages, now includes a complete analysis of all the important features of the language.
On June 9, 1918, Mr. Harrington proceeded to Anadarka, Okla., where he remained until June 26 revising for publication his entire sketch of the Kiowa language, after which he proceeded to Taos, N. Mex.
From July to August 15, 1917, Dr. Leo J. Frachtenberg was en- gaged in confidential war work for the Department of Justice (Bureau of Investigation). On his return to the bureau he con- tinued his preliminary work on the grammar and mythology of the Kalapuya Indians of central Oregon begun during the previous fiscal year. He also continued his work of extracting, typewriting, and editing all Kalapuya texts collected by Dr. Gatschet. The myth-
52 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918. -
ology of these Indians, who are almost extinct, constitutes a connect- ing link between the tribes of the coast and those east of the Rocky Mountains. While we possess numerous works dealing with the mythology of the Indians of the northwest coast and of the Great Plains, nothing has yet been published on the folklore of the tribes that inhabit the area between the Coast Range and the Rocky Moun- tains. Hence a volume on the mythology of the Kalapuya (and also Molala) Indians will be a welcome contribution to our knowledge of the folklore of the North American Indians.
SPECIAL RESEARCHES.
Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist, has been engaged in the cor- rection of the proof of part 1 of his volume on the Kwakiutl-English, which has been assigned to the Thirty-fifth Annual Report.
For various reasons part 2 of the Handbook of American Indian Languages has been delayed.
Good progress has been made by Dr. Boas on the dialects and dis- tribution of the Salish Tribe, much work having been done on the maps. This work, which is based on field work supported by Mr. Homer E. Sargent, was almost completed by Dr. Haeberlin, whose unfortunate death has somewhat curtailed the work on these tribes. A very important work on the basketry of the Salish Tribes, funds for which were also provided through the generosity of Mr. Sargent, has made good progress.
Prof. W. H. Holmes, of the National Museum, accompanied by Mr. DeLancey Gill, of the bureau, made a brief visit to the Aberdeen Proving Station, Maryland, where Indian remains had been reported in excavations for Government buildings. He also continued the preparation of the Handbook of American Antiquities, part 1 of which will soon be published as Bulletin 60 of the bureau.
Provision was made out of the appropriations of the Bureau of American Ethnology for a brief archeological reconnaissance in the Walhalla Plateau overlooking the Grand Canyon, from the last of April to the end of the fiscal year. Mr. Neil M. Judd, of the United States National Museum, was detailed for this work. He found remains of prehistoric buildings plentiful along the route of Kanab, Utah, southeastward, in the northern portion of the Kanab forest, at House Rock Valley, and in North, South, and Saddle Canyons. These remains consist usually of one, two, and three room structures constructed of unworked stone blocks. In many instances the foun- dations of the walls were stones placed on edge, their tops separating the masonry of the roof. Clusters of circular rooms, measuring from 4 to 10 feet in diameter, also occur. The floors of these rooms are generally covered with burnt earth or ashes, mingled with clay that bears impressions of willows and grass, as if parts of roofs similar
REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 53
to those of prehistoric rooms observed along the Colorado River in the San Juan drainage.
Cliff houses also exist in the breaks bordering the Walhalla Pla- teau, but these are as a rule small single rooms, apparently cists for storage like those built by the people who inhabited the single-room houses in the open, somewhat. back from the rim of the canyon. Many small artifacts were found on the cliffs but few fragments of pottery were reported.
Dr. Walter Hough was detailed from the National Museum to begin a study of the ruins in the Tonto Basin, a country of great archeological possibilities, situated between the valleys of the Little Colorado and the Gila. The result of a brief examination of the northern part of this region was encouraging, showing the existence of large ruins in the open as well as cliff houses of considerable size. Dr. Hough also made an examination of several important collec- tions of artifacts, some of which are unique, and enumeration of the ruins visited by him indicates a promising field for future research, which it is the intention of the bureau to prosecute in coming seasons.
Mr. D. I. Bushnell, jr., continued the preparation of the manu- script for the, Handbook of Aboriginal Remains East of the Mis- sissippi. The introduction, containing much matter treating of sites, has been completed and will be published in advance of the hand- book. It contains a valuable discussion of village sites and ceme- teries, treated in a historical manner, with reproductions of old prints and maps.
Dr. A. L. Kroeber has elaborated certain portions of the Handbook of the Indians of California and little remains to be done before it is ready for publication.
The study of Indian music was continued by Miss Frances Dens- more throughout the year. She has completed a report on the Ute music, consisting of about 375 pages, and has submitted new material on Ute, Mandan, and Chippewa music. Her account of the Mandan Hidatsa songs contains 400 pages. A new feature has been introduced in the study of the Ute melodies, where she has devised diagrams consisting of curves on a background of coordinate lines. Miss Dens- more’s main studies have been on ethnobotany of the Chippewa, and include plants used in treatment of the sick and other subjects. The general economic life and the industries of the people were also studied, during which she made an extensive collection, which she has photographed for use in her publications. She has likewise adopted the method of tone photographs designed by Dr. Dayton C. Miller, of the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio.
136650°—20-—_5
54 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918, MANUSCRIPTS.
The following manuscripts, exclusive of those submitted for publi- cation by the bureau, were purchased:
Unique copy of the Journal of Frederick Kurz’s Travels through the Western States (in German). In addition to the text (in Ger- man) there are two jackets of photographs of original drawings of great historical value.
Six letters on British Guiana written by J. Henry Holmes to his wife, Mary Jane Holmes.
EDITORIAL WORK AND PUBLICATIONS.
On June 30, 1917, Mr. J. G. Gurley resigned his position as editor and Mr. Stanley Searles was appointed to the vacancy July 1. Both editors were assisted by Mrs. Frances S. Nichols. <A report of the publication work of the bureau during the fiscal year follows:
Publications issued.
Bulletin 63.—Analytical and Critical Bibliography of the Tribes of Tierra del Fuego and Adjacent Territory, by John M. Cooper. 233 p., 1 pl.
Hawaiian Romance of Laieikawai.—By Martha Warren Beckwith. An advance separate from the Thirty-third Annual Report. 3884 p., 5 pl.
Publications in press.
Thirty-second Annual Report—Accompanying paper: Seneca Fiction, Legends, and Myths (Hewitt and Curtin).
Thirty-third Annual Report.—Accompanying papers: (1) Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region (Gilmore) ; (2) Preliminary Account of the Antiquities of the Region Between the Mancos and La Plata Rivers in Southwestern Colorado (Morris); (8) Designs on Prehistoric Hopi Pottery (Fewkes) ; (4) The Hawaiian Romance of Laieikawai (Beckwith). ~
Thirty-fourth Annual Report.——Accompanying paper: West Indian Antiqui- ties in the Museum of the American Indian (Heye Foundation) (Fewkes).
Thirty-fifth Annual Report.—Accompanying paper: Ethnology of the Kwakiutl (Boas).
Bulletin 59—Kutenai Tales (Boas).
Bulletin 60.—Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities—Part 1 (Holmes).
Bulletin 61—Teton Sioux Music (Densmore).
Bulletin 64.—The Maya Indians of Southern Yucatan and Northern British Honduras (Gann).
Bulletin 65.— Archeological Explorations in Northeastern Arizona (J<idder and Guernsey ).
Bulletin 66—Recent Discoveries of Remains Attributed to Early Man in America (Hrdlicka).
Bulletin 67.—Alsea Texts and Myths (Frachtenberg).
DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS,
The distribution of the publications has been continued under the immediate charge of Miss Helen Munroe, assisted in the opening
REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 55
months of the year by Miss Ora A. Sowersby, stenographer and type-
writer, and later by Miss Emma B. Powers, Miss Sowersby having
been transferred to the Bureau of American Ethnology. Publications were distributed as follows:
Copies.
/NSoTAT MTR TORY Haye PS oR eS ee ee eee 1, T66 Bulletin Swan msep anaes ase = ae en ne ee ee re 5, 460 Contributions to North American Ethnology (volumes and separates) —___ 1 TE ROC C HOTS eee Na AS eee Ee Ee 0 NL eee ee 5 Miscelianeousspublications: 2-4 ss~ ha ahs ae ee fee err gy Lye es" 106 2S 0 21 ee ee a eee Le AN 2 32 ee a RY arte 7, 344
As compared with the fiscal year 1917, there was a decrease of 4,640 in the total number of publications distributed. This was due to the fact that during the fiscal year 1917 four publications were sent out to the mailing list, whereas in the fiscal year 1918 only Bul- letin 63 was distributed to the list. Twenty addresses have been added to the mailing list during the year and 15 dropped, making a net increase of 5.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Mr. De Lancey Gill, with the assistance of Mr. Albert E. Sweeney, continued the preparation of the illustrations required for the pub- lications of the bureau and devoted the usual attention to photo- graphing visiting Indians. A summary of this work is as follows:
Negatives of ethnologie and archeologic subjects________________________ Paral BhoLosrapnic prints tor distribution andy omce USel2—) = 2 eee 525 Bho Lostaie prints eeromy books, andemanuseriptss = === == ee 300 AGH ATES ASO e Sa eid ales ropes So ee Os ey eee eee ee RES Te 800 Drawings and photographs prepared for publication as illustrations______ HIG Si Tationmeproors= reads +s 2 See che). ee oa 2) a eee 400 Borhraltenesacives; Of visiting, Tndidnsss a= se Se ee Se a ee 15 LIBRARY.
The reference library of the bureau continued in the immediate care of Miss Ella Leary, assisted by Mr. Charles B. Newman.
There was presented to the library by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes the Codex Hopiensis, consisting of three bound volumes of colored pictures of Hopi Katcinas made by a Hopi Indian in 1900. This is the material on which was based the article “ Hopi Katcinas” in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Bureau of American Eth- nology.
During the year 430 books were accessioned, of which 148 were acquired by purchase, 84 by binding periodicals, and 198 by gifts and exchanges. The periodicals currently received number about 760, of which 16 were received by subscription and 744 by gifts and ex- change. We have also received 200 pamphlets, giving us at the close of the year a working library of 22,180 volumes, about 14,048 pam- phlets, and several thousand periodicals.
56 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
During the year there were sent to the bindery 142 volumes, and 84 bound volumes were received.
In continuance of the policy of increasing the library by exchange and filling in incomplete sets, letters were written for new exchanges and for completing series already in the library. We have been able to secure by this means many valuable and important acquisitions.
In addition to the regular routine of cataloguing, classification, ordering from book dealers, making up for binding, and keeping the serial and accession records, the efforts of the librarian were devoted to making a subject, author, and analytical catalogue of books that are represented in the old catalogue under the author only.
During the year there was an increasing number of students not connected with the Smithsonian Institution who found the library of service in seeking volumes not obtainable in other libraries of the city. The library was used also by the Library of Congress and offli- cers of the executive departments, and out-of-town students have called upon the library for loans during the year.
In addition to the use of its own library it was found necessary to draw on the Library of Congress from time to time for the loan of about 450 volumes. Numerous typewritten bibliographic lists have been made for correspondents of the bureau and the Smithsonian Institution.
The Monthly Bulletin for the use of the bureau staff has been continued throughout the year.
COLLECTIONS.
The following collections acquired by members of the staff of the Bureau, or by those detailed in connection with its researches, have been transferred to the U. S. National Museum:
Seven baskets made by the Koasati Indians BP LASTEST collected by Dr. John R. Swanton. (61315.)
A roughly chipped implement of gray limestone from British Guiana, presented by Dr. Walter E. Roth. (61825.)
Six ethnological specimens of the Mandan Sioux, Ute, and Chip- pewa Indians, purchased from Miss Frances Densmore. (61573.)
A loom of the Osage Indians, collected by Mr. Francis La Flesche. (62013.)
Twelve specimens of plants from Minnesota, collected by Miss Frances Densmore. (62190.)
Twenty-five stone objects from the Huastec region, Mexico, pre- sented to the bureau by Mr. John M. Muir, Tampico, Mexico. (62253.)
Arrowpoints, spearheads (18) collected by Dr. John R. Swanton in the vicinity of Rock Hill, 8. C. (62577.)
REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 57
PROPERTY.
Furniture was purchased to the amount of $167.02; the cost of typewriting machines was $175, making a total of $282.02.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Quarters—Two rooms on the third floor of the north tower of the Smithsonian Building, occupied by the bureau, were painted; also the office of the chief. A glass partition was erected on the south front of the space occupied by the librarian as an office, in order to render the office more comfortable during the winter months. Three en- larged photographs of Spruce-tree House, Mesa Verde National Park, before and after repair, were painted and hung in the office of the chief.
Personnel.——Changes in the personnel of the bureau during the last fiscal year were as follows:
' Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge, resigned February 28, 1918, and Dr. J. Walter Fewkes succeeded him, with the title of chief, March 1, 1918. Dr. Leo J. Frachtenberg’s official connection with the bureau terminated October 30, 1917. Mr. Stanley Searles was appointed editor July 1, 1917. Miss Florence M. Poast, clerk to Mr.
Hodge, resigned October 15, 1917; Miss Ora A. Sowersby, a ste- -nographer and typewriter in the service of the bureau, was assigned to that position November 1, 1918. The vacancy created by this change was filled by the appointment of Miss E. B. Powers, Novem- ber 5, 1917.
Clerical——The correspondence and other clerical work of the office, including the copying of manuscripts, has been conducted with the aid of Miss Florence M. Poast and Miss Ora A. Sowersby, clerks to the ethnologist in charge, and later by Miss M. 8. Clark, serving as private secretary to the chief. Mrs. Frances S. Nichols assisted the editor.
Respectfully, yours, J. WaAurer FEwKEs, Chief. Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
APPENDIX 3. REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- tions of the International Exchange Service during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918:
The estimate submitted by the Institution for carrying on the service during the year was $35,000. This amount was granted by Congress, and, in addition, an allotment of $200 was made for print- ing and binding. The various governmental departments and other establishments paid the Smithsonian Institution for the transporta- tion of exchanges $2,345.18, thus making the total available resources for carrying on the system of exchanges $37,545.18.
The total number of packages handled during the year 1918 was 266,946. The weight of these packages was 182,825 pounds.
The number and weight of the packages of different classes are indicated in the following table:
Packages. Weight. Sent. |Reccived.| Sent. |Received. Pounds. | Pounds. United States parliamentary documents sent abroad........-.- TSOS9GT Ponce see 645,906) |Eooeweeecte Publications received in return for parliamentary documents..-|....-...-- T)OQS, {25.55 caer 2,499 United States departmental documents sent abroad..........-- SE 506 berm niaeaee 50,1634 | o<2seeeerm'e Publications received in return for departmental documents... -.!.....-..-.- 1 O8T 4 ee amet aan 3, 373 Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications sent abroad..| 23, 026 |....-....- A0\ 5090 EB oeeseeeee Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications received from abroad for distribution in the United States...............--.|-...--.--- SiS7Silkeee~aeeoe 29, 904 Total ee Bosh SSP as Ee ebiosae sicjanecciee sesiecaces cme en ones 255, 499 11,447 |} 156, 049 26, 776 Grand totalestie oe sectctsie ane tes cere eee Cee eee eens 266, 946 182, 825
The disparity between the number of packages dispatched and those received is not so great as indicated by the figures in the fore- going table. Packages sent abroad usually contain only a single publication each, while those received in return often comprise sev- eral volumes. It is also a fact that many returns for publications sent abroad reach their destinations direct by mail and not through the exchange sérvice.
So far as the Institution has been advised, only three consign- ments of exchanges have been lost through hostile action since the
58
REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. 59
beginning of the war. Information has been received from the Portuguese exchange service to the effect that the three boxes for- warded to that service in September, 1916, per steamship Balto were lost when that vessel was wrecked at sea. In reporting this loss the Portuguese exchange service does not state whether the ves- sel was sunk by the enemy.
The box of exchanges for the Jewish Agricultural Experiment Station, Haifa, Palestine, which the Egyptian Government publica- tions office at Bulaq kindly agreed to hold until the cessation of hostilities, has been forwarded to its destination by that office. The attention given to this matter by the Government publications office and the trouble taken to reforward the consignment to its destina- tion are much appreciated by the Institution.
New regulations adopted by the United States War Trade Board governing importations into the United States from Great Britain made it necessary for the Smithsonian agents in London to take out a consular invoice for shipments sent to the Institution, giving the full title of cach book. The matter was brought to the attention of the Director of the Bureau of Imports of the War Trade Board, who very kindly issued a general license to cover the importation of international exchanges from the United Kingdom when consigned to the Smithsonian Institution. This action has not only resulted in expediting shipments from England, but has relieved the depleted force of the London Exchange Agency of a great deal of labor in connection with the forwarding of shipments to this country.
Aid has, as in previous years, been rendered to various govern- mental and scientific establishments in this and foreign countries in procuring desired publications. One instance in this connection may be referred to here. A request was received through diplomatic channels from the recently created French War Museum-Library, at Paris, for copies of American documents and other material relating to the war for deposit in a section of that library to be devoted to the part taken by the United States in the conflict. The Institution has taken the matter up with the several governmental establish- ments, and has received a number of publications for the above- mentioned library. Prof. Adolphe Cohn, of Columbia University, New York, is the American representative of the French War Museum-Library, and will take steps to procure publications and material from organizations outside of the Government.
Only 443 boxes of exchanges were forwarded abroad during the year. This does not represent an actual falling off in the number of packages distributed abroad, as many were sent to their destina- tions direct by mail. This method of transmission was adopted be- cause it was found much cheaper to mail the packages than to for- ward them in boxes, owing to the great advance in ocean freight
60 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918,
rates. Of the total boxes transmitted 103 contained full sets of United States official documents to authorized depositories. The shipment of boxes containing the series of governmental documents was suspended during the latter half of the fiscal year, and will not be resumed until regular consignments are again forwarded to the distributing agencies.
The dates of transmission of the 448 boxes forwarded to foreign countries is shown in the following table:
Consignments of exchanges for foreign countries.
Country. pel Date of transmission. INEGI TOR. = -gaotieasceccos 25006 18 | Sept. 5, Nov. 3, 1917; Apr. 2, 1918. BON Wier ene eee se scene == 1 | Sept. 8, 1917. [BiPVA he reeacancrcanaDasoDadae 15 | Sept. 5, Nov. 7, 1917; Apr. 8, 1918. British colonies......-..------ 4 | July 28, Aug. 25, Oct. 3, Dec. 22, 1917. IB TAUGISM GARaNe sare nieieteteriete eer 1 | Sept. 11, 1917. Canadarenc eect ete eens 16 | Aug. 30, Nov. 21, 1917; Feb. 12, May 31, 1918. Ghileee esas nes seein sca oe 11 | Sept. 6, Nov. 9, 1917; Apr. 2, 1918. Ching 2232 s-c8 scenes sseee eee 13 | Aug. 17, Oct. 5, Nov. 22, 1917; Mar. 31, 1918. GColompide-sqsesese-ecueeeaaee = 9 | Sept. 7, Nov. 12, 1917. CostahiCte sereceeser sentient 2 | Nov. 14, 1917. Cubaetesecsce-beeisa-eieiaaeaa= 4] Aug. 30, Nov. 21, 1917; Feb. 12, May 31, 1918. Denmarker sees eseceSeeseea see 4] Aug. 4, 1917. TYGIE OOP Soncsacdarcccosscasee 2 | Sept. 8, 1917. IRAs) So asnSaaosapasocaddenss 32 | Aug. 2, Sept. 27, 1917. Great Britain and Treland, --.. 104 | July 28, Aug. 25, Oct. 3, Dec. 22, 1917. Guatemalasineese == sec 1 | July 28, 1917. RAG e cecee saicaseisc ste esis as 3 | Sept. 7, Nov. 14, 1917; Apr. 1, 1918. Honduraseaa-eeeeeeee ose aees 1 | Sept. 8, 1917. Imdianyes$25s.. s2est estes. ss! 11 | July 28, Aug. 25, Oct. 3, Dec. 22, 1917. Mtalyjsec cascmeaonmectte sence cc 26 | Aug. 23, Oct. 20, Dec. 28, 1917. Jamaica see acces aces oe 1 | Sept. 14, 1917. AB OR Teas aaocecdpaetaacoasec 34 | Oct. 10, 1917; Jan. 8, May 7, 1918. IMoxiCO! 228 ce oes seies aa 4 | Aug. 30, Nov. 21, 1917; Feb. 12, May 31, 1918. New South Wales.......------ 18 | Sept. 16, Nov. 13, 1917; Apr. 2, 1918.
New; Zealand se sccem science ce Sept. 28, 1917; Nov. 21, Apr. 2, 1918.
INI CANAL se seeleciceisie === ee 1 | Sept. 8, 1917.
IPATAPUAY Setecb oes == seer 2 Do.
ON Ue stsetalet slate olcie ae eelaiaane 8 | Sept. 8, Nov. 10, 1917; Apr. 2, 1918. ORG Pa ees ease eee 4| Aug. 4, Oct. 16, 1917.
@Queenslandete a. .Acce~= c= 4 | Sept. 20, Nov. 21, 1917; Apr. 2, 1918. Salvadorttesesect= eee rere er | 1 | Sept. 8, 1917.
Riitidl apes anccbebce Baeeono BeSoe _ 1| Sept. 12, 1917.
South Australia.......---.---- 11 | Sept. 19, Nov. 17, 1917; Apr. 2, 1918. STORMS = oo acoopgQoccoacbedoadee 12 | Aug. 13, Oct. 12, 1917; Jan. 9, 1918. Switzerland s<-2 sceceetiaseeeeete: 5 | Aug. 10, 1917.
Pasmanigye seat ets sece 5 | July 28, Aug. 25, Dec. 22, 1917. Union of South Africa--...---- 9 | Aug. 18, Dee. 7, 1917.
OMI SUB Ase aces caccene cee ese 10 | Sept. 6, Nov. 10, 1917; Apr. 2, 1918. Wenezuela==a-5ee a- ee 6 | Sept. 6, Nov. 12, 1917; Apr. 2, 1918. Wictoria.<.25.s205 scecns--e sce 14 | Sept. 18, Noy. 16, 1917; Apr. 15, 1918
Western Australia..........--.- 6 | July 28, Aug. 23, Dec. 22, 1917.
REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. 61
FOREIGN SE EEGs OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTAL DOCUMENTS.
Ninety-one sets of United States governmental documents were received during the year for distribution to the following deposi- tories:
DEPOSITORIES OF FULL SETS.
ARGENTINA: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Buenos Aires.
AUSTRALIA: Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, Melbourne.
Austria: K. Kk. Statistische Zentral-Kommission, Vienna,
BADEN: Universitiits-Bibliothek, Freiburg. (Depository of the Grand Duchy of Baden. )
BAVARIA: )MGnigliche Hof. und Staats-Bibliothek, Munich.
3ELGIUM: Bibliotheque Royale, Brussels.
Brazit: Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.
Burnos Arres: Biblioteca de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. (Deposi- tory of the Province of Buenos Aires.)
CANADA: Library of Parliament, Ottawa.
CHILE: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Santiago.
CHINA: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai.
CoLtoMBIA: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota.
Costa Rica: Oficina de Depdsito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San José.
CuBA: Secretaria de Estado (Asuntos Generales y Canje Internacional), Ha- bana.
DENMARK: Kongelige Bibliotheket, Copenhagen.
FINGLAND: British Museum, London.
FRANCE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris.
GERMANY: Deutsche Reichstags-Bibliothek, Berlin.
GLascow: City Librarian, Mitchell Library, Glasgow.
GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.
Harrr: Secrétaire d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.
HuneAary: Hungarian House of Delegates, Budapest.
InptA: Imperial Library, Calcutta.
TRELAND: National Library of Ireland, Dublin.
ITaty: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele, Rome.
JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.
Lonpon: London School of Economics and Political Science. (Depository of the London County Council.)
MANITOBA: Provincial Library, Winnipeg.
Mexico: Instituto Bibliografico, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico.
NETHERLANDS: Library of the States General, The Hague.
NEw SoutH WALES: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney.
NEw ZEALAND: General Assembly Library, Wellington.
Norway: Storthingets Bibliothek, Christiania.
OnTARIO: Legislative Library, Toronto,
Paris: Préfecture de la Seine.
PERU: Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.
PorTUGAL: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.
Prussia: K6nigliche Bibliothek, Berlin.
QUEBEC: Library of the Legislature of the Province of Quebec, Quebec.
QUEENSLAND: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane.
62 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918,
Russia: Imperial Public Library, Petrograd.
Saxony: Konigliche Oeffentliche Bibliothek, Dresden.
SersiA: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Belgrade.
SoutH AUSTRALIA: Parliamentary Library, Adelaide.
Sparin: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arquedélogos, Madrid.
SWEDEN: Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm.
SWITZERLAND: Bibliothéque Fédérale, Berne.
‘TASMANIA: Parliamentary Library, Hobart.
TURKEY: Department of Public Instruction, Censtantinople.
UNIon oF SoutH AFricA: State Library, Pretoria, Transvaal.
UruGuAyY: Oficina de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Montevidio.
VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.
Victoria: Public Library, Melbourne.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.
WURTFEMBERG: KoOnigliche Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart.
DEPOSITORIES OF PARTIAL SETS.
ALBERTA: Provincial Library, Edmonton.
ALSACE-LORRAINE: K. Ministerium fiir Elsass-Lothringen, Strassburg.
Bo.iviA: Ministerio de Colonizaci6n y Agricultura, La Paz.
BREMEN: Senatskommission fiir Reichs- und Auswirtige Angelegenheiten.
BritisH CotumBiA: Legislative Library, Victoria.
BritisH Guiana: Government Secretary’s Office, Georgetown, Demerara.
BureartaA: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sofia.
Cryton: Colonial Secretary’s Office (Record Department of the Library), Co- lombo. :
Ecuapor: Biblioteca Nacional, Quito.
Heyer: Bibliothéque Khédiviale, Cairo.
FINLAND: Chancery of Governor, Helsingfors.
GUATEMALA: Secretary of the Government, Guatemala.
Hameburc: Senatskommission fiir die Reichs- und Auswiirtigen Angelegenheiten.
Hesse: Grossherzogliche Hof-Bibliothek, Darmstadt.
Honpuras: Secretary of the Government, Tegucigalpa.
JAMAICA: Colonial Secretary, Kingston.
LIBERIA: Department of State, Monrovia.
Lovurenco Marquez: Government Library, Lourengo Marquez.
Lusrck: President of the Senate.
MapraAs, ProvINcE oF: Chief Secretary to the Government of Madras, Public Department, Madras.
Matra: Lieutenant Governor, Valetta.
Monvrenecro: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje.
NEw Brunswick: Legislative Library, Fredericton.
NEWFOUNDLAND: Colonial Secretary, St. John’s.
Nicaragua: Superintendente de Archivos Nacionales, Managua.
NorTHWEST TERRITORIES: Government Library, Regina.
Nova Scorra: Provincial Secretary of Nova Scotia, Halifax.
PaNnaMA: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama.
ParRAGuAyY: Oficina General de Inmigracion, Asuncion.
PrRINcE Epwarp ISLAND: Legislative Library, Charlottetown.
RouMANIA: Academia Romana, Bucharest.
Satvapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.
Sram: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.
REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. 63
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS: Colonial Secretary, Singapore.
UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OupDH: Under Secretary to Government, Alla- habad.
VIENNA: Biirgermeister der Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt.
INTERPARLIAMENTARY EXCHANGE OF OFFICIAL JOURNALS.
A complete list of the countries which have entered into the Inter- parhamentary Exchange of Official Journals with the United States is given below. The Congressional Records for those countries to which it is not possible to forward consignments at present are being held at the Institution.
Argentine Republic. France. Prussia.
Australia. Great Britain. Queensland. Austria. Greece. Roumania.
Baden. Guatemala. Russia.
Belgium. Honduras. Serbia.
Bolivia. Hungary. Spain.
Brazil. Italy. Switzerland. Buenos Aires, Province of. Liberia. Transvaal.
Canada. New South Wales. Union of South Africa. Costa Rica. New Zealand. Uruguay.
Cuba. Peru. Venezuela. Denmark. Portugal. Western Australia.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE AGENCIKES.
Consignments for India, instead of being forwarded through the India Office in London as formerly, are now sent directly to the Su- perintendent of Stationery at Bombay, which has been designated as the establishment to undertake the distribution of exchanges in that country. This change was made at the request of the Under-Secre- tary of State for India in London.
Below is given a complete list of the foreign exchange agencies
and bureaus:
ALGERIA, via France.
ANGOLA, via Portugal.
ARGENTINA: Comisi6én Protectora de Bibliotecas Populares, Santa Fé 880, Buenos Aires. :
Austria: K. K. Statistische Zentral-Kommission, Vienna.
AZORES, via Portugal.
Beracium: Service Belge des Echanges Internationaux, Rue des Longs-Chariots 46, Brussels.
Borry1a: Oficina Nacional de Estadistica, La Paz.
Brazit: Servico de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.
BritisH CoLtonres: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.
BriTISH GUIANA: Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, Georgetown.
BritisH Honpuras: Colonial Secretary, Belize.
Butearta: Institutions Scientifiques de S. M. le Roi de Bulgarie, Sofia.
Canary ISLANDS, via Spain.
64 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
CHILE: Servicio de Canjes Internacionales, Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago.
CHINA: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai.
CoLtomBtaA: Oficina de Canjes Internacionales y Reparto, Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota.
Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San José.
DENMARK: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen.
DutTcH GUIANA: Surinaamsche Koloniale Bibliotheek, Paramaribo.
Ecuapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Quito.
Heyer: Government Publications Office, Printing Department, Cairo.
FRANCE: Service Francais des Echanges Internationaux, 110 Rue de Grenelle, Paris.
GERMANY: Amerika-Institut, Berlin, N. W. 7.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London.
GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.
GREENLAND, via Denmark.
GUADELOUPE, via France.
GUATEMALA: Instituto Nacional de Varones, Guatemala,
GUINEA, via Portugal.
Hartt: Secrétaire d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.
HonpuraAs: Biblioteca Nacional, Tegucigalpa.
Huneary: Dr. Julius Pikler, Municipal Office of Statistics, Vaci-utca S80, Buda- pest.
ICELAND, via Denmark.
InpdIA: Superintendent of Stationery, Bombay.
Iraty: Ufficio degli Secambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio . Emanuele, Rome.
JAMAICA: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.
JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.
JAVA, via Netherlands.
KorEA: Government General, Keijo.
Lizerti: Bureau of Exchanges, Department of State, Monrovia.
LourENCO Marquez: Government Library, Lourengo Marquez.
LUXEMBURG, via Germany.
_ MapaGascar, via France.
Maperra, via Portugal.
MonvteNEGRO: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje.
MozaAMBIQUE, via Portugal.
NETHERLANDS: Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, Bibliothéque de l’Uni- versité, Leyden.
New GuInea, via Netherlands.
New SoutH WALES: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney.
New ZEALAND: Dominion Museum, Wellington.
NIcARAGUA: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Managua.
Norway: Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania.
PANAMA: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama.
ParaAcuay: Servicio de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Seccién Consular y de Comercio, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Asuncion.
Persia: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City.
Peru: Oficino de Reparto, Depésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Ministerio de Fomento, Lima.
REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. 65
PorRTUGAL: Servico de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Inspecgio Geral das Biblio- thecas e Archivos Publicos, Lisbon.
QUEENSLAND: Bureau of Exchanges of International Publications, Chief Sec- retary’s Office, Brisbane.
RouMANIA: Academia Romana, Bucharest.
Russta: Commission Russe des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Impé- riale Publique, Petrograd.
SALvApor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.
Sersra: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Belgrade.
Sram: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.
SoutH AustrALiA: Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide.
Spain: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arquedélogos, Madrid.
Sumatra, via Netherlands.
SWEDEN: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm.
SwitzerLanp: Service des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Fédérale Centrale, Berne.
Syria: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York.
TASMANIA: Secretary to the Premier, Hobart.
TRINIDAD: Royal Victoria Institute of Trinidad and Tobago, Port-of-Spain.
TUNIS, via France.
TURKEY: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston.
UNION oF SouTH AFRICA: Government Printing Works, Pretoria, Transvaal.
Uruauay: Oficina de Canje Internacional, Montevideo.
VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.
Victoria: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.
WINDWARD AND LEEWARD ISLANDS: Imperial Department of Agriculture, Bridge- town, Barbados.
Respectfully submitted. C. W. SHoEMAKER, Chief Clerk, International Exchange Service. Dr. Cuartes D, Watcort, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Avucust 26, 1918.
APPENIDX 4. REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
Str: I have the honor to present the following report on the opera- tions of the National Zoological Park for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918:
The sum of $100,000 was provided by Congress in the sundry civil act for all expenses except printing and binding, for which an addi- tional allotment of $200 was made. Virtually the entire appropria- tion was needed for actual maintenance, the cost of which continues to increase from year to year, and only small sums could be expended on necessary repairs or minor permanent improvements. There has been difficulty throughout the year in keeping the required number of employees in all departments of the force, while the resources of the park have been taxed to the utmost to care properly for the greatly increased number of visitors. Notwithstanding the diffi- culties of the wild-animal trade and the great reduction in the num- ber of specimens reaching this country from abroad, the collections have been kept up to a fair standard in numbers without serious gaps, and the popular and scientific value of the exhibition has not been impaired,
ACCESSIONS.
Gifts—There were added to the collection by gift a total number of 103 animals. The list includes many valuable and important ac- cessions, among them several species not previously exhibited in the park.
The first specimen of the glacier bear (Ursus emmonsii) ever known to have been captured alive was received at the park July 25, 1917, as a gift from Mr. Victor J. Evans, of Washington, D. C., who has made many donations to the collection in past years. The glacier bear, or blue bear as it is sometimes called, has a very limited distri- bution in the region of the St. Elias Alps, near Yakutat Bay, Alaska. It was first described in 1895 and since that time only one or two skins have been brought into Yakutat by the Indians each year. The specimen secured by Mr. Evans was captured as a small cub by an Indian at the head of Disenchantment Bay, a continuation of Yakutat Bay, about the middle of May, 1916, and was soon after sold to a trader in Yakutat. As one of the rarest and least known of the
66
REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 67
great game animals of America, the glacier bear has, since its dis- covery, been watched for eagerly by the officials of zoological gardens.
The New Zealand Government, through Mr. Ben Wilson of the Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, made to the park the most valuable gifts of birds received during the year. These in- cluded six keas, or sheep-killing parrots (Nestor notabilis), and eight wekas, or flightless rails (Ocydromus) from South Island, New Zealand. The keas are beautiful and interesting parrots of large size which inhabit the high mountains of New Zealand. Some indi- viduals of the species have developed the habit of killing sheep, and as a consequence the birds have been greatly reduced in numbers by the stockmen. <A large outdoor cage with shelter attached was constructed near the bird house and the keas have attracted great attention. They are utterly unmindful of the cold, and during the unusually severe weather of last winter they played in the snow and bathed in icy water. The wekas, of which three species are repre- sented in the collection, are members of the group of rails notable for their imperfectly developed wings. They are of the size of a well-grown pullet and are mischievous and quarrelsome even among others of their kind. Unlike their relatives in North America they are not aquatic, but inhabit dry woods and scrub.
Two interesting collections of Trinidad snakes were received from Mrs. James Birch Rorer and from Hon. Henry D. Baker, Trinidad, British West Indies. Included in the lot from Mr. Baker was a large boa constrictor nearly 11 feet in length.
Among the miscellaneous donations for the past year were some valuable parrots from individuals as noted below. Not less than sIx species of amazons, of which the white-fronted (Amazona albi- frons), yellow-cheeked (Amazona autumnalis), and Santo Domingo (Amazona ventralis) were new to the collection, were received in this manner. The Brazilian green macaw and Haitian paroquet were also previously unrepresented.
The complete list of donors and gifts is as follows:
Mr. Norman Anderson, Washington, D. C., alligator.
Mr. G. Gordon Bailey, Washington, D. C., red-tailed hawk.
Hon. Henry D. Baker, Trinidad, British West Indies, boa constrictor, tree boa, three lora snakes, and three water coral snakes.
Mrs. Barefield, Washington, D. C., Cuban parrot.
Mr. J. Barnes, Washington, D. C., alligator.
Maj. E. R. Beadle, Paris Island, S. C., peacock.
Miss Pearl Beard, Herndon, Va., American crow.
Mr. William Blum, Chevy Chase, Md., opossum.
Mr. 8S. Howe Bonar, Moundsville, W. Va., great horned owl.
Mr. C. F. Borden, Brookland, D. C., white-fronted parrot.
Mr. J. T. Boston, Washington, D. C., American coot.
Mrs. J. Bourke, Washington, D. C., two alligators.
Mrs. C. V. Brooks, Del Ray, Va., alligator.
68 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
Mr. Bobby Bulkley, Chevy Chase, D. C., alligator. Mr. Willard Burton, Washington, D. C., alligator. Camp Meigs Band, Quartermaster Corps, United States Army, Washington, D. C., turkey. Mr. James L. Chase, Washington, D. C., yellow-cheeked parrot. Mr. Waldo A. Clarke, Washington, D. C., opossum. Miss Pauline Corson, Guinea Mills, Va., raccoon. Mrs. M. B. Crawford, Washington, D. C., yellow-headed parrot and two double yellow-head parrots. Mr. Ernest W. Davis, Asheville, N. C., Margarita capuchin. Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, New Zealand Government, through Mr. Ben Wilson, six kea parrots and eight weka rails. Mr. Victor J. Evans, Washington, D. C., glacier bear. Mr. L. R. Grabill, Takoma Park, D. C., alligator. Miss Catherine N. Hinton, Petersburg, Va., white-throated capuchin. Mr. A. B. Hodges, Washington, D. C., alligator. Mr. A. V. Hoffman, Washington, D. C., Brazilian green macaw. Lieut. C. D. Holland, Washington, D. C., two double yellow-head parrots. Mr. J. M. Horton, Washington, D. C., alligator. Mr. C. E. Hunt, Washington, D. C., two mourning doves. Mr. T. A. James, Augusta, Me., two black ducks. Mr. F. H. Johnson, Washington, D. C., two alligators. Mr. E. S. Joseph, Sydney, Australia, dingo, two Tasmanian phalangers, two stump-tailed lizards, and three blue-tongued lizards. Mr, C. Herbert Kreh, Frederick, Md., copperhead. Krey, Price & Co., Washington, D. C., bald eagle. Miss F. I. Latham, Brookland, D. C., bobwhite. Mr. G. GC. Lets, Chevy Chase, D. C., water snake. Mrs. Macklehaney, Washington, D. C., alligator. Mr. R. H. Macneil, Washington, D. C., alligator. Mr. William M. Mann, Washington, D. C., crocodile. Mrs. John H. McChesney, Washington, D. C., Haitian paroquet and Santo Domingo parrot. Mrs. F. McManamy, Chevy Chase, Md., screech owl. Mrs. Thomas P. Morgan, Washington, D. C., Philippine macaque. Mr. H. A. O’Dwyer, Washington, D. C., barred owl. Mrs. Charles Parks, Washington, D. C., albino squirrel. Mr. A. H. Peterson, Washington, D. C., screech owl. Mr. J. S. Rector, McLean, Va., barred owl. Mrs. C. 8. Rockwood, Washington, D. C., ring-necked duck. Mrs. James Birch Rorer, Trinidad, British West Indies, anaconda, lora snake, and slug-eating snake. Mr. Charles E. Schaffner, Washington, D. C., canvasback duck. Mr. Milford Schwartz, Washington, D. C., barred owl. Mrs. J. V. Shipp, Chevy Chase, D. C., Cuban parrot. Miss Marjorie Smith, Fort Meyer Heights, Va., alligator. Mrs. T. K. Smith, Washington, D. C., alligator. Mr. J. E. Taylor, Oxford, Md., red fox. Mr. Joseph Turner, Washington, D. C., black bear. Mrs. Frank Walter, Washington, D. C., yellow-headed parrot. Mr. F. L. Waters, Washington, D. C., two alligators. Mr. Alexander Wetmore, Washington, D. C., American crow. Mr. Walter L. Whitney, Takoma Park, D. C., coyote. Mr. Bertram Wills, Washington, D. C., two alligators.
REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 69
Hon. Woodrow Wilson, Washington, D. C., turkey.
Mr. Nelson R. Wood, Washington, D. C., cedar waxwing.
Mr. E. 8. Wright, Lassiter, Va., black-crowned night heron.
In addition to the vertebrate animals listed above and regularly catalogued in the collection, a most interesting exhibit of crabs was maintained throughout most of the year. The specimens were pre- sented by the collector, Dr. Paul Bartsch, of the National Museum, and comprised 69 West Indian hermit crabs (C@nobita clypeata) from Bush Key, and 37 West Indian land crabs (Gecarcinus mater- alis) from Loggerhead Key, Dry Tortugas, Fla. Some specimens of the work of beavers, stumps and cuttings made by the animals in the construction of dams and lodges, were collected in the Adiron- dacks, and presented to the Park by Mr. W. E. Talmage, of Cleve- land, Ohio. Arranged on a stand constructed for the purpose in the beaver inclosure, they have added greatly to the interest. of the public in this animal and its work.
Births.—Sixty-three mammals were born, and 45 birds were hatched during the year. The births include 1 Brazilian tapir, 1 yak, 2 bison, 2 Rocky Mountain sheep, 2 nilgais, 1 black buck, 2 guanacos, 3 llamas, 1 black-tailed deer, 1 Virginia deer, 1 Manchurian deer, 2 American elk, 5 red deer, 1 fallow deer, 4 axis deer, 2 hog deer, 4 Japanese deer, 1 barasingha deer, 4 great red kangaroos, 1 brush-tailed rock kangaroo, 1 rufous-bellied wallaby, 1 common pha- langer, 2 Tasmanian phalangers, 4 raccoons, 9 coypus, 1 paca, 2 Peruvian wild guinea-pigs, and 2 rhesus monkeys. The birds hatched include Canada geese, wood ducks, mallards, East Indian black ducks. American coots, cormorants, night herons, and _pea- fowls. |
The tapir, born February 22, is the ninth young reared in the park since 1903 from a single pair of animals.
Hechanges.—In exchange for surplus animals born in the park there were received during the year 11 mammals, 25 birds, and 6 reptiles. Some valuable additions were made to the collections from this source, including a female Manchurian tiger, a young Himalayan bear, a blesbok, two striped hyenas, and a number of Australian mammals, birds, and reptiles. A pair of straw-necked ibises (Car- phibis spinicollis) , the first of the species ever shown in the park, was received in May.
Purchases ——The only mammals purchased during the year were 12 prairie-dogs to restock the “ dog town,” the population of which had been greatly reduced in numbers, and one specimen of the Ari- zona mountain sheep. Birds to the number of 104, mostly waterfowl and small aviary species, were added to the collection by purchase. Perhaps the most noteworthy accession by purchase among the birds
136650°—20——6
70 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
is a pair of thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) from the Chiracahua Mountains of Arizona. This species is the only member of the order of parrots, excepting the almost extinct Caro- lina paroquet, known to occur within the United States. At inter- vals a number of years apart flights of thick-bills appear in the mountains of southern Arizona, coming from Mexico. The birds obtained for the park were captured in January in the pine forested Chiracahuas, when the ground in the higher altitudes where the birds occur was covered with snow. A single reptile, a rattlesnake, was purchased during the year. .
Transfers.—The Biological Survey of the Department of Agricul- ture, as in the past, contributed to the collection by the transfer of a number of specimens captured by field agents of the bureau. Seven plains wolves, including one black wolf, were received from Montana, Wyoming, and Utah. From New Mexico the Biological Survey sent a specimen each of the western horned owl, ferruginous rough-leg hawk, and Abert’s squirrel.
Captured in the park.—Three* mammals, five birds, and one rep- tile captured within the boundaries of the park were added to the col- lection.
Deposited —Mr. E. 8. Joseph, of Sydney, New South Wales, de- posited with the park in September, 1917, a specimen of the brown hyena (Zyena brunnea) of South Africa. The species is one of the rarest of mammals and had not heretofore been exhibited in Wash- ington. It is now possible for the first time to compare in the col- lection living examples of the three distinct types of hyenas—the spotted, striped, and brown. Birds received on deposit and not otherwise represented in the collection are the Panama parrot (Amazona farinosa inornata) from Mrs. M. W. Gill, Washington, D. C., and the blue-winged parrotlet (Psittacula passerina) from Mr. W. J. La Varre, jr., Washington, D. C. Fur-bearing animals from the Biological Survey and eight alligators from the Pan-American Union were received on deposit during the year.
REMOVALS.
The following surplus animals were exchanged to other zoological gardens: Five aoudads, 1 tahr, 2 bison, 2 llamas, 2 guanacos, 1 Ara- bian camel, 5 red deer, 6 fallow deer, 2 Japanese deer, 2 axis deer, 1 Kashmir deer, 4 baboons, 1 monkey, 1 tiger, 1 raccoon, 13 coypus, 6 East. Indian black ducks, 4 Canada geese, 3 peafowl, and 6 alli- gators. A few specimens on deposit were returned to owners.
Among the specimens lost by death were a few of the oldest ex- hibits in the park—animals that had been here for many years. The female Steller’s sea-lion died of gastroenteritis on January 22. This fine specimen was received October 23, 1900, and had therefore been
REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 71
in the park, in good health, for over 17 years. Its age at the time of arrival was uncertain, but it was probably over 2 years old. The Somaliland lioness, Duchess, which was received at the park December 17, 1902, when about 3 years old, from Hon. E. S. Cun- ningham, United States consul at Aden, died June 15, 1918, at an age of about 19 years, 15} years of which had been spent in the park. It is extremely doubtful if a wild lion ever reaches so advanced an age. A male Brazilian tapir received from Commander C. C. Todd, United States Navy, May 19, 1899, died September 17, 1917, after a period of 18 years and 4 months of life in the park. Among the birds, a yellow-throated caracara (/bycter ater) received from Hon. E. H. Plumacher, United States consul at Maracaibo, Venezuela, October 19, 1904, after 13 years and 4 months of hfe in the bird house, died on February 22, 1918. A male cassowary died October 21, 1917, of aspergillosis; it had been in the collection, in excellent health, for eight years. Others of the more serious losses were a wombat, a Japanese bear, the sable antelope, an eland, and a Cape Barren goose.
Through cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, post- mortem examinations were made, as usual, by the pathological division of the Bureau of Animal Industry.t
Of the animals lost by death, all specimens of aeranetre importance or needed for museum work, 19 mammals, 20 birds, and 16 reptiles, were transferred to the United States National Museum for study and permanent preservation.
ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTION JUNE 30, 1918.
MAMMALS.
MARSUPIALIA, Dusky phalanger (Trichosurus fulig- TWVOSWS)\ as oe Se ee 4
Virginia opossum (Didelphis virgini- Brush-tailed rock kangaroo (Petro- (UN) aa ee ee ee eee 6 GUL MDERICHLLLEO) == ee “18
Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus har- Great gray kangaroo (Macropus FOS) ee a ee 2 Giganteus) = 22 ee eee 7 Phalanger (Trichosurus vulpecula) — 3 | Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) ———- 8
1 The following list shows the results of autopsies, the cases being arranged by groups: CAUSES OF DEATH.
Mammals.—Marsupialia: Pneumonia, 2; gastroenteritis, 1; peritonitis, 1. Carnivora: Pneumonia, 4; tuberculosis, 1; gastroenteritis. 2; enteritis, 1; septicemia, 1; cystic chondroma on head, 1. Pinnipedia: Gastroenteritis, 2. Rodentia: Pneumoenteritis, 1. Primates: Pneumonia, 1; tuberculosis, 1; gastroenteritis, 4; severe constipation, 1. Artiodactyla: Pneumonia, 3; tuberculosis, 2; gastroenteritis, 2; pyaemia, 1. Perisso- dactyla: Tuberculosis, 1.
Birds.—Ratite : Aspergillosis, 1. Ciconiiformes: Digestive disorder, 1; enteritis, 1: impaction of crop, 1. Anseriformes: Tuberculosis, 3; aspergillosis, 3; enteritis, 8: catarrhal gastritis, 1; pericarditis, 1; avian gout, 1; anemia, 2; internal hemorrhage, 1; no cause found, 4. Falconiformes: No cause found, 1. Galliformes: Tuberculosis, 2; enteritis, 8; coccidial enteritis, 1; peritonitis, 1; no cause found, 4. Gruiformes: Exposure, 1; no cause found, 3. Charadriiformes: Enteritis, 5; ulcerative enteritis, 4 caseous tumor in peritoneal cavity, 1; no cause found, 1. Cuculiformes: Enteritis, 1; no cause found, 2. Coraciiformes: Hepatic hematoma, 1; septicemia, 4. Passeriformes : Enteritis, 1; inflammation of mucosa of duodenum, 1; anemia, 1; no cause found, 5.
Reptiles.—Serpentes: Parasitism, 1.
(e ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
Kangaroo Island kangaroo (Macropus Melanops) ——~2-—- == See ee Wallaroo (Macropus robustus)_____ Black-tailed wallaby (Macropus uala- OG0LS) = ee ee ae ee Rufous-bellied wallaby (Macropus btlliar diet) aa ae Se eae ee Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) —_~ Nail-tailed wallaby (Onychogale RENO) FS Sa Teeter Peg Wombat (Phascolomys mitchelli) ——
CARNIVORA,
Kadiak bear (Ursus middendorffi) —— Alaska Peninsula bear (Ursus gyas) — Vakutat bears (Ursus: datit) = Kidder’s bear (Ursus kidderi)__--~~ BHuropean bear (Ursus arctos)——~~~~ Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) ____~ Himalayan bear (Ursus thibetanus) — Black bear (Ursus americanus) ~~~ Kenai black bear (Ursus americanus
DOVNIG CL) 2 ee Cinnamon bear (Ursus americanus
Gnnamomum) === See Glacier bear (Ursus emmonsii) ———_~ Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) ~~~ Polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus) —— DingOn(CQ118) d1NG 0) ee ee Eskimo dog (Canis familiaris) _-~-~ Gray wolf (Canis nubilus)__~_______ Southern wolf (Canis floridanus) ——— Woodhouse’s wolf (Canis frustror) —— Coyote (Canisilai;ans)) = ee Red fox (Vulpes fulva) _.__________ Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargen-
CEUS) p= ee ee 2 ee ee Raccoon (Procyon totor) Gray coatimundi (Nasua narica) ___— Kinkajou) (Potos fiavws)\-===— == Kerret (Mustetavjuro) =. Tayra (Layra barbara) === Skunk (Mephitis nigra) American badger (Taxidea tarus) —__— European badger (Meles meles)—__~ Florida otter (Lutra canadensis
UCC) === 2 oat See eee African civet (Viverra civetta) ____ Genet (Genetta genetta) __________ Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)_—_~— Brown hyena (Hyena brunnea)___~— Striped hyena (Hy@na hyena) _—____ African cheetah (Acinonya jubatus) — Tone (Hes ileo) ee ee eee Zengal tiger (Felis tigris) ———-_=-_= Manchurian tiger (Felis tigris longi-
DLS) er eee SS ee eres Leopard (Felis pardus)_____-_____ Hast African leopard (Felis pardus
Suahenea) Ee Se eevee JASUAAMens) onca) ea ee eee Mexican puma (felis azteca)____-~ Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes) —— Canada lynx (Lynaw canadensis) ~~~ Bay lynx *(Lynw ffs) == California lynx (Lynw californicus)_—
WRrwWRN Eee
pat
NNR EHE ERROR TOWN RONKRNHEDN
BRYN BREE
to bo
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Bo
PINNIPEDIA,
California sea-lion (Zalophus cali- Orns eae eee Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)__~____
RODENTIA,
Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis pata-
gomicr) is ea ee ee Peruvian guinea pig (Cavia tschudii
DALOLOn) Poca se Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) —_______ Coypu (Myocastor coypus) —_—________— Mexican agouti (Dasyprocta meai-
Azara’s agouti (Dasyprocta azara) — Crested agouti (Dasyprocta cris- tat@)! 2a eee ee eee Re eS Paca> (Gumeulus paca) == Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus) —__ Crested poreupine (Hystrig cris- (OCG) 2s 2= 2 = ee eee Woodchuck (Marmota monar)—_~_~ Dusky marmot (Marmota flaviven- b718) SOUSCULG) he ee Prairie-dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) — Albino squirrel (Sciurus carolinen- SILS)) ie a eT, Se Se American beaver (Castor canaden- SUS) es Ses es A SS ee ee
LAGOMORPHA,
Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cunic- AUS) ee ee ee
EDENTATA,.
Hairy armadillo (Huphractus villo-
PRIMATES.
Black lemur (Lemur macaco)__~_~~~ White-throated capuchin (Cebus ca-
pucimis) So. ee 2sse ees Margarita capuchin (Cebus marga- wite)\ S25 eee ee ee Chacma. (Papio porcariws) ——_______ Hamadryas baboon (Papio hama- OY 0S) Se ie, SE ee eee
Mandrill (Papio sphing) _—_-__--_- Drill (Papio leucopheus) —- ~~ == === Moor macaque (Cynopithecus mau-
TUG) 2 Bee Al A ee };rown macaque (Macaca speciosa) — Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) — Pig-tailed monkey (Macaca neme-
STriNG) 22S Tera 2 ee ea Rhesus monkey (Macaca rhesus) —-~ sonnet monkey (Macaca sinica) ~~~ Javan macaque (Macaca mordaz) —_— Philippine macaque (Macaca sy-
TICK) 2SSLE BSS eee Sooty mangabey (Cercocebus fuligi-
NOSsUS) SEES ee see
e bo
bo
REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK,
Green guenon (Lasiopyga callitri- (6) OOH) pS oh AE aie head iy, see ae nee Vervet guenon (Lasiopyga pygery- CTC) ae ee Ee ee te
Mona (Lasiopyga mona) __________~ Roloway guenon (Lasiopyga_ yrolo-
AOGY)) yt oS ee Patas monkey (Hrythrocebus patas) — Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) _____
ARTIODACTYLA.
Collared peccary (Pecari angulatus) — iWiAldibosri(Sws: scrofa) — =e Wart-hog (Phacocherus ethiopicus) — Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus am-
FN ODOC IS yeaa Bele op ene nO Tee Batrician camel (Camelus bactrian-
Guanaco (Lama huanachus) —~~~~--~ Inlamas (ama qlama)-= = Alpaca (Lama pacos) ———--—- ae ES Vicufia (Lama vicugna)_________~- Fallow deer (Dama dama)_—~~—--__—~ xd gudeere@Al ais aris) Ee _ ee ee Hog deer (Hyelaphus porcinus) —__—-_~ Sambar (Rusavwmnicolor) ===" 2222—s= Luzon deer (Rusa philippinus) ———_~ Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii) —— Japanese deer (Sika nippon) —~___~— Red deer (Cervus elaphus)________ Kashmir deer (Cervus hanglu)__—__— Bedford deer (Cervus xanthopygus) — American elk (Cervus canadensis) __ Virginia deer (Odocoileus virginian-
AUS) eee: Se Sarre a Seen Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) ~~~ Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus colum-
(QIGR COTS) oes Sea ee
RATITA,
South African ostrich (Struthio aus- CT LLES) ene baat Serene te ee Somaliland ostrich (Struthio molyb- OGDILANICS) re ene ee ee Rhea (Rhea americana)_____-____ Emu (Dromiceius novehollandie) ——
CICONIFORMES.
American white pelican (Pelecanus CrYULVTOTRYN Choos) = a European white pelican (Pelecanus ONUO CHOU LIALS meee te era Roseate pelican (Pelecanus roseus) — Australian pelican (Pelecanus con- SDICI Lys) ee ee 2 ee Se Brown pelican (Pelecanus occiden- TAIT ATCT) WsaP a Ss oe Florida cormorant (Phalacrocoragr auritus floridanws) ~~~
Blesbok (Damaliscus albifrons) —-_~
1 | White-tailed gnu (Connochetes Gib) a= tae ee oe ee he eee 2 Oefassa water-buck (Kobus defassa) 8 | Indian antelope (Antilope cervi- CODY) pe ee Oe es SG ae 1 | Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) _- 3 | Congo harnessed antelope (Tragel- il CONUSAOLOLUS) a ee eee Hast African eland (Taurotragus OGYRIUBINGSTON) = Tahr (Zemitragus jemlahicus) ~~~ ul Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia)__~____ 1 | Rocky Mountain sheep (Ovis cana- 2 CENSUS) a ea a ee Arizona mountain sheep (Ovis cana- 3 GGnSis Gaillard) Barbados sheep (Ovis aries) —_~~~_~~ Zl) Zebu (BOS! dCs) =a Anoa (Anoa depressicornis) __~—~___ _— 2 | Yak (Poéphagus grunniens) _______ 5 American bison (Bison bison) __~____ 9 2 PERISSODACTYLA,. 1 2 Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris) — 6 | Mongolian horse (Hquus przewal- i¢ CS eee ee eee ee ee 2 | Grant’s zebra (Hquus _ burchelli il GRAN) a Teed EEE DS 2 | Grevy’s zebra (Hquus grevyi) —____- 10 | Zebra-horse hybrid (Hquus grevyi- 16 COUGTUS ee * ees Oe ae 4 | Zebra-ass hybrid (Hquus grevyi-asi- 5 (OK) | oe Ee eee a PROBOSCIDBA. ial 4 | Abyssinian elephant (Loxvodonta afri- CONMUNODY OTS) aa ee eee + BIRDS. Great blue heron (Ardea herodias) — Snowy egret (Hgretta candidissima) — Black-crowned night heron (Nycti- 4 corax nycticoraxr nevius) _——_____ Boatbill (Cochlearius cochlearius) _— 1 White stork (Ciconia ciconia)_____ 2 | Black stork (Ciconia nigra) _—~______ 2 | Straw-necked ibis -(Carphibis spini- GOULTAS yh PR na a Be i Sacred ibis (Threskiornis cethiopi- CUS) RES Se ws far al ts Se eee White ibis (Guar@ alta)22— 2 = = 9 Scarlet ibis (Guara rubra) ______ _-__ Roseate spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja)____ 2 | European flamingo (Phanicopterus 2 POSCUS) i Seater a, a 2 ANSERIFORMES. 3 Black-necked screamer (Chauna tor- Ghia) |) ee 18 | Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ~~~
13
i)
wt)
Lo Si od
74 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
East Indian black duck (Anas
DULY TRY TUCHIOS Vivi) Black duck (Anas rubripes)_—~___~ Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus) —_— Baldpate (Mareca americana) ______ Green-winged teal (Nettion caroli-
TUCTES Ch) pr ee en ee ee
COTS) peer a at ee nae Cinnamon teal (Querquedula cyan- Cy ELOY) yeaa Sey he nt ae baa a oe Ruddy sheldrake UTE) ee ee ee eee LENA EI (UO NEH IATA KE HAGA) a oe ry Wood duck (Avan ‘sponsa) Mandarin duck (Dendronessa gale- ME CULUGLUG)) We eee ee ee Canvasback (Marila valisineria) ____ Redhead (Marila americana)_____~ Lesser scaup duck (Marila affinis)_— Ring-necked duck (Marila collaris) _— Rosy-billed pochard (Metopiana pe- DO SACU) a en ee ee ee Snow goose (Chen hyperboreus) ____ Greater snow goose (Ohen hyper- GOT-CURRIELRCIUDS) ae eee Blue goose (Chen cw@rulescens) _____ Ross’s goose (Chen rossit) _________ White-fronted goose (Anser albi- TOTS) ee ee ee ee ee American white-fronted goose (An- ser albifrons gambeli)___________ Toulouse goose (Anser cinerus do- ANESTLCUS \ re ee ee er ee ae Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) __ Canada goose (Branta canadensis) __ Hutchin’s goose (Branta canadensis hUtChinsi) eee Cackling goose (Branta canadensis TEL IUUITCCN) ee ee nee ee oe Brant (Branta bernicla glaucogas- GE) See ee ae ee ee Barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) — Upland goose (Chloéphaga leucop- COND) oe Se ee ee ree eee Spur-winged goose (Plectropterus CTO CTUSTS| ree ee a ee Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis no- BE OULU OLE) ere eee ee Wandering tree duck (Dendrocygna CE CUOTO) ta a ee ee eee White-faced tree duck (Dendrocygna ROLL LD) sn re es Cee Mute swan (Cygnus gibbus)_______ Whistling swan (Olor columbianus) — Trumpeter swan (Olor buccinator) — Black swan (Chenopis atrata)_~-___
FALCONIFORMES.
South American condor (Vultur
STUDS) ee ee ee eee California condor (Gymnogyps cali-
fOTNLANUS) ae ee ee ee Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) _——~ Black vulture (Coragyps urubu)___— King vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) —
(Casoara ferru-
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bo
Ww
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wt)
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i)
Secretary bird (Sagittarius sepenta- PLAS) aS Ee ee ariffon vulture (Gyps fulvus)_ —~—~_—__ Cinerous vulture (Aegypius mona- GRAS ee ang en ee pee Caracara (Polyborus cheriway)___~ Crowned hawk eagle (Spizaétus cor- ONGUUS) 2 = =e eee Wedge-tailed eagle (Uroaétus au-
Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaétos) ___ Bald eagle (Haliwetus leucocepha-
US) year a ee ae Alaskan bald eagle (Haliwetus leuco-
cephalus alascanus))—— = Sparrow hawk (falco sparverius)__ Ferruginous rough-leg (Archibuteo
LervUugineus)), ao ee ees Red-taiied hawk (Buteo borealis) __ Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni) —
GALLIFORMES.
Mexican curassow (Craxz globicera) — Daubenton’s curassow (Craxv dauben- OVE) oa a a i ee Domestie turkey (Meleagris gallo- 9D O13 0) ae eee ee Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo sil- MOS UTS) areas et ee eee ee Peafow!l (Pavo cristatus) ————-——-—_— Peacock pheasant (Polyplectron bi- COLCONCLUM) ya ee eee Silver pheasant (Genneus nycthe- 4 CUES) ese ee ee Lady Amherst’s pheasant (Chrysolo- DRUSTOMBRCESTUD)) ee Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pic- TAGS) yore eR ie a, Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) —___ Sealed quail (Callipepla squamata) — Gambel’s quail (Lophortyx gam- Celli ee oo 2a ee Valley quail (Lophortyz californica VOWICCLO) 2 ee
GRUIFORMES.
American coct (Fulica americana) __ South Island weka rail (Ocydromus
CUUSEN GUYS) \ ee ee pe Short-winged weka (Ocydromus bra-
CRAY UCEUES) ee ee er Earl’s weka (Ocydromus earli)_——__ Whooping crane (Grus americana) __ Sandhill crane (Grus mewicana) ___ White-necked crane (Grus_ leucauc-
Indian white crane (Grus leucoge-
POLO US) fe a meee ee Lilford’s crane (Grus lilfordi)______ Australian crane (Grus rubicunda) _—
Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides OURO OW ae ee ee ae ere nae Crowned crane (Belearica pavo- TUT) er er
Cariama (Cariama cristata) _-~______
He
= Oe
= bo
REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK,
CHARADRIIFORMES.
Great black-backed gull (Larus ma- AAT Bi) Jee ee eo Ne eee Herring gull (Larus argentatus)__—— Laughing gull (Larus atricilla)____ Australian crested pigeon (Ocyphaps LGDTOLES ret 2 ee ee
Wonga-wonga pigeon (Leucosarcia DUCOlG) eee eS BE ae ek Speckled pigeon (Columba pheo- NOC ra ea ea ee oe SS
Snow pigeon (Columba leuconota)_— White-crowned pigeon (Pdatagiwnas LEUCOCER ICL) ee eee Land-tailed pigeon (Chlorenas fas- CULE) Wag ee a a ag a Red-billed pigeon (Chlorenas flavi-
HOES) Ree ee es OE ad White-winged dove (Melopelia asi- (ELC C)) a ee Mourning dove (Zenaidura macro- LT) ee ee ee
Zebra dove (Geopelia striata) _—_____ Cape masked dove (Oena capensis) — Inea dove (Scardafella inca) __~_____ Blue-headed quail-dove (Starnenas
CYHOMOCEDROLG) ys a ee ee ee Ringed turtle-dove (Streptopelia ri-
soria)
CUCULIFORMES.
White-crested touraco (Turacus co- TULLE ONS ee eee Grass paroquet (Melopsittacus un- QUVOLUS Se Se a eee Black-tailed paroquet TIRE LOCTUUT Oe ae ee PE Sanded paroquet (Palwornis fasci- CLO Seat ae es. ee eee | Lesser vasa parrot (Coracopsis ni- gra) Gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus)_—
Haitian paroquet (Aratinga chio- DOM ECT) tae = a ha a LBlue-winged parrotlet (Psittacula DOSSEVING) hase es AS Cuban parrot (Amazona leuco- COD CU) eee ae ee
Yellow-shouldered parrot (Amazona
Darvadensis)\; sees Se ee Festive parrot (Amazona festiva) —— White-fronted parrot (Amazgona al-
OUT ONS eee ae ae Oe eee Orange-winged parrot (Amazona NTO CONACC,) pea ee ee eee Santo Domingo parrot (Amazona CeEntralis)). 22 eee A ee
Yellow-headed parrot (Amazgona och- MOCEDINGUG) ie a Yellow-naped parrot (Amazona au- TODUUAGLO) Be eee Double yellow-head parrot (Ama- LOM a OV GLITD)) =e oe et Se EE Yellow-cheeked parrot (Amazona au- CALNETULUSS) apes ee ee ee
NRE
bo
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Plain-colored parrot (Amazgona fari- MOS SUN ONTO) =a Quaker parrot (Myiopsitta mo- OCHS) Ce ee ee Thick-biled parrot (Rhynchopsitta DOCITNYIUCHO) = =e ee a ee Brazilian macaw (Ara severa)_____ Red-and-blue macaw (Ara _ chlorop- UCT, Cl) ee ee ey ee Red-and-blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara MEKSOL) eh ae ee ee Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ara- TOIL) ee ee ee Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatoes COURT RHO Ss en RA os IS Great red-crested cockatoo (Caca- BOCSEILOUECCEIUS LS) ) eee era White cockatoo (Cacatoes alba)____— Leadbeater’s cockatoo (Cacatoes lead- VEMCCNt) 2.23 = ee ee ek Bare-eyed cockatoo (Cacatoes gym- NOP Sis!) 2222 Seo LE Roseate cockatoo (Cacatoes roseica- pilla) Kea (Nestor notabilis) ____________
CORACIIFORMES.
Giant kingfisher (Dacelo gigas) _— ~~ Concave-casqued hornbill (Dichoceros OLCOTNiS) pie ee Barred owl (Striz varia) _—___--__=_— Sereech owl (Otus asio)_—_________ Great horned owl (Bubo_ virgini- anus) Western horned owl (Bubo. virgini- UNUSSDALESCENS) =
PASSERIFORMES.
Ked-billed hiil-tit (Liothri« luteus)_ Australian gray jumper (Struthidea (COLGRG OD i ee ee Green jay (Xanthoura luxwosa) ___~ Australian crow (Corvus coronoides) European raven (Corvus coraz)___~ Malabar starling (Spodiopsar mala- bancits) 2. ee Napolean weaver (Pyromelana afra) Crimson-crowned weaver (Pyrome- lana flammaceps) _=— Madagascar weaver (Foudia mada- OAS COTLCNSIS)) B= ee Paradise weaver (Steganura para- CLUS CG) eee Cut-throat finch (Amadina fasciata) Zebra finch (Teniopygia castanotis) Black-faced Gouldian finch (Poéphila SOULMATE) EE See ee ess st See Red-faced Gouldian finch (Poéphila ATA LO TUS (PREF apes are Shey ee eee eee Strawberry finch (Amandava aman- COO) ans ae Black-headed finch (Munia atri- GOD UG BE ie 2 Pe a Be Nutmeg finch (Munia punctularia) —_ Java finch (Munia oryzivora) _---~-~
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76
ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918.
White Java finch (Munia oryzivora) — 4 , Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola)______ 9 Vera Cruz red-wing (Agelaius phani- Canary (Serinus canarius) —~—-_-___ 3 ceus richmond) ——-.--__________ 2 areen singing finch (Serinus icterus) 2) Seng sparrow (Melospiza melodia) __ 3 | European chaffinch (Fringilla calebs) 4 Tree sparrow (Spizella monticola) __ 1 | Red-crested cardinal (Paroaria cu- White-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia CULE CD) ie ee pe 2 albvicollis) iS eee eee 1 | Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) ____ il REPTILES. Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)____~ 1 , Water snake (Natria sipedon)_____ 2 Alligator (Alligator mississipiensis) — 31 | Coach-whip snake (Coluber fiagel- Mena Island iguana (Cyclura stejne- TUN) oe 3 terete on a GOT) es et oe i aS 3 Dod ee oe ES 1 | Chicken snake (Hlaphe quadrivit- Gila monster (Heloderma suspec- C0td) a Se ee eee eS ee 2 GAUITD) in aie ee a ew ee en eee 6 | Slug-eating snake (Petalognathus Blue-tongued lizard (Tiliqua_ scin- NEUILOLUS) oe a ee 1 C0ides) pee 2 ees et See 1 | Duncan Island tortoise (Testudo Rock python (Python molurus)_——__ 3 CDIUD DIL) eee il Diamond python (Python spilotes) __ 1 | Albemarle Island tortoise (Vestudo Anaconda (Hunectes murinus) _____ 2 VICTIG) i SD ee 1 Boa constrictor (Constrictor con- SUNICTOT) |. wes ee eee 4 STATEMENT OF THE COLLECTION. ‘ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR. Presented : Transferred from other Govern- Memmi aly aes = eee eae 14 ment departments: IBIAS) Se Oe on, Pak 50 Mamie sass Sea 8 Reptile)... ate Saray 39 Birds: = eet Gigs 2 108 10 Born and hatched in the National Captured in National Zoological Zoological Park: Park; NOOBS) (Rae ee 63 Mammals sane eee 3 SLC Se Sees ee eee 45 Bitds poets. eee oe 5 : : 108 Reptilesws- = eee 1 Received in exchange: we PHO Mammals! 22k st ipl Deposited : Bird ses) 2h Sah eee 25 Mammals ___ 3 Reptiles: 2h aka 6 BIRO Si aes oe eee ae 6 caitmelaaa Reptiles eG okie ace 9 Purchased: — 18 Mammals (2:5 2a er 18 ae Birds: ° 2 ae es 104 Total seeessions* —_ iste 408 Reptiles! aa al — 118 SUMMARY. Animal sion hand duly Oi ee pea es ee eee a ae A'ecessionsiduringythe years S225 hee ee ee on Se ee 408 1, 6381 Deduct loss (by exchange, death, and return of animals on deposit) ______ 384 Animalson hand June; 30 mi OlS= 22) a eee eee 1, 247
REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK. Te
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Class. Species. Pe VESTA TL LSU ee ee Se Se ie Se ae ean tee ies lalaiale = claciene ea ciicices cams eise cele ni | 149 | 483 ledhis Sate. aa COLES 2 SaRe Ee ee 5 Sees See see bese ose ase = een er | 190 706 EVOWULLOSe eee eee a ee eee ae rae elem n ieee weal ete ae n= mee wietele wine elaia = =i = 15 58 TUE sets ae te ae Se ERR eee Ee ee SE eae ee a eeite sone ron sham See 354 1, 247 VISITORS.
All records for the numbers of visitors to the park have been ex- ceeded during the past year. The total number of people admitted to the grounds, as determined by count and estimate, was 1,593,227, a daily average of 4,365. The greatest number in any one month was 202,793 in March, 1918, an average per day of 6,542. The attendance by months was as follows:
In 1917: July, 76,100; August, 157,700; September, 195,350; Octo- ber, 175,350; November, 158,600; December, 70,850. In 1918: Janu- ary, 35,850; February, 56,300; March, 202,793; April, 139,934; May, 187,300; June, 137,600.
These numbers exceed the attendance records for last year by 486,- 427, and are 436,117 over the attendance.for 1916—the record year up to that time. Heretofore there has usually been a falling off in the number of visitors during the heat of summer; but,