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“JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. ,
VOLUME V.
PUBLISHED BY THE
Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences,
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: GEO. W. TRYON, Jr., Epiror. S. R. ROBERTS. EDW. J. NOLAN, M.D.
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Published by Tur ConcHoLocicaL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. N. W. cor. of Broad and Sansom Streets. NEW YORK: LONDON: B, Westermann & Co., No. 440 Broadway. Trubner & Co., No. 60 Paternoster Row. BERLIN: Asher & Co., No. 20 Unter d. Linden Str.
1870.
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CONTENTS.
Part 1—Ju.y 6, 1869.
i American.—Geological Survey of Illinois, by Meek and Worthen. Annals of the New York Lyceum.
II. Forrran.— English—Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Con- chologia Iconica.
French.—Revue et Magazin de Zoologie. Journal de Conchyliologie.
German.—Pfeiffer’s Monographia Heliceorum Viventium. Martini & Chemnitz’s Conchylien-Cabinet. Romer’s Monographie der Gattung Venus, etc.
Page. . Record of Meetings, : 1 . Descriptions of some Secondary Fossils front the Pa- cific States, by Wm. M. Gabb, : s 30 . Notes on the Genera Alaria, Diarthema, Dicroloma, &ec., being a Supplement to “An Attempt at a Re- vision of the Strombide and Aporrhaide, by Wm. M. Gabb, 19 . Description of a new Bele oni Utah, ie Wm. M. Gabb, . ; : . 24 . Descriptions of new ere of Bonth American Fos- sils, No. 1 Tertiary, by Wm. M. Gabb, 25 . Observations on Melantho, by James Lewis, M.D., 33 . On Lingual Dentition studied by the Microscope and Bieri by Wm. G. Binney. With note by Thos. Bland, : : ‘ : 37 . Descriptions of Miocene, Eocene, ta Gracneseue Shells, by T. A. Conrad, : 1/39 . Observations on the Genus Astarte, with Wesevipiute of Three other Genera of Crassatellide, by T. A. Conrad, 46 Notices and Reviews a New Condtialésieal Werks, by George W. Tryon, Jr., 49
1V CONTENTS.
Part 2—Octoser 7, 1869.
Page.
1. Record of Meetings,
2. Descriptions of New Species of Anane Gapeede inhabiting Polynesia, by Wm. Harper Pease,
8. Remarks on Marine Gasteropode inhabiting the West Coast of America; with Descriptions of Two New Species, by Wm. Harper Pease, ,
4, Corrections and Additions to ‘Synonymy of Wane Gasteropode inhabiting Polynesia,’ by Wm. Har- per Pease, ‘
5. Notes upon the Monseranlt of Ae Gore Moanainellne in Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, by John H. Redfield,
6. Descriptions of New Fossil Mollusca, Benepe Cre- taceous, by T. A. Conrad,
7. Notes on Recent Mollusca, by T. A. ‘ike
8. Descriptions of New Species of Terrestrial Mollusca from the Andaman Islands, Indian Archipelago, by George W. Tryon, Jr.,
9. Notices and Reviews of New Canela eres by George W. Tryon, Jr.,
I, American.—Proceedings of Portland Nat. His. Society. Lea’s Observations on the Genus Unio. II. Foreien.—British.—Zoological Record.
French.—Revue et Magazin de Zoologie. Journal de Conchyliologie. Actes de la Societie Linneenne de Bor- deaux. Nouvelles Miscellanies Malacologiques, by M. Paladilhe.
German.—Verhandlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-botan- ischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Archiv fur Naturges- chichte.
APPENDIX.
10. Catalogue of the Recent Species of the Family Corbi- culadee, by Temple Prime,
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64
80
85
88
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CONTENTS.
Part 8—Fersruary 3, 1870.
Page.
/1. Record of Meetings, ‘
2. On the Pteroceree of Lamarck, a Hee Mather ale tions, by Theodore Gill, M.D.,
3. Mateiialy for a Monoapk of the ican Tepandee by Wm. H. Dall,
4. On the Land and Fresh-Water Alothanes of Nicarhouul
: by Ralph Tate,
5. Descriptions of New Species of Marine Motinsee bis Wesley Newcomb, M.D.,
6. Description of a New fot eeaes oie i Wesley Newcomb, M.D.,
7. Catalogue of the Shells of the duéas Biver Atabama, by andes Lewis, M.D., :
8. Descriptions of New eae of Marine Hivalve Mol- lusea, in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Seer by George W. Tryon, Jr.,
9. Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works He George W. Tryon, Jr.,
I, American.—Binney’s Pulmonata of North America,
IJ. Forrren.—British.Reports of the British Assoc. for the Advancement of Science. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Jeffreys’ British Conchology. Wood- ward’s Manual of the Mollusca. Conchologia Iconica.
Frrench.—Cat. des Mollusques des Mers d’Europe, par Pe- tit de la Saussaye. Faune Malacologique de Belgique, par F. de Malzine. Journal de Conchyliologie.
German.—Malakozoologische Blatter. Pfeiffer's Mono- graphia Heliceorum Viventium. Novitates Concholo- gice.
APPENDIX.
10. Catalogue of the Families Porcellanide and Amphipe- rasidee, by 8. R. Roberts,
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CONTENTS.
Part 4—ApRIL, 1870.
Page. . Record of Meetings, ; : . 198
. On a New California Helicoid lmnd Shell, by J. G. Cooper,“ M.D. ** + a oG
. Descriptions of Tine Nex eae of Shells, by John Wolf, . : : : . 198
. Notes on West Boek Tan Shells, No 0. 2, by! Ji G. Cooper, M.D., a es
. Notices and Remens of New Gonchelonan! ee by George W. Tryon, Jr., . ‘ ‘ ‘ . 220
I. Amertcan.—Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, October, 1869. Canadian Naturalist. Index to Vol. XII. Observations on Genus Unio, by Isaac Lea.
II. Forrran.—English.—Proceedings of the Zoological So- ciety of London. Conchologia Iconica. Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester.
French.—Journal de Conchyliologie. Bulletin de l’Acade- mie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersburg. Revue et Magazin de Zoologie.
Italian.—Bulletino Malacologico Italiano (Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca).
German.—Fauna der Land und Susswasser Mollusken Seibenburgens. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. Novitates Conchologice.
LIST OF AUTHORS
AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS.
Binney, W. G. On Lingual Dentition, studied by the Mi-
croscope and Photography, 37 Conrad, T. A. Descriptions of Miocene, Eocene, and Cre- taceous Shells, 2 39 Observations on the Genus Austra: sagt dchonibbihne of three other Genera of Crassatellidee, 46 Descriptions of new Fossil Mollusca, principally Cre- taceous, Poh Notes on Recent Molluscs, . 104 Cooper, J. G. On a new Californian Helicoid Land Shell, 196 Notes on West Coast Land Shells, No. 2, Loo Dall, W. H. Materials for a ee of the oe Lepetide, : : . 140 Gabb, W. M. Descriptions of some secondary Fossils from the Pacific States, yt tel Notes on the Genera Alaria, Teen, Widens, &e.; being a supplement to ‘““An Attempt at a Re- vision of the Strombide and Aporrhaide, 19 Description of a new Helix from Utah, 24 Descriptions of new species of South American Fossils, 265 Gill, T. On the Pterocerse of Lamarck and their mutual relations, , 120
Vill LIST OF AUTHORS.
Lewis, James. Observations on Melantho, 33 Catalogue of the Shells of the Coosa River, Alabama, 166 Newcomb, Wesley. pone of new species of Marine Mollusea, . 163 Description of a new : Revie Hes . 165 Pease, W. Harper. Descriptions of new species of Marine Gasteropodee inhabiting Polynesia, 64 Remarks on Marine Gasteropode inhabiting the West Coast of America, with descriptions of two new species, 80 Correctiens and adeivns to onanetas of Marne Gasteropodee inhabiting Polynesia, 85 Prime, Temple. Catalogue of the recent species of the Family Corbiculade, . 127 Redfield, J. H. Notes upon the Monograph of the Genus Marginella, in Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, 88 Roberts, S. R. Catalogue of the Families Porcellanide and Amphiperaside, : Leo Tate, Ralph. On the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Nicaragua, Rep BES gee Tryon, George W., Jr. Notices and Reviews of New Con- chological Works, 5 é ‘ 49, 112, 178, 221 Descriptions of new species of Terrestrial Mollusca from the Andaman Islands, Indian Archipelago, . 109 Description of new species of Marine Bivalve Mol- lusca in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, - ate Wolf, John. Descriptions of three new species of Shells, 198
AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
NEW SERIES.
PUBLISHED BY THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Vou. V. 1869-70. Part 1.
Meeting January Tth, 1869. Eight members present. \ Dr. W. 8S. W. Ruscnenperaer, Director, in the Chair.
Various donations to the Museum and Library were reported.
The following papers were offered for publication :
“Notes on the genera Alaria, Diarthema, Dicroloma, etc., being a supplement to an attempt at a revision of the Strom- bide and Aporrhaide.” By Wm. M. Gabb.
‘“‘ Description of a new Helix from Utah.”” By Wm. M. Gabb.
‘Descriptions of new species of South American Fossils, No. 1, Tertiary.”” By Wm. M. Gabb.
A letter was read from Dr. Wesley Newcomb, stating that he had dredged one living specimen of Lingula albida, Sowb., at Monterey, Cal., which is far north of the hitherto ascertained northern limit of the species.
A note from Dr. Lea was also read, in which that gentleman asserted the priority of his name Paludina bimonilifera over Mr. Conrad’s name, P. magnifica, applied to the same species.. The subject was referred to a committee.
2 AMERICAN JOURNAL
On motion of Dr. E. R. Beadle, the following resolution was unanimously adopted :
Whereas, Prof. Wm. M. Gabb has, with great liberality, pre- sented his entire private collection of Mollusca to the Concholo- gical Section, thus greatly enriching and enlarging our collection, principally by the addition of a splendid series of authentically named specimens of nearly all the species inhabiting the Pacific States of the Union; ‘Therefore, be it
Resolved, that the Recorder be directed to convey to Prof. Gabb the thanks of this Section for his valuable donation.
Meeting February 4th, 1869.
Dr. RUSCHENBERGER, Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Library were announced.
The following paper was offered for publication and referred to a Committee:
“‘ Observations on Melantho.”’ By Dr. James Lewis.
The following resolutions were adopted :
Whereas, Messrs. Parker, Roberts, Ford and Hassler have volunteered their services to arrange the shell collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences: therefore be it
Resolved, that they be constituted a Committee for that purpose.
Resolved, that this Committee be authorized to enter into correspondence with Scientific Societies, Public Museums and individuals, with a view to obtain by donation, exchange, or purchase, such species as may be required to complete our col- lection in those Families or Genera of which Catalogues have been, or may hereafter be published by the Section, provided that no purchases be made at the expense of the Treasury of the Section.
Resolved, that the Committee be authorized to sell duplicate specimens, and apply the funds thus accruing to their pur- chases. |
Meeting March 4th, 1869. Ten members present. Dr. RuscHENBERGER, Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were announced.
The following papers were presented for publication and referred to Committees :
“ Catalogue of the Family Corbiculade.’’ By Temple Prime.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 3
* On Lingual Dentition, studied by the Microscope and Pho- tography.” By Wm. G. Binney and Thomas Bland.
“Descriptions of Miocene, Eocene, and Cretaceous Fossils.” By T. A. Conrad.
‘“‘ Observations on the Genus Astarte, with Descriptions of two other Genera of Astartide.”’ By T. A. Conrad.
“Notices and Reviews of New Conchological Works.” By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
Mr. Tryon, on behalf of a Committee appointed at the Janu- ary Meeting, read the following report:
Haut or tak Acapemy, February 9th, 1869.
The Committee appointed to ascertain and report to the Con- chological Section whether Dr. Lea’s Paludina bimonilifera has priority, as asserted by him, over Mr. Conrad’s P. magnifica, respectfully report:
That Dr. Lea’s species was included in a paper read by him before the American Philosophical Society, March 16th, 1832, and published in the “ Transactions” of that Society, the title page of the completed volume bearing date 1837. But the’ volumes of the Philosophical Transactions were issued in Parts, with no internal evidence of the date of publication of each; nor do the records of the Society furnish these dates.
Dr. Lea claims, and Mr. Conrad has allowed, that the printed date of the species contained in the paper in question, is 1834, and by reference to the Minute-Book of the Academy of Natural Sciences, your Committee find that one of Dr. Lea’s extra copies of his paper, under the title ‘‘ Observations on the Genus Unio, ete.,” was presented by the author to the Academy Sept. 16th, 1834.
Mr. Conrad’s Paludina magnifica was first published by him in a small work entitled ““ New Fresh Water Shells of the United States,’ Philadelphia, 1834; and the editor of Silliman’s Amer- ican Journal of Science acknowledges receipt of a copy of this work in the No. of that Journal issued July Ist, 1834.
There is, consequently, no doubt of the priority of Mr. Con- rad’s species in printed publication. But Dr. Lea claims priority - for his date of reading, asserting that at the early period referred to, Societies published infrequently, and in order to secure to an author the fruits of his labors, by almost universal consent, the date of reading was adopted as date of publication. Sub- sequently, as science became more active and larger numbers of persons became interested in it, this plan was found to be in- convenient, and a more rapid diffusion of discoveries was obtained by the issue by the principal scientific bodies, at frequent inter- vals, of-cheap publications entitled “ Proceedings.’ Thus small
4 AMERICAN JOURNAL
papers entire, together with abstracts of larger ones, could be published so rapidly that giving the date of reading became superfluous, and it has ROLY fallen into disusc—as it ought to do.
Your Committee find, upon examination, that all the prin- cipal Natural History Societies in the world gave “date of reading’ to the memoirs published by them until some years after the period in dispute, (about 1845), and a few of these societies still give this date in their quarto publications, though not in their proceedings in octavo. The Academy of Natural Sciences commenced publishing its Proceedings in 1841, and discontinued its 8 vo. Journal in 1842. The last two volumes of this Journal contain numerous papers by Mr. Conrad and others, the date of reading being generally given even to his papers.
Your Committee recommend, in view of these facts, that priority be awarded to Dr. Lea’s species in the proposed new publication of the Conchological Section, inasmuch as the date of reading at the period in question was the almost universal ‘rule for determining priority in publication, and we cannot en- dorse an ex poste facto law; but we cannot refrain from express- ing a hope that the time is not far distant when the date of printed publication only shall be wy acknowledged in determining claims of priority.
Gro. W. Tryon, Jr., W. M. Gasp, Committee. K. R. Beap ie,
Mr. S. R. Roberts reported the occurrence of Spherium sul- catum near San Antonio, Cal.
Mr. Tryon, referring to Helix cultellata, Thomson, remarked that it was certainly of European type, and he believed it had been introduced into California by European emigrants, as sur- mised by Mr. Thompson in a recent letter to a member of this Section.
OF CONCHOLOGY. oe
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME SECONDARY FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC STATES.
BY W. M. GABB.
Since the publication of the first volume of the Palzeontology of California, a few undescribed species of Jurassic and Triassic fossils have been accumulated in the office of the Geological Survey; and the explorations of the Commission have developed the fact of the. existence of these rocks over an extensive area in the States of California and Nevada. A large proportion of the stratified rocks of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada appear referable to Jurassic formation, while at least one small tract in Nevada yields fossils of this age in a reasonably good state of preservation.
From the paucity of species, and none being referable to described forms, we were unable, at the time of publication, to do more than designate the great group of the Mesozoic era to which they belonged. The discovery of two Ammonites, closely allied to known European species, together with other character- istic forms, lead us now to believe that all of the at present known Jurassic rocks of the Sierra and its vicinity belong to the Lias. The only known locality of these rocks in Nevada is the, now deserted mining district of Volcano, about thirty miles south-east of Walker’s Lake. ‘he spot has never been visited by a geologist, and all we know of it is derived from the meagre and unsatisfactory accounts of uninstructed collectors who, while searching for mines, picked up the fossils incidentally on account of their beauty and novelty. I made two attempts to reach the spot in the fall of 1867, but was both times bafiled; first by incorrect information, and again by the exhausted condition of my horses, worn out by several months travel in the inhospitable deserts of Southern Nevada. All of the collections that have been brought in from this locality contain an admixture of nearly equal proportions of Jurassic and Triassic fossils. One of the commonest of the latter is Ammonites Ausseanus, while of
6 AMERICAN JOURNAL
the former, Pecten acutiplicatus, Meek, is by no means rare. In most cases, by carefully studying the lithological characters of recognized forms of the two formations, the new species can be assigned without difficulty to their proper group, though in some instances I am still in doubt.
The present paper is intended to be merely preliminary, it being the purpose of Prof. Whitney, in case of a resumption of the labors of the California Survey, to publish fuller descriptions, illustrated by proper figures of each species.
In addition to the descriptions, I have added a few notes on previously known forms, in amplification or correction of the original descriptions.
ORTHOCERAS, Brug. O. BLAKEI, Gabb.—Pal. Cal., vol. ., p. 19, pl. 8, fig. 1.
This species is quite abundant at all of the Triassic localities of Nevada. A fragment before us, showing the remains of two chambers, has a diameter of 2:3 inches. Its entire absence of all ornament renders it very difficult to describe in such a way as to distinguish it from allied species. It is not unlike O. dubium of San Cassian, but it seems to be distinguished from that species by the septa being more closely placed, in the Specimen just mentioned, the distance between each pair of the three septal margins being °8 inch respectively. The septa also appear to be somewhat more concave in the present than in the
European species.
AMMONITHS, Brug. A. NEVADANUS, Gabb.—PI. 3, fig. 1, la.
Shell large, discoidal, compressed, many whorled; whorls in- creasing very gradually in size, sections quadrate, with slightly convex sides ; dorsum tricarinate, the middle carina the highest ; whorls in contact by their dorsal and ventral faces only. Sur- face marked by numerous, equal transverse ribs, separated by interspaces of about equal size; on the dorso-lateral margin, each rib bears a more or less distinct, small tubercle, after which the rib bends suddenly forward and merges into the dorsal carina of that side. Septum composed of a dorsal, a ventral, and a single lateral lobe on each side. The dorsal and lateral lobes are all broad, with the sides nearly parallel, and are divided at the ends for about a third of their length, into two branches ; the corresponding saddles are simple and bifurcate ; the ventral lobe is unknown.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 7
Dimensions.—Diameter of the largest specimen, with eight vo- lutions, 6-5 inches; section of outer whorl, vertical diameter, 1:2 in., transverse diam., ‘9 in. The inner volutions have the two diameters about equal.
Locality.—Two specimens from Volcano. Jurassic. Col- lected by Mr. Clayton.
A very remarkable peculiarity of one of the specimens before me is represented on plate 16, Journal of Conch., 1868. The figure of the end of a broken whorl shows the position of the siphuncle to be in one of the lateral caring, the whole septum being carried over with it. The ventral lobe is obliquely oppo- site, on the angle of the umbilicus, and the lateral lobes are equally misplaced. The lateral lobe of one side is much larger than the other, and is much better developed, and the dorsal saddle of that side is nearly twice as wide as the corresponding opposite saddle. The line d represents the position of the median Jine of the dorsum; s, the position of the siphuncle, and u wu the umbilical angles. This is, in all probability, only an individual distortion, but I am unfortunately unable, with the material in my possession, to prove my opinion.
As compared with known species, the present one differs from A. bisuleatus, Brug., in having the whorls higher than wide, while in that shell the reverse is the case; in NMevadanus the dorsal grooves occupy nearly the whole dorsum; in disuleatus they take up less than a third of the surface, and in the latter species the dorsal ribs are much more prominent.
A. bisuleatus has a trifurcate superior lateral lobe, while in Nevadanus it is bifurcate.
A. Bonardi, V’Orb., has more numerous whorls, the ribs are curved and the whorls are proportionally narrower ; it also has nearly the same style of septum as A. dcsulcatus, but the dorsal saddle is tribolate. It differs from A. Conybeart, Sby., in the whorls being less numerous and wider, the dorsum flatter, and in the ribs being more distinctly bent as they approach the dor-: sal margin. Conybeari has lobes wide above, and narrow below, and the dorsal saddle is tribolate.
A. COLFAXII, Gabb.—PI. 4, fig. 2.
Shell many whorled, flat, discoidal, whorls rounded on the sides and dorsum, emarginated on the ventral face, increasing very gradually in size. Surface ornamented by prominent radiating ribs with broad concave interspaces; these ribs start at the umbilical margin and cross the sides, straight or slightly sinuous, and apparently become obsolete on the dorsum. Sep- tum; dorsal lobe unknown; dorsal saddle broad and deeply
8 AMERICAN JOURNAL
bilobate; superior lateral lobe long, narrow and irregularly divided at the end into two branches, the lower of which is again divided; above these branches it has three unequal spurs on each side; lateral saddle divided into two branches; below these are four small lobes, much smaller than the superior lateral, but with apparently the same general structure.
Dimensions of a very much distorted specimen with eight whorls.—Diameter, 4°5 in., true diameter perhaps about 3°5-4 in.; height of body whorl, -9 in.
Localities—From the Jurassic (Liassic ’) slates of the west slope of the Sierra Nevada. One specimen from the cut of the Pacific Rail Road, ‘‘ Station 2777, Sect. 53, one mile west of the town of Colfax; another, very compressed, but recog- nizable both from its style of volutions and remains ef septum, from Robinson’s Ferry, on the Stanislaus River, given us by
Mr. Pomier.
Both these specimens are much injured by distortion, and the septum can be traced only with great difficulty. The dorsal lobe is entirely obliterated, and the portion of the septum from the inferior lateral to the umbilical suture is so imperfectly preserved that I can only obtain it approximately. It is figured in Jour. Conch. 1868, Pl. 16, the upper of the two septa. The matrix is, in both cases, partially metamorphosed, and in the Colfax specimen the shell lies at right angles to the stratification of the rock, to which fortunate circumstance we are indebted for not having it pressed perfectly flat. In the other case, the shell lying parallel with the slate, it is mashed down to less than a tenth of an inch in thickness, and every rib is obliterated.
The present species is most closely allied to A. solaris, Phil., of the Lias, but it has more numerous whorls; solaris is slightly carinated, and the whorls seem to have been higher and nar- rower. So far as we can decide “from the material known, A. Colfaxii is rounded on the back. It has more lobes than solarvs, though of the same general style. The superior lateral in the latter species is more distinctly trifurcate.
A. BILLINGSIANUS, Gabb.—PI. 5, fig. 3, Paleontology of Cal., vol. 1, p. 27, pl. 5, fig. 20.
When I described this species I could obtain but a very in- distinet trace of the septum. Since then I have had the good fortune of finding a specimen showing the septum with unusual clearness. It consists of a dorsal, two lateral, and three small supplementary lobes. ‘The dorsal lobe is narrow, bifurcate for more than half its length, each branch consisting of a simple
OF CONCHOLOGY. 9
long point, bearing a double spur on the outer side; no lateral branches or spurs above. Dorsal saddle rounded, entire; supe- rior lateral lobe simple above, bifurcate below, the branches unequal, the upper bearing a large spur on the outer side. Lateral saddle narrower than the dorsal and, like all the others, simple and rounded. Inferior lateral lobe of the same general pattern as the superior, but more slender, and the spur on the upper side more strongly developed. Beyond this are one large saddle and three small, spur-like lobes; the first and second placed obliquely to each other, the last, inside of the umbilical angle, being on the same level with its next neighbor.
TURBO. ? T. reaius, Gabb.—PI. 5, fig. 4.
Shell large, massive, low-turreted, height and width about equal; whorls about six, flattened or slightly sloping on top, sides flattened, base slightly convex. Surface ornamented by large blunt tubercles on the upper angle, about ten to a volution, and by smaller ones, nearly obsolete on the lower angle; besides these the whole surface is covered by minute, slightly elevated revolving lines. Aperture subquadrate, inner lip slightly en- crusted.
Length and width of body whorl, each, 2-4 in.; length of aper- ture 1:0 in-
Locality.—V olcano, Nevada, associated with Ammonites Neva- danus. Found by Mr. Clayton.
The single specimen, on which I describe this species, is in a pretty fair state of preservation; showing the form and surface markings perfectly, but is somewhat broken about the outer side of the mouth. Enough however remains to show that, if not a true Turbo, it is as closely related to that genus as are any of the so-called Turbos of the Jurassic formation.
¢ T. ELEVATUS, Gabb.—PI. 3, fig. 5.
Shell elongate, conical, spire elevated; whorls six or seven, sides converging, top slightly truncated and bearing numerous, regular, small tubercles or nodes, about 20 to a volution, which form a beaded rim, projecting a little laterally ; body whor] flat- tened and converging on the sides, angulated below, base slightly convex and with small nodes on the lower, as well as upper angle. Aperture sub-elliptical, acute above.
Length 1°5 in., width of body whorl ‘85 in., length of aper- ture ‘65 in.
Found by Mr. Clayton, with the preceding.
10 AMERICAN JOURNAL
While this shell is entirely different in shape from the pre- ceding, it agrees with it in the general style of ornament. Both have flattened whorls, truncated above and angulated below, and both have heavy tubercles on the upper, and fainter ones on the lower angle. ‘They can be at once distinguished, however, even as internal casts, by their marked dissimilarity of outline. The present shell is slender, and the spire is unusually elevated ; the apical angle being about 37°, while the other bas an angle of about 70° to 80°. In the present species I can detect no trace of revolving lines, though the surface of the specimen is in a nearly perfect condition, showing minute lines of growth dis- tinctly.
PHOLADOMYA, Sby. P. MULTILINEATA, Gabb.—PI. 5, fig. 6.
Shell long, gibbous, beaks very prominent and placed about a fourth of the length from the anterior end, which is prominently rounded in the middle; base deep, nearly semicircular ; posterior end produced in the middle, retreating above and below; cardinal margin nearly straight, posterior to the umbonal slope. Surface marked by about thirty small, irregular, radiating ribs, less dis- tinct at the two ends.
Length 2-4 in., width 1-9 in., diameter 1:1 in.
Found at the same locality. as the preceding by Dr. A. Blatchley.
This species is not unlike P. elongata, Miinst., of the Neoco- mien, but is deeper from beak to base, is shorter and has more numerous ribs, though of the same general character.
P. Nevapana, Gabb.—PI. 5, fig. Fe
Shell small, very convex; beaks anterior, strongly incurved, umbones broadly rounded ; anterior end sloping outwards, nearly straight above, convex in the middle, retreating below; base nearly straight posteriorly, most prominent directly under the beaks and curving upwards rapidly in advance; posterior end pretty regularly rounded; cardinal margin nearly straight. Sur- face ornamented by eight or ten small, but distinctly marked, radiating ribs, most prominent on the middle, fainter posteriorly, and entirely wanting on the anterior one-fourth; these are crossed by irregular lines of growth, covering the whole surface.
Length 1:8 in., width 1:3 in., diameter of both valves 1:2 in.
Locality—Volcano, Nevada. Mr. J. H. Clayton.
Most nearly allied to P. Hausmanni, Goldf., of the German Lias, but is smaller, has more ribs, and is narrower posteriorly.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 11
GONIOMYA, Agass. G. APERTA, Gabb.—PI. 6, fig. 8.
Shell very thin, subcompressed, gaping posteriorly; beaks small, prominent and placed about two fifths of the length from the anterior end; cardinal margin rapidly sloping, with a slight convexity in advance, posteriorly concave at first, and running out nearly straight to the posterior end ; anterior end narrowly rounded and prominent; posterior subangulated, being obliquely truncated above and below and produced in the middle; base broadly convex. Surface ornamented by numerous concentric ribs, broadly angulated, the angle being a little posterior to the beaks. These ribs are very uniform in size and, commencing at the anterior end, are coincident with the lines of the growth for about a third of their length, they then bend towards the base very slightly, become somewhat undulated and, when nearly one-third of the length from the posterior end, bend up somewhat abruptly, gradually resuming the direction of the striz of growth, and finally disappear near the cardinal margin.
Length 2-4 in., width 1-4 in., diameter of the valves °9 in. Locatity.—With the preceding. Mr. Clayton.
This shell is more evenly ribbed, and the angle of the ribs is wider than in any other species with which I am acquainted.
MYACITES, Minst. M. pepressus, Meek.
Myacites tdlepressus, Meck, Pal. Cal., vol. Pip: ob, pl sehie 6, Oa.
A single specimen of this shell was found by Mr. Clayton at
Volcano.
CARDIUM, Linn. C. ARCEFORMIS, Gabb.—PI. 3, fig. 9.
Shell of moderate size, very thick, convex, oblique, longer than wide; beaks prominent, strongly incurved, in some cases almost in contact, placed about a third of the length from the anterior end, which is regularly rounded ; posterior end variable, rounded or obliquely truncated; base pretty regularly and broadly convex. Surface ornamented by about 18 to 20 large convex, radiating ribs with interspaces of about equal size, all crossed by fine but distinct lines of growth. From 11 to 12 of these ribs occupy the anterior and lateral portions of the surface ; the re- mainder, on the posterior face, are always smaller and, in some
12 AMERICAN JOURNAL
cases, especially on old shells, are entirely obsolete. The inter- nal margin is crenulated by a series of large teeth corresponding with the external ribs; anterior muscular scar enormously deep, posterior not discernible on the internal casts.
Measurements of two specimens:
Length, 1:05 in., width from beak to base, -85 in., diameter of two valves, ‘9 in.
Length, -95 in., width from beak to base, -83 in., diameter of two valves, ‘75 in.
From the Jurassic of Voleano. I have also received a speci- men labelled ‘“* Uniontown, 40 miles south-west of Austin, Reese River, in the Union District.” This is a deserted mining camp, about ten miles south of Ione. I found no fossils in this range, nor could I learn, while on the spot, that any had ever been discovered there. It is very probable that the shell was taken there from the Volcano District.
The present species is unlike any Cardzwm with which I am acquainted. At first sight it has all the appearances of an un- usually robust and heavily ribbed Arca. On close examination, however, it shows no signs of an arca; the cardinal margin is ‘rounded down at both ends, and on the internal cast the line’ of junction between the two valves is marked by an elevated ridge, laterally undulated, showing the outline of the characteristic teeth of the. genus to which I have referred the shell.
ASTARTE, Sby.
A. ApPRESSA, Gabb.—PI. 5, fig. 10.
Shell very flat, obliquely subquadrate ; beaks anterior, sub- terminal, small; anterior end nearly straight above, lower half convex ; base and cardinal border equally convex, nearly paral- lel; posterior end broadly rounded ; cardinal margin truncated, a narrow flat space, bordered by an angle running to near the posterior end ; lunule long, narrow lanceolate, slightly impressed. Surface ornamented by large, angular, concentric ribs near the beaks, becoming less distinct and finally obsolete towards the base.
Length, 1:1 in. ; width, -9 in; height of single valve, -12 in.
Locality. With the preceding; Mr. Clayton.
This shell can be at once distinguished from A. ventricosa, Meek, from the same formation, by its longer, quadrate outline
and flatter valves. The beaks of ventricosa are large, promi- nent, and project beyond the cardinal margin; while in the
OF CONCHOLOGY. 43
present species they are minute, acuminate and point forwards. The truncation of the cardinal margin of our shell is also a marked difference ; while the surface markings of the two species are entirely unlike.
CARDINIA. ? C. ponpERosA, Gabb.—PI. 6, fig. 11, 11a.
Shell large, elongate, sub-oval, very thick; beaks a little more than a fourth of the length from the anterior end, very small, placed close together ; ends broadly and nearly equally rounded, anterior a little the narrowest, cardinal margin slight- ly arched ; base very broadly convex, nearly straight ; imme- diately under the beaks the outline is very slightly emarginate ; lunule none ; ligament moderate in size, narrow, not prominent. Surface marked by rough, irregular lines of growth closely placed. Internal margin entire; pallial line strongly marked ; muscular scars shallow.
Length, 3-7 in.; width, 2°25 in.; diameter of both valves, 1:6 in. ; thickness of shell in the middle of the valve, -28 in.
Found by Dr. A. Blatchley at New Pass, near Austin; Trias. I have seen several impressions in the slates of Star Caiion, which I believe to belong to the present species, but all are more or less distorted and flattened, and in none are there any portions of the shell preserved.
The specimen from which the above description is taken is in a remarkably good state of preservation, the valves are in contact, and, although slightly broken, show the entire outline and all of the other specific characters perfectly. By careful manipulation I succeeded in not only separating the valves, but in detaching most of the shell from the interior mould, although the entire. shell substance is extremely friable, being replaced by crystals of dolomite. I was not, however, fortunate enough to see all of the hinge, a portion of it crumbling away. So far as could be ascertained, it possesses more the appearance of Cardinia than any other described genus, and I have therefore so referred the species, despite the very thick shell structure. A marked peculiarity of the crystallization is that the crystals are deposited in two distinct layers, a well-defined plane of separation running parallel with, and about mid-way between the outer and inner surfaces, throughout almost the entire shell.
POSIDONOMYA, Brown. P. BLATcHLEYI, Gabb.—Pl. 6, fig. 12.
Shell large, flattened, obliquely sub-circular; beaks small,
14 _ AMERICAN JOURNAL
nearly central, cardinal margin not so long as the width of the shell, straight for a short distance both sides of the beaks, then bending down with a regular curve posteriorly, sub- angulated anteriorly ; base narrowly rounded, most prominent directly opposite the posterior end of the cardinal line; anterior end, with a portion of the base, forming about a third of a circle ; posterior end less convex. Surface marked by irregular and not very prominent concentric lines and undulations.
Length, 1:45 in. ; width, 1:5 in. Locality. Found by Dr. A. Blatchley in the Trias at New
Pass, west. of Austin, associated with many species, character- istic of the St. Cassian group of Kurope.
It is most nearly allied to P. Bronnii, Goldf., but is more regularly rounded in outline, and wants the angle at the posterior end of the cardinal line. The surface ribs are also less strongly marked than in that species.
PINNA, Linn. P)
sp. indet.
Two fragments of a Pinna were obtained by Prof. Whitney, at Mormon Station, Plumas Co., Cal., in the semi-metamor- phosed sandstones of the Jurassic. They are long, slender, and are marked very much in the some manner as P. Brewerti, nob., of the California cretaceous. Both specimens have suffered some distortion, and, until better material shall have been ob- tained, I do not feel warranted in giving a detailed description.
CASSIANELLA, Beyrich. C. LINGULATA, Gabb.—PI. 8, fig. 13, 13a, 13b.
Shell very thick, long, narrow, lingueform. Large valve, very convex and ponderous, nearly as high as wide; beak placed in the middle, prominent, strongly incurved, umbone high, rounded ; posterior ear straight, slightly sloping, sub-acuminate, lateral mar gin slightly concave; anterior ear more elevated than the posterior, separated from the body by a marked groove, top convexly sloping, lateral margin nearly straight; below the ears the sides are nearly parallel for a short distance, curving into a broadly rounded base. Hinge line broad, widely open, areas of both valves wide, that of the smaller hei triangular notched opposite the beak of the opposite side. Small valve thin, broadly concave, divided by two radiating ridges into three unequal concave surfaces ; outlines corresponding with those of the opposite valve, where in contact. Surface of both valves
OF CONCHOLOGY. 15
covered by not very prominent lines of growth. Length from beak to base, 1:6 in. ; transverse width below the ears, °75 in. ; length of two ears about -9 in.
From another specimen the width at the base of the ears is 1-1 in.; diameter of two valves at same point, ‘9 in.; thickness of large valve in the middle, -35 in.; height of top of umbone above the hinge, -4 in.
The length of the hinge line in this specimen has been about 1-6 in., and the total length nearly 2 in.
Localities. Casts of this species are common in the Trias of Star Cation, Nevada, whence they were brought in 1863 by Mr. Homfray, but it has only been within a year or two that the shell has been found. One or two mutilated specimens were obtained by Mr. Clayton, at Volcano, which thus give us the means of adding another link to the chain of evidence, of the near synchronism of the Trias of Nevada with that of St. Cas- sian.
The species can be distinguished from its European congeners by its unusually elongate form, being twice as long from beak to base as its width below the expansion of the ears. C. grypheata, Miinst., its nearest ally, is very much smaller, the length and width are about equal, its umbones are much less prominent, the groove between the body and anterior ear is deeper, and, while it has two radiating ridges on the right valve, these ridges, unlike those of our species, are broad and round, instead of being sharply defined ribs. C. tenwistriata, Miinst., and C. deeussata Miinst., are sufficiently distinguished both by their shape and surface sculpture.
LIMA, Brug. L. (PLAGiIostoma). Sp. indet.
Associated with the Pinna, above mentioned, from Mormon Station, Plumas Co., are the mould and impression of a shell of this genus, showing enough of the surface markings to ally it closely with those smooth, semi-polished and finely radiated Species so strongly characteristic of the English Lias. It is about an inch in length, has the anterior ear well developed, and resembles in general shape and convexity the English Plagios- tomas.
MONOTIS, Bronn. M. circuLaRis, Gabb.—PI. 7, fig. 14, 14a.
Shell large, flattened, nearly circular, beaks small, median ; anterior side, base and posterior side forming a regular, con-
16 AMERICAN JOURNAL
tinuous and nearly equal curve throughout; cardinal margin nearly straight and two-thirds as long as the width of the shell, ending anteriorly by a slight angle; posteriorly produced into a prominent ear a little longer than high. The lateral face of the éar is slightly emarginate below. Surface closely sculptured by very faint, flat, radiating ribs separated by linear depressions, the whole crossed by numerous minute and very regular con- centric lines. Internally the radiating ribs are even more strongly marked than on the surface.
Length, 3:25 in., width, from beak to base, 3 inches, greatest diameter of the two valves °8 in.
Locality. Rare at New Pass, near Austin, Nev.; from the Trias ; found by Dr. Blatchley.
This species resembles in outline JZ. substriata, Miinst., of the Lias, but is much larger and even more round than that shell. The surface is also entirely different. From M. salinaria, Bronn, and JV. sub-circularis, nobis, of the same formation in which it is found, it is distinguished both by outline and surface; though in the presence of the anterior angle it approaches the former of these.
PECTEN, Brug.
Three species of this genus are represented in the collection, each bya single specimen. ‘Two of these are flat and character- ized by fine radiating ribs ; the third is convex, and the fragment- ary internal cast resembles strikingly the deep valve of the Cre- taceous genus WVeithea. They are all from Volcano, the last undoubtedly from the Jurassic. In regard to the age of the others I am in doubt, whether to refer them to the Jura or Trias.
P. acutiplicatus, Meek, is common at Volcano.
PLICATULA, Lam. P. PERIMBRICATA, Gabb.—PI. 6, fig. 15a.
Shell of moderate size, inequivalve, more or less inequilateral, sometimes slightly oblique; sometimes free, sometimes apparent- ly attached by the flat valve. Sides and base broadly and pretty regularly rounded ; the right side sometimes a little more promi- nent than the left; this rounding continues from a half to two- thirds the length of the shell, after which the sides rapidly con- verge towards the beak. Surface of the upper valve convex, and somewhat prominent in the middle, falling very gradually to the base and convex portions of sides, more rapidly towards the beak and superior lateral margins. Both valves marked by
OF CONCHOLOGY. gh
pretty regular and strong imbricating concentric ridges, and by radiating plications; the latter most marked on and towards the edges of the imbrications. Lower valve variable, flat, slightly convex or slightly concave. In two instances out of five speci- mens this valve appears to have been attached to another body during the life of the animal; and in one of these cases, where it is now separated, while the characteristic markings are discern- ible, they are blurred, and combined with oblique striation from the other surface. In at least one other case this valve seems to have been entirely free, and the radiating sculpture is even stronger than the concentric.
Dimensions of the largest specimen: length from beak to base, 1-3 in.; width, 1:05 in.; height of deep valve, -2 in. From a smaller one: length, as above, 1 in.; width, °95 in.; diameter of both valves, °25 in.
Locality. Brought from the Jurassic of Voleano, by both Mr. Clayton and Dr. Blatchley. One specimen is in the same block with the Astarte, above described.
This shell resembles P. spinosa, Sby., of the European Lias, but is less oblique and has many more of the concentric imbri- cating ribs.
SPIRIFER, Sby. S. optusus, Gabb.—PI. 7, fig. 16, a, b.
Shell robust, short, thick, valves very convex ; base regularly convex, nearly semi-circular, lateral angles rounded off and con- verging into the hinge line ; dorsal valve almost as long as wide, deep; beak elevated, somewhat incurved; mesial sinus regularly concave, strongly marked; area shorter than the width of the shell, very broad, foramen large; ventral valve less convex than the dorsal; beak small, incurved; mesial fold elevated, sub-angulated and bearing three ribs on the upper surface and one on each side on the slope. Surface ornamented by about twenty-three or twenty four rounded ribs on each valve, of which three or four belong to the mesial fold and sinus. These ribs are separated by equal, concave interspaces ; all crossed by small, sub-imbricating lines of growth.
Length from apex to base of ventral valve, 1°3 in.; of dorsal valve, L in.; width, 1°35 in.; length of area, 1°15 in. ; distance between the two beaks, 28 in. ; greatest diameter of two valves, ‘95 in.
Locality. Two specimens from the Trias of Volcano, from —
Dr. Blatchley. 2
18 AMERICAN JOURNAL
This shell resembles most S. Keokuk, Hall, of the Carboni- ferous of Iowa, (See Geol. Rep. Iowa, part 2, pl. 20, fig. 38, a, b.) but in that species the mesial fold of the ventral valve is composed of two large ribs. The beak of the dorsal valve is not so distinctly incurved in the present species; the area is shorter, broader and higher, and the sides of its dorsal valve, from the beak to the angles, slope more rapidly than in S. Keo- kuk. The mesial sinus is also more prolonged at the base than in the Iowa shell. The resemblance is rather one of outline than of detail.
INDEX TO PLATES.
Plate 3, fig. 1, la. Ammonites Nevadanus, Gabb. ‘© 5. ~ Turbo elevatus, Gabb. “ 9, 9a. Cardium arceeformis, Gabb. . Ammonites Colfaxii, Gabb. Septum of Am. Billingsianus, Gabb. “4. Turbo regius, Gabb. “ 6. Pholadomya multilineata, Gabb. “¢. 7. P. Nevadana, Gabb. “© 10, 10a. Astarte appressa, Gabb. “ 6, “ 8. Gontomya aperta, Gabb. “© 11, lla. Cardinia ponderosa, Gabb. “ 12. Posidonomya Blatchleyi, Gabb. *¢ 15, 15a. Plicatula perimbricata, Gabb. “7, * 18, 18a, 13b. Casstanella lingulata, Gabb. “6 14, 14a. Donotis ctreularis, Gabb. “¢ 16, 16a, 16b. Spirifer obtusus, Gabb.
an co bo
OF CONCHOLOGY. 19
NOTES ON THE GENERA ALARIA, DIARTHEMA, DICRO- LOMA, &C.; BEING A SUPPLEMENT TO “AN ATTEMPT AT A REVISION OF THE STROMBID, AND APORR- HAIDZ.”
BY W. M. GABB.
In the last volume of the Journal of Conchology I published a paper on the two families of alate shells, in which I attempted to arrange all of the genera as nearly in accordance with the views entertained by students of the living forms, based on a study of the animals, as our knowledge of their analogies would permit. I pursued this course, not without some hesitation, because, though the living representatives of both families are sufficiently distinct, when we take up the paradoxical forms of the secondary formations, and especially of the Jurassic rocks, we encounter shells, the relations of which are almost impossible to decide, if, as a basis, we start with the idea of two distinct families. In view of this difficulty, several of the ablest students have preferred to class them together. Pictet (Paléontologie Suisse, 1860), calls them all. Strombide, while, more recently, Stoliczka (Pal. Indica, 1867;) proposes the new term Alata, a name very appropriate in its etymology, but not admissible, inasmuch as it has not the termination required by custom for all family names. If we permit these close resemblances to guide us, it is difficult to say where we willstop. Grant that the two families should be consolidated ; the next question that arises is, where are we to draw the line between the family thus consti- tuted, and the Cerdthide ? The analogies between Aporrhais and Cerithium in the animals have been long known, and is there not strong ground for supposing that Piette’s Hustoma should serve as the connecting link? OQr further, on the other hand, should not Alaria, Diarthema and Spinigera unite them with Ranella ?
A parallel case of two very distinct modern families becoming confused and apparently blending, as we go back in the geolo- gical scale, occurs in the Aviculide and Pectenidw. No one
20 AMERICAN JOURNAL
would be apt to confound Pecten and Avicula, but it is not so easy to decide where to place the carboniferous Aviculopecten or Eumicrotis.
In the present instance the greatest difficulty lies among those shells that have been usually described as Pterocera. Since the establishment of Alaria by Morris and Lycett, many of them have been placed under that genus, hardly more appropriately than under Pterocera, and without contributing at all towards the solution of the difficulty. As originally described, and as accepted by Pictet, Piette and others, A/aria includes all the doubtful forms more or less fusiform and resembling (and many very distinct from) Rostellaria, but without a posterior canal. Some of those possess well marked varices, the results of arrests in growth, like those of Manella, while others are entirely destitute of them. For the first of these two classes I have pro- posed to retain Morris and Lycett’s name; for the other I sug- gested the name of Dicroloma. This is a division warranted by the views of all Conchologists ; the presence or absence of varices being, in the great majority of cases, a character of even greater than generic value. The authors of the genus proposed to include everything that could be placed in, what they considered, Strom- bide, and that simply differed from their views of Rostellaria and Pterocera, in the absence of the posterior canal running up the spire. In restricting the genus, therefore, it is necessary to follow the usual rule of ascertaining what are the characters of the first species described under the generic name. That species is A. armata, which forms a tri-digitate lip when young, that lip remaining as a varix on the older shell. My name Dicroloma, therefore, must be applied to the allied shells, fusi- form in shape, without posterior canal, and with a bi-, tri- or multi- digitate outer lip and thin inner lip.
Since the publication of the paper above referred to, I have received from my friend, Dr. Ferd. Stoliczka, the first part of his admirable work on the Gasteropods of the cretaceous forma- tion of India. He there goes over the question very ably, and proposes what he admits is only an artificial and temporary classification. I cannot concur with the Doctor in all the views he has advanced, and propose, after copying his table, to point out wherein we differ, and my reasons for holding other views. He proposes :
“Ist. To restrict the name Alaria to the species with a simple undivided and narrow wing, as the Jurassic Al. hamus, Desh., and Al. rhinoceros, Piette and Desh.
“2d, Species which have the exterior termination of the wing extended in two opposite directions, (as Jtostellaria carinata,
OF CONCHOLOGY. 21
Mont.), and possess a long anterior canal, could form a small group, designated by Conrad Anchura.
eos Broad winged shells with only a single point to the posterior external termination, as Lost. Orbignyana, Pictet, or Rost. papilionacea, Goldf., might be designated under a separate name.
“‘ All these three forms are generally ornamented by trans- verse ribs.
“4th. Species with slightly dilated wing, soon dividing into two or three long extremities, carinated “and usually spirally striated whorls, etcet.—as the long known Al. myurus, Desh., or Al. levigata, Morris, might be referred to Tessarolax,Gabb.
' “5th. To retain under Aporrhais only those species which have a broad dilated wing from the base, terminating exteriorly in as many points as there are keels on the exterior side of the wing, which ought in all cases to extend to the exterior margin of the wing, as in Ap. Dupiniana, D’Orb., or Ap. (Chenopus) atractoides, Desh.
“6th. The Jurassic Diarthema paradoxa, Desh., forms a sepa- rate genus, somewhat allied to Ranella.
Tth. Spinigera, D’Orb., ought probably to be classed here rather than with Ranella.”’
For convenience I shall take up each division seriatim :
Ist. As I have already shown, Alaria should be applied only to those species possessing a varix. Neither A. hamus nor A. rhinoceros possess varices, and I do not consider the fact of one rather than two or more processes on the lip of generic value, especially since such species as A. hamus show a very percepti- ble tendency to a second process, in the existence of a carina on the whorl, and an angle on the margin of the lip at the termina- tion of the carina. 'I shall therefore place these shells in Di- croloma, at most as a subgeneric division.
2d and 3d. Anchura, Conrad, must include all those creta- ceous shells of a long fusiform shape, without varices or arrests of growth of any kind, with a thickened inner lip, and with the outer lip expanded, broad or narrow, bearing a projecting pro- cess posteriorly, and (or without) one anteriorly on the outer margin. ‘This genus differs from the preceding, as well as from its ally Alaria, in the inner lip being always more or less and usually strongly thickened, while in those genera the inner lip is very thin and generally obsolete.
The details of form of the outer lip must take a secondary
aD, AMERICAN JOURNAL
rank, since this character differs in every species. In fact it is of only specific value. A. carinata and A. abrupta are very closely allied, but they should not be separated as a distinct generic group, because, although we do not possess an unbroken series of gradations from them to such shells as A. papilionacea, yet we have many good links in the chain. A. faleiformis, nob., has, in some individuals, a strongly marked angle at the notes anterior margin of the lip, and is not the rounded lobe on the anterior margin of A. papilionacea or of A. Parkinsoni, the rudiment of the same member? I cannot find any grounds for generic division among such shells as A. abrupta, Con., A. eari- nata, Mant., A. faleiformis, Gabb, A. Requieniara, D’Orb., A. simplex, D’Orb., A. Parkinsonii, Sby., A. Orbignyana, Pictet, A. 0 alifornica, Gabb, A. Robinaldina, D’Orb., A. ros- trata, Gabb, and A. papilionacea, Goldf.
4th. Dr. Stoliczka evidently misunderstands the genus T'essa- rolox. It is a digitate shell, one of the most marked charac- ters being the long well marked posterior canal running up the spire. ~ It includes but two species with which I am acquainted, both cretaceous— 7’. distorta, nob., in California, and T. bicarinata, D’Orb., (Pterocera) in France. It possesses a peculiar style of ornament in clavate tubercles on the middle of the body whorl, and differs from Helicaulax, nob., in having the spire more or less encrusted with a thin callus, having also a thin inner lip. In the latter genus the spire is naked and the inner lip is covered by an unusually heavy callus, while the outer lip in all the known species is simply hooked, not digitate.
Sth. Such shells as Aporrhais atractoides, A. pagodus, Cheno- pus camelus, C. vespa, &c., can hardly be called congeneric with Aporrhais pes-pelicant, and should receive another name.
6th. Diarthema is a good genus, founded on Pterocera para- doxa, Desh., and included by Morris and Lycett in Alaria. It is a comparatively short, sub-fusiform shell, with a short anterior and no posterior canal, no digitations on the outer lip, and two varices like Fanella.
Tth. I proposed to place Spinigera near the true Rostellarias, but am now inclined to the opinion that its true relations may lie nearer to Alaria and Diarthema. It seems not improbable that these shells, bearing varices, may eventually, when we shall know more of the subject, be elevated to the rank of a distinct group.
Dr. Stoliczka considers Hustomu, Piette, as probably more nearly allied to the Cerithide than to the ‘“‘ Alata.” Its long fusiform shape, the long straight canal, and even the form of the outer lip, seem to me to point to relations with such shells as
OF CONCHOLOGY. 23
the present group, rather than with Cerithiwm. The manner of junction posteriorly, between the outer and inner lip, and the form of the latter are only exaggerations of what occurs in Anchura. (See for example A. Mexicana, nob.) From Piette’s figures, by which alone I know the genus, it appears to be an Anchura, deprived of its expanded outer lip, and with the stump thickened.
There is yet much to be done before we shall have arrived at a full understanding of the alate and digitate shells of the sec- ondary rocks; but until we shall have become better acquainted with some of the numerous species, as yet only known from fragments, the final classification of the genera must remain an open and perhaps a disputed question. If I have thrown any light on it, or if I only succeed in attracting the attention of other students to the subject, I shall be perfectly content.
24 AMERICAN JOURNAL
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW HELIX FROM UTAH. BY WM. M. GABB.
H. Haypeni1, Gabb.—PI. 8, fig. 1.
Shell of moderate size, orbicular; spire slightly elevated; whorls 53, rounded; suture well marked ; last whorl descending very slightly above to the aperture; umbilicus funnel-shaped, perspective, occupying about a fourth of the base; aperture cir- cular, oblique, margins simple or very slightly thickened, con- tinuous, not reflected. Surface covered by prominent, elevated, revolving ribs, acute and with concave interspaces. These ribs vary from nine to ten in number, and, in some specimens, in the interspaces, are faint revolving lines, entirely absent in others. Crossing the revolving sculpture are numerous, irregular, well marked lines of growth. Color unknown.
Figures. Natural size.
Locality. Webber Cation, near Salt Lake City, Utah, where dead specimens were found in abundance associated with /. Cooperti, by Dr. F. V. Hayden.
Observations. Dr. Hayden collected at the above locality perhaps as many as fifty specimens of this shell, of all ages. The young show that the circular aperture is not a constant character, since, until fully adult, the mouth is of the same shape as in H. Cooperii, which also, in fully mature individuals, not infrequently has a continuous peristome. ‘The apical angle is the same in these specimens as in the unusually flat form of H. Cooperti associated with them.
\ OF CONCHOLOGY. 2D
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SOUTH AMERICAN FOSSILS.
No. 1. Tertiary. BY WM. M. GABB.
I have received from Dr. Antonio Raimondi, of Lima, Peru, a fine series of fossils of that Republic, one of the results of about eighteen years of explorations and collection in all parts of the country. The series includes suites of Tertiary, Creta- ceous, Jurassic and Carboniferous age, many of them in a beau- tiful state of preservation; many more too imperfect for deter- mination. It is the intention of Dr. Raimondi to publish a large work on the Geography, Geology, Natural History, &c., of his country, and he has placed this material in my hands to enable me to prepare the volume on Paleontology. In view of the long time which may elapse before the appearance of the volume, I propose to describe the new species in the present form, as a preliminary, and hope to be able to hereafter republish them with elaborate illustrations and more extended notes.
The present paper is devoted to a series of fossils collected in the vicinity of Payta, Peru, from some bluffs of Tertiary sands. They vary considerably in lithological character and may belong to two or more different eras. One set of four or five species is made up entirely of extinct forms, while the remainder, more nearly allied in appearance, seem to be, from the balance of living and extinct species, on or near the horizon of the Plio- cene. ‘The notes accompanying the collection are meagre, and indicate little beyond locality.
FUSUS, Lam. F. Paytensis, Gabb. Shell small, broadly fusiform, spire elevated; whorls about
six (extreme tip broken), flattened and sloping above, slightly convex on the sides; body whorl prominently convex above,
26 AMERICAN JOURNAL
concave and regularly tapering below. Aperture broad above, tapering in advance, canal (from line of growth apparently) straight, moderate in length and narrowed to the extremity. Surface ornamented by long, narrow tubercles, most prominent on the angle of the whorl, each sending a faint rib to the suture above and, on the body whorl, suddenly ending with the greatest convexity of the surface. There are eleven of these on each whorl; they are crossed, except on the top of the whorl, by nu- merous moderately large revolving ribs, smaller in advance.
Length about (broken) 3-9 in. ; width, 2:8 in. ; height of spire, 2:2 in.: approximate total length, 5-2 in.
Associated with the following. These two shells are of nearly the same size, but the smaller and more numerous tuber- - cles, and the more slender form of the present species will dis- tinguish them at a glance.
TRITONIUM, Link. T.. PERNODOSUM, Gabb.
Shell small, very robust ; spire high, longer than the aperture ; whorls six and a half, constricted above and below, close to the suture and bearing large, very prominent tubercles, about seven to a volution. These tubercles are isolated, more or less square, longer than wide, have broad interspaces and are placed on the middle of the upper whorls and on the upper part of the body whorl; on the body whorl they are proportionately smaller and wider apart, and below them the whorl is rapidly narrowed in advance. Besides the tubercles there are about a dozen well marked revolving ribs somewhat alternated in size. In one specimen two large ribs with a smaller one interposed cross the tubercles. Body whorl short and broad; aperture nearly cir- cular, canal very short; inner lip lightly encrusted. Varices obsolete.
Length, 4:5 in.; width, 2°8 in.; height of spire above the suture of the body whorl, 2°3 in.; approximate length of the aperture (broken in advance), 2:2 in.
From a light greyish brown sandstone near Payta.
PURPURA, Brug. P. cHocoLtatum, Duclos. Purpura chocolatum, Duclos, Ann. Se. Nat., Vol. 26, pl. 2, fig. T. A single specimen of this species is in the collection. It is from a rock made up entirely of comminuted shells cemented by
OF CONCHOLOGY. XE
carbonate of lime. No other specimens from this rock were sent. It is labelled “ Immediate vicinity of Payta.”’
AMPULLINA. A. OrtToNI, Gabb.
Shell of moderate size, sub-pyriform; spire moderately ele- vated; whorls seven, flattened on top; rounded on the angle; suture channelled by a very narrow groove ; body whorl broadly convex above the middle, tapering in advance; marked only by lines of growth. Aperture broad, rounded in front; outer lip simple; inner lip encrusted by a thin plate ending in front at the umbilicus. Umbilicus imperforate or characterized by a very small opening; running into it, and bordering the inner lip im advance is a flattened margin, ending abruptly on the outer side and merging in front into the margin of the aperture.
Length, 2: in.; width, 1:5 in.; length of aperture, 1-6 in.
Specimens of this species were sent me by Dr. Raimondi, in very imperfect condition; but I have been so fortunate as to have had the opportunity of studying a few fossils brought by Prof. Jas. Orton from the same locality, and among them is an excellent specimen of this shell, from which I obtain the specific characters. As compared with A. mutabilis of the French Eocene, it agrees in general form, in the sub-pyriform shape, the compressed tops of the whorls and in the channeled suture. It differs, however, in the inner lip, which, in our species, is more like a specimen before me labelled A. patula, of the English Hocene. In A. Ortont, however, the incrustation above and behind the umbilicus is much heavier and more defined on its edges than in A. patula.
CERITHIUM, Brug. C. LaviuscuLuM, Gabb.
Shell very long, slender, whorls numerous, increasing very gradually in size, sub-flattened on the sides, curving in above and below to the suture which is distinctly impressed. Surface marked only by lines of growth, which are obsolete, except on the last whorl where some are distinctly marked. Aperture sub- quadrate, outer lip sinuous, projecting below; inner lip obsolete- ly incrusted ; canal short, twisted, notch faint.
Length, (less the tip) 4:2 in.; total length about 5:2 in.; length of aperture, 1:3 in.; width of body whorl, 1:4 in.
From Prof. Orton, associated with the preceding species. Two shells are in Dr. Raimondi’s collection, one from between
28 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Huandoval and Corongo, Prov. of Conchucos, the other from near Ollon, Prov. of Cajatambo, both of which he considers Jurassic, and which, in the imperfect state of preservation, I can- not distinguish from the present species. The shell from Ollon is entirely unlike the recognized Jurassic fossils of that locality, in its lithological char acters, and I suspect that there may be a deposit of Tertiary there, which has been confounded by the Doctor with the other fossiliferous rocks. (C. leviuseulum is allied to C. deve, Quoy, from Australia, but its whorls are higher and less numerous, its apical angle is much narrower, the last whorls are more convex, the canal is less twisted and the mouth is longer.
LITTORINA, Fer. L. LAQUEATA, Gabb.
Shell small, elevated trochoid; spire high, whorls five and a half, rounded, converging toward the suture, strongly sculptured by heavy, slightly oblique, long?tudinal ribs a little narrower than the interspaces ; these ribs commence just below the suture and on the body whorl end-at the margin of the base; they are about twelve in number to a volution and are crossed by a few elevated, revolving threads ; base ornamented by closely-placed revolving ribs, showing a slight tendency to alternate in size. Aperture sub-circular; inner lip narrow, flattened.
Length 5 in.; length of aperture -2 in.; width of body whorl °31 in.
Found associated with Fusus Paytensis and Tritonium perno- dosum.
VOLUTILITHES, Swains, VY. PLICIFERA, Gabb.
Shell elongate, fusiform, spire elevated, whorls (number unknown, apparently five or’six ?) flattened,on the sides. Body whorl with a narrow sloping shoulder near the suture, straight below for a short distance, and then gradually converging in advance. Surface ornamented by about twelve or fourteen straight, longitudinal ribs or folds, starting at the margin of the shoulder and ending at the point where the sides begin to con- verge. Aperture long, narrow; inner lip with two (?) small oblique folds.
This species is described from a number of internal casts, and I should not have ventured to characterize it, were it not for its close resemblance to a species of the Tertiary of California and Oregon. The most perfect fragment, less a portion of the spire
OF CONCHOLOGY. 29
and anterior end, measures—length 1:8 in.; probable total length a little over three inches; probable length of aperture 2:2 in.; width of body whorl 1:2 in. ; width of aperture °6 in.
From the casts and impressions, I am satisfied that the shell has had no other surface markings except the plain, rounded, longitudinal ribs, in which character it resembles V. indurata, Con., found in the Miocene and Phocene of Oregon and Cali- fornia. It differs from that species in having more ribs, in their being straighter, and in the tips of the whorls being regularly sloping. In the North American species I could never succeed in uncovering the columella sufficiently to satisfy myself of the presence of the characteristic plaits. In the present shell I have detached traces of two, if not three, and now suspect that they will eventually be also found in the other.
All the specimens of this species are from a hard, yellowish claystone, containing Pholas Chilensis, Molina, and the Thracia, described below. No other species of this paper appear to have come from the same rock.
TURRITELLA, Lam. T. COCHLEIFORMIS, Gabb.
Shell elongate, slender ; whorls numerous ; concave and slop- ing above and bearing a little below the middle, two sharp, strongly elevated revolving ribs with a concave interspace ; below these is a third rib, less prominent and separated by the same distance as that between the others. On the last volution it _ forms a part of the base, while on the upper whorls it unites with the upper margin of the succeeding whorl, placing the suture a little above the middle of a regular concave space. Aperture sub-quadrate, base slightly convex and having but the one rib mentioned above.
Numerous fragments of this species are associated with the Fusus, Tritonium, and Lattorina. It is closely allied to 7. cochlea, Rve., Icon. Conch., Sp. 29, but differs in the two carinz being close together, and in having but one rib on the base in- stead of the two in Reeve’s shell. The latter is described with- out a locality.
DACTYLINA, Gray. D. Cuttoensts, Molina.
Pholas Chiloensis, Molina, Hist. de Chile, p. 179. id. Gmel., Syst. Nat. p. 3217. id. Gay, Hist. de Chile, p. 381, pl. 6, fig. 3. Dactylina Chiloensis, Chenu, Man. de Conch. y, 2, p. 4, fi 14, 15.
go, 5
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A single specimen, still imbedded in the mould of its nest, from the: same rock as the olutilithes and Thracia.
RAITA, Gray. R. aipBosa, Gabb.
Shell large, thin, gibbous, broadly ovate; anterior end broadly and about equally rounded ; posterior end narrowly and com- pressedly beaked ; beaks central, small, incurved; cardinal mar- gin sloping down about equally on both sides ; base broadly and regularly convex. Surface ornamented by irregular concentric folds.
Length 3 inches, width from beak to base 2°5 in., diameter 1:6 in.
From a compact yellowish clay-stone, associated with Volute- lithes, Ke.
Closely allied to R. canaliculata, Say, from the coast of South Carolina, but more equilateral, less produced in advance, the greatest prominence of the posterior end placed higher (or nearer the beaks) and the bases more prominently convex. ‘The surface plications are also finer and more numerous.
STRIGILLA, Turton. S. prorA, Hanley, sp.
Tellina prora, Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1844. : ad. Hanley, Thes. Conch. p. 248, pl. 60, a 152. 7. (Peroneoderma) prora, H. and A. ‘Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. p- 396.
A single specimen, apparently from the same rock as the Ampullina.
CARDIUM, Linn, S. Gen. L&VICARDIUM, Swains. C. (L.) PERTENUE, Gabb.
Shell very thin, gibbous, somewhat inequilateral, most pro- duced posteriorly ; beaks small, strongly incurved; cardinal margins equally and regularly sloping; base broadly rounded, continuously to the middle of the anterior end, where the curve joins the nearly straight slope from above, with a narrow angle ; posterior end apparently considerably produced (from the lines of growth, the lower part being broken). Surface very smooth, only marked by minute lines of growth.
Length (broken) 1°8 in., total length apparently 2 in., width from beak to base 1:75 in., diameter 1°45 in.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 31
A very convex shell, which, when perfect, seems to have been unusually long on the posterior side, and more convex than any living species with which I am acquainted. It is remarkable for its excessive thinness, which is so marked that the specimen before me shows distinctly the color of the internal coat, through the shell substance.
MYTILUS, Linn. M. uneuxatus, Linn. Mytilus ungulatus, Linn., Gmel., Syst. Nat. No. 12. A common species of the Chilian Coast. In a loose sandstone,
probably the same as that containing the first two species of this paper.
ARCA, Linn.
S. Gen. ScAPHARCA, Gray. A. (S.) Ratmonpi1, Gabb.
Shell long, slender, sub-compressed, very inequilateral; an- terior end rounded ; posterior end very obliquely rounded, sub- truncate ; base nearly straight ; beaks about a third of the length from the anterior end, approximate, incurved and pointed slightly in advance. Area narrow, about two-thirds as long as the shell. Surface marked by about thirty square radiating ribs with flat interspaces of about equal width. Internal mar- gin marked by folds corresponding to the external ribs.
Length 2 in., width 1:2 in., diameter 765 in. Not unlike A. lima, Rve., Icon. Conch., No. 101, but less
rounded in general outline. ‘The base is more straight, the pos- terior truncation more marked and the beaks more prominent.
AXINASA, Poli. A. Paytensis, D’Orb., sp.
Pectunculus Paytensis, D’Orb., Amer. Merid. p. 129, pl. 15, fig. 11—13.
Peetunculus Paytensis, D’Orb., Prod. Pal. Strat. Vol. 3, p. 122, No. 2307.
One of the most common shells at the locality, judging from the number of specimens I have seen. Prof. Orton collected numerous specimens, and Dr. Raimondi sent me two fine ones.
32 AMERICAN JOURNAL
PECTEN, Brug. P. puRPURATUS, Lam.
Pecten purpuratus, Lam., Anim. s. Vert. (Desh Edit.) v. 7, p. 184.
A common Peruvian shell, represented by three specimens in the collection.
OSTREA, Linn. O. @aLLus, Val.
Ostrea gallus, Valenc., Voy. Venus, pl. 21, figs. 1 a—d.
Compare 0. cerrosensis, Gabb, Pal. Cal.rv. 2, p. 35, pl. 11, fig. 61.
Two fine specimens imbedded in a gray sandstone, unlike that associated with any others of the specimens.
A few other Tertiary fossils were sent, but they are two im- perfect for satisfactory determination, without additional ma- _ terial.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 33
OBSERVATIONS ON MELANTHO, BY JAMES LEWIS, M. D.
In the collection of Mr. Chas. M. Wheatley, of Pheenixville, Pa., are many very interesting and valuable specimens illustrat- ing the genus Melantho to a very considerable extent. Through the kindness of Mr. Wheatley I have recently been permitted to examine a portion of his collection of Melantho, and the result of the examination has been to lead me to a better understand- ‘ing of a few points that have until now been perplexities and the cause of error.
In conchological investigations, as well as in any other pursuit, progress sometimes requires the investigator to abandon opinions previously received, that others, based on more numerous and significant facts may take their place. The facts and the opin- ions about to be presented, as having been derived from an ex- amination of a part of Mr. Wheatley’s collection, are such as in some Instances require ‘the abandonment of opinions previously entertained, while at the same time they help to simplify and systematize the imperfectly understood literature of that portion of American Conchology to which they relate.
A few weeks since, in a letter to Mr. Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., I gave a brief outline of a system of grouping which I had con- ceived for the genus Melantho.
I had regarded Melantho as embracing four well characterized groups—as follows :
First. Shell heavy or solid, more or less globular; opercle gibbous ovate or elongate. Examples: M. ponderosa, Say, M. wmtegra, Say, MW. regularis, Lea., M. obesa, Lewis.
Second. Shells a little less solid, more elongate, whorls flattened or compressed below the suture, sub-angular on the middle of the last whorl; opercle gibbous ovate. Examples: J. coarctata, Lea, MW. exilis, Anth., MW. rufa, Hald., M. subsolida, Anth.
Third. Shells of thin texture, whorls usually regularly round- ed, suture well impressed, spire regular in its proportions, and,
34 AMERICAN JOURNAL
when perfect, acute. Opercle gibbous ovate. Examples: J. decisa, Say, MM. Milesti, Lea, MW. fecunda, Lewis, M. lima, Anth.
Fourth. A group embracing only WZ De Campi, Binney.
My examination of Mr. Wheatley’s collection destroys the sym- metry of this arrangement in some degree, and suggests some new Views respecting a few of the species named. Among Mr. Wheatley’s shells were a number from the Coosa River, Ala- bama, which had been labeled by the correspondent from whom he received them M. coarctata, Lea. A hurried glance at these _ shells would suggest only to the observer their apparent identity with the more mature forms usually regarded as ponderosa. Two of these specimens, however, on careful examination, re- vealed a remarkable resemblance to the figure given by Mr. Binney in connection with his quotation of Mr. Lea’s description of coarctata. They agree also with the description in all essen- tials, and, so far as is known, are the only shells found in “ Ala- bama’”’ to which Mr. Lea’s description and the accompanying figures given by Binney will apply. Various shells found in dif- - ferent portions of the valley of the Mississippi heretofore doubt- fully referred to coarctata and to eailis (Anth.). differ enough from the figure.
We will add to this that Mr. Lea, in citing locality, gives only vaguely ‘‘ Alabama.” The specimen, a single one, was in the collection of Dr. Foreman, whose name at various times appears in connection with species “from the Coosa River,” described by Mr. Lea, in such manner as to give countenance to the suppo- setion that Melantho (Pal.) coarctata, Lea, may have been derived from, that prolific stream. All the probabilities of the case point very strongly to the supposition that the true coarctata is a young shell from the Coosa River, which, when mature, re- celves the name ponderosa.
All the shells from the Coosa River that are regarded as un- questionable ponderosa by collectors, have a peculiar appearance by which persons familiar with them may separate them from similar shells of the rivers of the Ohio system. The young shells of the ponderosa of the Ohio system do not, so far as I have any knowledge of them, ape those forms that may be identified with coarctata. It isa generally received principle in Natural History that marked differences in the embryos and young of a class of beings are specific. If we apply this rule to ‘‘pon- derosa”’ of the Coosa (referring to the peculiar forms assumed by immature specimens,) it will be a proper inference that those shells are specifically distinct from the ponderosa of the Ohio system.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 30
Without assuming, however, to decide any question of differ- ence or of identity between “‘ ponderosa”’ of the Coosa and of the Ohio system of rivers, I shall take it for granted, in the presence of much convincing evidence and in the absence of all evidence to the contrary, that the true “Pal. coarctata, Lea,” is the young of a species found in the Coosa River, the adult of which is known as ponderosa. If this is not a correct inference no one will be more ready than myself to accept convincing testimony in the premises. ,
Having shown, as I think, in a satisfactory manner what may be regarded as WM. coarctata, I desire to call attention to other suggestions derived from an examination of Mr. Wheatley’s specimens. In his collection are numerous specimens, typical specimens as well as those of a more varied character, illustrat- ing two of Mr. Anthony’s species. These specimens, together with others in my own/’collection, suggest in the most positive manner that M. exilis and M. subsolida are extreme varieties of one species. In geographical distribution they seem to range through the sluggish side streams of the Mississippi Valley from Iowa to Natchez. How much more extended their distribution may be is not yet known.
So far ag the evidence afforded by specimens examined can be relied on, it would seem that the more slender forms known as exilis are comparatively more abundant in the southern portion of the area they are known to inhabit.
Specimens sent to me by Mr. John Wolf of Canton, Illinois, gave a large preponderance of the shells regarded as subsolida. Mr. W. not being perplexed by any queries about species, made the very natural suggestion that the more slender shells (ezzdzs) might be males. But be that as it may, the shells in Mr. Wheatley’s collection, as well as in my own, very generally testify that exilis and subsolida are very uniformly associated. They glide into each other by insensible differences in form and size. Other differences they do not appear to possess—or if any are manifested they are evanescent. The bibliographer may decide which of the two names given to the species—ezilis, sub- solida—shall be retained.
Melantho (Pal.) lima, Anth., as represented by the single specimen in Mr. Wheatley’s collection, is a well characterized species, which has no decided affinities to group it elsewhere than with MZ. DeCampi.
Mr. Wheatley’s collection illustrates some of the local influ- ences which at the South give a geniculate character to Melantho, just as in Michigan influences of a local character conspire to impress some species with a clavate, others with a gibbous, form.
36 AMERICAN JOURNAL
There seems to be evidence that, in a variable area extending from the south-eastern angle of North Carolina to the western extremity of West Florida, most of the species of Melantho found therein assume that form known as genicula, Con. Even JM. rufa, always readily distinguished by the peculiar color of the interior and by certain appearances in its epidermis, is found in that region having the form of genicula! Whether the same local influence reaches westward to the Coosa, modifying the form of the young of “‘ ponderosa’’ by compressing the whorls below the suture, does not seem clear. Associated species should manifest something of this influence in this instance; as in the case of gibba, Currier, we find an associate species (quite dis- tinct) assuming a gibbous clavate form. But in the Coosa we have an associated Melantho (species undetermined or new) that does not in any degree exhibit the compressed whorls that develop the form of genicula. This seems to indicate that the Coosa is not within the area that develops genicula.
Among Mr. Wheatley’s shells were a number of specimens from Co¥inth, Miss., that were labelled “ JZ. coarctata, Lea.”’ These were thin shells, belonging to a group typified by decisa (as found in eastern Pennsylvania). In form these shells are like some of those slender but heavier shells known as ezilis, but destitute of the subangular character so usually impressed on the last whorl of eas. There are also shells of the same species from Ohio in Mr. Wheatley’s collection. The same species from Poland, Ohio, has been distributéd by Dr. Kirt- land. Itis needless to add that this species is not coarctata ; it is one which, in a careful review of this genus, should have a distinct designation.
Many other suggestions, less conclusive, have been presented in Mr. Wheatley’s collection, but as these suggestions are at present merely speculative it 1s unnecessary to dwell upon them.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 37
ON LINGUAL DENTITION STUDIED BY THE MICROSCOPE AND PHOTOGRAPHY.
BY W. G. BINNEY.
With Note by Tuomas Buanp. Plate 11.
Through the kindness of Mr. Sam. Powell, I was enabled, during a recent visit to Newport, to study in a most satisfactory way the lingual dentition of many species of terrestrial mollusks. The method adopted by Mr. Powell is to use the microscope together with the photograph. The result is extremely gratify- ing. ‘The picture obtained fixes forever the character of the dentition and enables us to study it at our leisure. It also re- moves all the uncertainty of the ordinary figures, for we have the actual photograph instead of a representation of the teeth as they appear to an observer. ‘This latter point is of extreme value now that it has been shown how little reliance can be placed on many of the published figures of lingual dentition.
I do not propose at this time to speak of the method employed in taking the photographs. That is well understood by the microscopist and photographer. My intention is simply to call attention to the subject, and suggest a very satisfactory way of pursuing a very difficult study. I will add, however, that by using the negatives with the magic lantern, a still more valuable method is obtained.
The specimens figured were loaned me by Mr. Bland. Fig. 1 represents a portion of the lingual membrane of Pupa palanga, showing one-half of several transverse series of teeth.
Fig. 2 shows the jaw of Cylhindrella rosea. It will be observed that the edges are in places folded over.
Nore.—The objects shown in the accompanying figures are extremely interesting, not only in themselves, but as evidence
38 AMERICAN JOURNAL
of the value for purposes of classification, of a knowledge of the lingual dentition of mollusks.
Imperfect acquaintance with the form of the teeth, and assumed absence of a jaw in Cylindrella, induced distinguished authors to place that genus in alliance with the vermivorous Testacellea. My late discovery, (Amer. Journ. Conch. iv, 186) of the jaw, with a more perfect knowledge of the teeth, negatives such an arrangement. Well, indeed, may Crosse (Journ. de Conch., Jan., 1869, p. 111,) remark, “‘ Voila done la classification pro- posée pour les Cylindrelles, par MM. Morch, Albers, Von Mar- tens, A. Schmidt, etc., totalement coulée a fond !”’
Pupa palanga, Less., from the form of shell alone, the animal being unknown, has been placed in Pupa, but evidently belongs rather to Hnnea, the teeth of which (#. bzcolor) are described by Guppy, (Ann. and Mag. N. H., Jan., 1866,) as “‘slender, somewhat hooked.” I found one example of P. palanga with the animal, among shells sent to the Brooklyn Historical Society from the Mauritius, by Captain Pike, the United States Con- sul. The lingual ribbon photographed was obtained by me from that specimen. I did not find a jaw, and from the Testacella- like form of teeth believe that none existed.
I may add that I have placed many microscopic preparations of jaws and teeth of Cylindrella, teeth of P. palanga, &e., at the disposal of my valued correspondent M. Crosse, for publi- cation in the Journal de Conchyliologie.
T. BLAND.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 39
DESCRIPTIONS OF MIOCENE, EOCENE, AND CRETACEOUS SHELLS.
BY T. A. CONRAD.
Miocene Species.
PECTINIDA. PECTEN, Linn. P. cERINUS, Conrad.—PI. 2, fig. 2.
Description.—Subovate, extremely thin, compressed; ears equal; right valve radiately ribbed; ribs very slightly raised and rounded ; surface ornamented by minute, close divaricating lines, left valve without ribs.
Locality.—St. Charles Co., Md. Prof. Cope.
CALLISTA, Adams, (not Poli). C. VIRGINIANA, Conrad.—PI. 2, fig. 1.
Description.—Ovate, convex, very inequilateral, substance moderately thick ; lunule long, lanceolate, defined by two slight grooves and distinctly carinated line; the inner impressed line minute; these two impressed lines form the raised line which does not rise above the surface of the shell; summit obtuse; posterior side produced, subcuneiform; ventral margin rounded profoundly ; posterior extremity obtusely rounded; umbonal slope terminal, suddenly rounded; posterior area depressed opposite the umbo, and inferiorly flattened.
Locality.—Petersburg, Va.
ARCIDAE. SCAPHARCA, Gray. S. TENUICARDO, Conrad.—PI. 2, fig. 4. Description.—Elongate-ovate, ventricose; ribs about 24 to
40 AMERICAN. JOURNAL
the umbonal slope, which is angular; ribs narrow and divided by a longitudinal sulcus, intervening spaces wider than the ribs ; posterior area obliquely depressed ; ribs about seven in number, flattened and little prominent; posterior end obliquely truncated ; hinge area wide, with many closely arranged subangular im- pressed lines; cardinal plate very narrow, almost linear; teeth small, nearly obsolete.
Locality.—Talbot Co., Md. Prof. Cope. I am indebted to Mr. Gabb for the above species, as well as Capsa parilis. SAXICAVA, Bellevue. S. InsiTa, Conrad.
Description.—Trapezoidal; posterior hinge margin straight, long and slightly oblique; end margin truncated and slightly oblique, extremity sharply angular; umbonal slope angular.
Locality.—Eastern Shore, Maryland. Prof. Cope.
This small smooth species was found in abundance, perforating a fragment of the large Pecten Jeffersonius. It has bored entirely through the shell, and the valves may be seen from the small round or oval holes on the interior side of the Pecten. Length one-sixth inch.
CAPSA, Brug. C. PARILIS, Conrad.—Pl. 2, fig. 3.
Description.—Subtriangular, equilateral, ventricose; right valve irregular on the surface, concentrically rugose-striated ; anterior and posterior sides nearly equal in size, rounded on the margins.
Locality.—Kastern Shore of Maryland. Prof. Cope.
Eocene Species.
PECTINIDAE.
PECTEN, Linn. P. KNEISKERNI, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 18.
Description.—Ovate, convex, ribs 13, convex, little prominent ; anterior and posterior submargins without ribs; ears equal.
(Cast). Locality.x—Shark River, N. J.
OF CONCHOLOGY. Al
CRASSA TELLID. CRASSATELLA, Lam. C. LITTORALIS, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 3.
Description. —Subovate, inequilateral, convex, anterior margin regularly rounded; posterior end truncated, direct; ventral margin curved ; surface sculptured by numerous impressed lines, obsolete posteriorly ; inner margin minutely crenulated. (Cast. )
Locality.—Shark River, N. J.
CRASSINA? Lam. C.? vera, Conrad.—Pl. 1, fig. 5.
Description.—Triangular, inequilateral, convex: posterior dorsal margin straight and oblique: anterior extremity angular and situated much above the line of the ventral margin, which is crenulated within ; cardinal pit under the apex of the left valve, triangular, wide, oblique. (Cast).
Locality.—Shark River, N. J.
BUCARDIIDA. BUCARDIA. B. veta, Conrad.—PIl. 1, fig. 2.
Description.—Rounded, inequilateral, profoundly ventricose ; summits prominent, rounded ; anterior margin obtusely rounded ; posterior and ventral margins forming a nearly regular curve.
Locality.—Shark River, N. J.
7a bet ae
CARYATIS, Romer. C. DELAWARENSIS, Gabb.—PI. 1, fig. 6.
Description.—Subovate, ventricose, very inequilateral, umbo and beaks oblique; posterior hinge margin oblique and slightly curved; posterior end obtusely rounded.
Locality.—Shark River, N. J.
I referred this cast erroneously to Cyprina Morrissii, but for- tunately I obtained a mould of the hinge which proves it to be a Caryatis.
492 AMERICAN JOURNAL
CARDITZDA. PROTOCARDIA, Beyrich. P. curtTa, Conrad.—Pl. 1, fig. 1.
Description.—Subquadrate, equilateral, ventricose; summits very prominent; umbonal slope angular; posterior slope de- pressed, margin slightly oblique, subemarginate or straight ; ventral margin minutely crenulated. (Cast).
Locality.x—Shark River.
This genus, common in the Cretaceous strata, is comparatively rare in Hocene and Oligocene, is absent in the Miocene, and only one recent species has been discovered,—C.. Beecheri—odd valves of which were dredged up from a depth of 40 fathoms,
one valve in the Yellow Sea.
CARDIUM? C.
Pl. — fig. 21. An imperfect cast, with fine ribs and crenulated margin. Locality.—Shark River, N. J.
ONUSTIDA. ONUSTUS, Humph. O. ANNosuS, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 4.
Description.—Rather elevated; volutions five, rounded, slightly channelled at top, and sculptured with revolving lines, which are obliquely crossed by others, giving the cast a rugoso-tubercu- lated aspect; lines on the last volution 5 or 6 in number ; periphery acute.
Locality.—Shark River, N. J.
TEREBRATULIDA. TEREBRATULA. T. eLossa, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 22. Description.—Oblong, sub-ovate, ventricose; biplicated; ven- tral valve flattened medially and with a nearly straight outline
throughout ; lateral margins towards the base obliquely trun- cated ; basal margin obtusely rounded.
Locality.—N. Jersey.
Observations.—This shell is nearly allied to 7. biplicata, but differs in the nearly straight line of the ventral valve, and in
OF CONCHOLOGY. 43
the oblique area of the foraminal portion of the beak. It is an Eocene species; the former Cretaceous.
Cretaceous species (Crosswick’s group.) INOCERAMUS, Sowerby. I. PECULIARIS, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 13.
Description.—Subequilateral; ? convex, posterior margin rectilinear, very oblique, extremity angular; ribs prominent, concentric.
Locality.—Crosswicks, N. J.
A single fragment is all I have seen of this peculiar species.
CRASSA TELLIDA. CRASSATELLA, Lam. C. prora, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 8.
Description.—Triangular, length much greater than the height, subequilateral, slightly ventricose; anterior end regu- larly rounded, and nearly equal to the posterior, which is trun- cated; beaks prominent, umbonal slope rounded, undefined; surface marked by concentric furrows (cast).
Locality.—Crosswicks, N. J.
VETOCARDIA CRENALIRATA, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 23. Astarte corbicula, Amer. Journ. Conch. vol. iii, p. 12. Locality— Haddonfield, N. J.
ARCIDA. TRIGONARCA, Conrad. T. passa, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 17.
Description.—Subovate, elongated, inequilateral, ventricose, anterior end regularly rounded; umbonal slope sharply angular ; posterior slope depressed, concave; surface minutely and ob- soletely radiated ; beaks distant from the anterior margin: pos- terior extremity truncated or slightly emarginated.
Locality.—Crosswicks, N. J.
e
GONIOSOMA, Conrad.
An equivalve bivalye with prominent beaks and entire pallial line? the muscular impressions terminal, posterior one round ; hinge (in the cast) with two prominent cardinal teeth,
44 AMERICAN JOURNAL
and a long anterior lateral tooth, parallel with the hinge margin above it in the right valve. G. INFLATA, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 10..
Description.—Length slightly more than height; anterior ventral margin subtruncated; beaks very prominent; umbonal slope angular; posterior slope depressed, with a furrow behind Be angle of the umbonal slope; posterior margin truncated, direct.
Locality.—Crosswicks, N. J.
The anterior end of the lateral tooth is very little above the cicatrix and extends half way across its upper margin.
NUCULANIDA. NUCULARIA, Conrad. N. papyria, Conrad.—PIl. 1, fig. 7.
Description.—Shell smooth, oblong-oval, not pearly, thin, an- terior hinge margin oblique, teeth angular, end tooth of the pos- terior line complicated.
Locality.— Haddonfield, N. Jersey.
ARCIDA. AXINEA, Poli. A. Mortonti, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 14. Cast, alluded to by Morton, synopsis, p. 64, No. 3. Locality.—Crosswicks, N. Jersey.
e
TELLINID A. CYPRIMERIA, Conrad. C. spissa, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 9. A cast of a comparatively short, thick, subequilateral species. Locality.—Crosswicks, N. J.
DENTALITID. DENTALIUM, Linn. D, FALCATUM, Conrad.—PI. 1, fig. 12, 16.
Description.—Faleate, smooth, somewhat expanding towards the base.
Locality.—Crosswicks, N. J.
OF CONCHOLOGY. AD
This much curved form is peculiar to the cretaceous formation. There is one other similar species in India—D. hamatum.
NATICIDAE. LUNATIA ? Gray.
L. oBTUSIVOLVA, Gabb.—Pl. 1, fig. 11 (Gyrodes, Gabb), ‘Pro- ceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1861, p. 321.
CANCELLARITD.
TURBINOPSIS Conrad. T. DEPRESSA, Gabb.—Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1861, p. 321. Locality.—Crosswicks, N. Jersey.
CERITHIID & ? Pl. 1, fig. 15.
This cast cannot be referred to any known genus, unless te Torcula.
VOLUTIDA. Pl. 1, fig. 20. A common form in the lower beds, too imperfect to charac- ter1ze. Locality.—N. Jersey. My apology for publishing the above casts of shells is that
they characterize the lower beds of the eastern Cretaceous, in
which I believe no shell has yet been found with the substance preserved.
46 AMERICAN JOURNAL
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS ASTARTE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE OTHER GENERA OF CRAS- SATELLIDZ. ;
BY T. A. CONRAD.
Sowerby described his. genus Astarte from Oolitic shells of which he had specimens not well representing the hinge char- acter. In a collection of shells from the Great Oolite, pre- sented to the Academy by Dr. Wilson, are specimens labelled » in England, of A. elegans, A. lurtda and others, in which the hinge character is well exhibited. I propose to give a new diagnosis of the genus, and to figure the hinges of A. Jurida and A. elegans, which prove the genus to be distinct from Crasszna, Lam. Astarte, as thus defined, became extinct at the close of the Lower Green Sand epoch, at least so far as our knowledge of the cardinal character of simulating forms extends. The hinges of the species figured by Pictet and Roux, from the “ Gres Vert,” near Geneva, are not figured or described, and therefore the shells are but conjectural members of Astarte.
‘= ASTARTE, Sowerby. <///0. Hinge character. Cardinal plate broad; cardinal teeth two in each valve; anterior cardinal margin raised into a distinct lateral tooth as long as the lunule in the right valve, which fits into a corresponding furrow on the opposite valve; posterior lateral tooth or elevated margin in the right valve elongated ; furrow in the opposite valve broad, resembling that of Unio.
A. LuRIDA, Sowerby.—PI. 9, fig. 2. A ELEGANS, Sowerby.—Pl. 9, fig. 13. In the Chalk period and its equivalents no hinge has been de- scribed or figured answering to the typical Astarte, but there are intermediate forms between Crassatella and Astarte which make a complete chain of genera in the family, a 0 CoA ew te ye g UW a al oa LIRODISCUS, Conrad. jin ~/eicecna) bk J thaws br Equivalve; disk concentrically ribbed ; posterior side lobed by “°° | an impressed line; hinge with two cardinal teeth in each valve; right valve with a small pyramidal lateral tooth near the an-
terior cicatrix; left valve with the same posteriorly and distant a: | ; ; | ren :
OF CONCHOLOGY. 47
from the cardinal teeth; posterior hinge plate broad and entire in the left valve. p It is probable that the Cretaceous A. sinwata, d’Orbigny, is a species of this genus, as the external character is very similar. ASTARTE TELLINOIDES, Conrad. LKocene. A peculiarity of L. tellinotdes is that the broad flat surface of the posterior cardinal tooth is rugoso-striate transversely. This genus is a link between Crassatella and Astarte.
RADIOCONCHA, Conrad.
Compressed, inequilateral, macliateds hinge without a distinct cardinal pit. 4
CRASSATELLA jas aan v Wises C. Ropinatpina, d’Orbigny. -
This genus, though nearly allied to Cr assdtella, i is sufficiently distinct in hinge and sculpture. It existed only in the Cretaceous period.
‘
PACHYTHARUS, Conrad.
This genus of fossil shells is closely allied to Crassatella. The pit behind the cardinal tooth of the right valve is generally much wider than in Crassatella, and there is a small pit behind the posterior cardinal tooth of the left valve not seen in Crassatella, while the inner margin of all the species is densely though finely crenulated. This character marks every species down to the Eocene, inclusive. In the Miocene species the margin is entire, and generally so in the recent, although two or three have subtuberculiform, much larger crenulations than any of the fossils. This difference in character between the fossil and recent species is very obvious, and in the Cretaceous species the comparatively smaller cartilage pit and the large triangular pit under it give the hinge a very different aspect from that of the Miocene and recent species of Crassatella ; but in the elongated Eocene forms this character is less obvious, and is nearly the same as in the living genus. Crassatella. Type, Crassatella Vindiemensis, d’Orbigny-
According to the above generic character the genus Crassatella originated in the Miocene Period.
CRASSATELLA PTEROPSIS, Gabb, not Conrad.
Mr. Gabb described this species in Part iv, 2d series of Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. by the same name as a species I described in the same No. Both are from the Ripley Group, Mr. Gabb’s species from Tennessee and Alabama. I think Mr. Gabb’s shell is the young of pteropsis, Conrad. I found it at Haddonfield, of a -
48 AMERICAN JOURNAL
much smaller size than the Mississippi specimen, and a great edeal shorter in proportion.
SCAMBULA, Conrad.
Hinge with two approximate teeth in the right valve, the pos- terior one direct and ending at the apex; a long anterior double tooth parallel with the straight cardinal line; anterior muscular impression small, rounded.
S. PERPLANA.—PI. 9, figs. 7, 8.
Description.—Hlongated, triangular, flat ; disk uneven, faintly striated concentrically; a few prominent, fine concentric ribs on the umbo; anterior margin obliquely truncated; posterior dorsal margin concave; apex acute, perfectly erect.
Locality.—Haddonfield, N. J.
This singular shell is perfectly flat on the disk, so that the space for the animal was exceedingly small. The ventral mar- gin is carinated anteriorly, and the inner surface of the valves is granulated.
GOULDIA. G. DECEMNARIA.—PI. 9, fig. 4.
Description.—Minute, inequilateral, convex, with about 12
concentric prominent ribs.
Locality.— Haddonfield, N. J. G. DECLIVIS.—PI. 9, fig. 5.
Description.—Minute, triangular, compressed, equilateral, summit acute ; posterior extremity angular ; disk with numerous very regular, close concentric lines.
Locality.x—Haddonfield, N. J.
VETOCARDIA, Conrad.
Trapezoidal or subtriangular, costate; hinge character—one thick pyramidal tooth under the apex of the right valve, either direct or pointing obliquely backwards, a pit on each side; left valve—one long very oblique tooth, directed backwards, and a pit anterior to it.
A small species of this genus in the Ripley Cretaceous, near Haddonfield, New Jersey, has enabled me to obtain a perfect hinge of both valves. The valves in this genus are sculptured with radiating or concentric ribs, and none have been found as much as one inch in length. The genus is known only in Creta- ceous strata, and is easily recognized by external form and sculpture.
V. CRENALIRATA, Conrad, (Astarte), Jour. A. N. 8. 2d series,
vol. iv, pl. 46, fig. 22.
V. corbicula 2? Conrad.
OF CONCHOLOGY. AY
\
NOTICES AND REVIEWS
OF
NEW CONCHOLOGICAL WORKS.
BY GEO. W. TRYON, JR.
I.—AMERICAN.
Museum Arangianum. Catalogue of the extra-Cuban species of Mol- lusks in the Collection of D. Rafel Arango. 8yvo. Havana, Cuba, Dec. 1868. 20 pp.
The Canadian Journal of Science, Literature and Arts. XII. No. 1. Toronto, 1868.
Molluscous Animals. No. 8. By Rev. Prov. H1ncxs.
In this paper the author commences to review the classificd- tion of the Gasteropoda.
Geological Survey of Illinois. A. H. Worrusen, Director. Vol. 3. Geology (by A. H. Worruen), and Paleontology (by F. B. Meek and 4A. H. WorrHen). 4to. Springfield, Ills. 1868.
We do not consider ourselves competent to review the geolo- gical part of this work, and it is out of our province to do so; we therefore leave this duty to others who are better qualified.
A somewhat hasty examination of the paleontological portion of the report enables us to allude to it only on terms of un- qualified praise. Whatever Mr. Meek undertakes in this line is sure to be done carefully and accurately.
Most of the descriptions of new species have been published within the past few years in the Philadelphia and Chicago Academies’ Proceedings. The illustrations from drawings by Mr. Meek are numerous and generally excellently engraved on steel. The volume is in every respect a credit to its authors, engravers, printers, and to the enlightened public sentiment which has prompted its preparation and publication at the ex- pense of the State.
4
50 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History. Pp. 145—160. 1868.
Prof. Bickmore exhibited a specimen of Mautilus pompitlius in alcohol, collected by him at Amboina, which is the only speci- men ever brought to this country. It has been commonly believed that the Nautilus occasionally rises to and swims on the surface of the water, but after repeated inquiries of the natives, Prof. B. became satisfied that the animal never rises from the bed of the sea. The Malays collect them for food.
Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History. IX. Nos. 1—4. New York. 1868. Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusca, with description of new species. By Tuomas Buanp.
This paper details the interesting discovery of the presence of a jaw in the animal of various species of Cylindrellidze, so that Crosse’s genus Hucalodium, originally separated from the family on account of the presence of the jaw, must now revert to it again.
Prof. Gabb’s Cyl. Newcombiana, published in this Journal iii, 287, t. 16, f. 8—-4, belongs to the genus Hucalodium, which will embrace the large Mexican species. Gabb’s name, however, is a synonym, as the same species was described by Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1861, 27, t. 2, f. 7, as Clausilia (Balea ?) Taylori.
Descriptions of Twelve New Species of Unionidz from South America, &c., &c. By Isaac Lea, LL.D. 8vo., 32 pp. Phila. 1868.
This paper contains reprints of all of Mr. Lea’s papers, (14 in number), published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, from March 1866 to June 1868.
Il.—FOREIGN.
ENGLISH.
Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology. Vol. 10. No. 38. London. 1868.
On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Tunicata. By AuBaNny Hancock, F.L.S.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4th Series. Vol. 2. No. 8. London, Aug., 1868,
On Spirifer cuspidatus. By Dr. W. B. Carpenter.
OF CONCHOLOGY. a
On Oliva auricularia, Lam., O. aquatilis, Reeve, and 0. auricularia, D’Orb. By F. P. Marrart.
The author endeavors to unravel the snarl into which these species had become involved. He believes that the second is a synonym of the first, and that D’Orbigny’s species, being distinct, not only from the true auricularia with which it was confounded by D’Orbigny, but also from beplicata, Sowb., with which it has been more recently confounded, should receive the name of its discoverer, D’Orbignyt. Lamarck’s species is African, the other South American.
No. 9. September, 1868.
On a point relating to the Histology of Rhynchonella. By Pror. W. KIn@.
On some new species of Oliva. By F. P. Marrat.
O. lignaria, Borneo. O. notata, Loc.—? O. sabulosa, Loc.—? O. exilis, South America. 0. ae, China. O. pulehra, Loc.—?
No. 10. October, 1868.
On the typical value of the Lingual Dentition in the right distribution of the genera of Gasteropoda into Natural Groups and Famihes. By Joun D. Macponatp, M.D.
This is an attempt to show that dentition is a sure guide in classification, provided only those species are included, in families where the type of dentition is identical—and that, per contra, the discredit that has been cast on this method of classification origi nated in the fact that Conchologists have persisted in grouping together genera and species in which the dentition is totally dis- tinct. Dr. Macdonald is right in both premises, but we think that his paper will not answer the purpose for which it was de- signed, for the lists of two families arranged by dentition will be sufficient of themselves to demonstrate to all Conchologists the impropriety of uniting in one family mollusca so very dissimilar, merely because they are alike in one character.
On the structure of the Shells of Brachiopoda. By. Dr. Wo. B. CARPENTER.
Last Report on Dredging among the Shetland Islands. By J. GWYN JEFFREYS.
This paper contains a valuable list of seventy-five species of Mollusea, usually considered northern, which are common to the North Sea and the Mediterranean, with their principal synonyms;
D2 AMERICAN JOURNAL
in which a large number of species are reduced to the rank of synonyms.
No. 11. Nov., 1868.
Remarks upon Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys’ last Dredging Re- port. By R. MacAnpRew.
On the species of Ceecide, Corbulide, Volutide, Cancella- ride, and Patellide, found in Japan. By ARTHUR ADAMS.
Note on Dr. Macdonald's paper on the Dentition of Gaste- ropods. By Dr. J. E. GRay.
‘“‘T think that Dr. Macdonald has committed an error that is common to young naturalists—has mistaken an analogy for an affinity. The form of the lateral teeth of the odontophore is, no doubt, a good specific (?) (and may be generic) character, but I think that Dr. Macdonald’s table proves that it is not the character of a family. The character of a family should be derived from the consideration of the whole animal—its form, the form and development of the teeth, and the form of the shell and operculum; and not from any one character, such as the form of the lateral lingual teeth, especially if it brings together in one family such a series of incongruous genera and separates nearly allied genera as they are separated in Dr. Macdonald’s list. Therefore, I cannot agree with him that “ the lingual dentition appears to be the only appeal,” or that the best means for arranging the genera and families is according to the form of the lateral teeth. I think if any one will consult Dr. Mac- donald’s plate, he must perceive that the lateral teeth gradually pass from one form to the other; and I cannot conceive any reason why all the forms figured may not belong to the genera - of one family.”
Note on Pompholyx, Lea, anew family of Fluviatile Mol- lusca. By Dr. J. HE. Gray.
This article appears to have been written very hastily—so much so, in fact, as to make one incredulous as to whether the writer really read understandingly the paper by Mr. Dall, pub- lished in the California Proceedings, on which his note is founded. In the first place 1 object to Dr. Gray’s title; he has not used the family termination of dw. Secondly, Mr. Dall did not pro- pose a new family but a sub-family name. I wonder that Dr. Gray should make such mistakes, especially as he proceeds to quote Mr. Dall’s name Pompholine, which has the proper sub- family termination. ‘The existence of the second pair of eyes
OF CONCHOLOGY. 53
is an anomaly in terrestrial mollusca, and requires confirma- tion.” Who said that Pompholyx was a terrestrial mollusk? It is fluviatile. Prof. Gabb assures me that the animal has two pairs of eyes, as described, but I think with Dr. Gray that black spots have been mistaken for eyes. I object also to the word ‘“fluviatile’’ being applied to Auriculade, and would re- mark that if Dr. Gray had seen the shell of the animal he criti- cizes he would never have suspected it to belong to the Auricu- lade. Except in the matter of eyes, the animal appears to be a true Lymnezan, both by general appearance, habitat and shell.
Dredging among the Shetland Isles. Note. By J. Gwyn JEFFREYS.
On the Jaw of Cylindrella. By T. Buann, (in a letter to Dr. J. E. Gray.)
This announcement is identical, as to facts, with the recent paper with figures published by Mr. Bland in this Journal.
Proceedings Zoological Society. London. 1868. Part 1.
Further descriptions of new species of Shells collected at Mauritius by Geoffrey Nevill, Esq. By Henry ADAMS.
Stomatia variegata, Gibbus Barclayi,
Discus vorticella, ‘* productus.
Nanina cernica, Thyreopsis n. g. (Galeommide.) Pupa exigua, rs coralliophila.
Gibbus Mondraini.
Descriptions of some new species of Land and Marine Shells. By Henry ApDAms.
Macrochlamys tenuicula, Bombay. Glessula fusca, &6
Vitrina Angasi, Capengo, W. Africa. Nanina sulcifera, Barclay MSS. Mauritius. Gibbus clavulus, Mauritius.
Palaina Coxt, Norfolk Isld.
Diplommatina minuta, Hab.—?
Pelopia (n.g. Anatinide) brevifrons, Hab.—?
Description of six new species of Shells. By Epwarp Tuomas Hieaeins.
Cyprea castanea, South-east Africa. Helix Farrisi, Peru.
Bulimus rubrovariegatus, Peru. Mycetopus faleatus, Brazil. ‘lamas, Peru.
Nanina DeCrespignii, Labnon.
D4 AMERICAN JOURNAL Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part 2. London. 1868.
Description of a new species of Helix from South Australia. By Grorce FRENCH ANGAS.
Helix Silveri, South America. Notes on some of the species of Land Mollusca inhabiting Mauritius and the Seychelles. By Guorrrey NEVILL.
Description of some new species of Shells collected by Geof- Frey Nevill, Esq., at Mauritius, the Isle of Bourbon, and the Seychelles. By Henry ADAmMs.
Conus Bourbonicus, Vertigo Borbonica, Nevillia (N. G. Rissoide, Gibbus Deshayesii,
“¢ pucta, “< — Morelett,
ee aeida, “< eylindrellus, Stylifer spectosus, Ennea Nevilli, Nanina Geoffreyt, Cyathopoma Blanfordi, Discus serratus, Omphalotropis Borbonica, Acicula Mauritiana, Serobicularia (Capsa) rostrata.
Descriptions of some new species of Shells, chiefly from Ceylon. By Henry ADAMS.
Plicifer (N. G. Styliferide), Corbula (Azara) rostrata. “ Nevilli, Nanina Power, Cyclostrema Nevill, Cyclophorus Layard. ae subdisjuncta.
A review of the species of the Genera Melo and Cymba of Broderip. By T. G. Ponton.
The author believes M. ducalis, M. umbilicata, M. Greorginie and WM. diadema, to be identical. He also believes C. porcina of Lamarck to be the same as C. proboscidalis and C. patula, Brod., the young of C. Neptuni.
A few years since, when arranging the specimens in the Museums of the Academy of Natural Sciences, I arrived at the same conclusions, except as to the last, (patula) of which we had no specimen.
Conchologia Iconica. Parts 274, 275. 4to. London. 1868. Unio.—Plates 85 to 93. Sept., 1868. The great improvement in identification of the species noticed
in our last review of this monograph still continues. The color of the epidermis of Monocondylea rhombordea is too light in the
OF CONCHOLOGY. 5D
plate, unless it is intended to represent a badly worn specimen. Unio folliculatus is not by any means allied to Shepardianus, but belongs to a group the typical species of which is U. Fush- ertanus.
TELLINA.—Plate 45. Sept., 1868. T. elevata, Sowerby. West Indies.
ke eunecos, —«** Coromandel, “ armata, ae Hab.— ?
“ equistriata, ‘¢ by
“* striatissema, *‘ ee
GALATEA.—Six plates (complete). Sept., 1868.
G. biangulata, Sowerby. Habeas ! “ iriangularis, “
Conchologia Iconica. Parts 276,277. London. 1868. Unio.—Plates 94, 96 and 1. Completing the genus.
U. scutum, Benson. Tenasserim. 66 parma, 66 6s Mr. Sowerby says of U. Churchilleanus, Bourg., “ Almost a
Monocondylea’’—Quite: belongs to the same group as J. rhombordea.
This monograph is now completed—with 325 species, a num- ber smaller than those indigenous to North America alone. AKERA—1 plate. DoLABELLA.—2 plates. D. elongata, Sowb., Seychelles. DoLABRIFERA.—1 plate. D. vitrea, Sowb., Fiji Isles. TELLINA.—Plates 46—54. T. producta, Sowb. Hong Kong. “ Myceformis, Sowerby. Coromandel.
** obtusa, Ins. St. Thomas. “ Belcheri, ee Hab.—?
* ensiformis, a Australia.
** glabrella, Desh. Hab.— ?
“* Fijtensis, Sowerby. Fiji Isles.
** erebrimaculata, ‘‘ es Bla
** lena, Hab.—?
** ¢mmaculata, Phil. Sandwich Isles.
n~
‘ Mactreformis, Sowb. Australia. . ? . ‘© succinea, « Manilla.
56 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Catalogue of the Mollusca in the Collection of the Government Central Museum, Madras. By Capt. J. Mircueni, Superintendent. 8 vo., 78 pp. Madras. 1867.
This Catalogue is published for the triple purpose of “ afford- ing a guide to the collection; of making known its deficiencies (which are many) ; and to show what the Museum has to offer in exchange for shells not yet in the collection. The number of species enumerated is about two thousand. In consequence probably of careless proof-reading, a large proportion of the names are mis-spelled.
FRENCH. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. Paris. Oct., 1868.
Mollusques nouveaux, litigicux ow peu connus. By M. Boureuienat. (Continued).
Zonites Issericus, Letourneux. Algiers. Helix Faidherbiana, gh sa
“« Dyebbarica, ig
“ Tlemeenensis, sc ih Ferussacia Oranensis, es be
Si diodonta, Gs Clausiia Davidiana, a Syria.
es prophetarum, <é
To this paper is adjoined a synonymical list of the Syrian Clausilize. ; No. 11. Paris. 1868.
Mollusques nouveaux, litigieux ou peu connus. By M. a R. BouR@vuienat.
Clausilia Gaudryi, Beyrut.
Bargesi, ay “c Judaica, ¢ cf Dutaillyana, * ce Pheniciaca, “ es sancta, & a Hierosolymitana, Jerusalem.
Pomatias atlanticus, Letourneux. Kabylia. Melanopsis Penchinati, Bourg. Aragon, Spain.
Erpetologie Malacologie et Paleontologie des Environs du Mont- Blanc. By M. Venance Payor. 8 vo.,68 pp. Lyons. 1864.
Not quite one-half of this work is occupied with a list (with
ia
OF CONCHOLOGY. 57
synonyms and localities) of the Mollusca. The most interesting facts are those regarding the altitudes at which the species are found.
Journal de Conchyliologie. 3d Ser., IX.,No.1. Paris. January, 1869.
(112 pp. of text and three plates.
Catalogue des Nudibranches et Cephalopodes des cotes ocean- iques de la France. (1st Supplement.) By P. Fiscugr.
Holis grossularia. Holis conspersa.
Note sur une nouvelle espece de Sepia des cotes de France. By A. Larort.
Sepia Filliouxi. Note sur quelques Coquilles de la Nowvelle-Caledonie, et Description d’espéces nowvelles. By E. Martz. Cyprea Crosset. Cyprea Noumeensis.
Descriptions de deux nouvelles espéces d’ Helix d’ Hspagne. By Dr. J. G. H1pae@o.
Felix Hbusitana. Helix Bosce.
Note sur le Melaniella Pichardi et 0 Helicina Node, Arango. By H. Crosses.
Description d espéces inédites provenant de la Nouvelle-Calé- dome. By H. Crosse.
Hydrocena Caledonica. Helicina Lifouana. Helix Ferrieziana.
Diagnosis Molluscorum novorum Guatemale et Reipublice Mexicane. By H. Crosse and P. FiscHer.
Genus Streptostyla, (from Spirazis.)
S. Binneyana, S. Sololensis,
‘¢ Hdwardsiana, “* cornea,
Sallez, ** Bocourtt,
“* cingulata, “ Glandiniformis,
‘“* Blandiana, Genus Petenia, type,
‘“¢ Boyeriana, Glandina ligulata, Morel. ** fulvida,
Catalogue des Cyprea de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Des- eription dl’ especes nouvelles. By H. Crosse.
C. Caledonica. C. Bregeriana.
58
AMERICAN JOURNAL
Description @un Bulimus nouveau de la republique de l Equateur. By J. G. Hidalgo.
Bul. visendus.
Description de deux Hélices nouvelles de Corse. By H. Crosse and O. DEBEAUX.
HZ. insularis. H. Cenestinensis.
Description de quelques nouvelles especes terrestres de divers points de locean Pacifique et de? Australie. By ALBERT Mousson.
Zonites Stranget, Australia. Patula biretracta, cc Helix Pelewana, Ins. Pelew.
“ informis, Australia. Bulimus Ouveanus, Dotzauer. Ins. Ouvea. Bul. palmarum, N. Hebrides. Laimodonta Anaaensis, Paumotus. Ophicardelus irregularis, Wollongong.
. minor, <
Helicina Anaaensis, Paumotus. Hydrocena Raiateensis, Ins. Society. Truncatella arctecostata, Paumotus.
Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum. By H. Crosse.
Bul. Souvillet, Morelet. New Caledonia. Melanopsis Marie, Crosse. * Re Dumbeensis, “ Description despeces inédites de la Nowvelle-Caledome. By J. B. GAssizs.
Helix Lalannei, Auricula Hanleyana, han he Ph 5 Pees e ad Lamberti, Molanopsis elegans, Melunpus pee Higaracete Chacon 6 cl Truncatella ee:
Auricula Binneyana,
Description de nouveaux Brachiopodes du terrain tertiare du sud-est de la France. By P. FiscueEr.
Descriptions de Coquilles Fossiles des terrains tertiares su- périeurs. (Continued.) By C. Mayer.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 59
Description du nouveau genre Pyrgidium et de deux especes Fossiles des terrains d'eau douce du department de la Cote- d-’Or. By M. R. Tournovrr.
hibliographie. Necrologie. Nouvelles.
;
GERMAN.
Wovitates Conchologicz. Supplement III]. Nos. 12 and 13. (Mono- graph of Venus, L., with six colored plates.)
The present issue is occupied by an account of the species of Dione, by Dr. Edward Romer.
Martini and Chemnitz’s Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. Con- tinued by H. C. Kuster. 187th Part. 4to. 6 colored plates. Niirnberg. 1868.
This work is also now occupied with the Veneride.
Monographia Heliceorum viventium. By Dr. Louis Prairrrr. Vol. V. (Third Supplement. Vol. 1.) 565 pp. 8vo. Leipzig. 1868.
This volume gives the additional species and synonymy that have accumulated since the date of the 4th volume, 1859. The same style of treating the subject and the same artificial classi- fication is continued, as in the previous monographs. The pre- sent publication contains the species principally of Heliz, of which the numbers amount to 2833 species, being an increase of 735 species since 1859, notwithstanding since-discovered synonyms.
It would be a work of supererogation to write a laudatory notice of such a work as Pfeiffer’s. Its best recommendation is that no Conchologist can undertake to study terrestrial shells without it.
Nachrichtsblatt der deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. Nos. land 2. Dec., 1868. No.3. Jan., 1869.
This is a 16-page sheet, issued by a new association intended to encourage and advance the interests of Malacology among the Germans and others. It is a vehicle of communication and a receptacle for stray facts and opinions. It is a sort of Con- chological ‘‘ Notes and Queries,”’—and as such will doubtless become of value. ‘There is as yet no attempt to describe new Species or genera, and we do not know whether or not such papers are contemplated as a feature of the Magazine.
60 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Novitates Conchologice. Suppl. 3. Monographie der Mollus- kengattung Venus, Linne. By Dr. Epw. Romer. 14th, 15th Parts, with 6 colored plates. 4to. Cassel, 1869.
The present issue contains the species (21) of Lioconcha,
Morch, which is treated as a section of Cytherea.
The text is evidently worked out with great care, and the illustrations are remarkably fine specimens of the art of chromo- lithography.
Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Continued by H. C. Kiister, ete. 188th and 189th Parts. Nurnberg. 1868.
The 188th Part commences with a Monograph of Cardiide, by Dr. E. Romer. (C. costatum is the type of a new section— Tropidocardium, Romer, and C. aculeatum of another section— Acanthocardium, Rémer. In Isocardia, I. cor is the type of Lychocardia. There is also a continuation of the monograph of Cytherea.
Part 189 continues the Muricide and Purpuride, and con- tains Monographs of Argonauta, Nautilus, Spirula, Lanthina and Reecluzia, by the editor.
AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
NEW SERIES. PUBLISHED BY THE
CONCHOLOGICAL SHOTION of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Vion. V7: 1869-70. Part 2.
Meeting April 1st, 1869. Eight members present. Dr. W. 8. W. RuscHenpbercer, Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were read.
The following papers were offered for publication and referred to Committees :—
“‘ Descriptions of new species of Marine Gasteropoda, inhabi- ting Polynesia ;’> by Wm. Harper Pease.
‘“¢ Remarks on Marine Gasteropoda inhabiting the West Coast of America, with descriptions of two new species; by Wm. Harper Pease.
‘“¢ Corrections and Additions to the synonymy of Marine Gas: teropoda inhabiting Polynesia;”” by Wm. Harper Pease.
“Notes upon the Monograph of the genus Marginella in Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica ;’’ by John H. Redfield.
“‘ Catalogues of the Families Porcellanidee and Amphipera- side ;’’ by 8. R. Roberts.
62 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Mr. Tryon announced that our fellow-member, Mr. Wm. M. Gabb, was making collections for the Section in the Island of San Domingo.
Meeting May 6th, 1869. Hight members present. Dr. W. S. W. RuscHenseresr, Director, in the Chair.
A number of additions to the Museum and Library were re- ported.
The following papers were offered for publication and referred to Committees :—
‘“‘ Descriptions of New Cretaceous Mollusca ;” by T. A. Con- rad.
“Notes on Recent Mollusca ;” by T. A. Conrad.
Mr. Conrad remarked that during the period that the im- mense Saurians lived whose remains are found in New Jersey, the shells were very fragile, indicating that the waters were still. The shells of the same period from Mississippi are alike fragile.
Mr. Albany Hancock, of New-castle-upon-Tyne, England, and Dr. Edward Romer, of Marberg, Hesse, were elected cor- respondents of the Section.
Meeting June 3d, 1869. Six members present. Dr. W. S. W. Ruscuenseresr, Director, in the Chair.
Donations to the Museum and Library were read.
The following papers were read by title and referred to Com- mittees :—
‘Descriptions of new species of Terrestrial Mollusca from the Andaman Islands, Indian Archipelago ;” by George W. Tryon, Jr.
‘«‘ Notices and Review of New Conchological Works ;” by Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
The death of Mr. Frederic Cailliaud, of Nantes, late an active Correspondent of the Section, was announced.
Mr. Tryon exhibited a valve of Pecten irradians, Lam., on which were growing specimens of Crepidula unguiformis. The specimen was interesting on account of a recent assertion
made by Dr. J. EH. Gray, in the London Zoological Proceedings,
OF CONCHOLOGY. 63
that the species was only a synonym of C. fornicata, and owed its supposed distinctive characters to its habitation wzthin uni- valve mollusca. The specimens now shown are true unguifor- mis, and are growing on the external surface of the Pecten.
Mr. Tryon exhibited specimens of Mercenaria preparca, Say, and remarked that MJ. Mortont, Conrad, and M. fulgurans, Tryon, had both proved to be synonyms of it, the latter being the young shell.
Mr. Wm. H. Dall was elected a Correspondent, and Mr. Charles Wilson Peale a member of the Section.
64 AMERICAN JOURNAL
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MARINE GASTERO- PODA INHABITING POLYNESIA.
BY WM. HARPER PEASE.
TEREBRA.
Thirty-two species of the above genus are known to me as inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands, sixteen of which have not been found elsewhere. Having made lately a critical examination of all specimens collected by me, | am able to add nine species to those previously described.
I discover that the synonymy of 7. Peasi, Desh., as pub- lished by me, was incorrect. I was led into the error by follow- ing the name attached to the typical specimens forwarded me. That species is without doubt a synonym of 7. puncticulata, Desh., and the species mistaken for it is a variety of 7. Swain- sonit, Desh., departing so widely from the type that I distinguish it by a distinct name, as follows :
T. Swainson, Desh., var. inflewa, Pease.
The ribs on the type are straight, and interstices, especially on the upper whorls, faintly and remotely striate transversely.
The ribs on the above variety are flexuous, interstices im- pressly striate or grooved throughout, and whorls shorter. The shell is usually longer. The figure and description of T. Swainsonit in Conch. Icon., are taken from a specimen of the above variety.
T. SCULPTILIS, Pease.
T. elongato-turrita, gracilis; anfr. 15, superne costa, nodosa, conspicua, cingulatis, utrinque sulco marginata; anfractibus concavo-excavatis, longitudinaliter arcuato-striatis, superne juxta sulcum nodoso-crenulatis; apertura parva, oblonga, colu- mella contorto-recurva; costa alba, interstitiis pallide straminea.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 65
Long. 25. Diam. 4 mill. Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell elongate turrited, slender; whorls 15, encircled round the upper part by a conspicuous nodose rib, which is bordered on either side by a groove, whorls between, concave, finely arcuate, striate longitudinally and nodosely crenulate above, next the groove. Color of rib white, remaining portion of the whorls pale straw color.
Closely allied to 7. nebulosa, Lorois, Jour. de Con. 1858, p. 90, pl. 1, f. 4.
As that name is preoccupied, both by Sowerby and Keiner, the above will take its place, should it prove to be the same species.
T. surFusa, Pease.
T. subulata, pallide carneo suffusa ; anfractibus, fere planis, subconvexiusculis, transversim obsolete tenuiter striata, sulco pertuso superne divisis; sutura subacuta, lacerata; apertura oblongo-ovata, subeffusa; columella subrecta, laminata.
Long. 30. Diam. 9 mill.
Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell subulate, suffused with pale flesh color; whorls nearly flat, very slightly convex, transversely obscurely finely striate, divided at the upper part by a pricked groove; suture somewhat acute, ragged within; aperture oblong ovate, slightly effuse ; columella almost straight, laminate.
May be compared with 7’. albida, Gray, inhabiting Australia.
T. ROSACEA, Pease.
T. aciculari, gracilis; anfractibus longitudinaliter valde pli- cato-costatis, interstitiis profunde sulcatis, infra suturam leevi- bus; apertura oblonga, parva, angusta; columella subrecta; costis albidis, interstitiis, columella, aperturaque, rosaceis.
Long. 20. Diam. 4 mill.
Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell acicular, slender; whorls longitudinally strongly pli- cately-ribbed, interstices deeply grooved, except a short space beneath the suture, which is smooth; aperture narrow, oblong, small; columella nearly straight ; ribs whitish, interstices, colu- mella, aperture rose pink.
Approaches 7. roseata, Ad. and Rve. It is more slender, ribs larger, different in color, and interstices between the ribs grooved, instead of clathrated. The latter character, however, is altered in “Con. Icon.” from the original, which, however, is
66 AMERICAN JOURNAL
frequently the case throughout that work. The aperture, also, is quite different.
T. PROPINQUA, Pease.
T. subulata, cylindrica; anfractibus plano-convexis, longitudi- naliter valde plicato-costatis, costis angulatis, arcuatis, intersti- tlis transversim sulcatis ; superne sulco cingulatis ; apertura elon- gata; columella recurva, parum contorta; aurantio-rubra, infra suturam alba, costis hic et illic albis, anfr. ultimus albo fasciatus.
Long. 27. Diam. 6 mill. Hab. Ins]. Hawaii.
Shell subulate, cylindrical; whorls flatly convex, longitudi- nally strongly plicately-ribbed, ribs angulate and curved, inter- stices transversely deeply grooved, above beneath suture encir- cled by a groove; aperture elongate; columella somewhat recurved and contorted; orange red, between suture and trans- verse groove, white, ribs here and there white, and the last whorl encircled by a white band.
The above may be distinguished from 7. undulata, Gray, by the angulation of its ribs, shape of its columella, and in wanting red stains in the interstices of its ribs.
T. COSTELLIFERA, Pease,
T. subulata, spira gracilis; anfr. plano-convexis, levibus, lon- gitudinaliter forte angulate plicato-costatis, infra suturam pro- funde sulcatis; sutura, sulcoque subangulatis; apertura ovata; columella contorto-recurva, laminata; albida, anfr. partem infe- riorem cinereis, infra suturam purpurascente cinerea maculosis ; apice interdum fulvescente.
Long. 20. Diam. 5 mill. Hiab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell subulate, spire slender; whorls flatly convex, smooth, longitudinally strongly angularly plicately ribbed; below the suture deeply grooved; suture and edge of groove slightly angulate; aperture ovate; columella twistedly recurved, lami- nate. Whitish, lower part of the whorls pale ash color, blotched or spotted below the suture with purplish ash color, apex some- what yellowish.
The specimeus of this species collected do not appear to be mature.
T. LAuTA, Pease.
T. aciculari, levis, coruscata; anfr. planatis, longitudinaliter plicato costatis, costis rectis, angulatis, superne imterstice punc-
OF CONCHOLOGY. 67
tatis; apertura parva, angusta, oblonga, vix obliqua; columella subrecta, callo crasso marginata, ad basin uniplicata, superne levis; plumbeo grisea, infra suturas flavescenti cingulata et rufescente fusca maculata; basin fusca, albida aut flavescente unifasciata; columella aperturaque fusca; interdum omnino pallide grisea, aut cinerea, infra suturas maculata.
Long. 26. Diam. 6 mill. Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell acicular, smooth, glistening; whorls flattened, longitu- dinally plicately ribbed, ribs straight, angulate; interstices punctured above; aperture small, narrow, oblong, slightly oblique; columella almost straight, bordered by a laminate cal- losity connecting with outer lip, at base terminated by a fold, smooth above; color variable, generally of a leaden grey, encir- cled beneath the suture by a yellowish band, which is spotted with reddish brown; base dark brown, last whorl encircled by a pale yellowish or whitish band; columella and aperture dark brown; sometimes the whorls are’ wholly ash or grey color, spotted and marked as above.
In good condition, this species is a perfect gem. It approaches nearest to varieties of 7’. strigillata, Linn. On examination, however, it will be found to agree with that species only in the arrangement of its colors.
T. suLcaATA, Pease.
T. aciculari, nitida; anfr. subangustis, infra suturas sulco cingulatis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, interstitiis concavis, profunde sulcatis, infra suturas striatis; apertura oblonga an- gusta; columella levis, callo marginata, ad lJabium juncto; cinereo grisea, infra suturas pallidior, interdum costis pallidis.
Long. 15. Diam. 3 mill.
Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell acicular, shining ; whorls rather narrow, encircled below the suture by a groove, longitudinally plicately ribbed, interstices concave, deeply grooved transversely, below the suture striated transversely; aperture oblong, narrow; columella smooth, nearly straight, bordered by a raised callosity, connecting with the outer lip; ashy grey, paler below the sutures, ribs occasionally pale ash color.
The above may prove to be a variety of 7. Swainsonii, still farther removed from the type than iflera, Pease.
T. ASSIMILIS, Pease.
T. aciculari, nitida; anfractibus levis, longitudinaliter angu-
68 AMERICAN JOURNAL
late plicato-costatis, superne, interstitiis punctatis; apertura oblongo-ovata; columella brevi, carinata, contorta; fusca, infra suturas grisea; columella aperturaque fuscis.
Long. 15. Diam. 3 mill.
Hab. Ins]. Oahu.
Shell acicular, shining; whorls flattened, smooth, longitudi- nally angulately plicately ribbed, interstices punctured above; aperture oblong ovate; columella short, keeled, twisted ; brown, below the sutures greyish; columella and aperture brown.
PLEUROTOMA LIRATA, Pease.
T. fusiformi, turrita, undique carinata, carinis subdistantibus, subeequalis, carina in medio anfractuum paulo maxima, super- ficiis intermediis concavis, carinarum interstitiis tenuiter longi- tudinaliter striatis; sinu profundo; canali brevi; alba, carinis rufescente fusco maculatis.
Long. 85. Diam. 12 mill. Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell fusiform, turrited, keeled all over, keels nearly of the same size, and almost equidistant, the keel on the middle of the whorls slightly the largest, the intermediate superfices concave, interstices between the keels finely striate longitudinally ; sinus deep; canal short; white, keels spotted with reddish brown.
The above species may be distinguished by the regularity of its keels. The spots are small, oblong, and confined to the edge of the keels.
PLEUROTOMA MONILIFERA, Pease.
T. gracile fusiformi, turrita ; anfractibus medio costa nodulosa cingulatis, nodis lateraliter compressis, vix incisis, infra carina parva marginatis; medio inter costis nodulosis carina elevata cingulata, interstitiis concavis, elevato striatis, longitudinaliter tenuiter striatis; cinereo-fusca, infra costam pallidior; canali elongato, recto; sinu profundo.
Long. 27. Diam. 8 mill.
Hab. Ins). Oahu.
Shell slenderly fusiform, turrited; whorls encircled round the middle by a nodulose rib, nodules compressed laterally and slightly indented on their sides, bordered beneath by a small smooth keel, and a more elevated one intermediate between the nodose rib; interstices concave, elevately striate transversely and finely striate longitudinally; canal long, straight; sinus deep; ashy brown, lighter below the ribs, nodulose rib whitish.
A beautiful species, when in good condition.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 69
Mr. Hinds observed that no species of Plewrotoma proper inhabit Polynesia. Such we believe to be the case as regards Southern and Western Polynesia. The above two are the only ones known to me as inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands. Speci- mens have been laying in my collection for several years past, dead and broken, awaiting the discovery of perfect ones, which are very rarely met with.
Mirra Newcompsit, Pease.
T. elongata, subcylindraceo-fusiformi; spira brevis, acuta ; anfr. plano-convexis, transversim punctato-striatis, interdum striis in medio anfr. ultimo evanidis; anfr. ultimo superne, spi- raque striis impressis decussatis ; basi remote sulcata, vix trun- cata; columella quinqueplicata; alba, remote rufescente fusca punctulata; anfr. ultimo fascia lata fusca cingulata.
Long. 27. Diam. 8 mill. Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell elongate, rather cylindrically fusiform; spire short, acute; whorls flatly convex, transversely punctate striate, striz becoming sometimes obsolete on middle of last whorl; spire and upper part of last whorl decussated by longitudinal impressed strize ; base distantly grooved and somewhat truncate; columella five-plaited. White, remotely punctured with reddish brown dots, last whorl encircled with a broad dark brown band.
Had not Mr. Reeve decided M. bicolor, Swain., to be the young of M. casta, I should have connected the above species with it as a variety. Iam of opinion that the shell figured by M. Kiener, pl. 32, is the above species, especially fig. 106a, though of much smaller size. Ihave specimens of M. casta from both Eastern and Western Polynesia. Those from the west vary in the transverse strive extending over the upper part of the last whorl. It cannot, however, be confounded with the above species, which resembles in shape MZ. filum, Reeve, to which it is also allied in other respects.
ALCYNA LINEATA, Pease.
T. subelevato-turbinata, crassa, anguste perforata, fransver- sim lirata; anfr. 4, convexis; apertura ovata; labro intus incrassato; liris rubris, interstitiis albidis, apice columellaque albis.
Alt. 24. Diam. 14 mill.
Hab. Ins]. Oahu.
Shell somewhat elevately turbinate, solid, thick, narrowly perforate, transversely ridged; whorls 4, convex; aperture
70 AMERICAN JOURNAL
ovate; lip thickened within; ridges red, interstices whitish, columella and apex white.
ALCYNA STRIATA, Pease.
T. elevato-turbinata, solidiuscula, anguste perforata, trans- versim impresso-striata ; anfr. 4, infra suturam angulatis; aper- tura ovata; labro intus vix incrassato; cinereo, nigroque macu- lata et punctata, ad suturam albida.
Alt. 2. Diam. 1} mill.
Hab. Insl. Hawaii.
Shell elevately turbinate, rather solid, narrowly perforate, transversely impressly striate; whorls 4, angulate beneath the suture; aperture ovate; outer lip slightly thickened within, speckled and mottled with black and grey of different shades, whitish beneath the sutures.
Including the above, four species of this genus are known as inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands. ‘They agree in all their char- acters with genus Leptothyra, excepting the distinct prominent tooth at termination of the columella.
LEPTOTHYRA COSTATA, Pease.
T. crassa, turbinata, anguste perforata; anfr. 4, transversim costatis, medio angulatis, costis mediis maximis, longitudinaliter tenui striatis; apertura subobliqua, fere circularis; albo, nigro, fuscoque maculata et punctata, apice alba.
Alt. 3. Diam. 84 mill. Hab. Ynsl. Maui.
Shell thick, solid, turbinate, narrowly perforate; whorls 4, transversely ribbed, angulate at the middle, ribs largest at the an- gulation and below, longitudinally finely striate; aperture some- what oblique, nearly circular; mottled and spotted with white, black and brown, apex white.
Nassa NucEA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 7.
T. crassa, ponderosa, ovata; spira brevis, convexa; anfracti- bus plano-convexis, undique costis longitudinalibus, sulcis trans- versa decussatis, costis parvis, confertis, vix arcuatis; anfr. ultimo convexior, $ longitudinis teste superans, basi sulcata ; ad suturas anguste marginata; apertura oblongo-ovata, colu- mella, labroque valde liratis ; labro varicoso ; canali lato ; omnino rufescente fusca.
Long. 12. Diam. 7 mill. Hab. Ins]. Carolinensis.
OF CONCHOLOGY. va
Shell stout, heavy, ovate; spire short, convex; whorls flatly convex, decussated throughout by longitudinal ribs and trans- verse grooves; ribs small, close-set, and slightly curved; last whorl convex more than one-half the length of the shell, and grooved at base; whorls narrowly marginate at the suture; aperture oblong-ovate, columella and outer lip strongly ridged, lip varicose on its outer edge; canal broad; wholly dark reddish ~ brown.
The above is an unusual form for a tropical species. I know of none with which it can be compared.
NassA BALTEATA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 5.
T. acuminato-turrita, solida; anfr. 6, rotundato-convexis, sutura impressa; longitudinaliter costatis, costis 11, rotundatis, interstitiis transversim sulcatis; apertura parva, rotundato- ovata; labro intus lirato, extus varicoso; columella callosa, tenuiter lirata; canali angusto; alba, fulvescente bifasciata.
Long. 84. Diam. 4 mill. Hab. Insl. Ebon.
Shell acuminately turrited, solid; whorls 6, roundly convex ; suture impressed, longitudinally ribbed, ribs 11, rounded, inter- stices transversely grooved; aperture small, roundly ovate; lip ridged within, varicose on its outer edge; columella callous, finely lirate; canal narrow. White, encircled by two yellowish brown bands.
ENGINA NODULOSA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 11.
T. elongato-fusiformi, subturrita; anfr. longitudinaliter cos- tatis, costis 7, parvis, non prominentis, interstitiis concavis, costis transversis decussatis, costis 5, super costis longitudinalibus nodulosis, nodis compressis, interstitiis striis elevatis decussatis ; anfr. superne concayo-angulatis ; labro dentato-lirato ; columella levis; canali vix recurvo; nigricans, anfr. ultimo medio fascia albida cingulata, nodis rufescente fuscis.
Long. 15. Diam. 9 mill. Hab. Insl. Ebon.
Shell elongate-fusiform, somewhat turrited; whorls longitudi- nally ribbed, ribs 7, small, not prominent, interstices concave, crossed by transverse ribs, five in number, which become nodulous in passing over the longitudinal ribs, nodules compressed, inter- stices decussated by fine raised striz; whorls concavely angulated above, below the suture; lip dentately lirate within; columella smooth; canal slightly recurved; blackish, last whorl encircled by a whitish band round the middle, nodules brownish.
72 AMERICAN JOURNAL
PLANAXIS ATRA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 4.
T. elongato-ovata; spira gracilis vix acuminata; anfr. plano- convexis, transversim confertissime, tenuiter impresso striatis; apertura late ovata; labro intus incrassato, tenui lirato; colu- mella levis, infra arcuata, anfr. ultimo partim inferiorem sul- cato; canali angusto; ater, sulcis basalis spadiceis, undique setosa.
Long. 8. Diam. 4} mill.
fab. Ins]. Marquesas.
Shell elongate-ovate; spire slender, somewhat acuminate, whorls planely convex, very finely and closely impressly striate transversely, lower half of last whorl transversely grooved; aperture broadly ovate, lip thickened within and finely lirate ; columella smooth, arcuate below; canal very narrow; black, grooves chocolate brown, covered all over with very short, fine bristles.
RISSOINA BALTEATA, Pease.
T. elongata, gracilis; anfr. convexis, longitudinaliter tenuiter granoso-costatis, transversim tenui striatis; anfr. ultimo ad basin suleato; apertura elliptica, vix obliqua; labro extus vari- coso ; alba, fulva unifasciata.
Long. 4. Diam. 14 mill.
Hab. Ins). Hawaii.
Shell elongate, slender; whorls longitudinally finely granosely ribbed, transversely finely striate; last whorl grooved at base ; aperture elliptical, slightly oblique; lip varicose on its outer edge; white, encircled by a single yellowish brown band.
BULLA CONSPERSA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 9.
T. ovata, solidiuscula perforata leevis, striis incrementis longi- tudinaliter tenuiter notata; apertura superne contracta, infra expansa; labro posteriore vix producto; alba, nigra, fuscaque conspersa, versus basin fascea rubra -cingulata, plerumque obsoleta.
Long. 27. Diam. 17 mill. Hab. Insl. Marquesas.
Shell ovate, rather solid, perforate, smooth, marked faintly with longitudinal striz of growth; aperture contracted above, expanded below ; outer lip slightly produced posteriorly ; white, promiscuously spotted and mottled with white, black and brown of different shades, towards the base encircled with a single red band, which is generally obsolete or altogether wanting.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 73
ATYS COSTULOSA, Pease.
T. elongata, subcylindrica, postice angustiore, alba, umbilicata, longitudinaliter costata, postice et antice striis elevatis decussata ; labro postice valde tortuoso et producto; columella ad basin eversa, planulata, appressa ; apertura angusta.
Long. 53. Diam. 23 mill.
Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell elongate, subcylindrical, narrowest posteriorly, white, umbilicate, longitudinally ribbed, crossed at either end by ele- vated striz, which become more remote towards the middle of the shell, and gradually vanish; outer lip posteriorly strongly twisted and produced; columella everted at base, flattened and appressed; aperture narrow.
I have met with but a single specimen of this interesting spe- cies, the sculpture of which is so distinct that it cannot be con- founded with any heretofore described.
PACHYPOMA VIRESCENS, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 10.
T. conoidalis, imperforata, medio vix tumida; anfr. superne concavis, oblique, rude, irregulariter rugoso-plicatis, infra ad marginem biseriatim squamatis, squamis nodosis, contiguis, rugosis; suture linearis, undulata; anfr. superioribus profunde foveolatis; anfr. ultimo ad peripheriam acute angulato; basin planulata, conferte squamato-lirata; apertura obliqua, ovalis, interior margaritacea; columella antice tuberculoso dentata ; viridescens, squamis, lirisque albidis, columella czrulea cir- cumdata.
Alt. 25. Diam. 25 mill.
Ha’. Insl. Tarawa.
Shell conoidal, imperforate, slightly swollen at the middle ; whorls concave on their upper part, obliquely, rudely, and irregularly rugosely plicate; the lower margin of the whorls encircled by two rows of nodose scales, scales contiguous and rough; suture linear and undulate; upper whorls deeply pitted ; last whorl acutely angulate at its periphery; base planulate, encircled with nine contiguous squamose ridges, unequal in size ; aperture oblique, oval, interior pearly; columella callosity ter- minating in a tubercular tooth; greenish, scales and ridges whitish, encircled by a blue line.
The above species is common at certain localities in Polyne- sia, but invariably thickly coated with lime, except occasionally the young. It was referred several years since, by the late H. Cuming, to 7’. confragosus, Gld. Later, however, it was iden-
74 AMERICAN JOURNAL
tified by him, as well as Dr. Carpenter, as 7’. tuberosus, Phil. In sculpture it agrees in some respects with confragosus. It has, however, a double row of scales at margin of the whorls, and Dr. Gould could scarcely have failed to notice its pitted spire and color around columella, which is persistent on speci- mens the most weathered. Its reference to tuberosus must have arisen from an error in the Cumingian collection. That species, as figured and described by Dr. Philippi, is granulose and tuber- culose, of quite a different shape and belonging to another genus. No species resembling it inhabits Polynesia. I should look for it among species inhabiting the west coast of America. The shell figured for it in “ Conch. Icon.,” from the Cumingian collection, resembles the above species in having two rows of scales, but on the figure they are distant from each other, and in several other respects of sculpture, as well as color, it differs from the species described above, and quite distinct from tube- rosus, Phil. The last whorl of the above species is about one- half the length of the shell, and, with the penultimate whorl, occupies three-fourths of the shell; the whorls above are, conse- quently, quite narrow and deeply pitted.
From the undulating character of the suture, the rows of scales on the penultimate whorl appear to be on opposite sides of the suture, which, however, is not the case.
TRITON INTERMEDIUS, Pease.
T. fusiformi turrita, mterdum ovato-fusiformi, crassa, trans- versim noduloso-costata, costis rotundatis, longitudinaliter sul- cata aut striata, interstitiis costarum transversim liratis; anfr. convexis, univaricatis, superne infra suturam angulatis; aper- tura elliptica ; columella rugoso-albi lirata, interstitiis nigricibus ; labro biseriatim tuberculoso-albidentato, series ad marginem bifurcata, extus valde varicoso; apertura lutea; canali brevi, recurvo, subcontorto; rufescente fusca, anfr. ultimo medio pal- lide fasciata; varicibus albo nigroque fasciatis; epidermide squamosa induta.
Long. 60. Diam. 30 mill.
Hab. Insl. Oahu.
Shell fusiformly turrited, sometimes ovately fusiform, thick, heavy, transversely nodulosely ribbed, ribs rounded, longitudi- nally grooved or striate, interstices between the ribs transversely ridged; whorls convex, one varix on each whorl, angulated above beneath the suture; aperture elliptical, yellow within ; columella ornamented its whole length with white wrinkled ridges, interstices blackish ; lip strongly varicose, furnished with two rows of white tuberculose teeth, the one on the edge of the
OF CONCHOLOGY. 75
lip bifureate; canal short, recurved and slightly twisted; color brownish red, last whorl crossed at the middle with a pale band, varices banded transversely with whitish and black; covered with a scaly epidermis, bearing longitudinal rows of stiff bristles.
The above is intermediate between aquatilis, Rve., and pile- aris, Linn. From the former it differs in wanting longitudinal ribs. Its columella agrees with that of pdlearis, while its outer lip resembles that of aquatilis. In color it differs from both. Aquaitilis is a ponderous shell, attaining to six inches in length; pulearis is lighter and of a more fusiform shape, and intermedius partakes of the shape of aquatilis, but seldom exceeds three inches in length. The animal of aquatil’s is of a pale straw color, covered with crowded round spots of various sizes, varying from a light to a dark reddish brown; disk of the foot dull pink- ish ash and spotted with reddish brown. Pilearis is of a pale cream color, spotted with black.
The animal of zntermedius, Pse., is covered with spots, irreg- ular in size and shape, of a dark brownish red, margined with yellow, the interspaces of a light reddish fawn; where the spots closely approximate, the interspaces are yellow.
MELAMPUS LUCIDUS, Pease.
T. oblongo-ovali, tenuiscula, pellucida, alba, nitida, imper- forata; spira brevis, acuta; anfr. marginatis, ultimus in medio planulatis ; plicz parietalis 2, supera parva, fere obsoleta, altera prope basin, transversa, compressa, valida, plica columellaris, obliqua, porrecta, in marginem basalem continuata; labro medio subincrassato, postice vix sinuoso, intus levi; apertura angusta, basi rotundata.
Long. 3}. Diam. 2 mill. Hab. Insl. Oahu, ? Annaa.
Shell oblong-oval, rather thin, pellucid, white, shining, imper- forate ; spire short, acute; whorls marginate, last whorl flattened on the middle; two folds on the inner wall of the aperture, pos- terior one small, almost obsolete, the other near the base, prom- inent, transverse, compressed ; columella fold oblique, porrected, continuous with the basal margin; aperture narrow, rounded at base; outer lip slightly thickened at the middle, and slightly sinuous posteriorly, smooth and simple within.
Two mature and several young specimens were lately found under stones, above high-water mark, at a locality I have fre- quently marched over; it is, consequently, rare. I have con- nected with it specimens which I received from the Island of Annaa (Paumotus), not being able to detect any difference,
76 AMERICAN JOURNAL
except in being more abbreviate in shape, and margination at the suture less distinct, and last whorl more convex.
ScALARIA UMBILICATA, Pease.
T. elongato-turrita, umbilicata, alba ;-anfractibus decem, rot- undatis, contiguis, politis, sub-lente remote spiraliter impresso- striatis ; varicibus 11, angustis, parvis, vix obliquis, in umbilicum introitis; apertura ovata, postice subangulata.
Alt 10. Diam 3} mill. Hab.—Insl. Oahu.
Shell elongately turreted, umbilicate, white; whorls ten, rounded, polished, contiguous, encircled by fine remote impressed striz; varices eleven, narrow, small, slightly oblique, entering into the umbilicus; aperture ovate, somewhat angulate pos- tericrly.
ENGINA LINEATA, Rve. var. maculata, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 12.
T. elongato-ovata, crassa, solida, longitudinaliter nodoso- costata, transversim sulcata et tenuiter punctato-striata; anfr. infra suturam subangulatis; apertura angusta, recta; alba, anfr. ultimus, nigro trifasciatus, anfr. superioribus unifasciatis ; basi lineis nigris notata; anfr. maculis nigris conspicuis cingulatis.
Alt. 12. Diam. 6 mill. Hab.—Insl. Apaian.
Shell clongately ovate, thick, solid, longitudinally nodosely ribbed, transversely grooved and impressly striate, striz fine and punctured ; spire acute; whorls slightly angulated beneath the suture; aperture narrow, straight; white, last whorl encircled by three, upper whorls by one black line, base marked by oblique black lines; whorls encircled by a single row of conspicuous round black spots.
The above is without a doubt a variety of lineata Rve., although it would be difficult to distinguish the original speciés from several others, by the short description given by Mr. Reeve.
CERITHIUM TUBERCULIFERUM, Pease. 1865. C. Adansonii, (Rve. non Brug.,) Con. Icon. Species 11.
T. crassa, solida, elongato-pyramidata, spiraliter lirata, in- terstitiis impresso-striatis, tuberculis acutis extantibus armata; anfr. 9, medio subangulatis, ultimus subventricosus; apertura parviuscula, callo postico crasso, canali brevi, labro crenulato, alba, rufescento-fusca punctata.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 17
Shell thick, solid, elongately pyramidal, last whorl slightly ventricose, spirally finely ridged, interstices impressly striate, armed with acute standing out tubercles, the row on the middle of the whorls the largest ; whorls 9, somewhat angular at the centre; aperture rather small, posterior callus thick, canal short, outer lip crenulate. White, with occasional reddish brown spots.
Remarks.—Authors do not appear to agree as to the species figured by Adanson and described by Bruguiere as C. Adanson, inhabiting the West Coast of Africa. The only figure I have met with which agrees with the original, is that in Wood’s Ind. Test., all others together with descriptions refer to other species. Mr. Reeve selected a species, collected by Mr. Cuming at the Paumotus, specimens of which I have received from the same locality, where it is found associated with C. echinatum, Lam., C. columna, Sowb., &c. As it proves to be quite distinct from the Atlantic species, I separate it under the above name, with slight additions to Mr. Reeve’s description.
CERITHIUM SCULPTUM, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 8.
T. elongato-pyramidata, subventricosa, aut cylindracea, spira- liter noduloso-lirata, sutura granulis marginata, longitudinaliter obsolete costata, ubique regulariter et conferte impresso-striata ; anfr. plano-convexis; apertura magna; canali recurvo, subelon- gato; alba, apice purpurascens.
Long. 80, Diam. 12 mill.
Hab.—Insl. Paumotu.
Shell elongately pyramidal, somewhat ventricose or cylindrical, spirally nodulosely ridged, longitudinally obsoletely ribbed, en- graved throughout regularly and evenly with close set impressed striz; whorls flatly convex; aperture large; canal recurved, rather long and oblique; white, apex purple.
Remarks.—In shape the above resembles columna Sowb. The small nodules with which it is encircled are regular in size, and it may be distinguished by the whole surface being engraved with spiral striz. I have specimens from Tahiti, which agree in all respects with the above, except in being cylindrical in shape.
CERITHIUM CYLINDRACEUM, Pease.
T. oblonga, cylindracea, anfr. ultimus subventricosus, spiraliter striata ; anfr. supra longitudinaliter nodoso-costatis, costis ad anfractuum ultimum evanascentis ; apertura magna; canali ob- liquo, recurvo; labro vix expanso, laqueato; alba, apice, flaves- cente.
6
78 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Long. 238, Diam. 8 mill. Hab.—Insl. Paumotu.
Shell oblong, cylindrical, last whorl slightly ventricose, spirally striate; whorls on their upper half nodosely ribbed longtitudinally, ribs becoming obsolete on last whorl; aperture rather large; canal oblique and recurved; outer lip somewhat expanded, fluted; white, apex yellowish.
Remarks.—The above is intermediate between C. columna, Sowb., and salebrosum, Sowb. It may be distinguished by the ribs not passing over the whole length of the whorls, and gene- rally absent altogether on the last whorl, except immediately at the suture.
LITTORINA CINEREA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 14.
T. subglobosa; spira acuta, parva; anfr. supra acute angula- tis, transversim granoso-liratis, aut leevibus, interstitiis striis elevatis cingulatis; columella excavata; cinerea, apice nigres- cente; columella, aperturaque pallide fuscis.
Alt. 7. Diam. 54 mill.
Hab. Insl. Marquesas.
Shell subglobose; spire small, acute; whorls sharply angulate above, transversely granosely ridged or smooth, interstices en- circled with raised striz; columella rather broadly excavated ;
cinereous or whitish, apex blackish, columella and aperture pale.
brown.
Remarks.—This species resembles, in some of its characters, Feejeensis, Rve., and also granularis, Gray.
NarIcA GRANIFERA, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 13.
T. ventricoso-ovata, crassiuscula, alba, transversim granoso- lirata, interstitiis tenulssime striatis; spira parva, vix exserta; apertura dilatata, ovato-rotundata; umbilica patulo, canali longi- tudinaliter sulcato et striato, angulo lzevis aut sublacerato.
Alt. 9. Diam. 84 mill. Hab. Insl. Jarvis.
Shell ventricosely ovate, rather thick, white, transversely granosely ridged, interstices very finely striate; spire small, slightly exserted; aperture dilated, ovately rounded; umbilicus open, canal longitudinally grooved and striate, at the angle on its edge smooth or slightly ragged.
Remarks.—The above was classed by the late Mr. Cuming as a var. of V. acuta, Recl. It agrees with that species, however, only in shape. It is thicker, generally smaller, and granose.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 79
TORINIA SULCIFERA, Pease.
T. orbicularis ; spira vix exserta, plana; anfr. sulco-sejunctis, noduloso-costatis, costis 4, nodis levibus, interstitiis striatis, interstitiis costarum striatis et filo granoso cingulatis; basis plano-convexa; peripheria late suleata, utrinque costa valida marginata; umbilicus patulus, ad marginem angulatus, intus profunde sulcatus, costa granosa et striis, circumscriptus ; aper- tura circularis; radiatim albo et pallide fusco strigata, apice subnigra, epidermide flavescente.
Alt. 12. Diam. 5 mill.
Hab. Insl. Kauai.
Shell orbicular ; spire but slightly exserted, anex flat ; whorls separated by a deep groove or channel, encircled by four nodu- lose ribs, nodules smooth, interstices striate, interstices between the ribs striate and encircled by a granulose thread; base flatly convex; periphery widely grooved, angulate on either side, and bordered by a strong rib; umbilicus open, occupying one-half the diameter of the shell, angulate on its edges and broadly and deeply grooved just within, encircled with a granulose rib and Striz; aperture circular; radiately striped with white and light brown, apex dark brown, epidermis yellow.
Remarks.—T. cylindracea, Chem., is probably the nearest
allied species to the above, from which it differs mainly in the characters of its umbilicus and periphery.
80 AMERICAN JOURNAL
REMARKS ON MARINE GASTEROPODS, INHABITING THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA; WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES.
BY WM. HARPER PEASE.
TORINIA PERSPECTIVIUNCULA, Chem.
In “Monograph of Solarium,” Thes. Conch., three distinct forms of Zorinia, inhabiting respectively the West Coast of Africa, the Hawaiian Islands, and the East Indies, are united under the above name. Dr. Carpenter, in his last Report on Mollusca of the West Coast of America, adopts the same synonomy.
By comparing a large number of specimens, from various localities, the animals of two of the forms and the operculum of all, 1 am convinced they are three distinct species, which may be distinguished by the shell as well as the animal.
I would first observe, that there is more than one species of Torinia inhabiting the West Coast; I refer herewith to that figured in Thes. Con., figs. 61, 62, specimens of which I have received from Margarita Bay, and also La Paz, collected alive, in company with another species, rather smaller and more depressed.
At the Hawaiian Islands several species remain to be described. I refer to those formerly distributed by me as 7. variegata, Chem., and latterly as 7. areola, Desh.
All species of Zorinia may be arranged under three distinct shapes.
1. Trochoidal 7. vartegata, Chem., Xe. 2. Conoidal. 7. ethiop, Mke, ec. 3. Planulate 7. cylindracea, Chem., &c.
Species of all three of the above shapes are included in the synonomy of 7". perspecti, &c., Chem., Thes. Con.
T. planulata, fig. 63, named as a variety, is a distinct species, as the author suggests. I have received several species of this form from different localities in Polynesia: only two, however, in condition for description, viz., 7’. discotdea, Pse., and 7’. sul- cifera, Pse.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 81
The conoidal form, referred to in Thes. Con., from Borneo, is probably also distinct. I received from the late Dr. Gould a specimen of that shape, collected in the Sooloo Seas, resembling ethiopis, Mke.
Separating the planulate and conoidal forms from 7’. perspecte, &c., in Thes. Con., the three species remaining may be distin- guished by the following characters :—
The West Coast species is the largest, most elevated and whorls generally more convex, and rounded at periphery of last whorl. The Hast Indian form is the nearest allied to it in those characters, while the Hawaiian species is depressed and the whorls generally more flat.
The sculpture of the West Coast species agrees more nearly with the Hawaiian. The concentric ribs being flat or planely convex, the intervening groove being light and the radiating striz finer and more continuous; while the sculpture of the Hast Indian form is more coarse_and bold, the concentric ribs rounded and more distinct, the grooves intervening being much deeper.
In color the West Coast and Hawaiian are more plain, the former more brown, the latter darker, and more or less spotted with white at the suture and on the periphery of last whorl, and encircled with white at margin of the umbilicus. The Hast Indian is variegated with white and black, either tessellated or disposed in radiating lines, and generally a white band following the suture.
The operculum of the Hawaiian and East Indian agree, and is well figured in Adams’ “‘Genera.”’ That of the West Coast species differs widely. It is composed of plates disposed in the shape of a screw, of three whorls. The plates are wide apart, and furnished on their edges with short, stout bristles, and the sides coarsely reticulated with raised striz. (Plate viii, fig. 6.)
The animal of the East Indian species is fairly represented in Voy. d’ Astrolabe, and agrees with my observations, except that the emargination in front is too angular. The dilatation of the anterior corners of the foot is common to all the species I have examined. The animal of the Hawaiian species differs from the above in the tentacles being longer and more slender, ‘‘ the foot widest posteriorly,’ and color pale cinereous. I may as well note here that the animal of 7. Mighelsii, Phil., agrees with the above in general shape. Its tentacles are, however, setaceous, and color pale cream. Both species inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands are found almost invariably on branched coral, and suspend themselves by strong gelatinous threads, one of which will sustain the weight of several shells and can be drawn out four or five inches.
82 AMERICAN JOURNAL
The geographical range of the West Coast and Hawaiian species is limited. Although the East Indian is widey distri- buted from the Red Sea to the Philippines, and from thence through Polynesia to the Paumotus and south to New Caledonia, it retains its characters, which distinguish it from the Hawaiian, and more widely from the West Coast species. The variation at the Paumotus, noticed by Mr. Hanley, is common to the species of several genera, as remarked by me in this Journal, 1868, page 109.
As to the names by which the several species should be desig- nated, I would first remark, that it is not probable nor possible that Chemnitz ever saw a specimen of Torinia from the West Coast of America. Captain Cook visited the West Coast only on his last voyage, and then at the North-west, the expedition reaching England a short time before the date of Chemnitz’s publication. He described and figured, without doubt, the Hast Indian form, although his obscure figures and short description has been and may be referred to several species, as well as those of other early authors. All species of Solarium were classed by them as large or small, or as “ perspectives’ or ‘“ perspectiviun- culus”’ generically. The specific name of the Hast Indian species should remain as adopted by Lamarck, Deshayes, and others, 2” variegata, which alludes to the disposition of its colors. The Hawaiian species has been recognised by several of my correspondents as JZ’. areola, Desh., which I have adopted, although the description of that species requires to be somewhat modified, especially as to color and its disposition,
The name of the West Coast species remains to be determined by those more particularly interested in that fauna.
Trocuus Byronranus, Gray.
Having had opportunity of examining the original figure of the above species in Wood Ind. Test., I discover it to be quite distinct from our common Hawaiian species, Polydonta Sand- wichensis, Soul. No species of Omphalius inhabits Polynesia. The above should be connected with some one of the West Coast species. ‘The type, according to Dr. Gray, is awaiting deter- mination in the British Museum.
COLUMBELLA ROSIDA, Rve.
The above should be discarded from the West Coast fauna. I have received specimens from its original locality, and several others in Southern Polynesia. For my remarks on its variation, refer to page 122 of this Journal, 1868.
A number of species, inhabiting the West Coast or the Galla- pagos and Polynesia, have been confounded, for reason of Mr.
ae
OF CONCHOLOGY. 83
Cuming having collected at two islands of the same name (Lord Hood’s Island), one in the Gallapagos group and the other at the Paumotus.
Lord Hood, when a young man, accompanied Captain Cook on his third voyage as midshipman. Subsequently three islands were named after him. The one at the Gallapagos may retain his name; that in the Paumotus should be designated by its proper native name, ‘“‘ Maurukea,’”’ and also the one at the Marquesas, “ Fatu-Haku.”’
Nassa TIARULA, Kien.
A large and beautiful collection of shells, dredged the past year by a gentleman on the West Coast of Mexico, which I have had opportunity of looking over, contained a number of specimens of the above species, which leave no doubt but that it is a variety of NV. tegula, Rve, having light colored specimens in my collection, from La Paz, which closely connect it. The original locality, by Kiener, copied by Reeve, “ Madagascar,” is probably an error. LaATIRUS Nopatus, Martyn.
The above should also be struck out of the West Coast fauna. The locality given to it originally by Martyn, “New Holland,” should probably have been ‘South Seas.” In Voy. Blossom it is properly credited to the Pacific.
Mr. Reeve, however, in Con. Icon., gives ‘Panama’ (Cuming) as its locality, which has consequently been adopted by several authors. Not one of the numerous collectors that have visited that locality since, so far as I can ascertain, have confirmed it.
Tt occurs very rarely at the Hawaiian Islands, and I have received it from Southern and Western Polynesia.
MUREX FOVEOLATUS, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 3.
T. acute ovata, crassa, imperforata, spira gracilis, acuta, brevis, $ longitudinis testes haud eequans; anfr. ultimus, varici- bus 5, prominentis, lateraliter profunde et late foveolatis, squamosis, instructus, interstitiis leevibus ; apertura ovali; colu- mella vix arcuata, levi; labro regulariter arcuato, late varicoso, radiatim costato, costis canaliculatis, interstitiis elegantissime foliaceis, ad linbum acuto; crinulato, intus levi; canali breyis- simi, recurvo, fere clauso.
Alba, interstitiis varicorum, pallide rosacea suffusa, anfr. ultimus, et spira ad suturam, fascia angusta nigra, cingulatis.
Alt. 15. Diam. 9 mill.
Hab.—la Paz, in sinu Californico.
Shell acutely ovate, thick, solid, imperforate, spire slender, acute, short, less than one-half the length of the shell; last
84 AMERICAN JOURNAL
whorl furnished with five prominent varices, which are deeply and openly pitted on the sides and squamose; interstices smooth; aperture oval; columella slightly arched and smooth; outer lip _ regularly arched, broadly varicose; varix radiately ribbed, ribs canaliculate, interstices beautifully foliated ; edge acute, crenulate, smooth within; canal very short, recurved, nearly closed. White, interstices between the varices suffused with pale flesh color; last whorl just beneath its middle, and spire at the suture, encircled by a narrow black band.
temarks.—All the specimens of the above received were very much encrusted, with the exception of the one figured.
‘he species nearest allied is JZ. alveatus, Kien.
OMPHALIUS TURBINATUS, Pease. Plate viii, fig. 15.
T. subdepresso-turbinata, crassa, late et profunde umbilicata ; anfr. supra angulatis, ultimo ad peripheriam obsolete angulato, liris paribus nodulosis cingulatis, basi convexa, levis aut obsolete lirata, regione umbilicali levis; columella ad basim nodoso dentata, dente parvo, vix elevata terminata (non sulcata). Flavescente aut albida, radiatim lineis rufescente-fuscis notata, lineis obliquis et interruptis, base rufescente-fusca maculata, umbilicus, columellaque viridis.
Alt. 18. Diam. 13 mill.
Hab.—WULa Paz, in sinu Californico.
Shell somewhat depressly turbinate, thick, solid, openly and deeply umbilicate; whorls angulate above, the last obsoletely angulate at periphery, encircled by small slightly nodulous ridges, interstices elevately striate, base convex; smooth or obsoletely ridged, at the umbilical region smooth; columella at base nodosely dentate, and terminating in a very slightly elevated tooth (not grooved). Yellowish or whitish, radiately obliquely marked with fine reddish brown interrupted lines, base spotted with reddish brown, umbilicus and columella sea green, operculum bright yellow.
The young is more depressed, more sharply angulate, and very finely and closely striate concentrically, and also of a darker color.
Remarks.—The species nearest allied to the above, so far as IT am aware, is O. coronulata, C. B. Ad. It may also be com- pared with O. ligulatus, Mke. It may be readily distinguished from either of those species by the shape of its base, the colu- mella tooth projecting much more and no trace of a groove. The umbilicus is also more open, smooth around its outer edge, and colored green as well as the columella. Its sculpture is also much lighter.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 85
CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO * SYNONOMY OF MARINE GASTEROPOD2 INHABITING POLYNESIA.”
(Amer. Jour. of Conch., Vol. 4, 1868, page 103 ) BY WM. HARPER PEASE.
MiIrTRA TURGIDA, Rve.
1845. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 52. “© Con. Icon., species 273. 1860. MW. ericea, Pse., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 146.
The first specimens collected and forwarded to London were in poor condition; others found since leave no doubt as to the above synonomy.
MITRA LUBRICA, Pse. 1867. MW. glabra, Pse., Am. Jour. Conch. p. 272.
Name preoccupied ; changed as above.
CERITHIUM PIPERITUM, Sowb. Thes. Con., species 76. 1854. CO. alveolus, Jacq., Voy. au Pol. Sud., vol. 5, p. 105, pl. 24, f. 28, 29. CERITHIUM TUBERCULIFERUM, Pease. 1865. C. Adansoniz, Rve. non Brug., Con. Icon., Sp. 11.
The above species, collected by Mr. Cuming at the Paumo- tus, is decidedly distinct from the one inhabiting the west coast of Africa, described by Bruguiere as Adansoni. The figure and description in Con. Icon. refer to the Polynesian species, which I separated as above.
CeRITHIUM MAcULOSUM, Migh.
CO. nassoides, Sowb., Thes. Con., Sp. 114. 1865. e Rve., Con. Icon., Sp. 97. The above synonym should be added on page 127 of my previous paper.
86 AMERICAN JOURNAL
TEREBRA BIPARTITA, Desh.
The above is a small slender species, quite distinct from hastata, Gmel., with which Mr. Reeve has connected it.
TEREBRA PEASEI, Desh.
Is a synonym of 7. puncticulata, Desh., as classed by Mr. Reeve, and not a variety of 7. Swainsonit, Desh., as noted by me in my previous paper, p. 125. I was led into the error by the typical specimens forwarded me from Europe, being wrongly labelled. The species for which it was mistaken I have described as 7’. Swainsonit, var inflexa.
TORINIA TROCHOIDES, Desh.
In my last paper I suggested that dealbata, Hds., might be a synonym of the above. 1 discover that Mr. Hanley had already decided it to be so. I am of opinion that 7. conica, Pse., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, is at least a variety, although the late Mr. Cuming supposed it to be distinct.
It differs from the description of trochoides in being concen- trically striate and in having more color. The specimens from which the description of Hinds and Deshayes were drawn up may not have been as perfect as those I received.
MARGARITA ANGULATA, A. Ad.
The above should be erased from the synonymy of Zrochus tantillus, Gld., page 151 of my previous paper.
Having noticed it in the catalogue of Australian species by Mr. Angas, classed as Minolia, I was led to examine its de- scription, and discover it differs from the Hawaiian species in being ‘openly umbilicate’’ and whorls angular above. The locality given by Mr. Adams, “ Sandwich Islands,’’ was prob- ably the cause why Dr. Gould and others adopted the synonymy I followed.
TRITONIDEA UNDOSUS, Rumph.
Buceinum cinetum, Quoy, should be transferred from the synonymy of 7’. fumosus, Dill., to that of the above, in my pre- vious paper, p. 104.
TRITONIDEA FuMosUSs, Dill.
1832. Buceitum undosum, Quoy, non Rumph., Voy. d’Astrol., Vol. 2, p. 411, pl. 80, fig. 1—4.
The above should be added on page 104 of my previous paper.
LATIRUS COLUMBARIUM, Chem.
1788. Murex columbarium, Chem., Conch. Cab. vol. 10, p. 284, pl. 169, f. 16837—88.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 87
1789. Murex spinosus, Martyn, Univ. Conch. pl. 4.
1791. “ columbariwm, Gme., Syst. Nat. p. 3559.
10 FS Dill., Cat. vol. 2, p. 738.
1843. Turbinella spinosa, Desh., An. sans Vert., vol. 9, p. 392. 66
1847. «¢ ~—s Rve., Con. Icon., Sp. 43.
i fasciata, Sowb., ? iS5o. Ss columbarium, W ood, Ind. Test., pl. 27, fig. 117. SS line spinosa, Jacq., Voy. au Pol. Sud. p. 112, pl.
25, f. 28, 29. Remarks.—The Chemnitzian name of the above species, dis- carded by Deshayes and Reed, should be restored.
CYPR#A CAPUT SERPENTIS, Linn.
1758. Systema Nature, p. 1175, ed. 10. 1770. Hist. Conch., Lister, pl. 701, f. 49 and pl. 704, f. 53. 1849. Var. caput anguis, Phil., Zeitz. fur Mal. p. 24.
Remarks.—The species described by M. Philippi as above, is a distinct variety of caput serpentis. Although separated by Lis- ter, it has escaped the notice of authors since.
Compared with caput serpentis, it is smaller in size, not dilated at the sides, darker in color throughout, and dorsal spots smaller. The only description of the animal of caput serpents, published, so far as I can discover, is that in ‘ Voy. d’Astrol,”’ from which cuput anguis differs as follows: Mantle of a deep brown, shaded with dark green, its tentacular processes red or red and white. Siphon dusky, tentacles beyond the eyes light chestnut, base white. Foot pale beneath and dusky above. The tentacular fringe surrounding the end of the siphon is retractible. The colors and their arrangement agree with the type, only darker.
CoNUS NEGLECTUS, Pse.
1860. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 898.
Although considered by the late Mr. Cuming to be distinct, I have classed it as a variety of C. flavidus, Lam. It differs only in the spire being flat or nearly so, occasionally slightly concave, and its epidermis thicker and more rough.
The following corrections should be made in the text of my previous article.
Page 117, 11 lines from bottom, read “Topas ”’ for ‘ Jopas.”’
21 AS es ee “< “it” for “other species.” Eee: aM i aaa = Cs eee: 7 or. Sinn, 2 paige fl bea eh ce sf ites ves" for *lies.”’
fen 0c RS eR o cs “« “the synonymy of dis- par” for “the last synonymy.”
88 AMERICAN JOURNAL
NOTES UPON THE MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS MARGI- NELLA IN REEVE’S CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA.
BY JOHN H. REDFIELD.
We can hardly over-estimate the aid which Mr. Reeve has afforded to Conchological students in the immense store-house of illustrations contained in his series of monographs. In re- gard to the older and better known species of shells, the work has been of great service by bringing within reach of students good figures which would otherwise have to be sought through a host of works, many of which are rare and not readily accessi- ble. And as to more recent and less known species, Mr. Reeve’s access to the magnificent collection of Mr. Cuming has enabled
him to introduce to science novelties almost without limit. But -
it cannot be denied that the very plan of the work, well conceived as It was, and carried out with a wonderful perseverance and regularity—by its inexorable demand of a certain number of figures and descriptions per month, necessarily led to undue haste, and prevented the careful investigation that was ofttimes required. So also the style of lithography adopted, while ad- mirable for large species, failed entirely to do justice to small spe- cies, especially where their distinctive characters were minute or intangible. The frequent errors of statement in regard to habitat are perhaps the most mischievous fault that can be brought against the work, for on them are liable to be based erroneous conclusions in regard to the important questions of geographi- cal distribution, and of permanence in species. Doubtless many of these errors are due, as Mr. Gray has recently observed,* to the wrong or misplaced labels in Mr. Cuming’s cabinet. Mr. Reeve and Mr. Cuming have (alas!) passed away, both de- ceased in the same year in which the monograph of Marginella was completed. No lover of shells can have other than respect for their memory, and gratitude for their labors, and I am sure
* See this Journal, vol. 4, pages 201-203.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 89
that I fail in neither, in here presenting some criticisms upon the monograph of Marginella, which was completed in 1865; for my sole object is to indicate what seem to me errors too impor- tant to pass unquestioned, or to call attention to points which need further investigation.
And I would remark generally, that while the larger species of Marginella are for the most part as well defined in form and marking as are the species of Cyprea, the great number of smaller species which have been brought to light in recent years form groups which from want of positive distinctions of color and pattern, and from the slightness of deviation in form, are most perplexing to the student. For their proper delineation, the highest style of art is required ;* for their distinction, both back and front views are needed, and their proper characterization should be based only upon fresh, bright and perfect individuals. Mr. Reeve’s plates of the smaller species often fail in all these respects, while his descriptions are vagueand insufficient. Hence of the species which he has for the first time named, many must remain doubtful, especially as in so many of them the habitat is unknown.
Referring to the species in the order of the monograph, I offer the following notes:
Sp, 6. Marginella Petitii, Duval. The habitat of this species is left in doubt by both Sowerby and Reeve, but it is known to inhabit the coast of Senegambia, West Africa.
Sp.13. M. pyrum, Gron. The quoted synonym of Voluta picta should have been referred to Dillwyn instead of Gmelin,
Sp. 14. M. rosea, Lam. I believe that Senegal should be omitted from the habitats of this species, although the authority of both Kiener and Sowerby may be pleaded for it. The re- maining localities given by Reeve, to-wit,—Cape of Good Hope and Natal—are certainly correct, and, so far as I know, it is limited to that region.
Sp. 15. M. Newcombi, Reeve. I see no reason why Reeve should have considered this a doubtful species. It certainly has very slight affinity to WZ. rosea, Lam.
Sp. 17. M. vittata, Reeve. This species has no habitat assigned. It was sent me many years ago by Mr. Cuming, as from East Africa, and it has just enough relationship to IZ. pyrum, Gron., to render that habitat probable. Sowerby’s JZ. mtermedia, not mentioned by Reeve, is closely allied.
*Even in Kiener’s beautiful plates the smaller species of Marginella are very badly and imperfectly rendered.
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Sp. 44. lM. eincta, Kiener. To say that this “inhabits Mexico,” leaves us in doubt whether it be an Atlantic or Pacific species. It doubtless inhabits the Caribbean cost of Mexico, but its province includes the Antilles and the northern coast of S. America. Cande and d’Orbigny quote it from the Antilles, C. B. Adams collected it in Jamaica, I have it from Carthagena,
S. Am., Krebs received it from St. Martha, and Newton col- |
lected it at Maracaibo.
Sp. 45. M. prunum, Gmel. The only locality quoted by Reeve for this species is Panama. The Panama shell of this type is well known to be JM. sapotilla, Hinds, a species so closely allied indeed to WM. prunum, that some would question its specific validity. Mr. Reeve has, however, adopted the M. sapotilla as a good species, justly as I think, and has correctly assigned it to its proper province—Panama. It is in fact the Pacific analogue of the Caribbean WZ. prunum, and it is surprising that Sowerby and Reeve should both have neglected to record the latter as coming from the Caribbean province, where it is one of the most abundant species, being indeed the best known and the typical species of the genus. And as they have each blundered in ascribing it to Panama, so it is even more surprising that almost all their predecessors from Gmelin down refer it only to the island of Gorée, West Africa, where I feel confident in asserting that it never occurs. That this locality should have passed un- questioned for more than sixty years may be thus explained. Gmelin’s description confounds two distinct species, viz., the M. amygdala, Kiener, which abounds on the coast of Sene-
ambia, and the true JZ. prunum, or what is usually considered such, (AZ. caerulescens, Lam.), which is the Caribbean species. Gmelin’s description though vague, best applies to the latter, and the dimension he gives (14 inches long) can only agree with that. Of his cited figures, the first is the Hgowen of Adanson, which Adanson says is only 9 lines in length, and which is clearly Kiener’s JZ. amygdala. 'The second figure referred to is that of Lister, which represents an immature J. prunum, while the third is that of Martini, which is unquestionably M. prunum. Gmelin then copies Adanson’s locality “ Gorée ” for the species, which in turn has been blindly repeated by Dillwyn, Wood, Lamarck and Kiener. Petit, in his Catalogue, Jour. de
Conch. ii, 53, has been the first to set this matter right, by re-—
moving Adanson’s Hyouen to its proper place with Kiener’s species. On the distribution of J. prunwm and M. sapotilla, see also C. B. Adams, in Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. v, 265.
Sp. 48. M. quadrilineata. Mr. Reeve does not inform us
OF CONCHOLOGY. 91
that this was first named and described by the Rev. Mr. Gaskoin, in Proc. Lond. Zool. Soc. for 1849, p. 17.
Sp. 51. MM. oblonga, Sw. Reeve quotes M. carnea, Storer, and JW. amabilis, Redf., as synonyms of this. As regards the latter I am disposed to acquiesce in this opinion, for since my description of it was published, an examination of more exten- sive suites of specimens has shown that it is difficult to define a satisfactory separation. But I still regard Storer’s JZ. carnea as a valid species, the pattern and coloring of which are always sufficiently distinct from JZ. oblonga. The group is, however, a perplexing one, and I have recently seen two or three specimens intermediate between MW. oblonga, Sw., and MW. guttata, Dillw., having the form and ground work of color of the former, with the white flecks of the latter, and I suspect that AZ. nivosa in like manner connects M. guttata, Dillw., with MZ. pruinosa, Hinds.
Sp. 55. M. angustata, Sow. Ascribed to Brazil, erroneously I think. Sowerby referred it to the Hast Indies. Kiener (mistaking it for JZ. bullata), says it inhabits the Indian Ocean. My specimens came from Ceylon.
Sp. dT. M. persicula, L. The well marked variety named by Lamarck MZ. avellana, is omitted from the synonymy. If dropped as a species, it still deserves mention as a variety.
Sp. 61. M. similis, Sow. This name must give place to WZ. obesa, Redf., which has precedence by eight months, as I have already noted in Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. iv, 494. (The shell which Sowerby at a later date named odesa, for which I proposed (loc. cit.) the name of WZ. pyrulata, but which I suspect is only a variety of MZ. labiata, Val., is omitted from Reeve’s Monograph). Although Mr. Reeve figures and describes my M. obesa, (under the name of M. szmilis), he thinks it may probably be only a variety of MZ. interrupta, Lam. I must con- tinue to dissent decidedly from this view, referring to my full description in Ann. N. Y. Lye. Hist. iv, 164, 165, for a detail of the differences, which are constant and sharp. At Carthagena, S. A., both species occur together, always readily distinguishable. At St. Martha the MZ. interrupta is found alone.
Sp. 65. M. maeulosa, Kiener. The shells figured under this name are certainly not Kiener’s M. maculosa, nor do they hardly answer to MZ. guttata, Sow., which I have learned to regard as distinct. They are more nearly related to Swainson’s shell than to Kiener’s, but without inspection of the types referred to by Reeve, I do not think proper to propose a new name.
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Sp. 67. IM. phrygia, Sow.—If we refer to the figure of Swainson’s WM. guttata, in Zoological Illustrations, 2d series, vol. i, pl. 44, f. 2, and then select from Sowerby’s and Reeve’s figures the one which approaches nearest to it, we shall in each case be led to that of WM. phrygia, Sow., and I think no one can make this comparison without being satisfied that Sowerby, in describing that species, had Swainson’s shell before him. Swainson’s name had long before been preoccupied by Dillwyn, and must hence be dropped. Petit had, therefore, proposed, in 1851 (Journ. de Conch., ii, 55), to change the name to Swain- soniana; but as Sowerby’s phrygia was described in 1846, it may properly be retained, with J. guttata, Sw., and M. Swain- soniana, Petit, as synonyms.
Sp. 68. M. DeBurghic, Reeve.—A very distinct species, rare in collections, for the possession of which | am indebted to the
kindness of Mr. D. W. Ferguson, of Brooklyn, N. Y.
Sp. 69. M. muralis, Hinds.—This species, carefully described by Hinds in Proc. Lond. Zool. Soc., 1844, p. 76, under the im- pression that it differed from Kiener’s MM. maculosa, must, I think, be referred to that species. It agrees well with Kiener’s figure, and is, in fact, the only species figured by either Sowerby or Reeve which does answer to that. Kiener’s description also applies, except as to the “smooth labrum,” while both figure and description apply to Hinds’ shell far closer than to the JZ. guttata, Sw. If my views be correct, the species must resume the name of M. Maculosa, Kiener, and WW. muralis, Hinds, must take the place of synonym.
Sp. 10. M. sagittata, Hinds. Not so well figured as in Sowerby. I cannot distinguish WM. fluctwata, C. B. Ad. (Contr. to Conch., p. 56), from this.
Sp. T1. MM. frumentum, Sow. Here ascribed to the West Indies, and so also in Sowerby’s Thesaurus; but in Sowerby’s original description (Proc. Lond. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 57) it is said to have been brought by Mr. Cuming from St. Elena and Salanga (Ecuador). I suspect that this is correct, the West Indian species of this type being J. sagittata, as above.
Sp. 72. MM. catenata, Mont. ‘Two species are here con- foundea under this name. Fig. 72, a, 6, represent the true cate- nata, while Fig. 73 is evidently drawn from MM. pulcherrima, Gaskoin (described in Proc. Lond. Zool. Soc., 1849, p. 21), a species similar in size and form to the catenata, but differing widely in its minute markings.
OF CONCHOLOGY. 93
Sp. 75. M. oryza, Lam. Very properly restored to its place as a species distinct from MW. miliaria, L.
Sp. 81. M. lactea, Kiener. As only the back of the shell is figured, the more essential characters are not seen; but as the description states the columella to be three-plaited, it cannot be Kiener’s shell, which he distinctly describes as ‘‘ quadriplicata.” Reeve’s shell is doubtless the M. subtriplicata, Orb., closely allied, but differing by having only three plaits, which are also more oblique than in lactea. Reeve’s figure 135, on plate 24, also represents the MZ. subtriplicata. Both species are found at various points in the Caribbean province.
Sp. 83. M. avena, Val. The shell here figured is not the usual typical form, but that which Bernardi has described and figured in Petit’s Journ. de Conch., iv, 149, as WZ. Beyerleana. I have hitherto regarded this as a distinct species, characterized by the interrupted character of its rose-colored bands; but some specimens have recently been sent me by Mr. D. W. Ferguson, in which these bands—while still of a bright rosy tinge—are free from interruption, and well connect the Beyerleana with the ordinary or more fulvous variety.
Sp. 85. M. teniata, Sow. Neither Sowerby nor Reeve gives the habitat of this species. Ihave specimens from the Bahama Islands. °
Sp. 87. M. conoidalis, Kiener. M. apicina, Menke, which is quoted as a synonym, should take precedence.
Sp. 88. M. pruinosa, Hinds. This figure approaches the Carolina shell which I have named JZ. roscida (Proc. Phil. Ac. Nat. Sci., xii, 174), though it shows less angularity of the body whorl. A comparison of the original types may, perhaps, show them to be identical. Mr. Conrad (Am. Journ. Conch., iv, 67) says he is unable to distinguish my J. roscida from his MW. limatula (fossil). In a fossil state the flecking of the MW. roscida would readily disappear, and I think further examination may establish the identity of the two, in which case Mr. Conrad's name would take precedence over all.
Sp. 90. M. Sauleyana, Petit. The figure certainly repre- sents, not the Sauleyana, but cinecta, so as to fully justify Reeve’s remark that it is “‘very closely allied to M. cineta, and possibly a variety of that species.” But MZ. Sauleyana, Petit, is, in my estimation, quite a different affair, being identical with M. Storerta, Couthouy, referred to in my note on the next species.
7
94 AMERICAN JOURNAL
Sp. 92. M. crassilabrum, Sow. This is certainly not Sower- by’s shell, which, as figured in Thesaurus Conch., is a small species, only 5 lines in length. Reeve’s shell is a larger, well- known species, inhabiting Brazil and a portion of the Caribbean province, and which was first described by Couthouy in Journ. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc., under the name of JZ. Storeria. I can- not doubt that it is identical with JZ. Sauleyana, Petit, not Reeve. The West African MM. amygdala is allied to it, but is less shouldered, and altogether a less solid shell.
Sp. 98. M. vexillum, Redf. My name is quoted as a MS. name in Cuming’s collection, but my description was published in 1852 in Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., v, 224. But it was not there figured, as the shell is exceedingly rare; and, as the ex- ample figured by Reeve is far less perfect than my own, I now present a figure of it which better shows the characteristic mark- ings of the species. See plate 8, fig. 2, referring to the above work, for the full description.
Sp. 99. M. bibalteata, Reeve. Habitat blank. This seems to me to be the WZ. gracilis, C. B. Ad., from Jamaica, described in 1851 (Ann. N. Y. Liyc. Nat. Hist., v, 46). The late Prof. Adams sent types of his Jamaica species to Mr. Cuming, and they should have been known to those who had charge of the collection.
Sp. 100. M. livida, Reeve. Habitat blank. Very near to
the small varieties of WZ. avena, Val.
Sp. 103. MM. navicella, Reeve. UHabitat unknown. Iden- tical, I think, with MZ. rubella, C. B. Ad., in Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc., ii, p. 1, 1845, from Jamaica.
Sp. 107. M. alabaster, Reeve. A species without habitat assigned, and of which only the back is figured. Very close to Sowerby’s JW. fauna, which is not mentioned by Reeve—the chief difference seeming to be that Sowerby’s shell had a slight tinge of color, while this is perfectly white. Sowerby, in the Thesaurus, says that the habitat of JZ. fauna is unknown; but in his description in Proc. Zool. Soc. he refers it to Curacoa. I have specimens from Cuba which answer very closely to Reeve’s alabaster, which strengthen my impression that J. fauna and M. alabaster are one, belonging to the Caribbean province.
Sp. 111. M. monilis (L.). Petit (in Jour. de Conch., ii, 57) has well distinguished two forms which have been confounded under this name. Jor that figured by Sowerby he has proposed the name of Soverbiana. Reeve’s figure represents the true
OF CONCHOLOGY. 95
monilis, but his description better suits Sowerby’s shell, for he says it is 4-plaited, while the true montlis is 5 and 6-plaited.
Sp. 121. M. ehrysomelina, Redf. No relation to AM. macu- losa, as Reeve suggests, but more allied to MZ. multelineata, Sow.
Sp. 123. M. margarita, Kiener. Repeated from plate 16, but this time with the wrong habitat of. ‘‘India.’’ In the first description it is correctly given ‘‘ West Indies.” See note on M. candida, Sow., farther on.
Sp. 124. M. serrata, Gaskoin. Quoted only as a MS. name, though Gaskoin’s description appeared in Proc. Lond. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 19. Gaskoin’s habitat, Mauritius, is more likely to be correct than Reeve’s, which is West Indies.
Sp. 126. M. triplicata, Gaskoin. Quoted only as a MS. name, though described in loc. supra cit. It is surprising that Gaskoin’s paper is entirely ignored in this monograph.
Sp. 134. M. candida, Sow. I cannot distinguish this from M. Margarita, Kiener. Had either of Reeve’s figures of the latter given a front view, it might have aided us to decide. I can see no essential difference between Sowerby’s figures of the two species. Kiener’s figure of JZ. Margarita shows a more rounded shoulder, but his figures of the small species in this genus are very inaccurate, as already remarked,
Sp. 145. MM. semen, Reeve. Compare with MM. ovuliformis, Orb., which it much resembles.
Sp. 154. M Militaria (L.). Very badly figured.
In this monograph Mr. Reeve has added about 40 species (some perhaps doubtful) to those already known, while he has omitted about 50 species previously published, many of the lat- ter being little known or doubtful. Among those omitted are several of the species of Sowerby’s monograph. The M. trite cea, Lam. (by some referred to M. exilis, Gm.), is among the omissions, and the group of which that species is a representa- tion needs further elucidation. )
Mr. Reeve’s monograph enumerates (deducting some species twice figured) 154 species, which only exceeds by 10 the num- ber given in Petit’s catalogue of 1851, in Jour. de Conch. ii, pp. 51-56. My own MS. catalogue of published species con- tains upwards of 200 species, but an inspection of the actual types would doubtless reduce this number. When we note that Dillwyn’s Descriptive Catalogue, published in 1817, names but 18 species belonging to this genus, we have an illustration of the great advance which has been made in our knowledge of the species of mollusca generally, within half a century.
96 AMERICAN JOURNAL
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FOSSIL MOLLUSCA, PRINCI- PALLY CRETACEOUS.
BY T. A. CONRAD.
PACHYCARDIUM, Conrad.
Elevated, thick, cardinal plate broad; ligament deep and ob- lique; anterior cardinal tooth in the left valve slightly oblique or nearly direct, prominent, compressed, triangular; anterior lateral teeth distant, very prominent, with a pit on the inner side; sculpture, radiating little prominent ribs on the posterior side.
' —. sPILLMANI, Conrad.
This genus is as easily recognised as Protocardia, but, unlike the latter, it contains only two species, both of which existed in the Chalk period, one in Mississippi and the other in India. The Indian species, C. bisectum, Forbes, has more numerous ribs, which cover half the surface; but the American shell has fewer ribs, which do not extend so far as the middle of the valves. The former has much more elevated beaks than the latter.
This genus has not been found in any formation later than the Oligocene, and yet one recent shell, P. Belchert, Adams, lives in the Soloo seas, in deep water.
CARDIUM, Linn. C. RrpLevaNuM, Conrad.—Pl. 9, fig. 6.
Description.—Suborbicular, equilateral, ventricose; ribs 21, broad anteriorly, narrow posteriorly, interstices crossed by pro- minent minute lines.
Localityx—Uaddonfield, N. J.
GEMMA? Deshayes. G. cRETACHA, Conrad.—P1. 9, fig. 19.
Description.—Triangular, subequilateral, convex, smooth and
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polished; anterior and posterior margins nearly equally oblique ; extremities acutely and nearly equally rounded; beaks not pro- minent or inclined.
Locality.—Tippah Co.? Miss.
NEMODON, Conrad.
Description. Equivalved, thin; hinge line long and straight, or slightly curved under the umbo; hinge in the left valve with three linear teeth parallel with the anterior cardinal margin ; posterior lateral tooth double, very long, linear ; under the apex a few granular teeth.
N. Evrauensis, Conrad.—Pl. 9, fig. 16.
Description. Trapezoidal, elongated, thin, contracted from umbo to base; summit obtuse; concentric lines minute and punc- tate ; radiating lines very minute and indistinct; posterior mar- gin oblique, slightly rounded.
Arca (Macrodon) Hufalensis, Gabb. Locality. Waddonfield, N. J.
This genus is related to the older Macrodon, Lycett, and to the Eocene Arca heterodonta, which Deshayes places in a group of 3 species, under the name Cucullari¢g. I think these 3 spe- cies are not representatives of one genus, but of three. Maero- don characterizes the Jurassic era, Vemodon the Cretaceous, and Oucullaria, as represented by Arca heterodon, Deshayes, the older Hocene. nt
Arca heterodon, Desh., is a species of this genus, which is ex- clusively Cretaceous. ;
NEMOARGCA, Conrad. N. cRETACEA, Conrad,—PI. 9, fig. 21.
Description.—Trapezoidal, short, ventricose, subequilateral ; ribs 30 as far as umbonal slope, linear, except 3 or 4 nearest to the umbonal slope, which are wider, and one of them grooved ; ribs on the anterior submargin and post umbonal area close and minute; hinge line linear, teeth minute, oblique.
Locality. QUaddonfield, N. J. E
This small species more nearly resembles Striarca, Conrad, than any other Cretaceous bivalve; but it has the cardinal teeth oblique. There is no internal plate, and the radiating lines are more prominent than in Zrigonarea. No species of this genus has been found in the Eocene or later Tertiaries.
98 AMERICAN JOURNAL
TRIGONARCA, Conrad. T. CUNEIFORMIS, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 1.
Description. 'Trapeziform, inequilateral, elongated, posterior side cuneate; anterior side distinctly radiated; posterior radii very minute, close, obsolete; umbonal slope angulated; post umbonal area depressed, extremity acute; posterior hinge mar- gin oblique.
Locality. Haddonfield, N. J.
The smallest species yet known.
PERRISONOTA, Conrad.
Equivalved, elongated ; posterior hinge line long, curved, lin- ear, with numerous close, transverse teeth, extending nearly to the end margin; anterior hinge area broad, oblique and some- what distant from the hinge margin. No fosset under the apex ?
P. PROTEXTA, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 24.
Description. Subensiform, smooth, convex; anterior side short, extremity situated nearer the hinge than ventral margin.
Locality.— Haddonfield, N. J.
NUCULARIA, Conrad.
N. papyriA, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 25.
For description see p. 44 of this work. The figure represents a larger specimen, with some variation of form from that on pl. Ate 1
Locality.x— Haddonfield, N. J.
CY PRIMERIA, Conrad.
C. CRETACEA, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 12.
Dosinia Haddonfieldensis, Lea., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p- 149.
This is the only species yet found at Haddonfield, where it is abundant. Young shells are distinctly sculptured over the whole disk with regular concentric lines, but the adult has them only on the umbo, the other lines being those of growth. This Species is distinguished by its obtuse front margin, and the ele- vated or less oblique hinge margins, compared with C. depressa, Conrad. The figure in the Journal of the Academy represents the interior ; the disk is here fiyured together with the hinge.
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CAMPTONECTES, Agassiz. C. ARGILLENSIS, Conrad.—(Pecten) Journ Acad. Nat. Sci. 2d series, vol. iv, p. 283, pl. 47, fig. 3. C. BELLIScULPTUS, Conrad.—P!I. 9, fig. 11.
Description.—Ovate, compressed, thin and fragile; divaricating radii distinct; concentric lines extremely thin and minute; in- terior hinge line crenulated.
Locality. —Haddonfield, N. J.
The above description applies to the lower valve. I have not seen the opposite valve.
SINSYCLONEMA? Meek. S. sImpLicra.—Pl. 9, fig. 20.
The lower valve was represented in the Journ. Acad. vol. iv, pl. 46, fig. 44. The upper valve is here figured. It is remark- able for the prominence of the concentric striz, and has a few obsolete remote ribs.
Locality.x—Haddonfield, N. J.
RADULA, Klein,
R. DENTICUTICOSTA.—PI. 9, fig. 17 (Ctenoides) Gabb, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1861, p. 327.
The ribs of the shell, when perfect, are sharply and minutely carinated as well as crenulated.
Localitynx—Haddonfield, N. J.
TELLINID A. METIS, H. and A. Adams.
This genus, which H. and A. Adams place as a subgenus un- der Tellinide, is nearly related to Macoma by the hinge charac- ter, but has a shorter and more ventricose and obtuse form. It is readily recognised by its subequal sides, the broad furrow on the middle of the right valve, and angular fold on the umbonal slope. It occurs in a fossil state, and the following species com- prise all that are known to me:
M. biplicata, Conrad ( Tellina),
M. medialis, Conrad (Tellina), > Miocene.
M. unda, Conrad ( Tellina), \
M. tumescens, Dixon, Eocene.
Mr. Gabb has made a mistake in referring MW. medialis,* Con-
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rad, a Miocene fossil, to M. alta, Conrad, a recent Californian species. The former is proportionally longer and less ventricose than the latter.
MERCENARIA. M. PLENA, Conrad. Description.—Cordate, inequilateral, ventricose, oblique, with close concentric rugose lines ; posterior side subcuneiform ; lunule ovate; inner margin densely crenulated.
Locality.—Eastern Shore, Md. Prof. Cope. Miocene.
I am indebted to Mr. Gabb for this species. It approximates M. capax, Conrad, but is shorter, less ventricose, more oblique ; the hinge character differs, and the pallial sinus is deeper and more angular.
LIROSCAPHA, Conrad. Beak terminal erect, acute.
L. squamosa, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 23.
Description.— Oblong, ventricose, with unequal squamose or spinulose ribs.
Localityi— Haddonfield, N. J. Rare.
This is possibly a univalve. It resembles a Crepidula exter- nally, but there is no testaceous lamina within. It may be re- lated to Thylacus, Conrad, figured in the Journal of the Acad- emy, vol. iv, pl. 46, fig. 22.
CANCELLARIA, Lam. C. suBaLTA, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 22.
Description.—Hlevated ; whorls 6, convex, first three smooth ; sculpture prominent; rather close longitudinal ribs crossed by smaller lines, about 12 on the last whorl; these lines more dis- tant between the suture and shoulder ; labrum angulated above the middle, thickened, strongly toothed on the inner margin; base shghtly produced.
Locality.x—Haddonfield, N. J.
EULIMA, Risso. Ei. cRETACEA, Conrad.—Pl. 9, fig. 15.
Description.—Subulate, whorls 11? slightly truncated at base, except the last volution, which is subangular or acutely rounded medially.
Locality.— Haddonfield, N. J.
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Distinguished by-the whorls of the spine suddenly curved in- wards above the suture.
GADUS, Rang.
G. opnutus, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 18.
Deseription.—Slightly curved, gradually tapering above, more suddenly towards the mouth, which is small.
Locality. Haddonfield, N. J.
CARDITAMERA, Conrad. C. MACROPLEURA, Conrad.
Description.—Trapezoidal, ventricose ; large, prominent, flat- tened on the surface, crossed by prominent lines; ribs 13, grad- ually increasing in size from the anterior extremity to the umbo- nal slope; the adjoining post-umbonal rib large, but smaller than the umbonal, and between it and the dorsal line are 3 small or slender ribs, the marginal one thickest; posterior margin ob- liquely truncated; umbo broad.
Locality.— Virginia. SAXCICAVA, Lam. S. rncrta, Conrad.
Description.—Trapezoidal, mequilateral, convex, with minute concentric lines ; posterior end obliquely truncated, biangulated ; beaks distant from the anterior margin.
Locality.—K. shore, Maryland.
CYPRINOPSIS, Conrad. Equivalve; two anterior cardinal teeth, and one very oblique bifid tooth in the right valve. Pallial line entire.
Type.—Artemis elliptica, Smith, Journ. Geolog. Soc. vii, pl. 15, figs. 2, 3. Meretrizx ovalis, Gabb, Palzeont. Calif. Cretaceous.
This genus is nearly related to Cyprina, but the two subequal anterior cardinal teeth of the right valve sufficiently distinguish it. It has also a much narrower posterior tooth, bifid, not tri- lobed or broadly channelled as in Cyprina.
- PALZOCORBIS, Conrad.
Equivalve ; hinge with a pit under the beak of the left valve, and an obtuse anterior thick cardinal tooth; an anterior thick
Lead AL Ay)
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lateral tooth in each valve, in the left valve excavated; poste- rior lateral teeth in the left valve 38, parallel with the cardinal line; pallial line entire; anterior side gaping.
Corbis cordiformis, D’Orbigny. Cretaceous.
This genus differs essentially from Corbis, Cuv., in the ar- rangement of the hinge teeth, and is not of earlier date than the Necomian Cretaceous. ‘This fossil is common in Egypt as well as France.
Whether Corbis rotundata, D’Orbigny, is a member of this genus is doubtful, as the hinge character differs.
Triassic.
SOLEMYA. S. TRIASINA, Conrad.
Deseription.—Oval, extremely thin; end margins subequal and obtuse. Length 1? inch. Height 1 inch.
Locality.—Near Perkiomen Creek, Penn.
This cast, with portions of the shell remaining, is in a dark, hard slate colored shale. ‘Traces of the extra marginal perios- traca are seen in plications on the stone. Plications are also visible on the posterior side near the extremity on one valve, and other obtuse folds may be the result of pressure on a very thin shell.
My apology for describing this obscure cast is that organic re- mains, especially shells, are comparatively few in the Triassic rock of Pennsylvania, and { wish to call attention to this bivalve that better specimens may be searched for by collectors and nat- uralists.
DONAX, Linn, D. Forpi, Conrad.—PI. 9, fig. 27.
Description.—Triangular, ineyuilateral, ventricose; extremi- ties acutely rounded; radiated by minute, close impressed lines, near the posterior ventral margin a few concentric lines are cre- nulated by the junction with the radiating lines.
Localitykx—Haddonfield, N. J. Mr. J. W. Ford.
ERYCINELLA, Conrad. Woodia levigata, Speyer, is a species of this genus. Reference.—Dunker’s Paleeont. pl. 30, fig. 8.
™N is
OF CONCHOLOGY. 103
SOLEMYA, Lam. S. VENTRICOSA, Conrad.
The external form and the rays indicate this shell to be a true Solemya, where it must remain until the hinge has been seen. Mr. Gabb refers it to Siliqgua patula, Dixon, but it differs greatly in form, being highest posteriorly, and especially varies by the rayed posterior lines, and it is besides an extinct species.
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NOTES ON RECENT MOLLUSCA.
BY T. A. CONRAD.
PLEIODON MacmurtREI, Conrad.
Swainson’s original Latin description of Iridina ovata reads “testa levi, transversim ovata,’’ but his translation reads ‘‘ trans- versely oval.’’ ‘The form of the shell known as J. ovata is nei- ther the one nor the other; it is elliptical, whilst the P. JZaemur- trei is perovate. Swainson says the umbones are placed nearly in the middle of the hinge margin, in his species, but in the for- mer they are much nearer the anterior extremity. It has been fe eccsica that our shell has received an injury, but this is a slight deformity of a portion of the ventral margins. The broad and prominent umbo, ovate and shorter form distinguish it from P. ovata, independent of any accident.
P. ovatus, Adams, Genera pl. cxix, fig. 2, is a species distinct from either of the above mentioned, and probably undescribed.
Busycon caRicA, Lam.
By some unexplicable oversight he name of Murex aruana, Rumphius, 1705, was applied by me to B. carica. Linné’s first reference to a figure is that of Murex aruana, Rumphius, but his description and second reference to a figure in Gualtiert apply to B. carica. . This singular error is continued in several editions of Syst. Nat.
B. gibbosum, Con., is erroneously given a synonym of B. Kienert. It should stand thus:
B. ELICEANS, Montfort. B. gibbosum, Con.
CONUS, Lin. ©. Stearnsii, Conrad.—Pl. 10, fig. 1.
Description.—Subfusiform; sides nearly straight; spire ele- vated, acute, longitudinally wrinkled; sides nearly rectilinear,
OF CONCHOLOGY. 105
or slightly concave; volutions slightly carinated at base; angle of body whorl carinated; 10 revolving impressed lines on the body whorl; color bluish brown above on the body whorl, with revolving series of whitish spots and a brown dot between each of the lighter ones; carina of body whorl marked by a series of distant brown spots; lower part of body whorl yellowish, clouded with a series of brown dots on the ridges between the impressed lines ; spire yellowish and brown spotted; labrum slightly sinu- ous, spotted within.
Locality.—Oyster Bar, Pine Key, W. coast Florida. R. E. C. Stearns.
This little shell belongs to a group of cones with elevated spires, characteristic of the central Pacific and Atlantic coasts. Mr. Stearns obtained 5 specimens, of which some were alive, on Oyster Bar, in a small bayou at Pine Key; also on the beach of mainland back of Long Key.
Carpium Nutrauxtt, Conrad.
Mr. Carpenter makes this name a synonym of C. corbis, Meusch, or of Martyn. Ihave not seen the description, but I make a comparison of Nuttallii with the figure given by Martyn:
C’. corbis.—85 large ribs, with OC. Nuttallit.— Large ribs 28; an intermediate smaller rib be-| no intermediate rib. tween most of them.
3 wide ribs on posterior slope.| 6 close narrow ribs on poste- terior slope. Ligament narrow. Ligament very wide.
Narrower and much more prominent beaks.
Locality.—Pooloo Condor—j} Locality.—Upper California. tropical China seas.
CAPULUS, Mont. C. SHREEVEI, Conrad.—PIl. 13, fig. 8.
Description.—Hlevated, profoundly curved, compressed ; back flattened, traces of longitudinal lines near the base, margins an- gular.
Locality. Long Island, 8. Carolina.
This curious shell is only provisionally referred to Capulus, as it is not sufficiently perfect to classify without some doubt of its generic character.
It was found by a young student of conchology, Miss Lizzie Shreeve, to whom I dedicate it.
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UROSALPINX, Stimpson. U. Froripana, Conrad.—PI. 12, fig. 4.
Description.—Fusiform, longitudinal ribs distant, prominent, thick, rounded ; spire prominent, scalariform; whorls 6, penulti- mate whorl with 38 prominent revolving lines; last volution profoundly ribbed and having 10 conspicuous prominent revolving lines; caudal ridge prominent, curved; beak recurved, longitu- dinal prominent wrinkled lines are conspicuous over the whole surface; aperture and columella purple; labrum with 7 lines within.
Locality.—Tampa Bay, Florida.
This shell somewhat resembles Murex craticulatus.
It is rough, cinereous in color, and the lower part from labrum summit to extremity of siphonal canal is three-tenths of an inch longer than from the summit of labrum to apex.
RANELLA, Lam. S. Gen. Huptera, H. and A. Adams. R. TAMPHENSIS, Conrad.—PI 12, fig. 5.
Murex Tampeensis, Conrad, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. iii, 1846, p. 25.
BUSYCON, Mont. B. ELICEANS, Mont.
Mr. R. E. C. Stearns has presented to the Academy a fine adult specimen from Florida and a young shell, which, compared with a specimen of carzca of about the same stage of development, pre- sents the following differences: thicker than carica, the spines larger in front, but suddenly becoming very thick, distant and pro- foundly elevated on the back, whilst in the earica they continue of a comparatively very small size. The color of eliceans is bright reddish brown, having a tinge of purple, with a broad white colu- mella. The columella of carica is striated and has dark purple lines, whilst the general color of the markings is purple black. The lines of distinction between eliceans, carica, Kienert, perver- sum, coarctatum and candelabrum are strongly defined. If B. carica and B. perveraum are one species, how is it that perversum should be abundant in Florida and unknown on the coasts of the Middle and Eastern States, where carica abounds? The perver- sum attains a far larger size than carica; indeed I have never seen an adult specimen of the latter among Florida shells, nor did I see a specimen of any kind during the two months I was collecting on the southern coast of Florida.
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B. eliceans is well represented in Reeve’s figure, Mon. spe- cies 16, which is misnamed Pyrula arwanum, and also in Chenu’s