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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.

EDITED BY
fT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D.

tE. CAPPS, fh.d., ll.d. tW. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d.

L. A. POST, m.a. E. H. WARMINGTON, m.a., f.r.hist.soc.

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
VI

•1; '.J

DIO'S
ROMAN HISTORY

WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
EARNEST CARY, Ph.D.

ON THE BASIS OF THE VERSION OF

HERBERT BALDWIN FOSTER, Ph.D.

IN NINE VOLUMES
VI

LONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

^ MCMLV

\ i

m ii i i ii up ; mn

t, ? M I

M! /J AO

First Printed J 9 17 ,
Reprinted 1055

Printed in Great Britain

JUL 2 6 1957

CONTENTS

PAOE

BOOK LI 2

BOOK LII 78

BOOK LII I 192

BOOK LIV 280

BOOK LV 376

INDEX 485

V

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

BOOK LI

TaS* eveariv iv t<$ irtvrTiKoarQ irpwry rwv Alwvos 'PwfiaXKwv

a. 'Hs Kaiaap yiK^aas irepl "Aktiov ra trap6ura oUOtro.

fi. U€p\ 'Avruviov Kal KXeoirdrpas Kal wv titpa\av yarh. t))v
■firrav.

y. 'Hs *Avra>vios ijrryjdels *v Alyvirry kavrbv aircKreivev,

5. 'Us Kaiaap AXyvirrov ix*ip<*>oaro.

e. 'fls Kaiaap 4s 'Pwjutjv ^\de Kal to iirivtKia fjyaycv.

£. 'Us rb fSov\evri\piov rb *\qv\iov tcaOiepwdri.

17. 'fir Mvala ed\u>.

Xp6vov tr\ridos ra \011ra rrjs Kaiaapos rb y Kal M. OvaXeplov
Kopovivov MeaaaXov irnareias Kal &\\a errj ovo iv aits dpxovrts oi
api8fiovjj.€Voi oYS€ tyevovro

Kaiaap rb 5' „

M. Ainivvtos M. vl. Kpdaaos 1

Kaiaap rb € „ 8

Se^Tos 'AirovXcios 2 2e£rou vl.

Toiavrrj Tf9 vavp,ayia avToav rjj hevrepq rov

%€7TT€/jL/3pLOV ij€V€TO. TOVTO 8k OVK aWo)? 61TTOV

(ov&e yap etcoda avro iroielv) a\V on Tore
TTpwrov 6 Kaiaap to rcparos irav novo? eo")(ev t
2 ware teal tt)v airapiOfirjcnv to>v t?}? p,ovapyia<i

1 Kpdaaos supplied by H. Steph.

2 'Atrov\€ios Cary, airovX^ios M, arcovt\ios V»

2

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

BOOK LI

The following is contained in the Fifty -first of Dio's
Rome : —

How Caesar after his victory at Actiuin settled matters of

immediate concern (chaps. 1-4).
Concerning Antony and Cleopatra and their movements

after their defeat (chaps. 5-8).
How Antony, defeated in Egypt, killed himself (chaps. 9-10).
How Caesar subdued Egypt (chaps. 15-18).
How Caesar came to Rome and celebrated his triumph

(chap. 21).

How the Curia Iulia was dedicated (chap. 22).
How Moesia was conquered (chaps. 23-27).

Duration of time, the remainder of the consulship of
Caesar (III) and M. Valerius Corvinus Messalla, together
with two additional years, in which there were the magis-
trates (consuls) here enumerated : —

B.C.

30 Caesar (IV), M. Licinius M. F. Crassus.
29 Caesar (V), Sextus Apuleius Sexti F.

Such was the naval battle in which they engaged b.c. si
on the second of September. I do not mention this
date without a particular reason, nor am I, in fact,
accustomed to do so ; but Caesar now for the first
time held all the power alone, and consequently

8 for. supplied by Bs.

3

DICTS ROMAN HISTORY

avrov ircov air eteeivT)<; tt)<; rjnepas a/cpi/SovaOaL.
teal eV avrfj tw re 'AiroXXcovi tg3 'A/ct/o) rpL^ptj
re teal Terprjpr), rd re dXXa rd e£?}? p>£%P L & €K1 7~
povs, etc tcov alx/xaXcoTcov vethv dvedrjtee, teal
vabv fiet^co wteoSofirjaev, dycovd t€ Tiva teal yvfi-
vitebv teal fjiovo-itei]^ lirTTohpofxia^ T6 TrevTerrjpitebv
lepov (ovrct) yap tov$ ttjv <tLtt}giv e^ovra^ dpop,d-
%ov<Ti) feareSei^ev, "Ateria avrov irpoaayopevo-a^.

3 ttoXlv t€ riva ev t& tou aTparoTreSov tottm, tou?
jxev avvayeipa^ toi>9 S' dvaarrfaa^ t&v 7rXr)crto~
%(opcov, <7vvcptei<T6> NikottoXiv ovo/xa airy 8ov$.
to re ytopiov ev g5 iaK7]vr]a€ t Xi6ot<; t€ rerpairiSoL^
e/c/57/7r/Sft)c7€ teal Tofc dXovaiv e/uftoXoa iteoo-pLTj-
aev, eSo? ri ev aira> rov ' AttoXXcopos viraLOpiov
iSpvadfievo?.

4 Tavra fiep varepov eyevero, tots 8e p,epo$ fiev 1

Tl TWV V€COV €9 BiCJ^LV TOV T€ ' 'AvTCQVLOV teal T?}?

KXeoirdrpas eareiXe* teal eteeivoi eTreBicogav fiev
airovs, eirel 8' obte ev teaTaXrjyfrei 2 e^aivovro,
dve^copTjaav rah Be Xonrals to rdfypevpLa avrcov,
fiTjSevb? evavriovfievov Be oXtyoTTjra, eXafie, teal
fieTci ravja teal rov Xolttov crrparbv e? Ma/ce-
Boviav aTTLovra tearaXaftcov dfxa^eX irapeo-T7]GaTO.

5 7]Br] Be teal Bce<f>vyov dXXoi re teal tcov Trpcorcov
ol fMev 'Yayfialoi Ttpbs rov ' ' Avtwviov^ oi S' erepot
ol avfLfAaxv<ravT€<; avrco oXteaBe, ov p,evroi ye
teal dvT€7roXefJL7jcrav ovroi ye en tw Katcrapc,

1 M «VBk., iv VM.

2 iv KaraA^ei R. Steph., iyKaraKytyet VM,

4

BOOK LI

the years of his reign are properly reckoned from b o. 8i
that day. 1 In honour of the day he dedicated to
Apollo of Actium from the total number of the cap-
tured vessels a trireme, a quadrireme, and the other
ships in order up to one of ten banks of oars ; and
he built a larger temple. He also instituted a quad-
rennial musical and gymnastic contest, including
horse-racing, — a " sacred " festival, as they call
those in connexion with which there is a distribu-
tion of food, — and entitled it Actia. Furthermore,
he founded a city on the site of his camp by gather-
ing together some of the neighbouring peoples and
dispossessing others, and he named it Nicopolis. 2
On the spot where he had had his tent, he laid a
foundation of square stones, adorned it with the
captured beaks, and erected on it, open to the sky,
a shrine of Apollo.

But these things were done later. At the time
he sent a part of the fleet in pursuit of Antony and
Cleopatra ; these ships, accordingly, followed after
the fugitives, but when it became clear that they
were not going to overtake them, they returned.
With his remaining vessels he captured the enemy's
entrenchments, meeting with no opposition because
of their small numbers, and then overtook and with-
out a battle won over the rest of the army, which
was retreating into Macedonia. There were various
important contingents that had already escaped ; of
these the Romans fled to Antony and the allies to
their homes. The latter, however, no longer fought

1 Dio is very careful to date each emperor's reign pre-
cisely. Cf. Preface to vol. i. p. xiii.

2 i.e. "City of Victory." The same name had been given
by Pompey to a town founded after his defeat of Mithri-
dates. See xxxvi. 50.

5

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

dXXa icad* rjav^lav Kal iiceivoi Kal oi Sij/noi
TTavres, oaot real irporepov eppcojxdi^ov, oi fiev
2 ev9v$ ol Be /cal jnera tov6* a>p,oXoyi]o~av. Kal 09
t<z? fiev 7roXet9 'XpritiaToav re ecrirpd^et Kal r%
\onrr}<; e? tov<z TroXiras cr<j)cov ev rats ifCKXrjcriais
iSjovaia? irapaipecrei fierrj\6e t rot'? Be Brj Bwdcrra^;
tov$ re fiaaiXea? to, /iep yjapia, oaa irapa tov
' Avtcovlov elXrjfyecrav, iravra^ irXrjv rov re ' Ajllvv-

2 rov /cal tov *Ap%eXdov dcfietXero, <PiXo7rdropa
Be rov Tap/covBi/jLorov /cal Av/co/ATjBrjv ev fiepei
rov KaTnraBo/cc/cov Uovtov ftaaiXevovTa tov t€
y AXel~avBpov tov tov 'lapiftXixpv dBeX<f)bv /cal
to)v BwacTTeicov eiravae* Kal tovtov, otc fiicrObv
avTrjv eKeivov KaTyyopcas elXrjcftei, Kal e? tcl

3 eirtvLKta irapayaycov direKTeive. ty)v Be tov Avko-
/a)']Bov<; MrjBela) Tivl eBcoKev, otl tov$ T6 Mv&ov$
tovs 1 ev ttj ' Aala dirb tov y AvTCov[ov rrpb t?}?
vavfia^La^ direcrTrjcre, Kal pueT avTcov to£? iv ttj
p,epiBi avTOv ovaiv €7roXeftr)cre. KvBooviaTas 2 tc
Kal Aaparaiov^ eXev&epov? d(pt)Kev, otc tlvcl avTw
crvvrjpavTO* Kal to£? ye AapLTraiois Kal ttjv ttoXiv

4 dvecrTcocrav crvyKaTcpKicre. toov tc fiovXevrcov
Kal tcov iirueuiv tcov t€ aXXwv tcov Kopvcfraicov
tcov o-vpLTrpa%dvT(t)v tl tw 'AvTwvLtp ttoXXovs /lev
XprjpLacriv e£?7/uto<re, ttoXXovs Be Kal i<f)6vevcre, Kal
tivcov Kal efyeicraTO. Kal ev p,ev tovtocs o re
2o<7070? i7ri(f)avr)<; eyeveTO (iroXXaKi? tc yap
dvT itt oXepLrj eras avTW Kal Tore (frvywv Kal KaTa-
Kpvcpdek, XP° V< P T€ VGTepov evpeOeis, icrcodrj)

5 Kal MdpKo? tc<z ^Kavpov dBeXcf>6<i re yap tov
Xe^Tov 6pLopi7]Tpco<: tov Kal OavaTCdOrjvat KeXevaOels

1 rovs supplied by St. 2 KvSwiaTas Bk., tcvScovedras VM.

BOOK LI

against Caesar, but both they and all the peoples b.c, 31
which had long been subject to Rome remained
quiet and made terms, some at once and others later.
Caesar now punished the cities by levying money
and taking away the remnant of authority over their
citizens that their assemblies still possessed. He
deprived all the princes and kings except Amyntas
and Archelaus of the lands which they had received
from Antony, and he also deposed from their thrones
Philopator, the son of Tarcondimotus, Lycomedes, the
king of a part of Cappadocian Pontus, and Alexander,
the brother of lamblichus. The last-named, because
he had secured his realm as a reward for accusing
Caesar, he led in his triumphal procession and after-
wards put to death. He gave the kingdom of Lyco-
medes to one Medeius, because the latter had de-
tached the Mysians in Asia 1 from Antony before the
naval battle and with them had waged war upon those
who were on Antony's side. He gave the people of
Cydonia and Lampe 2 their liberty, because they had
rendered him some assistance ; and in the case of
the Lampaeans he helped them to found anew their
city, which had been destroyed. As for the senators
and knights and the other leaders who had aided
Antony in any way, he imposed fines upon many of
them, slew many others, and some he actually
spared. In this last class Sosius was a conspicuous
example; for though he had often fought against
Caesar and was now hiding in exile and was not
found until later, nevertheless he was saved. Like-
wise one Marcus Scaurus, a half-brother of Sextus on
his mother's side, had been condemned to death,

1 Cf. note on xlix. 36.

2 Usually called Lappa.

7

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

elra Bid ttjv firjTepa ttjv Movtei'av d<f>eiOrj, rcov
Be ko\ci<t0€Vtcov *Akv\iol re <&\a)poi teal Kovplcov
ovofia flakier ecrypv, ovtos fiev otl rov Kovplcovos

€K€LVOV TOV 7TOT€ T(p KaiaapL T(p 1TpOT€p(p 7ToXXa

6 avvapafievov f/09 r)v, 01 Be Br) <P\cbpoi otl top
erepov rbv Xa^ovra teeXevaavTO? aurov acfrayfjvai
dp^orepoi Bie^Odprjaav. rj&av fiev yap irarrjp
T€ teal ttclW «9 S' ovro? rrplv Xayelv avrb<; eavTov
tw a(f>ayei etewv TrapeBcotee, TrepirjXyrjo-e re iteeivo<;
teal avToyeipia avTw eiraireOavev.

3 Ovtol fiev ovv outo)? dirriXXa^av, 6 S' ofiiXos
twv y AvTGtvieiwv o-TpaTicorwv €9 ta tov Kaiaapos
arparoTreSa fcarerdydT], teal eireiTa roi><; fiev

TToXlTa^ TOV^ €%G) TT}^ rjXlteiaS d^ dfl(f)OT€p(OV s

prjBev prjBevl Bovs, €9 rrjv ^lrdkiav d f ire7refjb'^re i

2 tou9 Be Bt] Xolttovs Biecmeipev eireiBr) yap ev tt)
^LiteeXta (poffepoi oi fiera ttjv vlktjv eyevovro,
eBeiae fir) teal avOis 0opv/3rj<rtt>(Ti, real Bed tout
eenrevae, irplv teal otlovv vTToteivrjOrjvai^ tov<; fiev
iravTeXo)*; etc rebv ottXwv direXdcrai, tcov Be to

3 7t\y}8o<; Biacnrdaai. tou9 t€ efjeXevOepovs Bi
biro^'ia? ere teal totc eycov tt)v TeTaprrjv avTols
icrcfropdv defrrjteev, r)v etc tcov it poaTayO evTwv a$io~i
XprffiaTcov eTToxfyeikov. teal ovtol pev ov% otl
iareprjVTo tlvwv ifivrjo-i/edteovv eTi s aXX' a>9 teal

4 Xa/36vTe<; oo~a fir) avveorrjveyteav eyaipov* 01 re ev
T(p T€T ay fievw eTi 1 teal totc 6We9, to fiev tl 777909
twv aTpaTiapxcov teaTeyofievoi, to Be Br) irXelcrTov

1 cti Leuncl., crei VM.

8

BOOK LI

but was later released for the sake of his mother b.c. 31
Mucia. Of those who were punished, the Aquilii
Flori and Curio were most talked about, the latter
because he was a son of that Curio who had once
been of great assistance to the former Caesar, and
the Flori because, when Octavius commanded that
the one of them who should draw the lot should be
slain, they both perished. They were father and son,
and when the son, without waiting for the lot, volun-
tarily offered himself to the executioner, the father
was exceedingly distressed and died upon his son's
body by his own hand.

These men, then, fared in the manner described.
The mass of Antony's soldiers was incorporated in
Caesar's legions, and he later sent back to Italy the
citizens of both forces who were over the military
age, without giving them anything, and scattered
the rest. For they had caused him to fear them in
Sicily after his victory there, and he was afraid they
might create a disturbance again ; hence he made
haste, before they gave the least sign of an uprising,
to discharge some entirely from the service and to
scatter the majority of the others. As he was still
at this time suspicious of the freedmen, he remitted
to them the fourth payment which they still owed of
the money levied upon them. 1 So they no longer bore
him any grudge because of what had been taken from
them, but rejoiced as if they had actually received the
amount they had been relieved from contributing.
The men still left in the rank and file also made no
trouble, partly because they were held in check by
their commanders, but chiefly because of their hopes

1 i.e. one-quarter of the tax of 12£ per cent, levied upon
them a little earlier. See 1. 10. 4.

9

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

rfj rod AlyvTTTLov irXovrov i\7ri8i, ovhev eveo%-
fMdcrav oi he hi) o-vvviKijaavres avrfp Kal rr)s
arparetas d<j>e6evres rja-^aWov are firjhev yepas
evpopuevoi, Kal araaid^etv ovk is fJuaKpav tfpjjavro.

5 kclltoi 1 6 Kalaap viroroirrjaas re airovs, Kal
(fyoft^Oels fir) rod IS/laiKrjvov, cS Kal rbre r) re 'Fco/jltj
Kal r) \onrr) 'IraXia irpoaereraKro, Kara<ppovt]-
crcocriv ore iirrrevs rjv, rbv 1 A.<yp'nnrav a>? Kal Kar
d\\o tl €9 rr)v J lra\lav errefitye. Kal roaavrrjv
y iirl rrdvra Kal iKeivw kol ra> MaiKrjva i^qvalav
ehcoKev co are a<f)ds Kal ras imcFroXds, a 9 rjj re
/3ov\jj Kal rols aWots eypa<f>e, rrpoavayiyvwcrKeiv,
kclk rovrov Kal fieraypd^etv oaa ij3ov\ovro,

6 Kal hid rovro Kal haKrvkiov eXafiov Trap avrov,
iv erncrfypayl^ecrOai auras e^ooac. htirXrjv yap
hrj o-cfrpayiha, fj fidXiara rore exprjro, irreTToL'qro,
o-(j)lyya iv eKarepa ofiolav eKrvncoaas, varepov
yap rrjv eiKova rrjv eavrov iyyXvyfras eKelvrj rd

7 rrdvra earjfiaLvero. Kal avrjj Kal 01 fiera ravra
avr ok par opes, rrXrjv TdX/3ov, ixprjcravro* ovros
yap rrpoyoviKG) nvi crcfypayta/Aari, Kvva Ik irpcppas
vecos rrpoKvirrovra e%ovri f 2 ivofitvev. eireareXXe
he Kal eKelvois Kal rois aXXots rots irdvv <f>iXois,
oiTore ri heoiro hi drropprjrcov &<})Lgi hrjXayaai, rb
hevrepov del vroiyelov rov tc5 prjpxiri rrpocrrj-
Kovros dvr eKeivov dvreyypdcpcov,

4 Kal 6 fxevy a>9 oihevbs ere heivov rvapa rcov
earparevfjbevcov icrofievov, rd re iv rjj 'EXXahi
hiG)Kr)o-e Kal rebv rolv 8eolv pivcrrrjpiwv fiereXafiev,
69 re rrjv ' Kaiav Ko/xtcOels Kal iKelva rrpoaKadl-

1 KaiToi M, Kairoi Kal V.

2 exoffi Xiph., (X ovra VM.

IO

BOOK LI

of gaining the wealth of Egypt, The men, however, b.c. 31
who had helped Caesar to gain his victory and had
been dismissed from the service were irritated at
having obtained no reward, and not much later they
began to mutiny. But Caesar was suspicious of
them and, since he feared that Maecenas, to whom
on this occasion also Rome and the rest of Italy had
been entrusted, would be despised by them inasmuch
as he was only a knight, he sent Agrippa to Italy,
ostensibly on some other mission. He also gave to
Agrippa and to Maecenas so great authority in all
matters that they might even read beforehand the
letters- which he wrote to the senate and to others
and then change whatever they wished in them. «
To this end they also received from him a ring,
so that they might be able to seal the letters
again. For he had caused to be made in duplicate
the seal which he used most at that time, the design
being a sphinx, the same on each copy ; since it was

upon his seal and sealed everything with that. It
w r as this latter that the emperors who succeeded him
employed, except Galba, who adopted a seal which
his ancestors had used, its device being a dog
looking out of a ship's prow. It was the custom of
Caesar in writing to these two ministers and to his
other intimate friends, whenever there was need of
giving them secret information, to substitute in each
case for the appropriate letter in a word the letter
next in order after it.

Now Caesar, believing there would be no further
danger from the veterans, administered affairs in
Greece and took part in the Mysteries of the two
goddesses. 1 He then went over into Asia and

own likeness engraved

1 Demeter and Kor&

ii

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

2 araro, rd re rov ' Avrcovvov dfia eKapaBoKer ov
yap Tree o~a<f>e$ ri oirrj Bieirefyevyei eireirvaro, Kal

TTap€(TK€vd^€TO ft)? KaX €TT CLVTOV OpfiqCTGOV, OV Tl

dfcpifidbo-r}. 6 opv firmer dvrtov S' avrcov iv rovrco
cpavepcbs are Kal irokv dirb acpcov diraprcovro^;
avrov, efyoftrjOr) puff n kclkov irpocrrdrov rivb$

3 \a/36fievoi BpdcrcocTi, /cal Bid rovr % Avrwviov puev
aWow ava^rjrrjcrai irpoa eraser, auTo? Be e? rrjv
y lra\iav rjirei^Q^ fiecrovvros rov j(eLpcovo<; iv co to
reraprov fxerd 1 Mdp/cov Kpdcrcrov r)p%ev ovro?
yap, Kalirep rd re rod ^egrov KaX rd rov 'Ai>t<w-
viov TTpd%a<$, Tore firjBe crrparrjyrjcra^ cvvvird-
revaev avrco. ekOcov Be €? rb Hpevrecriov ovKeri

4 nepairepco rrpovyj&priGev. errel yap tj re yepovaia
TrvOofievrj rbv rr pocrirXovv avrov rraaa eKelae,
ifkrjv rcov re BrjpLap^cov /cal err part]ycov Bvo /card
Boypa KarafieiPaPTCOv, aTnjvrrjcre, /cal 77 iinrd^
rov re BrjfjLOV rb irXetov /cal erepoi, oi fiev /card
rrpecrfBeias oi Be eOeXovrai, iroXkol crvvrjkOov,

5 ov/cer ovBev vtt ovBevb? 77-/009 re rrjv dcpt^iv avrov
Kal 7rpo9 rr]V rcov ifXeiovcov crTrovBrjv iveo^codr).
/cal yap i/celvoi, oi fiev cpoftco, oi Be eXiricnv, oi Be
Kal pLerdirepLirroLy 7rpbs 2 rb Bpevreatov d^iKovro*
Kal avrcov 6 Kaicrap rots jxev aXkois ^prjfxara
eBcoxe, to?? Be Bed iravrb<; avrco avcrr parevcracri

6 Kal yrjv irpoa KareveijMe? tou? yap Brjfxov^ tou?

1 ficra M, /LttTO rov V. 2 7rpbs M, is V.
3 ■npo(TKar€V€iix€ M, trpoffKar^fxave V.

12

BOOK LI

settled matters there also, keeping watch meanwhile b.c. 31
upon Antony's movements ; for he had not yet
learned anything definite regarding the refuge to
which the other had fled, and so he was making pre-
parations to proceed against him in case he should
receive any precise information. But meanwhile the
veterans made an open demonstration now that he was
gone so far away from them, and he began to fear
that if they found a leader they would cause some mis-
chief. Consequently he assigned to others the task of
seeking Antony, and hurried to Italy himself, in the
middle of the winter of the year in which he was
holding office for the fourth time, along with Marcus b.c. 30
Crassus. For Crassus, in spite of having sided with
Sextus and with Antony, was then his fellow-consul
even though he had not held the praetorship.
Caesar, then, came to Brundisium, but proceeded no
farther. For when the senate ascertained that his
ship was nearing Italy, its members went there to
meet him, all except the tribunes and two praetors,
who remained in Rome in pursuance of a decree ;
and the equestrian order as well as the greater
part of the populace and still others, some as envoys
and some of their own accord, came together
there in large numbers, with the result that there
was no further act of rebellion on the part of any
one in view of his arrival and of the enthusiasm of
the majority. For the veterans, too, had come to
Brundisium, some of them induced by fear, some by
hopes, and still others in response to a summons ;
and Caesar gave money to some of them, while to
those who had served with him throughout his
campaigns he also made an additional assignment
of land. For by turning out of their homes the

*3

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

iv rfj 'IraXia tou9 ra rov 1 Kvrwvlov fypovrjcravras
igoiKLaas toZ? fiev a r par mot cu? Ta? re rroXeis
kol ra ywpia avrcjv i^aplo aro, efceivwv he St)
tols fiev irXeloai to re Avppd^iov teal tovs <&i-
Xlttttovs aXXa re iiroiKeLV dvreScoKe, rot? Se Xot-
7rot9 dpyvpiov dvrl rrjs ywpas to piv eveipue rb

7 8' vrtkayero. o~vyya pcev yap /cal etc rrj<; vLkti<;
itcrrjcraro, 7roXXa) he ere rrXelfo avrfKiafee. teal hid
tovto KaX rrpoeypa^rev iv rep Trparrjpl(p ra re
eavrov fcrrjfiara teal ra ro)v iraipcov, iva av re
irplaadav ri avrcov av re KaX dvriXafielv rt<$

8 iOeXrjarj, tovto rroLijar]. KaX errpadt) pkv oi)Zev t
ov?> dvrehodr) ovhev tl$ yap av teal iroXpurjaev
orrorepovovv avrcov irpd^ai; rr)<> Be hrj iirayyeXias 1
dvaftoXrjv Ik tovtov evTrperrrj Xafitov varepov
avrrjv eV rebv Alyvirricov Xa<pvpcov arrrjXXa^e.

5 Tavrd re ovv Kal ra aXXa rd iiretyovra hioi-
KrjcraSi to?? re riva aheiav Xafiovai Kal iv rfj
*lraXia hiaiTao~Oai (ov yap igrjv) Sow, Kal rbv
hrjpiov rbv iv rfj 'Vcopirj viroXei^Oevra irapepievos
ort pit} 7T/JO? airbv fjX0ev, e? re rrjv 'EXXdha
avOis rpiaKocrrfj pier a rrjv a<f)i!*iv f)P>epq dirrjpe,

2 Kal Sid rov ladpiov rov t?)? UeXoTTOVvrjcrov Ta?
i»a£? vtto rov %e£/i<wi>09 vrrepeveyKcov ovr<o Ta%ea)?
e? rrjv y Kaiav dveKOpiiaOrj &are Kal rbv 1 Avtcovcov
rrjv re KXeoTrdrpav eKarepov dpua, Kal ore dtfxap-

3 prjOrj Kal on iiravrjXde, p,a6elv. c!>? yap rore i/e
rrjs vavpayias ecftvyov, p>expi pev rrjs HeXoirov-

1 iirayyehlas Xyl., aitayychfas VM.

14

BOOK LI

communities in Italy which had sided with Antony b.c. 30
he was able to grant to his soldiers their cities and
their farms. To most of those who were dispossessed
he made compensation by permitting them to settle
in Dyrrachium, Philippi, and elsewhere, while to the
remainder he either granted money for their land or
else promised to do so ; for though he had acquired
great sums by his victory, yet he was spending still
more by far. For this reason he advertised at
auction both his own possessions and those of his
companions, in order that any one who desired to
purchase any of them, or to take any of them in
exchange for something else, might do so. And
although nothing was purchased, and nothing taken
in exchange, either — for who, pray, would ever have
dared follow either course ? — yet he secured by this
means a plausible excuse for delay in carrying out
his promise, and later he discharged the debt out of
the spoils of Egypt.

After settling this and the other business that
pressed, giving to those who had received a grant of
amnesty the right also to live in Italy, not before
permitted them, and forgiving the populace which had
remained behind in Rome for not having gone to
meet him, he set out once more for Greece on the
thirtieth day after his arrival. Then, because it was
winter, he carried his ships across the isthmus of the
Peloponnesus 1 and got back to Asia so quickly that
Antony and Cleopatra learned at one and the same
time both of his departure and of his return. They,
it appears, when they had made their escape from the
naval battle at Actium, had gone as far as the

1 In order to avoid the dangerous passage around Cape
Malea.

is

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

vr}<rov ofxov a<f>l/covTO, iprevOep he toop ctvpoptcop
Tivas, oaovs v7r(O7TT€V0v, aTTOTTe^avre^ (iroXXol
he. Kal aKovrcop avroyv drreyjiapr^aap) KXeoirdrpa
fxev e? tt]V Atyvrrrop, fir) ri Tr)9 crvfifyopas acjxop

4 7rp07rU&6/jL€VOL V€(dT€pL(T(d(TlV, TJireL^drj , KOL 07TO)?

76 zeal tcw it poarrXovp da<f>aXrj Troitfarjrai, Ta<? Te
Trpu>pas a>9 /cat KeKparrjKvla Kareare^re Kal rJSa?
rivas IitlvlkLov^ vtt avXrjrwp yhep' eirel he iv tgj
da<j>aXe2 iyepero, ttoXXov? fxev rcov 7rpa>rcop, are
Kal del 01 1 d^Oofxevcov Kal tots eirl rfj avfX(f>opa

5 avrrjs eTrrjpjjLev(t>v 1 i(f)6pevae, ttoXvp he Kal rrXovrop

€K T€ TCOV eKeiVCOV KTTjpdrCDP KOI €K TCOP aXXoJP

Kal oalcav Kal ffeicop, fir}$evo<; /jLrjhe rcov irdpv
d/3drcop iepcov fyeiBofievT), rjdpoL^e t 8vvd/jL€i<t re
igrjprvero Kal av pLpua^La^ irepieaKoireL, top re
^Apfxepiop drroKreipaaa ttjp KecjyaXrjp avrov ra>
M^Sft), o><; Kal eir LKovpTjcovTi acfrcai hid rovr\

6 €7re fiyfrep. 'Aptwpios he errXevae fxep e? rrjp

Al/3v7]P T6 UlPaplOP ^KapTTOP Kal TTpO^ TO

arpdrev/ia to jxer avrov eVt rfj rfjs Aiyvirrov
<f>v\aKj) ipravda TrpoavpeiXeyfiepop' eirel h* ovre
7rpoaBe^eaBai airbp e<pr] t 2 Kal irpoaeri Kal rovs
7rpo7refi(f>0€PTa<; vtt avrov ea-(j>a^e f rcop re arpa-
ricorcjp &p r)PX €V dyapaKr^aaprd^ ripa? eirl
rovro) htefydeipep, ovrco hrj Kal ai/ro? €? rrjp
1 AXe^dphpeLap firjhep irepdpa? eKOfiiadrj,
6 Kal rd re dXXa &><? errl rayei TroXe/xay irape-
crKevd^opro, Kal rovs vlels, KXeoirdrpa fiep
KacaapLcopa 'Aptwpios he v AptvXXop, op £k rfjs
QovXovla? yepprjdepra 01 etyep, €? i<fiijf3ov<; eVe-

1 ot M, om. V.

2 i(pt\ supplied by Leuncl.

16

BOOK LI

Peloponnesus together ; from there, after they had b.c. so
first dismissed a number of their associates whom
they suspected, — many, too, withdrew against their
wishes, — Cleopatra had hastened to Egypt, for fear
that her subjects would begin a revolt if they heard
of the disaster before her arrival. And in order
to make her approach, too, safe she crowned her
prows with garlands as if she had actually won a
victory, and had songs of triumph chanted to the
accompaniment of flute-players. But as soon as she
had reached safety, she slew many of the foremost
men, inasmuch as they had always been displeased
with her and were now elated over her disaster ;
and she proceeded to gather vast wealth from their
estates and from various other sources both profane
and sacred, sparing not even the most holy shrines,
and also to fit out her forces and to look about for
allies. She put to death the Armenian king and sent
his head to the Mede, who might be induced thereby,
she thought, to aid them. Antony, for his part, had
sailed to Pinarius Scarpus in Africa and to the army
under Scarpus* command previously assembled there
for the protection of Egypt. But when this general
not only refused to receive him but furthermore slew
the men sent ahead by Antony, besides executing
some of the soldiers under his command who showed
displeasure at this act, then Antony, too, pro-
ceeded to Alexandria without having accomplished
anything.

Now among the other preparations they made for
speedy warfare, they enrolled among the youths of
military age, Cleopatra her son Caesarion and Antony
his son Antyllus, who had been born to him by
Fulvia and was then with him. Their purpose was

17

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ypayfrap, tv ol re KiyvTTTioi 009 Kal avhpos rivos
r)hrj f3a<TCkevovTQ<i <r(f)cov 7rpo0vp,r}0coo-i, Kal ol
dXXov Trpoardra^ i/ceivovs, dp yi ti heivov o-<piari

2 crvfi/3f}, e%oi>Te? fcapreprjacoai. /ecu to?9 fiev
fieipatcLois Kal tovto oXtiop tov oXWpov eyepero'
ovherepov yap avrcov 6 K.alcrap, a>9 Kal dvSpwv
optcop real tt pocrxrj/Lid ti TTpoaracrLas i^ovrcop,

i(f)€L(TaTO' €K€LPOL OVP 7Tap€<TK€vd%OPTO ft€P Ct>9

Kal ip rfj AlyvTTTO) Kal paval xal 7re£&) TroXe/JU]-

3 (Topres, Kal €7rl tovtqs Kal rd e0prj rd o/no^copa
tov? T€ /3aai\€a<; tou9 <I>iXlov<? a<j>Lai Trpocnrape-
kuXovp, TfTOLfid^oPTO S' ovSep t)ttop o>9 Kal €9 ttjp
'lfirjplap, dp ti KareTreL^r], TrXevaovfiepoi Kal rd
€K6L aXXcos T6 Kal TO) TrXrjdei rcop xprjjjLaTayp
aTroGTrjO'oPTes, r) Kal 7T/)09 tt)p ipv0pdp 6dXaaraap

4 /jL€TacrTT]ar6/jL€P0i. Kal 07ra)9 ye iirl irXetarop
ftovXevofJiepoi Tavra SiaXdOcoaip, rj ko\ i^airarr)-
acoari tttj top Kaicrapa rj Kal SoXocfropr/acoaLp,
€<TT€iXdp Tipa<$ €K€tPoy fxkp Xoyov? virep elptfprjs
Tofc Se Sr) gvpovgip avTw xptj/xara <j>epoPTa<;.

5 Kav tovto) Kal r) K.Xeo7raTpa o~KrprTpop T€ ti 1
^pvaovp Kal ari(f)apop xpvaovp top t€ &L(f>pop top
ftaoriXiKOP, Kpv(f>a tov 'Aptcdpiov, o>9 Kal tt)p
dpyrjp ol 81 aircop 2 SiSovcra eireix^ep, tV av Kal

6 4k€lpop £x@*}PV> aX^" avTr)P ye iXerjarj. 6 Se Ta
fxep Bcopa eXaffep olcopop 7rot,ov/A€Po<;, direKplpaTO
Be t&) fiev 'Aptcoplg) ovhep, tjj Se KXeoiraTpa
(frapepws pep dXXa re direCXr^TiKa Kal oti, dp tcop
T€ ottXcop Kal t?)9 /3ao~t,Xeia<; dirocTf), /3ovXevo~€Tai

1 Ti M, om. V.

a ai/ruv M, ainhv V.

18

BOOK LI

to arouse the enthusiasm of the Egyptians, who b.c. 30
would feel that they had at last a man for their
king, and to cause the rest to continue the struggle
with these boys as their leaders, in case anything
untoward should happen to the parents. Now as
for the lads, this proved one of the causes of their
undoing ; for Caesar spared neither of them, claiming
that they were men and were clothed with a sort of
leadership. But to return to Antony and Cleopatra,
they were indeed making their preparations with a
view to waging war in Egypt both on sea and on
land, and to this end they were calling to their
aid the neighbouring tribes and the kings who were
friendly to them ; but they were also making ready,
none the less, to sail to Spain if need should arise,
and to stir up a revolt there by their vast resources
of money and by other means, or even to change
the base of their operations to the Red Sea. And
in order that while engaged in these plans they
might escape observation for the longest possible
time or even deceive Caesar in some way or actually
slay him by treachery, they despatched emissaries
who carried peace proposals to him and bribes of
money to his followers. Meanwhile Cleopatra, on
her part, unknown to Antony, sent to him a golden
sceptre and a golden crown together with the royal
throne, signifying that through them she offered him
the kingdom as well ; for she hoped that even if he
did hate Antony, he would yet take pity on her
at least. Caesar accepted her gifts as a good omen,
but made no answer to Antony ; to Cleopatra, how-
ever, although he publicly sent threatening messages,
including the announcement that, if she would give
up her armed forces and renounce her sovereignty,

19

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

TTepl avrrj? ocra xprj irpa^ai, \d6pa Be on, idv
tov * kvTwviov aTTOKTeivrj, /cal ttjv aBeiav avrrj /cal
Tvjv apyjiv d/cepaiov Bcocrei.
7 'E^ c5 Be ravra eylyveTO, ra? re vavs t«9 iv roS
'Apa/3i/cq> Ko\7T(p irpos tov 69 1 ttjv ipvOpdv
OdXaaaav ifkovv vavTrrjyrjOeLaas oi ' Apdftioi,
7reiadevTes vtto KuiWov AiBLov tov T/79 l^vpias
ap^ovTO*;, KareTrprfaav, ical tcls eTri/covpias /cal oi

2 Srjjjioi /ecu oi hvvdarat iravres dirrjpv^aavTO. /cat
jioi Oavfidaai eirepyeTai ore aWoi fiev &v%voi t
/ca'nrep iroWa Trap avrcop el\rj (pores, ey/caTe\nrov
crfyas, oi he iirl rats oifKojia^Lais ev rofc dripo-
rara Tpe(f>6fievoc TrpoOvfila re €9 avrov? 7r\eio-rrj

3 e^prjcravTO /cal dvBpeioTara rjycovLaavTO. ovtov
yap ev Kf $/cfc> 777)09 7-01)9 eirtvLKlovs dyebvas, 0&9
eVl Y^cdaapi d^eiv ffKiri^ov, do~/covp,evoi, Tore
e7reiSrj Tdyiara tcov yeyovorcov rjoSovTO, Sipfirjcrav

4 €9 rrjv AXyviTTOV a>9 /cal ftoydtfo-ovTes avTols, /cal
iroWd j±ev tov y K\xvvTav ev rf} FaXarla iroWd Be
/cal Tot>9 tov Tap/covBifiorov iralBas ev rfj Ki\i/cia,
<f>i\ov<; jiev a<j)icnv 69 tcl fid\io~Ta yevofAevovs, tot€

irpos ra irapovra fieraaTavTas, izoWa Be /cai
tov AiBiov /ccoXvovrd a(f>as 7779 BioBov eBpaaav.

5 oi) fievTOL /cal Biarrecreiv 6*9 ttjv KXyvirTOv rjBvvjj-
07}o-av, dW* i7T€iBr] iravrayoOev Trepiearo^i-
aOrjaav, \6yov jxev ovB* &9 ovBeva, icaiTOi tov
AlBlov av%vd acpiaiv v7rtcr^vovfievov, irpocreBe-

1 is M, vphs V.

20

BOOK LI

he would consider what ought to be done in her B .c. so
case, he secretly sent word that, if she would kill
Antony, he would grant her pardon and leave her
realm inviolate.

While these negotiations were proceeding, the
Arabians, instigated by Quintus Didius, the governor
of Syria, burned the ships in the Arabian Gulf which
had been built for the voyage to the Red Sea, 1 and
the peoples and princes without exception refused
their assistance to Antony. Indeed, I cannot but
marvel that, while a great many others, though
they had received numerous gifts from Antony and
Cleopatra, now left them in the lurch, yet the men
who were being kept for gladiatorial combats,
who were among the most despised, showed the
utmost zeal in their behalf and fought most bravely.
These men, I should explain, were training in
Cyzicus for the triumphal games which they were
expecting to hold in celebration of Caesar's over-
throw, and as soon as they became aware of what
had taken place, they set out for Egypt to bear
aid to their rulers. Many were their exploits
against Amyntas in Galatia and many against the
sons of Tarcondimotus in Cilicia, who had been their
strongest friends but now in view of the changed
circumstances had gone over to the other side ;
many also were their exploits against Didius, who
undertook to prevent their passing through Syria ;
nevertheless, they were unable to force their way
through to Egypt. Yet even when they were sur-
rounded on all sides, not even then would they
accept any terms of surrender, though Didius made

1 The '* Red Sea " of the ancients is the Persian Gulf of
to-day, their "Arabian Gulf" the modern Red Sea.

2 I

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

%avro, rov Be 'Avrcovtov (JLeraTrefi'^ravre^ a>9 Kal
iv rfj Xvpia dfieivov fier avrov 7ro\efitfcrovT€<;,

6 eireir' irreiBrj ixeLvo? jJirjr airbs rj\6e fjurfr dy-
yeXiav rivd avrol<; eirepi^eVy ovrco Brj voplaavres
avrbv aTToXoikevcu Kal aKovres wfioXoyrjaav iirl
tw fi^Beirore fiovofJb(i')(fiaai i Kal rrjv ye Ad<j>vr]v
irapa rov AcBtov, rb ra>v ^Avrio^ecdv irpodcrreiov,
ivoifceiv fiixpi? &v ra> Kaiaapi ravra BrjXcoOfj
eXaftov*

7 Kat ol jjuev vtto rov MecrcrdXov varepov aTTarrf-
Qevre? iire/uLcpdrjaav a\\o9 aXXoae a>? Kal eV rd
arparoireBa KaraXe^(Qr]Gd}Jievoiy Kal ek rpoirov Br)

8 rivos €7riTi}BeLov ityOaprjaav 'Avrcovio? Be Kal
K.Xeo7rdrpa aKovaavres rcov Trpeaftecov rd irapd
rov Kalaapos cnfriaiv eiriaraXevra, eirefji^av
ai/6i$, r) fiev y^p^fiara atrrcG iroXXd Boxretv vttio--
XvovfievT), 6 Be rrj$ re <f>iXia$ Kal rf)<z avyyeveias
avrbv dvapiifiv^crKoyv, Kal irpoaeri Kal irepl 7*779
cvvovaias rr}$ 77-/909 rrjv Alyvirrlav diroXoyov-
p,€vo$, oaa re avvrjpdadrjadv rrore Kal oca

2 avveveavcevaavro dXXijXois i^apid/jLovfievos* Kal
reXos TiovirXiov TovpovXXtov ftovXevrrjv re ovra
Kal o~(f)ayea rov Kalcrapos yeyovora rore re
(piXiKws ol avvovra i^eBcoKev avrQ>, Kal iavrov>
dv ye Kal Bid rovO^ fj KXeoirdrpa acodj], Kara-

3 Xpr^Geadai iTrrjyyelXaro. Kalaap Be rov fiev
TovpovXXcov direKreive (/cat erv^e yap eK ri}9 iv
Kw rov 'Ao-kXijttlov vXrj? gvXa €9 vavriKOv kcko-
c£>a>9, Blktjv rivd Kal tw dew, on eKei iBiKaccbdr),
Bovvai eBo^e), t&> 3* 'Avrtovla ovBev ovBe rore

4 d-neKpLvaro. rptTtjv re ovv irpeaftelav eareiXe,

22

BOOK LI

them many promises. Instead, they sent for Antony, b.c. so
feeling that they would fight better even in Syria
if he were with them ; and then, when he neither
came himself nor sent them any message, they at
last decided that he had perished and reluctantly
made terms, on condition that they were never to
fight as gladiators. And they received from Didius
Daphne, the suburb of Antioch, to dwell in until
the matter should be brought to Caesar's attention.

These men were later deceived by Messalla and
sent to various places under the pretext that they
were to be enlisted in the legions, and were then
put out of the way in some convenient manner.
Antony and Cleopatra, for their part, upon hearing
from the envoys the demands which Caesar made of
them, sent to him again. Cleopatra promised to give
him large amounts of money, and Antony reminded
him of their friendship and kinship, made a defence
also of his connexion with the Egyptian woman, and
recounted all the amorous adventures and youthful
pranks which they had shared together. Finally,
he surrendered to him Publius Turullius, who was a
senator and one of the assassins of Caesar and was
then living with Antony as a friend ; and he offered
to take his own life, if in that way Cleopatra might
be saved. Caesar put Turullius to death (it chanced
that this man had cut wood for the fleet from the
grove of Aesculapius in Cos, and since he was executed
in Cos, he was thought to be making amends to the
god as well as to Caesar), but this time also he gave
no answer to Antony, So Antony despatched a

23

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

teal top vlov top * AvtvXXov fierd %pv<Ttov 7roXXov
avrw eirefji^rev* 6 Se rd fxev ^prjfiaTa eXafiev,
itceivov Se Sid feevrjs avTaireareCKe, fjLrjSefiiav
airoKpiaiv Sou?, rfj pevToi KXeoirdrpa iroXXd,
GHJirep to irpcorov, ovtco Kal to BevTepov to Te
6 rpiTov teal iirrjireiX-ifaG Kal virea-^ero. <f>o07}0eU
S' ovv fcal 0)? p,rj 7T&J9 diroyvovTe? avyyvco/iT]? Trap
avrov Tev^eaOai ScaKapTeprfacocri, Kal yjtoi icai
icad* eavTovs TreptyevayvTai, r) Kal e? rrjv 'Iftrjpiav
tt)V re TaXartav dirdptoatv, rj /ecu ra %pi]/j,aTa t

6 a irafiifXrjOrj rjKovev elvai, cfrBeipcoaiv (J) yap
KXeoirdrpa irdvTa re avra e? to fjLvrjfJLelov, b iv
T(p (3ao-iXeL(p KaTeaKeva^ev, rjOpoiKei, zeal irdvra,
dv ye tivos /cat iXa^crrov SiafidpTrj, /caTa/eav<r€iv
fjLe8* eavrrjs rjireiXei), ®vpaov e^eXevOepov eavTOV
eircfi^frev aXXa T€ 7roXXa Kal <f)iXdv8pG)7ra avrrj

7 ipovvra f Kal oti Kal ipcov avrrj<; Tvy%dveL, el irons
€K ye tovtov, ola d^iovaa irpbs TvdvTWv dvOpco-
7rcov epdcrOai, rov re 'Avtcopiov dvaxpwaiTo Kal
eavTTjv Ta Te xprj/MXTa aKepaia TTjpijaeie. Kal

9 Tlplv Se Stj 1 ravra ylyveo~6ai, fia6wv 6
'AvTcbvios on KopvrjXio? TdXXo? to t€ tou
^Kapirov GTpdrevfAa irapelX^e Kal /xer avrcov
to UapaiTOViov il;aL<pvr]$ irapeXOwv KaTeo"X7]Kev,
c? fiev TTjV Xvpiav, KaiTOi fiovXrjdeU KaTa ttjv
tcov fjLovofJid'Xwv fjLeTdirejJi^Lv opfirjaai, ovk eVo-

2 pevOr), inl Se €K€?vov ex^prjaev a)? fidXiara fxev
ukovltI T0t>9 crTpaTKOTas 7rpoa07ja6fievo<; (rjaav
yap evvotdv Tiva avTov £k ttjs crv<TTpaTeLa<z
6^oj/t6?), el he fir), $Lcl ye %eipoiGopevo<i aTe Kal
1 5)> Leuncl., *\lt\ VM.

24

BOOK LI

third embassy, sending him his son Antyllus with b.c. 30
much gold. Caesar accepted the money, but sent
the boy back empty-handed, giving him no answer.
To Cleopatra, however, as in the first instance, so
again on the second and third occasions, he sent
many threats and promises alike. Yet he was afraid,
even so, that they might perhaps despair of obtaining
pardon from him and so hold out, and either prove
superior by their own efforts, or set sail for Spain and
Gaul, or else might destroy their wealth, which he
kept hearing was of vast extent ; for Cleopatra had
collected it all in her tomb which she was construct-
ing in the royal grounds, and she threatened to burn
it all up with her in case she should fail of even
the slightest of her demands. So he sent Thyrsus,
a freedman of his, to say many kind things to her
and in particular to tell her that he was in love
with her. He hoped that by this means at least,
since she thought it her due to be loved by all
mankind, she would make away with Antony and
keep herself and her money unharmed. And so it
proved.

But before this happened, Antony learned that
Cornelius Gallus had taken over Scarpus* army and
had suddenly marched with these troops upon
Paraetonium and occupied it. Hence, although he
wished to set out for Syria in response to the
summons of the gladiators, he did not go thither,
but proceeded against Gallus, in the hope of winning
over the troops without a struggle, if possible, inas-
much as they had been with him on campaigns and
were fairly well disposed toward him, but otherwise
of subduing them by force, since he was leading

25

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Svvajuv ttoXXtjv teal vavri/crjv teal Trefyv iirayo-

3 fievos. ov /xevTOi ovBe 1 SiaXe^rjvai ri avrots
7}hvvri8Y} t Kaiirep 717)09 re to ret^o? 7rpocr€X0(op
teal yeyoavbv ftorjaw o yap TdXXo? toi;? aaX-
TTifCTa? 2 awq^elv teeXevaa? ovBev ovBevl icra/covadi
iirerpeyfre. teal irpoaeTL teal i7retehpofifj alfyvi&icp
eTrraiae, teal fiera tovto teal Tat? vavenv ia^akrj,

4 dXvaeis yap Tivas vcpvBpou? vvtcrasp Sta tov <tto-
/xaTo? tov \i/jl€vo<; 6 TdXXos hiareiva<; ovSefitav
avTOV <f)avepav <j>vXaterjv iiroirjaaTO, dXXa real
irdvv aSeco? eiaco fiera tcara<l>povrj/jLaTO<; ecr-
irXeovTas cr<pa<; irepteiSev eVel fxevrot evSov
iyevovTO, Ta? T€ dXvaets pjr)yaval^ dveaTraae, koX
jravra^oOev dfia ra<; vav<s avrcov etc re Tr/9 7%
zeal ite tcjv oltutov W79 t€ 0aXdo~GV}<i Trepia-^oov

5 Ta? fiev fcar€7rpr}cr6 t<Z9 Se KareTrovTcocre. tcdv
tovto) teal to HrjXovcridv 6 Kalcrap, Xoyro fiev
naTCL to la^vpbv epyq> Se 7rpoSo0ev virb tt}?
KXeoiraTpas, eXafSev. iteeivr/ yap a>9 ovtc t£9
ifiorjdrjai g§ig~i teal tov JZaiaapa dvavTaycovi-
gtov ovTa 7]cr0€TOt to t€ fieyicrTov dteovcraaa tov$
Sia tov ®vpaov 7T€/jb(j)0€VTa<; ol X6yov$> eTrivTevaev
6Vr&)9 lpaa0ai i irp&Tov fiev oti teal i/3ovXeTO,
eiretTa Se oti teal tov iraTepa avTov top t€

6 5 AvTcoviov 6fioL(o<i iBeSovXcoTo. Kate tovtov
07r&)9 tt]V Te dZetav teal ttjv tcov AlyvTTTLcov j3a-
a-iXelaVj dXXa teal to tcov r P<ofial<ov tepaT0<; e^etv
irpocreSoterjcre, to t€ HrjXovcriov ev0v<; avTG) irporj^
teaTO, teal fieTa tovto TrpocreXavvovTi irpos ttjv
ttoXiv itedoXvae tol>9 AXe^avSpea? Xd0pa €7re£e\-

1 ou5e Bk., otfre VM.

2 <ra\iriKras M, <ra\ir iy Krhs V.

26

BOOK LI

against them a large force both of ships and of b.c. so
infantry. Nevertheless, he was unable even to talk
with them, although he approached their ramparts
and raised a mighty shout ; for Gallus ordered his
trumpeters to sound their instruments all together
and gave no one a chance to hear a word. More-
over, Antony also failed in a sudden assault and later
suffered a reverse with his ships as well. Gallus,
it seems, caused chains to be stretched at night
across the mouth of the harbour under water, and
then took no measures openly to guard against his
opponents but contemptuously allowed them to sail
in with perfect immunity. When they were inside,
however, he drew up the chains by means of machines,
and encompassing their ships on all sides — from the
land, from the houses, and from the sea — he burned
some and sank others. In the meantime Caesar took
Pelusium, ostensibly by storm, but really because
it was betrayed by Cleopatra. For she saw that
no one came to their aid and perceived that Caesar
was not to be withstood; and, most important of
all, she listened to the message sent her through
Thyrsus, and believed that she was really beloved, in
the first place, because she wished to be, and, in the
second place, because she had in the same manner
enslaved Caesar's father and Antony. Consequently
she expected to gain not only forgiveness and the
sovereignty over the Egyptians, but the empire of
the Romans as well. So she yielded Pelusium to
him at once ; and later, when he marched against
the city, she prevented the Alexandrians from making
a sortie. She accomplished this secretly, of course,

VOL. VI.

27

B

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

OeiVy iirel oaov ye airo /3o*;9 teal irdvv a<f)d<;
TrpoerpiyjraTO tovto iroirfaai,

10 *0 S' OVV 'AvTGOVlOS €K TOV UapCClTOVLOV 7T009

tt)v irepl tov FLeXovaiov ttxhttiv inaveXdcov irpo-
airrjVTricre irpb t^9 J KXe^avBpeLas t<5> Kaiaapi f Kal
avTov KeKfiTjKOTa Ik tt)<; iropelas V7ro\af3(*)v tois

2 iinTevaiv ivt/crjaev. dvaOapatfaas re eK re tovtov
zeal otl ftiftXia e'9 to (rrparoTreSov avrov TO%ev-
fjuaaiv i<T€7r€/jLyjre irevTaKoaias afylcri teal %iXta<;
Bpaxfid*; VTruT^vovfAevosy crvvefiaXe Kal tw ire^(p

3 Kal 7)1-77)0 f]* 6 yap Kalaap airo? tcl /3if3Xia
edeXovTT)? to?9 <tt pandora is dveyvoo, tov re 'Ai/to>-
vtov BiaffdXXcov fcal ifcelvov? e'9 re ttjv rr}<; irpo-
Bocrta? alo~xv v V v Kal & T V V virep iavrov irpoOv-
piav avTiicadiGTas, coare teal Bid tovto avTOvs tt)
re T7/9 Trelpas dyavaKTijaei /cal rfj tov /jlt) e8e\o-

4 KatceZv B6%ai evBei'^et airovBdaai. Kal 6 puev eirei-
Btj irapa Bo^av rfkaTTwOr), 7*7)09 re to vavTircbv
drreKXive, teal irapeaKevd^ero 009 Kal vavpua^acov
t) TravTios ye €9 ttjv 'Iftrjplav irXevaovjievo^' IBovaa
Be TOV0* 7) KXeo7raTpa t«9 re vavs avTopuoX^aai

5 iiroirjae, Kal avTT) €9 to i)piov e^al(j)V7)<; icreTrrfBrjae,
Xoyw /lev a>9 tov Kaiaapa <f>o/3ov/jLevT) Kal irpo-
Bia<f>0eipai Tpoirov Tivd iavTrjv fSovXojJbevT), epyw
Be Kal tov 'Avtcoviov eKelae icreXOelv irpOKaXov-
fievr)* vireToirei fiev yap TrpoBiBoaOai, oi fxevTot
Kal eirtaTevev biro tov epcoTOS, dXXa Kal fiaXkov

6 C09 eiirelv iKeivrjv 7) iavrov 1 TjXeei. oirep ttov t)
YLXeoiraTpa aKpificos elBvla ^Xiriaev 2 otl, av ttv-
07)Tai avT7)v TeTe\evT7)Kvlav 1 ovk eiri^KoaeTai
dXXa irapa^pTj/ia dirodaveiTai* Kal Bid tovto 69

1 kavr'bv M, eaurV V. 2 tf\Trt<rct> M, tf\irt(ev V.

28

BOOK LI

since, to judge by the outcry she made, she exhorted b.c. 30
them vigorously to do so.

At the news concerning Pelusium Antony returned
from Paraetonium and went to meet Caesar in front
of Alexandria, and attacking him with his cavalry,
while the other was wearied from his march, he won
the day. Encouraged by this success, and because he
had shot arrows into Caesar's camp carrying leaflets
which promised the men six thousand sesterces,
he joined battle also with his infantry and was
defeated. For Caesar of his own accord personally
read the leaflets to his soldiers, at the same time re-
viling Antony and trying to turn them to a feeling of
shame for the suggested treachery and of enthusiasm
for himself ; the result was that they were fired by
zeal through this very incident, both by reason of
their indignation at the attempt made upon their
loyalty and by way of demonstrating that they were
not subject to the suspicion of being base traitors.
After his unexpected setback, Antony took refuge
in his fleet, and was preparing to give battle on the
sea or at any rate to sail to Spain. But Cleopatra,
upon perceiving this, caused the ships to desert, and
she herself rushed suddenly into the mausoleum,
pretending that she feared Caesar and desired by
some means or other to forestall him by taking her
own life, but really as an invitation to Antony to
enter there also. He had a suspicion, to be sure,
that he was being betrayed, yet in his infatuation he
could not believe it, but actually pitied her more,
one might say, than himself. Cleopatra, doubtless,
was fully aware of this and hoped that if he should
be informed that she was dead, he would not wish
to survive her, but would die at once. Accordingly

29

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

re to fivr)/jL€iov crvv re evvovxco tivI teal crvv 6epa-
iratvais Svo eaehpajie^ fcal eteetdev dyyeXtav avrco

7 o>9 teal diroXcoXvia ene/JLyfre, teal 09 aKovaas rovro
ovtc ifieXXTjcrev, cX\' errairoOavetv airy eireOvpLrjae.
teal rb fiev irpcorov rcov irapovrcov rivbs eherjOr) iva
avrbv diro/crewy eirel Be eteelvos (nracrdfievo^ rb
%i(f)0<; eavrbv tcareipydaaro, fyXcbaai re avrbv
rjOeXrjcre Kal eavrbv erpcoaev, /cat errecre re eiri
crropia Kal hoi*av rots irapovaiv cos Kal redvrjKcbs

8 7raoeo"^€. 6opv/3ov re cttI rovrco yevofievov fjexdero
re f} KXeoirdrpa Kal virepe/cvyfrev virep rov jivrj-
fieiov ai /xev yap Ovpav avrov avytcXeio-Oelcrai
dira% ovKer dvot^Orjvat etc p/rf^avriixaros rivos
eSvvavro, ra K avco irpbs rf) 6po(f>fj ovBeirco rrav-

9 reXcos el*€tpyacrro. evrevOev ovv VTrepKvyjracrav
avrrjv ISovres rives dve^or^aav ware teal rbv 'Av-
rcoviov ecra/covaar teal 0? /xadcov on irepieariv,
i^avecrrrj fiev cos teal %r}o~ai Svvdfievos, rrpoyydev-
ros 8' avrco iroXXov alfiaros direyvco re rrjv crcorrj-
plav, teal Itcerevae rovs irapbvras oircos 717509 re
rb fivrjpa avrbv Kopicrcoai teal 81a rcbv aj(pwicov
rcov rrpbs rrjv dvoX/crjv rcov XtOcov Kpefiafievcov dvi-

Kal 6 fiev evravda ovrco teal ev rots rrjs KXeo-
11 irdrpas kqXttois evaireOavev, etceivr) Se eQdpai)ae
fiev ttcos rbv Kataapa, teal eiOvs avrco rb yeyovbs
ehrjXcocrev, ov firjv teal irdvv errtareve firjSev teatebv
rretaeaQai. tcaretyev ovv eavrrjv evBov, Tv el teal
Sia firjSev aXXo crcodeir), rco ye cf>6/3cp rcov ^prjfid-
rcov teal rrjv aSecav teal rrjv fiaaCXelav eteirptrjrai,
2 ovrco 7rov teal rbre ev rrjXi/cavrj} crvfi<f)opa ovaa
rr)s hvvacrreias ifiefivrjro, teal fiaXXov ye ev re rep

30

BOOK LI

she hastened into the tomb with a eunuch and two b.o. so
maidservants, and from there sent a message to him
from which he should infer that she was dead.
And he, when he heard it, did not delay, but was
seized by a desire to follow her in death. He first
asked one of the bystanders to slay him ; but when
the man drew his sword and slew himself, Antony
wished to imitate his courage and so gave himself a
wound and fell upon his face, causing the bystanders
to believe that he was dead. At this an outcry was
raised, and Cleopatra, hearing it, peered out over
the top of the tomb. By a certain contrivance its
doors, once closed, could not be opened again, but
the upper part of it next to the roof was not yet
fully completed. Now when some of them saw her
peering out at this point, they raised a shout so that
even Antony heard. So he, learning that she sur-
vived, stood up, as if he had still the power to live ;
but, as he had lost much blood, he despaired of his
life and besought the bystanders to carry him to the
monument and to hoist him up by the ropes that
were hanging there to lift the stone blocks.

So Antony died there in Cleopatra's bosom ; and
she now felt a certain confidence in Caesar, and im-
mediately informed him of what had taken place ;
still, she was not altogether convinced that she
would suffer no harm. She accordingly kept herself
within the building, in order that, even if there
should be no other motive for her preservation, she
might at least purchase pardon and her kingdom
through his fear for the money. So thoroughly
mindful was she even then, in the midst of her dire
misfortune, of her royal rank, and chose rather to

3*

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ovofiart teal iv rco a^rifian avrrjs drroOavelv rj
IBicorevaacra %i)v rjpelro. djxeXev el%e jiev teal to
irvp iirl Tot? XprjjJLaaiv, ei%e Be teal dcnrLBa^ aXXa
re epirerd i<f> eavrfj, rrporreipaQeiGa avrcbv iv
avOpwTTots, ovriva rpoirov efCCLGTOV CT<p(OV aiTO/CTLV-

3 vv o~i. KaLaap Be iireOvfJiei fiev teal rcov 0rjcravpcov
iy/eparr)<; yeveaOai teal iteelvrjv ^coadv re o~vXXa-
fielv /cal 69 rd vitcTjrrjpLa dvayayelv, ov fxevrot /cal
avros ttIctlv rtva avrfj 801)9 dirarecov B6£ai yeyo-
vevat rjOeXrjaev, iv 009 teal al^/xaXcorq) teal d/eovala

4 rpoirov rivd xeipcodeury xprjcrr)rai,. KCLL toOt*
eVe/i-v/re irpo? avrr)v Tdiov re UpoteovXeiov 1 Irrrrea
teal &Tra<f>p6Birov e^eXevdepov, evreiXdfievos o~<$l-
Giv ocra teal elirelv teal rrpd^ai i^prfv. teal ovtcos
itcelvoi €rvfXfML^avre<; rfj K.Xeo7rdrpa teal fierpid
Tiva BiaXe^Oevres, eTreiT' igaltyvrj? o-vvrjpiracrav

5 avrr)v rrpiv ri 6fio\oyr}0r}vai. Kate tovtov eteiroBtov
rrdvra a</>' £>v drroOavelv eBvvaro 7roir}crdfi€voi,
rjfiepa? fiev riva? Kara yd>pav avrfj to toO 'Ai^-
rwvlov aebfia rapt^evovar] Biarpltyai iirerpeyjrav,
errevra Be €9 rd jSaaLXeua airrjv tfyayov, firjre rr}<;
dtcoXovdLas ri /xrjre rr)<; deparrelas rr)<; <JVvr\9ov<$
oi 7rapa\v(ravT€<; , 07tq)<; en teal fMaXXov eXrrlo~rj re
5<ra i/3ovXero teal firjBev tcatcov eavrrjv Bpdarj.

6 d/xeXei teal 6cf)6r)vai teal BiaXe^Orjvai ri ra> l^alaapt
eOeXrja-acra eirerv^e* teal Xva ye iirl irXelov dira-
r7]0j] f avrbs dfyl^ecrOai Trpo? avrrjv virea^ero,

12 Oltcov re ovv iKirpeirr) teal teXlvrjv TroXvreXi)
rrapaatcevdaaGa, teal rrpoaeri teal eavrrjv r/fieXt]-
fievcos 7TC09 tcoo-fjurjo-acra (teal yap iv ra> irevOifKp

1 UpoKOvKiiov Bs., irpoKOvXiov VM.

32

BOOK LI

die with the name and dignity of a sovereign than b.o. so
to live in a private station. At all events, she kept
at hand fire to consume her wealth, and asps and
other reptiles to destroy herself, and she had the
latter tried on human beings, to see in what way
they killed in each case. Now Caesar was anxious
not only to get possession of her treasures but also to
seize her alive and to carry her back for his triumph,
yet he was unwilling to appear to have tricked her
himself after having given her a kind of pledge,
since he wished to treat her as a captive and to a
certain extent subdued against her will. He there-
fore sent to her Gaius Proculeius, a knight, and
Epaphroditus, a freedman, giving them directions
as to what they were to say and do. Following out
this plan, they obtained an audience with Cleopatra,
and after discussing with her some moderate pro-
posals they suddenly seized her before any agree-
ment was reached. After this they put out of her
way everything by means of which she could cause
her own death and allowed her to spend some days
where she was, occupied in embalming Antony's
body ; then they took her to the palace, but did not
remove any of her accustomed retinue or attendants,
in order that she should entertain more hope than
ever of accomplishing all she desired, and so should
do no harm to herself. At any rate, when she ex-
pressed a desire to appear before Caesar and to have
an interview with him, she gained her request ;
and to deceive her still more, he promised that he
would come to her himself.

She accordingly prepared a splendid apartment
and a costly couch, and moreover arrayed herself
with affected negligence, — indeed, her mourning

33

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

c^rjfJbaTL Beiva)? eveirpeirev) ifcade^ero eirl Trjs
/cXivr}?, iroXXas fiev et/c6va$ tov iraTpbs avrov /cal
iravTohaTras irapadefievq, Trdaas Be ras eiriGToXds
ra<? Trap* i/celvov oi irepb^Oelcra^ €<? tov koXttov

2 Xaftovaa. /cal pera, tovto icreX86vTO<; tov Kal-
aapo? aveirrjhrjae T€ ippvO ] p,ia fievr}} /cal €<f>rf
" %alpe S) BeanoTa* crol fiev yap tovto 9eb<; eBoo-
tcev, ifji€ Be d(f>eiX€TO. dXX' 6pa<; /xev itov teal
avTO<; top iraTepa crov tolovtov olo$ TroXXd/ci?
7T/?o? ifie eo-rjXOev, d/coveis Be oVco? tcu t€ dXXa
eTLfirjae fie teal Brj /cal ftaatXiBa tcov AiyvnTLCov

3 e7TOLr}crev. iva S' ovv tl /cal avTov e/ceivov irepl
ifiov irvOrj, Xdfte /cal dvdyvcodt tcl ypdpLfiaTa a
fioi avToyeipLa eireGTeiXe"

TavTa Te dfia eXeye, /cal iroXXd /cal ipcoTL/cd
avTov prjfiaTa dveytyvcoc/ce. /cal tot£ puev e/cXae
/cal Ta? eiriaToXas /caT€<j)iXei, totc Be 7rpb<; Ta?
el/covas avTov TTpoaenrnTTe /cal e/celvas Trpoae/cvvei.

4 ra T€ fiXecfrapa e<? tov Kaiaapa irreve/cXa; /cal
ifi/jLeXco? dvcoXo<f>vp€TO, 6pwnTi/cov Te ti irpoae-
(pOeyyeTO, aXXoTe fiev Xeyovaa "irov p,oi, Kalo~ap t
TavTa aov tcl ypdfifiaTa;" aXXoTe Be otl " dXX
ev tout &> /cal av jjloi £$9," efoa av9i<; " eWe aov
77 poeTedvrj/ceiv" ical pudXa avOts " dXXd /cal tovtov
eypvca ere e%<w.

5 ToiavTj) tivI TroiKiXia /cal tcov prjjbidTcov /cal tcov
cryrjfiaTwv eyjpr\To y fieXi^pa aTTa /cal 2 TTpoGjSXe-
irovaa avTq> /cal XaXovaa. 6 ovv Kalcrap crvvlei
fiev avT?)$ /cal iraOaivofievT]^ /cal irX^KTi^ofxevT]^,

1 ippvd/Ai(Tfj.4vr) is the reading of VM ; some editors have
preferred i)pv9pta(rij.4v7), the reading found in Xiphilinus'
Epitome. 2 nal M, om. V.

34

BOOK LI

garb wonderfully- became her, — and seated herself b.c. so
upon the couch ; beside her she placed many images
of his father, of all kinds, and in her bosom she put
all the letters that his father had sent her. When,
after this, Caesar entered, she leaped gracefully 1 to
her feet and cried : " Hail, master — for Heaven has
granted you the mastery and taken it from me, 2
But surely you can see with your own eyes how
your father looked when he visited me on many
occasions, and you have heard people tell how he
honoured me in various ways and made me queen of
the Egyptians. That you may, however, learn some-
thing about me from him himself, take and read the
letters which he wrote me with his own hand."

After she had spoken thus, she proceeded to read
many passionate expressions of Caesar's. And now
she would lament and kiss the letters, and again she
would fall before his images and do them reverence.
She kept turning her eyes toward Caesar and be-
wailing her fate in musical accents. She spoke in
melting tones, saying at one time, " Of what avail to
me, Caesar, are these thy letters ? " and at another,
" But in this man here thou also art alive for me " ;
again, " Would that I had died before thee/' and still
again, "But if I have him, I have thee."

Such were the subtleties of speech and of attitude
which she employed, and sweet were the glances she
cast at him and the words she murmured to him.
Now Caesar was not insensible to the ardour of her
speech and the appeal to his passions, but he pre-

1 Or " blushing," if the variant reading offered by Xiphi-
linus be accepted.

2 That is, the power she had exercised over Caesar, in
consequence of which he had become her willing subject,
was of no avail in the case of Augustus.

35

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ov fjuevroL /cal TrpoaeTroieiTO, aW €9 ttjv yr)v rot»9
6(f>0a\/jLOv<; ipeiaas tovto fiovov eiirev, " Odpcrei, &
yvvai, /cal OvfJiov €%€ dyaOov ovSev yap /ca/cbv

6 nreiarj^ TrepiaXyr^aaaa ovv i/ceivr} otl fxrjre irpocr-
eldev avrrjv /jltjt€ tl r) irepl rrj<; fiacriXela? i) /cal
epcoTtKov tc i<p$€y^aro f 777)09 re ra yovara avrov
TTpoaeireae /cal dva/cXavaacra " ^rjv fiev " e$r},
" Katcrap, ovre iOeXco ovre Svvafiar TavTTjv Se ere
ttjv %dpiv €9 rrjv tov TraTpb? fivrjfirjv airco, %v
eireihrj fie 'Avtcovig* fieT i/celvov 6 haLfioav irape-

7 See fee, fieT avrov /cal diroOdvco. eWe fiev yap
a7T(o\(i)Xeiv ev6vs tots {i€Ta tov Kaiaapa' eirel
Be fJLOt /cal tovto iraOelv eVeVpcoTO, irkfityov fie

7T/309 'AVTGOVIOV, flTjSe flOl TTJ<i CTVV aVTCp Tacftfj?

fydovrjarjSi iv coenrep oY e/cetvov airoOvrjcrica), ovtco
real iv f/ AtBov avT<p ervvoi/crjcra)"
13 Kat r) fiev TOiavTa co? koX eXerfdrjcyofxevr] eXeye,
Kalcrap Be irpbs fiev raura ovBev aTrefcpivaTO,
(po t 8rjdeh Be fir) eavTTjv Biay^p^aryvai} Oapaevv re
avTj) av6i$ irape/ceXevaaTO, icai ovte ttjv 6epa-
ireiav avTtjs dcfrelXeTO teal iv eiTifieXeia avTr)v

2 eiroievro, 07r&)9 oi to, iirivL/cia €7riXafi7rpvvrj. tovto
t€ ovv vTroTOTrrjaao-a, teal fivplcov OavaTcov %aXe-
ircorepov avTo vofilaacra elvai y ovtcos te dirodavetv
eireOv firmer e y teal 7roXXd fiev tov Kalaapo<;, oirco^
Tpoirov tivcl a7r6X7)Tai, iBeiTO, iroXXci Be /cal airi)

3 ifirj^avaTO. eirel S* ovBev iirepaive, fieTayiyvco-
a/ceiv Te eTrXdaaro a>9 /cal iXiriBa 7roXXr)v fiev /cal
€9 e/celvov ttoXXtjv Se icai €9 ttjv Aioviav eypvaa*
icai e/covaia Te irXevaelaOat, eXeye, /cal koot/jLOV^
Tivds aTTodeTOv<z 69 Scopa ^Toifid^ero, ei 7TG)9 m-

1 5taxp^o''?Tai R. Steph., Biaxp'hcreTat VM.

36

BOOK LI

tended to be ; and letting his eyes rest upon the b.c. 30
ground, he merely said : " Be of good cheer, woman,
and keep a stout heart ; for you shall suffer no harm."
She was greatly distressed because he would neither
look at her nor say anything about the kingdom nor
even utter a word of love, and falling at his knees,
she said with an outburst of sobbing: "I neither
wish to live nor can I live, Caesar. But this favour
I beg of you in memory of your father, that, since
Heaven gave me to Antony after him, I may also
die with Antony. Would that I had perished then,
straightway after Caesar ! But since it was decreed
by fate that I should suffer this affliction also, 1 send
me to Antony; grudge me not burial with him, in
order that, as it is because of him I die, so I may
dwell with him even in Hades."

Such words she uttered, expecting to move him to
pity, but Caesar made no answer to them ; fearing,
however, that she might destroy herself, he exhorted
her again to be of good cheer, and not only did not
remove any of her attendants but also took special
care of her, that she might add brilliance to his tri-
umph. This purpose she suspected, and regarding
that fate as worse than a thousand deaths, she con-
ceived a genuine desire to die, and not only addressed
many entreaties to Caesar that she might perish in
some manner or other, but also devised many plans
herself. But when she could accomplish nothing,
she feigned a change of heart, pretending to set
great hopes in him and also in Li via. She said she
would sail of her own free will, and she made ready
some treasured articles of adornment to use as gifts,

1 That is, that she had not been able to die with Caesar.

37

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ariv eic rovrcov fit) reBvrj^eiv 1 Xaftovaa rjrrov re

4 rrjprjdeir) teal eavrrjv e^epydo-atro. b real eyevero.
€7reihi} yap 01 re dXXoi /cal 6 *Qira<f>p6hiro$, (pirep 2
eirererpairrOy iricrrevaavre^ rav@* &>? dXr)0cb<t <j>po-
veiVy rfj<; dtcpi/Sovs <f)v\aKr}<; rjpieXrjaav, irapeaKev-
d^ero 07Tft)5 d)? dXvrrorara diroddvrj. /cat ypaji-
piareiov ri, hi ov eherjOrj rov ILaiaapos iva avrrjv
puerd rov 'Avrcoviov racfrrjvai fceXevarj, avrq) rq>

5 'Etrracfrpohiray aearj/jLaafievov, ottox; rvpofydvei tt/?

avTOv co? Kai aXXo ri e^ovro^ gktto-
hcov oi yevrjrai, hovaa epyov e?%ero. rrjv re yap
ecrOrjra rrjv TrepifcaXXecrrdrrjv evhvaa, teal eavrrjv
evirpeirearara evOerrjaao-a, rd re a^rjjjba ro /3a<ri-
Xitebv ttclv dvaXa/3ovcra, drreOave,
14 Kal to (lev cra0€9 oihels olhev o5 rpoircp hi-
ecfrddpr)* /cevrrjpara yap Xeirra irepl rov ftpayiova
avrfjs jjiova evpeOrj* Xeyovai he oi fiev on dcririha
ev vhpla 3 r) real ev avOecrl riaiv ea/copicrOelcrdv oi

2 irpoaederOy oi he on fieXovrjv, y Ta? rpi^a<i dv-
elpev, 15) rivi, hvvap.iv roiavrrjv eyovri ware aXXws
puev parjhev ro o~a)p,a fiXdirreiv , dv 8' at/xaro9 fcal
fjpaxyrdrov ayfrrjrai, teal rdyiara fcal dXvirorara
avrb fydeipeiv, °£piGao~a ricos p,lv avrrjv ev rfj
jce(j)aXfj efyopei &o-irep eicodei, rore he irpotcaravv-
£ao-d ri 4 rov j^pa^iova e? rb alp,a ive/3aXev.

3 ovrw ptev, rj on eyyvrara, pier a rwv hvo 6epa-
iraivcov dirayXero' 6 yap eivov^o^ dpta rQ> avX-
Xr](f)0rjvai airr)v row re epirerol^ eavrbv edeXovrrjs

1 Te&vi)£eiv Bind., re6wf}<r€iv VM.

2 Sirep M, uxr-rrep V.

8 vZpia R. Steph., uSpelai VM.
4 Tt Oddey, nA VM.

3»

BOOK LI

in the hope that by these means she might inspire b.c. 30
belief that it was not her purpose to die, and so
might be less closely guarded and thus be able to
destroy herself. And so it came about. For as soon as
the others and Epaphroditus, to whose charge she had
been committed, had come to believe that she really
felt as she pretended to, and neglected to keep a
careful watch, she made her preparations to die as
painlessly as possible. First she gave a sealed paper,
in which she begged Caesar to order that she be
buried beside Antony, to Epaphroditus himself to
deliver, pretending that it contained some other
matter, and then, having by this excuse freed herself
of his presence, she set to her task. She put on her
most beautiful apparel, arranged her body in most
seemly fashion, took in her hands all the emblems of
royalty, and so died.

No one knows clearly in what way she perished,
for the only marks on her body were slight pricks on
the arm. Some say that she applied to herself an
asp which had been brought in to her in a water-jar,
or perhaps hidden in some flowers. Others declare
that she had smeared a pin, with which she was wont to
fasten her hair, with some poison possessed of such a
property that in ordinary circumstances it would not
injure the body at all, but if it came in contact with
even a drop of blood would destroy the body very
quickly and painlessly ; and that previous to this time
she had worn it in her hair as usual, but now had
made a slight scratch on her arm and had dipped the
pin in the blood. In this or in some very similar
way she perished, and her two handmaidens with
her. As for the eunuch, he had of his own accord
delivered himself up to the serpents at the very time

39

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

irapeBootee, teal B^del? vtt* avrcov €9 copbv irpo-
7rap€<T/C€va<rfA€vr)v oi ecre7T€7rY}B^feei. dteovo-as Be 6
Kalaap rrjv reXevrrjv airrjs e^eTrXdyr}, teal to re
acopa avrr)<$ eZSe, teal (j)dpfia/ca avroo teal WvX-

4 Xov<z 9 ei 7ro)9 dvao-$f)Xeie, Trpoa-rjveyteev, oi Be Brj
"tyvXXoi ovroc avBpe? fiev elcrt (yvvrj yap oi yi-
yverai WvXXa), Bvvavrai Be irdvra re Ibv iravrbs
epirerov rrapa^pripa, irpiv Ovr)<Jteeiv rivet, ite/xv^dv,
fecit airol pir/Bev virb p,r)Bevb<$ avrcov Brj^0evre<;

5 jSkairreoBai. <j>vovrai Be dXXrjXcov, /cat Botei-
jid^ovai ra yevvrj8evra rjroi pier ocfreobv itov evOvs
€fJL/3Xr}0€vra, fj teal rcov arrapydveov avrcov em-
/3Xrj0evrcov rialv* ovre yap ra> iraiBico n Xvfiai-
vovrat, teal virb rrj? ia0r)ro<; avrov vapKcbai.

6 rovro fiev roiovrov iariv, 6 Be Brj Kataap firjBeva
rpoirov ava/BicoaaaOai rrjv KXeoirdrpav Bvvrj0el^
eteeevrjv fiev teal eOavp^aae koi rjXerjaev, avrbs Be
tcr%L»/?w9 eXvirrj0rj a>9 fcal irdarj^ rrjs eVi rfj viterj
B6^rj<; eo-reprjfievo?.

15 'Avroovio? fiev Br) fcal KXeovdrpa, 7r'oXXcov fiev
TOt9 AlyvirrloL^ ttoXXcov Be /cat to?9 'Vcofiaiots
teatecov alrioi yevofievoi, ovroo re eiroXefirjo~av tca\
ovrcos ereXevrrjcrav, ev re ra> avrco rporrtd irapt-
yevdiqaaVy tedv rfj avrfj 0rjterj erd^rjaav, eayov
Be rrjv re fyvcriv rrj<$ tyw)(fj<$ teal rrjv rvyrjv rov
2 fiiov rotdvBe. 6 fiev avveivai re rb Beov oiBevb<;
fjcrcrcov eyevero teal 7roXXa defrpovco? errpaljev,
dvBpeia re ev rial Bieirpeyfre teal virb BeiXia? av^ya
eo-fydXrj, rfj re fieyaXoyfrv^ia teal rfj BovXoirperreta

40

BOOK LI

of Cleopatra's arrest, and after being bitten by them b.c. 30
had leaped into a coffin already prepared for him.
When Caesar heard of Cleopatra's death, he was
astounded, and not only viewed her body but also
made use of drugs and Psylli 1 in the hope that she
might revive. These Psylli are males, for there is no
woman born in their tribe, and they have the power
to suck out any poison of any reptile, if use is made
of them immediately, before the victim dies ; and
they are not harmed themselves when bitten by any
such creature. They are propagated from one
another and they test their offspring either by having
them thrown among serpents as soon as they are
born or else by having their swaddling-clothes thrown
upon serpents ; for the reptiles in the one case do no
harm to the child, and in the other case are benumbed
by its clothing. So much for this matter. But Caesar,
when he could not in any way resuscitate Cleopatra,
felt both admiration and pity for her, and was ex-
cessively grieved on his own account, as if he had
been deprived of all the glory of his victory.

Thus Antony and Cleopatra, who had caused
many evils to the Egyptians and many to the Romans,
made war and met their death in the manner I have
described ; and they were both embalmed in the
same fashion and buried in the same tomb. Their
qualities of character and the fortunes of their lives
were as follows. Antony had no superior in com-
prehending his duty, yet he committed many acts
of folly. He sometimes distinguished himself for
bravery, yet often failed through cowardice. He
was characterized equally by greatness of soul

1 Cf. Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxi. 78.

41

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

taov ixprjTO, Kal rd re dXXoTpia r\ pirate Kal
ra ol/ceia rrpotero, rjXeet re dXoycos <JV)(yov<; Kal

3 i/coXa^ev dBtKcos irXeiovas* kclk tovtoov layypo-
raro? Te e£ aadeveaTarov Kal 7r\ovat(OTaro<; i£
aTTopcordrov yevofievos ovBeTepov avTcov dirwvrjTo}
dXXa Kal to fcpdros to tcov 'Ycopaicov fiovos e%etv

4 ekTrlaas avros eavTOV direKTeive. KXeoirdrpa Be
airXr] <tto<; piv ' A(f>poBiTr]s airXrjo-TOS Be Xprj/jLaTcov
yevopuevrj, Kal ttoXXtj pev (piXoTtpiia cfriXoBoga)
7roXXfj Be Kal irepi^povrjo-et Opacreta Xpr)o-ap,evr) y
TTjv T€ fiaaiXeLav tt)v t&v AIjvtttlcov vtt epcoTOS
i/CTtfo-a,To, Kal TTjv TO>v 'Pcofiaicov Xrjy^readat St
ai/TOv eXirLaaaa TavTtjs Te ecr(f)dX7j Kal eKelvr^v
Trpoo-aTrcoXeae, Bvo Te dvBpcov ^(o/xatcov t<ov Kad'
eavTrjv fieyto-Toyv KaTeKpaTrjae, Kal Bta tov TpiTOv
eavTtjv KaT€XPV craT0 '

5 Ovtol puev Btj TotovToi Te eyevovTO Kal ovtws
dTrrjXXa^av' twv Be Btj iraiSwv avTcov "AvtvXXos
pbeVy Kairoi TTjv re tov Kataapos QvyaTepa
rjyyvrjfievos 2 Kal €9 to tov iraTphs avTOv rjp&ov,
b rj YLXeoTraTpa eTreiroi^Kei, KaTafyvycav, evdvs
io~<f)dyr), JZaiaapLoov Be Aidioiriav (pevycov KaT€- .

6 Xi]<fc0r] Te ev ttj 6Ba> Kal Bie<f)8dpr}. rf re KXeo-
TTUTpa 'lovfta tw tov *1ov/3ov iraihl avv(pK7)ae'
TOVTcp yap 6 Kataap TpafyevTi re ev ttj lTaXLq
Kal avo-TpaT€vaa/jL€V(*) oi TavTrjv Te Kal ttjv
ftaaiXelav ttjv iraTpcpav eBeoKe, Kal avTols Kal
tov 1 AXe^avBpov Kal tov TlToXeptalov eyaplo-aTO.

7 Tals T6 dBeX<piBats, as €K tov y AvTcovtov r) 'O/cra-
ovta dvr)pr)To Te Kal eTeTpofyet, xPVt JbaTa ^ ,7ro

1 awwvtiTo Naber, air^yaro VM cod. Peir.

2 i}yyvr}fi4vos Dind., £yy*yvT\ii4vos M, iyyiv7](x4vos V,

42

BOOK LI

and by servility of mind. He would plunder the b.c. so
property of others and would squander his own.
He showed compassion to many without cause and
punished even more without justice. Consequently,
though he rose from utter weakness to great power,
and from the depths ot poverty to great riches, he
derived no profit from either circumstance, but after
hoping to gain single-handed the empire of the
Romans, he took his own life. Cleopatra was of in-
satiable passion and insatiable avarice ; she was
swayed often by laudable ambition, but often by
overweening effrontery. By love she gained the
title of Queen of the Egyptians, and when she hoped
by the same means to win also that of Queen of the
Romans, she failed of this and lost the other besides.
She captivated the two greatest Romans of her day,
and because of the third she destroyed herself. *

Such were these two and such was their end. Of
their children, Antyllus was slain immediately,
though he was betrothed to the daughter of Caesar
and had taken refuge in his father's shrine, which
Cleopatra had built ; and Caesarion while fleeing to
Ethiopia was overtaken on the road and murdered.
Cleopatra was married to Juba, the son of Juba ;
for to this man who had been brought up in Italy
and had been with him on campaigns, Caesar gave
both the maid and the kingdom of his fathers, and
as a favour to them spared the lives of Alex-
ander and Ptolemy. To his nieces, the daughters
whom Octavia had had by Antony and had reared,
he assigned money from their father's estate. He

43

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

tcov 7rarpa)cov aireveifie. teal tw 'louXXo) rq> tov
j AvtcovLov rrj? T€ <&ov\ovlcl<; viel tou9 egeXevOepovs
airov irdvO* oora TeXevrayvTas a<pa<; fcaTaXnrelv
avT<p Kara rov? vop,ov$ eSei irapay^pi^a Sovvai
16 eKeXevae, tcov re aXXcov tcov tcl tov ' AvtcovLov
p>€XP L T ° Te irpa^dvrcov 701/9 p>£V ifcoXaae tou? Be
d<f>f}tc€V, fj Si eavTOV rj Bia rot>9 </>t\oi>?. eireiBr}
re vvyyoi ira^ aire? teal hvvacnwv /ecu ftaaiXecov
7ra£8e? 01 puev e\/>' bpx)peLa oi Be teal e<$> vffpei
rp€(j>6p,€voi evpeOrjaav, tou? pev oi/ca8e avrcov
direaTeiXe, tou9 Be dXXrfXois (rvvtoKiaev, erepovs

2 re fcarea^ev, wv eyeb tou? puev aXXov? edaco,
Bvo Be Br] p,6vcov 6vopba<nl pLvrjadrjaopiar rrjv pev
yap ^IcoraTrrjv ra> MrjBa) tcaTa<fivy6vTi pera ttjv
fjTTdv 727)09 airov e/ccbv aTreScoice, tco 8' ^ApTa^rj
tou? dSeX<j)ov<; KaLirep alrrjcravTi ovk eirepb^ev,
ore tou? viroXeifydevTas ev rfj 'Appevia, 'PcopLaiovs
direicTovei.

3 Hepl plv Br) tov? aXXov<; roiavTa eyiyveTO, tcov
Be AiywrrTicov tcov re y AXe^avBpeoov ttovtcov
e^eLcraro &<rre p,r) BioXeaai Tivd> to p,ev dXrjdes
on ovk r)%Lcoae tocfovtovs tc avrovs ovras teal
XprjaipLcoTaTOV? T0Z9 *¥cop<aioi<; 69 7roXXa av yevo-

4 pevovs dvrjfceaTov ti Spdaar irp6(f>aaiv Be op,co<;
TTpovfiaXXejo tov ts 6ebv rov ^dpairiv koi tov
'AXegavBpov tov olfccaTrjv avTcov, koi Tpirov
"Apeiov tov iTo\iT'qv > o5 ttov <f)iXocro<f)ovvTL T€ feat
gvvovti oi expTjTo. zeal tov ye Xoyov Si ov
avveyvco crtjticriv, eXXrjvio'Tt, O7rco<; avvcoaiv avTOV,

5 elire. ical //-era TavTa to p,ev tov ^AXe^dvBpov
acopua elSe, KaX avTov koi irpoary^raTO, cocrre ti
t^9 pivosy c5? (f>ao~i, dpavadrjvai* Ta Be Srj tcov

44

BOOK LI

also ordered Antony's freedmen to give at once b.c. 30
to Iullus, the son of Antony and Fulvia, every-
thing which by law they would have been required
to bequeath him at their death. As for the rest
who had been connected with Antony's cause up
to this time, he punished some and pardoned others,
either from personal motives or to oblige his friends.
And since there were found at the court many
children of princes and kings who were being kept
there, some as hostages and others out of a spirit
of arrogance, he sent some back to their homes,
joined others in marriage with one another, and
retained still others. I shall omit most of these
cases and mention only two. Of his own accord he
restored Iotape to the Median king, who had found
an asylum with him after his defeat ; but he refused
the request of Artaxes that his brothers be sent to
him, because this prince had put to death the Romans
left behind in Armenia.

This was the disposition he made of such captives ;
and in the case of the Egyptians and Alexandrians,
he spared them all, so that none perished. The
truth was that he did not see fit to inflict any irrepar-
able injury upon a people so numerous, who might
prove very useful to the Romans in many ways ;
nevertheless, he offered as a pretext for his kindness
their god Serapis, their founder Alexander, and, in
the third place, their fellow-citizen Areius, of whose
learning and companionship he availed himself. The
speech in which he proclaimed to them his pardon
he delivered in Greek, so that they might under-
stand him. After this he viewed the body of Alex-
ander and actually touched it, whereupon, it is said,
a piece of the nose was broken off. But he declined

45

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

TlToXefiaicov, kclltoi tcov 'AXegavSpecov cnrovhfj
f3ov\r)0evTcov avTco Sel^ai, ovk iOedcraro, elircbv
on " fiacriXea dXX y ov vetcpovs ISeiv direOu/iycra."
Kate rr}<; aur?)? TavTrjs alrta? ovBe tco "Att^S*
ivTVj(elv rjdeXrfcre, Xeycov 0eovs dXX* ovyl /3oi/9
7 it pocr Kvvelv eWLaOai. iic he tovtov tt\v re Atyv-
tttov viroTeXrj eirolrfcre kcu tco TdXXco tco K.opvrfXico

ETT&Tpe^e' 7T/J09 T€ yap TO TTOXvavhpOV KOI TCOV

iroXecov Kal tt)<; %copa<;, Kal 7rpb<; to pahiov to t€

KOV<f)OV TCOV TpOTTCOV CtVTCOV, TYJV T€ CTlTOTTOflTriaV

teal Tct xptffiaTa, ovhevl fiovXevTrj ov^ ottco?
eyyeipicrai avTrjv iToXfirjcrev, aW* ovhe ivem-
hrjjuLelv avTfj et~ovcriav ehcoKev, av firj tlvi avTos

2 dvofiao~Ti crvy)(copr}CTr} t ov fievToi ovhe ifcecvois
ftovXeveiv iv Trj 'Feb fit] ic^rjKev. dXXa rot? jxev
aKkois ft>9 eKacrTois, Tofc o y AXe^avhpevcriv avev
fiovXevTcbv TToXiTGvecrOai i/ceXevcre' ToaavTrjv ttov

3 vecoT€p07Todav avTcbv KaTeyvco, tcaL acpcov ovtco
tot€ Ta\6kvTcov tci fJLev dXXa kcu vvv lo")(ypco$
cpvXdcrcreTai, ftovXevovcri he hrj Kal ev Trj 'AXe^av-
Speia, eirl Xeovrjpov avTOKpaTOpos dp^dfievot, kcu
ev ttj 'Pcofirj, eir ' AvtcovLvov tov vleos aVTOV
irpcoTOV €9 ttjv yepovalav icrypacfrevTes.

4 AXyviTTos jjl€v ovtcos ehovXcoOr)* irdvTes yap oi
avTiaypvTes avTcov ^povov tlvcl i^etpcoOrjaav,
d>9 irov kcu to Scufioviov ctc\>ictiv evapyecrTaTa
irpoeBec^ev. vae t€ yap ovy^ ottcos vhaTi, evda
fiYfhe iyJreKaae iroTe, dXXa kcu atfiaTr TavTa tc
a pa Ik tcov veepcov i^eiriTTTe ko\ oirXa irape-

5 cpaiveTo. KTvnrrjfiaTd T€ Tiva eTepcoOi Kal tvjjl-
irdvcov Kal KVjx^dXcov Kal fforjfiaTa Kal avXoov

4 6

BOOK LI

to view the remains of the Ptolemies, though the ac. so
Alexandrians were extremely eager to show them,
remarking/ " I wished to see a king, not corpses."
For this same reason he would not enter the presence
of Apis, either, declaring that he was accustomed
to worship gods, not cattle. Afterwards he made
Egypt tributary and gave it in charge of Cornelius
Gallus. For in view of the populousness of both the
cities and country, the facile, fickle character of the
inhabitants, and the extent of the grain-supply and
of the wealth, so far from daring to entrust the land
to any senator, he would not even grant a senator
permission to live in it, except as he personally made
the concession to him by name. On the other hand
he did not allow the Egyptians to be senators in
Rome ; but whereas he made various dispositions as
regards the several cities, he commanded the
Alexandrians to conduct their government without
senators ; with such capacity for revolution, I suppose,
did he credit them. And of the system then imposed
upon them most details are rigorously preserved at
the present time, but they have their senators both
in Alexandria, beginning first under the emperor
Severus, and also in Rome, these having first been
enrolled in the senate in the reign of Severus* son
Antoninus.

Thus was Egypt enslaved. All the inhabitants
who resisted for a time were finally subdued, as,
indeed, Heaven very clearly indicated to them
beforehand. For it rained not only water where no
drop had ever fallen previously, but also blood ; and
there were flashes of armour from the clouds as this
bloody rain fell from them. Elsewhere there was
the clashing of drums and cymbals and the notes of

47

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Kal aaXirlyyoav iyiyvero, Kal res Spdtccov virep-
[Leyidrjs igalcjtvr)? acplaiv 6<f>0el<z dpafj^avov oaov
i^eavptcre, kclv tovtw Kal aarepes KOpbrjrai
eoopojVTO, /cal ve/cpcov etScoXa icfravrd^eTo, rd re
dydXfiara lo~KvQpoyiraae> /cal 6 ^ Aires oXofyvpriKov
ti ifAV/crjaaTO /cal /careBd/cpvae,

6 Tavra [lev ovtcos iyevero, ^p^fxara he iroXXd
fiev ev ra> fSacriki/ccp evpedr) (iravra yap ft>? eiireiv
/cal rd i/c r&v dytcordrcop lepwv dpaOij/jbara rj
KXeoirdrpa dveXofievr) avveTrXtjOvae rd Xdcjtvpa
Tot? 'VtefjuaLoi? dvev tlvos ol/celov avrwv fAidafia-
Tos^yTroWa Be /cal Trap e/cdarov rcov alriadevTcov

7 tl 2 r)6pola0rj t Kal %&pls ol Xocirol Trdvres, ocroi
fi7]Bev lBlov ey/ckr)p,a Xafieiv iBvvavro, rd Svo
fJieprj rcov ovai&v rjrrjdrjaav? Kal dir avrcov
iravres [Lev ol o-TparicoTai rd eirofaiXofxevd crfyicriv
i/cofiicravTO, ol Se Srj /cal rore tcS YLalcrapi avyye-
vofxevoL irevTrjKOVTa Kal BcaKoalas Bpa^fjids, &are

8 fiTj Biapirdaat ttjv ttoXiv, irpocreTreXafSov. tols
t€ irpoBavelaacl 7i irdvra airriKKayiq^ Kal rols
av fifieTaa^ovcTL rov iroXepiov Kal twv fiovXevrcov
Kal rcov LTTTrecov ird}xiroXka iBoOrj, to re ovpxrav
r\ T€ dpyr) r) twv r Vco[Lal(ov iirXovrlcrOr) Kal rd
lepa avrcov iKoo~{L7]0r}.

18 ( S' ovv K.alaap a>? rd re 7rpoeipr]fieva eirpa^ 6,
Kal iroXtv Kal eKel iv ra> Ttjs [^d^rjs %o)£to)
avvooKiae, Kal to ovofia Kal rov dycova avTjj
o [Lolas rfi Trporepa Sou?, to? re Sicopv^as Ta? jiev
i%€Kddr}p€ rds Se €K Kaivrjs Biaypv^e, Kal raXXa
rd irpodTjKOVTa 7rpoo~8i(pKr}o~€v, €? re rrjv '' 'Aalav

1 fiidorfiaros M, fiia.crfxa.ros V. 2 ri M, om. V.

3 jjTT)07}(rav R. Steph., ^TT^drja-av VM.

4 s

BOOK LI

flutes and trumpets, and a serpent of huge size b.c. so
suddenly appeared to them and uttered an incredibly
loud hiss. Meanwhile comets were seen and dead
men's ghosts appeared, the statues frowned, and
Apis bellowed a note of lamentation and burst into
tears.

So much for these events. In the palace quantities
of treasure were found. For Cleopatra had taken prac-
tically all the offerings from even the holiest shrines
and so helped the Romans swell their spoils without
incurring any defilement on their own part. Large
sums were also obtained from every man against
whom any charge of misdemeanour was brought.
And apart from these, all the rest, even though no
particular complaint could be lodged against them,
had two-thirds of their property demanded of them.
Out of this wealth all the troops received what was
owing them, and those who were with Caesar at the
time got in addition a thousand sesterces on con-
dition of not plundering the city. Repayment was
made in full to those who had previously advanced
loans, and to both the senators and the knights who
had taken part in the war large sums were given.
In fine, the Roman empire was enriched and its
temples adorned.

After accomplishing the things just related Caesar
founded a city there on the very site of the battle
and gave to it the same name and the same games as
to the city he had founded previously. 1 He also
1 cleared out some of the canals and dug others over
again, besides attending to other important matters.
Then he went through Syria into the province of

1 See chap. 1, 3.

49

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

to €0vo? Sid Trjs Svpia? tfX.de, fcavravOa irape-
%€ifjLa(T€> ra re rcov vit^kocov o>9 k'/cacrTa Kal ra

2 rcov Tldpdtov afia KaOiard/uLevo^, aTaaiaeavTCDV
yap avT<ov feat twos TipiSdrov 1 ra> ^padrrj
inravaaTavTOS, irporepov jiev, Kal 6g>9 en ra tov
y AvTC0vtov Kal fiera ttjv vavpuaxjiav dvdeiarrjfcei,
ov% oaov ov irpoaedero tg> 2 avr&v av^a'xiav
alrijadvTcop, dXX* ov& direKpLvaTO aXXo ovSev r]
otl fiovXevcreTai, irpo^aaiv fjuev &>9 Kal irepl ttjv
AXywrrTov do-ypXiav eyt&v, fyytp Se iv itcTpv)(C0-

3 Belev iv tovtgj ixayopuevoi irpos dXXtfXow;. Tore
Se iireiSrj o re y Avt gov io<; ireXevrrjae, Kal ifceivcov
6 fiev TipiSdrT)*; rjTTTjdels €9 ttjv %vpiav KaTecjyvyev,
6 Se <t>padrri<; tcpaTtfaas irpeo-ftets eire/x'slre, tovtoi?
re (pike/ceo? ixp^l^driae, Kal ra> Tcpiodrrj f3or)-
Orjaeiv /xev ovft vrrea^To ScanacrOat Se iv rfj
Svpia €7T€T/)e^ei>, vlov re riva tov Qpadrov iv
evepyeaia? 3 fiepei nap avTov Xaficbv 69 T€ ttjv
r P(OfjLr]v dvrjyaye /ecu iv 6fX7]peLa iTrotrjaaro.

19 'Ev Se tovtg) Kal ctl irpoTepov av^vd fiev Kal
iirl-Tfj t?79 vavjiayias vlkjj oi iv olkw 'Pco/jiaioi
iyfrr](f)L(TavTO, Ta re yap viK7}Ty)pia ai>T<p } o>9 Kal
t^9 KXeoTraTpas, Kal d^riSa Tpoiraiofyopov ev t€
T(p \$pevTe(TL<p Kal eTepav iv t$ 'Pco/jcaia dyopa
2 k'ScoKav tijv tg KprjirlSa tov ^lovXieiov rjpoiov
T0Z9 T(bv alx/JLaXcoTcSwv vecov ifx^oXoi^ kocjjltj-
Brjvai, Kal Travqyvpiv oi TrevTCT^piBa ayeaOai,
ev tg tois yeveOXioL? avTov Kal iv Tjj t^9 dy-
yeXtas ttjs vLk?}<; ^ fie pa lepofirjviav elvai, Kal 69
T7]v ttoXlv iaiovTi a\)T(p Ta9 T€ lepetas t«9

1 TipiSdrov Dind., rciptddrov VM (and so just below).

2 T(p M, ora. V. 8 tvepyeoias M, evepysaia V.

50

BOOK LI

Asia and passed the winter there settling the various B .c. 30
affairs of the subject nations as well as those of the
Parthians. It seems there had been dissension among
the Parthians and a certain Tiridates had risen
against Phraates ; and hitherto, as long as Antony's
opposition lasted, even after the naval battle, Caesar
had not only not attached himself to either side,
though they sought his alliance, but had not even
answered them except to say that he would think the
matter over. His excuse was that he was busy with
Egypt, but in reality he wanted them in the mean-
time to exhaust themselves by fighting against each
other. But now that Antony was dead and of the two
combatants Tiridates, . defeated, had taken refuge in
Syria, and Phraates, victorious, had sent envoys, he
entered into friendly negotiations with the latter ;
and, without promising to aid Tiridates, he per-
mitted him to live in Syria. He received from
Phraates one of his sons by way of conferring a
favour upon him, and taking him to Rome, kept him
as a hostage.

During this time and still earlier the Romans at
home had passed many resolutions in honour of
Caesar's naval victory. Thus they granted him a
triumph, as over Cleopatra, an arch adorned with
trophies at Brundisium and another in the Roman
Forum. Moreover, they decreed that the foundation
of the shrine of Julius should be adorned with the
beaks of the captured ships and that a festival should
be held every four years in honour of Octavius ; that
there should also be a thanksgiving on his birthday
and on the anniversary of the announcement of his
victory ; also that when he should enter the city the

5i

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

deirrapdevovs' Kal rrjv ftovXijv tov re Br)fMov jjuerd
re rcov yvvaiKcov teal jxera rcov tckvcov drrav-

3 rfjaai eyvcoaav. ras yap evicts rds ye eiKovas
Kal rrjv irpoeBptav Kal raWa ra TOiovroTpoira
irepirrbv iariv r)8r) Xeyeiv. rrjv fiev ovv rrpcorrfv
i/c€Lv<p re 1 ravr iyfrrjcpLcravTO, teal ra rov 'Av-
tcovlov Koa/jLrjfjiaTa ra jxev KaOeiXov ra 8' dirrj-
Xeiyfrav, rrjp re r)pLepav iv y iyeyevvrjro pnapav
ivojucrav, teal to tov Mdp/cov jrpoaprjfia drrelrrov

4 fjirjBevl rcov avyyevcov airov elvai. cbs fievroi /cal
redvecora airov eirvOovro (r/yyeXOrj Be rovro Ki/ce-
pcovos rod KiKepcovos 7raiBbs ip pepei tov erovs vira-
revovros), rovro re rives cos 2 ov/c aOeel Br) crvjifBav
iXdfji/Savop, irreiBrjrrep 6 irarrjp airov virb rov

5 'Avtcovlov ore puakLCTT iredvrjKet,, Kal rrpocre'^rr}-
cplaavro rco Kalaapi /cal arecf)dvovs /cal iepo^rj-
vias iroXXds, Kal airco Kal erepa iiuviKia cos Kal
rcov Alyvrrricov dyayelv eBocrav* rbv yap'Avrcoviov
Kal rovs aXKovs ^co/navovs rovs avv eKevvco viKtj-
Oevras ovre rrporepov ovre Tore, cos Kal eoprd^eiv

6 acpas err airois Beov, covofiaaav, rrjv re rjjxepav
iv fj rj 1 AXe^dpBpeia edXco, dyadrjv re elvat Kal
is ra eireira errj dpyrjv rr}s drrapLOjJLrjcrecos aircov
vofjLL^eaffat, Kal tov Kalaapa rr\v re i^ovatap
rrjv rcov Brifidp'xcop Bia fitov e^eiv, KaL T0 ^
iiri^ocopievois avrbv Kal ivrbs rov ircofju^plov Kal
egco p>e"X,pis oyBbov r/fuaraSlov dfjivvecv, b firjBevl

1 re M, om. V. 2 «s supplied by Bk.

52

BOOK LI

Vestal Virgins and the senate and the people with B .c. so
their wives and children should go out to meet
him. But it would be quite superfluous to go
on and mention the prayers, the images, the
privilege of the front seat, and all the other honours
of the sort. At the beginning, then, they not
only voted him these honours but also either took
down or effaced the memorials of Antony, declared
the day on which he had been born accursed, and
forbade the use of the surname Marcus by any of
his kin. When, however, they learned of Antony's
death, the news of which came while Cicero, the son
of Cicero, was consul for a part of the year, some
held that it had come to pass not without divine
direction, since the consul's father had owed his
death chiefly to Antony ; and they voted to Caesar
crowns and thanksgivings in great number and
granted him the privilege of celebrating another
triumph, this time over the Egyptians. For neither
on the previous occasion nor at this time did they
mention by name Antony and the other Romans
who had been vanquished with him and thus imply
that it was proper to celebrate their defeat. The
day on which Alexandria had been captured they
declared a lucky day, and directed that in future
years it should be taken by the inhabitants of that
city as the starting-point in their reckoning of time.
They also decreed that Caesar should hold the
tribunician power for life, that he should aid those
who called upon him for help both within the
pomerium and outside for a distance of one mile, 1 —

1 Literally, "as far as the eighth half-stade," which means
seven and a half stades, that is, one mile, according to Dio's
usage. See note on xxxviii. 18.

53

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

7 tcov SrffjLapxovvTcov itjrjv, €Ktc\i)T6v t€ Sitcd&iv,
kol tyrifyov Ttva avTOi) iv iraai T0Z9 Si/eaaTrfpiois
wcnrep *A07]va$ (j>epecr0at, toi5? re lepea*; feal
t«9 lepeias iv t<z£9 virep re tov hrffiov kcli Tr\<$
ftovkrj? e£%at9 teal virep i/celvov o/jloico? e&xe-
aOai, teal iv Tofr <rvo criTiois ovy^ oti rots koivois
aXka feal T0Z9 l&loL? Trdvras avTco crirevheiv
i/eeXevcrav.

20 Tore (iev $r) tclvt iyvcocrffrj, vwarevovTO^ 8'
avrov to TT€fjLiTTOv fi€Ta Se^TOu ' AirovXetov rd
re TTpayQevTa vtt avrov mdvTa iv avrfj tj) tov
'Yavovapiov vovp,rjvLa opicois i/SefiaicocravTO, teal
iireiBrj kol ra irepl tcov Udp0cov ypdfip,aTa, rfkOev,

69 T6 TOl»9 V/JLVOVS CLVTOV 6*£ ICTOV TO?9 8 €01$ icrypd-

2 fyecrOai, 1 /cat cf>v\r)v 'lovXlav iir avTOv iTTOvofxa-
tjeadai, tco tg GTecf>dvco aiqrbv tco iixivitdcp hia
ttclctcov tcov iravqyvpecov xpt)o-0ai, teal rou9 crvv-
vitcrjaavTas ol /3ov\evTa$ iv irepnropfyvpoi*; tjia-

3 tlols TTjV 7ro/jL7rr)V avTco Gvpnrepjtyai, tijv T€ rj fie pais
iv rj av e*9 Tip ttoKiv icreX0jj 0vaiat$ T€ irav
Srj/jiel dya\Br\vai teal lepav del dyeo~0ai, lepea?

T€ CLVTOV KCLL V7T€p TOV dpl0fjLOV, OCTOVS CLV del

iOeXrjGr), irpoaipetaOai tt poa tcaTeaTrjcravTO 1 owep
ttov il; i/ceivov irapaZo0ev h dopicrTOV i7rr)v^i]0rj^
coctt€ /jLrjhev em XP^ VCLI ^ ^repl tov TrXr}0ov<s

4 avTcov dtcpi^oXo r yeta0ai, 6 ovv Katcrap tcu jxev
aXka 7r\r)v fipayecov e'Sefaro, to he hr) ctv/ll-
TTavTas avTco TOU9 iv tjj iro\ei ovtch; diravTrjcrai

1 €<rypd<pe(r9ai M, iyypdcpeadai V.

1 The tribunes' authority, as a matter of fact, extended to
the first mile-stone outside the city ; see Livy iii. 20, 7.
Dio is apparently labouring under a misapprehension.

54

BOOK LI

a privilege possessed by none ot the tribunes, 1 — also b.c. 30
that he should judge appealed cases, and that in all
the courts his vote was to be cast as Athena's vote. 2
The priests and priestesses also in their prayers in
behajf of the people and the senate were to pray for
him likewise, and at all banquets, not only public
but private as well, everybody was to pour a libation
to him.

These were the decrees passed at that time ; and b.c. 29
when he was consul for the fifth time, with Sextus
Apuleius, they ratified all his acts by oath on the
very first day of January. When the letter came
regarding the Parthians, they further arranged that
his name should be included in their hymns equally
with those of the gods ; that a tribe should be called
the "Julian" after him j that he should wear the
triumphal crown at all the festivals ; that the senators
who had participated in his victory should take part
in the triumphal procession arrayed in purple-
bordered togas ; that the day on which he entered
the city should be honoured with sacrifices by the
whole population and be held sacred for evermore ;
and that he might choose priests even beyond the
regular number, — as many, in fact, as he should wish
on any occasion. This last-named privilege, handed
down from that time, was afterwards indefinitely
extended, so that I need not henceforth make a point
of giving the exact number of such officials. Now
Caesar accepted all but a few of these honours,
though he expressly requested that one of them, the
proposal that the whole population of the city should

2 That is, in case of a tie vote, Caesar's vote, like Athena's
in the Areopagus at Athens, was to decide in favour of ac-
quittal. Cf . Aesch. , Eumen, 737 ff. ; Eur. , Iph. T. 965 f . , 1472.

55

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

iraprjTrja-aTO avTiKpvs fir) yeveoSai, ttXsigtov he
ojjlcos virep Trdvra ra yfrrjcfucrOevTa oi vireprfaOyj
on ra? T€ TrvXas t«9 tov 'lavov cw9 fcal irdvTWv
<r<f>L<Ti tcov iroXefiwv iravreXS)*; ireiravfievcdv eKXet-
^ aav, Kal to olcoviafia to t^9 'Tyieia? iiroirfaav*

5 Kal yap totc Si airep elirov hteXeXenrTo. rjaav
fiev yap iv ottXol^ ctl koX Tprjovr]poi 1 KeX,TOU9
iirayayafievot real Kdvraftpoi 2 Kal Ovatc/catoi
Kal "AaTvpes* Kal ovtoc fiev vtto tov Tavpov tov
^TaTiXtov, i/celvoi he V7rb Ncovlov TdXXov /care-
<TTpa$r)Gav aXXa T€ a>9 Kaff eKaaTOV? Tapa^^hrj
Gvyya iytyveTO* a\V iireihrf firjhev fieya cvn
avT&v avvr\veyQrf> ovtc i/cetvoi totc iroXefieiadat
ivofii^ov ovt€ iyco itrifyavis ti? irepl avTa>v
ypd^tai e%&>.

6 Kalaap he iv tovtco tcl T6 aXXa i^prjfiaTi^e,

Kal T€fl€Vr] TTj T€ 'PcOflJ] Kal T(p TTaTpl Tto

Katcrapi, rjpwa avTov 'lovXtov ovofidaa^, ev T€
'E^eo-ft) Kal iv Nt/caca yeveaOat i<f>r)K€v avTat yap
Tore at iroXei? ev Te Ttj *Ao~ia Kal iv tj) BiOvvta

7 TrpoeTCTLfirjVTO, Kal tovtovs fiev TO?9 'Pcofiaiois
Tofc 7rap' auTO?9 iiroLKOvaL Tifiav 7rpoaeTa^€' ro?9
he hf] %evoi$ t r 'EXXr]vds a-(f>a<; iirLKaXecras, eavT<p
Tiva, to?9 fiev *&aiavoh iv TLepydfiw toi$ he
JSiOvvofc iv NiKOfiTjSeia, TefievLcrai iireTpe^re, Kal
tovt iKeWev ap^dfievov Kal iir aXXcov avTOKpa-
Topwv oi) fiovov iv rofc ' EXXrjviKols edveaiV) dXXa
Kal iv tois aXXois oaa tcov 'Pcofialcov aKovet,

8 iyeveTO. iv yap toi t« ao~T€i ai/Tw tj) T€ aXXrj

1 Tp-f)OV7)pOl BS., TpTJOVpOl VM.

2 Kavra&poi R. Steph., &vrafipoi VM.

3 t* M., om. V.

56

BOOK LI

go out to meet him, should not be put into effect. b.c. 29
Nevertheless, the action which pleased him more
than all the decrees was the closing by the senate of
the gates of Janus, implying that all their wars had
entirely ceased, and the taking of the augurium
salutis, which had at this time fallen into disuse for
the reasons I have mentioned. 1 To be sure, there
were still under arms the Treveri, who had brought
in the Germans to help them, and the Cantabri, the
Vaccaei, and the Astures, — the three last-named of
whom were later subjugated by Statilius Taurus, and
the former by Nonius Gallus, — and there were also
numerous other disturbances going on in various
regions ; yet inasmuch as nothing of importance
resulted from them, the Romans at the time did not
consider that they were engaged in war, nor have I,
for my part, anything notable to record about them.

Caesar, meanwhile, besides attending to the gene-
ral business, gave permission for the dedication of
sacred precincts in Ephesus and in Nicaea to Rome
and to Caesar, his father, whom he named the hero
Julius. 2 These cities had at that time attained chief
place in Asia and in Bithynia respectively. He
commanded that the Romans resident in these cities
should pay honour to these two divinities ; but he
permitted the aliens, whom he styled Hellenes, to
consecrate precincts to himself, the Asians to have
theirs in Pergamum and the Bithynians theirs in
Nicomedia. This practice, beginning under him, has
been continued under other emperors, not only in
the case of the Hellenic nations but also in that of
all the others, in so far as they are subject to the
Romans. For in the capital itself and in Italy

1 Cf. xxxvii. 24. 2 i.e. Divus Iulius.

57

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

'IraXta ov/c eariv ogtis tcH>v /cal €<£>' ottogovovv
\6yov tivo<z d^icov irokjJLrjae tovto iroirjcrar fieraX-
\d%a<ri fievToi /cdvTavOa tois 6p6a)<; avrapxtfaaaiv
aXKat T€ laoOeoi Tijxal BIBovTai /cal Brj /cal fjp&a

TTOielTCU.

9 TavTCi jjbkv iv r<p 'xeifiwvi iyeveTO, 1 /cal e\a/3ov
koI ol Uepya/jLTjvol tov dyasva tov lepov favosa-
21 (Tfiivov eirl tjj tov vaov clvtov TL/xfi uoieiv, tov
Be Br) depov? I? re tt)v *EWdBa /cat €? Ttjv
'Irakiav 6 Kaiaap irrepamdr], /cat avrov €9
ttjv ttoXiv io~e\06vTO<; ol re aXXoi eOvaav, (acirep
etprjTCU, /cal 6 vttcitos OvaXepios Hotitos' i/ceivos
jiev yap /cal tovto Trap to ero?, &airep /cal tcl Bvo
tcl irpoTepa, vTraTevae, tov Be Br) Xe^TOV o

2 Uotltos BieBegaTO. ovtos ovv BrjfiocrLa /cal ai-

T09 V7T€p T€ TOV Br)jMOV teal V7T€p T^9 /3oiA,?}9

eirl TTj tov Kaiaapos d<pi^€L iftovOvTijcrev o
fi7]7rco irpoTepov iirl firjBevbs dXXov iyeyovei.

fA€TCL Be TOVTO TOV9 T€ VTTOGT paTTjyOVS KCLt ilTrj-

3 veae zeal eTLfjurjaev &airep eWio~To s /cat tov tb
1 AypLTrnav aXXois T6 tlctl /cal o~7)fiei(p /cvavoei-
Bel vav/cpaT7)TiK<p 7TpoaeTTeaepLvvve y /cal T0Z9 o~Tpa-
TiosTais e'Bcofce Tiva % rw re Brjjicp /eaO e/caTov 2
Spa%/xa9, TrpoTepois fxev rofc €9 avBpas TeXovaiv,
eiretTa Be /cal tol$ iraial Bid tov Mdp/ceXKov tov

4 dBe\<j>tBovv, Bieveifie. zeal em xe tovtois, real
otl irapd tcov woXecov tojv iv Tjj 'IraXta to
yjpvcr'iov to to?9 o-Te<j)dvoi<; irpoo'rjKOV ov/c iBe^aTO,

1 4y4v€TO V, 4yhovro M. 2 ettarbv M, kavrbv V.

1 Cf. chap. 1, 2. 2 Cf. chap. 20, 3.

3 In earlier times it had been customary, when a general

58

BOOK LI

generally no emperor, however worthy of renown he b.c. 29
has been, has dared to do this ; still, even there
various divine honours are bestowed after their death
upon such emperors as have ruled uprightly, and, in
fact, shrines are built to them.

All this took place in the winter; and the Per-
gamenians also received authority to hold the
" sacred " games, as they called them, in honour of
Caesar's temple. 1 In the course of the summer
Caesar crossed over to Greece and to Italy ; and
when he entered the city, not only all the citizens
offered sacrifice, as has been mentioned, 2 but even
the consul Valerius Potitus. Caesar, to be sure, was
consul all that year as for the two preceding years,
but Potitus was the successor of Sextus. It was he
who publicly and in person offered sacrifices in behalf
of the senate and of the people upon Caesar's arrival,
a thing that had never before been done in the case
of any other person. After this Caesar bestowed
eulogies and honours upon his lieutenants, as was
customary, and to Agrippa he further granted, among
other distinctions, a dark blue flag in honour of his
naval victory, and he gave gifts to the soldiers ; to
the people he distributed four hundred sesterces
apiece, first to the men who were adults, and after-
wards to the children because of his nephew Mar-
cellus. In view of all this, and because he would not
accept from the cities of Italy the gold required for
the crowns 3 they had voted him, and because,

won a triumph, for the cities of his province to send gold
crowns, which were carried before him in the triumphal pro-
cession. By Cicero's time it was a common practice to send,
instead of the crowns themselves, their value in money
{aureum coronarium) ; and this was now regarded as a form
of tribute.

VOL. VI.

59

c

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

/cal otl 1 /cal irdvra a re avrbs cocf>eiXe tictlv

a7T€$(DK€, KCU OL 01 SXXOL i7TCO(j)ecXoV OV/C €<7€-

TTpa^€V y coairep etpTjrac, tcov re hva^epcov irdvTcov
oi ^VcofialoL €7re\d0ovTO t /cal tcl iiriviKia avTov
77860)9 009 /cal dXXocpvXcov diravTcov tcov r\TTr)~

5 06VTCOV OVTCOV €l8oV TOGOVTOV yap TO 7r\r}do<; TCOV

Xprj/jbdroov htd Trdai)^ opuoico^ t?}9 TroXeco? e^co-
prjaev coare tcl jxev /cTr/fiaTa iirtTifA^Tjvai, tcl Se
havetafiaTa dyaTTTjTcbs iirl hpaxp*?} irpoTepov ovTa
tot€ iirl tco TpiTTjfiopLQ) avTr\<; yevea0ai. ecopTatre
Se ttj fxev 7rpa>Trj rjfiepa Ta T€ tcov TIavvovicov /cal
tcl tcov AeX/uaTcov, t?)9 ts y \airvhLa<$ 2 /cal tcov
Trpocr^cjiipcov acplai, 3 KcXtcov tc /cal TaXaTcov tlvcov.

6 Ta£09 yap KappLva? tov$ tc Mcoptvovs ical aXXov?
tivcls crvveTTavacTTdvTas avTOt? i^eipcoaaTO, /cal
tol«9 Xovrjftovs tov* *¥rjvov iirl moXepLcp 8ia-
ftdvTas diredxraTO' ical hid TavTa fjyaye fxev /cal
i/celvo<z tcl vuc7)Tr}pLa, icaiTOi tov tc TraTpbs avTov
vtto tov XvXXov OavaTco0€VTO<;, /cal avTO? ap%ai

7TOT€ jJLeTCL TCOV aXXcOV TCOV OfloicOV ol fCCoXv0€LS t

r^yaye he /cal 6 Kaicrap, iirethr) rj dvac\>opa Trjs
vL/cr)<; tj) avTO/cpaTopL avTov dp^f) irpoatj/covaa

7 Jjv. iv fxev ovv Ttj irpcoTr) rj/^epa TavTa hiecopTa-
cT07] t iv Be ttj SevTepa rj irpb^ tco 'A/ctlco vav-
/cpaTta, fedv Tjj TpuTrj rj t?}9 AlyvTrTov /caTa-
aTpocj)7j. eiucpaveLS fiev hrj /cal ai aXXai iropmal
hid Ta di: avTr}? Xdcpvpa iyevovTO (rocravTa yap
7)0poio0Y] coaTG it derail €7rap/cecrai), TToXvTeXeaTaTT]

8 8' ovv /cal d^ioTTpeirecTTdTr) ami) rj KlywiTTia. Ta
T€ yap aXXa /cal rj K\eo7rdTpa iirl /cXivrj? iv tco

1 oVi Rk., €Tt VM. 2 'lairvZias Xyl., lairvylas VM.
8 a<plfft My om. V. 4 rhv Bk., t6v t€ VM.

60

BOOK LI

furthermore, he not only paid all the debts he himself b.c. 29
owed to others, as has been stated/ but also did not
insist on the payment of others' debts to him, the
Romans forgot all their unpleasant experiences and
viewed his triumph with pleasure, quite as if the
vanquished had all been foreigners. So vast an
amount of money, in fact, circulated through all parts
of the city alike, that the price of goods rose and
loans for which the borrower had been glad to pay
twelve per cent, could now be had for one third that
rate. As for the triumph, Caesar celebrated on the
first day his victories over the Pannonians and Dal-
matians, the Iapydes and their neighbours, and some
Germans and Gauls. For Gaius Carrinas had sub-
dued the Morini and others who had revolted with
them, and had repulsed the Suebi, who had crossed the
Rhine to wage war. Not only did Carrinas, therefore,
celebrate the triumph, — and that notwithstanding
that his father had been put to death by Sulla and
that he himself along with the others in like con-
dition had once been debarred from holding office, —
but Caesar also celebrated it, since the credit of the
victory properly belonged to his position as supreme
commander. This was the first day's celebration.
On the second day the naval victory at Actium was
commemorated, and on the third the subjugation of
Egypt, Now all the processions proved notable,
thanks to the spoils from Egypt, — in such quantities,
indeed, had spoils been gathered there that they
sufficed for all the processions, — but the Egyptian
celebration surpassed them all in costliness and mag-
nificence. Among other features, an effigy of the
dead Cleopatra upon a couch was carried by, so that

1 Cf. chap. 17, 8.

6i

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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62

C? BOOK LI

in a way she, too, together with the other captives b.c. 29
and with her children, Alexander, called also Helios,
and Cleopatra, called also Selene, was a part of the
spectacle and a trophy in the procession. After
this came Caesar, riding into the city behind them
all. He did everything in the customary manner,
except that he permitted his fellow-consul and the
other magistrates, contrary to precedent, to follow
him along with the senators who had participated in
the victory ; for it was usual for such officials to
march in advance and for only the senators to
follow. 1

After finishing this celebration Caesar dedicated
the temple of Minerva, called also the Chalcidicum,
and the Curia Iulia, which had been built in honour
of his father. In the latter he set up the statue of
Victory which is still in existence, thus signifying
probably that it was from her that he had received the
empire. It had belonged to the people of Tarentum,
whence it was now brought to Rome, placed in the
senate-chamber, and decked with the spoils of Egypt.
The same course was followed in the case of the
shrine of Julius which was consecrated at this time,
for many of these spoils were placed in it also ; and
others were dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus and to
Juno and Minerva, after all the objects in these
temples which were supposed to have been placed
there previously as dedications, or were actually
dedications, had by decree been taken down at this
time as defiled. Thus Cleopatra, though defeated and
captured, was nevertheless glorified; inasmuch as her

Q)The custom was for the magistrates to issue from the
city to meet the victorious general, and then to turn and
march ahead of him. Octavius, by putting them behind him,
symbolized his position as chief citizen of the state.

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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1 M Polak, r&y VM.

9 tov rcov Pflugk, rotircw t5>v V, rovruv rod M.

64

BOOK LI

adornments repose as dedications in our temples and b.c. 29
she herself is seen in gold in the shrine of Venus.

At the consecration of the shrine to Julius there
were all kinds of contests, and the boys of the
patricians performed the equestrian exercisecalled
"Troy/ 1 and men of the same rank conteiuded with
chargers, with pairs, and with four-horse teams ;
furthermore, one Quintus Vitellius, a senator, fought
as a gladiator. Wild beasts and tame animals were
slain in vast numbers, among them a rhinoceros and(^
a hippopotamus, beasts then seen for the first time
in Rome. As regards the nature of the hippopotamus,
it has been described by many and far more have
seen it. The rhinoceros, on the other hand, is in
general somewhat like an elephant, but it has also a
horn on its very nose and has got its name because of
this. These beasts, accordingly, were brought in, and
moreover Dacians and Suebi fought in crowds with
one another. The latter are Germans, the former
Scythians of a sort. The Suebi, to be exact, dwell
beyond the Rhine (though many people elsewhere
claim their name), and the Dacians on both sides of
the Ister ; those of the latter, however, who live on
this side of the river near the country of the Triballi
are reckoned in with the district of Moesia and are
called Moesians, except by those living in the
immediate neighbourhood, while those on the other
side are called Dacians and are either a branch of
the Getae or Thracians belonging to the Dacian race
that once inhabited Rhodope. Now these Dacians
had before this time sent envoys to Caesar ; but

6S

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

cos B* ovBevb? a>v eBeovTO erv^pv, a7re/cXivav irpb?
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1 SieAiire Bk., ffieAenre VM. 2 Kalrot M, kclItol koX V.
8 rots supplied by Bk.

66

BOOK LI

when they obtained none of their requests, they went b.o. 29
over to Antony. They proved of no great assistance
to him, however, owing to strife among themselves,
and some who were afterwards captured w T ere now
matched against the Suebi. The whole spectacle
lasted many days, as one would expect, and there
was no interruption, even though Caesar fell ill, but
it was carried on in his absence under the direction
of others. On one of the days of this celebration
the senators gave banquets in the vestibules of their
several homes ; but what the occasion was for their
doing this, I do not know, since it is not recorded.

These were the events of those days. And while
Caesar was still in his fourth consulship, Statilius
Taurus both constructed at his own expense and
dedicated with a gladiatorial combat a hunting-
theatre of stone 1 in the Campus Martius. Because
of this he was permitted by the people to choose one
of the praetors each year.

During the same period in which these events
occurred Marcus Crassus was sent into Macedonia and
Greece and carried on war with the Dacians and
Bastarnae. I have already stated who the former were
and why they had become hostile ; the Bastarnae, on

1 the other hand, who are properly classed as Scythians,
had at this time crossed the Ister and subdued the
part of Moesia opposite them, and afterwards sub-
dued the Triballi who adjoin this district and the
Dardani who inhabit the Triballian country. And as

I long as they were thus engaged, they had no trouble
1 This was the first stone amphitheatre in Rome.

67

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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1 V omits from here to ire(ovs in chap. 26, 1, without
indicating a lacuna.

68

BOOK LI

with the Romans ; but when they crossed Haemus b.c. 29
and overran the part of Thrace belonging to the
Dentheleti, which was under treaty with the Romans,
then Crassus, partly to defend Sitas, king of the
Dentheleti, who was blind, but chiefly out of fear for
Macedonia, went out to meet them. By his mere
approach he threw them into a panic and drove them
from the country without a battle. Next he pursued
them as they were retiring homeward, gained pos-
session of the region called Segetica, and invading
Moesia, ravaged the country and made an assault upon
one of the strongholds. Then, although his advance
line met with a repulse when the Moesians, thinking
it an isolated force, made a sortie, nevertheless, when
he reinforced it with his whole remaining army, he
hurled the enemy back and besieged and destroyed
the place. While he was accomplishing this, the
Bastarnae checked their flight and halted near the
Cedrus 1 river to observe what would take place. And
when, after conquering the Moesians, Crassus set out
against them also, they sent envoys bidding him not
to pursue them, since they had done the Romans no
harm. Crassus detained the envoys, on the plea that
he would give them their answer the following day,
treated them kindly in various ways, and made them
drunk, so that he learned all their plans ; for the
whole Scythian race is insatiable in the use of wine
and quickly becomes sodden with it. Meanwhile
Crassus moved forward into a forest during the night,
stationed scouts in front of it, and halted his army

1 The spelling is uncertain ; the forms Cebrus, Cibrus, and
Ciabrus are also found. Now the Tzibritza. .

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

teal fiera tovto tcov TSaarapvcov p,6vov$ re
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70

BOOK LI

there. Then, when the Bastarnae, in the belief that b.c. 29
the scouts were all alone, rushed to attack them and
pursued them as they retreated into the thick of the
forest, he destroyed many of them on the spot and
many others in the rout which followed. For not
only were they hindered by their waggons, which
were in their rear, but their desire to save their
wives- and children was also instrumental in their
defeat. Crassus himself slew their king Deldo and
would have dedicated his armour as spolia opima to
Jupiter Feretrius had he been general in supreme
command. Such was the nature of this engage-
ment. As for the remainder of the Bastarnae, some
perished by taking refuge in a grove, which was
then set on fire on all sides, and others by rushing
into a fort, in which they were annihilated ; still
others were destroyed by leaping into the Ister,
or as they were scattered here and there through
the country. But some survived even so and
seized a strong position, where Crassus besieged
them in vain for several days. Then with the aid
of Roles, king of a tribe of the Getae, he destroyed
them. Now Roles, when he visited Caesar, was
treated as his friend and ally because of this ser-
vice ; and the captives were distributed among the
soldiers.

After accomplishing this task Crassus turned his
attention to the Moesians ; and partly by persuasion
in some cases, partly by terrifying them, partly also
by applying force, he subdued all except a very few,
though only after great hardships and dangers. And
for the time being, since it was winter, he retired
into friendly territory, after suffering greatly from

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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dTrr)VT7)crdv oi, ecpeLcraro' Kal avrol? Kal rrjv
^copav ev fj Kal rov 8eov dydXkovaiv i^apicraro,
JSrjacrovs tou9 Kareypvra*; avrijv dc^eXojievo^.

26 Updacrovra Be avrov ravra o 'PcoXtj? Adirvyi
Tercov rivcov Kal avrco fBacrikel iroXefxcodels fiere-

72

BOOK LI

the cold and much more still at the hands of the b.o. 29
Thracians, through whose country he was returning
in the belief that it was friendly. Hence he de-
cided to be content with what he had already
accomplished. For sacrifices and a triumph had
been voted, not only to Caesar, but to him also ;
nevertheless, he did not receive the title of imperator,
as some report, but Caesar alone assumed it. The
Bastarnae, now, angered at their disasters and
learning that he would make no further campaigns
against them, turned again upon the Dentheleti and
Sitas, whom they regarded as having been the chief
cause of their evils. Thus it came about that Crassus
reluctantly took the field ; and falling upon them
unexpectedly after advancing by forced marches, he
conquered them and imposed such terms of peace as
he pleased. And now that he had once taken up
arms again, he conceived a desire to punish the
Thracians who had harassed him during his return
from Moesia ; for it was reported at this time that
they were fortifying positions and were eager for war.
He succeeded in subduing some of them, namely
the Maedi and the Serdi, though not without difficulty,
by conquering them in battle and cutting off the
hands of the captives ; and he overran the rest of the
country except the territory of the Odrysae. These
he spared because they are attached to the service
of Dionysus, and had come to meet him on this
occasion without their arms ; and he also granted
them the land in which they magnify the god,
taking it away from the Bessi who were occupy-
ing it.

While he was thus engaged, Roles, who had
become embroiled with Dapyx, himself also king ot

73

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

rrepbyfraro. /ecu 09 eiriKovpf]aa^ oi rr\v re lttttov

TG)V ivaVTLCOV €9 TOVS TTe^OVS €(T7]pa^€, KoX CTVfJb-

fyofiricras i/c tovtov /cat eiceLvov*; pdvwv jiev ovBe-
fiiav er eTTOirjcraTO, <j)6vov Be orj (frevyovrcw

2 e/carepcov ttoXvv elpydaaro. fcal jxera tovto tov
Aa7rvya 777309 (fipovpiov rv /cara(j>vy6vra airo-

\a/3<i)V €TT0Xt6pK€L' KOLV TTj 1TpOO~eBpeLa eWrjVMTTl

rt? avrov anrb rov reij(pv^ daTraadfxevo^ €9 re
\6yov 9 oi rjXOe /cat irpohoaLav avveOero* aXicr/co-
fievot ovv ovtg)<; oi 0dp/3apoi eV dXXtfkov? &p-
firjaav, fccti 8 re Adirv^ diredave icai dXXoi
iroXXot. top puevrot dBeXcf>bv avrov ^myprjaa^ 6
Kpaaaos oi% oil ri 1 kclkov eBpaaev, dXXa kcu
d<j)f}Ke.

3 Hoirjo-as Be ravra eVi. to airrjXatov rrjv Keipiv
KaXovfievrjv evrparevaaro* tovto yap fieyiarov
re ajxa teal eyyptorarov ovtcos bv a>9 teal tol»9
Ttravas €9 airb fiera rrjv rjrrav rr)v vrrb rcov decov
Br} a<f>io~L yevofievrjv o~vy/cara<f)vy€iv fivBe veer Oat,
tcaTaXaftovre? oi eiriyjiipioi irXijOei 7roXXq> rd
re dXXa ra rip.itorara fcal ra9 dyeXas e'9 airb

4 irdcras eaeKopiaavro, 6 ovv Kpdcro~o<; rd re
o-TO/nia avrov irdvra gkoXicl kol Bvo~Btepevvr)ra
ovra dvafyrrjera*; aTrcp/coBofirjo'e, Kate tovtov icdicei-
vovs Xtpta> Karearpeyfraro. &>9 Be ravra avra>
rrpoeyoyp^GeVy ovBe roav aXXcov Tercov, fcatirep

5 ptrjBev Tft) Adirvyt 7rpoo~r)/c6vrcov, direa'xero, dXX*
eirl Tevov/cXa rb evep/cecrrarov rr)s Zvpdgov dp^r)?
rel^o? rjXdev, 8ri rd o"r)p,eta, a tov ' Avtcovlov tov
Ta'tov oi JSaardpvai 777)09 rfj rcov 'Icrpiaveov 2
iroXei dfyrjprjVTO, ivravOa rjKOvev ovra* ical airb

1 ti M, om. V. 2 'Iffrpiavoov Leuncl., IcTpdvuv VM.

74

BOOK LI

a tribe of the Getae, sent for him, Crassus went to b.c. 29
his aid, and by hurling the horse of his opponents
back upon their infantry he so thoroughly terrified
the latter also that what followed was no longer a
battle but a great slaughter of fleeing men of both
arms. Next he cut off Dapyx, who had taken refuge
in a fort, and besieged him. In the course of the
siege someone hailed him from the walls in Greek,
obtained a conference with him, and arranged to
betray the place. The barbarians, thus captured,
turned upon one another, and Dapyx was killed
along with many others. His brother, however,
Crassus took alive, and not only did him no harm but
actually released him.

After finishing this campaign Crassus led his troops
against the cave called Ciris. For the natives in great
numbers had occupied this cave, which is extremely
large and so capable of defence that the tradition
obtains that the Titans took refuge there after their
defeat suffered at the hands of the gods ; and here
they had brought together all their herds and their
other most cherished belongings. Crassus first sought
out all the entrances to the cave, which are tortuous
and difficult to discover, walled them up, and in this
way subdued the men by famine. After this success
he did not leave in peace the rest of the Getae, either,
even though they had no connexion with Dapyx,
but lie marched upon Genucla, the most strongly
defended fortress of the kingdom of Zyraxes, because
he heard that the standards which the Bastarnae
had taken from Gaius Antonius 1 near the city of the
Istrians were there. His assault was made both by

1 Cf. xxxviii. 10.

75

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

rre^rj re dfia Kal Sia rov "larpov (77-/009 yap r<p
vSarc irrerroXiaro) TrpocrftaXoov ovk iv ttoXXg) fiev
Xpova, gvv 7ToW& Se Srj ttovw, kclLtoi rov Zvpdgov
6 firj irapovros, elXev. eKelvo<z jap C09 rdytara tt)<z
6p/jLr}<; airov yadero t 777)09 re tov$ %Kvda<i irrl
crvfifia^av fiera ra>v ^p^fidrcdv dirrjpe, Kal ovk
€<j)6r) avaKO fii<70 eis,

Tavra fiev iv Terais eirpa^e, ra>v Se Srj Mvcr&v
Toy? fiev 6K rcov Kexeipaapbevtov iiravacrrdvra^ Si
27 erepcov dveKrrjcraro, iirl Se y ApraKiov 9 aXXov? re
rivas ovO* dXovra<; irore ovr av irpoayoapYiGai 01
i0eXovra$ y Kal avrovs re fieyicrrov irrl rovrtp
(frpovovvra? Kal ro?<; dXXois opy/jv re dfia Kal
vecorepLafibv ifiirotovvra^, avro? r iirearpd-
revere, Kal <T(f)a<; ra fiev ftia, Spderavra<; ovk
bXiya, ra Se Kal </>o/3« rcov dXiaKO/jLevcov Hrpocr-
rjydyero.

2 Tavra fiev iv y^pbvto iyevero, ypd(j>co Se rd re
aXXa W9 ttov irapaSeSorai, Kal avra ra ovo/iara,
to [lev yap irdXai Mvcroi re Kal Yerat rraaav
rr)v fiera£v rov re Aifiov Kal rov "Yarpov ovcrav
ivefiovro, rrpo'iovro^ Se rov yjpbvov Kal 69 aXXa

3 rives aircov ovofiara fierefiaXov, Kal fiera ravr
€9 to rrf<; M.vo~la<; ovofxa rrdvd* 6a a 6 Xdovo? 69
rov "Icrrpov ififidXXcov, vrrep re rrj$ AeXfiaria^
Kal vrrep rrj? MaKeSovta? rr)$ re SpaKT)?, diro
T779 Uavvovia? d(f>opL^ei, crvyKe^doprjKev. Kal ecrriv
iv avroi? aXXa re eOvrj rroXXa Kal oi TpifiaXXoi
irore TrpocrayopevOevres, 0% re AapSdvioc Kal vvv
oiirco KaXovfxevov,

76

BOOK LI

land and from the Ister (the city is built upon B .c. 29
the river), and in a short time, though with much
toil, despite the absence of Zyraxes, he took the place.
The king, it seems, as soon as he heard of the
Romans' approach, had set off with money to the
Scythians to seek an alliance, and had not returned
in time.

These were his achievements among the Getae.
And when some of the Moesians who had been sub-
dued rose in revolt, he won them back by the aid
of lieutenants, while he himself made a campaign
against the Artacii and a few other tribes who had
never been captured and would not acknowledge his
authority, priding themselves greatly upon this point
and at the same time inspiring in the others both
anger and a disposition to rebel. He brought them
to terms, partly by force, after they had made no
little trouble, and partly by fear for their countrymen
who were being captured.

All these operations took a long time ; but the
facts I record, as well as the names, are in accord-
ance with the tradition which lias been handed down.
In ancient times, it is true, Moesians and Getae occu-
pied all the land between Haemus and the Ister ;
but as time went on some of them changed their
names, and since then there have been included
under the name of Moesia all the tribes living above
Dalmatia, Macedonia, and Thrace, and separated from
Pannonia by the Savus, a tributary of the Ister.
Two of the many tribes found among them are those
formerly called the Triballi, and the Dardani, who still
retain their old name.

77

BOOK LII

Ta8e evsariv 4v irevryiKOGTy dcvTepcf) ru>v Atccvos 'PoofiaiKtav

a. 'fls Kaiffap e^ovXeiaaro tV fxovapx'ia-v a<peivai.
j8. 'Hs abroKpanap KdhitaQcu ^p^aro.

XpSvov irXrjdos to \oittol ttjs Kafoapos rb e' Kal 1 Se^rou
*A7rouXtfou inrarelas. 2

Tavra fiev ev T€ rrj ftaaikeia Kal ev rfj hrjfio-
Kparla rat? re SvvacTTelais, rrevre re Kal eiKOcri
Kal kiwaKOdloi^ ereai, Kal eirpa^av oi 'Pay/naioi
Kal eiradov* sk he tovtov /JLOvapxeiadai avOi?
aKpcftw? rjpgavTO, Katroi rov Kaicrapos /3ov\ev-
aafxevov rd re oifka KaradiaOat Kal ra irpd-
yjiara rfj re yepovaiq Kal ra> hrffim eiriTpe^ai.

2 iiroLrjaaTO he rrjv hidyvwaiv fxerd re rov ' Ay plir-
7rov Kal fxera rov MaiKrjvov (tovtoi? yap irdwa
tcl cnTOpprjTa dveKOLvov), Kal avr(p 6 i ' Kypiinra^
irporepos elire roidhe-

2 <f Mrj Oavfidar)?, & YLalaap, el pLeXkw ae diro-
Tpeireiv diro Tr)$ pLOvapyias, Kaiirep iroXka, Kal
dyadh diroXavaas av air avrr}<? crov ye avrrjv
exovros. el fiev yap Kal aol io^eXifxo^ yevrjae-
adai e/ieWe, Kal irdvv av avrr)v ecnrovhaaa'

2 eireihr) S* ovhev ofiotov tols re avrap^ovat Kal

1 Ka\ supplied by R. Steph.

2 airovXetov vitarelas M, om. V.

78

BOOK LII

The following is contained in the Fifty second of Dio's
Rome : —

How Caesar planned to lay aside his sovereignty (chaps.
1-40).

How he began to be called emperor (chap. 42).

Duration of time, the remainder of the consulship of
Caesar (V) and Sextus Apuleius. (B.C. 29.)

Such were the achievements of the Romans and b.c. 29
such their sufferings under the kingship, under the
republic, and under the dominion of a few, during a
period of seven hundred and twenty-five years.
After this they reverted to what was, strictly
speaking, a monarchy, although Caesar planned to
lay down his arms and to entrust the management
of the state to the senate and the people. He made
his decision, however, in consultation with Agrippa
and Maecenas, to whom he was wont to communicate
all his secret plans ; and Agrippa, taking the lead,
spoke as follows :

" Be not surprised, Caesar, if I shall try to turn
your thoughts away from monarchy, even though I
should derive many advantages from it, at least if it
was you who held the position. For if it were to be
profitable to you also, I should advocate it most
earnestly ; but since the privileges of a monarchy

79

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

to£? <}>l\oi<; <r(j)(ov irape^eTaiy aU' oi puev teal
dveir i(f) 96v 0)9 teal dteivBvvcos TrdvO' oaa iOeXovat
teapirovvTai, T0Z9 Be teal (f>66voi teal telvBvvoi

<TV/JLf3aiV0V(TlV, OV TO i/JLCLVTOV IBtOV, SxTTTep Ol/Be €V

T0Z9 aWois, dWa to o~bv to t€ koivov 7rpoiBea0ac
eBtteatcoaa.

3 " Xteeyfrco/xeda Be icaff fovyiav irdvTa tcl
irpoGovTa avTrj, teal oirrj ttot av 6 \oyto~fib<s
f)fia<; dydyy TpairoofxeOa' ov yap irov leal i%
airavTos Tpoirov (prjaei T£9 Belv rj/jLa<z eXeaOai

4 avTrjv, tedv fir) \vo~iTe\ovcra fj. el Be firj, 86%o-
fiev 1 rjTOL t^9 T€ evirpaylas rjTTrjaOai /col virb
to)v teaTCopdcofxevcov eteTrefy povrjteevac, f) teal irakai
avTr)<; e<f)iefievoi tov 2 re iraTepa teal ttjv 69 avTOV
evaefieiav iater)cj)Oat teal tov Brjfiov ttjv t€ yepov-
criav Trpo fie j3Xr)o- 6 at, o£% tva avTOvs tcov €7rL-
/3ov\evo~dvTCov o-fylcriv diraXKa^oofiev, d\\ y iva

5 eavTol? BovXcoacofieda. eteaTepov Be vTratTiov. Tt9
fiev yap ovtc av 3 dyavatcTrjaeiev dWa fiev opcov
r)fid<; eiprjteoTa?, dWa Be alo-6av6fievo<; Treippovr)-
teoTa<;; 7ra><; 8' ov/e dv fxaXkov vvv fxio~r\Geiev r)fid<;
fj el teaT dp%d$ evOvs ttjv t€ eircOvfiiav dire-
yvfivcoaafiev teal €7rl ttjv fiovapxlav dvTitepvs

6 wpfirjaafiev; to fiev yap fiLatov ti ToXfidv trpoa-
rjteeiv 7Tft>9 Tjj tcov dvdpcloTTcov d>vo~ei, tedv irXeove-
KTitebv elvai Botefj y TreirlaTevTar 7ra9 ydp irpo-
(frepcov ev tivl irXeov d£ioi tov teaTaBeeaTepov
e^eiVj teal teaTOpOtoaas Te ti 69 tt)v T779 i/^f%?79 4

1 U^v R. Steph., U&fitv VM.

8 rhy M, rb V.

8 supplied by St.

4 tyvx*) 5 Rk-> tvxvs VM.

80

BOOK LII

are by no means the same for the rulers as for their b.c. 29
friends, but, on the contrary, jealousies and dangers
fall to the lot of the rulers while their friends reap,
without incurring either jealousies or dangers, all the
benefits they can wish for, I have thought it right,
in this question as in all others, to have regard, not
for my own interests, but for yours and the state's.

"Let us consider, now, at our leisure all the
characteristics of this system of government and
then shape our course in whichever direction our
reasoning may lead us. For surely no one will assert
that we are obliged to choose monarchy in any and
all circumstances, even if it be not profitable. If we
choose it, people will think that we have fallen
victims to our own good fortune and have been bereft
of our senses by our successes, or else that we have
been aiming at sovereignty all the while, making of
our appeals to your father and of our devotion to his
memory a mere pretext and using the people and the
senate as a cloak, with the purpose, not of freeing
these latter from those who plotted against them,
but of making them slaves to ourselves. And either
explanation involves censure for us. For who could
help being indignant when he finds that we have
said one thing and then discovers that we have
meant another ? Would he not hate us much more
now than if we had at the outset laid bare our desires
and set out directly for the monarchy ? To be sure,
men have come to believe that it somehow is an
attribute of human nature, however selfish that may
seem, to resort to deeds of violence ; for every one
who excels in any respect thinks it right that he
should have more than his inferior, and if he meets
with any success, he ascribes his success to the force

81

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ia'xpv dva<j>ep€Tai, Kal Sia/jLaprdov twos tt) tov
7 Saifiovlov (f>opa TrpoarlOeTat. 6 8e e£ iiri/BovXris
teal KaKovpyias toiovto ti ttoicov irpcoTOV fiev
BoXepbs teal gkoXlos Kal fcafcotfOrjs tcai fea/c6-
rpoTTos eivai vopl^eraty airep ev oZS' otl irepl
aov ovSeva av vTrofxelveias elireiv r) <j>povr)o-ai,
ovB y el irao-ris i/c tovtov Trjs oiKovpLevrjs apgeias*
eirecTa Se Kal KaTopQcoaas aSiKov ttjv irXeove^lav
7T€7rotrjadac Kal a(f>aXels StKavav ttjv KaKoirpayiav
3 eiXr)<f>evai hoKel* tovtov Se Si) oCtw? e^pvTos,
ovSev av $)ttov iiriKaXeaeie tis rjfuv Kal el firjSev
tolovtov dirb irpcoTrjs ivOvpLrjOivres eireiTa vvv
€7ri6vpLT]aac/ji€V avrov. to yap toi tcov t€ irapbv-
tcov viKao~Qai Kal pLrjTe eavTobs KaTeyeiv toi<$ t€
irapd t?i<; Tvxn$ Sodelai firj KaXcbs ^prjadac ttoXv

2 yjzlpbv 6gti tov €K KaKoir payias dStKetv Tiva* oi
pev yap vtt avTciov tcov avpL^opcov iroXXaKis
avayKa^ovTai irpbs ttjv tov avpL^epovTOS afaat,
X?^ av Ka ^ aK0VT€<; TrXrjfifteXelvy oi S' iOeXovTal
aKp&TOpe? eavTcov Kal irapa to XvavreXovv yi-
yvovTai* tov$ he Srj pu}& cltcXott^tcl Tiva iv ttj
"*k v XV %X 0VTa<; M T€ Ta hoOevTa afyiaiv dyadd
pL€Tpidcrai 8vvap,evov$ 7rw? av tl? TrpocrhoKrjGeiev
r)Toi tcov dXXcov ko\co<; rjye/xovevaew r) Tats

3 avjjicfropais opdeos XP^ a€a ^ aL > ®? p^l^eTepov
avTtov ireirovdoTes, /-t^S' dXoycos ti irpd^ai eiri-
0v/jlovvt€<;, dXX* 6 ti ttot dv 0ovXevaajjL€voi<; tj/jllv
dpicTTov <f>avf) tov0' alprjao/jLevoi, ttjv Sidyvooatv
82

BOOK LII

of his own intelligence, whereas if he fails, he lays b.c. 29
the blame for his failure upon the influence of the
divine will. But, on the other hand, the man who,
in following such a course, resorts to plotting and
villainy, is, in the first place, held to be crafty and
crooked, malicious, and depraved, — an opinion which
I know you would not allow anyone to express or to
entertain about you, even if you might rule the
whole world by such practices ; and, in the second
place, if he succeeds, men think that the advantage
he has gained is unjust, or if he fails, that his dis-
comfiture is merited. This being the case, men
would reproach us quite as much if we should now,
after the event, begin to covet that advantage, even
though we harboured no such intention at the outset.
For surely it is much worse for men to let circum-
stances get the better of them and not only to fail
to hold themselves in check but to abuse the gifts of
Fortune, than to wrong others in consequence of
failure. For men who have failed are often compelled
by their very misfortunes to commit wrongs even
against their will in order to meet the demands of
their own interests, whereas the others voluntarily
abandon their self-control even when it is unprofitable
to do so. And when men have no straightforwardness
in their souls, and are incapable of moderation in
dealing with the blessings bestowed upon them, how
could one expect them either to rule well over others
or to conduct themselves properly in adversity ? In
the conviction, therefore, that we are guilty of
neither of these shortcomings, and that we have no
desire to act irrationally, but that we shall choose
whatever course shall appear to us after deliberation
to be best, let us proceed to make our decision

83

DICS ROMAN HISTORY

avrov 7roL7)<Tcb/jL€0a. Xe^co Be /lera irapp^aia^
ovtc yap avrbs aXXco<; av tl elireiv BvvaLftrjv, ovie
aol avvoiBa ra yfrevBr} fxera tcoXatceia? r)Beco<;

dtCOVOVTL.

4 " f H fiev toLvvv laovo/xia to re Trpoaprjfia evco-
vvfAov teal to epyov BitcaioTaTOv eyei. ttjv t€
yap (pvaiv ttjv avTijv Tivas eikr\yoTa^ teal 6fio-
(f)v\ov<; dXXtfXoLS 6Wa?, ev tc tols avTOis rjdecri
T€0pafifievov<; teal iv tois o/jlolols v6(jlol<; ireirai-

2 BevfievovSy teal tcoivrjv zeal ttjv tcov trcofiaTCOv teal
ttjv tcov yjrv^cov %pr)aiv ttj iraTpLBi irapkypvTas,
ttcos fiev ov BiteaLov teal TaXXa irdvTa KoivovtrdaL,
7rc5? S' oite apiaTov iv firjBevl 7rXrjv air dp€Tr}<$

3 7rpoTifiacr0ai; rj te ydp iaoyovia icrofioipLa^ opi-
yvcLTaiy teal Tvyovaa fiev avTrjs yaipsi, Biafiap-
Tovaa Be d^OeTai' teal to dvOpcoireiov irdv, are
etc T€ decov yeyovhs teal e? 0eov<$ a<f>rj%ov, dvco
ftXeTrei, teal ovtc iOeXei vtto tov avTOv Sid TravTos

4 dp^ecrdaiy ovO* virofievei tcov fiev irovcov teal tcov

tCLvBvVCOV TCOV T€ BaiTaVT] JMLTCOV fieTeyOVy T% Be

tcoivcovia? tcov tcpeiTTovcov cTTepojjLevov, dXXd tcdv
dvayteacrdfj tl tolovtov virocrT'rjvac, fiLcrel to /8e-
fiiaafievov, tcdv tcaipov XdftrjTai, TificopeiTai to

5 fiefxicnjfievov. dpyeiv Te yap irdvTes d^covai, teal
Bid tovto teal apyecrdai ev tco fiepeL virofievovai*
teal TrXeovetCTelaOat ovk iOeXovcri, teal Bid tovto
oiS* avTol nXeovetCTeiv dvaytcd^ovTai. Tais tc
TifAai<$ t<x£? irapd tcov ofiOTLficov xalpovtri, teal

6 Ta? Ti/Jicopias Ta$ etc tcov voficov iiraLVOvai. tcdv
ovtco TroXiTevcovTaiy tcoLvd 1 fiev Ta dyaOd tcoivd

s 4

KOivh. Rk., KOi KOIPCL VM.

BOOK LII

accordingly. I shall speak quite frankly, for I could b.c. 29
not, for my part, speak otherwise, and I know you
too well to think that you like to listen to falsehood
mingled with flattery.

" Equality before the law has an auspicious name
and is most just in its workings. For in the case of
men who are endowed with the same nature, are of
the same race with one another, have been brought
up under the same institutions, have been trained in
laws that are alike, and yield in an equal degree the
service of their bodies and of their minds to their
country, is it not just that they should have an equal
share in all other things also, and is it not best that
they should secure no distinctions except as the
result of excellence ? For equality of birth demands
equality of privilege, and if it attains this object, it is
glad, but if it fails, it is displeased. And the human
race everywhere, sprung as it is from the gods and
destined to return to the gods, gazes upward and is
not content to be ruled forever by the same person,
nor will it endure to share in the toils, the dangers,
and the expenditures and yet be deprived of partner-
ship in the better things. Or, if it is forced to sub-
mit to anything of the sort, it hates the power which
has applied coercion, and if it obtains an opportunity,
takes vengeance upon what it hates. All men, of
course, claim the right to rule, and for this reason
submit to being ruled in turn ; they are unwilling to
have others overreach them, and therefore are not
obliged, on their part, to overreach others. They are
pleased with the honours bestowed upon them by
their equals, and approve of the penalties inflicted
upon them by the laws. Now if they live under this
kind of polity and regard the blessings and also the

85

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Be Kal ra evavTia vofii^ovTes elvai, oiire n kcucov
ovBevl rcov ttoXctcov yiyveadac ftovkovrcu, Kal
TravTCt ra /cpeLTTQ) iracriv avTois avvevyovrai.

7 Kal av re T£? avTO? dpeTrjv Tiva e)(rj f Kal irpo-
<f>alvei avrrjv irpox^po)^ Kal aa/cel wrpo9v/jLCD<; Kal
eTrtBeiKWO'iv aa/jb€V€crrara t av t€ kclL ev erepw
iBrj, Kal irpodyei €tol/jlq)s Kal avvav^et o-irovBaico?

8 /cat TLfia Xa/JLTrpoTCiTa. Kal puevroi kclv KaKvvrjTaL
Ti?, 7ra? avTov fiicrel, kclv Bvo-Tvxfj, thx? ekeel,
Koivrfv tt)$ iroXeox; Kal tt)V tyjfiiav Kal ttjv ala")(vvrjv
T7]v air' avrwv elvai vofit^cov.

5 " Avrr) fjuev r) tcov Brj/ncov KaTaaTao-i*;, ev Be Br)
Tat9 TVpavviai itavra rdvavTia crvfi^atvei, Kal
ra fiev 7ro\\d tl Bel firjKvvetv Xeyovra; to Be Br)
Ke(j)d\aLov t xprjenov fiev ovBel? ovBev ovr elBevai
ovr e\etv BoKeiv fiovXerai (iroXefitov yap avrcp
irav iirl tovtw to KpaTOvv co? 7r\r)ffei yiyveTai),

2 tov Be eKeivov ti$ Tpoirov Kavova tov /3lov
Trotrjo-d/iievos, o ti ttot av ekirLGrj Bt avTov
7r\eoveKTrjaa<; aKivBvvcos KepBavelv, peTepyeTai.
Kal Bid TOV0* ol ir\eiov<; acfrcov to t€ KaO* eaurou? 1
fiovov o-TrevBovai Kal iravTa^ tov? aWou? /z£-
o-ovo-i, Ta? T€ evTTpayia? avTcoy oiKeLas fa/ilas
Kal ra? o-v/j,<popd$ HBta KepBrj Troiovpuevoi*

3 " Toiovtcov Be Br} tovtwv ovtwv ov% 6pa> tv ttot'
av elKOTco? eirdpeie o~e fJbovapx r )°' at eTndv/Jbrjo-ai,
7rpo? yap tcd toi$ Brjfiois ^aXenrbv elvai to iroXl-
Tev/na, 7ro\v Bvc^epecTTepov avT(p o~oi yevoiTO dv.

1 At this point a quaternion (containing the chapters
down to 20, 4) is missing from M. L', the copy of M, here
becomes of importance, since the scribe filled the lacuna in
M from L, which was then complete. See vol. i. p. xxv.

86

BOOK LII

opposite as belonging to all alike, they not only wish b.c. 29
no harm to befall any one of the citizens, but devoutly
hope that nothing but prosperity will fall to the lot
of each and all. And if one of them possesses any
excellence himself, he readily makes it known,
practises it enthusiastically, and exhibits it most
joyfully ; or if he sees it in another, he readily brings
it to the light, eagerly takes part in increasing it,
and bestows the most splendid honours upon it. On
the other hand, if any one shows himself base, every-
body hates him, and if any one meets with misfortune,
everybody pities him ; for each person regards the
loss and the disgrace that arise therefrom as shared
in by the whole state.

"This is the character of democracies. Under
tyrannies exactly the opposite conditions are found.
But why go into all the details at length? The
chief thing is that no one is willing to be thought to
have any superior knowledge or possession, because
the dominant power generally becomes wholly hostile
to him on account of such superiority ; on the con-
trary, every one makes the tyrant's character his
own standard of life and pursues whatever objects he
may hope to gain through him by overreaching
others without personal risk. Consequently, the
majority of the people are devoted only to their own
interests and hate all their neighbours, regarding the
others* successes as their own losses and the others'
misfortunes as their own gains.

" Such being the state of the case, I do not see what
motive could reasonably induce you to desire to
become sole ruler. For that system, besides being
difficult to apply to democracies, would be vastly
more difficult still for you yourself to put into effect.

«7

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

fj ov% opq<$ 07ra)9 rf T€ ttoXis Kal ra Trpdyfxara
4 avTrjs ere Kal vvv rapdrreraL; teal xaXeTrbv fiev
iari to tov o/JLiXov rj/nobv, too-ovtois ereaiv iv
iXevOepla fiefiicoKOTa, KaraXvcrat, ^a\e7rbv Be teal

TO TOU9 (TV/JL/JLaXOVS TOV<$ T€ V7T7] KOOV? > TOL>9 fJL6V

airo iraXaiov Br)/no/cparov/ji€Vov<; tou9 S* ixfi r/ficov
avrcov r/XevBepcofievovs, 69 BovXeiav av6i$ xara-
o~Tr)o~ai, toctovtcov nrepit; 7roXejuicov r)fuv irpoa-

K€t/il€VCOV.

6 " Kal iva ye drrb TrpdoTOV tov fipayyTaTQV
ap^co/nac, xprjfiard goi iroXXa Kal iravjayoOev
dvayKoiov ecrrat iropi^eiv dBvvarov yap ra<; vvv
ovcra? 7rpoa6Bov<; 7rpo9 re TaXXa Kal irpbs rfjv
to)v cTTpartcoTcov rpocf)r)p e^apKeaai. tovto Be
eari /nev /cal iv Tat9 Brj/jLOKparLais* oi yap olov re

2 iroXiTeiav Tiva avev Barrdprj^ avo'T'fjvai. aXX' iv
jxev eKelvais pudXiara jnev eKovres iroXXol TroXXa
iiriBiBoaavv, iv fyiXoTifJbias /nepei to irpay/ia
iroiovfievoL Kal Ttfias dvr avTCov d%ia<$ dvri-
XajifBdvovTW av Be ttov koX dvayKalai irapa
rravrcov iacfiopal yevoyvrai, eavrovs re 1 TrelOovres

3 Kal virep eavrcov crvvreXovvTes dve%ovTai. iv Be
Br} Tat9 Bwaareiais to tc ap^ov Trdvres fiovov o!>9
Kal virepirXovTovv dfyoven BarravaaOai, ras fxev
TTpocroBovs avTov eroLficDS i^epevvcofievoL, tcl S'
dvaXcofiara ovkW* opboicds iKXoyt,%6fjLevor Kal ovt
IBLa r)Beco<i r) Kal eKovres iTriBtBoacrt ti, ovre t«9

1 Tf R. Steph., ye VL'.

88

BOOK LII

Or do you not see how the city and its affairs are b.c. 29
even now in a state of turmoil ? It is difficult, also,
to overthrow our populace, which has lived for so
many years in freedom, and difficult, when so many
enemies beset us round about, to reduce again to
slavery the allies and subject nations, some of which
have had a democratic government from of old,
while others of them have been set free by us our-
selves.

<( To begin first with the least important consider-
ation, it will be necessary that you procure a large
supply of money from all sides ; for it is impossible
that our present revenues should suffice for the
support of the troops, not to speak of the other
expenses. Now this need of funds, to be sure,
exists in democracies also, since it is not possible for
any government to continue without expense. But
in democracies many citizens make large con-
tributions, preferably of their own free will, in
addition to what is required of them, making it a
matter of patriotic emulation and securing appro-
priate honours in return for their liberality; or, if
perchance compulsory levies are also made upon the
whole body of citizens, they submit to it both because
it is done with their own consent and because the
contributions they make are in their own interests.
In monarchical governments, on the other hand, the
citizens all think that the ruling power alone, to
which they credit boundless wealth, should bear the
expense ; for they are very ready to search out the
ruler's sources of income, but do not reckon his
expenses so carefully ; and so they make no con-
tributions from their private means gladly or of their
own free will, nor are the public levies they make

8 9

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

4 fcoiva? avvreXelas avOaiperovs iroiovvrai, i/celvo
pev yap ovr av ideXtfaeie t*9 (pvBe yap ovS*
opoXoyrjaecev av j)aBL(o<; rrXovrelv) oiire avpcfrepei
tw tcparovvri yiyveaQai* avrl/ca yap av Bogav
irapa rofc iroXXoU o>9 /cal fyiXoiroXi? e^cov
6y/c(a0elrj /cal vecorepiaeie, to 8' erepov irdvv
toi'9 iroXXovs fiapvvec, /cal pokieS* on rrjv pev
typlav avrol viropevovci, to Be Brj /cepBos erepoi

5 Xapftdvovaiv. iv pev yap rats Brjpo/c parlay /cal
arparevovrac a>9 irXrjffei ol ra %pr)para avvea-

</>e/0O^T€9, Gt)0~T€ TpOTTOV TLVCL avffl? aVTCL CLITO-

\ap/3dvovo-LV iv Be rats povapyiais aXXoi pev a>9
to iroXif real yecopyovac koi orfptovpyovai /cal
vavrlXXovrai /cal iroXirevovraiy irap Sivirep teal
al Xrjyjrei? pdXiara ylyvovrai, dXXoc Be ra oirXa
e'xpvai teal rbv piaObv <f>€povo~iv.
7 " tV Ei^ pev Br) rovro rotovrov ov it pay para gov
irapeget,, erepov Be i/ceivo. irdvrcos pev riva Bel
Bl/crjv rbv aei /ca/covpyovvra BiBovat* oiire yap i/c
vovdeaias oiire i/c irapaBetypdrcov ol iroXXol
craxppovL^ovraii dXXa dvdy/cr) irdaa avrov<> /cal
dripiq /cal <j)vyfj /cal davdrw ^rjpiovo-0ac, ota ev
re apyri rrjXi/cavrr} /cal iv irXr)0et dv0pd>ircov
roGovrWy 1 aXXcos re /cal iv perafHoXf) iroXireias,

2 <f)iXei o~vpftalvetv. rovrois 2 B' av pev erepovs
Bifca&ras /caOltys, diroXvoivro re av BiaairevBo-
pevoi, /cal pdXiara oaovs av iyOpaiveiv vopiaOy^*
real yap irpoairolrjalv riva i%ovala<$ ol Bi/cd^ovres
Xapfidvovaiv, orav ri irapa to Bo/covv rq>

3 /cparovvri 7roiijo-coar icav dpa rives dXla/ccovrai, 3

1 TOCOVTCi) St., TO(TOVT(»V VI/. 2 TOVTOIS Xyl., To6tOVS VI/.

8 aXia-Kiovrat R. Steph. , a\i<TKovrai VI/.
90

BOOK LII

voted of their own free choice. As for the voluntary b.c. 29
contributions, no citizen would feel free to make one,
any more than he would readily admit that he was
rich, and it is not to the advantage of the ruler that
he should, for immediately he would acquire a re-
putation for patriotism among the masses, become
conceited, and incite a rebellion. On the other
hand, a general levy weighs heavily upon the masses,
the more so because they suffer the loss while the
others reap the gain. Now in democracies those
who contribute the money as a general rule also
serve in the army, so that in a way they get their
money back again ; but in monarchies one set of
people usually engages in agriculture, manufacturing,
commerce, and politics, — and these are the classes
from which the state's receipts are chiefly derived, —
and a different set is under arms and draws pay.

"This single circumstance, then, which is as I have
described it, will cause you trouble. But here is
another. It is by all means essential that whoever
from time to time commits a crime should pay some
penalty. For the majority of men are not brought
to reason by admonition or by example, but it is
absolutely necessary to punish them by disfranchise-
ment, by exile, or by death ; and such punishments
are often administered in an empire as large as this
is and in a population as great as ours, especially
during a change of government. Now if you
appointed other men to judge these wrongdoers,
they would vie with each other in acquitting the
accused, and particularly all whom you might be
thought to hate ; for judges, you know, gain an
appearance of authority when they act in any way
contrary to the wish of the ruler. And if an

VOL. VI.

9i

D

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Bid ce Bo^ovcriv eic KaTacrKevdcrpLaTOS fcareyfrr]-
cpladai. av avrbs Bi/cd^ys, iroXXovs dvay-
Kacrdijcrrj xal rcov o/jlotljjlwv fcoXd^eiv {rovro Be
ovk evrvxes), zeal irdvrco^ Tivas avrcov opyfj

4 jjlclXKov rj Bi/camcrec Sofet9 1 evOvvetv rov<; yap
j3id%e<r8ai Bvvafievovs ovBeU Bitcd&vras Biicaio-
Trpayecv Tricrrevei, aXX' ocovrat irdvre*; avrovs
cr^fjfjia feat cr Kiay patyiav 7roXireia<; alcryvvr} irpb
ttJ? dXrj0eia<; irpoTreravvvvTa^, ovofxan evvopLay 2
BiKacrrrjpiov rrjv eavro)V eirtOvfilav diroirifji-
irXdvai, ev fiev ovv rafc p,ovapyiai$ ravO* ovrco

5 yiy verar iv Be Brj xa?9 Br} p,otc parlay, dv t* IBlq,
Ti? dBiKelv alrlav Xdfirj, IBLav Bitcrjv irapa ,Biica-
arals icois cftevyet,, av re Brj/xoala, teal e/ceiv<p
StKaarrai /ca0L^ovaLv 3 i/c tcjv 6jjloio)v OU9 av 4 6
fcXfjpos diroBeL^rj, ware paov rd dirofSaivovra air
avrwv tou9 dv0pcl)7rov^ (pepetv, firfr Icyyi Baca-
(ttov firjre ydpiri dvayKaarrfj 5 vop.L^ovrd<; rc
ireirovdevat.

8 " "Eri TolvVV 7ToXXol X W P l< * T ™ V TL dBl/COVVTCiOV,

ol fxev yevei, ol Be irXovrto, ol Be erepw riv\ eirai-
pofievot, dXXws fxev ov tcaKoi dvBpes, rjj Be Br)
irpoatpeaei rfj 7-779 piovap^la^ ivavrloi (pvovrar
/cat avrovs ovr av^eaOai ris icov dcrcfraXws Bvva-
rai %r)v f ovt av icoXoveiv eiriyeip&v BiK,aiu><$

1 5<f£ets L', £>o£i7s V. 2 ewnucp Naber, tvvofxov VL'.

3 KaQtCovcriv Rk., KaBtfcatv VL'.

4 ovs hv Xyl., oZ<tq.v VL'.

& avayKaar^ I/, ava/yKacrBq V.

92

BOOK LII

occasional criminal is *in fact convicted, it will be b.c. 29
thought that he has been condemned deliberately,
in order to please you. But if, on the other hand,
you sit in judgment yourself, you will be obliged to
punish many also of your peers — an unfortunate
situation — and you will certainly be thought to be
calling some of them to account through resentment
rather than through a sense of justice. For no one
believes that those who have the power to use com-
pulsion are acting honestly when they give judgment,
but all men think they are led by a sense of shame to
spread out before the truth a mere semblance and
illusive picture of a constitutional government, and
under the legal name of a court of justice are but
satisfying their own desires. This, then, is what
happens in monarchies. In democracies, on the
other hand, when any one is accused of committing
a private wrong, he is made defendant in a private
suit before a jury of his equals ; or, if he is accused of
a public crime, in his case also a jury of his peers,
men whom the lot shall designate, sits in judgment.
It is therefore easier for men to bear the decisions
which proceed from such juries, since they think that
any penalty dealt out to them has been inflicted
neither by a judge's power nor as a favour which a
judge has been forced to grant.

"Then again, apart from those who are guilty of
wrongdoing, there are many men who pride them-
selves, some on their birth, others on their wealth,
and still others on something else, who, though in
general not bad men, are yet by nature opposed to
the principle of monarchy. If a ruler allows these
men to become strong, he cannot live in safety,
and if, on the other hand, he undertakes to impose a

93

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

2 TOVTO TTOielv. tL hot ovv *tovtoi<; XPV^Vi 7r< ^?
avrov<; /A€Tax€ipL<TT] ; av iiev ydp rd re yevrj <r<f)(ov
teaOeXys teal tou9 ttXovtovs eXaTTcoarjs rd re
^povrffxara Taireivwarj^ , oiSe/Jiiav av evvoiav irapd
tcov dp^ofievcov Xa/3ot9* 7rei>9 ydp, el /jl^t€ yev-
vr]6rjvai tw teaXm fiTjre TrXovTT]aai htteatcos, fiyr
lor^vpa) firjT dvhpeiw firjTe crvvercp yeveaOai i^etrj;

3 av he id(rr}<; Tav(f a>9 eKacrra avgeiv, ovte av
pcthlca avra hiddoto. /cat yap el avTo<; }i6vo<;
irp6<; T6 to 1 ra ttoXltikcl teal irpb<; to rd iroXe-
fiLfcd teaXcbs koX Kara teatpbv irpdrreLV e^ripteeis,
teal firjhevb*; arvvepyov TTpbs fjiTjhev avTcov e^p^fe?,

4 eVepo? av rjv Xoyov vvv he iracrd ae dvdyterj
crvvaycdviaras iroXkov*;, are ToaavTrjs olteov fjuevq?
dp^ovra, 2 e^eiv, Kal irpo<yr)it£i irov Trdvras avTohs
Kal dvhpeiovs teal <j>povifiov<; elvai. ovtcovv av
fxev TotovTois rial rd re (TTpaTevfiara teal Ta?
dpxas iy^etpL^r)^, tetvSvvos ecrrai teal <rol teal ttj

5 TroXtrela tearaXvdfjvar ov yap eo~Tiv ovt dvev
<f)poi>tfpaTO<; dgioXoyov avhpa <f>vvai, ovt av
<fipov7]fia fieya Xaftelv e/c hovXoTrpeirovs eiri-
Tr}hevo-e(o<;> ov JjLtjv ovhe cf) povi}fiaTiav y€v6fX€VOV
fit] oite eXevdepias i7U0vfirjo~aL teal irav to he-

6 ariro^ov fitarrjcFai. av he hrj tovtois fiev firjBev
eTUTpeirys, toIs he hrj fyavXois Kal to?9 Tvypvai
Ta wpdyfiaTa TTpoaTaaarj^^ TayiGTa fiev av opyrjv
irap iteetveov a>9 dTrtarTOVfievcov XdjSois, TayiGTa

7 S* av iv Tot9 /Jieyio-TOLS 7TTaL0~eia<;, tl fiev ydp av
dyaObv d/jLaOrjs rj dyevvrjs 3 dvOpcoTro? epydaaiTo;
Tt9 ovte av teaTa<\> povrjcreiev avTOv to>v TroXeficcov;

1 rb supplied by Bs. 2 Hpxovra Leuncl., HpxovTas VIZ.
3 aytvv)]s V, ayevfys L'.

94

BOOK LII

check on them, he cannot do so justly. What, then, b.c. 29
will you do with them? How will you deal with
them ? If you root out their families, diminish their
wealth, and humble their pride, you will not have
the good-will of your subjects. How could you
have it, if no one is permitted to be born to noble
rank, or to grow rich honestly, or to become strong or
brave or intelligent ? Yet if you allow these various
classes to grow strong, you will not be able to deal
with them easily. True, if you alone were equal to
carrying on the business of the state and the business
of warfare successfully and in a manner to meet the
demands of each situation, and needed no assistant for
any of these matters, it would be a different matter.
As the case stands, however, since you would be
governing this vast world, it would be quite essential
for you to have many helpers ; and of course they
ought all to be both brave and high-spirited. Now
if you hand over the legions and the offices to men
of such parts, there will be danger that both you and
your government will be overthrown. For it is not
possible either for a man of any real worth to be
naturally lacking in spirit, or on the other hand for a
man sprung from a servile sphere of life to acquire a
proud spirit ; nor, again, if he proves himself a man
of spirit, can he fail to desire liberty and to hate all
mastery. If, on the other hand, you entrust nothing
to these men, but put affairs in charge of common
men of indifferent origin, you will very soon incur
the resentment of the first class, who will think
themselves distrusted, and you will very soon fail
in the greatest enterprises. For what good thing
could an ignorant or low-born person accomplish?
Who of our enemies would not hold him in con-

95

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

T19 av TTeidap-^rjaeUv 1 ol tcov cvfifid^v; T6?
8* ovk av Kal avTcov tcov o-rparicoTcbp dTra^iooaeiev

V7T0 TOLOVTOV TLVOS dp^eaOat; KOI firjV OCTCt ifC

tovtov Kcuca ylyveaOat 7re<£i>/ce, ra fxev d\Xa

8 ovBev Beofial aoi tra^w? elBoTi Biriyeio-Oai, i/celvo
Be Br) fxovov dvayKalo)? ipw, otl av fiev firjBev Beov 6
ToiovTO? irpaTTri, ttoXv TrXelco av ae twv 7roXe-
fiLwv fiXd^eiev, av Be ti tcov 7rpoar}KovTcov iroif),
Kal avrbs av ctol <po/3epb$ i/c(ppovrjaa$ vir airai-
Bevalas yevoiTO.

9 " Ov fievTOL Kal reus BrjfAOKpaTiaLS toiovto ti
irpocFecrTiVy aU' ocrco av irXeLovs Kal ttXovtooo-l
Kal dvBpl^covTai, toctco fjudXXov avToL re <\>lXoti-
fjiovvrai Kal rrjv ttoXlv av^ovai^ Kal a<f>icri Kal
eKetvrj Kexpryrai Kal yalpei> TrXrjv av tls rvpav-
vlBos eTnOvfirjarj* tovtov yap la%vpcb$ KoXd^ovai.

2 Kal otl TavS* ovtcos e^et Kal ttoXXco KpeiTTOVs ai
Brj/iOKpaTLai tcov pbovapyioov elcri, BrjXol fiev Kal to
^EXXtjvckov T€0)9 p>ev yap ovtcos iiroXtTevovTO,
ovBev fieya KaTeirpa^av, iweiBrj Be eKelvoos 2 £fjv

3 rjp£avTo> bvofiaaTOTaTOt eyevovTO* BrjXol Be Kal
Ta tcov aXXcov dvdpcoircov, cov ol jxev ev Tvpavvlai
Kal vvv €TL BiayofAevoi del T€ BovXevovcri Kal del
tols apxpvcnv einftovXevovo-iv, oi Be Br) irpo-
o~TaTelai<$ eireTrjaloL^ rj Kal eirl irXelco Tivd xpovov
y^poofievoi Kal eXevOepoi Kal avTovo/iot BiaTeXovaiv

4 6We<?. dXXa tl Bel r){ia<; dXXoTploi^ irapaBel-
yp,aaiv oiKela eypvTas yjp^aOai; r)puei\ yap avTol
ol 'Fay/jLaloL aXXco? to irpcoTOV iroXiTevofievoi,

1 ttaQapx"i]<Tii^v {TtiBapx'hctiUv) L', Tri6dpxv a ' €lf V.

2 6/C€iVa)S L', 4k€7vOS V.

96

BOOK LII

tempt? Who of our allies would obey him ? Who b.c. 29
even of the soldiers themselves would not disdain to
be ruled by such a man? And yet I need not
explain to you all the evils that naturally result
from such a condition, for you know them thor-
oughly ; but this one thing I shall say, as 1 am con-
strained to do — that if a minister of this kind failed
in every duty, he would injure you far more than the
enemy, while if he met with any success in the
conduct of his office, his lack of education would
cause him to lose his head and he as well would
prove formidable to you,

" Such a situation, however, does not arise in demo-
cracies, but the more men there are who are wealthy
and brave, so much the more do they vie with each
other and upbuild the state, and the state, on its part,
rejoices in them, unless one of them conceives a
desire for tyrannical power; for the citizens severely
punish such an one. That this is so, now, and that
democracies are far superior to monarchies, is shown
by the experience of Greece. For as long as the
people had the monarchical form of government, they
accomplished nothing of importance ; but when they
began to live under the democratic system they
became most renowned. It is shown also by the
experience of the other races of mankind. For those
which still live under tyrannies are always in slavery
and are always plotting against their rulers, whereas
those which have governors chosen for a year or a
longer period continue to be both free and in-
dependent. But why should we resort to examples
furnished by other peoples when we have examples
here at home ? We Romans ourselves at first had a
different form of government, then later, after we

97

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

€TT€CTCL €7T€^ TToXXa Kal SeiVCb iirda^XPfXeV, T6

iXevdepta? eiredvfxrjaaiiev Kal Xa06vT€<; avTtjv

5 7T/509 TOGOVTOV OyKOV TT pOT)X6 fl€V , OVK ClXXoi?

tigiv fj to £9 €K rfjs hrjpuoK paria? dyaOols lo"xy-
aavTes, e£ wv r) T6 1 yepovaia TrpoefiovXeve Kal 6

Brj/AOS €1T€/CVpOV TO T€ Q~T pCLT€VQ[JL€VQV 7TpO€0V fl€LTO

Kal to CTpaTrjyovv i^CXoTLfxelTO. a>v ovSev av ev
TvpavvLZi irpaxQelr). 2 dfieXet togovtov avTr}? Sea
TdVTa fiLcros oi irdXat, ^Vcdfialoi ecrypv &GT6 kcu
eirdpaTov to iroXiTevfia iroirjaaaOai,
10 " Xcopis Be tovtcjv, el Set tl kcu irepl tcjv
IBia goI clvtQ> GVfi(ji€p6vTO)v elireiv, 7ra>9 jxev av
v7rofieiv€Las ToaavTa koX fieO* rjfiepav Kal vvKTcop
SioiKcov, 7TW9 S' av fir) vyiaivwv e^apK€G€ta<;;
tivos 8' av twv dyadebv tcjv avOpwjrivwv diro-
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2 av lo"xypo)<; XvTrr)6elr)s; iracra yap dvdyKrj tov
TH)\iKavTt]v dp%r)v eyovTa Kal (jypovTL^ecv TroXXa
Kal BeSievat vroXXd, Kal twv fiev r)hLo-TO)V iXd-
%io~Ta diroXaveiv, tcl he Zva^epeaTUTa del Kal
iravTa^ov Kal aKOveiv Kal opdv Kal iroielv Kal
Trdayeiv. odev, ol/xai, Kal "EXXyve? Kal /3dp-
fiapoi Ttves ovhe hihofxeva? acf)iac fiacriXeias eSe-
%avTo.

3 "TavT ovv it polhofievos 3 nrpo^ovXeva av irplv
ev avTois yeveadai* alo~j(pov ydp, fiaXXov ck Kal
dhvvaTov eo~Ti TrapaKvyfravTa Ttva dira^ €9 aifTa

98

1 ^ T€ L', *} T6 ^ V.

2 trpaxOelr) V, irpoaxOelr) L'.

3 irpo'i^6[xivos Bk., irpo*iS6ju.6VQS VL\

BOOK LII

had gone through many bitter experiences, conceived b.o.'29
a desire for liberty ; and when we had secured it, we
advanced to our present proud eminence, strong in
no advantages save those that come from democracy.
It was on the strength of these that the senate
deliberated, the people ratified, the soldiers in the
ranks were filled with zeal and their commanders
with ambition. None of these things could happen
under a tyranny. At any rate the ancient Romans
came to feel so great a hatred of tyranny for these
reasons that they even laid that form of government
under a curse.

" And apart from these considerations, if one is to
speak about matters which touch your personal in-
terests, how could you endure to administer affairs
so manifold, not only by day but also by night ?
How could you hold out if your health should fail ?
What human blessings could you enjoy, and how
could you be happy if deprived of them ? In what
could you take genuine pleasure, and when would
you be free from the keenest pain ? For it is
quite inevitable that a man who holds an office of
this kind should have many anxieties, be subject to
many fears, and have very little enjoyment of what
is most pleasant, but should always and everywhere
both see and hear, do and suffer, only that which is
disagreeable. That, I imagine, is the reason why, in
certain instances, among both Greeks and barbarians,
men have refused to accept the office of king when it
was offered to them,

" Therefore I would have you foresee all these
disadvantages and take counsel before you become
involved in them. For it is disgraceful, or rather
it is quite impossible, for a man to withdraw when

99

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

dvabvvai. firjBe ere e^airaTrjarj fjLrjre to fieyeOo?
rfjs e%ovaia<; firjd^ rj irepiovaia tcov fCTrj/jLarcov,
firj to cnityos tcov acofiaro^vXaKayVj fxrj o 1 0^X09
4 tcov OepairevovTttsv. oi re yap ttoXv Swd/ievoi
7roWa irpdyfxaTa e^owi, Kal oi (rvyya, k€Kttj-
fxevoi (jvxya dva\Lo~Keiv dvayKa^ovTai, Ta tc'
7r\r}9r) to)V Sopvcf)6pcov Sid Ta irXfjdr] tcov eiri-
/3ov\6v6vtci)v ddpoi%€Tai, /cat oi Ko\aKevovTe<$ iiri-
Tpiyfreiav dv Ttva fiaXKov rj acocreiav 2 &a6*
evefca fxev tovtcov ovS* dv eh ev (ppovcov avTap-
1 1 r )(fi <jaL iTTiOvfitfaetew el qti /cat TrXovTi^eiv Kal
adi^etv Tivds dWa T6 iroWa Kal dyad a Spdv oi
tolovtoi SvvavTai, Kal vi) &ia Kal v/3pi%eiv afyiai
Kal tcafccos TTotelv bv dv eOeXtfcroycriv e^ecrTiv, d^iav
Ti<i hid TavTa o~7rov$r)<; ttjv TvpavvlSa eivat vofii-

2 fe*, tov iravTO^ dfiapTavei. to fxev yap dae\-
yalveiv Kal KaKov ti Troieiv oud* &>9 ala^pd ov0 y d)9
o~(f>a\epa Kal fxefiiarrjfieva Kal 7T/0O? decov Kal 77/009
dvOpdyirtov io-Ti t Beo/iai aoi Xeyeiv ovTeydp a\\o)9
toiovtos el, ovt dv hid return /xovap^rjaai eXoio*
TTpor)p7)ixaL T€ iya> vvv ov irdvQ* oaa dv t*9 KaK&s
to Trpdyfia fieTa^eipi^o/jbevo 1 ; itjepydaaiTO elireiv,
d\\ y oaa Kal oi irdvv dpiaTa ai)TW y^p&yuevoi Kal

3 iroielv Kal irdayeiv dvayKa^ovTai. to S' eTepov,
to Ttva d(f>06vco<; evepyeTeiv e^eiv, d^ioairovBa-
otov fxev, d\\ 9 iv jjiev ISicoTi} ytyvofxevov Kal
koXov Kal aejivov Kal evKXees Kal dacfraXes eaTiv,
iv Be $7) ra?9 ixovapyiais irpcoTOV fiev ovk dvT~

1 b supplied by Bk.

2 i-rriTpixpiiav . . . cuattav Dind., iitiTptyattv . . . <r(v<rai€V VL'.
TOO

BOOK LI I

once be has entered upon the position. And do b.c. 29
not be deceived, either, by the greatness of its
authority or the abundance of its possessions, or by
its array of bodyguards, or by its throng of courtiers.
For men who have much power have many troubles ;
those who have large possessions are obliged to
spend largely ; the multitude of bodyguards is
gathered merely because of the multitude of con-
spirators ; and as for the flatterers, they would be
more likely to destroy you than to save you. Con-
sequently, in view of these considerations, no sensible
man would desire to become supreme ruler. But it
the thought that men in such a station are able to
enrich others, to save their lives, and to confer many
other benefits upon them — yes, by heaven, and even
to insult them and to do harm to whomsoever they
please — leads anyone to think that tyranny is worth
striving for, he is utterly mistaken. I need not,
indeed, tell you that the life of wantonness and evil-
doing is disgraceful or that it is fraught with peril
and is hated of both gods and men ; for in any event
you are not inclined to such things, and you would
not be led by these considerations to choose to be
sole ruler. And, besides, 1 have chosen to speak
now, not of all the mischief one might work who
managed the task badly, but only of what even those
who make the very best use of the position are
obliged both to do and to suffer. But as to the
other consideration, — that thus one is in a position
to bestow favours in profusion, — this is indeed a
privilege worth striving for; yet however noble,
august, glorious, and safe it is when enjoyed by a
private citizen, in a king's position it does not, in the
first place, counterbalance the other considerations

101

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

a%iov to)v aXXcov tq>v ajoircoTepcoVt a>are Ttva
Btd tovto /cat etceiva 1 eXecrOat, aXXco? re teal
fieWovra ttjv fiev i/c tovtov dirokavaiv errepois
12 Scoaetv tt)v he i£ itceivoov drjhtav avrov egeiv,
eireiTa S' oiS* dirXovv, a>9 ti$ oteTat. ovtc yap
dv irdat t<h? heofievot^ tlvo? eirapKeaete tls. oi
fiev jap dfjtovvTes tl nap avrov Xapbf&dveLv
TrdvTe? &)? elirelv elatv avOpcoTroi, kclv /jajSe/xia

2 ev6u$ evepyecrLa avTOts ocfreiXrjTav 7ra? yap
<j)v<T€t Kal avrbs iavra> dpeaKet, Kayadov tl
iiravpeaOat irapa tov hovvat Bvva/juevov /3ov~
Xerar a he ivhexerai avrols hLhocrdat (rifid? re
/cat a/3%a? Xeyoy, Kal eariv ore Kal XPV/ Jiara )
irdvv dv evaptdfirjTa a>9 irpb<i roaovro TrXrjdo?
evpedetrj. tovtov t€ ovtco? k'xovTos e)(8o<; dv
airro) irapa tcov SiafiapravovToov wv XPV% ovaL
p.dXXov rj (f)t\ta irapa t&v TvyyavovTasv virdp-

3 l~€L€V. ol fxev yap, <£>9 Kal ofyeiXopLevov tl Xa/jt-
fidvovres, ovt aXXcos fieydXrjv olovrat heiv tg>
SlBovti avTO 2 %dptv €%€tv are fiiqhev irapa ho^av
evpicrKOfjLevoi, Kal irpoaeTL Kal oKvovat tovto
irotelv, tva jjlt) Kal dva%tov<; iv tovto> <7<£a9 tov

4 KaXcos irdo~x eLV dirotpjjvcoaiv* 3 oi he ojv iXirt-
fyvaiv aTVXpvvTes XvirovvTai Kar dp,$>oTepa,

TOVTO /JL€V a>9 OtKCtOV TLVO$ GTepLG KOfieVOL (irdvT€^

yap h'x^tv rjhr) vofit^ovatv &v dv eiridviArjacoai),
tovto he a>9 Kal ai/Tol 4 eavTCov dhiKiav Ttva

1 Sio tovto Kal *Ke7va Bk., St* iKttva, Kal tovto VL',

2 avTO I/, clvtu> V.

8 curocpiivwo-iv St., airo<pavovaiP VL'. 4 avTut U t iavTol V".
102

BOOK LII

of a less agreeable nature, so that a man should be b.c. 29
induced for the sake of gaining this advantage to
accept those disadvantages also, especially when the
sovereign is bound to bestow upon others the benefit
to be derived from this advantage and to have for
himself alone the unpleasantness that results from
the disadvantages. In the second place, this advan-
tage is not without complications, as people think ;
for a ruler cannot possibly satisfy all who ask for
favours. Those, namely, who think they ought to
receive some gift from the sovereign are practically
all mankind, even though no favour is due to them
at the moment ; for every one naturally thinks well
of himself and wishes to enjoy some benefit at the
hands of him who is able to bestow it. But the
benefits which can be given them, — I mean titles
and offices and sometimes money, — will be found
very easy to count when compared with the vast
number of the applicants. This being so, greater
hostility will inevitably be felt toward the monarch
by those who fail to get what they want, than friend-
liness by those who obtain their desires. For the
latter take what they receive as due them and think
there is no particular reason for being grateful to
the giver, since they are getting no more than they
expected ; besides, they actually shrink from showing
gratitude for fear they may thereby give evidence of
their being unworthy of the kindness done them.
The others, when they are disappointed in their
hopes, are aggrieved for two reasons : in the first
place, they feel that they are being robbed of what
belongs to them, for invariably men think they
already possess whatever they set their hearts upon ;
and, in the second place, they feel that, if they are

103

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Karaytyvcoa/covTes, av paBi'ox; eirl tg> /jltj TV%eiv

5 £)V av TrpoahotcrjGCdcri <f>ep(t)o~i. teal yap 6 6pd<os
SiBovs ra TOiavra to t€ /car d^lav etedaTOV SrjXov
oti Trpb irdvTcov it poo~ Koirel, teal tol»? fiev Tifia tovs
Be irapopa, ware teal cte t/?9 iteeivov yvco/Xr]^ tois fiev
<j)p6v7)/jba to?9 dyavdfCT7](Tiv vtt* avTOv rod o~vvei-
80T09 a(j)G)v irpocryiyveadai, o>? av ye ti<; tovt
ev\aj3ov/Ji€VO<; dvco/jbdXw avra Siave/Jbetv edeXrjarj,

6 to cvjJiTTav djiapTrjaerar 01 re yap irovrjpol irapa
to irpoarfKov TificjfievoL yetpov^ av, rjTOL teal
eTratvelcrOai cb<; dyaOol rj irdvTO><z ye QepaizeveaOai
o>9 <j>o/3epol So/eovvres, ylyvoiVTO, teal oi xprjcrTol
fitjSev irXelov avrcov evpicrteofievoi, dXX* ej taov
a(j)L(riv dyo/xevoL, fiaXXov av ete t^<? 7T/oo? eteeivovs
laofioLpia^ XwttoIvto rj tw 1 teal avroL rivos d£iov-

1 aOai %aipoLev, 2 tedte tovtov tyjv re eiriTrjhevcnv
twv tepeiTTovwv ewev av teal rrjv ^rjXwcriv twv
%eip6v(DV p,eTep-){oivTO, teal ovtw teav 3 ef avTwv
twv Tificov ovd y oi Bi86vT€<; avTcis dyaOov ti
teapirolvTo teal oi Xap,/3dvovT€<; teateiovs ylyvoiv-
to, wo~T€ aoL tovto, b fidXiaTa av tigiv iv
Tat? fiovap^LaL^ dpeaeie, BvafxeTa^eipiaTOTaTov
avfJL^rjvai,

13 " TauTtt Te ovv teal TaXXa a putepw irp6a0ev

1 supplied by Pflagk.

2 x ai P 0l€U R« Steph., x ai P 0l€ "VI/,
8 kkv V, /cal L'.

104

BOOK LII

not indignant at their failure to obtain whatever they b.c. 29
expect to get, they are actually acknowledging some
shortcoming on their own part. The reason for all
this is, of course, that the ruler who bestows such
gifts in the right way obviously makes it his first
business to weigh well the merits of each person, and
thus he honours some and passes others by, with the
result that, in consequence of his decision, those who
are honoured have a further reason for elation, while
those who are passed by feel a new resentment, each
class being moved by their own consciousness of
their respective merits. If, however, a ruler tries to
avoid this result and decides to award these honours
capriciously, he will fail utterly. For the base, finding
themselves honoured contrary to their deserts, would
become worse, concluding that they were either
being actually commended as good or at any rate
were being courted as formidable ; and the upright,
seeing that they were securing no greater consider-
ation than the base but were being regarded as being
merely on an equality with them, would be more
vexed at being reduced to the level of the others
than pleased at being thought worthy of some honour
themselves, and consequently would abandon their
cultivation of the higher principles of conduct and
become zealous in the pursuit of the baser. And
thus the result even of the distribution of honours
would be this : those who bestowed them would reap
no benefit from them and those who received them
would become demoralized. Hence this advantage,
which some would find the most attractive in mon-
archies, proves in your case a most difficult problem
to deal with.

" Reflecting upon these considerations and the

i°5

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

eVnov ivOvjxriOels (ppovrjaov eco? e^eaTi ctol, Kal

dlToBo^ TO) StffJLG) KOl Tfl OTtXu KCLl TCL €0V7) KOI

ra? ap%as Kal tcl xprj/uaTa. av jiev yap rjBrf re
real i/ccov avTO Troirjcrys, eVSofoTaTo? Te dfxa
dvOpooTTcov ear) /ecu da^aXeaTaTO^' av S' dva-
ILeLvrj? (Slav Tivd aoi Trpoaa^drjvai, Ta% av tl

2 Beivov fiera KaKoBo^ta^ irdOot^. TeKfirjpiov Be,
Mdptos fiev teal 2i/\\a? Kal MeTeXXos, /cat Uo/a-
irrjios to 7rpcoTOV f iv tepdrei toov irpayfiaT^v
yevd\ievoi ovt rjOeXrjaav Swaarevaat. ovt eiraOov
wapd tovto Beivov ovBev Ktprn? Be Br) /cat 2t/)«-
yS&w, o Te Ma/Oio? o ere/oo? Kal 6 XepTcopios, o re
Yiofinrrjio<; auro? fxera ravra, Ttj<; Bwacrreias eVt-

3 8vjjirj(Tavre^ ^a^w? dird>XovTO. 8va%epe<; % ydp

€0~Tt TTjV TTOklV TaVTTJV, TOCTOVTOl<; T€ €T€(Tl BeBfJ-

fMOfcpaT7]fjL€vr]v Kal toctovtcov dvOpcoTTcov dpypvaav,
BovXevaai tivi ideXrjcrai. /cal d/coveis fiev oti
tov KdjiiXXov vTrep(opio~av, eireiBr) XevKoi? Xitttoi^

4 rd eitiviKia ixprjaaTO, d/covet? Be ore tov 2am-
Tricova /caTekvaav, iireiBrj Tiva irXeove^iav avTOv
/caTeyvcoaav, /jLe/jLvrjaai Be 07ra)? T<p rraTpL o~ov
TTpocrrivexQ r ) (Tav > °* TL riva viro^'iav e<? avTov fxovap-
yias eo~x ov ' ^aiTOi tovtcov puev dfxeLvov*; avBpe?
ovBeves aXXoc yeyovacriv.

5 " Ov fievTOL Kal a*7r\ft)? ovtco o-v/jifiovXevay croi
ttjv dp%r)v d<f>elvat,, dXXa irdvTa Ta avfjt,(j)epovTa
tw BrjfiocriG) TTpoirpd^ai Kal Boyfiaa-t Kal vofiois a
irpoarjKei KaTaKXelaac, Kaddirep irov Kal o %vX-
Xct9 iirobjcre' Kal yap ei Tiva avTcov fieTa TavTa

106

BOOK LII

others which I mentioned a little while ago, be b.c. 29
prudent while you may and duly place in the hands
of the people the army, the provinces, the offices,
and the public funds. If you do it at once and
voluntarily, you will be the most famous of men
and the most secure ; but if you wait for some
compulsion to be brought to bear upon you, you
will very likely suffer some disaster and gain in-
famy besides. Consider the testimony of history :
Marius and Sulla and Metellus, and Pompey at first,
when they got control of affairs, not only refused to
assume sovereign power but also escaped disaster
thereby ; whereas Cinna and Strabo, 1 the younger
Marius and Sertorius, and Pompey himself at a later
time, conceived a desire for sovereign power and
perished miserably. For it is a difficult matter to
induce this city, which has enjoyed a democratic
government for so many years and holds empire
over so many people, to consent to become a slave to
any one. You have heard how the people banished
Camillus just because he used white horses for his
triumph ; you have heard how they deposed Scipio
from power, first condemning him for some act of
arrogance ; and you remember how they proceeded
against your father just because they conceived a
suspicion that he desired to be sole ruler. Yet there
have never been any better men than these.

"Nevertheless, I do not advise you merely to
relinquish the sovereignty, but first to take all the
measures which the public interest demands and by
decrees and laws to settle definitively all important
business, just as Sulla did, you recall ; for even if
some of his ordinances were subsequently overthrown,

i Cf. xliv. 2S, 1.

107

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

averpdir^y dWa rd ye ifKeioa teal p,€i%Q) Siafievei.

6 teal fir) etirrj^ ore teal &)? CTTaviacrovcri rives, "va
fir) teal iyo) avOis elttco qti 7ro\\a> fiaWov ovk
av dvdayoLvro fiovap^ovfievot. o>9 etye irdvS*
oaa evhe)(€Ta,i riai <ivveveyQr\vai TrpoatcoTroifieOay
aXoycorara av ra? Si^oo-rao-ia? Ta? i/c rijs
Srj/jLOtcpaTLas avjjifiatvovcras (poftrjOeirujiev av fiaX-
Xov ff Ta? rvpavvihas ra? ite tt/9 pLOvapylas

7 i/c(f)vofjLeva<;. irepl &v tt}? BeivorrjTos ovSe iwe-
^eiprjad ti elirelv ov yap Si) 1 teai tearahpafxelv
aWcos evKarrjyopTjrov ovtg) TTpayfia rj6e\r]aa t
dWa hel^ai crot tov6' otl tolovtov iari ttj <j>vaei
(bare fjLtjBe rovs ^prjarovs avBpas 2 • .

14 " (. . . ovre irelaal ti paStco? vtto Trapped las tovs
ov% 6/ioiovs Bvvavrai) tedv rais rrpd^ecriv are /zi)
ojAoyvcofiovovvrcov <T<f)(bv tearopdovaiv. &<rre et ti
K7)$r] rrjs TrarplhoSy virep fjs toctovtovs iroXifMovs
ireTToXeprfKaSt virep rjs teal rrjv ^rv^rjV rjSecos av
iiriholr)?, fieTappvOfitaov avrrjv koX KaratcoafiTjaov
2 irpbs to (TGMppoveaTepov. to yap e^elvai Ti<r,&

1 8), R. Steph., 5e? VL'.

8 L' iudicates a lacuna at this point, V does not. In their
common archetype L one folio was lost, containing some
sixty lines. Zonaras' epitome at this point is as follows :
6 5e MaiK7]t>as rovvaprlov ffvvc&ovhtvev, atrav titrtav ^5tj r)]V
fxovapx^ av ^ 7r * iroXv StoiKjjaai avrhv kcl\ avayKaiov clvai Hvoiv
ddrepov, ^ fxuvai rwv abrwv $ airo\4<r8cii ravra "rrfwtitevov,

K.T.X.

108

BOOK LII

yet the majority of them and the more important b.c. 29
still remain. And do not say that even then some
men will indulge in factional quarrels, and thus
require me, on my part, to say once more that the
Romans would be much more apt to refuse to sub-
mit to the rule of a monarch. For if we should
undertake to provide against all possible con-
tingencies, it would be utterly absurd for us to be
more afraid of the dissensions which are but
incidental to democracy than of the tyrannies which
are the natural outgrowth of monarchy. Regarding
the terrible nature of such tyrannies I have not so
much as attempted to say anything ; for it has not
been my wish idly to inveigh against a thing that so
readily admits of condemnation, but rather to show
you that monarchy is so constituted by nature that
not even the men of high character. . 1

"(. . . nor can they easily convince by frank
argument those who are not in a like situation) and
they succeed in their enterprises, because their
subjects are not in accord with one another. Hence,
if you feel any concern at all for your country, for
which you have fought so many wars and would so
gladly give even your life, reorganize it and regulate
it in the direction of greater moderation. For while

1 The conclusion of Agrippa's speech is missing in our
MSS., as is also the earlier portion of that of Maecenas
together with the introduction to it. Zonaras' brief risumi
(down through chap. 17) is as follows: "But Maecenas
advised the contrary course, declaring that he (Caesar) had
already for a long time been directing the monarchy, and
that he must inevitably do one of two things — either remain
in the same position or abandon his present course and
perish."

• 109

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

trdvff* v a7rXco9 oaa 1 fiovXovrai teal troietv teal
Xeyeiv, av fiev eVi reov ev (frpovovvTcov i^era^y*;,
evBaifiovias airaaiv ainov yiyverai, av Be iirl
twv dvotfrcov, av/jL<j)opa<;' teal Bia tovto 6 fiev rot?
toiovtois TTjV e^ovaiav BiBovs iraihl Br} tivi teal
fiaivofievq* fi^o? opeyei, 6 8' iteeivois rd re aXXa
teal aurou? tovtov? teal fir) fiovXo/ievovs crco^ei.

3 Bioirep teal ere agio* fir) 7r/?09 Ta? exjirpeireia^ r&v
ovofidrayv d'irofiXi'tyavTa aTrarrjOfjvai, dXXa ra
yiyvbfxeva e£ avrcov irpOdKoirr^eravTa Tr\v re 6pa-
crvrrjTa tov 6/ilXov it ava ai teal ttjv BioLterjaiv reov
teoivwv eavrqy re teal rofc aXXois rot'; dpiGTovs
irpoaOelvai, Itva fiovXevcoai 2 fiev oi tfypovificoTaroi,
apxwai Be oi arpaTrjyitecoTaTOL, (rrpaTevayvrai Be
teal fiLado(f)op(0(TLp oi re ia-^yporarot teal oi ireve-

4 araroi. ovro) yap rd re i7rij3dXXovrd o~<f>io~iv
eteao-roi TTpodv/ico? Troiovvres, teal ra? axpeXia^
dXXrjXois eroifioos clvtiBiBovtcs, ovre twv eXaTTco-
fiaT(ov, iv oh KaraSeoval tivwv, eiraiaffrjaovTai,
teal rrjv Brjfioteparlav rr)v dXrjOr) rrjv re iXevdepiav

5 tt)v da^aXfj terrjo-ovTar etceivrj fiev yap r) tov
o-^Xov eXevOepia tov re fieXriaTou BovXeia iritepo-
Tdrrj yiyverai teal kolvov dfi<j)otv oXeOpov <f>ep€i,
avTT) Be to re aco(j)pov iravTaypv irpOTifioyaa teal to
iaov diraai teara ttjv d%Lav airovifiovaa irdvTa^
6fiOLco<; evSaifiovas rou? xpco/ievovs avTrj iroiel.

1 airXws Zcra Pflugk, Stro an\ws VIA
&ov\*va)Ci R. Steph., fiov\cvov<ri VI/.

TIO

BOOK LII

the privilege of doing and saying precisely what one b.o. 29
pleases becomes, in the case of sensible persons, if you
examine the matter, a cause of the highest happiness
to them all, yet in the case of the foolish it becomes
a cause of disaster. For this reason he who offers
this privilege to the foolish is virtually putting a sword
in the hands of a child or a madman : but he who
offers it to the prudent is not only preserving all their
other privileges but is also saving these men them-
selves even in spite of themselves. Therefore I ask
you not to fix your gaze upon the specious terms
applied to these things and thus be deceived, but to
weigh carefully the results which come from the
things themselves and then put an end to the
insolence of the populace and place the management
of public affairs in the hands of yourself and the
other best citizens, to the end that the business of
deliberation may be performed by the most prudent
and that of ruling by those best fitted for command,
while the work of serving in the army for pay is left to
those who are strongest physically and most needy. In
this way each class of citizens will zealously discharge
the duties which devolve upon them and will readily
render to one another such services as are due, and
will thus be unaware of their inferiority when one
class is at a disadvantage as compared with another,
and all will gain the true democracy and the freedom
which does not fail. For the boasted freedom of the
mob proves in experience to be the bitterest servitude
of the best element to the other and brings upon both
a common destruction ; whereas this freedom of which
I speak ever} T where prefers for honour the men of
prudence, awarding at the same time equality to all
according to their deserts, and thus gives happiness
impartially to all who enjoy this liberty.

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

15 " yap toi olr)0r}<; on TVpavvr)craL <roi, top
re Bfjjxov teal rrjv fiovXrjv BovXcoaafievo), irapaivco.
rovro /jl€v yap ovr av iyco irore elnrelv ovr av av
Trpa^at ToXpLr)creia<z % eteelva Be Br) teal teaXa teal
Xprjaifia teal crol teal rfj iroXei yevono av, to
T6 iravra tcl TTpoarjteovTa avrov ere /lera ra>v
dpiarcov dvBpcov vofxoOerelv, pirjBevbs tg>v iroXkwv
/x,t]T avriXeyovros avrols firjT 1 ivavriov/jievov,

2 teal to tou9 iroXepLous Trpbs ra vfierepa /3ovXr]~
/jiara BtoiteeiaOat, irdvrcov avTLtea ra>v aXX<ov to
teeXevofJLevop iroiovvreov, to T6 Ta? tcov dpypwrasv
aipeaeis e<$> vjxiv elvat,, teal to Ta? rifia? rd$ re
TifjLcopi'as u/ia? opl^eiv, iva teal v6p,o$ evOv? $ itav
o re av /3ov\evcrafjL€V(i) <roi p,erd tcjv ofMorifKov

3 apecrrji teal oi iroXe/jLioi tcpvfya teal Kara teaipbv
irokepLtidVTaL, oi re ri ey^eipL^op^evoL air aperr}?
dXXa fjtT] teXrjpo) teal airovhap)(La diroBeLKvvcovTai,
teal oi fiev dyaOol avev <f)06vov rtfMcovraL, oi Be

4 teateol avev crvo-Tacreoos teoXdfavrai. ovroo yap
av paXiara rd re irparTOfieva 6p6a)<; BiocterjOeir),
firjre e? to kolvov dva^epofieva jjurjre iv ra>
<f)avep<0 f3ov\ev6fieva firjre rol? 2 irapateeXevaToh
eTTiTpeirofieva firyre ite (f>iXoTi/j,ia<; KLvBvvevopLeva,
teal tcov vTrap^ovTcov r)pXv dyaOcov r)Bi(*)<;' diro-
Xavaaifiev, fxr)Te TroXe/Aov? eiriteLvBvvovs firjre

1 M V Bk., m& VL\

2 rots Xyl., iv rots VL'.

112

BOOK LII

"For I would not have you think that I am advising B .c. 29
you to enslave the people and the senate and then
set up a tyranny. This is a thing I should never
dare suggest to you nor would you bring yourself to
do it. The other course, however, would be honour-
able and expedient both for you and for the city —
that you should yourself, in consultation with the
best men, enact all the appropriate laws, without
the possibility of any opposition or remonstrance
to these laws on the part of any one from the
masses 1 ; that you and your counsellors should con-
duct the wars according to your own wishes, all other
citizens rendering instant obedience to your com-
mands ; that the choice of the officials should rest
with you and your advisers ; and that you and they
should also determine the honours and the punish-
ments. The advantage of all this would be that what-
ever pleased you in consultation with your peers would
immediately become law ; that our wars against our
enemies would be waged with secrecy and at the
opportune time ; that those to whom any task was
entrusted would be appointed because of their merit
and not as the result of the lot or rivalry for office ;
that the good would be honoured without arousing
jealousy and the bad punished without causing re-
bellion. Thus whatever business was done would be
most likely to be managed in the right way, instead
of being referred to the popular assembly, or de-
liberated upon openly, or entrusted to partisan dele-
gates, or exposed to the danger of ambitious rivalry ;
and we should be happy in the enjoyment of the
blessings which are vouchsafed to us, instead of
being embroiled in hazardous wars abroad or in
1 Probably a reference to the tribunes.

"3

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

5 (Travels dvoaiovs ' irotovfievot. ravra yap iraaa
fiev ByfioKparta e^er ol yap Bwardorepot, rcov re
irpcoretcov 2 opeyojievoL teal rovs dadevearepovs
/niaOovfievot, rrdvra dveo kcu fedrco <j>vpovar
irXelara Be Br) Trap rj/xlv yeyove, teal ovtc eartv

6 ottcos aXXcos iravaerat. reK/irjptov Be, irdpuroXvs
e£ ov xpovo? Kal iroXepiovfJiev Kal araaid^ofiev.
alriov Be to T€ TrXfjOo? tcov avO pcoircov /cat to
fieyedos tcov irpayfidrcov* etcelvol t€ ydp iravro-
Barrol koX ra yevrj koi ras <f>va€i<; ovres Kal
TroiKiKas koX ra? opyas Kal ras irriOv/itas e^ovai,
/cal ravra e? roaovrov rrporjKrai coare Kal irdvv
Bva^epcos av Stoi/crjOfjvai.

16 " Kal otl ravra dXrjOfj Xeyco, fiaprvpel rd
yeyovora. recos fikv yap ovre iroXXol r)/iev ovre
jieyaXoo rivl tcov irX^ato-^copcov Stecpepo/Jtev, KaXcos
re erroXiTevofxeOa koi rrdaav oXlyov ttjv 'lraX'tav

2 Karearpe^rdfieO a* d(f>* ov Be e£co avrrjs i^fj^drjfiev,
/cat eirl 7roXXa teal tcov r)rrelpcov Kal tcov vrjacov
iirepatcodrj/iev, Kal Traaav fiev ttjv ddXaaaav
Traaav Be ttjv yrjv Kal tov 6vop,aro<; Kal rrjs
Bvvdjiecos ijficov iveTrXrjaajJLev, ovBevbs ^prjarov
fieTea^rjKafiev, dXXa to fiev rrpoorov oikoi koi
evrbs tov ret^ovs Kara avardaeis iaraatdaa/jLev,
eiretra Be Kal is tcl arparorreBa to voarjjxa tovto

3 7rpor)ydyo/j,ev* Kal Bid ravO* r) 7r6Xis rjficov, coairep
oXKas fieydXr) Kal rrXrjpTjs 6%Xov iravroBairov
X W P^ Kvftepvrjrov, iroXXas rjBrj yeveds iv kXvBcovi
ttoXXw (f>€po/jL6V7) aaXevet T€ kol arret Bevpo
KaKelae, KaOdirep dvepfidriaros ovaa* fitjr ovv

4 X€Ljj,a&fievr)v er avrrjv TrepdBrjs, 6 pas ydp cos

1 avoaiovs Bk., avoalas VL'. 2 irpurtluv Rk., irpdruv VL\

114

BOOK LII

unholy civil strife. For these are the evils found in b.c. 29
every democracy, — the more powerful men, namely,
in reaching out after the primacy and hiring the
weaker, turn everything upside down, — but they
have been most frequent in our country, and there
is no other way to put a stop to them than the way
I propose. And the evidence is, that we have now
for a long time been engaged in wars and civil strife.
The cause is the multitude of our population and
the magnitude of the business of our government ;
for the population embraces men of every kind, in
respect both to race and to endowment, and both
their tempers and their desires are manifold ; and
the business of the state has become so vast
that it can be administered only with the greatest
difficulty.

" Witness to the truth of my words is borne by our
past. For while we were but few in number and
differed in no important respect from our neighbours,
we got along well with our government and subjugated
almost all Italy ; but ever since we were led outside
the peninsula and crossed over to many continents
and many islands, filling the whole sea and the
whole earth with our name and power, nothing good
has been our lot. At first it was only at home and
within our walls that we broke up into factions and
quarrelled, but afterwards we even carried this
plague out into the legions. Therefore our city, like
a great merchantman manned with a crew of every
race and lacking a pilot, has now for many genera-
tions been rolling and plunging as it has drifted this
way and that in a heavy sea, a ship as it were
without ballast. Do not, then, allow her to be
longer exposed to the tempest ; for you see that she

"5

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

virepavTkos €<tti, prjTe irepl ep/na Trepcppayrjvat
ea<r?79, cradpa yap icrrc /cal ovSepa ert ypovov
avTiayelv Svvtjaerar a\V eTreihrjirep oi Oeol
i\er)<javre<; avTtjv /cal iiriyvodpiovd ae /cal iiri-
ardrrjv avrf)? iirecrTrjaaVy put) 7rpo$(p$ ttjv TrarpiSa,
%v SxTirep vvv 8ta ere putepbv dvaTrkirvev/cev, ovrco
/cal top \oiirbv altova per dafyaXelas hiaydyrj.
17 " "Otl p,ev ovv 6p8w<s goi Trapaivu), pLOvapyelaO at
rov 8t]pLov d^icov, irdXat cre rjyovpai Treireia-6ar
tovtov Brj ovtox; e*)(pvTO<s ical iroip,co<; ical
7rpo0vpL(o<; rrjv irpoaraaLav aurov dvdSegat, p,a\-
\ov Se pLrj TTpofj. ovhe yap ov& virep rov \afielv
ti f3ov\ev6p€0a, aXV virep rov pit] a7ToXecrai teal

2 7rpO(T€Ti teal fciv&vvevaai. 7x9 yap crov <f>€i<T€Tai t
dv re 69 rov Brjpiov rd irpdypar dvcaarj^y dv re 1
/cal erepqy Tivl eTrirpe^rrj^, TrapiroXXwv p.6v ovrcov
roiv V7TO aov \€\v7rt}p,evcov, iravroyv S' a>9 eliretv
r^9 piovapyLa^ dvT lit oirja op,evtov, a)v ovBels ovre
pur] dpvvaaOai ere icj> 0I9 ireiroL^Ka^; ovt dvrc-

3 iraXov viroXnrko-dat ideXijaei. T€tep,rfptov Se on
ical 6 YlopTrrjio? itco-rds t^9 hwaareia^ /cal tcare-
<j)povrjdrj /cal €7r€f3ov\€v6r], /cd/c tovtov p,r)tC€T
avrrjv dvaXaftelv SvvrjOels i(j)0dpr) t /cal 6 K.alo~ap
6 irarrjp 6 <709 to avrb tovto Trotrjaas 2 irpoa-
airdyXero. iravTcos 8' dv /cal 6 Ma/oto9 /cal 6
XvXXas opboia avTols eireTrovQeaav, el ptrj irpoeTe-

1 irpdy/xar avrfxrys &v T€ Bk., ir pay jxara u>$ -ficrav t« VIZ.
* iroiT]cras V, iroirjcrat 4d€\i}<xas Jj\

Il6

BOOK LII

is waterlogged. And do not let her be pounded to b.c. 29
pieces upon a reef 1 ; for her timbers are rotten and
she will not be able to hold out much longer. But
since the gods have taken pity on her and have set
you over her as her arbiter and overseer, prove not
false to her, to the end that, even as now she has
revived a little by your aid, so she may survive in
safety for the ages to come.

" Now I think you have long since been convinced
that I am right in urging you to give the people a
monarchical government ; if this is the case, accept
the leadership over them readily and with en-
thusiasm — or rather do not throw it away. For the
question we are deliberating upon is not whether
we shall take something, but whether we shall de-
cide not to lose it and by so doing incur danger into
the bargain. Who, indeed, will spare you if you
thrust the control of the state into the hands of the
people, or even if you entrust it to some other
man, seeing that there are great numbers whom you
have injured, and that practically all these will
lay claim to the sovereignty, and yet no one of them
will wish either that you should go unpunished for
what you have done or that you should be allowed
to survive as his rival ? Pompey, for example, once
he had given up the supreme power, became the
object of scorn and of secret plotting and conse-
quently lost his life when he was unable to regain
his power. Caesar also, your father, lost not only
his position but also his life for doing precisely what
you are proposing to do. And Marius and Sulla would
certainly have suffered a like fate had they not died

1 Cf. Thucydides vii. 25, a passage which Dio seems to be
imitating.

117

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

4 OvrjKeaav. kciItoi tov SvXXav (pacrl tivc<; avTo
tovto l <f)o/3r)0€VTa <f)0r)vai koX eavTov dvaxpV'
aacrBar (rv^ya yovv tcov vofioOerrjdivTcov vtt
avrov foWo? er avrov Xvecrdai rjpgaTo. coarz
zeal av ttoXXovs fjuev A€7tl8ov$ ttoXXov? Be Xep-
Twpiovs B/ooutov? Kaaaiovs yevrjaeaOal <roi Trpoa-
Bo/ca,

18 " Tavrd t€ ovv IBcbv /cal TaXXa iravra XoyLcrd-
fievos, fir) irpofj Kal creavrbv Kal rr)v irarpiha,
iva 1 fir) Sogys rtalv iOekovaio? t^9 apXV*

€<j)€LG0CU. TTpCOTOV fl€V yap* c\v Kal TOVTO T£?
VTTOTTTeVCTr), OVT CLTTO TOV dvOpCOTTeiOV TpOTTOV TO

i7ri0vfir)/j,d io~Ti, Kal /caXo? 6 kLvBvvos avTov'
eirena Be Tt? ovk olBe Tr)v dvdyKTiv i<ft rjs €? tcl

2 irpdyfjuaTa TavTa Trporjx^V^f coo~T€ €L7rep 2 ti
acTLafia avTr)<; cgtl, to£? tov iraTpo? crov a<j>a-
yevcrL BiKaiOTaTa dv tj? avTo eyKaXeaeiev el yap

€K€LVOl fXTjT d&l/CCd? fJLTjT OlfCTptoS OVTG)? CLVTOV

dire/cToveaav, ovt dv tcl oirXa dvTr)pa> f ovt* dv tcl
o-TpaTevfictTct crvveXega), ovt 7 dv z *Avtg>vL<£> /cal
AeniBa} avviOov, ovt dv aiiTovs i/celvov<t rjfivvco.

3 /cal otl fiev opdw /cal Sifcalco? irdvTa TavT
eiroiriaa^i ovBels dyvoel' el B ovv ti teal TreTrXrjfi- i
fieXr^Taiy dXX* ovtl 4 Kal /xeTaOiadaL €T do-<j)aXa)<z j
Bvvdfie$a, a>o~Te Kal r)fia>v avTcov eve/ca /cal t?}? ;
TroXecos ireiaOoyfiev Trj TvyjQ Tjj ttjv fiovapyiav aoL

4 BtBovo-rj. /cal X^P LV 7 e P*y<&V v avT?) excofiev,
otl pr) fiovov T(ov /ca/caiv tcov ififyvXitov direXvaev^

1 Xva L', Tva 5^ V.

2 Stare eftrep R. Steph., &trwepYTJ.

3 kv supplied by St. 4 otf-n Dind., oil rot VI/.
6 once\vO€v Bk., avt-Kkytrev VL'.

n8

BOOK LII

first. And yet some say that Sulla, fearing this very b.o. 29
fate, forestalled it by making away with himself j 1 at
any rate, much of his legislation began to be undone
while he was yet alive. Therefore you also must
expect that there will be many a man who will prove
a Lepidus to you and many a man who will prove
a Sertorius, a Brutus, or a Cassius.

" Looking, then, at these facts and reflecting upon
all the other considerations involved, do not abandon
yourself and your country merely in order to avoid
giving the impression to some that you deliberately
sought the office. For, in the first place, even if men
do suspect this, the ambition is not inconsistent with
human nature and the risk involved is a noble one.
Again, what man is there who does not know the
circumstances which constrained you to assume your
present position? Hence, if there be any fault to
find with these compelling circumstances, one might
with entire justice lay it upon your father's murderers.
For if they had not slain him in so unjust and pitiable
a fashion, you would not have taken up arms, would
not have gathered your legions, would not have
made your compact with Antony and Lepidus, and
would not have had to defend yourself against these
men themselves. That you were right, however,
and were justified in doing all this, no one is unaware.
Therefore, even if some slight error has been com-
mitted, yet we cannot at this time with safety undo
anything that has been done. Therefore, for our
own sake and for that of the state let us obey
Fortune, who offers you the sole rulership. And let
us be very grateful to her that she has not only freed
us from our domestic troubles, but has also placed in

1 This tradition is found here only.

119

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

rffia^y dXXd fcal Ttjv Kardaraaiv tt)? iroXiTeia?
€7rl croi TreirotrjTai, tv eTrLfieXrjOel^ avTrjs &a"irep
irpoaijfcei, Bei^rjs airaaiv dvdpd>7roi<; otl ifcelva
fiev aXXot kol irdpa^av kcli e/caKovpyr}o~av, ait Be
By XprjaTO*; el.

5 " Kcu fxrj fjioi to fieyeOos t?}? dp^r}? <j>o/3r)dj)<;.
6<j(p re yap irXeicov 1 virdpyety toctg) TrXeLw real to,
aco^ovra e%«, fcal fuiKpa) to (j>vXd^at ti tov
KTY)o~ao-6ai paov eaTi* 7Tp6<; fiev yap to rdWorpia
irpoairoirjaaaOai Ka\ 7rovcov koX kivBvvwv Bel,
7Tyoo9 Be to To, vtt dp^pvi a aoiaai fipayela (f>povrl<;

6 apKei. fir} fievroc firjBe Belay? ore ovyl teal
da^aXearara ev avrfj ftmcrr} ko! uovtohv to>v iv
dv6 pdoiTois dyaOcov diroXavcreiS) dv ye eOeXrjarj?
avrrjv a)? irapaiveaco croi Bioi/crjaai. /caL fie fit}
vopLarj? dirapTav 2 diro ttj? irapovo-rj^ viroOeaew?
7ov Xoyov, dv iirl irXeiov col irepl avrrjv Bia-

7 Xe^Oco' ov yap ttov ko! vtt dBoXeo")(i,a<z twos
aXXct)? toOto TroiijaQ), a\V iva d/cpi/3a)<; fcara-
fiddrjs oti koi BvvaTov real paBiov rw ye e/ufipovi
to teal fcaXcos teal dtcivBvvws dp^ai ecrri.

19 " (Prj/jl Tolvvv xprjvat a~e Kara irpcoras evOvs to
ftovXevTi/chv irav teal $>vXoKpivr}aai z koi BiaXe^ai,
eireiBr) Ttves ov/c eTriTrjBeioi Sid Ta? crToVe*? /3e-
fiovXevfcao-t,, /cat tou? fiev dpeTijv Tiva avTCov
e)(0VTa<; KaTacFyelv, tou? Be Xoiirovs diraXel^rai.
2 firj fjievToi fcal Bid irevlav Tiva dyaffov ye dvBpa
bvTa diraXXd^r}^, dXXd fcal y^prjfiaTa ai)TQ) Ta
dvay/caia So?, dvrl Be Brj tmv aXXcov tov? tc
yevvaiOTaTovs /cat tov? dpiaTov? tov? tc ttXov-

1 ir\*'i<tiv V, ttXzlov L\ 2 airaprav L', airavrav V.

* <pv\0Kpivrj(rat V, <pt\oKpivT](rai I/.

120

BOOK LII

your hands the organisation of the state, to the end b.c 29
that you, by bestowing due care upon it, may prove
to all mankind that those troubles were stirred up
and that mischief wrought by other men, whereas
you are an upright man.

" And do not, I beg you, be afraid of the magnitude
of the empire. For the greater its extent, the more
numerous are the salutary elements it possesses ;
also, to guard anything is far easier than to acquire
it. Toils and dangers are needed to win over what
belongs to others, but a little care suffices to retain
what is already yours. Moreover, you need not be
afraid, either, that you will not live quite safely in
that office and enjoy all the blessings which men
know, provided that you will consent to administer
it as I shall advise you. And do not think that I am
shifting the discussion from the subject in hand if I
speak to you at considerable length about the office.
For of course my purpose in doing this will be, not
to hear myself talk, but that you may learn by a
strict demonstration that it is both possible and easy,
for a man of sense at least, to rule well and without
danger.

"1 maintain, therefore, that you ought first and
foremost to choose and select with discrimination the
entire senatorial body, inasmuch as some who have
not been fit have, on account of our dissensions,
become senators. Such of them as possess any
excellence you ought to retain, but the rest you
should erase from the roll. Do not, however, get
rid of any good man because of his poverty, but even
give him the money he requires. In the place of
those who have been dropped introduce the noblest,

121

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

(Tiwrdrov^ dvreadyaye, fit] jjlovov eve T779 'IraXias
aXXa /cat irapd rcov avfi/xd)((ov tg>v re v7rrjKocov

3 eTTike^dfJLevos' ovto) yap <rv re 7ro\\ols avvepyols
Xpijo-rj, Kal Tou? /copv(f)aiov<; i% airavTcov rcov
eOvwv iv da<pa\6L iroirjarji teal ovre ixelva veo-
X/jicoaei ti fjLTjheva iWoyifxov Trpoardr^v €%oi>Ta,
Kal oi TrpcoTevovTes Trap 1 avTOis ^tX^o oval ae are
real koivwvol aot Trjs dpxfj<; yeyovores*

4 *'Td Be avTa ravTa teal iirl tcov imre&v ttoitj-
<tov. tovs yap rd Bevrepela kKavTayoOi real yivei
teal apery teal ttXovtg) <f>epo/jLevov$ e<? ttjv linrdha
/cardXegov, Toaovrov? e/carepov? dvreyypd^ra^
ocroi ttot dv dpe'acoaC <T€, firfhev irepl rov irkri6ov<$
avrcov aKpifioXoyovfJievos* oato yap dv irkeiovs
evhoKifioi avhpes avvfoai <roi, to<tovto) paov a&Tos

5 re iv heovji iravja BioiKrjaeis, Kal toi>9 dpyo-
fievovs 7T€L(T€i<; otl ovre o>9 Bov\oi$ acpiaiv ovS*
&>9 yeipoal 7T7) fjfi&v ovai XPV> dWd rd re d\\a
dyadd udvTa rd virdpypvTa r)fuv Kal ttjv rjye-
fxovlav avTOi? 1 koivol, otto*? &>9 oixeiav avrtjv

6 a-TrovBd^coai. Ka\ roaovrov ye Seco rov6* &>9 oxjk
6p6o)<; elprfjievov dvadiaOai, ware Kal t^9 7ro-
Xireias irdaL acfricri fieraSoOfjval <f)7]fM Beiv, 7va

KUt TaVTTJS i<TOJJLOipOVVT6<; ttkttoI (rVflfia^OL 7}fUV

axTiv, coairep rivd fiiav rrjv rffieripav 7t6\lv
oikovvt€<;, Kal Tavrrjv fiev 6Vto)9 tto\cv rd Be Brj
<r<p€T€pa d'ypovs Kal KcbfAa? vo/jll%ovt€<; elvai*

1 avrois L', auTTjs V,

122

BOOK LIIi

the best, and the richest men obtainable, selecting b.c. 29
them not only from Italy but also from the allies and
the subject nations. In this way you will have
many assistants for yourself and will have in safe
keeping the leading men from all the provinces ;
thus the provinces, having no leaders of established
repute, will not begin rebellions, and their prominent
men will regard you with affection because they have
been made sharers in your empire.

"Take these same measures in the case of the
knights also, by enrolling in the equestrian order
such men as hold second place in their several
districts as regards birth, excellence and wealth.
Register as many new members in both classes as
you please, without being over particular on the
score of their number. For the more men of repute
you have as your associates, the easier you will find
it, for your own part, to administer everything in
time of need and, so far as your subjects are con-
cerned, the more easily will you persuade them that
you are not treating them as slaves or as in any way
inferior to us, but that you are sharing with them,
not only all the other advantages which we ourselves
enjoy, but also the chief magistracy as well, and thus
make them as devoted to that office as if it were
their own. And so far am I from retracting this
last statement as rashly made, that I declare that
the citizens ought every one actually to be given a
share in the government, in order that, being on an
equality with us in this respect also, they may be
our faithful allies, living as it were in a single city,
namely our own, and considering that this is in very
truth a city, whereas their own homes are but the
countryside and villages.

VOL. VI.

123

E

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

t6 'AXXa irepl fiev 1 tovtov avOis dtepifteaTepop
ateetyofieOa a ^pr) 7rpa!;ai>> wa fir) teal nravra
20 dOpoa adroit yapiawfieQa* tearaXeyeadaL Se %pr)
€9 f*tv TYjV iinraha dteToyteaiSeteereL?, iv yap ravrrj
tjj rjkueia fidXiara r) re tcov acofiaTwv avrcov
evened teal r) tcov yfrv^cov iiTLT^SeLOTr)^ SicHpaLverat,,
€9 Se to crvveSpiov irevTeteateLteocrieTew 7TW9 yap
ovte alcr^pov teal acfraXepov dart ra fiev olteeia
firjSevl irpo ravTif}? Tr}$ r)Xiteia<; iiriTpeTreaOai, to,
Se Srjfioaia KaX vecorepois tlctIv iyxeipt&aOai;

2 Tafit,€vcraPT€<? re teal ayopavofirjcravT€<; i) Sr)fiapxv~
aavT€$ crTpaTrjyeiTcocrav, 2 TpiatcovTovrai yevo-
fievoi. Tavras re yap ra9 apX a< * Kai TL0V
virdroyv fiovas oiteoi, rrj<; re tcov irarplcov /ivr)fir)<;
evetea teal rov fir) iravTeXcos ttjv iroXiTeiav fjueraX-
XuTreiv hoteelv, am ohutcvvvai ae cpr)fit, y^prfvai.

3 avrbs fiivroi av irdvra^ avTOvs alpov, teal fir)Te
iirl tco irXrjdei i) teal tw Bijficp eTi Tiva avTCOv
Troirjcrr)* VTaaidaovai ydp, fir)Te iirl tco crvveSpicp,
SiaairovSaaovrac yap, fir) fievToi teal ra? hvvd-
fieis crcf>cov t«9 dp^aias tt) priar)?, iva fir) ra avrd
avdis yevrjTai, dXXa rr)v fiev rifirjv cpvXagov, rrj?
S' lajfio? irapdXvGOv toctovtov octov firyve tov
d^HOfiaros tl avTcov dc\>aipr]crei teal tols vecoTeplaai

i ti iOeXijaovcrt fir) eV^r/je^e*. 4 earat Se tovto, av

1 1T€pt fx\v L', fx\v TT€p\ V.

2 ffTpaTfiyciraxrav L', ffTparyy-fiToeffav V.

3 TTOir\ari St., Troiiiarjs VL'. * exirpe^et V, i-mrpe^T) I/.

124

BOOK LII

" But regarding this matter we shall at a later time b.c. 29
examine more carefully the question of what measures
should be taken to prevent our granting the people
every privilege at once. As for the matter of
eligibility for office, now, we should put men on the
roll of knights when they are eighteen years old, for
at that age their physical soundness and their mental
fitness can best be discerned; but we should not
enrol them in the senate until they are twenty-five
years old. For is it not disgraceful, and indeed
hazardous, to entrust the public business to men
younger than this, when we never commit our
private affairs to any one before he has reached this
age ? After they have served as quaestors and
aediles or tribunes, let them be praetors when they
reach the age of thirty. For it is my opinion that
these offices, and that of consul, are the only ones
at home which you ought to fill by election, and
these merely out of regard for the institutions of our
fathers and to avoid the appearance of making a
complete change in the constitution. But make all
the appointments yourself and do not any longer
commit the filling of one or another of these offices
either to the plebs or to the people, 1 for they will
quarrel over them, or to the senate, for the senators
will use them to further their private airbitions.
And do not maintain the traditional powers of these
offices, either, for fear history may repeat itself, but
preserve the honour attaching to them, at the same
time abating their influence to such an extent that,
although you will be depriving the office of none of
its prestige, you will still be giving no opportunity
to those who may desire to stir up a rebellion. Now

1 i.e. to the concilium plebis or to the comitia.

12s

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

rd T€ dXXa teal ivSrjfiov? avrovs diro^rjvr)^, teal
fjL7]T€ iv tco Trjs ap%r)<; tcaipco oirXa tlvI avTcov
iyXeipLo-ys p,r}T€ €v9v<;, dXXa %povov hieXOovTos,
ocrov av avTctpfer) e/edo-Tco acfrobv vofxicrri^ elvai.

OVTCO yap OVT€ TLV€? V€0%/jL(!>(TOV(TI, 0~T paTOTTehcOV
KVplOl iv TCp TCOV OVOfJL&TCdV pOV nfj fXai I y€V0fJL€V0l,

koX yjpbvov Tiva IhicoTevaavTe? ireiravdrjaovTai.
5 teal ovtol pLev Tas re Travrjyvpeis, 01 ye teal
irpoarjtcovTes acpiaiv, iirLTeXeiTcocrav, teal T<Z9
Si'tea? iravre? co$ eteaaroc, irXrjv tcov (povi/ecbv, iv
to) t^9 ivhrjfiov dpxfjs XP° V( P Sifca^eTcoaav o~vva-
yeaOco fiev yap Stteao-Tijpia teal i/e tcov aXXcov
fiovXevTcov tcov re tinricov, to 8' oXov 69 iteeivovs
dva/celaOco.

£1 " HoXlapxos Se St; t*9 €te re tcov irpor^KOVTcov
teal ite tcov irdvTa tcl teadij/eovra irpoTreTroXLTevjue-
vcov aTToheuevvaOco, ovy^ iva dTroSrj/jLTjadvTcov ttov

2 tcov vTraTcov a>pXV> dXX y iva Ta T6 aXXa del ttjs
TroXecos TTpoaTaTrj, teal ra9 St/eas Ta9 re Trapa
irdvTcov cov elirov dpyovTCOv icfrecrl/jLov? t€ teal
dvaiTopmiiLov^ teal Ta9 tov OavaTOv Tofc T€ iv ttj
TroXel, irXr)v cov av €L7rco, teal T049 €f~a> avTrjs
p<k%pi irevTTjteovTa teal kiTTateoaicov 1 aTaSicov
olteovai Kpivrj.

3 " f/ ET6po9 T6 TL<i i/e tcov 6/jlolcov teal avTos ai-
pelaOco coaT€ Ta tc yevrj teal Ta9 ovaias tou9 re

1 cwTaKoatuv Casaub., ^aKO<ri<av VM.

126

BOOK LII

this will be accomplished if you assign them on b.c. 29
appointment chiefly to home affairs and do not
permit any of them to have armed forces during their
term of office or immediately afterward, but only after
the lapse of some time, as much as you think sufficient
in each instance. In this way they will never be put
in command of legions while still enjoying the pres-
tige of their official titles and thus be led to stir up
rebellions, and after they have been private citizens
for a time they will be of milder disposition. Let
these magistrates conduct such of the festivals as
naturally belong to their office, and let them all
severally sit as judges in all kinds of cases except
homicide during their tenure of office in Rome.
Courts should be established, to be sure, with the
other senators and knights as members, but final
authority should rest with these magistrates.

"As for the prefect of the city, men should be
appointed to that office who are leading citizens and
have previously passed through the appropriate
offices ; it should be the prefect's duty, not to govern
merely when the consuls are out of town, but in
general to be at all times in charge of the affairs of
the city, and to decide the cases which come to him
from all the other magistrates I have mentioned,
whether on appeal or for review, together with those
which involve the death penalty ; and his jurisdiction
should extend, not only to those who live in the city,
except such as I shall name, but also to those who
dwell outside the city for a distance of one hundred
miles.

" Let still another magistrate be chosen, this man
also from the class described, whose duties shall be
to pass upon and supervise all matters pertaining to

127

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

rpoirov*; teal tcov ftovXevrcov teal tcov lirirecov, dv-
Bpcbv re o/iotco? teal iraLBcov yvvaiKcov t€ tcov trpocr-

4 rj /cover cbv avTOis, i^erd^eiv re /cat liner Koiretv, teal
ra [ilv avTOV eiravopdovv Sera fjLrjre twos TtficopLas
a%id eerib teal irapopcofieva iroXXcbv teal fieydXcov
tea/ccbv airia ylyveTai, to, Be Brj fiei^co erol iirucoi-
vovcrdai. fiovXevTrj yap tivi, teal tco ye dpterTco
fiera top iroXiapyov y fidXXov fj tivi twv iinrecov

5 Trpoo-TeTa^Oac tovto Set. teal to ye ovojia dirb
t?}<? crrjs TiiLapyias (irdvTcos yap ere irpoeaTavai
tcov TLfirjerecov Trpoerrffcei) eltcoTCOS av Xdftoi, cocne
vTTOTi/JirjTr)*; tcaXeierOai. dp%eTcocrav Be Brj ol Bvo
OVTOL 1 Bid /3iOV, CIV y€ fit) /catevvOr} tis avTcov
Tpoirov Tivd r) fcal voacbBrjs r) teal vjrepyrjpcos

6 yevrjTai. ifc /xev yap Trjs %povlov dp^r)? oiBev
av BetvoVy are 6 pXv iravieXcbs doirXos &v, 6 S'
oXvyovs re erTpaTicoTas eycov koX ev to?? erols

7 bfyOaXfiols to TrXelerTov ap^cov, ipydcraiVTO* etc Be
Brj tov eTelov 2 teal otcvrfereiav 3 av irpoertcpoverai
tivi teal <f)o/3r)6elev ippcofievcos ti it palpal, ttjv T6
eavTcov IBicoTelav teal ttjv dXXcov 4 tlvcov Bvva-
erTetav 7rpoopco/JL€VOL. teal /nierBov ye Tiva tpepe-
Tcoerav teal tyj<; der^oXias evetea teal tyjs djjtcoerecos.

8 " Uepl fxev Br) tovtcov TavTrjv eroi tt)v yvcoyurjv

3 ovtoi M, om. V.

2 4t€iov Sauppe, tr4pov VM.

3 bKvr)<T*iav Dind., OKvi]<raiiv VM,

4 IxWwv Leuncl., Aw^f^/M,

128

BOOK LII

the families, property, and morals both of the senators b.c. 29
and of the knights, alike of the men and of their
wives and children. He should personally correct
such behaviour as deserves no punishment, yet if
neglected becomes the cause of many evils; but
about the more important matters of misconduct he
should confer with you. For the officer to whom
these duties are assigned should be a senator, and
in fact the best one after the prefect of the city,
rather than one of the knights. As for the title of
his office, he would naturally receive one derived
from your censorial functions (for it is certainly
appropriate that you should be in charge of the
censuses), and be called sub-censor. 1 Let these two,
the city prefect and the sub-censor, hold office for
life, unless one of them becomes demoralized in
some way or is incapacitated by sickness or old age.
For no harm could result from their holding office
for life, since the one would be entirely without
armed forces and the other would have but few
soldiers and would be acting for the most part under
your eyes ; whereas the effect of the yearly tenure
would be that they would shrink from offending
any one and would be afraid to act with energy, since
they would be looking ahead to their own retirement
to private life and to the exercise of the power of
the office by others. They should also draw a salary,
not only to compensate them for the loss of their
leisure but also to enhance the prestige of their
office.

"This is the opinion I have to give you in regard

1 Cf. Suetonius, Aug, 37. In practice there were six of
tbem— three to nominate senators and three to hold a
review of the knights.

129

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

8l8(0/ju> ol Se 8r) (TTpaT7}y)](TavT€^ dpyeTcocrdv Tiva
apxh v * v T0 ^ V7T7jk6oi<; {irplv yap arpaTTjyijaaL
crcpas ov% rjyov/Jbat, Seiv tovto ylyvetrdar ifceivoc
6° vttogt partly eiTwo-av 0Z9 av ei7rco t teal airat; Kal
Sevrepov), eld* ovtco? virarevirciXTav, av ye Kal
op#to9 Sidpi-cocri, real fiera ravra t«9
22 fjyefiovias XapLfBaveTcocrav. coSe yap av fiftovXevco
col Stard^ai. rrjv re 'IraXi'av iracrav ttjv virep
irevrrjKovTa fcal kuTaKOCiov^ dirb t?}9 iroXeax;
Grahiovs ovaav, Kal TaXXa irdvTa rd re iv rafc
vr)croi<$ Kal Ta iv rah 1 rjireipois 6/xoXoyovvra
rj/jilv, Kardveifiov eKaaTaypQi tcard re yevrj zeal
eOvr), rd<; re 2 TroXeis dirdcra^y 6Va9 ye Kal
avrapKes iariv vcf> evb<; dvSpbs avroreXovs apxe-

2 crdav KavravOa o-rpartcora^ iyKaTaaTTjcrov, Kal
dpyovia*; KaS* eKacrrov<; eva pev Ik tcov vira-
reuKorcov iirl iracri ire/Aire, hvo he €K tcov
ecTTparrjyrjKorcov, 3 tov fiev apn e'/c ttj^ 7r6Xeco$
e^iovra, Kal avTCp rd re ISicoriKa Trpdyjiara Kal
r\ rcov eTTiTrjheiiov TrapaaKevrj 7rpocrK€ia0co, rbv Se

€K TCOV TOVTO TTeir0l7)K0TC0V , 09 Tft T€ KOlVCb TCOV

iroXecov hioiKTjaei Kal tcov arpaTicoTcov ap^ei,

3 wXrjv oca aTiplas rj Oavdrov e%erai. Tavra yap
€9 fiovov tov viraTevKOTa ap^ovTa dv7]Kerco f irXrjv
irepl T€ tcov eKaTOVTap^cov tcov iv T0Z9 KaTaXoyot?
ovTcov Kal Trepl tcov IhicoTcov tcov Trap eKacrTOis
irpcoTcov tovtovs yap &}} €KaT€pov$ firjhevl aXXcp

1 rais R. Steph. , rots VM. 2 re supplied by Oddey.
3 cVl na<ri — i<TTpaT7]yr}K6rwp M, om. V #

I30

BOOK LII

to these officials. As for those who have served as b.c. 29
praetors, let them hold some office among the subject
nations (before they have been praetors I do not
think they should have this privilege, but they
ought first to serve for one or two terms as lieu-
tenants to the ex-praetors just mentioned) ; then
they should next hold office as consuls, provided
that they have proved satisfactory officials to the end
of their terms, and after that they should receive
the more important governorships. I advise you,
namely, to arrange these positions as follows. Take
Italy as a whole (I mean the part of it which is
more than one hundred miles from the city), and
all the rest of the territory which owns our sway,
the islands and the continents, and divide it into
districts, in each case according to races and nations,
and take also all the cities that are strong and in-
dependent enough to be ruled by one governor with
full powers. Then station soldiers in them and send
out as governor to each district or independent city
one of the ex-consuls, who shall have general charge,
and two of the ex-praetors. One of the latter, fresh
from the city, should be put in charge of all matters
pertaining to persons in private life and of the com-
missary ; the other, a man who has had special
training for this work, will administer the public
business of the cities and will have command of the
soldiers, except in cases that involve disfranchisement
or death. Such cases, of course, should be referred to
the ex-consul who is governor, and to him alone, except
where the persons involved are centurions recruited

I from the levies or private persons of prominence in
their respective communities ; as for both these classes,

I do not allow anybody but yourself to punish them,

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

KoXd^eiv eirnpe^rr}^, iva fjurj ovrco riva avTcov

4 (f>o/3(ovTai wane ttotc teal kcltcl gov tl irpd^at. b

8' €17T0V, OTl TOV €T€pOV TCOV iaTpaTrjyTjKOTCOV €vl

T0Z9 (TrpaTiwra^ iiriTeT dj(6 ] ai Bel y toiovtov icrriv.
av fxev oXiyoi rives iv %eviKol<; reL^eaiv r) Kal iv
evl itoXitikco aTparevcovTac, KaXcos e^t rovro
ylyveaOar av Be Bvo iroXniKa (TTparev/JLara iv
ravrw Wvei yeijxd^ri (irXeico yap tovtcov ovk av
avpftovXeuaaipLL aoi tco avTCp ap^pvri eTriTpeyjrai),

5 Serfaet, ttov tov<; Bvo tov$ earTpaTTjyrj/coras Kal
ifcelvcov, IBLq, e/carepov, teal tcov aXXcov rcov re
ttoXitikcov teal rcov IBicotikcov 6/aolcos irpo'tdTaadai.
6 £' ovv biraTevKco? ravrd re ... 1 Kal 7rpoaert Kal
t«9 BLicas Ta9 re ifCfc\i]TOV<; Kal tcls dva7rofnri/uLov<;
tcls dirb 2 rcov arparriycov avTco 3 (potrdxras Kpive-

6 tco. Kal firj Oavpbaarjs el Kal rrjv 'IraXiav roiavra
fiepT] velfxal aoi irapaivco' iroXXrj re yap Kal
iroXvdvOpcoiros ovaa dBvvaros ecrriv virb tcov iv
tQ> darei dpypvTcov KaXco<; BioiKei<r0ai. Bel yap
toU re Br}p,ot<; tov dpyovra del irapelvai Kal rot?
dpxovcri rd Bvvard irpoardacrecrdai,

23 " Aa/iftaveTcoaav Be /jlhtOov vravres ovtol oi rd<;
ejjco Trjs iroXecos dp^a? iirirpeTrofievoh irXeico p,ev
oi /AeL&vs, iXdrrco Be oi KaraBeearepoi, fiecrov Be
oi pueaor ovre yap dirb tcov oiKeicov olov Te iaTiv
avTovs iv tj) dXXoTpta aTToKrjVy ovr dopLcrTco Kal
2 daTaOfi^TCp dvaXcofiaTC coairep vvv yjpr\aOai t Kal
dpyeTcoaav firjTe eXaTTOv ircov rpi&v, el fit] T£?
dhtKrjaeii Tt, firjre irXelov irevre, to /xev on ai

1 Lacuna recognised by Bk.

2 Inrb Rk M vrrb VM.

9 ai>T(p Rk., aifTov VM.

132

BOOK LII

lest they come to fear some of these officials to such an b.c. 29
extent as to take ^measures, on occasion, against you as
well as against them. As for my suggestion that the
second of the ex-praetors should be put in charge of
the soldiers, it is to be understood as follows : if only a
small body of troops is serving abroad in the military
posts or at home in a single post, my proposal is
satisfactory ; but if two citizen legions are wintering
in the same province (and more than this number I
should not advise you to trust to one commander), it
will no doubt be necessary for both the ex-praetors
to hold the command over them, each having charge
of one, and for each to have his share of authority
similarly in matters affecting either the state or
private citizens. Let the ex-consul, accordingly,
[have] these [duties], and let him also decide the
cases which come to him on appeal and those which
are referred to him by the praetors for review. And
do not be surprised that I recommend to you the
dividing of Italy also into these administrative dis-
tricts. It is large and populous, and so cannot possibly
be well administered by the magistrates in the city ;
for a governor ought always to be present in the
district he governs, and no duties should be laid upon
our city magistrates which they cannot perform.

" Let all these men to whom the commands outside
the city are assigned receive salaries, the more
important officers more, the less important less, and
those between an intermediate amount. For they
cannot live in a foreign land upon their own resources,
nor should they indulge, as they do now, in unlimited
and indefinite expenditure. They should hold office
not less than three years, unless they are guilty of
misconduct, nor more than five. The reason is that

*33

DIOS ROMAN HISTORY

eviavtrioi Kal oXiyoyfibvioi dpyai BiBd^aaal Tivas
tcl avayKala duoirepmovo-i irplv ri avTcov diroBet-
%0r]vai, to Be otl at fAatcporepai teal iroXvy^povico-
Tepai iiraipovai iron? iroXXobs teal €9 vecoTepoirodav
3 i^dyovcrc, Bioirep ovBe eVaXX^Xa? ra? fie'i^ovs
rjyefxovias olfiai rial irpoo-rffceiv 1 BlBoaOai. otrre
yap Biacpepei ti av re iv tw avTcp eOvei av re real
iv irXeiocriv icpegrjs iirl fiaKporepov tov Bcovto<;
apX&ar Kal dfxelvove^ yLyvovrai, iireiBav BcaXi-
ttcocfl 2 re Tiva yjpovov Kal oiKaBe eiraveXOcoai Kal

lBlG)T€VO~COLTl.

"Tou? fjuev Brj ovv /3ov\evTa<; z ravrd re Kal ovrco
24 Bievretv <f>r)/nl ^pr/vat, tcov Be Br) lirirecov Bvo tou?
dpi<TTOV<$ t?}? 7r€pl ere <f>povpa$ apyeiv to T6 yap
evl civBpl avTrfv iniTpeiretTOaL crcpaXepbv Kal to

2 irXeLocTL rapayfoBes eari. Bvo re ovv ecrrcoaav oi
eirapxoi ovroi, iv av Kal 6 erepo? avTcov eirai-
trOriTai ti tco acbfiari, /jltjti 41 ye Kal ivBerjs tov
<f)vXd^ovr6<; ere etrj^ Kal Kadiardadcoaav eK tcov
TToXXaKiq re earp are vfievcov Kal 7roXXd Kal dXXa

3 Blcoktjkotcov. dpyeTcotrav Be Br) 5 tcov re Bopv<f>6p(ov
Kal tcov Xoittcov cTTpaTicoTcov tcov iv tjj 'iTaX/a
irdvTcov, colttc kal OavaTovv tou? dBiKovvTas
avTcbv 7rXr)v tcov tc eKaTOVTap^cov Kal tcov aXXcov
tcov toZ? €K tov fiovXevTtKov apypvai TrpotTTeTa-

4 y/ievcov. tovtov? fiev yap avTol eKelvoi BiKaiov-

1 irpo(TT)K€tp Bk., irpoarrjKOV VM.

2 BiakUooal Bk., StaKefawtrl VM.

3 o6v £ooA€i/Tas Bs., (Tuju^ouAevToy VM.

* jui-fin Dind., /A-f}Tot VM. 6 5^ M, om. V.

134

BOOK LII

offices held for only one year or for short periods b.c. 29
merely teach the officials their bare duties and then
dismiss them before they can put any of their acquired
knowledge into use, while, on the other hand, the
longer terms of many years' duration somehow have
the effect, in many cases, of filling the officials with
conceit and encouraging them to rebellion. Hence,
again, I think that the more important posts ought in
no case to be given consecutively to the same man.
For it makes no difference whether a man is governor
in the same province or in several in succession, if he
holds office for a period longer than is advisable ;
besides, appointees improve when there is an interval
between their incumbencies during which they return
home and resume the life of ordinary citizens.

"As regards the senators, therefore, I declare that
they ought to discharge the duties named and in the
way described. Of the knights the two best should
command the bodyguard which protects you, for it is
hazardous to entrust it to one man, and sure to lead
to confusion to entrust it to more than two. There-
fore let the number of these prefects be two, in order
that, if one of them feel indisposed, you may still not
lack a person to guard you. And men should be
appointed to this office who have served in many
military campaigns and have, besides, held many
administrative positions. And they should have com-
mand both of the Pretorians and of all the other
soldiers in Italy, with power even to put to death
any of them w ho do wrong, with the exception of
the centurions and of those in general who have
been assigned to the staffs of magistrates of senatorial
rank. For these soldiers should be tried by the

135

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Tcocrav, iva dirpofyaGLaTw*; afyiai %pf)cr0cu, are
Kal tcokaaai /cat rtfirjo-ai cr<j) a 9 igovaiav e^o^re?,
BvvcovTar tcov S' aWcov t&v iv ttj 'IraXta (Trpa-
ticotcjv ol virapyoi i/ceivoi Trpoa-rareLTcoaav, virdp~

X 0V< S €%0^T€?, KCU TTpOC7€TL Kal TO)V KaUTapeiCOV 1

To>v re iv ttj Oepairela aou Svtcov Kal tcov dXKcov

5 tcov \6yov Tivbs d^lcov. ravra yap Kal irpoarj-
kovtcl fcai avTap/crf avrois Bcdyeiv ecrrai, 2 iva firj
Kal ifkelco irpdyfiara cov Ka\co<; <f)ipeiv Svvrjaovrai
67r it a^Oevre^ aa^oXot 7rpb<; rd dvayicaia rj fcal
dBuvaroL irdvTcov avTcov TrpotaraaOai yevcovTac.

6 /ecu ovtol fi€p Sid /3/of, coairep irov Kal 6 irokL-

apXOS O 0* V7TOTL/jL7)Tr)<i t ■ TT}V dpyr)V e%6TCr)crav

vvKTocfrvXag Se eVe/?09, Kal iirl tov ctltov tt;? re
dyopd<; rrj<; \oi7rrj<? ere/509 €K re tcov IttttLcov tcov

TTpCOTCOV (X€T €K€LVOV<Z Kal €9 TaKTOV XpQVOV dltO-

SecKvvcrOcdo-av, KaOdirep ol €K tov /SovXcvtikov

25 7rpOX€ipi&/JL€POl. Ta? T€ hlOLKrj(T€L^ TCOV Xp7]fJ,d~

tcov, tcov re tov hrjfiov Kal tcov t?}? Xiyco,
Kal Ta? iv Ttj r Pco/jLrj ttj t€ aXXy 'iTaXla Kal Ta?

2 €%co irdaa^ ol r7T7r//9 3 hiaxeipL^eTcoaav, Kal fxiadbv
ovtol t€ Kal ol aXXoL 7rdvT€<; ol eK tov avTOv
TiXovs hioiKOVVTes Tt, ol fi€V irXelova ol he iXaT-
Tova* 77/50? T6 to d^icofxa Kal 7rpo9 to fieyeOo? T779

3 TTpd^ 60)9 <f>€p€TCOO~aV, TOVTO jJL€V OTl 5 0U% 010V T€

1 KaurapelcDV H. Steph., Kcuaapltev VM.

2 Sidyeiv €<rrat Bs., biaylueadai VM.
8 iirirrjs M (/tit?)**), iirireis V.

4 ikd-T-Tova K Steph., rhv ikdrrova VM. 6 %ri M, om. V.
136

BOOK LI I

senatorial magistrates themselves, in order that the b.c. 29
latter, by virtue of the authority they would thus
possess of dealing out punishments to them as well
as honours, may be able to command their un-
hesitating support. Over all the other soldiers in
Italy, however, the prefects I have mentioned should
be in command, having lieutenants under them, and
likewise over the Caesarians, both those who are in
attendance upon you and such of the others as are
of any account. These duties will be both fitting
and sufficient for them to discharge, for if they have
more responsibilities assigned to them than they are
able to carry satisfactorily, there is danger that they
may have no time for the essential things, or, if they
have, may prove incompetent to exercise oversight
over all their duties. These prefects also should hold
office for life, like the prefect of the city and the sub-
censor. Let another official be appointed to be com-
mander of the night-watch 1 and still another to be
commissioner of grain 2 and of the market in general,
both of them from the equestrian order and the best
men after the prefects, and let them hold their posts
for a definite term, like the magistrates elected from
the senatorial class. The management of the public
funds, also, — I mean both those of the people and
those of the empire, not only in Rome but also in the
rest of Italy and outside Italy, — should be entirely in
the hands of the knights, and they, as well as all the
other members of the equestrian order who are
charged with an administrative position, should be
on salary, greater or less in proportion to the dignity
and importance of their duties. The reason for the
second part of this suggestion is that it is not possible

1 Prae/ectus vigilum. 2 Praefectus annonae.

137

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

icrriv avrovs, are teal irepeaTepovs tcop /3ovXevTcop
oVra?, airo tcop ol/eeicop, ovSe iv tj) ^cojiy tl
TrpcLTTOVTas, dpaXiateeiP, eteelpo he otl fxrjTe hvpa-

TOP fJLTjTe aVfl(j>€pOV icTTL CTOt T0U9 CtVTOVS TCOP T€ 1

hvpdfiecop teal tcop ^prjfjidToyp tevpiovs yiypeaffai.

4 7rpb<z S' en teal teaXcos %x eL irXeiopcop irdpra
ra rfj 2 dpxfl Trpocrrj/eoPTa hidyeadai, ott<o<; teal
cocjyeXcopTai ajjua avypol teal eyuneipoi tcov irpa-
y/jbdrcop yiyvcoprav ovtco yap 01 re dpyoyLevoi
fxaXXop evporjaovcri aoi, TroXveLhr) cnroXavtrip tcop
koipcop dyaOcop teapirovjAepoi, teal av d^dopcorara
rot? del dpi(TTOi$ 7rp09 irdpTa ra dvayieala XPfov*

5 aTToxprj he ep jxep tt) iroXei teaO* e/eacrrop XPV~
fiaTLcrecos elSo?, e^co Be teaO* e/caarop edpo$, el9
Tt9 ifc tcop LTTTrecop, vTrofxelopas ocrov? dp rj %peid
aTraiTT] 8 etc re tcop linTecop teal etc tcop igeXev-
Oepcop gov e%cop' Sel yap teal toiovtov? Tipds
av^evypvpai <T§iaip> Xpa r) re OepaireLa aov a0Xop
ti dpeTfjs e'xv* Kat M aTTOprj? Trap" cop teal
dteoPTCop T7)p dXrjQeiap, ap ye tl TrXrj/i^eXTjffrj,
fia0elp hvprjerrj.

6 ' ff 'OcTT£9 S 1 ap tcop linrecop hid ttoXXcop hiegeX-
dcop eXXoyi/jLOs coaTe teal fiovXevaai yeprfraiy /jajhev
aifTOP r) rjXiteLa ifxirohi^eTco irphs to fir) ov teal e?
to crvpeSpiop teaTaXexdrjpai, dXX* iaypacj>ecrOcoaav
teal ercelpcop, kclp XeXoxayrjteoTes tipc? ep tol$
ttoXitikoi? cTTpaTOTrehoi'i coat, ttXtjp tcop ep tm

7 TeTayfxepco eaTpaTevfievcop* tovtcop fiep yap tcop

1 T« M, om. V. 2 to t$ M, to iv TTJ V.
8 ctirotT]) V, dirotTfi M.

13s

BOOK LII

for the knights, since they are poorer than the b.c 29
senators, to meet their expenditures out of their
own means, even when their duties keep them in
Rome, and for the first point, that it is neither
practicable nor to your interest that the same men
should be given authority over both the troops and
the public funds. And, furthermore, it is well that
the whole business of the empire should be transacted
by a number of agents, in order that many may at
the same time receive the benefits and gain ex-
perience in public affairs ; for in this way your
subjects, reaping a manifold enjoyment of the common
blessings, will be more favourably disposed towards
you, and you will have at your disposal in the largest
measure those who are at any particular time the best
men for all urgent needs. One official of the eques-
trian order is sufficient for each branch of the fiscal
service in the city, and, outside the city, for each pro-
vince, each one of them to have as many subordinates,
drawn from the knights and from your own freedmen,
as the needs of the case demand ; for you need to
associate with the officials such assistants in order
that your service may offer a prize for merit, and
that you may not lack those from whom you may
learn the truth, even contrary to their wishes, in
case any irregularity is committed.

" If any of the knights, after passing through many
branches of the service, distinguishes himself enough
to become a senator, his age ought not to hinder him
at all from being enrolled in the senate. Indeed,
some knights should be received into the senate,
even if they have seen service only as company com-
manders in the citizen legions, except such as have
served in the rank and file. For it is both a shame

139

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

/cat cfropficHpoprjadpToov Kal XapKo<popr)o~dpTG)p real
alajtpov fcal €7top€lSlo-t6p eGTip iv ra> fiovXevTiKco
rivas i^erd^ecrdar etc Be. Brj tcov cltt dp)(r)<; itca-
TOVTapyr)<jdvT(&v ovBep KcoXvei to?)? iXKoyc/icord-
toi/9 avrov jjL€Ta\a/j,ftdv€iv.
26 " Uepl fiev ovv tcov fiovXevTcop to>p tc liriTecop
ravrd croi crvfifiovXeveip e%ft>, Kal prj Ala Kal
i/celpa, 1 iva ecos re en TralBes elcrtp, e? rd BiBa-
axaXela ctv/jl^oitohti, Kal eireiBdp e*9 fiecpd/cia
ifc/3d\cocrip, eiri re tou9 Xttttov^ real eirl ra oirXa
Tpeirtoprai, BiBacrKaXovs e/carepcDP Brjfioo'ievoPTa^

2 i/uLfiiadovs e%o^T€9. ovtco yap evOv? ifc iraLBcop
irdpO' oaa XPV avBpas avroits yevo/utevovs iiri-
rekelp teal /xadopres Kal fxeKerrja-avTe^ eViT?; 1
BetoTepoi croc irpos irav epyov yeprjaoPTai* top
yap ap^opTa top apicrTOP, ov t£ ti o<£eXo9 eaTi,
Bet 2 fit) fjuopop avTOP irdvG* a it pocrrjicei iroielp y
dXXd Kal tcop aXXcop, oirco^ &>9 otl /3e\Tt,o~TOi

3 yiyvcoPTai, irpovoeiv. tovto S' vnap^eiep dp croi
ovk ap idaa<; 3 avTOvs oaa fiovXoPTai TTpaTTeiP,
eireiT eiriTip,a$ tois dfiapTapovarip, aU' dp irpip
ti TrXrjfjL/jLeXeLadai, irpoBiBdaKys irdpO* oaa dener)-
aaPT€<; xprjcrifidyTepoi real eavTOis koI aol yevrj-
croPTai, Kal /nrjBepl ye to irapdirap irpocjyaaip

4 7mpe^779, 4 fjarjTe Bed ttXovtop pLrjTe Be evyevelap
fMi]Te Bt aXXo ti dpeTrjs eyopepov, paOv/xlap fj
jxaXaKiap rj Kal ijrcTrjBevalp Ttpa KiftBrjXop irpocr-
TroietcrdaL. TroXXol yap (j)o/3ov/JL€voi p,}) Kal Bia

1 Kal v)\ A fa koX itceiva M, om, V.

2 Serflor., huv VM.

3 ovk av ideas Rk., ovk av ido"r)is VM flor. (cod. B), ti ovk av
kdai)is flor. (cod. A).

* irapcxy* R« Steph., xapcxois VA1.

140

BOOK LII

and a reproach that men of this sort, who have carried b.c. 29
faggots and charcoal, should be found on the roll of
the senate ; but in the case of knights who began
their service with the rank of centurion, there is
nothing to prevent the most notable of them from
belonging to the senate.

"With regard, then, to the senators and the knights,
this is the advice I have to give you, — yes, and
this also, that while they are still children they should
attend the schools, and when they come out of child-
hood into youth 1 they should turn their minds to
horses and to arms, and have paid public teachers in
each of these departments. In this way from their
very boyhood they will have had both instruction
and practice in all that they will themselves be
required to do on reaching manhood, and will thus
prove more serviceable to you for every undertaking.
For the best ruler, — the ruler who is worth anything,
— should not only perform himself all the duties which
devolve upon him, but should make provision for the
rest also, that they may become as excellent as possible.
And this title can be yours, not if you allow them to
do whatever they please and then censure those who
err, but if, before any mistakes are made, you give
them instruction in everything the practice of which
will render them more useful both to themselves
and to you, and if you afford nobody any excuse
whatever, either wealth or nobility of birth or any
other attribute of excellence, for affecting indolence
or effeminacy or any other behaviour that is counter-
feit. For many persons, fearing that, by reason of

1 The Greek term indicates approximately the age of
fourteen.

141

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

tolovto tl teal <f)9ovt]6a)ac teal KivBvvevcraxri,
TroXXa teal dvd^ia eavrwv ttqiovgiv o>? teal dcrfya-

5 Xearepov air aurcov ftiGsaojievoL* tedtc tovtov
iteelvoL fxev iXeovvrcu 009 teal avrb tovto dBtteov-
fievoiy to fir) hotcelv i^etval afyicriv o/?#w? %r) v > T £
5' apyovri avrcov teal fyjfila a/jua dyaOcov dvBpcov

GT€pOjJL€V<p KCU teateoBo^la T% CUT t,d<T€CQ<; (TVfJL^aiveL,

fxrjT ovv irepdhrjs irore tovto irpayOkv, pur\T av
Belays otl Tpa<f>e£<; re ti$ teal TraiBevdels 0L9 €760

6 Xeyco 1 v€a>T€p6v tl ToXfirjaei. irav yap TOvvavTiov
tov<Z T€ dfiaOel^ Ka\ tou9 daeXyels vttotottsIv Set' 2
ol fiev yap toiovtol irdvTa a7rX<u9 teal tcl alayiaTa
teal tcl SeivoTaTa, irpoiTov p,ev 69 acfrds avrovs
€7T€iTa Be teal eV tovs aXXovs, paBlco? iroielv irpo-
dyovTaiy ol Be Br) teaXcos Tpa<f>evTe<; t€ teal iraiBev-
OevTes out dXXov Tivd dBiteeiv TrpoaipovvTai, teal
irdvTusv r\teiGTa top Trjs t€ Tpo(j>rj$ teal T/79 irai-

7 Betas ai)T(ov einfieX^devTa, av S' ovv w teal
teateb$ teal dydpiGTQS y&vrjTai, firjhev avTG> tolov-
tov Ittit pe^rfS eg ov BeLvov ti Bpaaai BvvrjaeTai'
teav ye teal a>9 veoj^fidaarj tl, teal iXey^dt]Tco teal
teoXaa0r}T(o. fir) yap Br) cf>o/3r)6fj<; otl ae aWidaeTal
r*9 errl TovTCpi dv ye irdv6 y oo~a eiprjtea TTpaTTys.

8 av fiev yap ovBev d/jLapTrjar) top dBitetfaavTa
Tifxcoprjadfievos, &airep ovBe 6 larpbs teavaas Tivd
teal TEfiddV iteelvov Be Br) irdvTes Biteaicoaovaiv,

1 \4yu> R. Steph., VM. 2 5e? M, 5J) V.

142

BOOK LII

some such advantage, they may incur jealousy or b.c. 29
danger, do many things that are unworthy of them-
selves, expecting by such behaviour to live in greater
security. As a consequence, not only do they, on
their part, become objects of pity as being victims of
injustice in precisely this respect, that men believe
that they are deprived of the opportunity of leading
upright lives, but their ruler also, on his part, suffers
not only a loss, in that he is robbed of men who
might have been good, but also ill-repute, because he
is blamed for the others' condition. Therefore never
permit this thing to happen, and have no fear, on
the other hand, that anyone who has been reared
and educated as I propose will ever venture upon
a rebellion. On the contrary, it is the ignorant and
licentious that you should suspect ; for it is such
persons who are easily influenced to do absolutely
any and every thing, even the most disgraceful and
outrageous, first toward themselves and then toward
others, whereas those who have been well reared and
educated do not deliberately do wrong to any one
else and least of all to the one who has cared for
their rearing and education. If, however, one of
these does show himself wicked and ungrateful, you
have merely to refuse to entrust him with any
position of such a kind as will enable him to do
any mischief ; and if even so he rebels, let him be
convicted and punished. You need not, I assure you,
be afraid that anyone will blame you for this, pro-
vided that you carry out all my injunctions. For in
taking vengeance on the wrongdoer you will be
guilty of no sin, any more than the physician is who
resorts to cautery and surgery ; but all men will
assuredly say that the offender has got his deserts,

M3

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

on real rpo<f)ri<; Kal iraiheLas rrjs avrr]<; rots aXXois
fieraa^cov eTrefiovXevcre aoi.

" Uepl fiev ovv rovs ftovXevrds rovs re liriTeas
27 ravra yiyveaOco* rovs Se %rj arpancoras dOavd-

TOf?, €K T€ TO)V TTOXlTOOV tcdfC TCOV VTT7]k6wV TCOV T€

ovjxiidytoV) rfj fxev irXeiovs rfj Be eXdrrovs, kclO*
eKaarov eOvos, orrcos av V %peia rcov rrpaypbdrcov

2 dirairfj, rpecpeaOai irpoarjKei, /ecu avrovs deL re ev
rols ottXois elvai Kal rrjv dcrKrjo-iv rcov rroXefiiKcov
Bed iravrbs iroielaOai Bel, yeip,dZid re ev rots eiri-
Kaipordrots ^copLOLs Karea icevacr /xevovs Kal yjpovov
tcuctov crparevofxevovs, ware n avrols Kal rrpb

3 rov yrjpcos rrjs rfXiKias mepielvai. ovre yap eirl
rcov Kaipcov fiorjdelais nalv en XP*}°~Q aL Bvvd-
fieda, avrol re rocrovrov diro rcov rrjs apxfc
ea^ancov a7rr]pTr)fievoi Kal iroXejitovs eKaaraxbOi
rrpoaoiKovvras exovres* dv re emrpe-^rcofiev rrdcri
rols ev rfj rfXiKiq oval teal rd orrXa KeKrrja0ai
koi rd e/x7ro\efiLa dafcelv, ardaeis Kal iroXefioi

4 air* avrcov epLcpvXioi del yevrjaovrai. Kal /nevroi
kclv KcoXvaavres acpas ravra iroielv eireira cv/jl-
fiax^ns Tivbs rrap avrcov SerjOco/Aev, KivBvvevao-
fiev 1 direipois re Kal dyv/xvaarois ctt pandora is del
Xpcbfxevoi. Sid fiev Br) ravra yvcofxrjv rroiovpuat
rovs fiev aXXovs rrdvras dvev re oitXcov Kal dvev
reix&v ffiv, rovs Be ippcofxeveardrovs Kal fiLov
fxdXiara Beofxevovs KaraXeyeaOal re kol daKeiv.

5 avrol re yap d/xeivov iroXefirjaovai rovrco fxovco

1 Kivfivvcvffojj.ev R. Steph., Kivdvvevawficp VM.

144

BOOK LII

because, after partaking of the same rearing and b.c 29
education as the rest, he plotted against you.

" Let this be your procedure, then, in the case ot
the senators and the knights. A standing army also
should be supported, drawn from the citizens, the
subject nations, and the allies, its size in the several
provinces being greater or less according as the
necessities of the case demand ; and these troops
ought always to be under arms and to engage in the
practice of warfare continually. They should have
winter-quarters constructed for them at the most
advantageous points, and should serve for a stated
period, so that a portion of life may still be left for
them between their retirement from service and
old age. The reason for such a standing army is
this : far removed as we are from the frontiers of the
empire, with enemies living near our borders on
every side, we are no longer able at critical times to
depend upon expeditionary forces ; and if, on the
other hand, we permit all the men of military age to
have arms and to practise warfare, they will always
be the source of seditions and civil Avars. If, however,
we prevent them from all making arms their pro-
fession and afterwards need their aid in war, we
shall be exposed to danger, since we shall never have
anything but inexperienced and untrained soldiers to
depend upon. For these reasons I give it as my
opinion that, while in general the men of military
age should have nothing to do with arms and walled
camps during their lives, the hardiest of them and
those most in need of a livelihood should be enlisted
as soldiers and given a military training. For they
will fight better if they devote their time to this one

145

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

t&> epycp ayoXd^ovre^, tcai oi XotiroX paov yeiopyr}-
aovat kcli vavriKovvrai TCL T€ CtWcL TCL TJJ eipTjVTJ
irpoar]Kovra irpd^ovat \xr\re €Kf3or}0€iv avaytca^o-
fxevoi fcal tt po(j>v\afcd<; acf)cov erepovs eypvre^, to
re aKfiaioTCLTOV koX iayyporarov Kal €k Xrjareia^
fidXiara %fjv dvayKa^o/xevov akvirw^ Tpatyrjaerai,
real to Xotirbv ttclv dfeivSvvcos ficctiaerat.
28 " Yiodev ovv xptf/xara Kal rovrov s Kal e? ra
aWa ra, avay/caicos dvaXcoOrjaofieva carat; iycj
/cal rovro SiSd^co, apiiKpbv ifcelvo vTrenrcov, Sri
kclv BrjfjLOKpaTrjd(Ofi€V s TTapray; irov xprj/xdrcov
Serjao/JbeOa- 1 ov yap olov re ovr dvev arpari(ora>v
rjfjia<; ado^eaOat ovr ajJuaOl 2 rivas 3 arparev-

2 eaOat. fif] ovv a>? real rfj pbovapyla fiovrj rrj<;
dvayKaia? rcov xprjpbdrcov dffpoiaecos irpoar^Kovarj^
ftapvvtopeOa, pirjSe 8t avrrjv teal cltt €K€Lvr}<s
aTTOTperrddpieOa, aXX' /cat iravroa^ avayicalov
ov fjfuv, oVo)? ttot av irdXtrevdapbeOa, Kal dpyv-

3 pL^eaOaL rtva, ovrco 4 fiovXevcopieOa. (j>rjpu roivvv
yprjvai ae irpcorov fiev dirdvrcov ra Krrjfiara ra
iv to5 &r)/jLoa[(p ovra (woWa Se ravra opco Sia,
TOU9 7ro\ep,ov<; yey ovora) TTcoXrjaat, 7r\rjv oklycov
rcov Kal irdvv yprjaipLcov aot teal dvayfcaccov, Kal
to dpyvptov rovro itclv iirl perpiois rtal tokoi?

4 exSavetaai. ovrco yap rf re yrj ivepyo<; carat,
ZeaTrorais airovpyoi<; hoOeiaa, Kal itcelvot d<j)op-
jjltjv \a/36vre<; evTTopcoTepot yevrjaovrat s to re

1 8cr}<r6fie0a Dind., S€7]6-n<r6jj.e6a VM.

2 aixiaOt St., ajxitrOd VM.

3 rivas M, rivet V. * ovtco M, ovtws V.

146

BOOK LII

business, and the rest will find it easier to carry on b.c. 29
their farming, seafaring, and the other pursuits appro-
priate to peace, if they are not compelled to take
part in military expeditions but have others to act as
their defenders. Thus the most active and vigorous
element of the population, which is generally obliged
to gain its livelihood by brigandage, will support
itself without molesting others, while all the rest
will live without incurring dangers.

" From what source, then, is the money to be pro-
vided for these soldiers and for the other expenses
that will of necessity be incurred ? I shall explain
this point also, prefacing it with a brief reminder
that even if we have a democracy we shall in any
case, of course, need money. For we cannot sur-
vive without soldiers, and men will not serve as
soldiers without pay. Therefore let us not be
oppressed by the idea that the necessity of raising
money belongs only to a monarchy, and let us not be
led by that consideration to turn our backs upon this
form of government, but let us assume in our delibera-
tions that, under .whatever form of government we
shall live, we shall certainly be constrained to secure
funds. My proposal, therefore, is that you shall first of
all sell the property that belongs to the state, — and
I observe that this has become vast on account of
the wars, — reserving only a little that is distinctly
useful or necessary to you ; and that you lend
out all the money thus realized at a moderate rate
of interest. In this way not only will the land
be put under cultivation, being sold to owners who
will cultivate it themselves, but also the latter will
acquire a capital and become more prosperous, while
the treasury will gain a permanent revenue that will

M7

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Brjfioaiov Biapfcrj real aOdvarov irpoaoZov €%ei.
elra avXXoyiaaaO at ravrd re Kal TaXXa oaa €K
re fieraWela*; Kal el drj iroOev akXoOev /3e/3at&)<?

5 Svvarai irpoaievai, Kal fieja tovto dvTtXoyiaa-
aOai fir) fiovov ra aTpaTccoTiKa dXXa Kal TaXXa
irdvra ht cov /caXcos ttoXis ol/ceirai, /cal irpoaeTL
/cat oaa e? re ra? alcpviSiovs GTparelas /cal e<? ra
Xonrd oca elcodev iirl /caipov avfiftaiveiv, dvay-

6 /calov earai Bairavaa0ar kclk tovtov 7rpb<; irav
to Xeiirov cf>6pov re eiriTa^ai iraaiv dirXcos to?<?
iTTi/capirlav 1 Tivd tw KCKTrjfievcp avrh Ttapk^pvai,
/cal TeXrj /caraarrfaaL irapa iraaiv cov dpyofizv
{jcal yap /cal Si/catov /cal irpoarjKov iari firjSeva
avTcov dreXrj elvai, fir) i&icottjv, fir) Sfjfiov, are /cal
ttjs chcfreXias tt)s air avrcov ofioicos rot? aXXois

7 diroXavaovra^ 2 ), /cat acf>cov i/cXoyias toi>9 €tti~
TpoirevaovTas h/cacnayoQi 7roir)aai } coare avrovs
irav to rep T7/9 iiriTpOTrelas avrcov %povco irpoaf)-
kov diraacov tcov irpoaohcov ecrirpaTTeiv. tovto
yap /cal i/ceivois paco rrjv eairpa^tv iroirjaei /cal
tois BcSovat ri cocpeXlav ov/c iXa^iarrjv irape^et'

8 Xeyco Se to 3 /caT oXvyov a<f)a<; iv Tals Ta^eaiv
oaa ofyeiXovaiv iacpipeiv, /cal pur}, ftpa^vv paOv-
fiijaavras %povov ) iirt/cecj^aXaicoOevTa iravra ead-
Trat; diraiTelaOai.

29 " Kal ov/c dyvoco fiev otl Tives tcov re cj>6pcov /cal
tcov TeXcov Kadiarajxevcov dyQea6r)aovrai' dXXa
Kal i/c€ivo olBa otl, av firjTe irpoaeirriped^covTaL
Kal tco epyco iretaOcoaiv otl irdvTa Tavra Kal

1 iTTLKapirlav M, ivl KapTiav V.

3 airoKaxxTovras R. Steph., ano\av<ravTas VM.

8 rb R. Steph., toD VM.

14B

BOOK LII

suffice for its needs. In the second place, I advise b.c. 29
you to make an estimate of the revenues from this
source and of all the other revenues which can with
certainty be derived from the mines or any other
source, and then to make and balance against this a
second estimate of all the expenses, not only those
of the army, but also of all those which contribute to
the well-being of a state, and furthermore of those
which will necessarily be incurred for unexpected
campaigns and the other needs which are wont to
arise in an emergency. The next step is to provide
for any deficiency by levying an assessment upon
absolutely all property which produces any profit for
its possessors, and by establishing a system of taxes
among all the peoples we rule. For it is but just and
proper that no individual or district be exempt from
these taxes, inasmuch as they are to enjoy the
benefits derived from the taxation as much as the
rest. And you should appoint tax-collectors to have
supervision of this business in each district, and
cause them to exact the entire amount that falls
due during the term of their supervision from all the
sources of revenue. This plan will not only render
the work of collection easier for these officials, but
will in particular benefit the tax-payers, inasmuch, I
mean, as these will bring in what they owe in the
small instalments appointed, whereas now, if they
are remiss for a brief period, the entire sum is added
up and demanded of them in a single payment.

" 1 am not unaware that some will object if this
system of assessments and taxes is established. But
I know this, too, — that if they are subjected to no
further abuses and are indeed convinced that all
these contributions of theirs will make for their own

149

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

virep t?}? (TQ)T7)pla<; acfrcov teal virep rov ra Xonra

2 dhecos tcapiTOvadai o~vvecroio~ovcrL, teal rrpoaeri 1
rd 7r\el(o air&v ov% erepoi rives dXX* avrol
eiceZvoL, ol fiev apypvres oi he eirirpoirevovres oi
he (TTparevo/JievoL, Xyyfrovrac, teal rrdvv rroXXrjv
ydpiv etaovrai o~oi, ftpayea dirb ttoXXoov &v av
/jLTjSev eirrfpea^ofievoi tcapireovrat, hihovres, aXXoo?
re tcdv opaxri ere aa)cj)p6v(os re hiairatfievov teal

3 firjhev fJLCLTrjv irapavaXicrtcovra, rfc yap oiftc av
IScov ere rrpbs fiev ra ol/cela (peihcoXorarov 737509 he
ra koivcl acfreihecrrarov ovra, edeXovrl avvreXeaeie
n, teal aa(j)dXeiav real evrroptav eavrov rb ae
irXovrelv elvai vo/jli^cov;

30 " yi.prjjxara fiev hr) teal rrdvv rroXXa ite rovrcov
virdp^eiev av ra he hrj Xonra rovhe rbv rporrov
htoiteelv cot rrapaivw* rb fiev dcrrv rovro fcal
/car ate bafiei rrdcrrj rroXvreXeia teal emXafirrpwe
ixavrl elhet iravqyvpeaiv rrpoarjKei re yap rjfia?
ttoXXcov apypvras ev iracri rrdvrcdv virepe^eiv, teal
(f>epei 7TC09 teal ra roiavra rrpos re rov? crvfi-
fidyovs aihco teal 777)09 rovs iroXefiiov? Kara-
2 ttXtj^iv, ra he hq ra>v aXXcov a>he hieire. irpcorov
fiev oi hrjfioi firjre tcvpioi rivos e&rcoaav firjre €9
e/cfcXrjaiav rb irapdirav fyoirdraxrav ovre yap
dyadbv 2 ovhev fypovrjaeiav av teal crvyya av del 3
rapd^ecav. oOev ovhe rbv rrap fjfiiv hrjfiov ovre 4
€9 hitcao~rrjpiov ovre €9 dpyatpecrLa^, ovre €9 aXXov
riva rocovrov crvXXoyov ev <p rt teal %pr}fiari-

1 trpocrkri R. Steph., vpbs ivl VM.

2 ayadhv M, om. V.
8 ael M, om. V.

4 otire R. Steph., ovte VM.

*5°

BOOK LII

security and for their fearless enjoyment of the rest b.c. 29
of their property, and that, again, the larger part of
their contributions will be received by none but them-
selves, as governors, procurators, or soldiers, they
will be exceedingly grateful to you, since they will
be giving but a slight portion of the abundance from
which they derive the benefit without having to
submit to abuses. Especially will this be true if
they see that you live temperately and spend nothing «
foolishly. For who, if he saw that you were quite
frugal in your expenditures for yourself and quite
lavish in those for the commonwealth, would not
willingly contribute, believing that your wealth
meant his own security and prosperity ?

" So far as funds are concerned, therefore, a
great abundance would be supplied from these
sources. And I advise you to conduct as follows
the administration of such matters as have not yet
been mentioned. Adorn this capital with utter dis-
regard of expense and make it magnificent with
festivals of every kind. For it is fitting that we who
rule over many people should surpass all men in all
things, and brilliance of this sort, also, tends in a way
to inspire our allies with respect for us and our
enemies with terror. The affairs of the other cities
you should order in this fashion : In the first place,
the populace should have no authority in any matter,
and should not be allowed to convene in any assembly
at all ; for nothing good would come out of their
deliberations and they would always be stirring up a
good deal of turmoil. Hence it is my opinion that
our populace here in Rome, for that matter, should
not come together either as a court or to hold the
elections, or indeed in any meeting whose object is

151

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

3 aOrjvdi Set, crvvikvai <j>rjfu %pr)vai. eireira Be pbrjr
oiKoSoprjpdrcop TrXrjdeaiv rj Kal 1 pbeyedeaiv virep
Tavaytcaia XpijadcDcrav, pLrjT dywvcov TroXXoov Kal
TTavToBairoiv dvaXdopuaaL Sa7ravdcrdcoaav f iva p,rjT€
cnrovSals fiara'tais iKTpvywvTai fxtjre (fciXoripiiais

4 aXoyois TroXepLcovrac i^ercoaav fiev yap Kal
Travrjyvpet? Kal QewpLas 7ivd<$, X^P 1 ^ T % Itttto-
Spopias t?}? Trap rjplv Troiov/jLevrjs, firj pevroi &<jt€
Kal to Sypoaiov rj /cal tov$ ISlovs ottcovs XvpuaL-
vecrdat,, %evov re riva dvay/cd^eadac Trap 1 avTols
Kal otlovv dva\iaK€iv t teal aiTrjcriv dOdvaTov
TrdcFiv drrXcof; tols dywvd nva vi/crjaaai SISoadai.

5 tou9 T€ yap eviropovs aXoyov iartv k'^co rt ra>v
TraTpiScov dvayfeaarovs Zairavdv, Kal rots dyco-
vicrravs dTro^pV dOXa rd nap eKaaioi^
TiOipeva, %&>yok rj ei tl<? avrcov 'OXvpLiria r)

6 Wvdia r) riva ivravda dycova dveXotro' 2 rov$ yap
roiovTOvs fiovovs criTeicr&ai Bel, "va firjre ai iroXeis
fidrrjv €7T lt piftcovrai pLrjre e^co t*9 t6)v d%iovtKG)v
daKr} t Bwdfjuevos dXXo ti XprjaLpoorepov Kal eavrto
Kal ra> kolvco pertevat, irepl pev ovv tovto>v

7 ravra yiyvdxrKO), t#9 o° Itt it oh popular Ta9 dvev rayp
yvpuvLKOiv dywvcov eV ireXov p,€va$ ov% r/yovptaL helv
dXXy tlvI TToXei Troielv iTriTpeiretv, 07r&)9 p^rjre
XprjpLara 7rapb7rXrf0r} eiKy TrapaTroXXvrjrai pLr)d*

1 not M, om. V.

8 avi\oiTo Rk., h.v ikoiro V, h.v eAoiro M.

15^

BOOK LH

to transact business. In the second place, the cities b.c. 29
should not indulge in public buildings unnecessarily
numerous or large, nor waste their resources on
expenditures for a large number and variety of
public games, lest they exhaust themselves in futile
exertions and be led by unreasonable rivalries to
quarrel among themselves. They ought, indeed, to
have their festivals and spectacles, — to say nothing of
the Circensian games held here in Rome, — but not
to such an extent that the public treasury or the
estates of private citizens shall be ruined thereby, or
that any stranger resident there shall be compelled
to contribute to their expense, or that maintenance
for life shall be granted to every one without
exception who has won a victory in a contest. For
it is unreasonable that the well-to-do should be put
under compulsion to spend their money outside
their own countries ; and as for the competitors in
the games, the prizes which are offered in each event
are enough, unless a man wins in the Olympian or
Pythian games or in some contest here in Rome.
For these are the only victors who ought to receive
their maintenance, and then the cities will not be
wearing themselves out to no purpose nor will any
athlete go into training except those who have a
chance of winning ; the rest will be able to follow
some occupation that will be more profitable both to
themselves and to the commonwealth. This is my
opinion about these matters. But as to the horse-
races in connection with which there are no gymnastic
contests, 1 I think that no city but Rome should be
permitted to have them, the object being to prevent
the wanton dissipation of vast sums of money and to
1 He has reference to the Circensian games in Rome.

153

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ol avOpcoTTOi kcucoos ifcfjuatvcovrai, /cat to fteyicrTOV,
iv ol arparevo/jievoc tol? dplcrTOLS Xttttois d(f)06-

8 VG)<$ Xpfjo-0ai 6")(COCTl. TOVTO fJL€V &7) Sid TCIVT

dirayopevco TvavTairacrL fiySafioOi dXXofft, irXr)v
ivravOa ylyvecrdai, to, Be Srj Xoittcl ifieTpLacra, Xv
evSairdvovs ra<? d7roXavo~ei<? teal tcov decoprffidrcov
teal tcov d/covo-fidrcov a>9 e/cacrrot Troiovjievoi teal
ccofypovecrTepov teal daTacriacTTOTepov Stdycocro.

9 " Mrjre Be vo/xio-fiara rj tca\ o-raOfxa rj fierpa ISia

T£9 avTCOV £)(6Tcd s dXXd TOt? r)fjL€T€pOt,<Z KOI 6K6CVOI

Trdvres ^prjaOcoaav /j,r)T€ it peer fieLav Tivd trpos
<re, irXrjv el 7r pay fid tc Siayvcocrecos e\o\xevov eirj,
TrefnreTayaaVy dWd tw t€ dpyovTi acpcov SrjXov-
Tcocrav ocra ftovXovTai, fcal oY i/celvov 1 cot 2 xa?
dgicocreis, oaa? av BoKifidcrrj, 7rpocr(j>€peTcoaav,

10 ovtco yap ovt dvaXcocrovcri tv ovt alcr^pco^ 8ia-
Trpdgoprai, dXX y dxepalov? Ta? diro/cpco-ei? dvev
ZaTrdvqs rj koX irpaypLarela^ tlvo^ XrjtyovTai,

31 " Kat fievroi Kal raXXa cob" dv /jloi So/ceZ? 3
dpLcna hiard^aiy dv TtpcoTOV fiev xa<? Trpecrfielas
to? re irapd tcov iroXefilcov teal xa? irapa tcov
ivcnrovScov Kal /3acriXecov KaX hrjficov dcf>iKVOV/jL€va<t
e? to avveSpiov iadyrj^ (rd T€ yap aXXa Kal
crefivbv Kal d^ioXoyov icrTi to t€ ttjv fiovXrjv
TrdvTcov Kvplav Sokciv elvai, Kal to ttoXXov? tow?

1 itcttvov M, ckuvovs V. 54 (rot V, <rov M.

8 d0K€?S Bk., $OK7jtS VM.

154

BOOK LII

keep the populace from becoming deplorably crazed b.c. 29
over such a sport, and, above all, to give those who
are serving in the army an abundant supply of the
best horses. It is for these reasons, therefore, that I
would altogether forbid the holding of such races
anywhere else than here in Rome ; as to the other
games, I have proposed to keep them within bounds,
in order that each community, by putting upon an
inexpensive basis its entertainments for both eye and
ear, may live with greater moderation and less
factious strife.

"None of the cities should be allowed to have its
own separate coinage or system of weights and
measures; they should all be required to use ours.
They should send no embassy to you, unless its busi-
ness is one that involves a judicial decision; they
should rather make what representations they will to
their governor and through him bring to your attention
such of their petitions as he shall approve. In this way
they will be spared expense and be prevented from
resorting to crooked practices to gain their object ;
and the answers they receive will be uncontaminated
by their agents and will involve no expense or red
tape.

" Moreover (to pass to other matters), it seems to
me that you would be adopting the best arrangement
if you should, in the first place, introduce before the
senate the embassies which come from the enemy
and from those under treaty with us, whether kings
or democracies ; for, among other considerations, it
is both awe-inspiring and calculated to arouse com-
ment for the impression to prevail that the senate
has full authority in all matters and for all men to be
fully aware that those envoys who are unfair in their

VOL, VI.

r 55

F

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

avriiraXovs rol<; ayvcofMovovaiv avTOiV (fcaiveadat),

2 enrevra he av iravra tcl vofJuoOerovfieva Si avTcov
Troifj, /cat fjLrjSev to irapdirav aWo eirl irdvTas
ofJboiG)? (jyeprj irXrjv TOiv i/C€LV7]<; hoyfiaToav ovtco
yap to T€ a^Layfia to 7*779 * &PXVS fioXKov civ
fiejSaioiTO, nal tcl hiKaid^iaTa tclk tcov vo/acdv ical
dvapb^LXoya fcal 8id$7]\a iracriv ajua yiyvoiTo}

3 TpCTOV, av tov? re /3ov\evT<i<; TOU9 e/e Trjs yepov-
alas ical tovs TraiSas ra9 Te yvvalicas avT&v, av
ttot€ Tiva aWiav fiapvTepav, &o~T€ tov akovTa
o~<f)(0V aTipiav fj (ftvyrjv rj koI OdvaTov otyXeiv,
\df3coo~iv, vtto re to /3ov\evTijpiov V7rdyrj<; fjLrjSev

4 TTpoicaTayvov<$i ical i/celvq) iraaav ttjv Trepl avTcjv
8iay}r7]<j)t,o~iv dicepaiov iirtTpi'Trr}^, iv ot tg dSiicovv
T69 ti iv irdat toi$ ofiOTLpiois eXeyxofievot /co\d~
%(DVTai %<wpt9 tov crov (j>96vov, teal oi aXkoi Tav6*
opcovTG? fteXTiovs yiyvcovTat (f>6fi<p tov /jltj icai
aifTol €KSrjfjioo-L6v0r]vai,

5 " Kal TavTa fievTOi Trepl e/celvGov tcov aSircr)-
/jLaTcov, irepl cbv oc tc vojjlol iceivTai ical ai KpLaeis
ai KaT avTOv^ ylyvovTat } \eyco. to yap oti Ti9
iXotSoprjcre ere teal eTepdv tl dveTriTr)heiov elire,
firiT dfcovarjs TTOTe icaTrjyopovvTos tivo<$ pLrjTe

6 eTre%e\8r}<$. alaxpov jjlcv yap to iriaTeveiv oti
-U9 firjTe tl dhiKovvTa ere fcal evepyeTOVVTa TrdvTa^

1 yiyvoiro St., ylyvoivro VM.

156

BOOK LII

dealings will have many to oppose them. In the
second place, you would do well to have all your
legislation enacted by the senate, and to enforce no
measure whatever upon all the people alike except
the decrees of this body. In this way the dignity of
the empire would be more securely established and
the judgments rendered in accordance with the laws
would instantly be free from all dispute or un-
certainty in the eyes of all the people. In the third
place, it would be well in the case of the members of
the senatorial order who are actually members of the
senate, 1 their children, and their wives, if ever they
are charged with a serious offence for which the
penalty on conviction would be disfranchisement,
exile, or even death, that you should bring the
matter before the senate without prejudgment against
the accused, and should commit to that body the
entire decision uninfluenced by your opinion. The
purpose of this is, that the guilty, thus tried by a
jury consisting solely of their peers, may be punished
without there being any resentment against you, and
that the others, seeing this, may mend their ways
through fear of being publicly pilloried themselves.

"These suggestions have to do only with those
offences regarding which laws have been established
and judgments are rendered in accordance with these
laws. For as to a charge that some one has vilified
you or in some other way has used unseemly language
regarding you, I would have you neither listen to
the accuser nor follow up the accusation. For it is
disgraceful for you to believe that any one has
wantonly insulted you if you are indeed doing no

1 As distinguished from those of the senatorial order who
have not yet gained admission to the senate.

157

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

7T poeirifkaKKre, teal fiovot rovro ttolovctlv oi Ka/CQ)<;
dpX 0VTe< >' ire yap rod ctvv€i86to<; fcal rb ttlgtov

7 r&v XeyopAvcov elprjcrOav reKfialpovrai' heivbv Se
real rb ycCkeTraiveiv eiri to?9 roiovrois, a el fiev
dXrjOr] eirj, tcpelrrov eari p,r) iroielv, el he yfrevSr) s
fir) TTpoviroieladai, o>9 7roXXoi ye tjBtj Sid rovrov
7roXv 7r\eico real 'yaXeircoTepa Xoy otto tela 6at icaQ*

8 eavrcov eizoirjaav, irepl fiev ovv rwv Xoycp ri
7rp07rrj\aKL^eiv air ia^o fiev cov ravr eya) (j>pova>*
Kpeirrco re yap ical v^rrfKorepov irdvrjs vftpecos
elvaL ae XPV> Kai f 17 )^ & evvoidv irore firjr avrbv
afyiKveladai fxryre tov$ aXXov? rrpodyew on
SvvaraL ri? daeXydval ri €9 ere, Iv &>9 irepl rcov
decbv, ovrco 1 teal irepl aov (j>povo)aiv on Geirrbs

9 eh av Be Srj ri? iirifiovXevecv croi air lav Xdfirj
(yevoLTo yap dv ri koX tolqvtov), avrbs fiev firfSe
irepl i/celvov ri firjre $i/cdcrr}<; firjre irpoSiayv&s
(aroirov yap rbv avrbv fcal /carrjyopov KaX St/ca-
crrjv yiyvevdai), virb 2 Se Sr) rr)v /3ovXr)v avrbv
dyaycov diroXoyr]aaa6al re iroirjaov, fedv eXeyx@V>
KoKaaov fierpidaas &>9 olov re eari rb rtfiooprjfia,

10 tva /cat iriGrevdfi rb dSiKrjfia, x a ^ e7rc ^ Tara yap
ol iroXXol ireiOovrai on ri? doirXos &v iiri/Sov-
Xevei too a)TrXio~ fievoy teal fiovcos av ovrw? avr&v
TU%ot9, el firyre irpb<; opyr)v firjr dvr)tceo-T(£>$> e<f
oaov ye tca\ eVSe^eTcu, rrjv rifiwplav avrov iroiolo,
Xeyco Se ravra x w P^ V € * ™ 9 crrpdrevfid ri ex* 01
1 o0Tw M, om. V. 2 M Bs., itr\ VM.

158

BOOK LII

wrong and are but conferring benefits upon all, and b.c. 29
it is only those who are ruling badly who believe
such things ; for they draw evidence from their
own conscience of the credibility of the alleged
slanders. And it is, furthermore, a dangerous thing
even to show anger at such imputations (for if they
are true, it were better not to be angry, and if they
are false, it were better to pretend not to be angry),
since many a man in times past has, by adopting
this course, caused to be circulated against him-
self scandals far more numerous and more difficult
to bear. This, then, is my advice concerning those
who are accused of calumniating you ; for you
should be superior to any insult and too exalted to
be reached by it, and you should never allow your-
self even to imagine, or lead others to imagine, that
it is possible for any one to treat you with contumely,
since you desire that men shall think of you, as they
do of the gods, that your sanctity is inviolable. If,
however, any one is accused of plotting against you
(and such a thing might also happen), refrain, in his
case also, from either giving judgment yourself or
prejudging the charge (for it is absurd that the
same man should be both accuser and judge), but
bring him before the senate and let him plead his
defence there, and, if he is convicted, punish him,
moderating the sentence as far as possible, in order
that belief in his guilt may be fostered. For most
men are very reluctant to believe that an unarmed
man is plotting against one who is armed ; and the
.only way you can win them to the belief is by
showing, so far as possible, neither resentment nor
the desire to exact the utmost when you inflict the
penalty. But I make an exception to this rule in

*59

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
avTiKpv? iiravaaTairf ovhe yap hiKa^eadai tov

•TOIOVTOV 7TOV 7TpO(T7]/C€V, a\V 6V TToXefxLoV fJLOLpa

32 " Tavrd re ovv ovrca, Kai raXXa Ta TrXelcrra
Kai /jbeyiara to)v tw SrjfjLoaicp 7rpoar)KovT€ov, Tjj
yepovaLa avaridei' rd re yap Kotva koivco? Sioi-
Keladai Se£, Kai eari ttov ttclgiv dvOpooTroi? €fi-
(f>vrov zeal to 'xaipeiv i(j) y 0*9 av irapa tov Kpeir-
tovo<; o>9 Kai Ictoti/jloi avrw 6Vt€9 dgia)6a>o~i, Kai
to irdvra rd fierd o~<f>wv tivc yvcoo~6evTa Kai
iiraivelv a>9 OLKeta Kai dyairdv &>9 avOaipera.

2 €9 f^ev ovv to ^ovXevTTjpiov Ta TOiavTa io~<f)€pe-
adat cfrrj/jLL %pfjvai t Kai irepl fiev tcov dXXoyv
ndvTas ofxoioo? .toii? irapovTas yvcojoirjv hihovai,
OTav Se Br) KaTTjyoprfTal t*9 avT&v, fir) irdvTas,
ttXtjv av w rj firjBeirw fiovXevrj i) Kai iv to?9

3 TGTa/jLievKoo-tv €Tt &v KpcvrjTai. cltoitov yap TOV
fjL7}S€7T(o SeBrffjuap^rfKOTa r) rjyopavofjirjKoTa tyrjfyov
KaTa tivos twv toiovtcov (pepeiv, r) vrj Ala tovtcdv
Tiva KaTa tcjv io-TpaTrjyrjKOTcov, rj Kai iKeivcov
KaTa tcov vrraTevKOToov. a\V ovtol fiev eVt
irdvTas Trjv tov tl a7ro(f>rjvaa0ai i^ovaiav e^€T&>-
o~av, oi S' dWoi iirL T€ tou9 ofioLovs Kai iirl TOU9
vTToSeeaTepowi.

33 " AiKa^e Se Kai avTO<z ISia Ta t€ ifyeaipLa koi
Ta dvatTOjiiTtiJLa, oo~a av irapd T€ tcov fiei^ovcov
160

BOOK LII

the case of a commander of an army who openly b.o. 20
revolts ; for of course it is fitting that such an one
should not be tried at all, but chastised as a public
enemy.

" These matters, then, should be referred by you
to the senate, and also those others which are of the
greatest importance to the state. For interests which
are shared in common should be administered in
common. Besides, it is doubtless a quality implanted
by nature in all men that they take delight in any
marks of esteem received from a superior which
imply that they are his equals, and that they not
only approve of all decisions made by another in
consultation with themselves, as being their own
decisions, but also submit to them as having been
imposed by their own free choice. Therefore I say
that such business ought to be brought before the
senate. Furthermore, all the senators alike, that is,
all who are present, should vote on all other matters ;
but when one of their own number is accused, not
all of them should do so, unless the one who is on
trial is not yet sitting as a senator or is still in the
ranks of the ex-quaestors. For it is absurd that one
who has not yet been a tribune or an aedile should
cast a vote against men who have held those offices,
or, worse yet, that any one of the latter should vote
against men who have been praetors, or one of these
last against men who have been consuls. Rather, let
the ex-consuls alone have authority to render deci-
sions in the case of all senators, and let the rest of the
senators vote only in the cases of senators of a rank
equal or inferior to their own.

"But do you judge by yourself alone the cases which
come to you on appeal or reference from the higher

161

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

dp^bvrcov ical rrapd rcov imrpbrrcoVy rov re
Troktap'Xpv /cal rov VTrortjJtrjrov ical rcov irrdp^cov
rov re rov Gtrov iirtG/coirovvros ical rov vv/crocf>v-
Xaicovvros, d^ttcvrjrar firjre yap airoSticos firfr
avroreXrjs ovrco rts to rrapdrrav- ear on coare fir)

2 ov k i<f>eaifjLOV air airov St/crjv yiyveaOai. ravrd
re ovv fcpive, 1 /cal rrepl rcov tmrecov rcov re e/carov-
rdpxoov rcov etc rov icaraXbyov /cat rcov ISicorcov
rcov irpcorcov, orav irepl Oavarcoaecos r) teal dri/jttas
rtvbs dycovifavrat. Gol yap Srj 2 rd rotavra
pbvco irpoatceiaOco, /cal jjtrjSels dXXo? rrepl aircov
airbs xaO* eavrbv, Bt drrep elirov, Btica^erco.

3 fierd yap Brj gov del /Jtev oi ivrtptbraroi /cal rcov
/3ovXevrcov ical rcov iinrecov, rjBr} Be /cal erepot
rives e/c re rcov virarevKorcov /cal i/c rcov earpa-
rrjyrjtcorcov aXXot aXXore Biaytyvcoa/cercoaav, iva
av re rovs rpbirovs aircov dfcptftearepov iv rovrco
Trpo/carajnavOdvcov bpOcos cr(f)iaiv %pv)vdai>
/cal i/cetvot m pOGvyyiyvbjievoi 3 rots re rjOeai ical
rots fiovXevpiacrL gov ovrcos is ras rcov idvcov

4 rjye/jiovtas egicoai. ras fievroi yvcofias aircov fir) 4
(j)avepcos, oaat ye ical iirta-Ke^recos d/cpi/3earepas
Beovrat t BtanrvvOdvov, iva firj rots irporjicoval 5
G(j)cov i^eirbfievot /caro/cvcoGi Trapprjaid^eadai,
dXX* is ypajjtjuareta ypafofievas, ols airbs fiovos
ivrvyoov> vrrep rov firjBevl aXXcp i/cBtfXovs air as
ytyveaOat, eiOecos airas drraXe'tfyeaBat /ceXeve*
ovrco yap dv fidXiara rrjv eicdcrrov yvebptrjv Biaicpi-

1 Kp7ve R. Steph., Kplvai VM.

2 R. Steph., Set VM.

8 tr poa vyyiyv 6 fxevot Xyl., irpo(rcrvyyiyv6fx€Pot VM.

4 ju$? M, om. V.

5 trpO-flKQVffl Rk., *pQffj}KQV(rt VM.

162

BOOK LII

officials and the procurators, from the prefect of the b.c. 29
city, the sub-censor, and from the prefects in charge
respectively of the grain-supply and the night-watch. 1
For none of these should have such absolute juris-
diction and final authority that an appeal cannot
be made from him. Do you, therefore, pass upon
these cases and those which involve knights and
centurions recruited from the levies and the foremost
private citizens, when they are defendants on a charge
punishable by death or disfranchisement. For such
cases should be committed to you alone, and for the
reasons mentioned no one else should judge them
solely upon his own responsibility. Indeed, in the
rendering of decisions generally you should be brought
into consultation, invariably by the senators and
knights of highest rank and also, as occasion calls for
one or another, by the other senators who are ex-
consuls and ex-praetors, the object being twofold :
that you on your part may first become more in-
timately acquainted with their characters and may
then be able to put them to the right kind of
employment, and that they, on their part, may first
become familiar with your habits of mind and your
plans before they go out to govern the provinces.
Do not, however, ask for a public expression of their
opinion on any matter that requires an unusually
careful consideration, lest they hesitate to speak
freely, since in giving their opinions they follow
their superiors in rank ; make them, rather, write
their opinions on tablets. These you should read in
private, that they may become known to no one else,
and should then order the writing to be erased forth-
with. For the best way for you to get at each man's

1 Praefectus annonae and praefectus viyilum.

163

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

j3d>aeia<;, €i dvekeyKrov avrrjv irapd row aWots
iriaTevaeiav eaeaOai.

5 " Kal /jlcvtol teal 7rpb<? to.? 6Y/ca9 rd<; re iiri-
(TTo\a<$ /cal ra ijr7)(f>Lcr{iaTa twv iroXecov Ta9 re

apxrjs hioacrjcrei irpocrrjKeiy avvepyovs re rivas /ecu
v7rrjp€Ta<; etc rcov iiTTrecov e%€* paov re yap outo)9
go9 e/caara hiaxwpriaei, Kal crv ovr avToyvco-

6 pLOvebv a<j)a\7](jr) ovr avrovpycov eKKafifj, rtfv re
irapprjcriav iravTi ra> /3ov\o/j,ivq) koX otiovv avfx-
$ov\evaai aot [xera aSe/a? ve/JL€' dv re yap
dpeaOfis rot? Xex^elaiv vir avrov, iroWd oocpe-
Xijcrrjy 1 dv re /cat fir] ireiaOf)^, oit&ev fiXa/S^ay.

7 koX tou9 {aw Tvyovras t^9 yvcofjuy)*; /cat iiraivei
Kal rlfia (rol<f yap i/ceivcov i%6vpr)p,aaiv avrbs
ev8o/cifJLij<Tet<;), tov<; 6° d/naprovras /htjt aTLfidarj^
7TOT€ fJitfr alriday rrjv yap hidvoiav avrcov Set
a/coTrelv, dXX! ov rr)v ov/c iirirvyLav jiefxtyeaOai.

8 to S* avro tovto Kal iirl twv TrokefiiKwv (f>v\arT€,
/cal firjTe eirl hvarv)(ia a/covaLcp ^aXeirrjvr)^ tlvI
firjTe eir evTV)(La fydovrjcrrjs, iva /cal 7rpo6vfjLQ)<;
Kal rfSew^ irdvTes virep crov KivSvvevcoai, ttig-
TevovTSS oti ovt€ irralcravTh tl KoXaaOrfaovrai

9 ovre KaropdcoaavTes iir ifiovkevd rjaovTai, iroWol
yovv rbv nrapd to>v to tepdros i%6vrcov <f)06vov

1 u)<pek-f)<ry R« Steph., ixpeA-ftffei VM, uxpeArjOiiart flor.

164

BOOK LII

precise opinion would be to give him the certainty b.o. 29
that his vote cannot be detected among the rest.

" Moreover, for your judicial work and your cor-
respondence, to help you attend to the decrees of
the states and the petitions of private individuals,
and for all other business which belongs to the ad-
ministration of the empire, you must have men
chosen from the knights to be your helpers and
assistants. For all the details of administration will
move along more easily in this way, and you will
neither err through relying upon your own judg-
ment nor become exhausted through relying upon
your own efforts. Grant to every one who wishes
to offer you advice, on any matter whatever, the
right to speak freely and without fear of the con-
sequences ; for if you are pi eased with what he says
you will be greatly benefited, and if you are not
convinced it will do you no harm. Those who win
your favourable opinion for their suggestions you
should both commend and honour, since you your-
self will gain credit through their discoveries ; but
do not treat with disrespect or criticise those who
fail of your approval, since it is their intentions that
you should consider, and their lack of success
should not call forth your censure. Guard against
this same mistake in matters of warfare, also ; give
way neither to anger against a man for an unin-
tentional misfortune nor to jealousy for a piece of
good fortune, that all may zealously and gladly
incur danger for your sake, confident that if they
meet with any reverse they will not be punished
for it and that if they gain success they will not
have snares laid for them. There have been many,
at any rate, who through fear of jealousy on the

165

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

<f>o/3ovpevoi a(j>aXrjvai ti pdXXov rj tear air pd^ai
irpoeikovTOy Kate tovtov to pev da<f>aXes avrol
eayov, to Be Br) 1 typtcopa iteetvoi? Trpoaerpl-
^Jravro. ware giuto? to wXetov aii dp<f)OTepo)v
opotcos teal rcov yeipovatv teal rcov dpeivovcov duo-
Xavaoov, prjBe7roT eOeXrjar)^ Xoytp pev dXXot? epyco
Be aavra) <f>6ovr}aaL.
34 " Tidvff* oaa tol>9 dpyo pevov? teal fypovelv teal
TTpaTTeiv /SovXei, teal Xeye teal irolei. ovtco yap
av pdXXov 7raiBevaeias av70v<$ rj tcu9 ete rcov
vopcov Tip,cdpLai$ 2 Beiparooaeias' to pev yap £fjXov
to Be <f>6$ov e%e£, teal paov Tt9 pipelrai tcl
fcpetTTQ), optov epyw yiyvopeva, rj tyvXajreTai rd

2 yeipoi, dteovcov Xoyw teetecoXvpeva. teal avTos pev
atcpificos irdvra 7rpaTre f prjBeplav avyyvebprjv
aeavrop 3 vepoov, coare teal ev elBco? on irapa-
Xprfpa Travres teal oaa av elirr]^ teal oaa av
Troirjarjs pa6r]aovrai. teaddirep yap iv kvl tlvl
t?)<; b'Xrjs otKovpevi]^ 0edrpa) ^rjarj, teal ov% olov
T€ aoi earai ovBe /3pa%vTaTov dpaprovri Bia-

3 XaOecv ovre yap Kara pova$ irore dXXa teal
perd avyy&v del n irpd^eis, teal iroXvirpa-
ypovoval 7ra>9 ra viro rcov dpypWTO&v yiyvopeva
teal oi Xonrol iravre^ rjBtara, &ar av dira^ teara-
pd&coai ere aXXa pev avTots irpoayopevovTa aXXa
Be avrbv iroiovvra, ov rd? direiXd*; aov <f>oftr)dr)-
aovrai 4 dXXa ra epya piprjaovraL.

4 " Tov Be Br) tcov aXXwv /3lov eiriaKoirei pev> prj
pevroL teal yaXeirw e^era^e, dXX' oaa pev av v^>

1 577 M, om. V flor. 2 Ttfxwplais flor., om. VM.

8 creavT$ flor. B, eavT<p VM flor. A.

* <f>oPr)6-f)<rovTai VM, <pof&T)CovTai flor.

166

BOOK LII

part of those in power have chosen to accept defeat b.c. 29
rather than achieve success, and as a result have
gained safety for themselves while inflicting the loss
upon their rulers. Therefore, since you yourself
stand to reap the major part of the fruits of both
outcomes, the failures as well as the successes, you
should never consent to become jealous, nominally
of others, but really of yourself.

« Whatever you wish your subjects to think and
do, this you should always say and do yourself. In
this way you will be educating them, rather than in-
timidating them through the punishments prescribed
by the laws. The former policy inspires zeal, the
latter fear; and one finds it easier to imitate that
which is good when he sees it actually practised
than to avoid that which is evil when he hears it
forbidden by mere words. Be scrupulous yourself
in all your actions, showing no mercy to yourself,
in the full assurance that all men will forthwith
learn of whatever you say or do. For you will live
as it were in a theatre in which the spectators are
the whole world ; and it will not be possible for you
to escape detection if you make even the most
trivial mistake. Indeed, you will never be alone,
but always in the company of many when you do
anything ; and since the remainder of mankind
somehow take the keenest delight in prying into
the conduct of their rulers, if once they ascertain
that you are recommending to them one course but
are yourself taking another, instead of fearing your
threats they will imitate your actions.

"You should, of course, supervise the lives of your
subjects, but do not scrutinise them with too much
rigour. Sit in judgment upon all offences reported

167

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

eripcov tlvcov iadyrjTai, /cplve, 1 ocra S' av vtto
firjSevbs aLTtd^yrai, purjSe irpoairoiov elSivaty

5 twv e? to Stjjjloctiov TrXrj/ifieXovpiivcov, ravra puiv
yap rfjs TrpocrrjKovarj^ inLarpo(f)rj<; f /cav /JLijSeh
iytcaXj), Tvyydvuv o</>et\er ra 8e aXXa ra
ihitOTiicd l'o~0c /jl£v, tva fir] icai 2 a<f>a\f}<; irore
dveiriT7]heL(p tlvI VTrr^perrj irpo? ti xpriad/xevos,

6 fir) fievToi zeal i^eXeyj(e. iroXXa yap r) (f>v(ri<; teal
irapd tov vofiov ttoX\ov<; dpaprdvetv i^dyet, oh
av fiev dfcpificos Ti? eire^Lrf, f) rwa i) ovSeva av
avrcov drLficoprjrov KaraXtTTot, av (¥ dvOpcoTrivcos
to €7ri€i/c€<; tco vevofiia fievco Trapajiiyvvr), rd^ av

7 ko\ aco<j)povLa€L€V avjovs. 6 fiev yap vofios,
KaiTOL Ivyvpa rd /coXdcr/xara avay/catcos iroiov-
fievo^ y ov hvvarai rrj<; (pvaeax; del fcparetv tcov S'
dv8 pcoircov tlv€$ Xavddveiv fiev ho%avTe<z r) teal
fieTpicos 7T<W9 vovOerrjdevres dfieivov^ yiyvoviaiy ol
fiev aio")(vvofievoi eXey^d Pjvac ol Be alBovfievoi

8 irdXiv acpaXrjvai, <$avepco6evTe<$ Be Kdl direpvO pid-
o~avT6<$ r) Kal irepa tov fieTpLov /coXaaOevres rd t€
vevofiiGfieva irdvTa crvyyeovcri Kal /caraTraTOvai,
Kal fiovais rah rrj<; epverecos opfiacs BovXevovcri.
Ka/c tovtov ovre to iravra^ avroix; tcoXd^eiv
paSioVy ovre to Trepiopav cpavepco? riva<z dcreXyai-
vovjas evirpeire^ yiyverai.

9 " Ta fiev Br) ovv d/jLapnjpara tcov dv6 ptoircov
tovtov cfol tov TpoTrov, tt\t)v tcov irdvv dvrjKeaTcov,

1 Kplvc R. Steph., Kplvai VM.

2 fxrt Kal M, koI V.

168

BOOK LII

to you by others, but act as if you were not even
aware of offences concerning which no one has made
accusation — except in the case of trespasses against
the public interest. These ought, of course, to re-
ceive proper attention, even if no one files a charge ;
but as to private shortcomings, while you should
indeed have knowledge of them, in order that you
may avoid making a mistake some day by employing
an unsuitable person as your agent in some matter,
yet you should not go so far as to convict those who
are guilty of them. For human nature often tempts
men to commit many a violation of the law, and if
you were to prosecute such offences rigorously, you
would leave unpunished few or none of the offenders;
but if in a kindly spirit you mix reasonableness with
the prescriptions of the law, you may succeed in
bringing the offenders to their senses. The law,
you know, though it of necessity makes its punish-
ments severe, cannot always conquer nature. And
so in the case of some men, if they think that their
sins have not been discovered, or if they have been
reproved but not unduly, they reform, either be-
cause they feel disgraced at having been found out,
or because their self-respect keeps them from falling
again ; whereas, if they have been publicly exposed
and have lost all sense of shame, or have been
chastised unduly, they overturn and trample under
foot all the conventions of the law and become
wholly slaves to the impulses of nature. Therefore
it is neither easy to punish offenders invariably in
all cases nor is it seemly to allow them in particular
cases to flaunt their wickedness openly,

" Now this is the way I advise you to deal with
men's shortcomings, with the exception of those

i6 9

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

\xeT ayeipi^euQ ai 7rapaivco, ra S' 6p6co<; vtt* avTcov
yiyvofxeva /cat virep rrjv d^tav tcov epycov Tifxav
ovtco yap av fiaXtara Troirjcreia^ avrov? tcov t€
yeipovcov direyeadaiy rjj <fic\av0pQ)7ria, Kal tcov

10 fieXTLOVcov icfrieaOat,, tj) fieyaXoBcopta* p,rj yap tol
KaraBeicrys firjO* otl iirikei^rei ere ttotc tj xptffiara
7) TaXXa oh to£»9 dyaOov tl iroiovvras ajjuei-^rrj
(ttoXv yap fiaXXov eycoye iXaTTOvs avTcov tovs ev
tl iraOelv dl~iov<; olfxai yevrfaecrOai, roaavTr]? crov
teal 7?}? teal OaXaTTT}? ap^ovros), [irjd* otl rcve?

11 ev€pyeT7]divT6<i dyapiGTcos tl irpd^ovcriv* ovBev
yap outgo zeal BovXol real oLKeiovTai riva, kclv
dXXoTpios kclv eydpos cov rvxy, co? to [irjT aBiKei-
adat /col TTpoaeri /cat ev TrdtryeLV.

35 t( Upbs fxev ovv tou? aXXovs ovtco o~ol 7rpoa(f>e-
peaOai yvcojmrjv BlBco/jll* aavrw Be Brj fxryre e^aXXov
tl fjLTjd* vwepijc/yavov fM^Te irapa tcov dXXcov parjTe
irapa t% @ovXr}$ rj epyco fj Kal Xoyco Bodev irepi-

2 LBr}<;. Tot? [lev ydp aXXoi? Kocrfiov rj irapa crov
Ttfjur] cf>epei, crol 8' avTco jxel^ov fiev tcov virapyov-
tcov ovBev av BoOeirj, vTrotyla 8' av Ki^BrfXia^
ttoXXtj TrpoayevoiTO' Kal ydp tol tcov fxev dXXcov

OlfBeh €KCOV TOLOVTO TL TCp K paTOVVTL tyrjfyi^eo-O at

BoKel, irdvTa Be Btj tis ai/Ta at»TO? trap eavTov
Xafiftdvcov ou% oaov ovk eiratvov target, dXXd Kal

3 yeXcoTa TrpocroffiXicrKdvei. ttjv t€ ovv aXXrjv
XafjiirpoTrjTa cravTco 1 Bed tcov dyaOcov epycov
irapaaiceva^e, Kal eiKovas aov %pvo~d<; p,ev rj Kal
dpyvpas fJLTjBeTTOTe eTTLTpe^rrj^ yevecrdai {ov yap
fxovov Bairavqpal dXXd Kal evenrifiovXevTOL Kal

3 <ravT(p R. Steph., €«ut<£ VM.

170

BOOK LII

persons who are utterly incorrigible ; and you should b.o. 29
honour their good actions even beyond the merits of
the deeds themselves. For you can best induce men
to refrain from evil ways by kindness, and to desire
better ways by liberality. You need have no fear
that you will ever lack either money or the other
means of rewarding those who do good deeds. On
the contrary, I fancy that those who will deserve
your favours will prove far tod few, seeing that you
hold empire over so vast an extent of land and sea.
Nor need you fear that any who have received your
benefactions will ever act ungratefully ; for nothing
so captivates and conciliates a man, be he foreigner
or foe, as being not only the object of no wrongs
but, in addition, the recipient of kindness.

<( As regards your subjects, then, you should so
conduct yourself, in my opinion. So far as you your-
self are concerned, permit no exceptional or prodigal
distinction to be given you, through word or deed,
either by the senate or by any one else. For whereas
the honour which you confer upon others lends
glory to them, yet nothing can be given to you
that is greater than what you already possess, and,
besides, no little suspicion of insincerity would
attach to its giving. No subject, you see, is ever
supposed to vote any such distinction to his ruler
of his own free will, and since all such honours as
a ruler receives he must receive from himself, he
not only wins no commendation for the honour but
becomes a laughing-stock besides. You must there-
fore depend upon your good deeds to provide for
you any additional splendour. And you should
never permit gold or silver images of yourself to be
made, for they are not only costly but also invite

171

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

6\iyo%p6vLoi elaiv), aXXas Se iv avjats rats tcjv
dvOpcoircov sfrv%ai$ Kal dKTjpdrov? Kal ddavdrov;

4 e£ evepyeai&v Brfpuiovpyei. prj fievroi firjSe vaov
ttot€ TrepdSys aavTa> yevofievov. pbdrrjv yap
TTafxifK7)9r) ^prjfiara e? rd roiavra dvaXLaKerat,,
a rcpeiTTOv iariv e<? rd dvayfcala hairavdaOai
(ttXovto? yap dfcpcftrfs ovx ovtcd? i/c rov 7roXXd
Xapftdveiv ax? i/c rod pLrj iroXXd dvaXiaKeiv dOpoi-
ferat), real e? evtcXeiav ovBev air avroov irpoayi-

5 yverai, dperrj fiev yap laodiovs ttoXXov? iroiel,
%eipoTCvr}To<$ S' ovheis Trdoirore 0eb<z iyevero, &are
crol fiev dyad<p re ovti ica\ KaXoos dpypvri irdara
fiev yrj repuevtarpLa earai, rraaai Se 7ro\e£<? vaoi}
irdvTes Se avOpwiroi dydXpiara (iv yap rats yvco-

6 pais avrwv del pier evhofyas iviSpvOjjo-y), roi><; S'
aXXft)? 7r&}? rd Kparr] hteirovras ov povov ov
crep,vvv€L rd jotavra, kolv iv dirdaais Tats iroXeaiv
i%atpe6fi, dXXd Kal TTpoarhiaftdXXei, rpoiratd re
Tiva rrjs KaKta? avrcov /cal pbvrjpeia rr)<; dSiKias
yiyvopbeva' ocrqy yap dv iirl irXelov avrapKearj,
ToaovTG) fidXXov Kal 7] KaKoho^ia avrtbv 8iap,ev€i.

6 coct etirep dddvaros ovrco? iiudvpiel*; yeveorOav,
ravrd re ovrco TrpdjTS, Kal irpoaeTC to piev Oetov
Trdvrr) 7rdvT(o$ auro? re aefiov Kara rd irdrpia
Kal tovs aXXovs Tipav dvdyKa^e, rov$ Se 8rj %evl-

2 %ovrd<; tl irepl avrb Kal puicmi Kal KoXa%€, p,rj
povov rwv Oecbv eveKa, a)v 6 2 Karacf>pov7]o-a<; ovB'
1 vaoi M, om. V. 2 6 supplied by St.

172

BOOK LII

destruction and last only a brief time ; but rather b.c. 29
by your benefactions fashion other images in the
hearts of your people, images which will never
tarnish or perish. Neither should you ever permit
the raising of a temple to you ; for the expenditure
of vast sums of money on such objects is sheer
waste. This money would better be used for neces-
sary objects ; for wealth which is really wealth is
gathered, not so much by getting largely, as by
saving largely. Then, again, from temples comes
no enhancement of one's glory. For it is virtue
that raises many men to the level of gods, and no
man ever became a god by popular vote. Hence,
if you are upright as a man and honourable as a
ruler, the whole earth will be your hallowed pre-
cinct, all cities your temples, and all men your
statues, since within their thoughts you will ever be
enshrined and glorified. As for those, on the con-
trary, who administer their realms in any other way,
such honours not only do not lend holiness to them,
even though shrines are set apart for them in all
their cities, but even bring a greater reproach upon
them, becoming, as it were, trophies of their base-
ness and memorials of their injustice ; for the
longer these temples last, the longer abides the
memory of their infamy. Therefore, if you desire
to become in very truth immortal, act as I advise ;
and, furthermore, do you not only yourself worship
the Divine Power everywhere and in every way in
accordance with the traditions of our fathers, but
compel all others to honour it. Those who attempt
to distort our religion with strange rites you should
abhor and punish, not merely for the sake of the
gods (since if a man despises these he will not pay

173

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

aXXov dv tivo<; irpoTipbrfcxeiev, dXX* ore teal teaivd
Tiva Baipuovia oi toiovtoi dvTea<j>epovTe<; ttoXXovs
dvaireidovaiv dXXoTpiovojueiv, Kate tovtov teal
(TvvcojjLoo-Lai teal av<nd<T€i<; eraipeial re yiyvovTai,
direp rjteiaTa fiovapxia cvfi^ipei. fiyr ovv dOeeo

3 Tivl firjTe yorjTi avyxooprjarj^ elvai, fiavTiter) fiev
yap dvay/eaia ecrrt, teal irdvTay^ tivcls teal lepoTTTas
teal OLwvLcnas dir6Bei%ov, oh oi ^ovXofievoL ti
reoiveoaaaOai avveaovTar tov<$ Be Br) fiayevra*;
irdvv ovte elvai Trpocrrjteei. 7roXXov$ yap 7roXXdtei<;
oi toiovtol, Ta fiev Tiva aXrjOrj to, Be Br) irXeico

4 yfrevBrj XeyovTes, veoyjiovv eiraipovai. to avTO
tovto teal tcjv <j>iXoao(peiv Trpocnroiov/jiivcov ovk
oXiyoi Bpcbar Bib teal eteeivov? <f>vXdaaea6ai gov
7rapaiva). fir) yap oti teal J Apeiov teaX y Kdr\vo~
Boopov teaXcov teal dyaQayv dvBpcov TreireLpaaai,
TrLvTeve teal tov$ aXXovs udvTa*; tovs <f>iXoao<$eiv
XeyovTas o/jlolovs avTois elvai* fivpia yap teatea
teal BrjfjLov? teal tBicoTas to irpoax 7 ]^ Tive% tovto
TrpoftaXXofievoi Bpwai.

37 " Tfj fiev ovv yvcofxrj teal tg> firjBevb? irXeiovos
tcov VTrap^ovTCOv eiriOv^eiv elprjvi/ecoTarov elvai ae
XPV> Ta ^> ^ 7rapacrteevai<; TroXepufecoTaTOV, o7rco<;
fidXio-Ta fiev firjTe iOeXrja-rj piyTe iTrixeiprjarj Ti9
dBiter)<iai ere, el Be jxrj, paBiws teal Trapaxp^ipici
2 teoXaaOfj. teal eireiBr) ye dvay/eaiov eo~Ti teal Bid
TavTa teal Bid TaXXa teal £)Ta/eovaTeiv Tiva? teal
BiowTeveiv irdvTa tcl tt) r)yepbovia gov 7rpoo~rjteovTa,
iva ftrjBev tcov (f)vXater)<; tivo<; teal eiravopOeoaea)^

174

BOOK LII

honour to any other being); but because such men, b.c. 29
by bringing in new divinities in place of the old,
persuade many to adopt foreign practices, from which
spring up conspiracies, factions, and cabals, which
are far from profitable to a monarchy. Do not,
therefore, permit anybody to be an atheist or a
sorcerer. Soothsaying, to be sure, is a necessary
art, and you should by all means appoint some
men to be diviners and* augurs, to whom those will
resort who wish to consult them on any matter ;
but there ought to be no workers in magic at all.
For such men, by speaking the truth sometimes,
but generally falsehood, often encourage a great
many to attempt revolutions. The same thing is
done also by many who pretend to be philosophers ;
hence I advise you to be on your guard against them,
too. Do not, because you have had experience of
good and honourable men like Areius and Atheno-
dorus, 1 believe that all the rest who claim to be
philosophers are like them ; for infinite harm, both
to communities and to individuals, is worked by cer-
tain men who but use this profession as a screen.

" Now you should be wholly inclined to peace, so
far as your purpose is concerned and your desire for
nothing more than you now possess, but as regards
your military preparations you should be distinctly
warlike, in order that, if possible, no one may either
wish or attempt to wrong you, but if he should, that
he may be punished easily and instantly. And inas-
much as it is necessary, for these and other reasons,
that there shall be persons who are to keep eyes and
ears open to anything which affects your imperial
position, in order that you may not be unaware of

1 For Areius see li. 16, 4 ; for Athenodorus, lvi. 43, 2.

175

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Seo/xivoyv ayvofjs, fxefivrjcro on ov yjpr) ttolgiv
a7r\<w9 rot? Xeyofiivois vir avTcov iricneveiv f a\\'

3 atcpifi&s avra htaaKoirelv. av^vo) yap, ol fiev
fiicrovvTes rivas, ol S' iiriOvfiovvTes &v typVGiv^
aXkoi yapi^bpjevoL Tianv, aWoi ^pyfjuara airrj-
aavres rivas teal fir) \a/3(We?, eiryped^ova-LV
avrovs ft>? vecDTepl^ovras rj teal aXKo ri dve7riTrj~
Beiov Kara tov aviap^ovvio^ rj (frpovovvras rj

4 Xeyovras. ovtcovv evBvs ovhe paBlcos irpoae^eiv
avTois Bel, dXXd teal irdvv m'dvra BieXey^eiv
ftpaBvva? fiev yap iv tw TTia-revcral tivgl ovBev
fjieya dBiter]6rjar} f airevaa<; Be Ta% av tl teal
i^afidprois, o /irj BvvrjOrjarj dvateiaaaOat,

5 " Tifiav fjiev ovv o~e tovs dyaOovs teal tcov
direXevOepcov teal ra>v aXXayv rcov gvvovtwv croi
teal Bel teal dvaytealov icrrr teal yap kq<t\xov teal
do~(j)dXeidv (tol fieydXrjv tovto oicreL. fir] fievrot
teal virepoyKov ti la^vercoaav, dXXd dtepifi(D<;
iravres aw^povelrwcrav, ware ere fiyhev vtt avrcjv

6 Bia/3Xr]9r)vai' iravra yap oaa av rj teaXco? rj
tcatccos Trpd^coai, aol tt poo-red a €rai, teal rotovro?
avro? dirdvTwv vo/juaOrjcrr) oirola av iteelvois
iroielv eirLTpeirr]^.

" Tot's /lev Si] ovv hwaiovs fiy TrXeoveterelv *riva
fxyBe av (TVK0(f)avT6icrdaL ea* fiyBe €o~r<o rcvl avroiv
176

BOOK LII

any situation that requires measures of precaution or b.c. 29
correction, you should have such agents, but re-
member that you should not believe absolutely
everything they say, but should carefully inves-
tigate their reports. For there are many who,
from various motives, — either because they hate
others or covet their possessions, or because they
want to do a favour to some one else, or because
they have demanded money from some one and have
not obtained it, — bring false charges against the
persons concerned, pretending that they are en-
gaged in sedition or are planning or saying some-
thing prejudicial to the ruler. Therefore one ought
not to give heed to them forthwith or readily, but
rather should prove everything they say. For if
you are too slow in placing your trust in one of
these men, you will suffer no great harm, but if
you are too hasty you may possibly make a mistake
which you cannot repair.

"Now it is both right and necessary for you to
honour the good who are associated with you, both
your freedmen and the rest ; for this course will
bring you credit and a large measure of security.
They should not, however, acquire excessive power,
but should all be rigorously kept under discipline,
so that you shall never be brought into discredit by
them. For everything they do, whether good or ill,
will be set to your account, and you will yourself be
considered by the world to be of a character akin to
the conduct which you do not object to in them.

" As regards the men of power and influence, then,
you should not permit them to overreach others,
nor yet, on the other hand, to be blackmailed by
others ; neither let the mere fact that a man

177

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

avro 1 tovto ey/cXtf/na, otl Svvarai, /cav purj&ev

7 dpapTavy. Tofc Se Br) ttoWols apivve puev Icr^y-
pto$ aSi/cov/xevois, firj irp6o-€%€ Be paBicos aiTico-
pbivois, aX\! avra ra epya KaO' iavTa, e'^eVafe,
firjre e'9 to irpoeyov irav viroTTTevcov pbrjre tco

8 /caraBeearepo) ttclvti TricrTevtov. real tovs puev
epya£opevov<; ^prjaipov re ti Te%z>&)/ieVou9 TLpia,
tovs B\ dpyovvTas rj kcu <f>\avpov ti irpaypaTevo-
p,evov<? pbicrei, iva tcov puev Bid Ta9 chcfreXlas dpiyvco-
p,evoi, tcov Be Bid ra$ ^rjpLtas dire'Xppievoi, irpos re
tcl oi/ceca apbetvov^ real irpbs ra kolvcl ervpepopco-
repoL aoi ylyvtovTai.

9 " KaXbv p,€v ovv icrri kcl\ to to, tcov IBlcotcov
ap,(pco~/3r)T7]piaTa o>9 ekdyiGTa ttoiovvtcl t&9 Bia-
Xvcreis avTcov d>9 TayiaTa fcaOicrTavac, koWicttov
Be to Ta9 tcov BrjpLcov oppias ko\ov€iv, /cav iirev)(6-

pL€VOL TlVa Tjj T€ CLpXO KaL T V 0~C0T7)pla Ttj T€ TVXJf

aov efcfiid^etrQai Tivas rj irpa^ai ti i) dvaXcoaac
10 irapa Bvvapiv eirtyeipLOGiy pur) eitLTpeTreiVy Ta9 Te
e^Opa? avTcov real Ta9 <J)L\oTip,ia$ Ta9 7rpb<; dWrj-
\ov<; TravTairaaiv ifCKOTTTeiv, tcai prjT€ eTrtovvputa^
Ttva? tcevds p^ryr akXo ti i% ov Bieve^d?]aovTat
Tiaiv i<f>ievat acpiat iroielaOai. pqBLcos Be aoi
iravTes tcai e<$ TavTa teal is tcl aWa fcal IBLa kcu
Koivfj Tretdap^rjaovaiv, av p,r)Bev irapa TavTa

i 7 8

avrb M, om. V.

BOOK LII

possesses power be imputed to him as a crime even &c. 29
though he commit no offence. But in the case of
the masses, vindicate them vigorously when they are
wronged and be not too ready to give heed to accu-
sations against them ; but make the accused persons'
actions alone and by themselves the object of your
scrutiny, neither harbouring suspicion against what-
ever is superior nor placing your trust in whatever is
inferior. Honour those who are diligent and those
who by their skill devise something useful, but ab-
hor those who are slothful or who busy themselves
with trivial things, in order that your subjects,
cleaving to the former by reason of your emolu-
ments and holding themselves aloof from the latter
by reason of your punishments, may become, as you
desire, more competent in respect to their private
affairs and more serviceable in respect to the in-
terests of the state.

" It is well to make the number of disputes on the
part of private citizens as few as possible and to
render as expeditious as possible their settlement ;
but it is most important to restrain the rash enter-
prises of communities, and if they are attempting to
coerce others or to go beyond their capacity or
means in any undertaking or expenditure, to forbid
it, even though in their petitions they invoke
blessings upon the empire and pray for your welfare
and good fortune. It is important also to eradicate
their mutual enmities and rivalries, and not to
permit them to assume empty titles or to do any-
thing else that will bring them into strife with
others. And all will readily yield obedience to you,
both individuals and communities, in this and in every
other matter, provided that you make no exceptions

179

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

firfBeiTOTe avy^copr^ar)<; tlvl' 1 r) yap dvu>fxaXia teal
11 ra fcaXa><; ireirrfyoTa SiaXvet. real Blcl tovt ovB y
alrelv tl dp%r)v, o ye firj Bd&o-eLS, iTrnpeireiv g§lq~lv
6<fyeL\eiSy dXXa /cat avrb tovto irpcoTOv Icr^vpax;
<f>v\aTT€iv o-<j>as avay/cd^eiv, to firjBev a^iovv twv
fcetccoXvfievcov.

38 <f Tavra fiev ire pi ifcelvcov Xeyco> tca(F diravTcov
Be (rot avftftovXevco firjT airo^prjaaadaL 7rore rfj
i^ovata, fir)T olrj6PjvaL fieicoaLv riva avrrj<; elvai av
fxr] irdvra dira^aTrXo)^ ocra Bvvaaai teal Troirjcrr)?'
dXX S(T(p fidXXov irdvd^ ova av /3ovXr)0r)<; recti
Bvvr^arj irpa^ai s Toatp fiaXXov irpaOvfiov iravff

2 oaa nrpoarjicei ftovXeaOaL. teal del ye avros Trapa
aavrcp eferafe, etVe opdws tl Troieis ecre Kal

fir), TL Te TTpCLTTOVTCL (T€ <$LXr)(TOV(JL TLVe? KOL

tl fir}, iva tcl fiev 7roL7}<; a\)TO)v Ta he eK/cXivr)?.
firj yap Br) rjyrjar} 2 BeovTOO? tl irapd tovto irpaT-
T€lv Bo^eiv, av firfhevh? aLTLCOfievov ae dicovar)<$'
firfS dvafietvys ovtco tlvcl ifctypovrjaal iroTe coaTe

3 gol (fiavepcids tl i^oveiBlaai* tovto fiev yap ov-
Bels av iroL-qaeLev, ovB* el a<f>6Bpa dBLtcr)6eLrf irav
yap TovvavTLov teal enraivelv ttoXXol ev ye t&
<j>avep<h tol>? dBi/covvTas crc^a? dvaytcd&vTat,
dvTaycovL^ofievoi fir) Bo/celv opyl^eadaL. tov 8
dpyovTa XPV e £ ™ v Xeyovai TLves Tetcfiaipe-
adai tt)v BidvoLav avTcov, dXX e£ wv (j>povelv
avTov<; eiKos ggtl*

39 "TavTa ae Kal tcl TOiavTa fiovXofiai TTpaTT€Lv %

1 tiv R. Steph., Ti VM. 2 H vyhcji M» ^whew V.
180

BOOK LII

whatever to this rule as a concession to anybody ; b.o. 20
for the uneven application of laws nullifies even
those which are well established. Consequently
you ought not to allow your subjects even to ask
you, in the first place, for what you are not going
to give them, but should compel them strenuously
to avoid at the outset this very practice of peti-
tioning for what is prohibited.

" So much for these things. And I counsel you
never to make full use of your power against your
subjects as a body, nor to consider it any curtailment
of your power if you do not actually put into effect
all the measures you are in a position to enforce ;
but the greater your ability to do all you desire, the
more eager you should be to desire in all things
only what it is fitting you should desire. Always
question your own heart in private whether it is
right or not to do a given thing, and what you
should do or refrain from doing to cause men to
love you, with the purpose of doing the one and
avoiding the other. For do not imagine that men
will think you are doing your duty if only you hear
no word of censure passed upon you ; neither must
you expect that any man will so abandon his senses
as to reproach you openly for anything you do. No
one will do this, no matter how flagrantly he has
been wronged ; on the contrary, many are com-
pelled even to commend their oppressors in public,
though they must struggle to keep from showing
their resentment. But the ruler must get at the
disposition of his subjects, not by what they say,
but by what they in all likelihood think.

"These are the things I would have you do — these
and others of like nature ; for there are many which

181

DIOS ROMAN HISTORY

iroXXd yap /cal irapaXeLTTO) c)ia to fir) olov re elvcu
iravra avra /caOdirat; crvXXa/36pTa einreip. ev cT
ovv ev fcefyaXalco /cal /cara tcop elprjfieveov /ecu

2 Kara t£>v Xoittcov (ppctaa). av yap ocra av erepov
nva ap^avrd crov iroteiv ideXrjcrr}?, ravra avrbs
avTeirdyyeXTO? irpdcrarj^, ovre tc dfiaprfjarj /cal
irdwa Karopdcocrei,?, kclk tovtov /cal rjhiara /cal

3 d/CLvSworara fiuocrr}. 77-009 fiev yap ov% ct>9
irarepa, 7ro)9 8* ov % &>9 aoyrrjpa /cal irpoao-^rovrai
ere airavTes /cal cpiXtfcrovcriv, orav ere opoycri
/coafiiov evftloTOV eviroXefiov elprjvalov ovra, orav
/nrjO 1 v/3pi£r}<5 rt firyre irXeove/cTfjs, orav e/c rov

4 ofioLov acj)i(TL 7rpocT(j)eprj y /cal fit] auTo? fiev
irXovrf)^ tovs 3* aXXov<z dpyvpoXoyfjs, firjcV avTos
fiev rpv(j>a^ tov? 8* aXXovs TaXai7r(opjj<; f firfS 1
avTO? fiev d/coXacrTaLvy<; rov<s K aXXovs pou0erfj<; y
aXX' €9 irdpra t)r) irdpjw^ ofioLOTpoirdoTaTa avTol?
£779; &o~t avTos irapa eravTtp fxeya (pvXa/crrjpcop
ip T(p firjheva iroTe dhi/cr)aai eywv Odpaei, /cal
TTLareve fioi Xeyovrt on ovre fiicrrjOrjcrr} ttotb ovTe

5 eTriftovXevOrjar). tovtov he hr) ovtg)<$ €^oi/to9
iracrd ere dvdy/crj /cal r)Beco<; fiicbvar ti fiev yap
rjSiov, tl Se €v8aifiopeo~T€p6v eo~Ti tov TraPToyp tcop
ip dp6 ptoiroLS dyadcop (xeT dp€Tr}$ diroXavovTa
/cal TOt9 aXXot? aura hihovat hvvacrOai;

40 " TavTa re ovv /cal TaXXa irdvO' ocra etprj/ca iv-
porjcra? TreiaOrjTL /not, /cal fir) irpor/ Trjv TV^rjVy r)Ti<;
ere i/c irdvTeov eireXe^aTO /cal irpoecrTTjcraTO, e£>9
182

BOOK LII

I must pass over, since it is impossible to include b.c. 29
them all in a single discussion. There is, however,
one statement which will serve as a summary with
respect both to what has been said and to what has
been left unsaid : if you of your own accord do all that
you would wish another to do if he became your
ruler, you will err in nothing and succeed in every-
thing, and in consequence you will find your life
most happy and utterly free from danger. For how
can men help regarding you with affection as father
and saviour, when they see that you are orderly and
upright in your life, successful in war though in-
clined to peace ; when you refrain from insolence
and greed ; when you meet them on a footing of
equality, do not grow rich yourself while levying
tribute on them, do not live in luxury yourself
while imposing hardships upon them, are not licen-
tious yourself while reproving licentiousness in them,
— when, instead of all this, your life is in every
way and manner precisely like theirs ? Therefore,
since you have in your own hands a mighty means
of protection, — that you never do wrong to another,
— be of good courage and believe me when I tell
you that you will never become the object of hatred
or of conspiracy. And since this is so, it follows of
necessity that you will also lead a happy life ; for
what condition is happier, what more blissful, than,
possessing virtue, to enjoy all the blessings which
men can know and to be able to bestow them upon
others ?

(< Think upon these things and upon all that I have
told you, and be persuaded of me, and let not this
fortune slip which has chosen you from all mankind
and has set you up as their ruler. For, if you

183

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

el ye to fxev irpdypia to rrj<; fiovapx^ aipfj, to B'
ovofia to ttJ? /3ao~t\eLa<; 0)9 real eirdpaTov 4>o/3fj,
tovto fxev fir) TTpocrXaftr]?, Trj Be Br) tov Kcao-apos
2 irpoarjyopLa xpcofievos avTapyei. el S' ovv tcai
oXKcov Tiv&v iirifcXijo-ecov TrpoaBerj, Bdoaovai fiev
gov ttjv tov avTO/cpaTopos, &airep kcl\ tu> iraTpL
oov eBcorcav, aeftiovcn Be o~e /cal eTepa tiv\ irpoa-
prjcei, ooo~T€ ere ttclv to t?)<? fiao-tkei'as epyov avev
tov Tr)<z eirwvvjJLia<; avTrjs eirifyOovov /capTrovedai.
41 M.ai/crjva<; fiev tclvtcl eiiriov eiravaaTO, Be Br)
Kalaap dfi<pOT€pov<; fiev cr(f>a<; /cat eirl Trj iroXwoia
/cal eirl tt) iro\v\oyla Trj T€ irappr)alq lo")(vpc0<;
eirrjveae, tcl Be Br) tov Maitcrjvov fiaXkov etXeTO.
ov fievTOL /cal irdvTa evOvs &<nrep vireTeBeiTO
eTTpa^e, (po/3r]9el<; firj /cal a<j)a\fj tl, d0poco<;

2 JieTappvO fiiaai tov$ dvOpddirov^ edeXrjcra^' dXXa
tcl fiev ivapa%pY)pia fieTe/eoafirjcre tcl S' vaTepov,
tcai Tiva /cal tois fieTa tclvtcl ap^ovai iroirjaai
KCLTeknrev co? recti kclto, /caipbv fiaXXov ev tw
%pov(p yevrjaofieva. kclI avTw real 6 'Aypi7nra<z
Trpbs TrdvTa, Kalnrep Tr)v evavTiav cr<f>LO~i yvdbjirjv

BoVSi TTpoOv/HOTCLTa 0~VVrjpCLTO s &0~7T€p O.V el KCLI

iarjyrjTr)*; avTcbv eyeyovei.

3 TavTa T€ 6 Kcucap, kclI 1 oaa dvw fioi*TOV
Xoyov eiprjTai, eirpa^ev ev tw eTei e/celvu> jiv &
to TTepbTTTOV vTraTevae, /cal Tr)v tov avTo/cpd-

1 6 Kaiaap Kal R. Steph., teal 6 Kauoap VM.

— ■

1 A reference to the title of "Augustus." The Greek
verb o-tjS/fcii', here rendered by this long phrase for the sake

184

BOOK LII

prefer the monarchy in fact but fear the title of* b.c. 29
( king ' as being accursed, you have but to decline
this title and still be sole ruler under the appel-
lation of e Caesar.' And if you require still other
epithets, your people will give you that of e imperator '
as they gave it to your father ; and they will pay
reverence to your august position 1 by still another
term of address, so that you will enjoy fully the
reality of the kingship without the odium which
attaches to the name of ' king.' "

Maecenas thus brought his speech to an end.
And Caesar heartily commended both him and
Agrippa for the wealth of their ideas and of their
arguments and also for their frankness in expressing
them ; but he preferred to adopt the advice of
Maecenas. He did not, however, immediately put
into effect all his suggestions, fearing to meet with
failure at some point if he purposed to change the
ways of all mankind at a stroke ; but he introduced
some reforms at the moment and some at a later
time, leaving still others for those to effect who
should subsequently hold the principate, in the
belief that as time passed a better opportunity would
be found to put these last into operation. And
Agrippa, also, although he had advised against these
policies, cooperated with Caesar most zealously in
respect to all of them, just as if he had himself pro-
posed them.

These and all the rest that I have recorded earlier
in this narrative were the acts of Caesar in the year
in which he was consul for the fifth time ; and he

of the word-play, is from the same root as 2e#a<rT($y, the
usual term for Augustus (cf. liii. 16, 8). Dio, however, regu-
larly transliterates the Roman title, when he uses it ; but he
generally refers to Augustus as Caesar.

185

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

f

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tch9 viKats Kara to dp^alov) BiBofjbevijp yriv'iv
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Kvlvtov Be Br) ^TaTiXtov Kal irdvv aKovTa t^9

1 ct7ra£ /cal eiKoaaicis Reim. , 4v ukogiv VM.

2 iK-y6vois VM, iyy6vois Xiph. 3 odv M, om. V.

186

BOOK LII

assumed the title of imperator. I do not here refer b,o. 29
to the title which had occasionally been bestowed, in
accordance with the ancient custom, upon generals
in recognition of their victories, — for he had re-
ceived that many times before this and received it
many times afterwards in honour merely of his
achievements, so that he won the name of imperator
twenty-one times, — but rather the title in its other
use, which signifies the possession of the supreme
power, in which sense it had been voted to his
father Caesar and to the children and descendants of
Caesar.

After this he became censor with Agrippa as his
colleague, and in addition to other reforms which he
instituted, he purged the senate. For as a result of
the civil wars a large number of knights and even of
foot-soldiers were in the senate without justification
in merit, so that the membership of that body had
been swollen to a thousand. Now though it was
his wish to remove these men, he did not erase any
of their names himself, but urged them rather, on the
strength of their own knowledge of their families and
their lives, to become their own judges ; he thus first
persuaded some fifty of them to withdraw from the
senate voluntarily, and then compelled one hundred
and forty others to imitate their example. He dis-
franchised none of them, but posted the names of
the second group only ; for he spared the members
of the first group the reproach of the publication ot
their names, because they had not delayed but had
straightway obeyed him. So all these men returned
to private life of their own free will, so far as ap-
pearances were concerned ; but Quintus Statilius
was deposed, decidedly against his will, from the

VOL. VI.

187

a

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

4 hrjfxapx^i £9 fjv drrehe&eiteTOj elp^ev. krepov^ Te
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otevfjaai vaTepov avTOis j^prjcraadai.

188

1 airuX(if\ei Dind., airo\6Xct VM.

BOOK LII

tribuneship, to which he had been appointed. And b.c. 29
Caesar caused some other men to become senators,
and he enrolled among the ex-consuls two men
of the senatorial class, a certain Gaius Cluvius
and Gaius Furnius, because, after they hac^ already
been elected consuls, they had been unable to
serve, since others had occupied their offices first.
And at the same time he increased the number of
patrician families, ostensibly with the senate's per-
mission, inasmuch as the greater part of the patricians
had perished (indeed no class is so wasted in our
civil wars as the nobility), and because the patricians
are always regarded as indispensable for the per-
petuation of our traditional institutions. In addition
to these measures he forbade all members of the
senate to go outside of Italy, unless he himself
should command or permit them to do so. This
restriction is still observed down to the present day ;
for no senator is allowed to leave the country for
the purpose of visiting any place except Sicily and
Gallia Narbonensis. But in the case of these regions,
since they are close at hand and the inhabitants are
unarmed and peaceful, those who have any posses-
sions there are conceded the right to repair to them
as often as they like without asking permission. And
since he saw that many of the senators and others
who had been partisans of Antony were still inclined
to be suspicious of him, and was fearful lest they
might set a revolution on foot, he announced that all
the letters that had been found in Antony's strong
boxes had been burned. And it is quite true that
he had destroyed some of them, but he was very
careful to keep the larger part, and afterwards he
did not scruple to make use of them, either.

189

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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tov a8e\(f)ov hiafyopov oi ovtos GTcCkevTa tt)V
'Poofirjv iSoXocfrovrjae, fcal e? Te to crvveSpiov
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1 2vpp€vrhv H. Steph., (TvpevThv VM.

igo

BOOK LII

So much for these matters. Caesar also settled
Carthage anew, because Lepidus had laid waste a
part of it and by this act, it was held, had abrogated
the rights of the earlier colonists. And he sent a
summons to Antiochus of Commagene, because he
had treacherously murdered an envoy who had been
despatched to Rome by his brother, who was at
variance with him. Caesar brought him before the
senate, and when judgment had been passed against
him, put him to death. He also obtained Capreae
from the Neapolitans, to whom it originally belonged,
giving other territory in exchange. It lies not far
from the mainland in the region of Surrentum and is
good for nothing, but is renowned even to the
present day because Tiberius had a residence there.

191

BOOK LIII

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1 to j8' Xyl., to y r VM. 2 T. vi supplied by Bs.

3 M. 'lovvtos ^iKav6s AijyovffTos to i' supplied by Xyl., M. in.
added by Bs. 4 utt. supplied by Bs.
192

BOOK LIII

The following is contained in the Fifty-third of Dio's
Rome : —

How the temple of Apollo on the Palatine was dedicated
(chap. 1).

How Caesar delivered a speech in the senate, as if he were
retiring from the sole rulership, and afterwards assigned
to that body its provinces (chaps. 2-12).

About the appointment of the governors sent to the pro-
vinces (chaps. 13-15).

How Caesar was given the title of Augustus (chap. 16).

About the names which the emperors receive (chaps. 17, 18).

How the Saepta were dedicated (chap. 23).

How Caesar fought against the Astures and Cantabri
(chap. 25).

How Galatia began to be governed by Romans (chap. 26).
How the Basilica of Neptune and he Baths of Agrippa were

dedicated (chap. 27).
How the Pantheon was dedicated (chap. 27).
How Augustus was freed from the obligation of obeying the

laws (chap. 28).
How an expedition was made against Arabia Felix (chap. 29).

Duration of time, six years, in which there were the
magistrates (consuls) here enumerated : —

28 Caesar (VI), M. Vipsanius L. F. Agrippa (II).

27 Caesar (VII), M. Vipsanius L. F. Agrippa (III).

26 Caesar Augustus (VIII), T. Statilius T. F. Taurus (II).

25 Augustus (IX), M. Junius M. F. Silanus.

24 Augustus (X), C. Norbanus C. F. C. N. Flaccus.

23 Augustus (XI), Cn. Calpurnius Cn. F. Cn. N. Piso.

These were the occurrences at that time. The b.c. 28
following year Caesar held office for the sixth time
and conformed in all other respects to the usages

5 KaXirovpuios Xyl., KaKirovpvivos VM.

6 Xiiauv Dind., irti<rwu VM.

193

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

fievov airo rov iravv apyaiov eTroiTjae, teau rov?
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4 pcxpi T °v v « Herw. , jue'xp's ov VM.

6 fiiXovaa R. Steph., ^Wovtra VM.

194

BOOK LIII

handed down from the earliest times, and, in par- b.c. 28
ticular, he delivered to Agrippa, his colleague, the
bundles of rods as it was incumbent upon him to do,
while he himself used the other set, 1 and on com-
pleting his term of office he took the oath according
to ancestral custom. 2 Whether he ever did this
again, I do not know, for he always paid exceptional
honour to Agrippa ; thus he gave him his niece in
marriage, and provided him with a tent similar to
his own whenever they were campaigning together,
and the watchword was given out by both of them.
At this particular time, now, besides attending to his
other duties as usual, he completed the taking of
the census, in connection with which his title was
princeps senatits, as had been the practice when
Rome was truly a republic. Moreover, he com-
pleted and dedicated the temple of Apollo on the
Palatine, the precinct surrounding it, and the
libraries. He also celebrated in company with
Agrippa the festival which had been voted in
honour of the victory won at Actium ; and during
this celebration he caused the boys and men of the
nobility to take part in the Circensian games. This
festival was held for a time every four years and was
in charge of the four priesthoods in succession —
I mean the pontifices, the augurs, and the septem-
viri and quindecimviri, as they were called. On
the present occasion, moreover, a gymnastic contest

1 Augustus seems to have used twenty-four lictors until
29 B.C., and thereafter twelve, first as consul (until 23), then
as proconsul (until 19), and later on all occasions. Cf. liv. 10, 5.

2 The customary oath taken by the consuls at the close of
their term of office to the effect that they had done nothing
contrary to the laws and had acted for the highest interests
of. the state. Cf. xxxvii. 38, 2, and xxxviii. 12, 3.

195

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

arahLov Ttvbs ev rw^Apeto) irehlw %vXivov /cara-
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1 teal M, om. V.

196

BOOK LIII

was held, a wooden stadium having been constructed b.c. 28
in the Campus Martius, and there was a gladiatorial
combat between captives. These events continued
for several days and were not interrupted even when
Caesar fell ill ; but Agrippa went on with them even
so, discharging Caesar's duties as well as his own.

Now Caesar allowed it to be understood that he
was spending his private means upon these festivals,
and when money was needed for the public treasury,
he borrowed some and supplied the want ; and for
the management of the funds he ordered two
annual magistrates to be chosen from among the
ex-praetors. To the populace he distributed a
quadruple allowance of grain and to some of the
senators he made presents of money. For so many
of them had become impoverished that none was
willing to hold even the office of aedile because of
the magnitude of the expenditures involved ; indeed,
the functions which belonged to that office, and
particularly the judicial functions, were assigned to
the praetors, as had been the custom, the more im-
portant to the praetor urbanus and the rest to the
praetor peregrinus. In addition to all this, Caesar
himself appointed the praetor urbanus, as, indeed,
he often did subsequently. He cancelled all obli-
gations which had been given to the public treasury
previous to the battle of Actium, except those
secured by buildings, and he burned the old notes
of those who were indebted to the state. ,As__for_
reli giou s matters, he did not allow the Egyptian rites
to be celebrated inside the pomerium, but made pro-
vision for the tempi esj those which had been built
by private individuals he ordered their sons and
descendants, if any survived, to repair, and the rest

197

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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erepav rivd fieyaXoyfrv^Lav SiaBel^aaOac, 07tg>9
Kal i/c rov rotovrov paXXov Tt/jLrjOeirjy Kalfirap
eKovrcov St) tcov dvO pom gov Jrfjv povap^lav j3e-
/3aicbo-aa@ai(rov 2 pt) ^BoKecv aKOvra? airovs /3e-

7 /BidaOai. j KaK rovrov tou9 pdXiara eir m/Setof9
oi rcov ftovXevrcov rrapaaKevdaa^ eV re rrjv
yepovatav earfXdev e/3$opov v7rarevo)V t Kal aveyvw
roidSe*

3 " ^AiTLara pev ev oZS' ore Sogco rialv vpcov, z
c% rrarepes, irporjprjaOar a yap airbs eKaaros tcov
aKOVovTwv ovk av eOeXtfcreie iroiricrai, ravr oiSe
erepov Xeyovro? iriareveiv fiovXerai> Kal pdXicrO*
on 7ra9 iravrl rep virepex oVTL <f>0ovcbv eroiporepov

2 amarel roi? virep eavrbv Xeyopevois. Kal rrpoaeri
Kal yiyvcoo-Kco rovd\ on oi ra pr) mara SoKOvvra
eivai Xeyovres oix ocrov ov ireLOovaL rivas, dXXa
Kal KofiaXoi hoKovaiv elvai. oi pr)v dXX* el pev
ri rotovrov eir^yyeXXopt^v b pr) irapaxp^pa rroir}-
aetv epeXXov, acf>6Spa av drTcoKvrjaa airb eKc^rjvaty
pr) Kal alriav riva poxOypav dvrl ydpiros Xdftco'

1 irpodtls Rk., wpoadels VM.

2 tov R. Steph., rb VM.

3 {ffL&V M, VfXIV V.

198

BOOK LIII

he restored himself. He did not, however, appro- b.o. 28
priate to himself the credit for their erection, but
allowed it to go as before to the original builders.
And inasmuch as he had put into effect very many
illegal and unjust regulations during the factional
strife and the wars, especially in the period of his
joint rule with Antony and Lepidus, he abolished
them all by a single decree, setting the end of his
sixth consulship as the time for their expiration.
When, now, he obtained approbation and praise for
this act, he desired to exhibit another instance of
magnanimity, that by such a policy he might be
honoured all the more and might have his sovereignty
voluntarily confirmed by the people, so as to avoid
the appearance of havirfg forced them against their
will. Therefore, having first primed his most in-
timate friends among the senators, he entered the
senate in his seventh consulship and read the fol- B .o. 27
lowing address :

" I am sure that I shall seem to some of you, Con-
script Fathers, to have made an incredible choice.
For what each one of my hearers would not wish
to do himself, he does not like to believe, either,
when another claims to have done it, especially as
everyone is jealous of anybody who is superior to
him and so is more prone to disbelieve any utter-
ance that is above his own standard. Besides, I
know this, that those who say what appears to be
incredible not only fail to persuade others but also
appear to be impostors. And indeed, if it were a
question of my promising something that I was not
intending to put into effect immediately, I should
have been exceedingly loath to proclaim it, for fear
of gaining, instead of gratitude, some grievous im-

199

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

3 vvv 8' oirore evOvs ical Trjpepov evra/coXovd^aei to
epyov avT&y irdvv QapaovvTcos eyco pr) povov
prj&eplav alo")(vvriv yfrev8oXoy[a$ ocpXycreiv, dXXa

4 teal irdvTas dv6 pcoirov^ eiSogia vi/crjaeiv. on pev
yap irdpecrrL pot hid Travrbs vpcbv apyziv, /cal
avTol opdre* to re yap aracridcrav ttclv tfrot
Si/caicoOev irkiravTai rj /cal iXerjOev crecrcocfrpovi-
arai, 1 /cal to avvapdpevov poi tj) re dpoi/3fj tcov
evepyeaicov co/ceicoTai /cal rfj Koivcovla tcov irpa-

2 ypdrcov co^vpcoTai, cocrre prfre eTTiOvprjaai riva
vecoTepcov epycov, /cav dpa ri /cal tolovto yivrjrai,
to yovv ftorjOrjcrov rjplv eroipov en /cal paXXov
elvai, rd re arparicorc/ca d/cpd^ei pot /cal evvoLa
/cal pcopr], fcal xprjpara €<ttl /cal avppa^pi, /cal
to peytdTOVy ovtco /cal bpeis /cal 6 Srjpos 8id-
/ceiaBe TTpo? pe cocttc /cal nrdvv av TTpocrTaTetcrOai 2

3 vtt ipov iOeXfjcrai. ov pkvTOi /cal iirl irXelov
vpd$ i^rjyrjcropai, ovSe epet ti$ W9 iyco rr}?
avTapyias eve/ca nravra tcl irpoKareipyaapeva
€7rpa!ja' dXXa d<plr]pi ttjv dpyr)V drraaav /cal
dirohLZcopi vptv iravra a7rXw5, rd SrrrXa tol»9
vopov? rd edvrj, ov% oirco? i/ceiva oaa poi vpeis

4 iireTpiyfrare, dXXa /cal oaa avrbs perd jav6* vplv
7rpoa€/CT7]crdp7jv, Hva teal e£ avrcov tcov epycov
/carapavrjTe rovu , on ovo air ap^rjq dvva-
o"Taa? rivbs i r jre8vprjaa > aXV ovtcos tw re irarpl
Beivco? acj>ay€VTL Tipcoprjcrai /cal ttjv ttoXlv i/c
peydXcov /cal iiraXXrjXcov /ca/ccov e^eXicrdac rj6e-

5 Xrjaa. ocpeXov pev yap prjhe iiriaTrjvai irore
ovtco to£? irpdypacri* tovt ecrTiv, ofyeXov prj

1 ikeydev ff€(T<a(pp6vi<TTat M, eAerjfleWes cr<a<pp6vicrTcu V.
8 TTpoarTaTtiardai M, •KpocrTarclade V,

200

BOOK LIII

putation. But as it is, when the performance will b.c. 27
follow the promise this very day, I feel quite con-
fident, not only that I shall incur no reproach of
falsehood, but that I shall surpass all mankind in
good repute. You see for yourselves, of course,
that it is in my power to rule over you for life ; for
every factious element has either been put down
through the application of justice or brought to its
senses by receiving mercy, while those who were on
my side have been made devoted by my reciprocat-
ing their friendly services and bound fast by having
a share in the government. Therefore none of them
desires a revolution, and if anything of the sort
should take place, at least the party which will
stand by me is even more ready than it was before.
My military is in the finest condition as regards both -
loyalty and strength ; there is money and there are
allies ; and, most important of all, you and the
people are so disposed toward me that you would
distinctly wish to have me at your head. However,
I shall lead you no longer, and no one will be able
to say that it was to win absolute power that I did
whatever has hitherto been done. Nay, I give up
my office completely, and restore to you absolutely
everything, — the army, the laws, and the provinces, /
— not only those which you committed to me, but
also those which I myself later acquired for you.
Thus my very deeds also will prove to you that even
at the outset I desired no position of power, but in
very truth wished to avenge my father, cruelly
murdered, and to extricate the city from great evils
that came on unceasingly. Indeed, I would that I
had not gone so far as to assume charge of affairs
as I did ; that is, 1 would that the city had not

201

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

BeBerjcOai fiov 777309 tolovto ti ttjv ttoXlv, dXX
iv eiprjVTj /cal ofiovoia, KaOdirep irore /cal oi
TraTepes rjficov, /cal rjfia? to£>9 iv TjjBe Trj rjXiKia

2 air /3e/3ico/cevcu. eVel Be elfiapfAevrj w,

a>9 €Ol/C€V, €9 TOVTO TTp07jyay€V VjJLCL<; &GT€ KCtl

e'/xoO, Kalirep vkov €ti Tore 6W09, /cal y^peiav o")(elv
/cal ireipav Xaftelv, fieXP 1 ^ v °v X T ^ TrpdypaTa
t^9 irap i/AOv iiri/covplas e^prj^e, iravTa re
7rpo0v/JLG)<; /cal virep ttjv rjXitaav iiroirjaa /cal
Trdvra ei>Ti/%a>9 /cal virep ttjv Bvvajxiv Kareirpa^a*

3 /cal ov/c €<7Tiv o Ti T(ov TTCLVTObv dirki peijre yu.e
tcivBvvevovaiv v/ilv iTn/covprjaai, ov tt6vo<;> ov
<f)6/3o<;, ov/c e^Opcdv direiXaL, ov <j>l\cDv Berjaeis,
ov to 7r\r)0o$ tcov o-vvearrj/corcov, ovy^ tj dirovoia
rcov avTiT€Tay/xivG)v, d\V iireBw/ca dcj)€cBco<; vjilv
ipavrbv €9 Trdvra ia TrepieGTrj/coTa s /cal errpaga

4 Kai eirauov airep tare, €£ cov avros jjbev ovbei
/ce/cipBay/ca ttXtjv tov ttjv TrarpLBa TrepiTreiroirj-
o~0 at, vfi€L$ Be /cal o-co^eo'06 /cal aco<f)poveiT€.
iTrecBr) Be /caXcbs iroiovcra t) Tvyrj /cal ttjv eiprjvrjv
aBoXov /cal ttjv ofiovoiav daTacrLaaTOV Bt ijiov
vpuv diroBeBco/cev, diroXaftere /cal ttjv iXev0eplav
/cal ttjv Brjfjio/cpaTLav, /cofiiaao-06 /cal tcl oirXa
/cal tcl €0vrj tcl vTTTj/coa, /cal TroXiT€veo-0€ coenrep

€L6O0eiT6.

6 " Kal jxrjTB 2 0av/JLdarjT€ el Tav0 1 ovtco (ppovcb,
ttjv T€ aXXrjv €Tri€L/c€idv fiov /cal irpaoTTjTa ical
dirpayfioavvrfv opcovTes, /cal irpoae/cXoyi^ofievoi

OTL OvBeV TTCOTrOTe OV0* V7T6poy/COV OV0 i VTTBp TOV9

ttoXXovs, /calirep iroXXa iroXXd/CL<; tyrjfyia ajikvav
2 vpioyvy iBegdfirjv /jltjt av fioaptav fxov /caTayv&Te,
1 ol Bk., ttou VM. 2 ^T€ Bk., ^to* VM.

202

BOOK LIII

required me for an}' such task, but that we of this b.c. 27
generation also might have lived from the beginning
in peace and harmony, as our fathers lived of yore.
But since some destiny, as it appears, brought you
to a position where you had need even of me, young
as I still was at the time, and put me to the test, I
did everything with a zeal even beyond my years
and accomplished everything with a good fortune
even beyond my powers, so long as the situation de-
manded my help. And nothing in the world could
deter me from aiding you when you were in danger,
— neither toil, nor fear, nor threats of foes, nor
prayers of friends, nor the multitude of the conspira-
tors, nor the desperation of our adversaries ; nay, I
gave myself to you unstintingly for any and all the
exigencies which have arisen, and what I did and
suffered, you know. From all this I have derived
no gain for myself except that I have kept my
country from perishing ; but as for you, you are
enjoying both safety and tranquillity. Since, then,
Fortune, by using me, has graciously restored to you
peace without treachery and harmony without
faction, receive back also your liberty and the re-
public ; take over the army and the subject pro-
vinces, and govern yourselves as has been your
wont. .

" You should not be surprised at this purpose of
mine, when you see my reasonableness in other
respects, my mildness, and my love of quiet, and
when you reflect, moreover, that 1 have never ac-
cepted any extraordinary privilege nor anything
beyond what the many might gain, though you have
often voted many of them to me. Do not, on the

203

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ore itjov fioi Kal vficjv dp%€iv /cal TrjXiKavTrjv
r)yefioviav Toaavrrj^ oifcovfievr]? eyjziv ov fiov-
Xojxai. iya> ydp t dv T€ to hitcaiov tl$ i^erd^y,
hiKaioiaTov etvai vofxL^o> to tcl vfi€T€pa u/za?
BieTreiv, dv t€ Kal to avjifyepov, av/xcfiopcoTaTOv
rjyovpLai Kal ifiol to firjTe irpdyfxaTa eyziv firjTe
$>6ov€icr9ai pirjTe eTTifiovXeveaO ai Kal vplv to /jl€t
eXevdepias Kal o~co(f)p6vcD<; Kal (f>tXiKco<; ttoXlt€v-

3 eaOar dv T€ Kal to evKXees, ovirep eveKa iroXXol
koX TroXefielv Kal Kivhvveveiv iroXXaKis alpovvTai,
7TW9 fiev ovk evSogoTaTov fioi eaTai TTjXiKavTrj?
upxy? dcpeaOai, 7rco? 8' ovk evKXe&GTaTOv €K
tocfovtov YjyefJLOvias ojkov iOeXovTi IBicoTevaai;
coo~t et t^9 v/jlcov diriQ-Tei TavT ovtcd? Tivd dXXov
Kal <f>povfj(rai iir dXT/deias Kal elirelv hvvaaOai,

4 e/xoiye TTiaTevaaTco, 7roXXa yap Kal /xeydXa
KaTaXe^ai e%a>*> oaa Kal U7r' i/iov Kal xjtto tov
7raTpo? /jlov €V7)pyeT7)cr0€, 0£9 eiKOTco? dv rj/xas
virep irdvTas tol»? dXXov? Kal (piXoLrjTe Kal ti-
fjL(&r)T6> ovhev dv aXXo tovtov fidXXov eiiroi/xi, oiS*
dv eV aXXcp Tivl jxaXXov cre/ivvvai/xr/v^ otl ttjv
puovapyiav /jltjtc eKeivos KaiTOi SlSovtcdv v/jlcov
Xaftelv TjOeXrjae Kal iyeb e^cov dfylrj/Li.

7 "Ti yap dv Tf9 Kal TrapetjeTacreiev avTcp; ttjv
YaXaTia? aXcoaiv r) ttjv Havvovias SovXcoaiv fj
ttjv ^Avaias yeipcoaiv rj ttjv AlyvirTov KaTa-
cTTpO(f)Tjv; dXXa tov QapvaKTjv tov % \ov$av tov
QpaaTTjv, T7]v iirl roy? BpeTTavovs GTpaTeiav,
204

BOOK LIII

other hand, condemn me as foolish because, when it b.c. 27
is in my power to rule over you and to hold so great
a sovereignty over this vast world, I do not wish it.
For, if one looks into the merits of the case from
the point of view of justice, I regard it as most just
for you to manage your own affairs ; if from the
point of view of expediency, I consider it most
expedient, both that I should be free from trouble
and not be the object of jealousy and intrigue, and
that you should have a government based upon
liberty and conducted with moderation and friendly
feeling ; and if, finally, from the point of view of
glory, to win which many men are often found ready
to choose war and personal risk, will it not add most
to my renown to resign so great an empire, will it
not add most to my glory to leave so exalted a
sovereignty and voluntarily become a private citizen ?
Therefore, if there is any one of you who believes
that no man except me can really and sincerely hold
to such ideals and give them utterance, at least let
him believe it of me. For, though I could recite
many great benefits conferred upon you both by me
and by my father, for which we beyond all other
men could reasonably claim your affection and your
honour, I could single out no other act in preference
to this, nor could I feel a greater pride in any other
thing than in this, — that he refused the monarchy
although you offered it to him, and that I, when I
hold it, lay it aside.

"What achievement, indeed, could one compare
with these acts of ours ? The conquest of Gaul, the
enslavement of Pannonia, the subjugation of Moesia,
the overthrow of Egypt ? Or Pharnaces, or Juba, or
Phraates, or the campaign against the Britons, or

205

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ttjv rov *¥r\vov 8id/3a<riv; xairoi roaavra Kal
rotavra ravrd ianv oaa Kal ola ovBe GvpmavTes
oi Trarepe*; rjpuoop ev iravrl ra> TTpoaOev %povcp

2 TreirovrjKaaLV, dXX* o/zo>9 ovre tovtcop tl too
irapovri epyw irapafiaXeip iariv a^tov, ovd* ore

TOV$ ifl(f)V\lOVS TTOXi/jLOV? Kal pLGyLO~TOV$ Kal 7TOI-

KikcdTarov*; Bia irdvronv yevopbipovs Kal BieiroXe-
fjLriaa/jiev KaXco? Kal Biedipieda <$>iXap6pt£>TTOJ<; t rov
pep avTiaravTOS &)9 Kal iroXepLiov ttclvtos 1 /cparrj-
aavTS*;, to S* viret^av &>9 Kal fyiXiov ttclp irepicrcb-

3 aavres, &<rr elirep irore Kal avOis Treirpaypievov
€17) rrjv ttoXiv rjpucop 2 VO<Jr\<J(ll, tovtov a&Trjv TOP
Tpoirov ev^aadaC nva o~Taatdo~ar to yap tol
too-ovtov T€ la'xyo-avTa^ rjpLas Kal ovtco Kal tt}
dp€Tr) Kal tt) tv%7) aKpLaaaPTas &o~Te Kal e/covrcov
Kal dfcovTcov v/jlcov avTapyriaai BvprjOrjpai, purjTe
€K(f>povr]aat pafjTe t?}9 pLOvapylas eTridvp/qaai,
dXXa Kal eiceivov $i8op,ep7)p avTrjv dircdaaaOat
teal i/jL€ SeSopLevrjv diroBiBopai, virep avOpcoirov

4 6GTiv. Xeyco Be TavTa ovtc aXXco? enriKopLTT&p
(ovBe yap av elirop avTa dpxtfv, el Kal otiovp
ifKeoveKTrjaeiv air avTcov tf/ieWov), cU' iva
elhrjTe oti ttoXXcop Kal pieydXcop €9 T€ to koivop
€V€py€T7j/jLaTO)v Kal 69 tcl OLK€ta aepLVoXoyrjpbdTcov
rjpuiv ovtcov, eirl tovtg> pbdXio~Ta dyaXXopueOa oti,
&p eTepoi Kal /3ia£6pL€vol Tim 9 einOvpLOvai, Tav0 y

8 rjpLeis ovB* dvayKa%6p,€voi irpoaiepbeOa. T/9 piep
yap av pbeyaXoyfrvxoTepos puov, iva pur) Kal top
iraTepa top pLeTrfXXaxoTa avffis elVta, Tt9 Be Bat-
pLOPicoTepos evpeOelrj; ogtl<$, & Zev Kal "HpaKXes,

1 Traurbs M, rtvbs V.

206

BOOK LIII

the crossing of the Rhine? Yet these are greater b.o. 27
and more important deeds than even all our fore-
fathers together performed in all previous time.
Nevertheless, no one of these exploits deserves a
place beside my present act, to say nothing of our
civil wars, of all which have ever occurred the
greatest and most varied in its changing fortunes,
which we fought to an honourable conclusion and
brought to a humane settlement, overpowering as
enemies all who resisted, but sparing as friends all
who yielded ; therein setting an example, so that if
it should be fated that our city should ever again be
afflicted, one might pray that it should conduct its
quarrel in the same way. Indeed, I will go further :
that we, when we possessed a strength so great, and
when we so clearly stood at the summit of prowess
and good fortune, that we could exercise over you,
with or without your consent, our arbitrary rule, did
not lose our senses or conceive the desire for sole
supremacy, but that he thrust that supremacy aside
when it was offered him and that I return it after it
has been given me, — that, I say, transcends the
deeds of a man! I say this, not by way of idle
boasting, — indeed, I should not have said it at all, if
I were going to derive any advantage whatever from
it, — but in order that you may see that, although we
can point to many benefits conferred upon the state
at large and to many services rendered to individuals
of which we might boast, yet we take the greatest
pride in this, that what others so desire that they are
even willing to do violence to gain it, this we do not
accept even under compulsion. Who could be found
more magnanimous than I, — not to mention again
my deceased father, — who more nearly divine ? For

207

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

arpartoiTa^ tovovtovs /cat toiovtovs, koI irdk'nas
Kal avfifAaxovs, (fuXovvrd? fie e^o>i>, Kal Trdar}<;
(xev t^? eWo9 t&v 'HpaKXeicov crrrfKoiv daXdcrcn)<$
irXrfV oXiycov KpaT&v, iv irdaai^ he rals rjiretpoi^

2 Kal iroXeis teal edvrj fee/CTTj/JLevos, Kal firjT dXXo-
<f>vXov twos e.7i TrpociroXefiovvTo^ fioi fir\T oiicelov
GTaata^ovTOS, dXXd irdvTcov vjicov Kal elprjvovv-
to)v Kal ofiovoovvT(*>v Kal evOevovvTcov 1 Kal to
fMeyiarov ideXovTrjhbv TreidapypvvTtov, erreid* £kov-
aios avTeTrdyyeXros Kal dp)(f}<; TrjXiKavTt]? d<f)l-
crTafxai Kal ovalas TOo~avTr)<; airaXXdrrofiai.

3 war eirrep 6 *OpaTios 6 Movklo? 6 Kovprcos 6
'VrfyovXos ol AeKioc Kal Kcvhvvevaat Kal diro-
davelv inrep tov fieya tl Kal KaXbv ireiToiy}Kevai
ho%ai fjBeXrjcraVj 7r<W9 ovk av iyco fiaXXov eiri-
Ovfirjaai/JLL tovto irpa^ai e£ ov KaKeivovs Kal
TOU9 aXXovs dfjia irdvTas dvOpwrrovs evKXeia £ooz>

4 VTrepftaXco; firj yap rot vofxiar) t*9 v/jlgjv 2 tou9
fiev irdXai 'Pcofiaiovs Kal aperf}? Kal evhogtas
ifalcrOac, vvv he H~ltt)Xov iv rfj iroXei Trap to
dvhpcohes yeyovevat. firj fievToi /jLrjh* viroTrrevarj
on irpoeadai re vfim fcal Trovrjpol? tictiv dvhpdaiv
eTTtrpeyjrat, rj Kal 6)(XoKpaTia tivi, eg 979 ov fiovov
oihev xprjarbv dXXa Kal iravra tcl Seivorara del
iracriv dvOpcQTrois ylyverac, eKhovvat [iovXofiai.

5 hfiiv yap, vfitv T0Z9 dpLaTOis Kal (frpovLficoTaTois
irdvja rd Koivd dvaTL07)fit. eKetvo fiev yap ov-
heiror av iiroLrjcray ovh' el fivpiaKis diroQavelv
?] Kal /jLOvapxrjo-aL (xe eher tovto he Kal if7rep

6 ifiavTov Kal virep tt}<; TroXea)? 7roico. auro9 Te

1 zvdevovvToov Dind., evdrjvovvTcvv Rk., ebaQsvovvTow VM.

2 VfA&V M, 7J/JLUV V.

208

BOOK LIII

I, — the gods be my witnesses ! — who have so many B .c. 27
gallant soldiers, both Romans and allies, who are
devoted to me, I, who am supreme over the entire
sea within the Pillars of Hercules except for a few
tribes, I who possess both cities and provinces in
every continent, at a time when there is no longer
any foreign enemy making war upon me and no one
at home is engaged in sedition, but when you are all
at peace, are harmonious and strong, and, greatest of
all, are content to yield obedience, I, in spite of all
this, voluntarily and of my own motion resign so
great a dominion and give up so vast a possession.
So then, if Horatius, Mucius, Curtius, Regulus, and
the Decii were willing to encounter danger and to
die to win the fame of having done a great and
noble deed, why should not I desire even more to do
this thing, whereby, without losing my life, I shall
excel both them and all the rest of mankind in
glory ? In truth no one of you should think that
the ancient Romans sought to win fair fame and
reputation for valour, but that in these days every
manly virtue has become extinct in the state. And
further, let no one suspect that 1 wish to betray you
by delivering you into the hands of a group of wicked
men, or by giving you over to government by the
mob, from which nothing good ever comes, but
rather in all cases and for all mankind nothing but
the most terrible evils. Nay, it is to you senators,
to you who are the best and wisest, that I restore
the entire administration of the state. The other
course I should never have followed, even had it
been necessary for me to die a thousand deaths, or
even to assume the sole rule ; but this policy I adopt
both for m}'' own good and for that of the city. For

209

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

yap Kal 7r€7r6vrjfiai Kal tct aXanrcoprj/jLai, Kal
ovkst ovre rf) tyvxy ovre tw aoyjiari awkyeiv
hvvafiat* tcai irpocreTt Kal tov (pOovov Kal to
fxicros, a /cat 7T/?o? tovs apicnovs avSpas iyyuyve-
ral TMTiy rd<i T€ e£ avrcbv €7ri/3ov\a<i it poo p£) fiat.
7 koi Bta ravra teal Ihicorevo-ai jiaXkov eifc\ea)<i rj
fj,ovapxv°~ ac iTriKivSvvco? alpov/uai. /cal ra koivcl
koivw av ttoXv fteXriov are 1 Kal virb ttoXXcov
afia Siayofieva Kal firj e? eva Tiva dv7)pTr]pAva

hlOlKOLTO.

9 te Ai' ovv ravTa Kal Ik€T6V(o /cal Siofiat iravTcov
vficov o/xotft)9 /cal avveiratvea-ai /cal avfnrpoffv/jir)-
6r\vai /not, Xoyio-a/n&vov? irdvd^ Sera koi ireiro-

\€fl7J/Ca V7T€p VJJLCOV Kal TT61To\Lt€V fiai, /cdv TOVT(p

rracrdv /not rrjv virep avra>v %dpiv dirohovras, iv
tg) crvy^coprjcraL fioi iv rjcrv^ia rjSrj 7tot€ /cara-
fiicovac, tva /cal i/celvo elSfjre oti oh jjlovov apyeiv
dWa /cal apyecrdai into-Tafiai, /cal irdvS* Sera ak-
Xot9 eVera^a, Kal avrb<; dvTeiriTaydrivai Svvafiai.

2 jxakio'Ta fiev yap /cal dcrcj)a\co<i fycreiv /cal firjhev
virb /jLrjBevbs /jajre epyep fxrjre \6yw /ca/cbv ireicre-
crOai irpoerhoKW toctovtov irov rfj evvoiq vfiobv, e£

3 &v avrbs ifiavra) avvoiha, TriaTevco. av Se ri
Kal Trddo), ola iroWol^ crvjiftaivei (ovhe yap olov
re io~Ti iracrL Tiva, aWco? re Kal iv TOo~ovroi<i
iroXefiois, to?9 fiev 66ve'ioi<$ to?? Kal ififyvXlois,
yevbfievov Kal rrfKiKavra Trpdyfiara in it pair zvt a,
dpeaai), Kal irdvv eroifMos Kal irpb tov elfiap-

1 &€\tiov are Rk., fieKriova t€ VM.

210

BOOK LIII

I myself have undergone both labours and hardships b.c. 27
and am no longer able to stand the strain, either in
mind or in body. Furthermore, I foresee the jealousy
and hatred which are engendered in certain persons
against even the best men and the plots which arise
therefrom. It is for these reasons that I choose the
life of a private citizen and fair fame rather than
that of a sovereign and constant peril. And as for
the business of the commonwealth, it would be
carried on far better by all in common, inasmuch as
it would be transacted by many men together instead
of being dependent upon some one man.

" For these reasons, then, I ask and implore you
one and all both to approve my course and to
cooperate heartily with me, reflecting upon all that
I have done for you alike in war and in public life,
and rendering me complete recompense for it all by
this one favour, — by allowing me at last to be at
peace as I live out my life. Thus you will come to
know that I understand not only how to rule but
also how to submit to rule, and that all the commands
which I have laid upon others I can endure to have
laid upon me. I ask this because I expect to live in
security, if that be possible, and to suffer no harm
from anybody by either deed or word, — such is the
confidence, based upon my own conscience, which I
have in your good-will ; but- if some disaster should
befall me, such as falls to the lot of many (for it is
not possible for a man to please everybody, especially
when he has been involved in wars of such magnitude,
both foreign and civil, and has had affairs of such
importance entrusted to him), with entire willingness
I make my choice to die even before my appointed

211

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

fiivov pot yjpbvov reXevrrjacu fidXXov IBicoTevcras,
r) fcaX dOdvaros fiovap^a-a^ yeveo~6ai> alpovjiai.

4 ifiol fiev yap evKXeiav Kal avTO tovto olaei otl
ov fiovov ovk i(f)6v€vad Tiva virep rod ttjv dpyr\v
/caraaxelv, dXXd teal it poa aired avov virep rov
pur) p,ovapyy)o~ ar 6 Be Brj ToXpurjaa^ diroKTelval

fJL€ TTaVTCOS TTOV Kal VTTO TOV BaipLOVlOV Kal V(fi

5 vfjioyv KoXaaOrjcreTai. direp irov fcal eirl rov
iraTpos fiov yeyovev ifcelvos fiev yap zeal Icrodeo?
direBet^Orj /cal ti/jlcqv diBiwv erv^ev, oi 8' diro-
a(j)d!;avT€$ avrbv fcaicoi Ka/ccbs dircoXovTO, dOdva-
tol puev yap ovk dv BvvrjOeirj^ev yeveaOai, iic Be
Br) rov KaXoo? ^rjcrai teal ifc rov KaXcos reXev-

6 TTjaai /cal tovto Tpoirov Tivd KT(o/j,e0a. d<f> y
ovirep /cal iyco to fiev i)Br) eywv to Be e%eiv eXirL-
%(ov, aTToBlBco/jLi v/jllv Kal tcl SirXa /cal tcl Wvt) Tas

T€ TTpOVoBoVS Kal TOV$ VOfJLOVS, TOGOVTOV flOVOV

virenrcov, Xva firjTe to fieyedos fj Kal to BvajieTa-
yelpicrTOV T&v 7rpayfMaTcov $ol3r)6evTe<$ ddvf.irjarjTe,
firjT av KaTacfrpovrjo-avTes avTcov &)? Kal paBLca^
BioiKelo-dai Bvvajxevwv d/xeXTjo-rjTe.
10 " KaiTOt Kal Kaff* eKaaTov twv /jbei^ovcov ovk av
oKvrjcraifib bjjuv iv KefyaXalois Sera ftpr) TTpaTTew
virodeaOat. Tiva Be TavTa ictTi; irp&TOv fiev

TOV$ KSllieVOVS VOfMOV? fcV%f/0ft)? <f)VXaTTeT6 f Kal

p,r}Beva avT&v /leTa^dXrjTe' Ta yap iv TavT&
fxevovTa, kov X € ^P W V» o"Vfi<j}opa>Tepa tg)v del
KaLVOTOfjLovfjievwVi Kav fteXTLoo elvai 8ok{), ecrTiv.
2 eireiTa Be, oaa irpoo-TaTTOVcnv vpuv ovtol iroteiv

212

BOOK LIII

time as a private citizen, in preference to living b.c. 27
forever as the occupant of a throne. Indeed, this
very choice will bring me renown, — that I not only
did not deprive another of life in order to win that
office, but went so far as even to give up my life in
order to avoid being king ; and the man who dares
to slay me will certainly be punished, I am sure, both
by Heaven and by you, as happened, methinks, in
the case of my father. For he was declared to be
the equal of the gods and obtained eternal honours,
whereas those who slew him perished, miserable men,
by a miserable death. As for immortality, we could
not possibly achieve it ; but by living nobly and by
dying nobly we do in a sense gain even this boon.
Therefore, I, who already possess the first requisite
and hope to possess the second, return to you the
armies and the provinces, the revenues and the laws,
adding only a few words of suggestion, to the end
that you may not be afraid of the magnitude of the
business of administration, or of the difficulty of
handling it and so become discouraged, and that you
may not, on the other hand, regard it with contempt,
with the idea that it can easily be managed, and thus
neglect it.

"And yet, after all, I feel no hesitancy about
suggesting to you in a summary way what ought to
be done in each of the leading departments of
administration. And what are these suggestions ?
In the first place, guard vigilantly the established
laws and change none of them ; for what remains
fixed, even though it be inferior, is more advan-
tageous than what is always subject to innovations,
even though it seem to be superior. Next, pay
strict heed to do whatever these laws enjoin upon

213

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

/ecu oacov dirayopevovartv aTreyeaQai, firj tco
Xoytp fjiovov dXXa Kal ra> epyco, /JbrjS' iv rS> kqiv&
jjlovov dXXa /cal ISta aKpiftw tt a parr) peter Oe, 1

3 07Tft)9 fir) rifJLGipias dXXa Tiputov Tvy^dvrjre, ra?
re apX a *> Kai T ^ etprjvifccis /cal ra? iroXe/jUKas
rot? del dpLarTOis re ical i/Kfypoveardrot^ iirt-
rpeireTe, /JLrjre <p0ovovvT€$ tmti, 2 firjO^ virep rov
rbv Setva rj rbv Setva TrXeoveKrrjaat ti, dXX* virep

TOV T7)V TToXiV KOt (7(O^€(T0ai /Cal €V7TpayetV

4 <j)l,XoTlfLOV/JL€VOt. Kal TOV? fl€V TOtOVTOV? TlfJLCLTe,

rovs 8' aXXco? 7ro)9 iroXirevo/jbevov^ KoXd^ere, /cal
rd fxev ISta Koivd tt) iroXet nap^ere, tcov Se
$7]/jlo<tig)v go? dXXorpicov direy^eade, Kal ra fiev
VTrdpyovd* ifuv d/cpij3cb<; (frvXarrere, t6)v Se fir)

5 TTpoarjKovTcov fjL7]Safi(b<? itpteaOe, /cal tot;? fiev
crvfifiaxovs /cal toi;? VTrr)/cbov<$ firjO' vj3pi%€T€
fir)T€ i/cxprfjAaTi&o-de, roi>? Se 7roXefitov<; fxrjT
dhtKelre fxiyre (jyofietcrOe. rd fiev SirXa iv ra£?
%eporlv del e^eTe, fir) fievTOi firyre /car dXXrjXcov

6 pLTfre /card tcov etprjvovvTcov avrol<; ^p^cr^e. 3 tou?

T€ (TTpaTlCOTaS Tp€(j>€T€ fl€V dpKOVVTCOS, &<7T€ firj-

Sevbs tcov dXXorpLCOv St diroptav iTnOvfirjcrai,
o-vv&xere Se /cat aco(f)povt%€T€, ware firfSev /ca/cbv
Std 0pa<rvT7)Ta Spdaai.

7 " AXXd tL Set fjta/cpoXoyetv, irdvd' a irpocrrjKet
Tvotetv hfids ive^tovra; Kal yap rd Xotira paStces
dv eK tovtcov a>? XPV TrpdrreaOat avvtSotre.*
ev ovv en tovto etircov iravcrofiai, OTt dv fiev OVTCO
TroXtrevo-rjade, avrot re evSatfiovrjaeTe Kal ifiol

1 Trapa.Tripe'iffOe R. Steph., irapaTTjpetffdai VM.

8 ria-i M, Tivi v. 3 xpyvQ* xpyvd - 1 V.

4 a-vviboirc Pflugk, (Tvyeldoire VM.

214

BOOK LIU

you and to refrain from whatever they forbid, and do b.o. «7
this not only in word but also in deed, not only
in public but also in private, that you may obtain,
not penalties, but honours. Entrust the offices both
of peace and of war to those who are the most
excellent and the most prudent, harbouring no
jealousy of any man, and indulging in rivalry, not to
advance the private interests of this or that man,
but to keep the city safe and make it prosperous.
Honour men who show this spirit, but punish those
who act otherwise in political life. Treat your private
means as the common property of the state, but
refrain from the public funds as belonging to others.
Guard strictly what you already have, but never
covet that which does not belong to you. Do not
treat the allies and subject nations insolently nor
exploit them for gain, and in dealing with the
enemy, neither wrong him nor fear him. Have your
arms always in hand, but do not use them either
against one another or against those who keep the
peace. Maintain the soldiers adequately, so that
they may not on account of want desire anything
which belongs to others ; keep them in hand and
under discipline, that they may not become pre-
sumptuous and do harm.

" But why make a long speech by going through
everything in detail which it behooves you to do ?
For you may easily understand from these hints how
all other matters should be handled. I will close with
this one further remark, that if you will conduct the
government in this manner, you will both enjoy

215

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

yapieiadz, oaris v/ias aracrid£ovra<; /cava)? Xa/Scbv
8 roiovrov? aireSeiga, dv S' dhvvarrjarjre /cal ortovv
clvtwv rrpd^at, e/Jte fiev /neravorjaat irotrjaere, rtjv
Se Srj 7roXiv e? re TToXefJiovs rroWovs /cal e? /civBv-
voys pteyaXovs av0i$ epbftaXelre"
11 /Toiavra rov Kalcrapos dva\eyovros}rroi/d\ov
ti rrdOos tou? ftovkevrds /careXdptfiavev. oXiyoi
fiev yap rrjv re Zidvoiav avrov rjSearav kclk rovrov)
/cal orvvecTTTovSa^ov avra>* ra>v dXXcov pi fiev
virdorrrevov rd Xeyofieva oi Be iirtcrrevov a-faci,
/cal Bid ravra /cat eOavfia^ov ofiolw? dfi(j)6repoL,

2 oi fiev rrjv irepLYe^yrfa-LV avrov oi Be rrjv yvcofirjv,
/cat r\yQovro oi fiev rfj rrpayfiareia avrov oiSe rfj
fieravoia, ro re ydp Brjpo/cpart/cbv tfBr) jrives a>9
/cat Graai&hes efiiaovv, /cat rfj fieraardaet t??5
rroXireia^ rjpea/covro, ra> re Y^aiaapi eyaipov,
zeal drf avra>v rots fiev iradrjfiaari 8ta<p6pot$ rot?

3 Be emvorjfiacriv 6fioLoi$ i^pcovro. ovre yap iti-
arevaavreg dXr}Qw<$ aira XeyeaOai yaipeiv iBv~
vavro, ovd' oi fiovXofievoi 1 rovro Sid ro Seo?, ou0*
oi erepoi Sid Ta<? eX7rtBa<;' ovr dmarrjcravre^
BiaftaXetv re avrov /cat eXey^ai eroXficov, oi fiev

4 on e<po/3ovvro t oi S' ore ov/c eftovXovro. oOevirep
/cat mcrreveiv avr£> rrdvre^ oi fiev rjvay/cd£ovro
oi Be errXdrrovro, zeal eiratvetv avrov oi fiev ov/c
eQdpGovv oi 8* ov/c tfOeXov, dWa iroXXd fiev /cat
fiera^v dvayiyvvxj/covros avrov Biefiocov iroXXd
Be /cal fierd rovro, fiovap^etaffai re Beofievot /ca\

1 ftovK6/x€t>Qi R. Steph., &ov\€v6fjLevQt VM.

3l6

BOOK LIII

prosperity yourselves and you will gratify me, who b.o. 27
found you engaged in wretched strife and made you
what you now are ; but if there is any part whatever
of this programme that you shall prove unable to
carry out, you will cause me to regret my action and
you will at the same time cast the city again into
many wars and grave dangers."

While Caesar was reading this address, varied
feelings took possession of the senators. A few of
them knew his real intention and consequently kept
applauding him enthusiastically ; of the rest, some
were suspicious of his words, while others believed
them, and therefore both classes marvelled equally,
the one at his cunning and the other at his decision,
and both were displeased, the former at his scheming
and the latter at his change of mind. For already
there were some who abhorred the democratic con-
stitution as a breeder of strife, were pleased at the
change in government, and took delight in Caesar.
Consequently, though they were variously affected
by his announcement, their views were the same.
For, on the one hand, those who believed he had
spoken the truth could not show their pleasure, —
those who wished to do so being restrained by their
fear and the others by their hopes, — and those, on
the other hand, who did not believe it did not dare
accuse him and expose his insincerity, some because
they were afraid and others because they did not care
to do so. Hence all the doubters either were com-
pelled to believe him or else pretended that they did.
As for praising him, some had not the courage and
others were unwilling ; on the contrary, both while
he was reading and afterwards, they kept shouting
out, begging for a monarchical government and urging

217

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

iravTa Ta €9 tovto <f>epovTa iiriKeyovTes, /^e^/?£9
5 ov fcaTTjvdy/cacrav BrjOev avrbv avTapyjqaai. teal
irapavrtKa ye T0Z9 Bopvipoprjaovaiv avrbv Bt7r\d-
aiov top fitaObv tov T0Z9 aWois <TTpaTia>Tai<;
BiBopuevov ^rj(^La-6r]vac ^leirpd^aTOy 1 07tg)9 d/cpi/Sr}
ty)V <f)povpdv £XV m ovtcds o>9 d\r}dco<z tcaraOeo-Oai
rrjv i±ovapyiav eiredvp^ae. I
12 T?)z> fiev ovv r)yepovLav tovto) to> 2 Tpoirw zeal
irapd T979 yepovatas tov re Brjpbov i/3€/3atMowrp,
fiQvXrjffels Be Br) teal S>9 BrjpLOTtKo^ Tt9 eivai Sofcu,
rrjv jiev,^ <f>povTt8a ttjv t€ irpoaraaiav ra>v kolvcov
naaav o>9 fcal iirifieXeia^ twos Seofiivcov yyffi -
£<zto, ovt€ Be irdvrcov avrb<; tcov eQv&v apljeiv, 3

2 ov&* oacov av dp^y, Bid iravTo*; tovto Trotrjaeiv
€<$>r), dWd rd fiev dadeveo~T€pa a>9 teal elprjvaca
fcal diroXe/jia aTreBcofce ttj /3ov\f}, 4 Ta B* layvporepa

( eJ>9 Kal a<pa\epd fcal eiriKivBvva Kal tjtol 7ro\e-
jiiovs Tivds 7rpoo~olicov<z eyovTa rj Kal aird ica&*

3 eavTa pAya ti vecorepio-ai Bvvdpueva KaTic^e, \6yq>
pev 07TG)9 r) pbev yepovo-'ia dBecos Ta KaXKiara rfjs
dpXV? fcdpjrwTO, airo^ Be tov<; re ttovov? Kal tov<;
kivBvvovs exj) t epy<p Be Xva eiri tjj irpo^daei
TavTjj eKelvoL puev Kal qgjrXpi Kal dp,a%oi _<!> <tiv s
avTO<; Be Brj pLOVjQ? Kal SirXa €%r} Kal cFTpaTiu>Ta<$

4 Tpe<j>r}. Kal ivo/ntadrj Bed Tavra rj p,ev 1 A d>piKr f
Kal 7} NovpuBla fj Te ' 'Aaia^Kal r) ( EXXa9( perd
T979 ^irelpovi Kal to Ae\p,aTtKov to Te Ma/ee-
Bovlkov Kal ^iKeXia, Kpr^Trj Te puerd Aif3vr}$ rr)?

1 Steirpafaro Bk., Stewpd^avro VM Xiph.

2 Xiph., Te VM.

8 &p£eiv Bk., &p X €iv VM Xiph.
4 ry $ov\ri Xiph. Zon., ora. VM,

218

BOOK LIII

every argument in its favour, until they forced him, b.c. 27
as it was made to appear, to assume autocratic power.
His very first act was to secure a decree granting to
the men who should compose his bodyguard double
the pay that was given to the rest of the soldiers, so
that he might be strictly guarded. When this was
done, he was eager to establish the monarchy in
very truth.

In this way he had his supremacy ratified by the
senate and by the people as well. But as he wished *
even so to be thought democratic, while he accepted
all the care and oversight of the public business, on
the ground that it required some attention on his
part, yet he declared he would not personally govern
all the provinces, and that in the case of such pro-
vinces as he should govern he would not do so
indefinitely ; and he did, in fact, restore to the
senate the weaker provinces, on the ground that
they were peaceful and free from war, while he
retained the more powerful, alleging that they were
insecure and precarious and either had enemies on
their borders or were able on their own account to
begin a serious revolt. His professed motive in this
was that the senate might fearlessly enjoy the finest
portion of the empire, while he himself had the
hardships and the dangers ; but his real purpose was
that by this arrangement the senators should be
unarmed and unprepared for battle, while he alone
had arms and maintained soldiers. Africa, Numidia,
Asia, Greece with Epirus, the Dalmatian and Mace-
donian districts, Crete and the Cyrenaic portion of

219

vol. vi. h

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

rrepl Kuptfvrjv /ecu BiOvvia fiera tov TrpocncetfAevov
oi TIovtov, %ap8d) re Kal Batri/crj tov re Brjp,ov

5 Kal t% yepovcrlas elvai, tov Be Br) Kaiaapo<; i) T€
Xotirr) ^Ifirfpia, fj T€ irepl TappaKcova Kal r) Avo~i-
TCtvia, Kal YaX&Tat, iravTes, ot t€ Nap/3ayvrjcrioi
Kal oi AovyBovvrjaioi ^ KKviTavoi T€ Kal 'BeXyixoi, 1

6 avTol t€ Kal oi ercoiKoi afywv KeXTWv yap jives,
0&9 Brj Fep/jLavovs KaXovfxev^ iraaav Trjv r mrpo*; tw
'Vrjvw TIeXyiKrjv 2 KaTao-x6vT€<; YepfiavLav ovo-
fid^eaOai ernroirjaav, ttjv /utev dvco tt)v /asto, t«9
tov iroTafxov Trrjyds, tt)v Be KaTco ttjv p>€.XP L T °v

7 cDKeavov tov 7&p€TTaviKov ovcrav. TavTa T€ ovv
koX r) %vpia t) kolXtj KaXovfiewq rj T6 ^ocvlktj Kal
KiXiKia Kal YLviTpos Kal KiyviTTtoi <iv ttj tov
Kalo-apo? jiepiBi tots 3 eyevovjo* voTepov yap ttjv
fiev Kvirpov Kal ttjv TaXaTiav tt)v irepl Ndp/3(ova
to) SrjfKp direBwKev, ayTos Be ttjv AeXfiaTiav \

8 dvTeXafie. Kal tovto puev Kal eV aXXwv eOvoyvj

pL€TCL TaifT iy-pa^dl], G>5 7T0V KOI 7] BUgoBo? TOV

Xoyov B^Xcoaer TavTa Be ovrco KaTeXe^a, oti vvv
ywpis €Kao~Tov avTcov rjyefLoveveTai, irrel to ye
apyaiov Kai iroXv wal crvvBvo Kal crvvTpia tcl

9 eOvrf dp>a 'UBX^J ' T ™ v ^ ^oittcov ovk ifivrj-
jjuovevaa, oti %a jiev vaTepov avTcov Tnrpoo-eKTrjOr)*
Ta Be, ei Kal Tore 778*7 eKexeipcoTO, aU' ovtl ye
Kal vtto twv 'YutpLaLwv rjpx^TO, dXV 77 avTovofia
afyelro rj Kal ftaaiXeiaL*; tlctIv eireTeTpaTTTO* Kal

1 MeXytKol Bs. , fcXriKoi VM.

2 BeKyiK^v Bs., ^SeATtffV VM. 8 t6t€ M, om. V.
4 irpo(T€Kr-f]Qr] V, irpoaeKTrjadT] M.

220

BOOK LIII

Libya, Bithynia with Pontus * which adjoined it, b.c. 27
Sardinia and Baetica were held to belong to the
people and the senate; while to Caesar belonged the
remainder of Spain, — that is, the district of Tarraco
and Lusitania, — and all the Gauls, — that is, Gallia
Narbonensis, Gallia Lugdunensis, Aquitania, and
Belgica, both the natives themselves and the aliens
among them. For some of the Celts, whom we call
Germans, 1 had occupied all the Belgic territory
along the Rhine and caused it to be called Germany, 2
the upper portion extending to the sources of that
river, and the lower portion reaching to the British
Ocean. These provinces, then, together with Coele-
Syria, as it is called, Phoenicia, Cilicia, Cyprus and
Egypt, fell at that time to Caesar's share ; for after-
wards he gave Cyprus and Gallia Narbonensis back
to the people, and for himself took Dalmatia instead.
This same course was followed subsequently in the
case of other provinces also, as the progress of my
narrative will show ; but I have enumerated these
provinces in this way because at the present time
each one of them is governed separately, whereas in
the beginning and for a long period thereafter they
were administered two and three together. The
others I have not mentioned because some of them
were acquired later, and the rest, even if they were
already subjugated, were not being governed by
the Romans, but either had been left autonomous or
had been attached to some kingdom or other. 3 All

1 See note on xxxviii. 34.

2 Dio's name for Germany proper is KekriK-f) ; when he uses
the name Ttp/iavta, as here, he refers to the provinces of that
name, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, both lying
west of the Rhine.

8 Cf. chap. 26 and liv. 9.

221

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

avrcjv o<ra)ti€Ta tovt }is rrjv tosv ^co/iaiav dpyr^v
a^ifcerpi tw ael tcparovvn irpoaeredrj^
13 Ta fiev ovv e6vr) ovtco BirjpeOrj, fiovXrjffelp Be Brj
/cal £>9 p Kalcrap 7r6ppco cr<|>a9 airayayelv. tov ti
liovapyxKov <f>poveiv hotcelv, ; €? Be/ea err] rr)v apyrjv

T0t)V Bo0eVT(DV 01 VTTjtcrTJJ' TOGOVTip T€ jap ypOV(p

Karaarrjaeiv avra vireayerOy /eat irpocreveaviev^
aaro eliridv on, av zeal Oarroy r)jiepw6fi, Odrrov

2 avTol? zeal izeelva airoBwaet. \kclk. tovtov urpeoTOV
fiev avrov? tou? /SovXeura? ezearepcov t<dv iOv&v,
7r\rjv Alyv7rTia)v, apyeiv KareSeigev (izeeivois yap
Br) fiovois tov d)vo/Aaa/A€Vov LTnreciy Bi airep el&au,
irpoaera^ev)' eiretra Be tovs pev /cat eTreTqaLov?
zeal zeXrj parous etvai, nXrjv et rw iroXviraiBlas r)

3 ydpiov irpovopia TTpoaeirj, Kal etc,, re tov koivov t?)9
yepovcrias avXXoyov TrefiTreaOai p>r)Te %i<f>o<; irapa-
%G)vvv/jLevov<; !p,i)Te o'TpaTtcoTifcfj ec6r\Ti ypapbevovs, )
Kal avOvir arrow? KaXeladai fir) on tovs Bvo tovs
vTrarev/eoTas dXXd zeal tow aXXov? Tov$(e/e tcov

4 ecTpaTTjyrjtcoTow f) Bokovptcov ye eaTpaTrjyrj/eevac
jjlovov ovtcis, pafiBovypis re a<f>a<; e/caTepov?
ocroicrTrep /eat ev t<o aaTei vevopua-Tai xpr)adai,
Kal to, tt}<; apXV** i'Tria'Tjfia zeal Trapayprj/ia dfia

1 In li. 17, 1.

2 The details of the earlier legislation of Augustus (cf. liv.
16, 1 ; lv. 2, 6) in the interest of more marriages and larger
families are not clear ; but as finally embodied in the Lex
Julia et Papia Poppaea (cf. lvi. 10), the special privileges of
a father of three legitimate children (the ius trium liberorum)

222

BOOK LIII

of them which came into the Roman empire after bcc.
this period were added to the provinces of the one
who was emperor at the time.

Such, then, was the apportionment of the pro-
vinces. And wishing, even then, to lead the
Romans a long way from the idea that he was at all
monarchical in his purposes, Caesar undertook for ^/
only ten years the government of the provinces
assigned him ; for he promised to reduce them to
order within this period, and boastfully added that,
if they should be pacified sooner, he would the
sooner restore them, too, to the senate. Thereupon y
he first appointed the senators themselves to govern
both classes of provinces, except Egypt. This
province alone he assigned to a knight, the one we
have already named, 1 for the reasons mentioned
there. Next he ordained that the governors of
senatorial provinces should be annual magistrates,
chosen by lot, except when a senator enjoyed a
special privilege because of the large number of his
children or because of his marriage. 2 These govern-
ors were to be sent out by vote of the senate in
public meeting; they were to carry no sword at
their belt nor to wear military uniform ; the name of
proconsul was to belong not only to the two ex-
consuls but also to the others who had merely served
as praetors or who held at least the rank of ex-
praetors; both classes were to employ as many
lictors as were usual in the capital ; and they were

included the right to receive inheritances left to bachelors
(who could not inherit), preference in standing for the various
offices, including the right to be a candidate before the regu-
lar age or without the usual interval between offices, pre-
cedence before equals and colleagues, and exemption from
certain civic obligations.

223

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

t<£ etjo) tov TTfo/LLrjplov yeveaOai irpoaTtOecrOaL teal
Sia iravTOS pe^pis av dvaKOjxtadwcnv ex £LV

5 \evo~e. tou? Se erepov^fviro re eavrov aipetaBai
teal TzpeaftevTas avTOV dvTiGTpaTrjyov? re ovofid-
£eadai, tcav etc to>v viraTevtcoTCdv &<ri, SieTafe.
twv yap Srj Svo tovtcov opo/xdrcov iirl irXeiaTOV ev
TTj Srj/xo/cparta) dvOrjadvTWV, to /xev tov arpaTTj-
yov rot? alpsTOis (&>9 teal ra> 7To\efX(p 1 airo tov
irdvv dp^aiov TrpoGr\teov eScoteev, dvTiarTpaTtfyovs
cr<^>a<? 7rpoo-€i7TQ)V t to Be Btj tS>v vrraTcov to??
€Tepoi<;{a><; teal eipr}viK(OTepOL^\ avOviraTOv? avToix;

6 eVi/caXeo-a?. aitTa p.ev yap ' tcl 6v6p,aTa, to re
tov (TTpaTTjyov teal to tov vttcltov, ev tj) 'IraX/a
eTrjprja-e, toi>9 he ego) tvdvTas &>9 teal ovt eteeivcov
apXOVTa? Trpoarjyopevae. tj) t€ ovv iTrnckrjcrei
Trj to)v dvTicrTpaTrjycov tou? aipeTOix; XprjaOai,
teal €7rl irXeLco teal eviavTOv y^pdvov, e<$ oaov av
eavTw So^j), ap%eiv eTrolrjae, tt)V T6 aTpaTicoTLterjv
a/eevrjv fapovvTa? tcai %L(f)0<;, 0I9 7^ teal aTpaTtco-

7 Ta? 8itcaL(oo~ai e^eaTiv, e^oPTa?. aXKco yap ovBevl
ovTe dvOviraTM ovtc dvTia-TpaT^yo) bvTe eirLTpoiTW

^l<f>7](j>Op€lv SCOTCH, & fJLT) teal 0~T paTMOTTJV TIVOL

diroKTeivai e^eivai vevojAiGTay ov yap otc T019
(3ov\evTals ak\a tcdl t<H9 iTTirevGiv, 0I9 Tovff

8 vTrdpxeiy teal eteelvo arvyteexcoprjTai. TavTa fiev ovv
ovtgos |x«, pafihovx 01 ** ^ ^€VTe iravTes ppiOLW
01 dvTCcrTpaTrjyoi xp&VTai, teal oaoi ye oiitelitc tcov
viraTevtcoToyv flat, teal ovo/xd^ovTai in avTov tov

1 r$ 7ro\4juq> M, tov iro\€/j.ov V.

1 Legati Augusti pro praetore.

2 The expression to which Dio here refers is apparently
the adjective quinquefascalis, found in inscriptional Latin.

224

X

BOOK LIII

to assume the insignia of their office immediately B . a 2 7
upon leaving the pomerium and were to wear them
constantly until they returned. The other governors,
on the other hand, were to be chosen by the emperor
himself and were to be called his envoys and
propraetors, 1 even if the men selected were ex-
consuls. Thus, of these two titles which had been
in vogue so long under the republic, he gave that of
praetor to the men chosen by him, on the ground
that from very early times it had been associated
with warfare, calling them propraetors ; and he gave
the name of consul to the others, on the ground that
their duties were more peaceful, styling them pro-
consuls. For he reserved the full titles of consul
and praetor for Italy, and designated all the governors
outside of Italy as acting in their stead. So, then,
he caused the appointed governors to be known as
propraetors and to hold office for as much longer
than a year as should please him ; he made them
wear the military uniform, and a sword, with which
they are permitted to execute even soldiers. For
no one else, whether proconsul, propraetor, or pro-
curator, has been given the privilege of wearing a
sword without also having been accorded the right
to put a soldier to death ; indeed, this right has been
granted, not only to the senators, but also to the
knights who are entitled to wear a sword. So much
for this. All the propraetors alike employ five
lictors, and, indeed, all of them except those who
were ex-consuls at the time of appointment to
governorships receive their title from this very
number. 2 Both classes alike assume the decorations

All the editions previous to that of Boissevain gave " six
lictors," an error corrected by Mommsen (lltimisches Staats-
recht, i a . p. 369, note 4).

225

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

apiOfjiov rovrov. rd re rf}$ rjyefiovta^ Koo-firffiara,
orav re ri)v nvp oarer ay p,evqv (T<f>icri %(bpav
eaekOwcriv, ktcdrepoi o/jlolco? ava\ap,j3dvovo~i, /cat
iiretSav Sidp^axriv, ev0v$ Kararidevrat.
14 Ovra> uev Kalfinl Tovroisjfe/c re reov ear part]-
yrjKorcov Kal eK tcov vrrarevKorayv^ap^ovre^ dp,(f>o-
repcoae rrep/ireaQai evopiadriaav. Kal avrwv o
fih* avTOfcpdrcop ottoi re riva Kal orcore qdeXev
eareWe, teal rroWol Kal crrparr^yovyre^ teal
virarevovres r/yepLOVLas eOvcov eayov, Jj ^Kal 1 vvv

2 eariv ore yvyverar< rjj Se Srj ftovXj) IBla puev toi<?
re brrsirevKoai\rr]v re y A<ppCKrjv Kal rfjv 'Aalav
Kal iTOis earparrjyrjKoo'i ra Xotira rrdvra drriz.
veijxe, Koivfj Se Brj rracnv aitrol? dirriyopevae ^
fjLYjSiva rrpb irevre irayvpLera to ev rrj iroXei dp^ai

3 tc\r}pov<jdai. Kal y^povtp fiev rivi ) it gyres oi
toiovtol, el Kal TrXeiov? tcjv eOvwv rjaav, iXdy-
yavov avrd' varepov Se y eireihr] rives avrcov ov
KaXw f)pX 0V > T $ avTOKpdropi Kal eKeivoi jnpocr^
eredrjaav, Kal ovrco Kal rovrots avros rpoirov

4 riva ras ^yeptovias SlScoaiv. laapLdpuovs re yap
rots Wvecrt, Kal oft? av edeXrjcrr), Kkrjpovcrdai
KeXeveiJ aiperovs re rives Kal eKelae eirefiyfrav,
Kal eVl rfXeloa iviavrov %povov Jjariv ol$ apgai
eirerpeyav* Kal rive? Kal Irnrevatv (dvrl r&v
ftovXevrcjv^eOvrj riva irpoaera^av.

i KaTSk., re VM.

226

BOOK LIII

of their position of authority when they enter their B .c. 27
appointed province and lay them aside immediately
upon completing their term of office.

It was thus and on these conditions that the
custom was established of sending out ex-praetors
and ex-consuls respectively as governors of the two
classes of provinces. In the one case, the, emperor
would commission a governor to any province he
wished and when he wished, and many secured
provincial commands while still praetors or consuls,
as sometimes happens even at the present day. In
the case of the senatorial provinces, he assigned
Asia and Africa on his own responsibility to the
L ex-consuls, and all the other provinces to the ex-
praetors; but by public decree, applicable to all the
\i; senatorial governors, he forbade the allotment of any
ij senator to a governorship before the expiration ot
| five years from the time he had held office in the
city. 1 For a time all who fulfilled these require-
ments, even if they exceeded the number of the
i| provinces, were allotted to governorships ; but later,
V inasmuch as some of them did not govern well, the
appointment of these officials, too, was put in the
emperor's hands. And thus it is, in a manner of
speaking, the emperor who assigns these governors
also to their commands ; for he always orders the
allotment of precisely the number of governors that
there are provinces, and orders to be drawn whom-
soever he pleases. Some emperors have sent men of
their own choosing to these provinces also, and have
allowed certain of them to hold office for more than
a year ; and some have assigned certain provinces to
knights instead of to senators.

1 This was merely a renewal of the decree of 52 B.C. which
had remained in force. Cf. xl. 46, 2, and lii. 20, 4.

227

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

5 Tajrm [Jblv ovrco rbre ! ire pi tov? /3ov\evra$
TOv$)ye Kal Qavarovv rov$ dpyop,evov^ e^bvaiav
€Xovtcl<; ivpfuadrj. Treugvpjxi^ yap /ecu oh ovk

€'£e<TT£ TOVTOy €9 fi€V TO, TOV hrjfJLOVj T^9 T€ fiovXrjy

Xeybfieva edvrj ol re rajuevovre^, 01)9 av 6 KXrjpo s
aTroSetgr}, /ecu ol TrapeSp evovres T0Z9 to /cvpo? tt}9

6 dpyfis eyovaiv. ovrco yap~ av opOcos . airovs, pv
f TTpbs to ovo/Adj a\\a(7rp6$ rrjv 7rpa^ij, coairep

ehrov, KaXejrai/jii, eVet ol ye 1 a[XKott, irpea^evra^
Kal tovtovs e&h>rjvL%ovT£<; ovoaa^ovat. Kal^rrepl
fiev rfj? eirLKkriaea}^ ravrrjy ap/eovvrcosl iv T019

7 ava) Xoyoi^GLprjrai, tou9 £e irapehpovs giro?
iavra) c/caaro^ at get/rat, eva fiev ol eo^parjqyrjKpres

( i/c rcav ojloLcov cnfilaiv rj /cal rcov vTroSeearepcov,

TyO€L9 §6 OL VTTareV/COTe? KOI €K TCOP OflOTL/JLCOvJ 0&9

av Kal 6 airo/eparcop BoKipLaarj. ejemvorojsJ^Y]
pev yap tl k at Kara, rovrovsj a\V iTrei&rj ra)(b
iiravaaro, ajweaei Tore avrb \e^(6rjvaL.
5 ^TLepl fiev ovv ra rov SrjpLov eOvrj Jravffl ovro)
yCyverar irejiirovTaL he Ka\^ €9 to. erepaj ra rov
re avroKparopo^ 6vopLa%6p,eva Kal rroXirLKa crrpa-
roireSd irXelca ei/09 eypvra, ol^vrrap^oyre^ acfxov,
vtt avrov eKeivoV rb puev Trkeicrrovi eK rcov ear pa-
rrjyrjKorcov^Sf] Se Kal^eK rcov rerapuevKoroiv 7)
xal aXXrjv rtva ap^rjv ra>v feia pueaov dp^dvrcov
aipovfievoL.

1 ye H. Steph.,T6 VM.

228

BOOK LIII

These were the principles established at that b.c
time in regard to the particular class of senators
who had the right to inflict the death penalty upon
their subjects in the provinces. For it should be
stated that there is a class who have not this right, —
those, namely, who are sent to the provinces styled
the "provinces of the senate and people," — I mean
those who serve either as quaestors, being designated
by lot to this office, or as assessors 1 to those who
hold the actual authority. For this would be the
correct way for me to style these officials, having
regard not to their name, but to their duties as just
described, although others in hellenizing their title
call these also " envoys." 2 Concerning this title,
however, enough has been said in what precedes. 3
As to assessors in general, each governor chooses his
own, the ex-praetors selecting one from their peers
or even from their inferiors, and the ex-consuls three
from among those of equal rank, subject to the
emperor's approval. For, although a certain change
was made in regard to these men also, yet it soon
lapsed and it will be sufficient to mention it at the
proper time.

This is the system followed in the case of the
provinces of the people. To the others, which are
called the imperial provinces and have more than
one citizen-legion, are sent officials who are to govern
them as lieutenants ; these are appointed by the
emperor himself, generally from the ex-praetors,
though also from the ex-quaestors, or men who have^
held an office between the praetorship and the
quaestorship.

1 Ltgati. Cf. lv. 27, 6.

2 irpe<r&€VTai. This, the literal translation of hgati, was
in fact the ordinary Greek term. 8 See chap, 13, 5.

229

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

2 T!a>v {lev Brj ovv fiovXevovTcov ravTa e^^ififc

Be Br) TO)V ImreCOV^TOVS T€ %j\ta/9%OV?, fCCU TOVS

fiovXevcrovTas 1 Kal tovs Xonrovs, tovfirepl t>)<?
8ia<f>opa$ avto fxot rod Xoyov njwajiTjTai, clvto^^o^
c !^I J c p4l^ ) P tov? fieP^is ra ttoXitiko, reu^T} fjbova
tou9 Be teat €9 ra %evaca ^UTroareXXeL, tbairep Tore

3 irpbs tov 2 Kalaapos evoylaQr)* Kal tov$ imrpor
ttovs (ovtco *yap tovs Ta? re koivcls irpoaoBovs
itcXiyovra? /cat ra TrpocrTeTaypAva afyiaiv dvaXL-
gkovtcis dvofidtofievf is iravra o/jlolox; ra e^Ovry, rd
re eavTOv Br) zeal tcl rov Brj/xov, tov? fxev[ i/c ra>i>
i7nri(0Pj tovs Be Kal (Ik r&v direXevdepcov W^y#.
irXr)v Ka0* oaov tov? <j)6pov<; oi dvOvirajqi Trap

4 SdV apxpvcriv icnrpdo-crovaiv. evroXds re riva? •
Kal tocs iiTLTpoTrois Kal tols dvOvwdiOLS to?? re
dvTicri parrots BpBcd<r iv, oVe*)? iirl prjrols i&miJLi'.
Kal yap tovto Kal to 3 pLiaQofyopav Kal ifcelvois

5 Kal row dXXois BiBoaOai rore evojuaOr). to fiev
jap irdXat ep yoXaBovvTes rc ves yirapa tov Brjfio-
atov) Trdvra acj)lai to, [irpbs ttjv dp^v) (f>epovTa
^apei^qv* etrl Be Br) tov JfLalcrapos irp&Tov avrol
ejcelv oi raKTov tl Xafifidveiv Up^avro. Kal tovto 4
fiev oi)K\eK tov Xaoviraai crcptcriv, dXX y ai? ttov

Kal VX£^^JilLV T€l ' f il&X ^ 7 }' KaL ( T0 ^ 7 e ^t/jo-
TTOi^Kal (tvTh^bJrov 5 agio* par oyjwjyxa (dirb tov
dpiOpiOv tq)v BiBofievcov avTols ^prjjxdTCJp 7rpoa~

1 f}ov\ev<xovras Dind., $ov\(vaapras VM.

2 tov Bs., avrov tov VM. 3 to Bk. , t))v VM.

4 tovto R. Steph., tov VM. 5 t2> tov Bk., tovto VM.
230

BOOK LIII

These positions, then, appertain to the senators, b.c. 27
Passing now to the knights, the emperor himself se-
lects knights to be sent out as military tribunes (both
those who are prospective senators and the others ; '
concerning their difference in rank I have already
spoken 1 ), despatching some of them to take command
of the garrisons of purely citizen-legions, and others
of the foreign legions as well. In this matter he fol-
lows the custom then instituted by Caesar. The
procurators (for this is the name we give to the men
who collect the public revenues and make disburse-
ments according to the instructions given them) he
sends out to all the provinces alike, to those of the
people as well as to his own, and to this office knights
are sometimes appointed and sometimes even freed-
men ; but the proconsuls may exact the tribute from
A' the people they govern. The emperor gives in-
/ M\ structions to the procurators, the proconsuls, and the
? I propraetors, in order that they may be under definite
j] ' orders when they go out to their provinces. For both
I this practice and the giving of salaries to them and to
y the other officials was established at this time. In
I former times, of course, certain persons had made a
business of furnishing the officials with all they needed
for the conduct of their office, drawing upon the
treasury for the money; but under Caesar these officials
now for the first time began to receive a fixed salary.
This was not assigned to them all on the same basis,
but approximately as their needs required ; and the
procurators, indeed, get the very title of their rank
from the amount of the salaries assigned to them. 2

1 In lii. 25, 6 f.

2 i.e. centeiiarii, dncenarii t and trecenarii, receiving one
hundred, two hundred, and three hundred thousand sesterces
respectively.

23 1

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

6 yty vera t. J/celva $ef liri 7ra(Tiv)ofxoiG)s ivg/4Q§.§z.
TijOrj, fjLTjre /caraXoyov? <j<^a? iroietadai, firjr
apyvpiovfe^G) tov reray/jLevov) icnrpdcrcreiv, el fir)

Xeycretev orav re to) o Bid§oxo9,JX$rjdeK T€ tov
eOvovs) avTtfca avTov ij-oppbaadai ical \ev rfj ava-
KOfxiZfi\fjir] eyxpovL^eiv, d\\' eWo9 rpiwv fir]Vo>v
iiravtevai, / \

16^ Tavra fiev ovroo Tore \& 9 rye eliretv j Si^&y dw
tw yap epyco ical iravroyv fcalfSta iravro^) • avro s _ o . ,
Kalaapy are ical twv ^prj/jbdrayv KVptevwv (Xoyw
pkv yap ra hrjpiocna dirb rayv itceivoi) aTrefcetcpij-Q*
epyw Se ical ravra irpos rrjv yvwfirjv avTOv)avyf
Xia/cero) real rcov arparKorcbv Kpar^v, avrap-

2 ^rjoetv' eyeXke. T779 yovv BexaeTc'as igeXdovarjs

aXka SUJJL^ v ' Te> € * ra ^ r ^ v J € > Kai f Jb€Ta tovto Be/ca
ical erepa avdi? Seica teal a\\a tefca, 2, TreprnTaicis 3
a\)T(p iyfnj^iaOt], ware (rfj to)v BeiceTrjplBjcov 4 Sia-

3 So^ijj^a ftiov^jCLvrbv fiovapxfjo-ai. tcal($ta tovto)
ical oi_p.€Ta ravra avTO/cpaTopes , /catroi purfKeT Jis
Tatcrbv ypovov)dXX e'9 irdvia Kaddirat tov Btov s
aTTOoeLKyvjxevoi, ofiox; ota rcov oeica aei €TO)v,
ea)pjct,o-av a>9 zeal rrjv r^yefiovLav avOis Tore dva-
veoypLevor teal tovto ical vvv ytsyverai.

4 ' !0 8* ovv Kalaap iroXXa piev /cal irpoTepov, 5
ot€ Talirepl Tr^e^mfiocria^ t% fiovap^ia^ ical tcl

[irepl 7*779 tS)v iOvcov hiavofir)<$\ SieXey Oy^ eXajSe'
ical yap to Ve Ta9 hd<f)vas hrpb ' tcov /3ao~iXeitj)P}

1 6 supplied by R. Steph.

2 Ka\ &\\a SeVa supplied by Mommsen,
a irefXTTTOLKis Zon., •n^jXKTa.Kis & VM.

4 deKtrriplticov Xiph., S€Ka€rr]pib<av Zon., 8e/ceT?7pfa>j> VM.

6 irpSrcpov Rk,, irp6rtpa VM. e SxeAt'x^ M, 5i«\«7x^ V.

232

BOOK LIII

The following regulations were laid down for them b.c. 27
all alike : they were not to raise levies of soldiers or
to exact money beyond the amount appointed, unless
the senate should so vote or the emperor so order ;
and when their successors arrived, they were to leave
the province at once, and not to delay on the
return journey, but to get back within three months. r

These regulations were established at that time,
to speak generally ; for in reality Caesar himself
was destined to have absolute control of all matters
for all time, because he was not only master of the
funds (nominally, to be sure, he had separated the
public funds from his own, but as a matter of fact,
he always spent the former also as he saw fit), but
also commanded the soldiers. At all events, when
\ his ten-year period came to an end, there was voted
to him another five years, then five more, after that
ten, and again another ten, and then ten for the
fifth time, so that by the succession of ten-year
periods he continued to be sole ruler for life. And
it is for this reason that the subsequent emperors,
though no longer appointed for a specified period,
but for their whole life once for all, nevertheless
always held a celebration every ten years, as if then
renewing their sovereignty -once more; and this is
done even at the present day.

Now Caesar had received many privileges and
honours even previously, when the question of de-
clining the sovereignty and that of apportioning the
provinces were under discussion. For the right to
place the laurel trees in front of the royal residence

233

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

avTOV^prpoTiOeaOai. /cal to top arefyavov rov
BpvivoAvTrep avrwv >apTa<j8ai, Tore 01 to? /cal del

TOV? T€ 7T0\€/JL10V<; VlfCCOVTC fCCtl TOV<? TToXlraS

5 (tw^ovti €yjrj]^La0T]. (/cgbXe^xai Be ra^acrLXeia
Trakariov, ov% oti /cal JzBolg TTore ovtw? aura
bvofia^eadai, dXX* on I ev re ray UaXaricpJ^o^
Kqicrap /cal e/cel to arpaTrjyiov €l%€j /cat
riva /cal 7r/)o? tt]V rov ^(OfjbvXou rrpoevoL/crjcnv \
<j)rjfMT]v r} r jpfacia avrov (drrb^ rov rravrb<; opov$ 1 /

6 eXafie* /cal (Bid rovroj /cav aXXoOi rrov 6 g iro-
Kpdrcop fcaTaXv7} ± rrjv rov iraXariov eTrlfcXrjcuv fa
/caraycoyrj avrov eirel Be /cal (tw epyca J
avrd e TrereXeae v, ovrco Brj /cal rbfrov Avyovarov^?
ovofia /cal \rrapd t?}? /3ov\r)$)/cal (jrapa rov Btffiov )

7 €7T€#€TO. /3ovXr)8evTCDV ydp <T<f)C0V t£tfi>? 7TQ)9

avrov rrpoaeiirelv, /cal tq>i/ fiev rb rcov Be to /cal
iatiyovfievGov /cal aipovfievwv, 6 'Ka l^ap.An.e.6. vfiei
fxev icrxypw*; t Pco/xvXo<; bvofiacrdrwai, alcrdo^p.evp^.
Be on viroTrreveratf i/c rovrovjrf]? "JSacriAe/a?

8 emOvfielv, ov/cer avrov avreiroi^a'aro, dXXd
AvyovaTOS fhs /cal irXelov ri i) [Kara avOpcoirov^
&v eireKXrjdr}' yrdvra yap rd evrtixor ara /cal Ta
lepcorara dvyovara tt poaayopeverai. ovrrep)
KaT^e/Sao-rbv airbv /cal eXXt]VL^qyre<; 7Tft)9, &airep
rivd aeirrovjdrrb rov aej3d^ea6 ^aL^irjiOjcrelivov v

17 Ovrco p,ev Btj to re rov Brjfiov /cal to t% yeppv-
aias kocltos 7rai\e? rov Avy over o^ixeriarj}, KaVp/ir
avrovj/cal d/cpt0rj<; /xovap^la /carecrrrj* fiova^xla
ydp t el /cal rd pLaXiara^/cat^Bvo /cal rpjejfc dfia
to /cvpos rrore €0"%ov, dXrjOearara dv vofii^oiro.

1 opovs R. Steph., 6pou V, 8pov M.

2 cefid(e<r6ai Zon., <re0t(ecrdat VM.

234

BOOK LIII

and to hang the crown of oak above them was then B .c. 27
voted him to symbolize that he was always victor
over his enemies and the saviour of the citizens.
The royal residence is called Palatium, not because
it was ever decreed that this should be its name, but
because Caesar dwelt on the Palatine 1 and had his
military headquarters there, though his residence
gained a certain degree of fame from the mount as a
whole also, because Romulus had once lived there.
Hence, even if the emperor resides somewhere else,
his dwelling retains the name of Palatium. And when
Caesar had actually carried out his promises, the
name Augustus was at length bestowed upon him by ^
the senate and by the people. For when they wished
to call him by some distinctive title, and men were
proposing one title and another and urging its
selection, Caesar was exceedingly desirous of being
called Romulus, but when he perceived that this
caused him to be suspected of desiring the kingship,
he desisted from his efforts to obtain it, and took the
title of "Augustus/' signifying that he was more than 1
human ; for all the most precious and sacred objects
are termed augusta. Therefore they addressed him
also in Greek as Sebastos, 2 meaning an august person-
age, from the passive of the verb sebazo, " to revere."

In this way the power of both people and senate
passed entirely into the hands of Augustus, and from
his time there was, strictly speaking, a monarchy; for
monarchy would be the truest name for it, no matter
if two or three men did later hold the power at the

1 In both Greek and Latin the common form of the name
for the Palatine (Ua\driov and Palatium) is the same as that
for the imperial residence. It is hardly necessary to state
that Palatium has given the English *' palace."

2 Cf. lii. 40.

235

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

2 to fiev yap ovofia avro rb iiovapyiicbv ovrco hrj ri
ol^cpjxaZgi ifjLLajjaav ware fiTjre Stfcrdropas fxrjre
ftaaiXeas jmrjr d\Xo ri roipvrorpoirov rov<; avro-
tcpdropds a(j)(ov dvo/jbd^etvfrov 8e Si) rfjs TroXireLas
reXovs 6? avrov? dvatceifievov^ovK eanv 07rco<; ov

3 /3 aai^ €yovrai. ai fiev yap dg^al ai [ere ra>v
v6pLCov$><; irXtfOei yevofievai real vvv ^7rXr)v tt)? ra>v
tc/jl7]tu)v ^Kaffigravrai, Sidyerai Be /cat Bi pucecr ai
rrdvra a7rX«? oVo)? av A del fcparcbv idekrjajj. ,
real iva ye fir) \ifc Bvvaareiasj dXX{^ifc rmv vofiwvj
rovr exetv &OK&0J, nrdvff oaa\iv rfj SrjpoKparLa
fxeyai^irap etcovat afyiaivj ^o-^vaev, avrois Tofc
ovbfiaai %«pt9 rov tt)? htKraropta^ irpoaeiroirj'

4 aavjq. v irarot re yap TrXeicrrd/ci? yvyvovTcUi fcal
dvdvjrajgi det, 6adrci<; av e^co rov irco/iriptov Qaiv,
0VQjxd^qvTai*(\rjV re^jov avroKpdropo^prpoa prjaiv

\jbid Travro^i ov fxovov oi^yiKqaavxes riva? dXXd~
koX oLdXXoi nrdvres, f7rpo? hrjXwaiv rrj<; avrore-
Xovs o~cj)Q)V i^ovaiakt dvrl t?)<? rov ftaaiXea)*; rov

5 T€ Bitcrdropo? iTTificiiyiaecos) ej(qvaiv. avrds piv)
yap €feelva<; ov rLOeMJOL, iireihyjirep dira^ ^tc t?}?
rroXireia^] e ^erreaoV y To^e)Sq epyov avra>i/^rf) rov
avro/epdropos 7rpoar]yopLa^e^a^vvrat. tcalfetc
jxev rovroav rcov ovo/xdrcov JtcaraXoyov? re Troiel-
aOai teal xprjfiara ddpol^etv iroXepow; re dvai-

6 pelaOai real elprjvrjv uTcevSeaBaiJrov re ^eviKov
icaX rov iroXiTifcov) del teal iravrayov o/iot&x?
apyetv, ware teal ievrb$ rov TTCdpurjpLov] ical rov<;
irnrea? teal rov? povXevra^ Oavarovv SvvaaOai,

236

BOOK LIII

same time. 1 The name of monarchy, to be sure, the b.c. 27
Romans so detested that they called their emperors
neither dictators nor kings nor anything of the sort ;
yet since the final authority for the government
devolves upon them, they must needs be kings. The
offices established by the laws, it is true, are main-
tained even now, except that of censor; but the
entire direction and administration is absolutely in
accordance with the wishes of the one in power at
the time. And yet, in order to preserve the ap-
pearance of having this power by virtue of the laws
and not because of their own domination, the em-
perors have taken to themselves all the functions,
including the titles, of the offices which under the
republic and by the free gift of the people were
powerful, with the single exception of the dictator-
ship. Thus, they very often became consuls, and
they are always styled proconsuls whenever they are
outside the pomerium. The name of " imperator" is
held by them all for life, not only by those who have
won victories in battle, but also by those who have not,
in token of their independent authority, and this has
displaced the titles "king" and " dictator." These
last titles they have never assumed since the time they
' first fell out of use in the conduct of the government,
but the functions of those offices are secured to them
under the appellation of "imperator." By virtue of the
titles named they secure the right to make levies, to
collect funds, declare war, make peace, rule foreigners
and citizens alike everywhere and always, — even to
the extent of being able to put to death both knights
and senators inside the pomerium, — and all the other

1 See note on § 8 inf.

«37

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

rd re aXka baa rot? re vTrdroi*; Kal to?? a\\o£9
roi? avrap^rfaaaL irore rroielv i£r]v , Xajx§o^vjjw*

7 [etc Be Btj rod rL/irjreveiv Jrov^ re yStoi/9 Kal rovs

TpOTTOV? 7]fJLG)V e ^erd^OV Gl, Kal a7T0ypa^)d<; 7TOI-

ovvrai Kal rovs p>ev KaraXeyova i Kal e? rrjv
IwiraBa Kal €9 to ftovXeuriKov, tou9 Be Kal aira-

8 Xetyovatv, 07r&)9 av avrols 86£rj. f sk re tov (ev
irdaais rals lepoxrvvat^jiepoyddai Kal jrpoaerv \ai
TOt9 aXXois t»9 rrXelov^ <r<pwv BiBovai, dp^cepecov
re rtva avrwv, kclv hvo kclv rpet$ a/xa dp^coatv,
elvai, irdvrcov avrol Kal rcov oatcov Kal rcov lepcov 1

9 Kvpievoyatv, 77 re igovvLa rj Brj/nap^cKr) KaXov-
ixevt), r\v ql/ndvv irore dvOijaavre ^ ecr^ov, BLBcoaL
<r<f>t(TL rd re €7rtyiyv6/Ji€va(v(p y erepov rivoty av ^irj
GvveTraivaHTii iraveiv, Kal firjO 1 vftpt'^eo-Oat,, kclv
dpa rt Kal to /3pa%vrarov firj Sri epyco dXXci Kal
Xoyco dSiKelcrdaL Bo^coctl, Kal aKpcrov rbv iroirj-

10 aavra avrb a>9 Kal evayfj diroXXvvat* Br)ixapyeiv
/iev ydp s are Kal ( 69 tou9 evirarplBas rrdvrco*;
reXovvres, ov% oaiov voj^ovgjv elvai* rrjv Be Bt}
Bvva/icv rrjv rcov Brjjidpxcov rrdcrav^ ScrrjTrep rd
fidXccrra is/.evjETS), it poaj^eyr&k, Kal\Bc avrrj^/Kal
7) e%api0 fJL7}<n<z rcov ercov rrjs a/3^9 avrcov, a>9 Kal

(^Kar eVo9 avrt]V fierd rcov del Brjfia p%o vvrcov

1 Uptav R. Steph. , Upioiv V Xiph. , icpewv M.

1 Up to the time when l)io wrote these words it was true
that when two or more jointly held the imperial power (as
Marcus Aurelius with L. Verus, and Septiinius Severus with

238

BOOK LIII

privileges once granted to the consuls and other B .c. 27
officials possessing independent authority ; and by
virtue of holding the censorship they investigate our
lives and morals as well as take the census, enrolling
some in the equestrian and senatorial classes and
erasing the names of others from these classes,
according to their will. By virtue of being con-
secrated in all the priesthoods and of their right to
bestow most of these positions upon others, as well
as from the fact that, even if two or three persons
hold the imperial office at the same time, one
of them is high priest, 1 they hold in their own
hands supreme authority over all matters both pro-
fane and sacred. The tribunician power, as it is
called, which used to be conferred only upon men of
the greatest influence, gives them the right to nullify
the effects of measures taken by any other official, in
case they do not approve it, and makes them immune
from scurrilous abuse 2 ; and if they appear to be
wronged in even the slightest degree, not merely by
deed, but even by word, they may destroy the guilty
party, as one accursed, without a trial. The emperors,
it should be explained, do not think it right to be
tribunes, inasmuch as they belong altogether to the
patrician class, but they assume the power of the
tribunes to its full extent, as it was when it was N
greatest ; and in numbering the years they have held
the imperial office they use the tribunician power to
mark the stages, the theory being that they receive
it year by year along with those who are regularly

his two sons) only one of them was pontifex maximus. But
a few years later, in 238, Balbinus and Maximus both claimed
the title.

8 Cf. vol. i. p. 127 ff., xlix. 15, 5-6.

239

DICS ROMAN HISTORY

11 Xa/ifiavovTcov,) TTpofiaivei. ravra fxev{ ite t???
SrjfiotcpctTLa^ co$ ttov teal etca&Ta evojuadrj, ovrco
T€ /cal^Bia tovtcov tcov ovojiaTcov) el Xrj^aaiv^ oVok

18 fi7)hevt dvev Boaecos rivof c^av Sotccoaiv tjStj (&£
teal erepov Tt, b (jxrjZevl tcov irdXai 'Pco/Aatcovpfc
iravrcdavTiKpv^ ihoOji, W£oa€tcr^o-avTo f (v(f> ovirep
teal fjLovovjfcal eteeiva dv teal TaXXa avTOis irpdr-
retv i^rjv, XeXvvTai yap Srj tcov voficov, &)«? ouTa
tcl AaTiva prjfxaTa Xeyei* tout* €<ttlv iXevdepoj,
- dirb Tvaar)^ dvayteaia? vofiicrecos) elcn teal ovBevl

2 tcov yey pa fxfxevcov IvkyovTai. teal oitTm (etc
tovtcov tcov Bij/iotepaTitecov ovofMaToovjiraaav Trjv
t^9 iroXueLa^ la^vv nrepifteftX^vTai, &<jt€ teal Ta
tcov /3a(Ti\e(Dvf ttXtjv tov <f>opTiteov tt}? Trpoar}-
yopla<s avTcovj e^eiv. yap Srj tov K<uVa/w r]
tc tov AiyovaTov 7r p6o~pr)Q- i<; hvvafiiv (pblvjovhe-
p,lav avTolsjiliceiav Tr poaTLdrja i, $r]Xoi fijaXXcos
to p,€V >T7]V'T0v yevov? acfrcov hiaho^riv, To^J>ejrr)v

3 tov d^icop.aTO^^/Xa/iTrpoT^Ta, teal rj—ye tov
7raT/?09 iiscovvpia Ta%a ($ v j Ka ^ ^overlap Tiva
avTOis, r\v 7T0T6 o^Tra jepf s eirl tou? iralSa^ ^£J(0}Ll

1 tcaTci irdvTcov rjfjicov SiBcoaiv, ov fievTOi teaHiirl
tovto) dp^rjv iyev€TO_ dXX* /e$ T€ Tip,rji^ teal^is
irapalveaLVf/iv avToL T€ tov<; dpypybkvovs a>9 teal

1 That is, they measured the length of their reign by
tribunician years, dating either from the very day when the
tribunician power was conferred upon them (even if before

240

BOOK LIII

made tribunes. 1 These are the institutions which b.c. 27
they have taken over from the republic, essentially
in the form in which they severally existed then,
and also making use of these same names, their
purpose being to create the impression that they
possess no power that has not been granted them.
And further, they have acquired also another pre-
rogative which was given to none of the ancient
Romans outright and unreservedly, and the possession
of this alone would enable them to exercise the
powers above named and the others besides. For
they have been released from the laws, as the very
words in Latin declare ; 2 that is, they are free from
all compulsion of the laws and are bound by none of
the written ordinances. Thus by virtue of these
democratic names they have clothed themselves with
all the powers of the government, to such an extent
that they actually possess all the prerogatives of
kings except their paltry title. For the appellation
"Caesar" or "Augustus" confers upon them no
peculiar power, but merely shows in the one case
that they are heirs of the family to which they
belong, and in the other the splendour of their
official position. The term " Father " perhaps gives
them a certain authority over us all — the authority
which fathers once had over their children ; yet it
did not signify this at first, but betokened honour,
and served as an admonition both to them, that
they should love their subjects as they would their

their accession, by way of designating them officially as
successors to the imperial power), or (beginning with Trajan)
from December 10th, the date of the regular tribunician
elections.

2 Princeps legibus solutus est. Ulpian (Digest, i. 3, 31) ; cf.
Mommsen, Staatsrecht, ii*. 728 ff.

241

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

iTalhas dyairwev /cal i/celvoL cr<f)a<; a>9 /cal irarepa^
alBcovrai.

4 T,Q<rayTat T€ koX roiayjai ai wpo&rjyopiai elalu^
als o£ to /cpdros e^pvre^KaTd re rovs v6p,ov<;) tcal^

f /card to rjBrf Trdrptoij " vopi^ ovai. /cal vvv fJ£]i)
it a a at a/ia avrots a><? to tt6\v,( nXrjv ti}? twv ^
TL/jLr}TO)Pt BLBovTai, to£<? ! Se) 8?) irdXai^Kara xpovovs

5 c£>9 e/ca^ral^^^t/fozixo. ( ri^y yao TipaqTelav ,
e Xafioy ^uev tivbs /cal tcjv avTO/cpar6pa)v( /card to
dp^alovje Xa^e Be Aral Aofii riavb^_ l Sid filow ov
fxevTOi tcal vvv evi royro, yl yveTa r to 7a/) e/>yoi>
avrrjs ^o^T69 o#t€ a lpovvTa i^ eV avrrfv, outc
Trj irpocTfcXrfcrei 2 airn}? irXr)V\ev Tat? diroypa^al^

19 ~ r HT/^ev3 o5r TT okneia ovra) rore yirpos T€ to
fteXTiov •) Kad 7ryoo9 to GcojT) piddhedTBpov J fiexMKO-
a-firjdr]* /cal yap ttov /caliravrdiracnv dSwaroy
^}TBrjfjLOKpaTOVfi€POV<; avrovs (T(o9f]vai. ov uevroi
/cal o/Wa>? to?? irpoaOev rd(fi€rd ravraj nrpa-

2 yQkvia XexOtfvai^MyaTjajL. wporepov fxev^ydples
re Tt)v j3ov\7)v}fcal\i$ 70V Brjfiov) nrdyra, teal eL
Troppco ttov o-yjiJ3air), €cre<p€g6jo* /caljocd tovtoj
irdyje$ re avrd iiidvOa vov /cal iroXXol avveypa z
<jygy,X/cd/c tovtov) teal r^dXyOeia avrcov, el /cal

/rd , fidXiar a/ xal <f>6/3a> rivd /cal %dpni (pcXia
re /cal £%Qpa Tialv ipprjBr), (irapa yovv to£? dX-
Xois Tofc, rd avrd ypdtyaai toZ? re virouvrijjLacri

3 tois Srjfiocriois rpoirov rtvd evpigj££XQ. f/c(BpBr)
tov yjpovov itcelvouj rd (jxevyirXeLo> /cpv(pa /cal Bt
dnroppriTCdv yLyveaOai tfpfjaro, et^SeWov riva /cal

1 AofxiTiavbs R. Steph., Bo/uiriTiavbs VAJ.

2 tJ rrpoffK^iiafi Bs., Tijjv trp6ffK\riffiv VM.

242

BOOK LIII

children, and to their subjects, that they should B .o
revere them as they would their fathers.

Such is the number and nature of the appella-
tions which those who possess the imperial power
employ in accordance with the laws and with what
has now become tradition. At present all of them
are, as a rule, bestowed upon the emperors at one
and the same time, with the exception of the title
of censor; but to the earlier emperors they were
voted separately at different times. As regards
the censorship, some of them took it in accordance
with the ancient practice, and Domitian, in fact,
took it for life, but this is no longer done at the
present day ; for, inasmuch as they possess its
powers, they are not elected to the office and do
not use the title except in connexion with the
census.

In this way the government was changed at that ,
time for the better and in the interest of greater
security ; for it was no doubt quite impossible for
the people to be saved under a republic. Never-
theless, the events occurring after this time can not
be recorded in the same manner as those of previous
times. Formerly, as we know, all matters were re-
ported to the senate and to the people, even if they
happened at a distance ; hence all learned of them
and many recorded them, and consequently the
truth regarding them, no matter to what extent
fear or favour, friendship or enmity, coloured the
reports of certain writers, was always to a certain
extent to be found in the works of the other writers
who wrote of the same events and in the public
records. But after this time most things that hap-
pened began to be kept secret and concealed, and

2 43

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

BrntoatevOeirj, dXXa dve^eXeyKrd ye 1 ovra Jutti-
jTT€iTar /ecu yap XeyeaOat, teal irpdrreadaL iravra

7TyOO? TO, TCOV del KpClTOVVTOOV TCOV T€ TTCtpahwa-

4 arevovrcov <r<f)Lcn ^ovX^pbara^ vTroTrreverai. Kal
Kara to$jo\ 7roXX a ^pev) ov yj^/yoj^eva OpvXelrai,
iroXXci j teal ird\vv avjx^aivopTa ar/jwelrai,
TTdyiay S^j^w? eL7retv^&XXo)^ 7ra)9 rj ft>9 'rrpd^xejai-
hiaQ^oeyrai* Kal pevroi Kal (toCty)*; dpxfj$}p,eye-
#o9pro Te^rcov irpay fJbdrcov^XriO o^hv appear aTr]V

5 tt]v aKplfteiav avTcov Trape ^eTa i. ( ev re yap rfj
'P^^aj^va^Kalirapd tq> virrjKow avrrj^iTrv^^d^
777209 re to iroXepiov^ del KaXfeaG* r) prepay fc>9 elirelv 3
ylyveml ti? irepl a>v ( rb ph* aa(f)h ovBeh paSicd?
et;a) tcov TrpaTrovrcov avra yiyvcocrKet, Tr Xelar o^SiS^

6 ocroi ov& d/covovai rrjv dp^qv on ye yovev. odev-
7T€p tea l eyio iravTa tcl oaa ye 4 ical dvay-
Kalov ecrrac eliretv /"w? irov Kal B eBrfpcora i^cfrpci crco.
eiT ovtg)? ovtoos eire Kal eTepax; ttcos f^ei, i rpoa-
eaxai pevroi ri avTol? /cat 7^9 ififj? Bogaaiay €9
oaov iv3Ax e J-< lL > * v °^ d\Xo n p,dXXov r) to 6pv-
Xovp,evov rjBvv^OjjvfeK 7roXXcov wv) dveyv(jd v i) teal
TjKovaa rj teal elBo v ieKpr\paadai,

20 Avyovaros pev Br) 6 Kalaap, (oairep elirov,
iTreovopdo-Or), teal avra> cr)p,elov ov aputepov ei0v<;
rore t?J9 vvterbs eireyevero* o_ yap Tiftejus ireXayi-
aa$ TTcicrav rr)t> ev rot9 ireBLoisYVcopriv teareXaffev
wcrTe irXelaBai, Kal air avrov oi pdviet^ on re

1 ye R. Steph., re VM Xiph. 2 tV Xiph., om. VM.
» ti VM, nva Xiph. 4 ye H. Steph., re VM.

244

BOOK LIII

even though some things are perchance made public, b.o. 27
they are distrusted just because they can not be
verified ; for it is suspected that everything is said
and done with reference to the wishes of the men
in power at the time and of their associates. As a
result, much that never occurs is noised abroad, and
much that happens beyond a doubt is unknown, and
in the case of nearly every event a version gains
currency that is different from the way it really
happened. Furthermore, the very magnitude of the
empire and the multitude of things that occur
render accuracy in regard to them most difficult.
In Rome, for example, much is going on, and much
in the subject territory, while, as regards our
enemies, there is something happening all the time,
in fact, every day, and concerning these things no
one except the participants can easily have correct
information, and most people do not even hear of
them at all. Hence in my own narrative of later
events, so far as they need to be mentioned, every-
thing that I shall say will be in accordance with the
reports that have been given out, whether it be
really the truth or otherwise. In addition to these
reports, however, my own opinion will be given, as
far as possible, whenever I have been able, from the
abundant evidence which I have gathered from my
reading, from hearsay, and from what I have seen,
to form a judgment that differs from the common
report.

Caesar, as I have said, received the name of
Augustus, and a sign of no little moment to him *
occurred that very night ; for the Tiber overflowed
and covered all of Rome that was on low ground, so
that it was navigable for boats. From this sign the

245

DIOS ROMAN HISTORY

' iirl pueya av^r\<JOi Kal on rraaav rrjv rrokiv irrro-

2 yeipiav ePpi irpoeyvcoaav. ( yapitypevtov S* avrq>
/cad* vTrepftoXrjv aXkodv aXka^ Sej-TO? /m TiaKjwz-.
pvigs? fc>9 S' erepoi Xeyovaiv *A7rovSip$, rrdvras
i^evLKTjaev (" ev yap ro> avvehpUp) eavrov re oi
rov rcov *l/3rjpcov rpoirov K adco o-lcocre Kal to£?

3 aWois a vve/3ov\e ve rovro irQir\<jai, erreiZr) re
6 Kvyoyvsros ijnroScov oi e yevero, ( rrp6<z re to
7tXt5^o? to Trpoaearbs i^e7njSj]aev (^Srj/^dp^ei
yap) Kal i/ceivovs re Kal fiera ravra) Kal rovs
XonrovsJ Kara re ra<{ ohov^/cal Kara tou? arevw-
rrov^ iTrepLVoarjiaaSt Kadiepwaal a<f)a<; rat Av-

4 yovarcp Karrjvdy/caaev' deff ovirep Kal vvv rrpoa-
rpeirop,evoi* rov Kparovvra \eyeiv elayOafiev on
f< aoi Ka0G)crtd>/jLe0a" ^ v

/ Kaa o^fiev^Kal 6vaat\eirl rovr(d,rravra<i ei roiei^
\ ev re ra> 6pi\<p} rrore kXtjpovo/iov e<f>ri rov Av-
yovarov (ilj Xaov ra> wet) KaraXetyfreiv, ov% on
ri et^ev, dXX' on Kal irpoaXafieip rj 0p^i] aev f g^Kal
21 eyhero* J^vov&T.osJ§e)%d re aKka rd rjj dpxfj
rrpoo-rjKovra frrpoOvpLorepov, a>9 Kal iOeXovrl Srj
itapa irdvrcdv avrrjv elXyfyns , *TLB9'3. Te > Ka ^ $ v 9-
poOeret rroXXd, ovhev (BeJ Beo/ia^Ka0 y eKaarov)
aKpifiw? iiregievat, %ft>/H? rj oaa rfj avyypa<f>j)
2 rrpoofyopd eo~ri. rb S' avrb rovro Kalfev to??
erreira ^pa^0eio^7roi^£co, tva pirj Kal o%Xov )

1 &Wa M, &\\ai V. 2 UaKovovios Bk., iraKovBtos VM.
8 irpoaTpeirdiAevQi Bk., TrpoTpeirSfxcvoi VM.

246

BOOK LIII

soothsayers prophesied that he would rise to great b.c. 27
heights and hold the whole city under his sway.
And while various persons were trying to outbid
one another in different kinds of flattery toward
him, one Sextus Pacuvius, or, as others say, Apudius, 1
surpassed them all. In the open senate, namely, he
dedicated himself to him after the fashion of the
Spaniards" and advised the others to do the same.
And when Augustus hindered him, he rushed out to
the crowd that was standing near, and, as he was
tribune, compelled first them and then the rest, as
he went up and down the streets and lanes, to dedi-
cate themselves to Augustus. From this episode we
are wont even now to say, in appealing to the
sovereign, "We have dedicated ourselves to you."

Pacuvius ordered all to offer sacrifice in view of this
occurrence, and before the multitude he once declared
that he was going to make Augustus his heir on equal
terms with his own son, — not that he had much of any-
thing, but because he hoped to receive still more ; and
so it actually turned out. Augustus attended to all the
business of the empire with more zeal than before,
as if he had received it as a free gift from all the
Romans, and in particular he enacted many laws. I
need not enumerate them all accurately one by one,
but only those which have a bearing upon my history;
and I shall follow this same course also in the case
of later events, in order not to become wearisome

1 Inasmuch as Sextus Pacuvius Taurus is first heard of (as
tribune) in B.c. 9, it is probable that Apudius is the proper
form to be read here.

2 According to Valerius Maximus (ii. 6, 11), the Celti-
berians thought it wrong to survive a battle when the leader
for whose preservation they had vowed their life (spiritum
devovtrant) had perished. Uf. Caesar, B.Q. iii. 22.

247

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

yevoojjLai nxdvia ra roiavra &tt eafyepcov h fxrjS*

3 avjoj ol jrdvv avra /x^^^vre^ dtepi^ovaiUf ov
fxevroi teal irdvja ISioyyco/jiovcov ivgjxodejjEi, dXX*
ecrTi fxev^ a tealjs to Br/fioaLov 7rpo€ %€TiO€i t Sirco?,
dv 7i fir) dpearj rivd, Trpofia Owv iiTavo pO d)(xr)*

7rpO€Tp€7T€T6 T€ jap TTavS* OVTLVOVV (TVfl/3ov\€V€tV

ol, eijits rt dfieivov avTwv i nivorjaeie v, teal irap-
pv)Giav o~<j)[<Ti^7roWr)v h'vefij, teai Tiva teal f ieri-

4 ypa<pe, {^to '$p §r) tt\€l<ttov^tov<; re vTrdrovs r)
t6v vttcltqv, \ ott6t€ teal avros v7rarevoL^ tedte rwv
aXXcov dp%6vTC0U x eva ( Trap €tedo~Teov,C€te re tov
Xolttov twv fiovXevrcov 7r\i]dov<;j7r€VT€/cai&€Ka
rovs teXrjpw 1 Xa^oWa?, o~vfi/3ovXov<; (e? egdfirjvov)
TrapeXdfifiavev, w<jt^ oV avrow teal to£? aXXoi?
Tract TeoivdvaOac [ipoirov^ rivd] rd vo/ioOerovfieva

5 vofxL^eadai, iae^epejiev jydp riva feai\J<; ttcutclv
T7}V yepovatay^ ffeXriov fievjoi voju^cov elvai to

^ jxej oXiycov^teaO 1 r)(rvj(Lav\(Td re 7rX€ico)tea\

fiei^co .7T pocr kottglgB ] ai, tovto re iixoleL teal eartv
6^ot€ teal iSitcafe [per avrcop. etepive fiev yap teal
tcad y €avTr)vjrj ^ovX^ jTraaa jet)? tcai irpoTepovJ teal
j rive fcal TrpeafteLai*; teal terjpvteeiai? teal By/xcop
; teal fSaaiXeoov ^X£,VBBZL^v, o_ re S^/£09 (e? t«?
| dp"£aipe<rLa<^ teal to irXr)6o<; av ayyeXeyero* ov
I pevroi teal iirpdrTeTO ri o~JIr) real iteeivov rjpeo-tee. 2
7 tou9 yovv dp%ovTa<s TOV<^jiev r avrb<; iteXeyofievos
irpoefidXXero, tou? hi teal AttI tg> Stf/up jw re

248

1 KXripcp Xiph., KXypovs VM.

2 ijp€<TK€ Xiph. Zon., ijpeaev VM-

BOOK LIII

by introducing all that kind of detail that even the b.c. 27
men who devote themselves to such studies do not
know to a nicety. He did not, however, enact all
these laws on his sole responsibility, but some of
them he brought before the public assembly in
advance, in order that, if any features caused dis-
pleasure, he might learn it in time and correct them ;
for he encouraged everybody whatsoever to give him
advice, in case any one thought of any possible im-
provement in them, and he accorded them complete
liberty of speech, and actually changed some pro-
visions of the proposed laws. Most important of
all, he took as advisers for periods of six months the
consuls (or the other consul, when he himself also held
the office), one of each of the other kinds of officials,
and fifteen men chosen by lot from the remainder of
the senatorial body, with the result that all legislation
proposed by the emperors is usually communicated
after a fashion through this body to all the other *
senators ; for although he brought certain matters
before the whole senate, yet he general^ followed
this plan, considering it better to take under pre-
liminary advisement most matters and the most im-
portant ones in consultation with a few ; and some-
times he even sat with these men in the trial of cases.
I The senate as a body, it is true, continued to sit in
I judgment as before, and in certain cases transacted
* business with embassies and heralds, from both
1 peoples and kings ; and the people and the plebs,
moreover, continued to meet for the elections ; but
nothing was done that did not please Caesar. It I
I was he, at any rate, who selected and placed in
nomination some of the men who were to hold
D office, and though in the case of others he adhered

249

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

1 6/ui\u> Kara to dpyaiov \ro$oi5/i«>09 ivref jieXeiT O
: 07rco<; /X7]T ayeTTiTrjheiQL^ fitfr iifc irapatceKevaewi) rj
\ tca\ Sefcac/jLov dTroSetKvvcovrai* 1

22 <To fiev) ovv ^vfi7rav^ovT(o ttjv dpyr)V Stoi^cr^
Xe£&> ^e^Kailicaff eKacnovjova dvayKalov £&tl,
f fxera tcav virdrcov,) i<j> 2 5>v eyivgrf), uvrjfiovev-
eadcu. (iv fJtev yap tg> Trpoeiprfpiivq) erec jra? oBov?
ra^fe^co tov rei'xpv^j &v airopevTOvs \vtt dfieXeLa^J
opwv oiicra? ra? iiev aWat a\\oi<; tio~1 tcov Bov-

XeVTCOV fTTKTfCeVCKTai TOt? OlfC€lOl<S T6\€(Tl T TpO(T€^

rage, T779 (Se) Stj <3?\afiivia<; z a £ T< ?£» GKeiBrfTrep

€K(TTpaT€V(T€lV (Si aVTfj^ T] fM€\%€P f gTgfl/?\ffl^

2 teal f) fiev evuvs tot€ iyjverp* fcal \§ia tovto )
teal eucoves avT(p (e<f>' dy{ri8a>v)[€V re rrj tov Ti-
/3ipi8o$~y€<f) vpa\ teall iv ' Apiplv(p)eTTOLrj0' qaair aL-

^JfJ aXXat, varepovy €lt ovv ^yrpb? TOV^Srj^oaiov^
€TT€i8r] firjSels tcov ftovkevTCOv ^Sea)9 dvrjXiojegy,
eire Kal y7rpb<; tov Avyovarov^xis^ elirelv i dikei,

3 iTreatcevao-driaav. oi yap Bvvapui hiaKplvai tov<;
Qrjaavpovs avTcov, oiftf el ra fidXiara 6 _Av-
yovGTo? Kal avhpicwTas tivcls kavTOV apyvpovs,

f irpo% T~e~ tcov (piXcoy Kal (p-pbs Srj^icov tivcjv jye-
yovoras, €9 vofica/na KaTeKoyjre tov Btj KaV oiKodev

4 irdvG* oca ye Kal eXeye* Sott avdv SoKeiv Kal f Si a.

TOVTO / OVT €1 TTOT€)€K TO)V 07}fl0ai(OV TV %pr)fiaT(OV J

6^ del KpaTcov eXaftev, ovt ei ttote avro^jScoKe^
yvco/nrjv e%&) avyypdyjrai. nroXXaKi? T€ yap ejed-
Tepov avTwv iyeveTO, Kal tL dv t£9 69 Saveto-fiaTa
fj Kal So)/3€a9 ra Toiavra KaraXeyoi, 5 onrore Kal

1 airo$€iKPva>VTai R. Steph., arroZflKVvvrai VM Xipll. Zon.

2 4<p* St., v<(>' VM. 3 <P\afjitvlas R. Steph., (pKa^vias VM.
4 ^5w«e R. Steph., tKafc VM.

6 KaTaAeyoi Reim., Kal \iyoi VM.
250

BOOK LIII

to the ancient custom and left them under the con- b.c. 27
trol of the people and the plebs, yet he took care
that none should be appointed who were unfit or
as the result of partisan cliques or bribery.

It was in this way, broadly speaking, that he ad-
ministered the empire. I shall now relate in detail
also such of his acts as call for mention, together
with the names of the consuls under whom they
were performed. In the year already named, per-
ceiving that the roads outside the walls had become
difficult to travel as the result of neglect, he ordered
various senators to repair the others at their own
expense, and he himself looked after the Flaminian
Way, since he was going to lead an army out by that
route. This road was finished promptly at that time,
and statues of Augustus were accordingly erected on
arches on the bridge over the Tiber and at Ariminum ;
but the other roads were repaired later, at the expense
either of the public (for none of the senators liked
to spend money upon them) or of Augustus, as one
chooses to put it. For I am unable to distinguish
between the two funds, no matter how extensively
Augustus coined into money silver statues of himself
which had been set up by certain of his friends and
by certain of the subject peoples, purposing thereby
to make it appear that all the expenditures which
he claimed to be making were from his own means.
Therefore I have no opinion to record as to whether
a particular emperor on a particular occasion got the
money from the public funds or gave it himself.
For both courses were frequently followed ; and why
should one enter such expenditures as loans or as gifts
respectively, when both the people and the emperor

VOL. VI.

251

I

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

TOVTOIS fCal 6K6LVOIS KCU ojSj^o? /cal 6 avro/cpdrcop
iiri/coivov del %pa>*>T<u;
5 Tore fxev Br) ravra jo l^Avyovo-ro? eirpa^e, /cal
a>p fit) a e fxev a>9 /cal €9 rr)v T&perravlav gypa-
revcrcov, €9 Be Br) Ta9 YaXarlas iXOcbv evravBa
evBierpiy^revf ifcelvoi re yap eTri/crjpv/ceva-ecrOaL' 2
oi eBo/covv, tcai ra tovtcov d/cardarara en, are
rcov i/jL<f)v\icDP 7roXificov €vdv<; eVl rfj dXo>ae^ o~<f>wv
eTriyevojievayv, rjv. /cal avrcov /cal drroypafyas
iiroirjcraro /cal top ftlov rrjv re rroXireiav Bie/co-
o-firjae. /cdvrevOev €9 re rr)v *\fir)pLav d(pL/cero, /cal
/careo-rrjaaro /cal i/celvrjv.
23 Merd Be Br) tovto: avros re to oyBoov avv rw
Tavpq> ra> XranXto) vTrdrevcre, koX 6 * AypLir f 7ras s

2 ra ^eirra o)vopLaap,eva Kadiepcoaev 6Bbv Q^mj
yap 3 ovBefiiav erna/cevdaeiv vrrea^ero, ravraTBe}
iv tw 'Apetft) ireBicp o~roat<; TrepL^vrrb rov AeirlBov j
777)09 ra<; (f>vXeri/cd<; dp%aip€crla<OcrvvQ)KoBo/jLr]p€va
/cal irXa^l Xidivais ical %coypa(f>rjfjiao-LV iire/co-
(Tjxyj^ev, 'lovXia avrd diro rov Avyovarov rzpoa-

3 ayopejuaas. tcaljiffiev oir^ 07r&)9 $>06vov riva^eir
avTols / d>$>Xicncavev* dWa ical rrdvv ical , ; 7r/309

aVTOV €K€LV0V KOI 77/909 TO)V ClXXcOV dirdvTCOT^

4 eripbdro {alrtov Be on ra cfuXavd pcoirorara /cal ra
ev/cXeearara rd re crvp,(f>opa>raTa /cal crvfifiov-
Xe ycov o i /cal ajjj^rrpdrrrcov ovb* irrl fipa*)(y ) rfj<;
Bo^7]<; avroay dvTeiroielro, rals re irap abrov'\
rivals ovreiis irXeove^Lav ovre 69 diroXavcriv IBLav
i^prjTOi dXX* €9 re to avrq> x i/ceLvw //cah i$ rb

1 6 supplied by R. Steph.

2 47rtK7ipvK€vcr€cr8at Cobet, ^inK7]pvK€v(raa0ai YM.
8 yap M, om. V.

252

BOOK LIII

are constantly resorting to both the one and the b.c. 27
other indiscriminately ?

These were the acts of Augustus at that time. He
also set out to make an expedition into Britain, but
on coming to the provinces of Gaul lingered there.
For the Britons seemed likely to make terms with
him, and the affairs of the Gauls were still unsettled,
as the civil wars had begun immediately after their
subjugation. He took a census of the inhabitants
and regulated their life and government. From
Gaul he proceeded into Spain, and established order
there also.

After this he became consul for the eighth time, B .c. 26
together with Statilius Taurus, and Agrippa dedicated
the structure called the Saepta ; for instead of under-
taking to repair a road, Agrippa had adorned with
marble tablets and paintings this edifice in the Cam-
pus Martius, which had been constructed by Lepidus
with porticos all around it for the meetings of the
comiila iributa, and he named it the Saepta Iulia in
honour of Augustus. And Agrippa not only incurred
no jealousy on this account, but was greatly honoured
both by Augustus himself and by all the rest of the
people. The reason was that he consulted and
cooperated with Augustus in the most humane, the
most celebrated, and the most beneficial projects,
and yet did not claim in the slightest degree a share
in the glory of them, but used the honours which
the emperor bestowed, not for personal gain or en-
joyment, but for the benefit of the donor himself and

253

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

5 to) 1 8r)/jLpcri<p avji^epov), £ Be^ Brj TaXXos K.opvrj-
Xio? teal i%v[3pio~ev virb t^9 Ti/xi}?. iroXXa Qh>
yap teal fidrcua tov AvyovGTOV^ aTreXrjpei,
iroXXa Be teal iiracria TrapiirpaTre' teal yap zeal
etteovas iavrov iv oXy co? elireiv tjj AlyviTTO)
ecrrrjae, teal to, epya ocra iTreiroirjKeL\i^ ra<; irvpa-

6 fi'iSas iaeypaijre. 2 Karrjyop^Brf re ovv Utt avrols
biro QvaXepiov Adpyov,) eratpov re oi teal cv/jl-
/3iq)Tov opto?, koX rjTifi(o6r]{ v7rb tov Avyovarov,
&are teal iv tch9 eOveaTv^pvTov tecoXvdrjvat Scacrd-
<r0ai. (yevojutevov Be tovtov) zeal aXXpi avra)
ayxyol iireOevTO teal ypa<f>a<; tear avrov /iroXXd*;

7 aTrrjveyicav? teal rj yepoyala airacra aXwvai Te
avTOv iv TOt9 BiKacrjripioi*; teal <f)vyelv tt)s ovalas
(TTeprjOivra, teal ravrrju re ra> Avyovara) Bo6r)vai
teal eavTOv<$ j3ov9vTrjcrat, iyfrijcfaiaaTo. teal o_ <fiev
Tre^jj^Xyrjaa^ iirl tovtol? eavTOv 7rpoteaTexpv< Ta T c b

24 to Be) Br) twv iroXXwv telftBrfkov teal (i/e tovtov
BirfXey^dj) otl etcetvov T€, ov tcco? e teoXdtee vov,
ovtco tot€ BiiOrjteav coaTe teal avToyeipia diro-
davelv avaytedaai, teal irpbs tov Adpyov aire-
teXwav, eireiBrjTrep av^eiv rjp^eTO, jieXXovTes nrov
teal teaTa tovtov to, aitTa, dv ye tl toiovtqv oi
2 av/x/3j), yjrrjfaelo'Oai. J> fievToi TlpoKjwXeios 4
ovtco 7Tyoo9 aitTOV €Oj^ey u>o~t diravTrjo-as ttotc
a\)T(i) tt]v Te plva teat, to aTOfia to eavTov Ttj
%e£pt eTTiayew* ivBeitevvjievos to?? crvvovaiv otl
jjLTjB* dvairvevaai tivl irapovros avTov da(j>dXeia

1 r$ cod. Peir., om. VM.'

2 inrcypatyf Xiph., 4<reypa<p* VM cod. Peir.

8 air4\veyttav Pflugk, ivfivtyKav VM cod. Peir.
4 TlpoKOuKeios Bs., vpoKov\ios VM Xiph., npoKQv\iitos
Leuncl.

254

BOOK LIII

of the public. On the other hand, Cornelius Gallus b.c. 26
was encouraged to insolence by the honour shown
him. Thus, he indulged in a great deal of dis-
respectful gossip about Augustus and was guilty of
many reprehensible actions besides ; for he not only
set up images of himself practically everywhere in
Egypt, but also inscribed upon the pyramids a list of
his achievements. For this act he was accused by
Valerius Largus, his comrade and intimate, and was
disfranchised by Augustus, so that he was prevented
from living in the emperor's provinces. After this
had happened, many others attacked him and brought
numerous indictments against him. The senate unani-
mously voted that he should be convicted in the
courts, exiled, and deprived of his estate, that this
estate should be given to Augustus, and that the
senate itself should offer sacrifices. Overwhelmed by
grief at this, Gallus committed suicide before the
decrees took effect ; and the insincerity of the majority
of people was again proved by his case, in that they
now treated the man whom formerly they had been
wont to flatter in such a way that they forced him to
die by his own hand, and then went over to Largus
because he was beginning to grow powerful — though
they were certain to vote the same measures against
him also, if a similar situation should arise in his case.
Proculeius, however, conceived such contempt for
Largus that once, on meeting him, he clapped his
hand over his nose and mouth, thereby hinting to the
bystanders that it was not safe even to breathe in the

2 55

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

3 €17], _a\\o9 re Ti^nrpoarfkBe re aitTO), Kaiirep
dyvax; civ, perd papTvpcov, zeal eTrrjpeTO el yvco-
pi^ot eavrov, eirethr) re i^ppvrjcrarOy 69 ypappaTeiov
T7]v dpvrjaiv avrov icreypa-yjreVy wcrirep ovtc elzbv
tg) zeazeco zeal bv ovk rj$ei irporepov avKoefravTrjcrai.

4 ovtco 8' ovv oljrroWol tcl epya tivcov, kciv Tcovrjpd
rj, paXXov %7)\qvo~iv rj tcl naQr\paTa <f>v\dcrcrpv-
rai, ware /ecu Tore M%o? 'JLyvaTiqs 1 e Po£(£o9
ayopavoprjaaSy /ecu aWa re TroWd AraXa>9 Trpd^a?

KOI T6U9 OlfCLCU? TGU9 igV TW €T€l €/C€LV(p \ip7Tp7)-

aOeiaais iiriKovpiavfpeTa tcov iavrov SovXcov j /ecu
€T€pcov tivcov picdcoTcov Troinqadpevo^ /ecu

5 Sid TovroWd re dva\copara jd ry dp^fj avrov
irpo<jr}KovTct{ irapd tov Stfpov Xa/3cov zeal crrpa-
7-77709 Trapavojxco^ aTToheixdeLs, etTr\p6r) re j vir
avT(hv rovrcov zeal tov Avyovcrrov VTvepefypovrjcrev,
ware /eat irpoypd^rai oti adpavarov pal 6\6/e\rjpou

6 TW hiaho^W TTfV TToXiV TTapehtoKeV . €7T OVVWoVTCp

oi T€ a\\oi Trdvres oi irpcoTOi zeal %vto<z(oti
pdXicrTa ] o ^AvyovcTTo<; opyrjv jecr%€, /cal i/eetvov
pev i/ehihd^€Lv ovk €9 pa/epdv, ejxeXXe to prj virep
tou9 ttoWovs (ppoveiv, T0Z9 S' dyopavopot? irapa-
%pf)pa eiripeXelcrdaL T€ ottcos prjhev ipLTrlpTTpqjai,
/cap dpa ti tolovto avpfifjy Karaaftevvvvai to irvp
7r po aerate.

25 ' YLdv tc5 avT(p €T€t tovtco o re UoXepcov 6 ev ray
Uovtcd ftacrCXevLOV €9 re tov<; <fiiXov<; /eai e'9 tol>9
avppdj(pv<; tov r Srjpov dveypdcjyri, 2 zeal 7rppe§pla
to?9 ftovXevTais ev irdarj ttj dpxfl avrov €9 rrdvra
2 tcl dear pa ihoOrf* tov re Avyovcrrov 69 rrjv

1 'Eyvdrios H. Steph., alyvdrios VM cod. Peir.

2 avty pd<prj Naber, evtypdtyr} VM.

256

BOOK LIII

man's presence. Another man, although unknown to b.c. 26
him, approached him with witnesses and asked Largus
if he knew him ; then, when the other replied that
he did not, he recorded his denial on a tablet, as
though the rascal could not blackmail even a man
whom he had not previously known. But we see
how most men rather emulate the deeds of others,
even though they be evil deeds, than guard against
their fate, by what Marcus Egnatius Rufus did at this
very time. He had been an aedile, and in addition
to having performed his duties well in many other
ways, had with his own slaves and other persons
whom he hired helped to save the houses that took
fire during his year of office, and in return for all this
he had received from the people the amount of the
expenditures incurred in the discharge of his office
and had been elected praetor contrary to law. But
he became so elated over these very honours and so
contemptuous of Augustus, that he issued a bulletin
to the effect that he had handed the city over
unimpaired and intact to his successor. All the most
prominent men became indignant at this, Augustus
himself most of all \ and he was not long afterward to
teach the fellow a lesson, not to exalt his mind above
the mass of mankind. For the time being, however^ he
ordered the aediles to take care that no building
took fire, and if anything of the sort did happen, to
put the fire out.

In this same year Polemon, the king of Pontus,
was enrolled among the friends and allies of the
Roman people ; and the privilege was granted the
senators of occupying the front seats in all the
theatres of his realm. Augustus was planning an

257

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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2 TOVTOV R. Steph., TOVTOV TOV M, TOVTOV T€ V.

3 ol are Dind., are Bk., old re VM. 4 $<rav Dind., Ijeav VM.

258

BOOK LIII

expedition into Britain, since the people there b.o. 26
would not come to terms, but he was detained by
the revolt of the Salassi and by the hostility of
the Cantabri and Astures. The former dwell at the
foot of the Alps, as I have stated, 1 whereas both the
other tribes occupy the strongest part of the
Pyrenees on the side of Spain, together with the
plain which lies below. For these reasons Augus- b.c. 25
tus, who was now consul for the ninth time, with
Marcus Silanus as colleague, sent Terentius Varro
against the Salassi. Varro invaded their country at
many points at the same time, in order that they
might not join forces and so be more difficult to
subdue ; and he conquered them very easily, inas-
much as they attacked his divisions only in small
groups. After forcing them to come to terms he
demanded a stated sum of money, as if he were
going to impose no other punishment ; then, send-
ing soldiers everywhere ostensibly to collect the
money, he arrested those who were of military
age and sold them, on the understanding that none
of them should be liberated within twenty years.
The best of their land was given to some of the
Pretorians, and later on received the city called
Augusta Praetoria. 2 Augustus himself waged war
upon the Astures and upon the Cantabri at one and
the same time. But these peoples would neither
yield to him, because they were confident on account
of their strongholds, nor would they come to close
quarters, owing to their inferior numbers and the
circumstance that most of them were javelin-
throwers, and, besides, they kept causing him a

1 Probably in a lost portion of the work, perhaps Book
xxii. Cf. Frag. 74 and Book xlix. 34. 2 The modern Aosta.

2 59

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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2 -rots (tt par 07r e'5oxs R. Steph., arpaToTs VM.

260

i

BOOK LIII

great deal of annoyance, always forestalling nim by b.c. 25
seizing the higher ground whenever a manoeuvre
was attempted, and lying in ambush for him in the
valleys and woods. Accordingly Augustus found him-
self in very great embarrassment, and having fallen ill
from over-exertion and anxiety, he retired to Tarraco
and there remained in poor health. Meanwhile
Gaius Antistius fought against them and accom-
plished a good deal, not because he was a better
general than Augustus, but because the barbarians
felt contempt for him and so joined battle with the
Romans and were defeated. In this way he captured
a few places, and afterwards Titus 1 Carisius took
Lancia, the principal fortress of the Astures, after
it had been abandoned, and also won over many
other places.

Upon the conclusion of this war Augustus dis-
charged the more aged of his soldiers and allowed
them to found a city in Lusitania, called Augusta
Emerita. 2 For those who were still of military age
he arranged some exhibitions in the very camps,
under the direction of Tiberius and Marcellus, since
they were aediles. To Juba he gave portions of
Gaetulia in return for the prince's hereditary domain,
the most of whose inhabitants had been enrolled in
the Roman state, and also the possessions of Bocchus
and Bogud. On the death of Amyntas he did not
entrust his kingdom to the sons of the deceased,
but made it part of the subject territory. Thus
Galatia together with Lycaonia obtained a Roman
governor, and the portions of Pamphylia formerly
assigned to Amyntas were restored to their own

1 Possibly this praenomen is an error for Publius.
8 The modern Merida.

26 1

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

4 Oevra to> ISup vo/xd> airehodr), Lvtto Be tov clvtov
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3 t<£ Rk., t£ Te VM. * e/cXeitrev M, om. V.
6 ovv M, om. V.

262

BOOK LIII

district. About this same time Marcus Vinicius b.c. 25
took vengeance upon some of the Germans because
they had arrested and slain Romans who entered
their country to trade with them; and thus he, too,
caused the title of imperator to be bestowed upon
Augustus. For this and his other exploits of this
period a triumph, as well as the title, was voted to
Augustus ; but as he did not care to celebrate it, a
triumphal arch was erected in the Alps in his honour
and he was granted the right always to wear both
the crown and the triumphal garb on the first day
of the year.

After these achievements in the wars Augustus
closed the precinct of Janus, which had been opened
because of these wars. Meanwhile Agrippa beauti-
fied the city at his own expense. First, in honour
of the naval victories he completed the building
called the Basilica of Neptune and lent it added
brilliance by the painting representing the Argonauts.
Next he constructed the Laconian sudatorium. He
gave the name "Laconian" to the gymnasium be-
cause the Lacedaemonians had a greater reputation
at that time than anybody else for stripping and exer-
cising after anointing themselves with oil. Also he
completed the building called the Pantheon. It has
this name, perhaps because it received among the
images which decorated it the statues of many gods,
including Mars and Venus ; but my own opinion of
the name is that, because of its vaulted roof, it re-
sembles the heavens. 1 Agrippa, for his part, wished
to place a statue of Augustus there also and to

1 The present Pantheon, as is now recognized, dates from
the reign of Hadrian. The vast rotunda is surmounted by a
dome, in the centre of which there is a circular opening
nearly thirty feet in diameter for the admission of light.

263

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

(jtov ivravOa iBpvaat, rr)V re rov epyov iirLic\r)<Tiv
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MeaadXa dpyvptov e^apicraro, rov Be *AypLTnrav

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eXapeVy ore arparrjyayv apKjovs re rpiaKoaias
Kal AiftvKa erepa Orjpia icra iv rraviqyvpei rivl
direKreivev. / /

28 'E/e Be rovrov BeKarov 6 Avyovaro^ (fierd v
Tatov Ncopftavov KalCev re rfj vov/xr]v[a J

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1 Kaiaapos M, KTiarfiaTOS V,

8 T6T6 M, TOVTQ V,

264

BOOK LIII

bestow upon him the honour of having the structure b.c. 25
named after him ; but when the emperor would not
accept either honour, he placed in the temple itself
a statue of the former Caesar and in the ante-room
statues of Augustus and himself. This was done,
not out of any rivalry or ambition on Agrippa's part
to make himself equal to Augustus, but from his
hearty loyalty to him and his constant zeal for the
public good ; hence Augustus, so far from censuring
him for it, honoured him the more. For example,
when he himself was prevented by illness from being
in Rome at that time and celebrating there the mar-
riage of his daughter Julia and his nephew Marcellus,
he commissioned Agrippa to hold the festival in his
absence ; and when the house on the Palatine Mount
which had formerly belonged to Antony but had
later been given to Agrippa and Messalla was burned
down, he presented money to Messalla, but made
Agrippa share his own house. Agrippa not un-
naturally took great pride in these honours. And
one Gaius Toranius also acquired a good reputation
because while tribune he brought his father, although
a freedman of somebody or other, into the theatre
and made him sit beside him upon the tribunes'
bench. Publius Servilius, too, made a name for him-
self because while praetor he caused to be slain at a
festival three hundred bears and other African wild
beasts equal in number.

Augustus now became consul for the tenth time, b.c. 24
with Gaius Norbanus as colleague, and on the first
day of the year the senate confirmed his acts by

265

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

iiroiri&ajo, Kal eireiBr) irXTjaid^eiv re tfBt) ttj iroXev
r/yyeXOrj (virb yap dpptoo~Tta<; i^povKre) Kal
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1 a&ov\olr) Dind., & $ov\olr) VM.

266

BOOK LIII

taking oaths. And when word was brought that he b.c. 24
was already drawing near the city (for his illness had
delayed his return), and he promised to give the
people four hundred sesterces each, though he for-
bade the posting of the edict concerning the dona-
tives until the senate should give its approval, they
freed him from all compulsion of the laws, in order,
as I have stated, 1 that he might be in reality in-
dependent and supreme over both himself and the
laws and so might do everything he wished and
refrain from doing anything he did not wish. This
right was voted to him while he was yet absent ;
and upon his arrival in Rome various other privileges
were accorded him in honour of his recovery and
return. Marcellus was given the right to be a
senator among the ex-praetors and to stand for the
consulship ten years earlier than was customary,
while Tiberius was permitted to stand for each
office five years before the regular age ; and he was
at once elected quaestor and Marcellus aedile. And
when there were not enough men to serve as
quaestors in the provinces, all drew lots for the
places who during the ten years previous had held
the quaestorship without being assigned to any
province.

These, then, were the noteworthy occurrences that
took place in the city at that time. As soon as
Augustus had departed from Spain, leaving behind
Lucius Aemilius as its governor, the Cantabri and
the Astures revolted ; and sending word to Aemilius,
before revealing to him the least sign whatever of
their purpose, they said that they wished to make a
present to his army of grain and other things. Then,
1 See chap. 18.

267

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

2 €(j>CLO~ CLvf KiLK TOVTOV 1 (TTpaTCCOTa^ 0~V%POV<; (fit)? fCCLl

KOfiiovvra? avTa Xa/SopTe? re yoapia javrovs
iTTiTrjSetd otyicnv i&tfyayov Kal fcare^ovevcap.
ov fJievTot real eVl 7roXv rjaOrjo-av T979 fe~~~ydp
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Orjaa p.

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ijSaalXevep} AifXto? TdXXo? 6 t??9 Alyvirrov

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vSaraT (j>v(xTp tipcl cltottop e ^ovr a irdpv avTOvs
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1 iBaai\€v€v M Xiph. (cod. V) Zon., £8a<ri\evcrev V Xiph.
(cod. C). 2 iprifxla R. Steph., iipcfila VM.

3 iKelva Rk., SKeTva re VM.

4 Trpuirap€(TK€vd5aT0 Bk., irpoirapecrKtvda-avTo VM, (iKtlvois)
irpoirapfffKevaarTO Zon.

268

BOOK LI1I

after securing a considerable number of soldiers,
ostensibly to take back the presents, they conducted
them to places suitable for their purpose and mur-
dered them. Their satisfaction, however, was short-
lived; for their country was devastated, some of
their forts burned, and, worst of all, the hands of all
who were caught were cut off, and so they were
quickly subdued.

While this was going on, another and a new cam-
paign had at once its beginning and its end. It was
conducted by Aelius Gallus, the governor of Egypt,
against the country called Arabia Felix, of which
Sabos was king. At first Aelius encountered no one,
yet he did not proceed without difficulty ; for the
desert, the sun, and the water (which had some
peculiar nature) all caused his men great distress, so
that the larger part of the army perished. The
malady proved to be unlike any of the common com-
plaints, but attacked the head and caused it to become
parched, killing forthwith most of those who were
attacked, but in the case of those who survived this
stage it descended to the legs, skipping all the inter-
vening parts of the body, and caused dire injury to
them. There was no remedy for it except a mixture
of olive- oil and wine, both taken as a drink and used
as an ointment ; and this remedy naturally lay within
reach of only a few of them, since the country pro-
duces neither of these articles and the men had not
prepared an abundant supply of them beforehand.
In the midst of this trouble the barbarians also fell

269

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

7 <T<fil(Tl 7rpO(J€7ri0€PTO, T€G>9 /JL€V yap rjTTOVSy OTTOTe

ye teal 1 7rpoa/jii^€Lav avTols, iy^yovro, teal riva
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8 xcopas. TrpcoTOi fiep Brj 'Voy/jialcov ovtoCj voai^w

otl teal l^oypi, togovtop (iirl 7roX€/ji(p ]t^9 ^Kpa-
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3 Ba/ervXiop epexeipLae. teal avrbp jurjBePr en z
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uara irapd t€ tov Avyovarov teal irapa rf}<;
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ovaip dXXd teal tols eiretTa eao^epoi^, eXa^ey,

. 4 dXX* eBei yap avTOP Ta T€ t^9 tu%^9 teal rd rf)?

1 76 teal M Xiph., 7c V. 2 rds re Xiph., t<Ls 76 VM.
3 €T t " N" in Reimar's ed., '6ti VM.

270

BOOK LIII

upon them. For hitherto they had been defeated b.c. 24
whenever they joined battle, and had even been
losing some places ; but now, with the disease as
their ally, they not only won back their own posses-
sions, but also drove the survivors of the expedition
out of the country. These were the first of the
Romans, and, I believe, the only ones, to traverse
so much of this part of Arabia for the purpose of
making war ; for they advanced as far as the place
called Athlula, a famous locality. 1

When Augustus was consul for the eleventh time, b.c. 23
with Calpurnius Piso, he fell so ill once more as to
have no hope of recovery ; at any rate, he arranged
everything as if he were about to die, and gathered
about him the magistrates and the foremost senators
and knights. He did not, to be sure, appoint a suc-
cessor, though all were expecting that Marcellus
would be preferred for this position, but after talking
with them awhile about the public affairs, he gave
Piso the list of the forces and of the public revenues
written in a book, and handed his ring to Agrippa.
And although he lost the power of attending even
to the most urgent matters, yet a certain Antonius
Musa restored him to health by means of cold baths
and cold potions. For this, Musa received a great deal
of money from both Augustus and the senate, as well
as the right to wear gold rings (for he was a freed-
man), and he was granted exemption from taxes,
both for himself and for the members of his profes-
sion, not only those living at the time but also those
of future generations. But it was fated that he who
had taken to himself the functions of Fortune or

1 The place has not been identified ; Strabo (xvi. 4, 24)
calls it Athrula.

271

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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1 ivh€iKVV}X€vo'i M Zon. , ivfttiKVVfxevois V.

2 depet Bk. following Xiph., 6epa iv VM. >

2 72.

BOOK LI1I

Destiny should speedily be caught in her toils ; for b.c. 23
though Augustus had been saved in this manner, yet
when Marcellus fell ill not long afterward and was
treated in the same way by Musa, he died. Augustus
gave him a public burial after the customary eulogies,
placing him in the tomb which he was building,
and as a memorial to him finished the theatre
whose foundations had already been laid by the
former Caesar 1 and which was now called the theatre
of Marcellus. And he ordered also that a golden
image of the deceased, a golden crown, and a curule
chair should be carried into the theatre at the Ludi
Romani and should be placed in the midst of the
officials having charge of the games.

This he did later ; at the time, after being restored
to health, he brought his will into the senate and
desired to read it, by way of showing people that
he had left no successor to his realm ; but he did
not read it, for none would permit it. Absolutely
everybody, however, was astonished at him because,
although he loved Marcellus both as son-in-law and
nephew, and in addition to other honours shown him
had to such an extent helped him make a brilliant
success of the festival which he gave as aedile that he
had sheltered the Forum during the whole summer
by means of curtains stretched overhead and had
exhibited on the stage a dancer who was a knight,
and also a woman of high birth, nevertheless he had
not entrusted to him the monarchy, but actually had
preferred Agrippa before him. Thus it would appear
that he was not yet confident of the youth's judg-

1 Suetonius (Aug. 29, 4) names this theatre among various
other buildings which Augustus " nomine alieno . . . fecit.'"

2 73

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

a\\ y rjToi tov Brj/juov ttjv i\ev0epLav teofiio-ao~0ac
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ev0vs i^cop/irjo-ev, oi fievTOt teal €9 ttjv Xvpiav
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dire err € ttjv viraTetav €9 to 1 A\/3avbv J i\0a>v
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T€V(oo~iv, r)0eXrjae f teal e^co tov daTeoy^ avTO
1 rb supplied by Bs.

1 D. Magie (" The Mission of Agrippa to the Orient in
23 B.C.," in Classical Philology, in., 1908, 145 ff.) points out
the difficulties in the popular version of Agrippa' s journey to
Lesbos, and suggests that he was in reality sent out by

274

BOOK LIII

ment, and that he either wished the people to regain
their liberty or for Agrippa to receive the leadership
from them. For he well understood that Agrippa
was exceedingly beloved by them and he pre-
ferred not to seem to be committing the supreme
power to him on his own responsibility. When he
recovered, therefore, and learned that Marcellus be-
cause of this was not friendly toward Agrippa, he
immediately sent the latter to Syria, so that no
occasion for scoffing or for skirmishing might arise be-
tween them by their being together. 1 And Agrippa
straightway set out from the city, but did not reach
Syria ; instead, acting with even more than his usual
moderation, 2 he sent his lieutenants thither, and
tarried himself in Lesbos.

Besides doing all these things in the manner
related, Augustus appointed ten praetors, feeling
that he no longer required a larger number ; 3 and
this happened for several years. Most of them were
to perform the same duties as formerly, but two were
to be in charge of the financial administration each
year. Having arranged these matters in detail, he
went to the Alban Mount and resigned the consul-
ship. For ever since conditions had become settled,
both he himself and most of his colleagues had held
the office for the whole year, and he now wished to
end this practice, in order that as many as possible
might become consuls ; and he resigned outside the

Augustus on a diplomatic mission calling for secrecy —
nothing less, in fact, than for the purpose of inducing
Phraates to return the captured Roman standards and
receive in return his son. Cf. chap. 33, 2 inf.
2 Cf. liv. 11, 6.

8 Under Julius Caesar the number had been as high as
sixteen ; see xliii. 49, 1, and 51, 4.

275

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

4 iizgiiicrev, iva /jltj KcoXvdfj. teal iirl re tovto)
erraivov ecr^e, Kal oti Kovklov dvd* iavTov ^tj-
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to re yap (f>tXifcbv . Kal to ttlcttov tov dvBpbs
ov fiovov ovfc ifuarjaev dXXd Kal ijip/rjae.

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2 Kal pL6Ta tovt iirLT panel? [trap avTrjs ttjv Bid-

1 TipiScvnjs Dind., reipibdr^s VM (and similarly just
below).

276

BOOK LIII

city, to prevent being hindered from his purpose, b.c. 23
For this act he received praise, as also because he
chose in his stead Lucius Sestius, who had always
been an enthusiastic follower of Brutus, had fought
with him in all his wars, and even at this time kept
alive his memory, had images of him, and delivered
eulogies upon him. Augustus^ it would appear, so far
from disliking the man's devotion and loyalty, actually
honoured these qualities in him. And because of
this the senate voted that Augustus should be
tribune for life and gave him the privilege of bring-
ing before the senate at each meeting any one
matter at whatever time he liked, even if he were , { I
not consul at the time ; they also permitted him
to hold once for all and for life the office of pro-
consul, so that he had neither to lay it down upon
entering the pomerium nor to have it renewed again,
and they gave him in the subject territory authority
superior to that of the governor in each instance.
As a result both he and the emperors after him
gained a certain legal right to use the tribunician
power as well as their other powers ; for the title
of tribune itself was taken neither by Augustus nor
by any other emperor. 1

And it seems to me that he then acquired these
privileges as related, not by way of flattery, but
because he was truly honoured ; for in most ways he
comported himself toward the Romans as if they
were free citizens. Thus, when Tiridates in person
and envoys from Phraates came to settle their mutual
recriminations, he brought them before the senate ;
and afterwards, when the decision of the question
had been referred to him by that body, he did not

1 Cf. chap. 17, 10.

277

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

yvGHJiv top ( jxev TipiSdrrjv tg> ^padrrj ovk
egeSaitcev, tov vibv clvtw, ov irporepov firap
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al^pbdXdSrov^ koX'tcl arjpeta tcl GTparmTiKa rd
ev T6 rfj tov Kpdaaov fcal ev ttj tov 'Avtcoviov
avfi<f)opa dXovTa KOfxLaaaOau

3 ^ Kdv T(p CtVTU) TOVT(p €T€l J djOpCLVO/XOV T€ TIVCL

rcjv KaraSeearipcov diroQavovra Ydio<$ KaXirovp-
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<y€v6/ji€Vov( Kav Tafc dvoyals} Svo ( icad efcdaTrjv
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69 fJbeipaKcd 1 7rco TeXoov o/jl<m)<z fjp&v.

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aei tl irpo tcov toiovtcov Trpoarfpiaivecruai, tote
fiev) Xv/cos T€ : ev to) dcrT£i) avveXrf(j)0i] t teal irup-
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iTTolrjae,

1 /xcipaKid v. Herw., iieip*Ki6v VM.

2 vocra/dwv ysvoiLtvoiv Bk., vov&Zovs yevofxevov VM.

278

BOOK LIII

surrender Tiridates to Phraates, but sent back to the b.c. 23
latter his son whom he had once received from him
and was keeping, 1 on condition that the captives
and the military standards taken in the disasters of
Crassus and of Antony should be returned.

During this same year one of the minor aediles
died and Gaius Calpurnius succeded him, in spite of
having served previously as one of the major aediles. 2
This is not recorded as having occurred in the case
of any other man. During the Feriae there were two
prefects of the city for each day ; and one of them
held the office in spite of the fact that he had not
yet the standing even of a youth.

Livia, now, was accused of having caused the
death of Marcellus, because he had been preferred
before her sons ; but the justice of this suspicion be-
came a matter of controversy by reason of the
character both of that year and of the year follow-
ing, which proved so unhealthful that great numbers
perished during them. And, just as it usually hap-
pens that some sign occurs before such events, so on
this occasion a wolf was caught in the city, fire and
storm damaged many buildings, and the Tiber, ris-
ing, carried away the wooden bridge and made the
city navigable for boats during three days.

1 Cf. li. 18, 3.

2 By "minor" and "major" aediles Dio means the
plebeian and curule aediles respectively.

279

BOOK LIV

TaSc €P€CTiv iv T(p Ttevrr)ico<TT(f) reToipTa tu>p Aioopos 'PwfxaXKwp

a. 'CLs eTri^eAr/Tai tup 6$up 4k tup io~T par 7\y 7)k6tuv x KariffT-qaav.
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y. ' ris N'AptKOP 2 ed\u.
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6 AlaeppTpos Xyl., alc4piPos M, 5«repIVos V.

6 M. A6\\tos supplied by Xyl.

7 M. vl supplied by Bs. 8 K. supplied by Xyl.

280

BOOK LIV

The following is contained in the Fifty-fourth of Dio's
Rome : —

How road commissioners were appointed from among the

ex-praetors (chap. 8).
How grain commissioners were appointed from among the

ex-praetors (chaps. 1 and 17).
How Noricum was captured (chap. 20).
How Rhaetia was captured (chap. 22).

How the Maritime Alps began to yield obedience to the

Romans (chap. 24).
How the theatre of Balbus was dedicated (chap. 25).
How the theatre of Marcellus was dedicated (chap. 26).
How Agrippa died and Augustus acquired the Chersonese

(chaps. 28, 29).
How the Augustalia were instituted (chap. 34).

Duration of time, thirteen years, in which there were the
magistrates (consuls) here enumerated : —

B.C.

22 M. Claudius M. F. Marcellus Aeserninus, L. Arruntius
L. F.

21 M. Lollius M. F., Q. Aemilius M. F. Lepidus.

20 M. Apuleius Sex. F., P. Silius P. F. Nerva.

19 C. Sentius C. F. Saturninus, Q. Lucretius Q. F. Vispillo.

18 Cn. Cornelius L. F., P. Cornelius P. F. Lentulus

Marcellinus.
17 C. Furnius C. F., C. Iunius C. F. Silanus.

9 klfxiKios M. vt. supplied by Bs.

10 'AirovAtw* Bs. , airovXtos VM.

11 2l\ios Xyl., <r€i\ VM. 12 K. Reim., A VM.

13 OvunrlkAnv Dind., ouiairidKoov M, ovt<r<nrtd\wv V.

14 vL M, v* V.

15 T. y \0VVt0S Xyl., 7T OVIVIOS VM.

281

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

A. Aofxirios Tv. vl 1 IV. tyy. 'AyvSfiapfios 2 „ 3
n. KopvhXtos n. vt. n. tyy. ^Ktmuv
M. Alovios 4 A. vl Apovaos Ai&oov „ 3
A. KaXirovpvios A. vl Ht<ra>v Qpovyt 5
M. Aucivvtos M. vl Kpdaaos* t ,
IV. KopvqXios IV. vl AevrovXos
Tip. KXavStos 7 Ti$. vL 'Nipcav «,
Tl. Kvivt'iXios 8 2€{tou vi. Ovapos vlr *
M. OvaXepios 9 M. 10 vt. MeaaaXas Bxp&aro:
n. HovXir'iKtos II. vt. Kvplvtos
TIav\os &afitos 12 K. vt. Md^ifios «
K. AlXios 13 K. in. TovQtpoov V *'
'IouAAos 14 'AvrAvtos 15 M. in. «^ lfl
AtypiKCLvbs K. *c03ios K. in.

li r

Tw £>' €7nytyvo/A€VG) 17 ere*, eV c5 Wiap/cgs t€
Map/ceWo? Afat Aqv/cios * AppovvTios vTrdTevaay,
7] re 7ro\i? < ireXaylcravTos avdw rov 7rorafiov
iirXevadr), /cal /cepavvocs aXXa re ^pXXaji^X^drj
Ka\ ol avhptavres ol iv tg) Uavdelq), &gts /cal
to Bopv\ifc rr)$ rod AvyovaTov p^tyoo? i/areaeiv.
Trovovjxevoi ovv\ V7r6 re T^)? voaov) Kdlyvirb rov

2 Xi/jlov (ev T€ yap rrj 'IraX/a nrdarj o^Xpifio^
eyevero teal ttjv ^ci pav ovheis elpydcraro* So^tSjS'
on fca\ iv tch? e£(o yo&plois ro^avro tovto avvr)-
vkyOrf) vojxiaavTe^ ol 'Vcopbaloi qvk aXXco? afyLai
Tavra avpb^e$r)fcevav y a\V cm purj /cal Tore vira-

3 revovTa tov Avy ovarov ea^pv, Si/cTaTopa aifTov
rjdeXrjcrav TTpoxeipieacrdai,, /cal tt\v t€ fiovXrjv

1 IV. vl R. Steph., Xv vl VM.

2 'AiqvS&ap&os R. Steph., avrj6^apfios M, awSfiapfios V.

3 for. supplied by Bs.

4 Atovtos Leopard, X iovvios M, X ovvtos V.

5 Qpovyi {bpvyX) R. Steph., (povprios VM.

6 in. K/>a<rcroj supplied by Xyl.

7 Tij8. KAouStos H. Steph., t j8 kA V, Tt£. kA. M.

8 KvivtiXios Xyl., K Vi VM.

282

BOOK LIV

B.C.

16 L. Domitius Cn. F. Cn. N. Ahenobarbus, P. Cornelius

P. F. V. N. Scipio.
15 M. Livius L. F. Drusus Libo, L. Calpurnius L. F. Piso

Frugi.

14 M. Licinius M. F. Crassus, Cn. Cornelius Cn. F. Lentulus.
13 Tib. Claudius Tib. F. Nero, P. Quintilius Sex. F. Varus.
12 M. Valerius M. F. Messalla Barbatus, P. Sulpicius P. F.
Quirinus.

11 Paulus Fabius Q. F. Maximus, Q. Aelius Q. F. Tubero.
10 Iullus Antonius M. F., Africanus Q. Fabius Q. F.

The following year, in which Marcus Marcellus b.c. 22
and Lucius Arruntius were consuls, the city was
again submerged by the overflowing of the river,
and many objects were struck by thunderbolts,
especially the statues in the Pantheon, so that the
spear even fell from the hand of Augustus. The
pestilence raged throughout all Italy so that no one
tilled the land, and I suppose that the same was the
case in foreign parts. The Romans, therefore, re-
duced to dire straits by the disease and by the
consequent famine, believed that these woes had
come upon them for no other reason than that they
did not have Augustus for consul at this time also.
They accordingly wished to elect him dictator, and

9 Ovapos M. Oi)a\cpios Xyl., ovavirrepos ovdpios V, ov avir'
yepoaovdptos M. 10 M. H. Steph., fxdptcov VM.

11 Mei-traAas BapjSaTor Xyl., fieaaahos &p^aros VM.

12 *i)3(os Xyl., <p\ VM.

13 K. A1\ios H. Steph., K at \ VM.

14 *lov\\os Bs., ioi5Aio$ VM.

15 'AvtAvios Xyl. , avToivtvos VM. 10 yir. supplied by Bs.
iviyiyvoiuifvtj) Bk. t iiriyevofJLcva) VM.

VOL. VI.

283

K

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

KCLTCLfckelaavTes e? to avveSpcov kirrjvdyKacFav
tovto yjrrj(f)Lcraa0ai, an eiXovvris a<pa<$ KaTairprj-
creiv, Kal fiera ravra Ta? pd/3Sov<; Ta? Teaaapa?
Kal eiKocn XaftovTe? 7rpoayX0ov avTw, 1 SiKrdropd
T€ d/jua Beofievoi XeyPrjvai Kal €ttiijl€Xtjtt)v tov
(tltov, /caOdirep iroTe tov Uo/jltttjiov, yeveadai.

4 Kal p? tovto fiev dvay/ccdcos iBe^aro, Kal i/ceXevae^,
Bvo avBpas rojv yrpb irevre ttov del ir&V/iarpa-
TrjyrjKOTcov 7rpb<; ttjv tov airov Biavo/nrjv /car
€T0? alpelcrBai, ttjv Be BtKTaToplav ov TrpoarjKaTO,
dXXa Kal ttjv iaOrjTa irpoajcaTeppr^aTO, eireiBi)

^ firjBeva Tpoirov a\\(o^](T(jyd<i eirivyelv, firjTe Bia-

5 Xeyojievo? /jlt]T€ Beofievos, r}Bvyij0rj m t/jv re yap
i^ovalav /cal ttjv Tifirjv Kal{yTrep tov<$ BiKTaTopas /
€%o)i>, dpdcos TO T£ eirL^0ovov Kal TO fJLCarjTOV

2 tt)<; ijrcKXrjaea)^ avT(ov 2 i<$vX d%aTO. to B^avTO
tovto Kal ti/jlijttjv avTov Sid J3lov yeipoTOvrjaai
ftovXo/nevcov eiroLrjaev* ovTe yap ttjv dpyrjv yirkz

GTV], Kal 6V0VS €T€pOV<i TlfirjTaS, UaQXoV T6 AlfJLL-

Xiov AeiuBov Kal Aovkiov MovvaTiov TlXdyKov,
tovtov (lev, dBeX(f>bv tov TlXdyKov eKelvov tov
eiTiKripvydkvTOs ovTa, tov Be Brj AeirtBov avTov
2 tots 0avaTco0evTa, direBei^ev. ea / x, aT0C 6 °j?7JM~-
ttjv TifirjTecav IBi&Tac dfia eo")(p v > ^crirep ttov
Kal 7rapaxpr}fia avTols iSrjXd)0r)' to yap ^rjfjua
d<j) y ov tl irpd^etv Tcov irpoarjKovTwv o-cj>Laiv

1 auT^J Zon., avrbv VM. 2 avrwv M, avrbv V.
* 5^ V, oin. M.

284

BOOK LIV

shutting the senators up in their meeting place, they b.c. 22
forced them to vote this measure by threatening to
burn down the building over their heads. Next
they took the twenty-four rods 1 and approached
Augustus, begging him to consent both to being
named dictator and to becoming commissioner ot
the grain supply, 2 as Pompey had once done. 3 He
accepted the latter duty under compulsion, and
ordered that two men should be chosen annually,
from among those who had served as praetors not
less than five years previously in every case, to at-
tend to the distribution of the grain. As for the
dictatorship, however, he did not accept the office,
but went so far as to rend his garments when he
found himself unable to restrain the people in any
other way, either by argument or by entreaty ; for,
since he was superior to the dictators in the power
and honour he already possessed, he properly guarded
against the jealousy and hatred which the title would .
arouse. He took the same course also when they '
wished to elect him censor for life ; for, declining to
take the office himself, he immediately appointed ,
others to be censors, namely Paul us Aemilius
Lepidus and Lucius Munatius Plancus, the latter a
brother of that Plancus who had been proscribed, 1
and the former a man who had himself been con- |
demned to die at that same time. These were the last
two private citizens to hold the censorship together,
which was no doubt the meaning of the sign given
to them ; for the platform, on which they were to
perform one of the functions devolving upon them,

1 The fasces ; the dictator was regularly attended by
twenty-four lictors. Cf. liii. 1, n. 1.

2 Curator annonae. 3 Cf. xxxix. 9.

285

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

rifieXKov, avvenreaev \ dvaftdvTcov avTcov jfeV rfj
7rp(l>T7j T77? apXV? VPtpa Ka ^ cryp€Tpij3r] 9 teal fiera
tovt ovBevef jaXKot TifirjTal o/uoiot, avrois dfia

3 eyevovTO. kcu tots (Jie) o_ AvyovaTOSy Kaiirep
etceivcov alpeOevTcov, ttoXKcl tcov e? avrovs avrj-
kovtcov eirpat-e, tcov re ctvctctltlcov tcl jxey) irav-
TeXa>? KajeXyae, tcl heXirpbs to o~co<ppovecTT€pov
ayyecrTeiXe. teal tois fJLev/aTpaTr)yol<; ra? iravr)^
yvpeis Traaas irpoaeTa^ev, etc T€ tov Stj/jloctiov

4 hLhocrdaL ti avTol? tceXevcras, icai TTpocTaireiTroyy
/jl7]t€ e? ifceiva? oitcoOev Tiva ifkelov tov eTepov
dvaTucr/ceiv firjO* oifKopLa^iav fiijT* aWcos el JjLtj
7j /3ov\r) tyrfifiio-aiTo, /ut]t av ifkeovaKis rj Si? ev

€fCaCTTCp €T€l, pLYjTe 7r\€l6v(DV eiKOCTL tCCU ZtCCLTOV

dvSpcov TToieiw Toi$ S* dyopavo/xoL^ t<h9 tcovpov-
\lois tt]v tcov ifiTrc/JLTTpajiievcov 1 KaTaa^eo-iv eVe-
Xelpicrev, e^aKoatovs a^iai ftorjOovs 8ov\ov$ $ov$.

5 €7T€lSi] t€ 2 real Ittttti^ 3 tca\ yvyaitce? eTrifyaveis ev
ttj bpyr\GTpa /cal tot€ ye eireheL^avTOy airr^yopevaev
ovx otl T0Z9 iraicrX tcov /SovXevTcov, oirep irov teal
irpiv €K€K(o\vto, dWd Koi to?9 eyyovots, T0Z9 ye 4

( ev ttj iTTirdhi) St]\ov otl i^eTa^ofievots, firjhev ctl
toiovto hpdv.

3 Kal.ev fievj tovtocs to t€ tov vo/jlo0€tov koi to
tov avTOKpcLTopos kcu axfjfia kol ovofia iirehei^
KVUTQ* ev Be} 8r) tol<; aXXowj i/jLeTpia^ep, wcrre /cat

2 <f)l\oL<; Tiaiv evOvvo/uevois irapaylyvecrdai. Mdp-

KOV T€ TWOS TiplfJLOV alTlCLV €^OI>T09 OTl TTjS

Mcuce&ovias a>f>X°? v 'OBpvaais eVoXe/i^cre, /ecu

1 ijxtrifxirpafxivuv Dind., i/uiwrpafiwwv VM.

2 €7T6i5r? re V, ^ireiSVj irep M. 3 iinrTjs M, iirwefs V.
4 ye Rk., re VM. 6 iiredeUvvTO V, aireSe'iKwro M.

286

BOOK LIV

collapsed as they ascended it on the first day of their b.c. 22
holding the office, and was shattered in pieces,
and after that no others of the same rank as these
became censors together. Even at this time, in
spite of their having been chosen to the position,
Augustus performed many of the duties belonging
to their office. Of the public banquets, he abolished
some altogether and limited the extravagance of
others. He committed the charge of all the
festivals to the praetors, commanding that an
appropriation should be given them from the public
treasury, and also forbidding any one of them to
spend more than another from his own means on
these festivals, or to give a gladiatorial combat unless
the senate decreed it, or, in fact, oftener than twice
in each year or with more than one hundred and
twenty men. To the curule aediles he entrusted
the putting out of fires, for which purpose he granted
them six hundred slaves as assistants. And since
knights and women of rank had given exhibitions
on the stage even then, 1 he forbade not only the
sons of senators, who had even before this been
excluded, but also their grandsons, so far, at least,
as these belonged to the equestrian order, to do
I anything of the sort again.

Although in these measures he showed himself, in
form as well as in name, both law-giver and arbitrary
ruler, in his behaviour generally he was moderate, to
I such a degree, in fact, that he even stood by some of
I his friends when their official conduct was under
I investigation. Also when a certain Marcus Primus
I was accused of having made war upon the Odrysae
I while he was governor of Macedonia, and declared at

1 Cf. liii. 31.

287

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

XeyovTO? tot€ fiev ttj tov Avyovo~TOv Tore^Sprfj
MapzceXXov yvcbpy tovto ireirot^Kevat, e? re to
hiKCLGTrjpiov avTeirdyye^Tos J}X0e, zeal eyrepcoTr)-
Oels 'vTro tov o~t parity ov) el Trpoard^etiv oi iroXe-

3 prjaai, e^apvo? iyevero. tov re avvayopevovTos ,

TCp TlpLfjLCp AlKlVLOV 1 ^lovprjVOV dXXa T€ j €9 dVTOv)

ovze iiTLTrjheLa diroppltyavTos, zeal irvOopevov (t ri
hrj evTavda iTOieh, zeal t£?„ <re jzedXea ev roaovrov
povov airejc^ivaro oti "to Srjpoo-tov."^ eirl ovv
TOVTOisj vtto pevj tcov 6v <j>povovvTcov\ eirrjvelTO,
&o~T6 zeal to ti]V fiovXrjv dOpoL^eiv/ ocrdzeis av
ideX7]arj\ Xafielv, tcov dXXcov Twes zearecfrpo-

4 vrj&av avrov. dpeXet, zeal tov TlpLpov ov/c,.6Xljoi„
direyjrr](p[aavTO y zeal irnftovXrjv ereppi eV avrcpj
crvvearrjaav. <$>dvvto<; \ pev yap Y^atrricov dp^rjyos
avrrjs eyevero, tTVverreXdfiovTO Se zeal aXXor zeai
acfricn zeal 6 yiovprfvas avvopcopozeevai, etr ovv
dX7j0co<; eXre zealeze hta^oXrj^, eXeydn? irreiSr) teal
dzepdrco zeal zearazeopel rf) irapprjaiaiirpb^ rrdvras j

5 opoLcos i^prjTO. zeal ov yap vrrepeivav to Sizea-
crTrjpiov t eprjprjv pev a>? zeal (frevgopevot rjXcocrav,
a7rea(f>dyrjaav Be ov rroXXco varepov, ovhe iTrrfp-
zeeaav rco'yiovprjva ovre 6 IT pozeovXeio? 4 d8eX(f)Q$
cov ovre 6 Ma^p? rfj dheXcf>fj avrov avvouecov,
zcaLirep 'i$ rd rrpcora vtto tov Avyovarov TLpLco-

6 pevoi. co<? (S'j ovv zeal rovrov^ tcov Sizea^ovrcov
Tive<t direkvaav, evopoOerrjae pyre zepvcj)a Ta<?
yfrtfefiovs^ iv rats 'eprjpois SCzeais) cftepeoOai, zeal
rrdaais avrals tov evdvvopevov dXlazeeadat. zeal
ore ye ravr ov% vrr dpyrjssaXX* cb<; zeal avpfye-

1 AiKivtov M, XiKiPviov V. 2 4>avMos Leuncl., <f>dv€ios VM.
8 ^Ae'x^i? M, i\4yxQil V. 4 UpoKov\«ios Bs., irpoKovkios VM.

288

BOOK LIV

one moment that he had done it with the approval b.c. 22
of Augustus, and at another with that of Marcellus,
Augustus came of his own accord to the court-
room ; and upon being asked by the praetor whether
he had instructed the man to make war, he denied
it. And when the advocate of Primus, Licinius
Murena, in the course of some rather disrespectful
remarks that he made to him, enquired : (£ What are
you doing here, and who summoned you ? " Augustus
merely replied: "The public weak" For this he
received praise from the people of good sense and
was even given the right to convene the senate
as often as he pleased ; but some of the others
despised him. At all events, not a few voted for the
acquittal of Primus, and others formed a plot against
Augustus. Fannius Caepio was the instigator of it,
but others also joined with him. Even Murena was
reported to be in the conspiracy, whether truly or by
way of calumny, since he was immoderate and un-
restrained in his outspokenness toward all alike.
These men did not stand trial, and so were convicted
by default, on the supposition that they intended to
flee ; and a little latter they were slain. Murena
found neither Proculeius, his brother, nor Mae-
cenas, his sister's husband, of any avail to save him,
though these men were most highly honoured by
Augustus. And inasmuch as some of the jurymen
voted to acquit even these conspirators, the emperor
made a law that in trials at which the defendant
was not present the vote should not be taken
secretly and the defendant should be convicted only
by a unanimous vote. Now that he took these
measures, not in anger, but as really conducive to

289

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

7 povra ra> BrjfLO&iq) Biiratjev, LO"%vpG)$ SUBei^e* tov

<yOVV TTdTpOS TOV KcLLTTLCOVOS TOV JJ£V €T€pOV TO)V

BovXcov tcov o~Vficj)vy6vTG)v tg> viel i\€v0€p<bo-avTO$,
otl a/jbvvai ol 6vr}GtcovTL r^eXrjcre, tov Se 1 eTepov
tov rrrpoSovTa clvtov jSta Te T779 ayopa<z fiearj^ fieTa
ypafifiaTC0V^\TrfV oltlclv r tt)<; OavaTcoaeco^ clvtov J
BtjXovvtcov &Layay6vT0<i kol fxeTa TavTa ava-

8 o-TavpcoaavTos, ovfc ^ya^dfCTrjcre. tcav i^rjfcitraTO
iraaav ttjv tcov ovk apea/eofievcov to?9 irpa^ffelai
fiefx^iv, el fir) kol 0vglcl$ a>? 2 fcal eVl vlkjj tlvl )
kol yfrrj(f)tcrd€Lo~a<; irepielhe zeal yevofieva*;.

4 T6t£ S'lovv real ttjv Y^virpov koX tt)v TaXaTtav
ttjv Nap/3covrio-iav aTreSoyfce tg> StJ/xg) &>9 firjSev
to)V oir\(ov avTov Seofiivas' tcai ovtm? dvdvnaToc

2 teal €9 ifceiva tcl eQvt) TrefnreaOaL rjp^avTO. kol
tov tov Alo$ tov JSpovT&vTOs iwL/caXov fiivov vaov
/caOiipcocre- (jrepl ov fhvo jclvtcl irapaBeSoTat, otl
TOTe" T€yiv Tjj lepovpyia) ftpovTal iyivovTO, kol
aeTCL TavTa ovap tco AvyovaTO) TQLovSe eirec-TH).
tq)v yap avvpcoTTcov, to fiev tl 7rp09 to gevovJ/caL

TOV OVOfACLTOS CLVTOV KOL t'oO etBoV?, TO S£ KCLL. OTL

3 V7T0 TOV A£yOVO~TOV XhpVTO, fieyLGTOV he) OTL

TrpcoTO) gl^avLOVTesii? to KaTrLT(o\LOP t iveTvyxqvov,
Trpoaep^pfievwv Te avT(p z kol aefiovTcov, eSpfe,
tov Ata tov iv to> fieyd\a> vcl&iovtcl opyrjv o>9
koX tcl BevTepa avTov fyepofxevov TroieladaL, kol
eK TOVTOVjiiceLvu) Te elirelv eXeyev otl TTpofyvKaica

4 TOV BpOVTCOVTCL €J(pL, KCLL 67T6iSr/ f]fl€pCL iyeVCTO,

KcoBcova avT(p KepL^^e, ftefiaLcov Trjv ovelpco^LV 4

1 rhv 8« Bk, , Tiva 5e VM. 2 ical dvalas u>s V, om. M.
3 auT^J R. Steph., auTuv VM.
* oveipco^iv M, bvelpaliv V.

290

BOOK LIV

the public good, he gave very strong proot ; at any b.c. 22
rate, when Caepio's father freed one of the two
slaves who had accompanied his son in his flight
because this slave had wished to defend his young
master when he met his death, but in the case of
the second slave, who had deserted his son, led him
through the midst of the Forum with an inscription
making known the reason why he was to be put to
death, and afterwards crucified him, the emperor was
not vexed. Indeed, he would have allayed all the
criticism of those who were not pleased with what had
been done, had he not gone further and permitted
sacrifices to be both voted and offered as for a victory.

It was at this time that he restored to the people
both Cyprus and Gallia Narbonensis as districts no
longer needing the presence of his armies ; and thus
proconsuls began to be sent to those provinces also.
He also dedicated the temple of Jupiter Tonans.
Concerning this temple two stories have been handed
down, first, that at that time claps of thunder occurred
when the ritual was being performed, and, second,
that at a later time Augustus had a dream as follows.
The people, he thought, approached Jupiter who is
called Tonans and did reverence to him, partly be-
cause of the novelty of his name and of the form of
his statue, and partly because the statue had been
set up by Augustus, but chiefly because it was the
first they encountered as they ascended the Capitol ;
and thereupon the Jupiter in the great temple
was angry because he was now reduced to second
place as compared with the other. At this, Augustus
related, he said to Jupiter Capitolinus, " You have
Tonans as your sentinel " ; and when it was day, he
^attached a bell to the statue as confirmation of the

291

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
oi yap t<z9 crvvoiteias vvteTcop (f>vXdcraovTe<; Kwhwvo- .

(j)OpOV(TLV f 07T&)9 (T7}fiaLV€lV (T(f>L(TlV OTTOTCLV Serj-

0wcn 1 Bvvcovrai, , , ^

5 ( ^vfpSv)hr] rff 'Pco/jLrjjrajiT^jEyiyveTO, virb^SaSr}
tovs aurou? tovtovs ypovovs ! teal oJ^J^ayjaftpoL
oj re "AcrTupe? hroXefiyjaav av6i<$> 2 ovtoi jxev^Std
re rpvfrjv teal S/' wfiorijra tov JLapMriov, qi^ Se
8?) Kdvrafipoi, eVe^S?) iteeivovs re v€WT€pi^ovTa^
rjaOovro teal tov ap^ovro^ acfxov Yatov QovpvLov
teaT€<f>p6vrjcrav, on re vecoarl djnterp teal on
dnrzipov avrov royviirap eavTOL^lirpayfidrcov elvai

2 h'So^av. oi fievTOL fealevTO) epya), toiovtos crfyiaiv
i(f)dv7} f dXX* r)TT7)9evT€<; dficporepoL vtt avrov (teal
yap to5 YLapicrlep Trpoatffxvvev) iSovXd)0rjo-av. teal
tcov fi€V Kavrdfipcov ov iroXXol kaXwaav* eVaS?)
yap dvkXiriGTOV rrjv iXevOeplav ecFj^ov^ ovSe £fjv

3 rjdeK'qaaVy dXX' oi pievS rd ipv/mara TTpoefiirpj]-^
aavref eaurou? aTrkcr<$>a%av, o£ Se teal etceivois
edeXovral o-vyteare/cav^rjaav, aXXoj S^fioata (j>ap-
fid/cctyv ive7r\rj(T0r}o-av f &are to t€ irXeZo~Tov teal
to dypid)TaTOV avT(bv (pOaprjvar fit "AaTvpes

TayicrTa yeopiov T€ ti nroXioptcovvTes aTTrjXd-
Orjaav teal fid^rj fxeTa tovt iviterjdrjcrav, oiteer
dvTrjpav dXX y evOv? iyetpcoOrjaav.

4 'Tito Se tov avTOV tovtov %p6vov oi KWioTce^
oi VTrep KlyvirTOv ol/eovvres TTpoex^p^crav puev^
fikypi T V ( * iroXecos Trjs'EXecfravTlvris wvofxaafievrf^,
irdvTa Ta iv irocrl TropOovvTes, r/yov/mevrj^ atyLaiv
KavSdter)?* irvBofievoi he) ivravdd ttov Ydiov
Tierpcoviov tov t% AlyvirTOv dpj(pvTa irpoaikvai,

1 5€?)0ci<n Dind., $vvr)Q5}<n VM.

2 alBts Xyl., aurois VM

292

BOOK LIV

vision. For those who guard communities at night b.c. 22
carry a bell, in order to be able to signal to the
inhabitants whenever they need to do so.

These were the events that occurred in Rome ;
and at about this same period the Cantabri and the
Astures broke out into war again, the Astures on
account of the luxurious ways and cruelty of Carisius,
and the Cantabri because they perceived that the
others were in revolt and because they despised their
own governor, Gaius Furnius, since he had but
lately arrived and they supposed that he was
unacquainted with conditions among them. Never-
theless, he did not appear to them that sort of man
when it came to action ; for they were defeated and
reduced to slavery by him, and the Astures likewise,
since he also aided Carisius. Not many of the
Cantabri were captured ; for when they had no
hope of freedom, they did not chose to live, either,
but some set their forts on fire and cut their own
throats, and others of their own choice remained
with them and were consumed in the flames, while
yet others took poison in the sight of all. Thus the
most of them and the fiercest element perished. As
for the Astures, as soon as they had been repulsed
while besieging a certain stronghold and had later
been defeated in battle, they offered no further resist-
ance, but were promptly subdued.

About this same time the Ethiopians, who dwell
beyond Egypt, advanced as far as the city called
Elephantine, with Candace as their leader, ravaging
everything they encountered. At Elephantine, how-
ever, learning that Gaius 1 Petronius, the governor of
gypt, was approaching, they hastily retreated before

1 Pliny (JVa*. Hist. vi. 181) calls him Publius.

293

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

TrpoairrjXOov 1 fievi &><? /cal SuKpev^o/jievoi, /caraXrj-
fyBevres Be iv rfj 6Bw r)TTr}8r}(Tav> /cd/c tovtov /cal

5 TTjV ol/cecav avTov iiTeaTrdaavTO, /cal /caXcb?
/cal itcei dycovio-dfjbevos 7roXei<; aXXa<; re 1 /cal tt)v
NaTrdrTjv 2 to ftaatXeiov avrcov eXaftev? /cal
i/cetvrj jLtev /caTeaKa^rj, iv irepoy <Se tlvl %a>pi« j
(f)povpa /caT€\€L<f)0r)' 4 6 yap Uerpcovw /^fre
Trepanepco^htd re rrjv a^jiov^fcti^Bia^Tb fcavfia,/
irpoeXOelv pLTjTe /caret yji>pav fiera Travrbs rov
(TTparov j fjueivai /caXm ByvjQfi els dvexwprjae, to

6 TrXelov avTov iirayofievo^. {/cdv TOvrajTcov At-
Olottcov rot? <j>povpoi<; iiriOepLevcov av0i$ re^iir
avrovs ,i<TTpdT€v<je, /cal tovs cr<f>eTepovs ippyaaTO,
koI tt\v TLavBd/crjv avfi^rjvaL oi r\vdy/cao~ey.

6 'Ei> o5 Be ravra iytyvero, 6 AvyovcTO? 69
XifceXiav rfkOev, 07nt)9 fcal i/ceivrjv /cal rdXXa ra
p*kXP l T *? ? Hvplas KaTaaTqcrrjTai. /cal avrov
ivravOa er opto? o tcov 'Pcofiaicov tou9

virdrovs xeiporovoov io-Ta<riao;ev, ware /cal ( i/c
tovtov 'BiaBeix^V vai oti dByyarov rjv Br)p,o/cpaTov-

2 fjuevovs crcfya? acoOrfvai, fii/cpov yovv twos (ev T€
tcu9 dpxaipeaiai? /cal iv rafc a/o^afc avTal?)
/cvptevovres i0opv/3r)cr.av. iTrjp elTO Qfiev) yap rj
ejepa X^R a . T( P Avyovo~T(p, /cal BTSTtovto M.ap/co$
KoXXiosfKar d/>%«9 toO 6TOt>9 fiovos fjpfcev 9 i/cei-
vov Be? fit) Begafievov avTrjv^KvivTos T6 Ae7TiSo9
/cal Aov/cios 2iXovavb<; iaTrovBapxtavav, /cal
ovtco ye irdvra avverdpa^av ware /cal rbv Avyov-

3 crrov V7TO t&v i/xeppovcov avakXrjOrjvai. iireiBr} Be

1 re supplied by Rk. 2 NairaTTj? Dind., ravdirriv VM Xiph.
8 $aat\€iov avToiv $\a&ev Xiph., &acrl\€iov aneXafiev VM.
4 KaT€\€l(p6r) Xiph., KareX^dr} VM. 6 M, 8e V.

294

BOOK LIV

he arrived, hoping to make good their escape. But b.c. 22
being overtaken on the road, they were defeated and
thus drew him after them into their own country.
There, too, he fought successfully with them, and
took Napata, their capital, among other cities. This
place was razed to the ground, and a garrison left at
another point ; for Petronius, finding himself unable
either to advance farther, on account of the sand and
the heat, or advantageously to remain where he was
with his entire army, withdrew, taking the greater
part of it with him. Thereupon the Ethiopians at-
tacked the garrisons, but he again proceeded against
them, rescued his own men, and compelled Candace
to make terms with him.

While this was going on, Augustus went to Sicily in
order to settle affairs in that island and elsewhere as
far as Syria. While he was still there, the Roman popu-
lace fell to quarrelling over the election of the consuls.
This incident showed clearly that it was impossible for
a democratic government to be maintained among
them ; at any rate, although they had but little
authority either in the matter of the elections or of the
offices themselves, they fell to rioting. One of the'
consulships, it seems, was being kept for Augustus,
and accordingly at the beginning of the year Marcus B .o. 21
['Lollius alone entered upon office ; but when the em-
Lperor would not accept the position, Quintus Lepidus
and Lucius Silvanus became rival candidates and threw
everything into such turmoil that Augustus was sum-
noned home by those who retained their senses. He

295

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

/

ot'% vTrearpe^re /xiv, iXOovras Se avrov? fopo?
avrbv ^aireir€ixylrev iTTLTLfirjaa^ acjtlai kcu KeXevaas
d/ji(f)OT€pcov avrwv dirovTcov ttjv yfrrjcfrov SoOrjvat,
ovBev /ndWov rjav^aaau, dWa koX ttclvv av6i<$
hwjve-)(drjaav s chare tov AewtSov oyjri irore alpe-

4 6r)vai. ayavafCTTjo-cH; ovv iirl tovtco 6 Avyovcrros,
teal fxrjTe /jlopj] ttj 'Fco/jbrj ayoKafyiv hwdpuevos fiijT
av avapxov avrrjv /caraXiTreLv roXficov, i&jrei
Tivd avrfj eiriaTrjcraL, /cal etcjuye pky^ tov ^AypiTT-

5 irav iTTLTrjSeioTaTOV e? tovto elvai, /3ov\r)0eh Se}l
8r) /cal d^Lco/jia avrop jnei&v irepideivat, Yva Kal(i/c

TOVTOV. paOV aVTCOV dpXV> ^T€7T€/JiyfraTO avroVy

/cal /caTavay/cdaas ttjv yvvai/ca, fcanrep dBeXcptBrjv
avTOv ovaav, aTraWd^avTa ttj *\ov\iq gwoiky)- I
crai, e? ttjv 'Vco/jLrjv yrapaxprj/jLa /cal fiirl tw ya/xw^J
KaVeirl ttj tijs 7roXea)9 hiax^tptcrei eVe/x^e, hid tc I
tglWcl /cal oti o Maw^a? crvfAfiovXevofjievcp ol
irepl avTtov rovroov elirelv Xeyerai oti " rrfki- I
kovtov clvtov TreTTolrjfca? coctt i) yap,j3j>6v crov I

6 yeveaOai r) <fyovev6rjvai" fcai 09 tcl jiev aWa 1 ;
olBovvra en eupoov /caTeaTrjcraTO, rd^ T6 iepd tcl j
hlyviTTia iireaLovra av8i$ e? to clcttv dveaTeiXev,
aTretircov firfheva firjSe iv Top TrpoaaTeUpjavr^ivrb^
oyhoov rj/jLLaraStov jroieiv ^Tapaxv^ &j tlvo<z ^repl I
tt)v 1 ^tov irdXidpxov tov Sid rd<; dvox^ alpov- \
fxevov ^x^poTOvlav a v finder r}$ ov/c s iTre/cpaTTjaev
avrrj*;, dWa dvev t% dpxy? ravrrf^ tov iviavrov
e/celvov SieyevovTO.

1 tV supplied by R. Steph.

296

BOOK LIV

would not return, however, and when the two 'b.c. 21
candidates themselves came to him, he rebuked them
and sent them away, giving orders that the vote
should be taken during the absence of them both ;
thereupon the people were no more quiet than
before, but fell into great strife again, until at last
Lepidus was chosen. Augustus was displeased at the
incident, for he could not devote all his time to Rome i
alone and did not dare to leave the city in a state of |
anarchy ; accordingly, he sought for some one to set
over it, and judged Agrippa to be most suitable for
the purpose. And as he wished to invest him
with a dignity above the ordinary, in order that he
might govern the people more easily, he summoned
him, compelled him to divorce iiis wife, although she
was the emperor's own niece, and to marry Julia ;
and he sent him to Rome at once to attend both to
the wedding and to the administration of the city.
This step is said to have been taken partly on the
advice of Maecenas, who in counselling him upon
these very matters said : " You have made him so
great that he must either become your son-in-law or
be slain." Agrippa, then, checked whatever other
ailments he founcTlstill festering, and curtailed the
Egyptian rites which were again invading the city,
forbidding anyone to perform them even in the
suburbs within one mile of the city. 1 And when a
"disturbance arose over the election of the prefect of
the city, the official chosen on account of the Feriae, 2
he did not succeed in quelling it, but they went
through that year without this official.

I 1 Cf. note on li. 19, 6.

2 The prefect of the city was appointed to have charge of
.the city during the absence of the two consuls in attendance
[upon the celebration at the Alban Mount.

297

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

7 Kal 6 fiev ravr errparrev, 6 jSe) Avyovaro<; rd
re aWa rd iv rfj *ZiKe\ia SioiKijaa^, Kal rd$
Hvpcucovdas 1 erepas re riva? TroXeis 2 clttoLkovs
'FcofiaLcov aTToheL^a? i$ rrjv 'EXXd&a iirepaLwOrj.

2 Kal Aa/ce&aifioviovs fiev to?? re T&vQrjpots teal rfj
avcFcnrLa irlfiTjaev, on rj Aiovla, ore (eK rfjs
'IraXla^o-vv re tw dvBpl Kal avv tw vlel e(f>vyev,
€Kei hierptyfrev 'Adrjvaicdv rrjv re AXyivav Kal
rrjv 'Eperpiav (eKapirovvro yap airds), fc>9 rtvi^
<f>acriv, a<fi€i\6To, on rbv * Avr&viov iaTrovBaaav,
Kal rrpoaeri Kal aTrrjyppevq-e <j$igi firjSeva irbXlrrjiv

3 dpyvpiov 7TOL€la0ai. Kal airois €9 ravra eSo£e,
to to) tt/9 ^AOrjvds dydXfian <rvfi/3ctv diroaKrj^raij
iv yap rfj aKpoiroXei '777)09 3 dvaroXcov ihpvfievov

7T/0O9 T6 TCT9 Sva/JLaS fJL€T€(TT pdtyrj KOI alfia (17T€-

4 irrvaev. J> 8' ovv 4 Avyovaros to re 'EXXtjvikov
Sirjyaye Kal 69 Xd/iov eyfKevaev, ivravOd re ix e j£.
fiave, Kal €9 ttjv ^ Aalaviv tw rjpi iv cS Wlapjcos
re 5 ArrovXeios 5 Kal Uov7rXto<; 2^09 virdrevaav^
KOficaOeh rrdvra rd re eKel Kal ra/ev rfj JSidvvia

5 Siira^ev, ov% on rod Brj/xou Kal ravra ra Wvt)
Kal rd TTporepa iSo/cec elvaifiv oXiycopia avra
Troirjad/nevos, dWd Kal rrdvv Trdvrcov a(f>a)v a>9
nal eavrov ovrcov iirtpLeXi^Oei^ rd re yap aXXa
oaairep Kal irpoarjKov rjv irr^vaypOwae, Kal XPV~ \
ixara rots pev iireBco/ce to£<? Kal, vrrep rbv (j)6pov/

6 iaeveyKelv irpoaera^e. toi?9 re Kv&kt)vov<s, on
f Pa)//aiou9 rivas iv ardaei fiaariyoxravres dire*
Kretvav, iSovXdoaaro. Kal rovro Kal toi>9 Tvplovs

1 LvpaKovaas R. Steph., ffvpaKovaarus VM.

2 -n6\€ts M, om. V. 3 wpbs Reim., t?J irphs VM.

4 5' ovv Pflugk, yovv VM. 6 ^irovXhos Bs., airou\to$ VM..

298

BOOK LIV

While Agrippa was thus occupied, Augustus, after b.c. 21
arranging various matters in Sicily and making
Roman colonies of Syracuse and certain other
cities, crossed over into Greece. He honoured the
Lacedaemonians by giving them Cythera and at-
tending their public mess, because Livia, when she
fled from Italy with her husband and son, 1 had spent
some time there. But from the Athenians he took
away Aegina and Eretria, from which they received
tribute, because, as some say, they had espoused the
cause of Antony ; and he furthermore forbade them
to make anyone a citizen for money. And it seemed
to them that the thing which had happened to the
statue of Athena was responsible for this misfortune ;
for this statue on the Acropolis, which was placed
to face the east, had turned around to the west and
spat blood. Augustus, now, after transacting what
business he had in Greece, sailed to Samos, where
he passed the winter ; and in the spring of the year b.c. 20
when Marcus Apuleius and Publius Silius were
consuls, he went on into Asia, and settled everything
there and in Bithynia. For although these provinces
as well as those previously mentioned were regarded
as belonging to the people, he did not for that
reason neglect them, but gave most careful attention
to them all, as if they were his own. Thus he
instituted various reforms, so far as seemed desirable,
and made donations of money to some, at the same
time commanding others to contribute an amount
in excess of the tribute. He reduced the people of
Cyzicus to slavery because during a factious quarrel
they had flogged and put to death some Romans.
And when he reached Syria, he took the same action

1 Cf. xlviii. 15.

299

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

tovs re Xi&Q>viov$ 8id t<x9 crTacrei^ €7roi7)(T€v f iv

8 fKeh> tovtw o^J&paarris <£oj872#ei9 fit) kcu iiri -
(TTpaTevcrr} ol, oti /jurjBeTrco to)v x o-vy/ceifiivcov

€Tr€TrOir)K€l Tl, TCL T€ (T7]jA€lCJ, a\)T(p 3 Kdl T0U9

alx/jLaXcbrovs, ttXtjv oXiycov ot wit ato")£vvr)<$)o-<pd<;
€<f>&£ipau rf teal warci ^copav Xa06vT€<; ejieivav,

2 airiTre/Ayfre. ical avTovs ifcelvosTco*; icai 7roX€jx(p
tlvi tov Udpdov v^yiKrjKO)^~€Xa^€' teal yap iw}
tovtols* i<f>povei /Jieya, Xiycov oti tcl irporepov
7T0T6 iv Tafr pLa^ats] drroXo/JLeva clkovltI ijcacp-

3 [iiaro. dfieXec, ica\ Overlap eV aujol^ teal veoov

"ApeOdsTi/JLOdpOVliv TW }£a7TLT(*)Xi(p f \KaTa rb\ov

Ato? tov 4>epefpiov/ ^Xafiajc irpbs rrjv t&v
(T7)/jl€L(ov dvdffecriv) real yjrrjcfuaOrjvai ijceXsvo-e teal
iiroirjcre, fcal trpbckri teal eVl /ceXrjTosi €9 ttjv
ttoXiv iarjXaae /cat dyfriBt Tpo7raio<f)6p<p irLpbrjOni,

4 ravra /jiev eV i/ceivoi? vcrrepov iirpd^dy iore^Se
auro? re TTpoaTdrris to)v Trepl ttjv Pco/jLtjv 6Sa>v
alpedels zeal to ^pvcrovv jxiXlov tce/cXrjpevov
€<TTr}(T€, koX oBottoiovs auTafc i/c twv i<TT paTrjyrj-
tcoTcov,) pa/38ov)(oi<; hvo xpeopuevovsy Trpocrera^e.

5 koX 7} ^lovXla tov Ydiov ovofxaaOevTa ejefce, j3ov~
6vo~ia T€ T(H9 yeveOXiois avTov dlSios iBpOrj*
kcu tovto filv ex yjrrjcjyLcrfjLaTOS, (oairep irou teal

1 rfj M, om. V.

2 y€t/6fi€vos — rhv rov Kvpl (chap. 19, 4) omitted in V, whose
archetype L had lost five folios at this point.

3 airy Xiph., avrSov M.

4 4ir\ rovrois supplied by Reim. from Xiph.

1 That is, he celebrated an ovatio. 2 Curator viarum.
3 The milliarium aureum stood at the north end of the
Forum near the Temple of Saturn, marking the point where

300

BOOK LIV

in the case of the people of Tyre and Sidon on b.c. 20
account of their factious quarrelling.

Meanwhile Phraates, fearing that Augustus would
lead an expedition against him because he had not
yet performed any of his engagements, sent back to
him the standards and all the captives, with the
exception of a few who in shame had destroyed
themselves or, eluding detection, remained in the
country. Augustus received them as if he had
conquered the Parthian in a war ; for he took great
pride in the achievement, declaring that he had
recovered without a struggle what had formerly been
lost in battle. Indeed, in honour of this success he
commanded that sacrifices be decreed and likewise a
temple to Mars Ultor on the Capitol, in imitation of
that of Jupiter Feretrius, in which to dedicate the
standards ; and he himself carried out both decrees.
Moreover he rode into the city on horseback 1 and
was honoured with a triumphal arch. Now all this
was done later in commemoration of the event ; but
at the time of which we are speaking he was chosen
commissioner of all the highways in the neigh-
bourhood of Rome/ and in this capacity set up the
golden mile-stone, 3 as it was called, and appointed
men from the number of the ex-praetors, each witli
two lictors, to attend to the actual construction of
the roads. And Julia gave birth to a boy, who
received the name Gaius ; and a permanent annual
sacrifice on his birthday was granted. Now this, like
all the other acts mentioned, was done in pursuance

all the great roads met. It was a column covered with gilt
bronze, and was engraved with the names of the more
important cities of the empire with their distances from
Rome. Distances were actually measured, however, from
the city gates.

301

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

raXka, iyivero' ISla Be Br) oi dyopavofiot iirizo-
BpojxLav re iv tois tov Avjovcttov yeve0\loi<; zeal
0t]pmv o~(f>aya<; iiroirjcrav,
9 'E*> fxev ovv_rjj iroXei ravr iTrpdrrero, 6 Be
AvyovaTos rb^iev: VTrrj/eoov Kara rd tcov 'Pco/jlclloov

€07] Bt(pKei 9 TO Be eVO~7TOvBoV Tft) TTCLTpLtp (T(f)L(ri>

T/0O7TO) eta 1 dpyeadar ouS' r)^L(oo-ev ovtc itcelvto 2
ti irpocrdeaOaL ovre eTepov tl 7rpoa/CTr)cra<T0cu,
dX\\ dfcpiftw dpK€L(T0aL tois virdpyovaw eoV

2 fcajov, fcalxpvro ical rfj fiovXfj iireareCKev* axrre
TToXe/xov ( ji€v ovBev Tore y i<f>T]'yjraTO s Zwacrreias
Be Br) *Iafi/3\ix<p re tw 9 laji0\ixov rrjv { tcov
9 Apa0l(ov ) tt)v TTCLTp(pav /cat TapKovBi/JLOTqy tg>
TaptcovSifioTOV tt)v YLiXiKLas, t)v 6 Trarrjp ai-
tov e<r%e, ir\r)v r irapa0aXa<J r aiBL<»sv tivcov eBcoKey*
e/cetva yap t« 'Ap%e\dq> fierd Tr)<; o-fAucpoTepas
5 ApjJLevLasSixqplcraTO, on 6 M^So? irplv avrr}<;

3 ftaaiXevcov €T€0vr]/cet. tw re 'HpcoBrj ZrjvoBdopov
rivbs yerpapxiav, koX Mi0piSdr7j tiv\ tt)v Ko/z-
fjLayrjvrjv, eVeiS?) tov irarepa avrov 6 fiacrikev
avTrjs diretCTovei, /cairoi iraiBlcrtccd er ovtl ejre-

4 rpetye. to>v re 'Apfievtcov t<ov erepcov tov tc
ApTa^ov 3 fcaTrjyoprjadvTcov Kal tov r Yiypdvr)V
tov dBe\<f>bv avTOV iv ttj 'Pcofiy ovTa /neTa7refiy}ra-
fievwv, ecrreiXe* tov Tifiepiov, oVft)? tov jnev
efcfidXr] 7-779 ftaatXeLas, tov Be h avrrjv diroKara^

5 ajrriGrr). J2££^X& / 1 fiev oiBev t?}? irapaaKevry;
avTOV d^iov ot yap 'Apfievioi tov ' ApTa^ryv
irpoaireKTeivav* 8' ovv Tifieptos, dWcos T€ /cat

1 eta Leuncl., ail M. 2 itce'ivy Bk., irceivajv M.

3 'Aprd^ov St., aprd&u M (and similarly just below).

4 &TT€lA€ Bk., jU€T€(TT€iX€ M.

302

BOOK LIV

of a decree ; on their own initiative, however, the b.c. 20
aediles gave games in the Circus and a slaughter of
wild beasts 011 Augustus' birthday.

This is what was going on in the city. Augustus
administered the subject territory according to the
customs of the Romans, but permitted the allied na-
tions to be governed in their own traditional manner ;
and he did not regard it as desirable either to make
any additions to the former or to extend the latter
by any new acquisitions, but thought it best to be satis-
fied with precisely what they already possessed, and
he communicated this opinion to the senate. There-
fore he undertook no war, at any rate for the time
being, but actually gave away certain principalities
— to Iamblichus, the son of Iamblichus, his ancestral
dominion over the Arabians, and to Tarcondimotus,
the son of Tarcondimotus, the kingdom of Cilicia,
which his father had held, except for a few places
on the coast These latter together with Lesser
Armenia he granted to Archelaus, because the Mede,
who previously had ruled them, was dead. To
Herod he entrusted the tetrarchy of a certain
Zenodorus, and to one Mithridates, though still a
mere boy, he gave Commagene, inasmuch as its king
had put the boy's father to death. And since the other
Armenians had preferred charges against Artaxes
and had summoned his brother Tigranes, who was in
Rome, the emperor sent Tiberius to drive Artaxes
out of the kingdom and to reinstate Tigranes. And
although nothing was accomplished by Tiberius
commensurate with his preparations, since before his
arrival the Armenians slew Artaxes, yet he assumed
a lofty bearing, especially after sacrifices had been

303

DIOS ROMAN HISTORY

i7T€tBt} dvgiai eirl tovtco e^^LaOrjaaVj iaefivv^

6 veTO^ax; /cal /car* aperrfv rt irpirjaas. /cal 7)$7) ye
kcl\ \irepl t?)? \xovapylas evevoet, eVetS^ irpbs tovs
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Tj£ (e/c tov t% A a ^%^9 %fc)p£ot^jft>9 fcal [i/c arpaTO-
irehov rj/covadrj, /cal irvp^eK tcov j3(o/j,Gov TcovfvTrb
tov ' Kvrcovlov^iv t<o TafypevfiaTi [BpvdevTcov avro-

7 fJicnov dveXapiyfre. Tifiepto? jiev Srj e/c tovtcov
iyavpovro, 6 8e Avyovaro? 69 re rrjv %dpiov
iiravfjXOe /cdvTavOa avOis eyelpbaae, /cal e/celvois
re eXevOeplav jiiaQov t?)? hiaTpifir\<$ avreBco/ce,

8 /cal aXXa ov/c oXiya TTpoo~$i(p/C7)o~e. TrdfMTroXXai
yap hrj TTpecrfielai 7rpo9 avrbv d<f>i/covTO t /cal ojl
'IvBol irpo/crjpv/cevcrd/ievoc irporepov (fiiXiav totc
icnreLcravTO, hcopa irepb^ravTe^ aXXa re /cal Ttypets,
7rpa)T0v tots t<h9 ^Vcofialois, vopJ^co S' on /cal
to?9 " EXXtjctlv, 6<j)deL(Ta<;. /cat tl /cal \xeipd/ciov
oi dvev oi/Kov, oiovs tov$ r Rp/j,a<; opcofiev, eSco/cav.

9 /cal fievTOt tolovtov bv e/ceivo 69 iravra tol<; ttoglv
are /cal yepcrlv exprjTO, to%ov re avrols eireTetve
/cal fieXr) r}<fiUi /cal iadXirL^ev, ov/c oil? ottw

10 ypd<f>co yap ra Xeyo/ieva. eh K ovv tcov *1v8o)v
Zdp/jiapos, ecTe Srj tov tcov cto^lcttcov yev,ovs &v^
KaX^^caTCL^TOVT^VTrb (friXoTipLLaSjleLTe /cal vtto tov
yrjpco^ /card tov iraTpiov vo/jlov, etre /cal e*9 eiri-
hec^LV tov Te AiyovcrTOv /cal tcov ' K6t]val(ov (/cat
yap eKelae rjXOev) diroOavetv iOeXyaas ifivrjOr] re

Tfl TO IV OeOLVy TCOV pLVCTT7]pLCOV KaLTTCp OV/C €V TO)
1 avrov Dind., avrcot M.

3°4

BOOK LIV

voted to commemorate what he had done, as though B .c. 20
he had accomplished something by valour. And his
thoughts were already on the monarchy, inasmuch as,
when he was approaching Philippi, a tumult was
heard coming from the field of the battle, as if from
an army, and fire blazed up spontaneously from the
altars which Antony had built in the fortified camp.
Tiberius, accordingly, was feeling elated over these
occurrences. But Augustus, for his part, returned to
Samos and once more passed the winter there. In
recognition of his stay he gave the islanders their
freedom, and he also attended to many matters of
business. For a great many embassies came to him,
and the people of India, who had already made over-
tures, now made a treaty of friendship, sending among
other gifts tigers, which were then for the first time
seen by the Romans, as also, I think, by the Greeks.
They also gave him a boy who had no shoulders or
arms, like our statues of Hermes. And yet, defective
as he was, he could use his feet for everything, as it
they were hands : with them he would stretch a bow,
shoot missiles, and put a trumpet to his lips. How
he did this I do not know ; I merely state what is
recorded. One of the Indians, Zarmarus, for some
reason wished to die, — either because, being of the
caste of sages, he was on this account moved by
ambition, or, in accordance with the traditional
custom of the Indians, because of old age, or be-
cause he wished to make a display for the benefit
of Augustus and the Athenians (for Augustus had
reached Athens) ;— he was therefore initiated into
the mysteries of the two goddesses, 1 which were held

1 Demeter and Kor£.

305

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

KaOrjfcovTt, Kaipcp, $9 cfcaat, &ia tov AvyovcTOV
Kal avrbv 1 fxefjivr^fxevov y€vop,evcov, 2 teal irvpl
eavrbv %£)VTa e^ehc^Kev.
10 'Tirdreve fLeih ~Ef) fiv t« €T€l i/ceLvazj Vdiqs
Sezmo9* €7rel Kal tov avvdpfjovTa avra) irpoa-
d7fo$€tx@7]vai .eSei (o yap AvyovaTp s ovBe tote
TTiprjOeladv oi rrjv apyr)v eSeforo), £ra£££ T€
aWis iv rfj r Vd)fMr) Q~yyj)v§xO]l fcal qjpayal cryvi^
ftrjaav, ware tovs fiovXewras <f>povpav t& XevTLW 4

2 yjr7](j)iaaa0ai. eirecSt] re 5 fir) 6 rjOiXrjaev avrfj XPV~
aacrQai, irpeafteis irpos tov Avjovcttov, fierd 8vo
pa/3&ovxa>v etcaarov, eirepb^av* jxa0<oy ovv ravr
iiceivos, fcal avviSoDV oti oiBev nrlpas tov kcucov
yevrjaoiTo, ovKeT avTols 6p,oi(d<; &airep teal irplv^
Trpoarfv^Or], dW* \€K t£ tcov TrpeafievTwv avTcov/
Kvivtov kovtcpTyriov, Ka'nrep \iv tol<; in iKY)pv-
yBeiatv ava<ypa<bevTa> vttcltov direhet^e, Kal clvtosl

3 e? T7]V rcofjbrjv ri'irei'XyXI' tcai avT(p ^tti t€ tovtols 1
Kadinri toi<; aWoi? T0Z9 iv ttj dirohripLa TtpayOkiat J
T rqXk a Kal iravTpla ey{rr)j)la6ri: &v ovhev irpoai]-
KaTO, 7r\r)v TvXV T€ ^navayarftp (ovtco yap 7T6>9
avTtjv etcakeaav) ftcdpibv ihpvOrjvat Kal ttjv r^pukpav
rjv a(f)L^oiTO ev T€ raZ9 i€pofir}viaL<i aptO p,£iadai

4 Kal KvyovGTaKia bvopbd^eaBai* iirel he Kal &>9 at_
T€ dpyal Kal oi aWoi^ irpoaTravTrjaai oi 7T£o-
irapeaKevdaavTO, vvKTCop j i$ Trjv ttoXlv iaeKo-
pLLadrj, Kal tt) vaTCpaia, rw jre Tiftepia) ra9 tcov
iaTpaTtjyrjKOTCov Tipd? eSayke, Kal tg> Apovaa)

TT€VT€ eT€0~L QcLCTCTOV TTapCL TCi VOfJLl%6/ll€Va Ttt9

1 avrbv supplied by Rk. 2 yevoiitvoov Rk., yev6fAevov M.
3 itceivtp Reim., iv wi M. 4 ^vricp R. Steph., ycvrlwi M
6 T€ supplied by Bs. * fify Dind., /x^re M.

306

BOOR LIV

out of season on account, they say, of Augustus, who b.c. 20
also was an initiate, and he then threw himself alive
into the fire.

The consul that year was Gaius Sentius ; and when ; b.c. 19
it became necessary for a colleague to be elected (for
Augustus on this occasion, also, did not accept the
position after it had been kept open for him), factious
quarrelling again took place and murders occurred, ^
so that the senators voted a guard for Sentius ; and j
when he was unwilling to use it, they sent envoys to!
Augustus, each with two lictors. Now when the^
emperor learned of these things, realizing that there
would be no end to the evil, he did not this time - P' 2
deal with the matter as he had before, but appointed
one of the envoys themselves, Quintus Lucretius, to !
the consulship, though this man's name had been t
posted in the list of the proscribed ; and he hastened
to Rome himself. For this and the other things he '
had done while absent from the city many honours
of all sorts were voted him, none of which he would
accept, save the founding of an altar to Fortuna
Redux (for this was the name they gave to her), and
the provision that the day on which he arrived
should be numbered among the holidays and be
called Augustalia. Since even then the magistrates
and the rest made preparations beforehand to go
out to meet him, he entered the city by night ; and
on the following day he gave Tiberius the rank of an
ex-praetor and allowed Drusus to stand for the
various offices five years earlier than was the practice.

307

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

5 a/3%a? airrj(rat e TreTpeyjrev . eTreiBrj re /JurjBev cofio-
\6yei oaaf re dirovTos avrov o~Taaid£ovTe<; Kal
ocra irapovTos ^o^ovfievot eirpaa-aov, eVf/xeX^Tif?
T€ tcov Tponrcov \ €9 irevTe err] 1 irapaKXrjdels Brj
i^eiporov^drjt Kal ttjv i£ovo~lav ttjv fxev, tcov rtfir]-
tcov €? rbv avrbv y^povov ttjv Be tcov virdTcoM Bed
filov e\a/3ev, coaTe Kal Talq ScoSeKa pd/3$oi<; del
Kal iravTaxov xprjaOai, /cat ev pueaoo tcov del 2
viraTevovTcov irrl tov dpyiicov Bl<ppov KaOl^ecrdai.

6 y^rr)(f)i<jdfjLevoi Be ravTa StopOovv re irdvTa avTOV 3
Kal vojjioOeTelv oca fiovkoiyo rjtjlovv, Kal tou9 re
vofJLOV? tov<; ypacf)r]crofJL€VOV<; \yir avTOV .Avyov-
<7tou? eKeWev yBrj irpoo-rjyopevoy, Kal epLpbevelv^
o~<f>i<riv ofioaai 5 tfdeXov. o $e tcl p,ev aXka a>9 6
Kal dvayKala iBegaTo, tow? opKov? dJ^Kev^

7 avTols* Kal yap ev rjBei otl, el jj,ev^<d f jTo yvcofirjs ji
yfrr](j)iaatVTO f Trjprjaovalv 7 avTO kclv p,rj ojjLoacoaiy*
eZ(Se fir}, ovBev avTOV, kclv p,vpla<; 7rl<TT€i<; cVaya^
ycoGLy irpoTipLrjcroyGiy?

11 AvyovaTOs fxev Br) TavT eiroleiy Kal tjsl [tcov
dyopavofioov, ide\ovTr)<; vtto irevlas direine ttjv
dpXV v ' *A7pt7T7ra9 Be &>9 totc is Trjv 'Fcofirjv 4k
Tr}$ 'SiKeXlas TrepifyOels BtooKrjo-e Ta KaT€7relyovTa t
2 Tai9 Ya\aTidi<;~ r JTpo(jeTd')(dr}* ev re yap d\\rj\oi<;
iaTaala^ov Kal virb tcov f YLeXT&v eKaKovvrji. .
KaTaaTrjaas Be Kal eKdva es 'Iftrjplay/ fieTeaTj]^
ol yap KdvTajSpoi oi ^oypyrj6evTe<; Te ev tco iro-

1 try supplied by Xyl. (cf. Zon ; sis Trepraeriav),

2 aei Bk., ah\ M. 3 avrbv Rk., abra M.

4 4fl(X€V€lV Dind., 4fJLfJi€V€iy M.

5 o/j.6<tcu Xyl., '6/j.ocre M. 6 cos Bk., a>s are M.

7 rf\pT\<Tovaiv Reim., rripovaiv M.

8 o^.6aooaiv Rk., biioXoyhcruxriv M.

9 irporifxtiffovcnv Rk. , irpo^vtcrtaaiv M.

3 o8

BOOK LIV

And inasmuch as there was no similarity between the b.c. 19
conduct of the people during his absence, when they
quarrelled, and while he was present, when they
were afraid, he accepted an election, on their in-
vitation, to the position of supervisor of morals 1 for
five years, and took the authority of censor for the
same period and that of consul for life, and in
consequence had the right to use the twelve rods
always and everywhere and to sit in the curule
chair between the two men who were at the time
consuls. After voting these measures they begged
him to set everything to rights and to enact what-
ever laws he liked ; and the laws which should be
proposed by him they called " leges Augustae " from
that very moment, and desired to take an oath that
they would abide by them. He accepted all the
other measures, believing them to be necessary, but
did not require the oaths from them; for he well
knew that, if any measure they decreed should
represent their judgment, they would observe it
even without taking an oath, but if it should not,
they w T ould pay no heed to it, even if they should
offer ten thousand guarantees.

Augustus, then, was engaged with these matters ;
and one of the aediles voluntarily resigned his office
by reason of poverty. As for Agrippa, as soon as he
had settled whatever business was urgent in Rome,
whither he had been sent from Sicily on the occasion
mentioned, 2 he was then assigned to the provinces
of Gaul ; for the people there not only were quarrel-
ling among themselves, but also were being harassed
by the Germans. After putting a stop to those
troubles, too, he went over to Spain. It seems that
the Cantabri who had been captured alive in the war

1 Praefectus moribus. 2 See chap 6, 5.

3°9

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

\£/jl<p x kcu irpadevje? tovq t€ hecnroras cr<j>cov o>9
ifcaaTOL aireKTeivaVy KaVirpb^ ttjv oiiceLavJ ijrav-
6\66vt€<; iroXXov? a-vvaireaTrjcrav, /calffier avTwv
Xcopla fcaTdXaftovTes k al evTevyiadiievoi rots rcov y

3 'Pay/Jiaicov fypovpols eTrefiovXevov. eV ovv tovtov?
6 * AypLinras e-maTpaTevaas %%€ M v TL Kolfirpbs
tol>9 (JTpaTicoTa$ epyov* Trpeaftyrepot yap ovk
oXLyoi avTwv ovres teal rfj avve^eLa.TOiv TroXe/jucov

T€T pVXQ0JJi€VOl, TOU9 T€ KaVTafipOV? ft)? KoX hv<J1TO-

4 XefjLTjTOVs j ZehioTes, ovk eireLOoyTO apra>. dXX'
i/ceivov? {jtx€v}^Ta wEv)vo v6eTriGa <; he 7rapqfivdr]-
aapLevos ra .Be) fcatr^ sTreXTrio-a?, 1 Sea Ta^ecov\jreid -
apxv crac fwoiriae, frpo? Se Srj tov$ Kavrdftpov?
iroXXa 7rpoo-€7TTCUo-€v zeal yap efiireipia irpaypbd-
t(ov, are to?9 'Vco/jLaiots Se8ov\£vx6T€^ f tca\ ano-
yvcoaet, tov fir] av ctl acoffrjvai dXovTes iftpcopTO.

5 T€\o? Se irore crvxyovs p,ev djroftaXcov rcov arpa-
TicoTcbv, avxyov? (oej/cal ari/jicoo-as otl ^ttcovto (rd
re yap aXXa teal aTpaToirehov oXov Avyovcrov
iircovofxaa-fievov i/eciXvcrev ovtcos ert KaXelaOai),
Tou? re ev ttJ 7]KiKia 7ro\e/XLOV<; Travras oXiyov
hiefyGjeipe koX tou9 Xoiirovs Ttt T€ oirXa d<f>eiXeTo

6 koX €9 ra irehLa itc tcov ipv/xvcov KaTefiifiaaey. oi
jjltjv ovre eireaTevXe ri rf) fiovXf) irepl a&Tcov, ovre
tcl iirivifcia KaiTOi i/c TJ79 tov Aiyovo~TOV irpocr-
Ta£e<tf9 y{r7]<f>io~0evTa irpocrrj/caTO, aXX ev re tov-
70^9 ifi€Tpia^ev fyenrep elooOei, Kal yvcofirjv ttotI

( biro tov viraTOV \V7rep tov aSe\<£oO avTov^poyrrj-

1 iireXirltrcts Bs. , kirtXvlaa s M.

310

BOOK LIV

and sold, had killed their masters in every case, and b.c. 19
returning home, had induced many to join in their
rebellion ; and with the aid of these they had seized
some positions, walled them in, and were plotting
against the Roman garrisons. It was against these
people, then, that Agrippa led an expedition. But
he had some trouble also with his soldiers ; for not a
few of them were too old and were exhausted by the
continual wars ; and fearing the Cantabri as men
hard to subdue, they would not obey him. Never-
theless, partly by admonishing and exhorting them,
and partly by inspiring them with hopes, he soon
made them yield obedience. In fighting against
the Cantabri, however, he met with many reverses ;
for they not only had gained practical experience, as
a result of having been slaves to the Romans, but
also despaired of having their lives granted to them
again if they were taken captive. But finally Agrippa
was successful ; after losing many of his soldiers,
and degrading many others because they kept being
defeated (for example, he gave orders that the
entire Augustan legion, as it had been called, should
no longer bear that name), he at length destroyed
nearly all of the enemy who were of military age,
deprived the rest of their arms, and forced them to
come down from their fortresses and live in the
• plains. Yet he sent no communication concerning
, them to the senate, and did not accept a triumph,
although one was voted at the behest of Augustus,
but showed moderation in these matters as was his
wont ; and once, when asked by the consul for his
opinion about his brother, 1 he would not give it. At

1 Nothing of this sort is recorded elsewhere. The passage
may be corrupt ; it has been proposed to read npb for virtp,
" ahead of the consul's brother," i.e. out of his turn.

3"

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

7 OVK eScOK€, TO T€ vhtttp TO Hap0€VlOV KaXoV-

fievov to?9 lhloi$ TeXeatv eaayaycbv Aiiy ov&tov '
7rpoo-r)y6pevo-€. teal ovtco ye ejeelvos 'eV clvtS) /
e%af/>ez> < ^°" T€ o-7rdv€co<; 1 iroTe olvov yevofievr]?,
teal T<bv avdpcoTTcov heiva hLaftocovTcov, IteavcoTaTa
ej>7] tov ' A.y pLTTiTav it povevorjteevai &ctt€ fifj htyfry .
7tot€ clvtovs diroXeaBai*
12 Toiovtos fJLev hi) o5to? 6 avrjp rjv tcov he hrj
aXXcov TIV6S OV% OTL TCL avTa avTa> irpdaaovTes ,
a\V oi fiev XyaTas o-vXXafxftdvovTes oi he irokeis
GTao~La%ovaa<$ KaTaXXdacrovTes, teal iircopeyqvjo

2 tcov VLKTjTtjpLcov teal eTzepnrov avTa. 6 yap Aiiyop^_
cttos teal TavTa d<f)dovcos Ttal tt}V ye irpcoTrjv
e^api^eTO, teal hr)pLoviais Ta<f)ac<; irXelo-Tov^ oaovs
eTifia. Totyapovv eteelvoi fiev ev tovtois eXafjLirpy-
vovto, 6 he 9 Ay p'nnras e? ttjv avTapylav Tpoirov \

3 Tivd vtt avToy Trpotj^drj, o yap AvyovGTOS, C09
Ta re teovya depairela^ dteptfiovs ehelTo^leaX ihehiet
firj, oca iv rot? tocovtois (fciXei crvfiftalveiv, eiri-
/SovXevOfj (ffpaxv yap ti koX a/M/epbv tov Ocopa/ea,

OP VTTO Tjj CTToXfjj 7ToXXdfCl<; Ka\ e\ aVTO TO 0~VV€-

4 hpiov jigrioov elyev> eiriteovpr)aeiv ol evo/jU^e), irpcoTOv
fxev avTOS irevTe T779 irpoaTaaLa^ eTt], eTreihrjTrep o
hetceTr}? xpovos i^ytecov rjv, TrpoaedeTO {rayja yap
YIovttXLov Te teal Yvaiov AevTovXcov 2 viraTev ovtcov
iyev€To) t eireiTa he teal t& y AyptTTira aXXa Te ef
taov irrj eavTcp teal Trjv i^ovcriav ttjv hrj/jiap^/erjv

5 €? tov avTov xpovov ehootee. ToaavTa yap a<f>iaLv z
€T7j TOTe iirapteeo-eiv ecjyrj' vo~Tepov yap ov ttoXXo)

1 (nrdvec&s Bk., airdvi6s M.

2 AevTOvhw Bk., \tvrov\ov M.

3 ar(pi<Tiv R. Steph., <r<f>itri M.

BOOK LIV

his own expense he brought into the city the water- b.c. 19
supply known as the Aqua Virgo, and named it the
Augusta. The emperor took such great delight in
this that once, when there was a great scarcity of
wine and people were loudly complaining, he de-
clared that Agrippa had in a most competent
manner seen to it that they should never perish of
thirst.

Such was the character of this man ; but others
both strove for triumphs and celebrated. them, not
only for no exploits comparable to his, but merely
for arresting robbers or for restoring harmony to
cities that were torn by factious strife. For Augus-
tus, at least in the beginning, bestowed these rewards
lavishly upon certain men, and those whom he hon-
oured by public funerals were very many. Accord-
ingly, while these men gained lustre through such
distinctions, Agrippa was promoted to the supreme
power, one might say, by him. For Augustus saw
that the public business required strict attention,
and feared that he himself might, as often happens
to men of his position, fall victim to a plot. (As for
the breastplate which he often wore beneath his
dre'ss, even when he entered the senate, he believed
that it would be of but scanty and slight assistance to
him.) He therefore first added five years to his own
term as princeps, since his ten-year period was about
to expire (this was in the consulship of Publius and b.c. is
Gnaeus Lentulus), and then he granted to Agrippa
many privileges almost equal to his own, especially
the tribunician power for the same length of time.
For that number of years, he said at the time, would
be enough for them ; though not long afterward he

313

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Kai rd dXXa Trevre 1 t?/9 avTOKparopos r\ye.pjovla<$
irpoaeXafiev, ware avra Se/ea av6i$ yevkaOai*

13 Tipd^as he ravra to fiovXevTiKov e^Va^g'
ttoXXol T€ yap Kai &9 ihoKovv avra> elvai (irXriOei
he ovhev uyies eveoopa^),*. Kal^hia /a[(tov$) ou% otl

TOV? \KCLKtq TLVl ilTLpprjTOVS, dXXa KCU TOU9

2 KoXcuceLq i/c<pav€i<z iiroielTO, /cat eVeiSr/ pbrjje tl$

€KO)V &(T7T€p 7T p6r€pOV^a7r7jXXdTT€TO f fJLTjT CLV fiOVOS

ev airly tlvl yeveaOau iftovXeTo, ayjro? re rpid-
kovtcl dvhpa? tovs dpiGTOV?, oirep irov z teal opKcp
iiriCTTWcraTOf i^eXe^aro, Kai ifceivovs eKeXevae^
irpoo/jLoaavra^ top avrbv opjeovftcara irevTe, ttXtjv
tcov avyyevtov, e? Tnvaicia} ypd^ravra^ eXeaOai.

3 kcli jxera tovto Ta? Trefnrdhas eicXrjpcoaev^ &(T0*
eva eKdaTTjvjrbv Xa%6vra avrovre ftovXevaai
/cat erepovs irevre iirl toU clvtolsI eyy pd^rai. eheL
ttov icai to£»9 Tpid/covra ev re to?9 aipovfievois yirb
rcov 4 €T€ptov fcal iv Tofc KXr)pou/j,evoi<; yeuecrOat.
iireihri t€ Tives avrcov aTrehtf/jLovv, aXXoi dvT i/cet-
vcov Xa^ovTes rd €7ri/3dXXovrd afyiGiv errpa^av,

4 to jiev ovv irpcoTov Tav6* ovtcos iirl irXeLovs
rj/jiipas iyivero* iirel he eKOKoypyrjOr) Ttvd, ovt€
€7rl to £9 Tapiais Ta ypafi/juaTeia eV iiroirjo-aTO
ovtc en T(p icXr)p(p Ta9 Treprrrdhas eireTpe^evTaXX!
avT09 re Ta Xonrd dveXe^aTO Kai avTos tovs
ivheovTa? TrpoaeiXeTO, coare €9 i^aKoalov<; tovs

14 irdvTas d7roheL^0r}vat, ifiovXevaaTO jxev yap rpia-

1 &A\a Ttevre Rk., TreWe &XXa, Reim., iroWa M.

2 (vewpa Rk., edopa M. 3 irou Pflugk, ttco M.
4 virb rwv Capp3, v<p y M.

314

BOOK LIV

obtained the other five years of his imperial power in B .c. is
addition, so that the total number became ten again.

When he had done this, he purged the senatorial
body. For the members seemed to him to be too
numerous even now, and he saw nothing good in a
large throng ; moreover, he hated not only those
who were notorious for some baseness, but also those
who were conspicuous for their flattery. And when,
as on the previous occasion, 1 no one would resign of
his own free will, and Augustus, in his turn, did not
wish to incur blame alone, he himself selected the
thirty best men (a point which he afterwards con-
firmed by oath) and bade them, after first taking the
same oath, choose five at a time, relatives not to be
included, by writing the names on tablets. After this
he made the groups of five cast lots, with the arrange-
ment that the one man in each group who drew the
lot should be a senator himself and should write
down five other names according to the .same plan.
The original thirty, of course, were to be included
among those who were available for selection by
the second thirty and for the drawing of lots.
| And since some who were chosen were out of
! town, others were drawn in their place and dis-
charged the duties that belonged to them. At
first all this went on for several days in the way de-
I scribed ; but when various abuses crept in, Augustus
I no longer entrusted the lists to the quaestors
and no longer submitted the groups of five to the
I lot, but he himself thenceforth made the selection
1 and himself chose the senators who were still re-
I quired in order to make the number of men ap-
I pointed six hundred in all. It had, indeed, been his

1 Cf. lii. 42.

VOL. VI.

315

L

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

fcoaiovs avrovs 'tear a rb dpyaloy TroirjaaL, teal
rrdvv dyarrrfrbv vojm£cov elvai roaovrovs d^Lovs
rov avvehpiov a<f>o>v eupedrjvar Svayepaydvrcov Be
irdvrwv ofJLoicos (tc3 <ydp ttoXv irXeiovs rcov ififie-
vovwtoV fv avra> robs Biaypa^rjaofxevovs eaeadaiy
(fyofielaOai fidXXov avrovs jxr] ISicorevcr^aiv rj
TTpoaSo/cdv otl teal ftovXevaova tv awe/Saive) rovs

2 e^ateoaLovs KareXe^aro. fcal ovBe^vrav8a egrjj),
dWd teal^era rovro^ iireiBr) rives ovtc i irirnB eLOL
teal Tore iyyeyftajLjjLevoL rjqav, real Klklvlos re ris
'PqyovXos, dy ay a terrier as on r rov re vleos) teal
dXXcov iroXXcov, cS^ 1 ) KpjeigLgiov elvai rjj;LOv s Biei-
Xey/jLevcov aTTaXrjXnrro, rr\v re iadrjra iv abrcp t&>

3 /3ov\evrr)pL(p Kajepprj^aro, teal\rb o-co/jlq yv/JLimctas
rds re crrparelas tearr}piQ/j,qg'_aro teal rds ovXas
irpoaeiveBei^e cnfiiai, teal 'ApritevXeios 21 Halms 3
iv /jl€v rots /3ovXevaovaiv &y [r&> irarpl itc-
TreirrcoKorc Trapaxcoprjaai rfjs ftovXeias jd^i&v
ItcereveVy e^eraa/mbv avOls a<pcov iTrqi ijaarg , teat

4 rivas diraXXd^as aXXovs dj^teareXe^ev,' iTreiBr)
re ttoXXo I teal o)s Siejyeypdcjyaro, teat nyes avrbv

[Bl alriasA ola! iv tq> roiovrw fyXeZ avjifialveiVy
ws teal dBitecos direXTjXafievoL elypVy rore re 5
avroZs teal crvvOedaaaOai teal avvearidaaaO at
rots j3ovXevovai t rfj avrfj atcevf) ypcofievocs, av ve-
ycoprjae, teal is rb erteura rds dpyas alreZv/iTTjL^

5 rpeijre. teal avrayv ot fiev irXeiovs erravr)X9ov

1 Siv supplied by R. Steph.

2 'ApriKvXeios Cary, 'ApTiKvXJjios M.

3 n.CUTOS Bk., 7T6TOS M.

4 avrhv St* alrias Bk., abrwv alrlas M.
* T6 Bk., 76 M.

316

BOOK LIV

plan to limit the senators to three hundred, as in b.c. is
the early times, and he thought he ought to be well
content if that number of men were found who were
worthy of the senate. But the number he actually
enrolled was six hundred, since all alike were dis-
pleased with the other arrangement ; for it turned
out that those whose names would be stricken off* the
roll would be much more numerous than those who
kept their places, so that the present senators were
more afraid of being reduced to the ranks than hope-
ful of being in the new senate. Indeed, he did not
stop even when this was done, but subsequently took
other measures. It seems that certain unsuitable
persons were even then found on the lists ; and one
Licinius Regulus, indignant because his name had
been erased, whereas his son and several others to
whom he thought himself superior had been selected
by the lot, rent his clothing in the very senate, laid
bare his body, enumerated his campaigns, and showed
them his scars ; and Articuleius Paetus, one of those
who were to remain senators, earnestly begged that
he might retire from his seat in the senate in favour
of his father, who had been rejected. Consequently
Augustus purged the senate again, removing some
and choosing others in their places. And since, even
so, the names of many had been stricken out, and
some of them, as usually happens in such a case,
found fault with him on the ground that they had
been unjustly expelled, he at that time accorded
them the right to attend spectacles and celebrate
festivals along with the senators, wearing the same
garb as they, and for the future he allowed them to
stand for the various offices. The majority of them
came back in the course of time into the senate ;

317

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

%pbv<p €9 to avveSpiov, oXiyot Se rive 1 ; ev ra> pea<p)
pyre t^9 yepovaLa? pyre rod Sypov vopi^6p f evoi i
/careXeltyOyvav. x
1 5 [ Tovrcov ovv ovtq) yevopevcovi avyvol jie^ evOvs
avyyoi ( Se \ /cal puerd rovro /cal i/celv(p /cal rep
* Kypntrra eiri^ovXevaai, etr oiv dXyO&s eire /cal

2 -\|ret/S&)9, air tap evyov. ov yap eariv^ d/cpi/3£><; rd
roiavra(roi$ e^co avrcov ovcriv elSevar iroXXd yap
cov av 6 Kparusv 777)09 rip,coplav y &>9 /cal enrjJ3eJ3ov-^
Xevpevo?, yroi Si eavrov y /ca\\ Sid ry$ yepovaia<; j
Trpa^rjt viroirreverai /car eirypeiav) /cap on p,d-

3 Xicrra Si/caiorara avp/Sf), yeyovevai. /cal Sid
rovro^ /cal if/gi yvdpyv irepl ttclvtcov rfov
toiovtot poircov i avrd rd Xeyopeva avyypd^ai,
pySev x virep rd SeSypoaievpeva^irXyv rwv irdw
<f>avepa>v,) pyre 7roXv7rpayp,ovcov pyO* vrroXeywv,
pyr el Si/cai(o<; puyr el dSi/c(D<$ ri yeyove, pyr el

4 tyevS&s p^yre el dXyOcos etp yra i* /cal rovro pev
pot /cal i /card r&v'^perd ravra ' ypa<f>yaropAv(ov
elg^qdcd'^ ev Se^Sy ra> rore irapovr\jijA^ovar:o^
aXXov? p,ev riva<; eSuccuwjie, rbwSe Sy AeiriSov
eplaei pev Sid re rdXXa /cal on 6 vib$ avrov /cal
iirecfrcoparo iirifiovXevcov avra> teal e/ce/coXaaro,
ov pevroi /cal diro/crelvai yOeXyorey, dXX'lev rpoirco

5 rivl^aXXore aXXp 1 jnpoeiTrjXdKi^ev. (e<; re yap ryv
rroXiv) /cal d/covra avrov \€« ra>v dypcovj /carievai
i/ceXeve, /cal h rd$ arvvoSovs del eaffyev, 07ra)9 on
irXeiaryv /cal yXevaciav /cal vftpivfrrpo? re ryv

1 &\k<p R. Steph., &\Ko M.

318

BOOK LIV

but some few were left in an intermediate position, b.c. is
being regarded as belonging neither to the senate
nor to the people.

After these events, many immediately and many
later were accused, whether truly or falsely, of
plotting against both the emperor and Agrippa. It
is not possible, of course, for those on the outside to
have certain knowledge of such matters ; for what-
ever measures a ruler takes, either personally or
through the senate, for the punishment of men for
alleged plots against himself, are generally looked
upon with suspicion as having been done out of spite,
no matter how just such measures may be. For
this reason it is my purpose to report in all such
cases simply the recorded version of the affair, with-
out busying myself with anything beyond the pub-
lished account, except in perfectly patent cases, or
giving a hint as to the justice or injustice of the act
or as to the truth or falsity of the report. Let this
explanation apply also to everything that I shall
write hereafter. As for the time of which we are
speaking, Augustus executed a few men ; in the case
of Lepidus, however, although lie hated the man,
among other reasons, because his son had been
detected in a plot against him and had been pun-
ished, yet he did not wish to put him to death, but
kept subjecting him to insult from time to time in
various ways. Thus he would order him to come back
to the city from his estate in the country, 1 whether
he wished to do so or not, and would always take him
to the meetings of the senate, in order that he
might be subjected to the utmost to jeering and

1 At Circeii.

3*9

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

t?)? tcr%i5o9 /cal 7r/)05 ttjp r^9 d^ccbo-eco? jjbera^oKr)V}
6(j>Xta/cdvy' /cal oiire f i$ aXXo t5 C09 /cal a^Lw 01
Xoyov i^prjro, totc^ /cal ttjv y]rfj(j>ov vardra) t&v

6 VTrarev/coTcov ijrrjye. tou9 pev yap aXXov^iv rfj
fcaOrjfcovay rd^€C\ iire^nj^i^e, tcov $' virarevKOTWv
TTpwrov re TLva /cal hevrepov rplrov tc erepov /cal
reraprov, tovs re Xoittovs o/jloicos, W9 ttov /ecu
iftovKero* /cal tovto /cal ol vTrajoijiTroiovv. ovtco

7 fiev Srj top Airrthov fierex^^p^TO, /cal iirethrj ye
'Avticttios Aaftecop €9 tovs ftovXevaovTas^javTov,
ore r\ Siayvcofirj 2 i/celvr) iy'iyveTo, icr&ypd^raTOy
irpcoTOv fiev iirKop/crj/cevaL re avrbv €<f>ri /cal ti/jlw-

eliromo? avrov

" /cal tl heivov ireTToLr^Ka KaTaaytavdv tw o~vve-
SpLw av&pa bv cry dpyikpzwv en /cal vvv irepiopas

8 ovra;" ov/cer ovhejxLav opyrjv ijTOt^ojaro* ttoX-
Xd/cis yap /cal IBla /cal /coLvfj^rrj^ lepcocrvvrj? ravTTjs
d%iovfJLevo<; ov/c iBi/caloocre %u>vto<; tov AeirLhov
Xaftelv avrrjv. * Avt'kttios fiev ovv tovto tc ov/c

1 aTTo /caipov elireiv eSo^e, /cai ttotc Xoycovfiv Ty
f3ovXfj\yiyvofJL€V(ov a>9 X P e ™ p e W T ° v Avy ovcrTOP^ix
SfcaSo%^cT<^<x9 <f>povpelv } M^t' avTeiiretv toX-
fiaxv fir)T€ Gvy/caradkcrOai vjrofiivcov, oti " pey/ccp
/cal ov Svvafiai avTOv irpotcoiTricrai"
16 'OS' ovv Avyovo~To$ dXXa T€ ^o^oOejiicre^
/cal rot>9 he/cdaavTa*; Tivas hii Ta2$ ap^ai^i?

1 fSov\ev<rovTa.s R. Steph. , HovXtvaavras M.

2 ore 7} htayv(i>fxf\ Rk., *6rt *5i'at yv&firii M.

320

BOOK LIV

insults, so that he might realize his loss of power B .c. 18
and dignity. In general he did not treat him as
worthy of any consideration on his part, and on the
occasions referred to called on him for his vote the
last of all the ex-consuls. For while he was wont
to put the vote to the other senators in the regular
order, in the case of the ex-consuls he used to call
on one first, another second, and others third and
fourth, and so on, just as he pleased ; and the consuls
also did the same. Thus it was that he used to treat
Lepidus. And when Antistius Labeo wrote down
the name of Lepidus among those who might be
senators, at the time when the process of selection
which we have described was being followed, the
emperor first declared that he had perjured himself, 1
and he threatened to punish him. Thereupon Labeo
replied : " Why, what harm have I done by keeping
in the senate one whom you even now permit to be
high priest?" At this Augustus desisted from his
anger; for though he had often been asked, both
privately and publicly, to take this priesthood, he
did not feel that it was right to do so while Lepidus
lived. 2 This reply of Antistius was regarded as a
happy one, as was also another remark of his : when
it was said in the senate, on one occasion, that the
senators ought to take turns in guarding Augustus,
Antistius, not daring to speak in opposition nor yet
willing to assent, remarked, " As for me, I snore, and
so cannot sleep at the door of his chamber."

Among the laws that Augustus enacted was one
which provided that those who had bribed anyone in ^
order to gain office should be debarred from office for |

1 Presumably because of the oath the thirty men had
taken that they would select the best men.

2 Cf . xlix. 15, 3, and chap. 27, 2 inf.

321

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

tt€VT€ errj avTcbv elplje. 1 to£? T€ dydfJLOis teal tafc
dvdvBpoi? fiapvrepa ra eTTirlpta iireTa^e, Kal I
epnraXiv tov t€ ydfjiov kcll t^9 iraiBoTroiias dOXa

2 eOrjtcev. eTreiBrj re ttoXv irXeiov to dppevi tov I
Orfkeos tov evyevovs r}v, iireTpe^re Kal igeXevdepas
rot? eOeXovcri, ttXtjv tcov jSovXevovTcov, dyecrdai^ I
evvopov T7jv T€KVOirodav avTcoy elvai KeXevaa?.

3 (Ko,v tovtco jca,Ta/3orja€(o<;\iv tco crvveBpLcp{TTepL
T€ t% tcov yvvaiKcov Kal irepl t% tcov veavlcJKcov I
dfcoa p,la<$[ irpbs diroXoyLav Btf Tiva tov firj pa$t(o<; I
oY avrrjv xa? tcov ydficov crvvaXXaya<; iroielcdai, I
yevofievrjs, Kal evayovjeov avTov Kal eKeivrjv eVa- J
vopdcoaat xXevaapuco oti iroXXats yvvatglv e^p^TO* /

4 to fjuev irpcoTOV direKpivaTo civtois oti rd {/lev
dvayKaioTCLTa BicoptcrTai, Ta Be Xoard dhvvaTOV.
iaTiv ofjLoicos irapaBodrjvaL, eireiTa Be ifcftiaaOeU
elirev oti " avTol 6<f)€LX€T€ tclls yap,€Tal<; Kal
izapaivelv kcll tceXeveiv oca fiovXeade* oirep irov

5 Kal iyco iroico." aKovcravTes ovv tclvt* ifcelvot
ttoXXco fidXXov eveiceivTO avTw, /3ovX6/jl€Voi ra?
Trapaiveaeis a? tt) Atovia, irapaivelv ecjyrj paOeiv.
Kal o? aKCov fiev, elire 8' ovv Ttva Kal irepl T779
itrOrjTos Kal irepl tov Xolttov koctjllov tcov t€
i^oBcov Kal t?)<; acocf)poavvr)<; avTcov,, /jltjo^ otiovv
$ povTitr as oti firj Kal tco epyco avTa eiriaTovTO.

6 Kal eTepov'BJ tl toiovBc Tipx}Tevcov eyreTroirjKej^^
iiretBrj yap irpoariyaye TJ9 auTcp veaviaKOV yvvaiKa
Ik fioi^eia^ yeyaprjKOTa, Kal irXelcrTa Sera KaTrj-^

1 «7p£e R. Steph., tTpt* M.

2 Kara&o'fiacws R, Steph., KaTefr6f\<T*v M.

32 2

BOOK LIV

five years. He laid heavier assessments upon the? b.c 18
unmarried men and upon the women without hus-l
bands, and on the other hand offered prizes for
marriage and the begetting of children. And since
among the nobility there were far more males than
females, he allowed all who wished, except the
senators, to marry freedwomen, and ordered that
their offspring should be held legitimate.

Meanwhile a clamor arose in the senate over the
disorderly conduct of the women and of the young
men, this being alleged as a reason for their re-
luctance to enter into the marriage relation ; and
when they urged him to remedy this abuse also, with
ironical allusions to his own intimacy with many
women, he at first replied that the most necessary
restrictions had been laid down and that anything
further could not possibly be regulated by decree in
similar fashion. Then, when he was driven into a
corner, he said : " You yourselves ought to admonish
and command your wives as you wish ; that is what I
do." When they heard that, they plied him with
questions all the more, wishing to learn what the
admonitions were which he professed to give Livia.
He accordingly, though with reluctance, made a few
remarks about women's dress and their other adorn-
ment, about their going out and their modest be-
haviour, not in the least concerned that his actions
did not lend credence to his words. Another in-
stance of such inconsistency had occurred while he
was censor. Some one brought before him a young
man who had taken as his wife a married woman
with whom he had previously committed adultery,
and made ever so many accusations against the

323

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

yoprjaep clvtov, ScrjiroprjOrj firfre irapthelp to
TTpajfjua pLTjr iirLTifJLrjaal ti roXfirjaa^t feat jjloXis 1
7TOT6 6-^re dpepey/ccop (t TToXka" e<j>V> " koX heiva
at (XTciaet^ rjpeyfcap, ware £k€lp(op fiev apbVTjpbovw-
fiev, tov Se Srf Xoittov irpopocjfiep ottoos firjSev toi-
7 ovro ylyvr]TCu" cosjB' ovp fipifprj T.ipes iyyvco/jievoi
ja<; jiev Ti{id<;\Ta)P yey apL7]/coT<op eKapirovvjo, to
Sejepyop avrwv ov irapeixopro, Trpoaera^e firjSe-
jilav iyyvrjv la^yetv fjp ovSe Svoip irotv

SceXOovrcov ya fiiicr ei 2 tis , jovr eaji Se/ciriv
TTavTws iyyvaaOai top ye ti air clvtt]*; diroXav-
aopTw StoSefca yap 3 tclls tcopais e? ttjp tov ydfjuov
& pap €Trj TfXrjprj, tcaddirep exirop, pofiL^eTCU.

17 TaVTCL T€ OVP 1(09 €/CaO~TCt &1€1WJ1O0€T€1, teal ipa

iirl Tjj tov gitov hiahoaet prpoftdWcovrai ol} [ip
t«?9 dpxafc del opres k'pa Hfcaaro? 5 ! ifc Tcop^rrpb
Tpicop iTcoPyiaTpaTTjyrj/coTCOp}^ fcal (ijj avT(bp\eg^.
2 cape? ol \a%oi>T€? o~ito$oto)o~ip i/c BiaSo^(fj<;. top

T€ TToXiap^OP TOP €9 Tfl? CLPO^a^ KdO lO~Tap,ePQP

epa del alpeiaOai, zeal tcl €7rt] to, XtfivWeia e%L-
TrjXa xjtto tov ^popov yeyopoTa tov$ lepeas avTO-
yeipia e/cypdyjraa0aL ifce\€vo~ep, ipa fjurfhels eTe/w

1 fi6\is Pflugk, fxd\i<TTa M. * ya/jL-f)<r€i Zon., ya.yA\<n\t M.
8 yap supplied by R. Steph. 4 ol Bk , ko\ ol M.
5 cKao~ros Reim., %ko.<jtov M.

1 Cf. note on liii. 13, 2.

2 Apparently in a lost portion of his work.

324

BOOK LIV

man, and Augustus was at a loss what to do, not b.c. is
daring to overlook the affair nor yet to administer
any rebuke. At length, though with difficulty, he
recovered himself and said : " Our factious quarrels
have borne many terrible fruits ; let us, then, forget
them and give our attention to the future, that
nothing of the sort may occur again/' Inasmuch,
too, as certain men were betrothing themselves to
infant girls and thus enjoying the privileges granted
to married men, 1 but without rendering the service
expected of them, he ordered that no betrothal
should be valid if the man did not marry within two
years of such betrothal,- — that is, that the girl must
in every case be at least ten years old at her be-
trothal if the man was to derive any advantages
from it, since, as I have stated, 2 girls are held to
have reached the marriageable age on the com-
pletion of twelve full years.

Besides these several enactments, Augustus further
provided that, for the distribution of grain, one
candidate, who must have served as praetor three
years previously, should be nominated each year by
each of the officials then serving, and that, from
these nominees, four men should be chosen by lot
to serve in succession as distributors of grain. 3 And
he commanded that the office of prefect of the city,
who was chosen for the Feriae, 4 should always be
filled by the election of one man, and that the
Sibylline verses, which had become indistinct
through lapse of time, should be copied off by the
priests with their own hands, in order that no one

3 Suetonius {Aug. 37) names among the new offices esta-
blished by Augustus the " cur am . . . frumtnti populo
dividundi."

4 See note on chap. 6 ; and cf. xli. 14, 4, and xlix. 16, 2.

3^5

DIOS ROMAN HISTORY

3 avra avaXegrjrai. rds re dp^a? amaai tov; Serca

; / fxvpiahcov ovaiav eypvvi Kal apyeri Ik tg>v voficavl
\ Svva/nevois iwayyeXXecv eVer/sei/re. togovtov yap
to fiovkevTi/cbv Tifjurifia rrjv Trpcorrjv elvat ejagev,

€7T€CTa Kal 69 7T€VT€ KOI €lfCO(Tl jlVpldha^J aVTO

Trporjyaye. Kai riari tcov ev fiiovvTwv iXaTTO),
tot€ Jjl€V} tcov SeKa, avOis he tcov irevre Kai eiKocri,

4 K€KTrjji€Voi<; 1 eyaplaaTO ocov eveSec. Kal ( ha
ravra\ rofc fiovXo/nevois tcov crTpaTrjycbv TpnrXd-
criov tov irapa tov SrjjLLOcriov p(f>Laiv €9 tcl<; iravr)-
yvpets ^StSofievov TrpocravaXLcrKeiv i<f>r)fcev. coaTe
el Kal{TTpo<; rrjv aKplfieiav tcov aXXcov avrov vo/jlo-
Oerrj/jbdrcov t}%6ovt6 rives, a\V vwo re tovtov,
Kal qti TlvXdSrjv tlvcl 6pxv <TT V v ^ La gtogiv igeXrj-
Xaftevov /cartfyayev, ovk€T eKeivcov i/JLe/nvrjvTq^

5 oQevirep irdvv <70<£a>9 o_IIvKaS^9> eTririfiw/jLevos.
vtt avrov eTreiSr) BaWXXw ofjLorex v( P T * 01 0VTl
Kal tco ^AaiKrjva irpoorijKOVTL SiearaaLa^ev, elirelv
Xeyejai qti t( avp^epei cro6, Kalcrap, irepl rjjxa^
tov hrtfiov dirohiaTpifBeaOaiV

18 Tavra fiev ev eKelvco tcj 'irei eyeverp' iirVSe Sr)
Yatov 2 re QovpvLov Kal Yatov %iXavov viraTcov
viov av6i<; o^AypLinras ayeiXero tov Aovkiov
ovofiao-devTa, Kal avTov evOvs o^^vyoyarTos fieTa
tov dBeX(f)OV tov Yatov eiroifjaaro, fir) dvafieivas
crcfras dv8pco0rjvai, dXX* avToOev hiahdypv^ Try;
2 dpyrfi diroheL^a^y Xv r\TTOV eTtifiovXevrjTai. Tr]v
T€ tt}<; Tifirjs Kal t^9 'ApQTrjs Travrjyvpivi 69 Ta9
vvv r)/jL€pas)/j,€T€aTr}cre 9 /eal( rafc tcl eiriviKia irkfi-
7rovcri^ epyovliiTrcov Xa(f>vpcovji<; ttjv tcov irpd^ecov

1 KCKT7)fx4vOtS Bk., K€KT7JfXfVO)V M.

2 Tdtov Bk., rov yatov M.

326

BOOK LIV

else might read them. He permitted all to stand
for office who possessed property worth four hundred
thousand sesterces and were eligible by the laws to
hold office. This was the senatorial rating which
he at first established ; but later he raised it to
one million sesterces. Upon some of those who lived
upright lives but possessed less than the four
hundred thousand sesterces in the first instance, or
the million in the second, he bestowed the amount
lacking. And because of this he allowed the
praetors who so desired to spend on the public
festivals three times the amount granted them from
the treasury. Thus, even if some were vexed at
the strictness of his other regulations, yet by reason
of this action and also because he restored one
Pylades, a dancer, who had been exiled on account
of sedition, they remembered them no longer.
Hence Pylades is said to have rejoined very cleverly,
when the emperor rebuked him for having quar-
relled with Bathyllus, a fellow-artist and a favourite
of Maecenas 1 : "It is to your advantage, Caesar, that
the people should devote their spare time to us."

These were the occurrences of that year. In the b.c. 17
consulship of Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus,
Agrippa again acknowledged the birth of a son, who
was named Lucius ; and Augustus immediately
adopted him together with his brother Gaius, not
waiting for them to become men, but appointing
them then and there successors to his office, in order
that fewer plots might be formed against him. He
transferred the festival of Honor and Virtus to the
days which are at present theirs, commanded those
who celebrated triumphs to erect out of their
1 Cf. Tac. Ann. i. 54.

327

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

fivrjfir)v iroielv 7rpo(T€Ta%€, rd re aat/covXdpia rd

TTS/jLTTTCt €7r€T€\€Cr€. KCLl TOl>9 prjTOpCL? CLfXlcrOl 1

crvvayopeveLV, rj rerpairXdcriov oaov av Xdftojcriv
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5 Trpdgas, e/celvov re ovv rore eOeicoae, /cai povo-

1 afxurOl St., amcOel M. 2 ot supplied by Rk.
3 tr-n Dind., ir-qris VM.

328

BOOK LIV

spoils some monument to commemorate their deeds, b.c. 17
and held the fifth celebration of the Ludi Saeculares.
He ordered the orators to give their services as
advocates without pay, on pain of a fine of four
times the amount they received ; and he forbade
those who were drawn as jurymen from time to
time to enter any person's house during their year
of service. And since the members of the senate
showed a lack of interest in attending its sessions,
he increased the fines for those who were late with-
out a good excuse.

Next he set out for Gaul, during the consulship b.c. 10
of Lucius Domitius and Publius Scipio, making the
wars that had arisen in that region his excuse. For
since he had become disliked by many as a result of
his long stay in the capital, and now was offending
many who committed some act contrary to his
decrees by the punishments he was inflicting, and
at the same time, by sparing many others, was being
compelled to transgress his own enactments, he
decided to leave the country, somewhat after the
manner of Solon. Some even suspected that he
had gone away on account of Terentia, the wife of
Maecenas, and intended, inasmuch as there was
much talk about them in Rome, to live with her
abroad free from all gossip. So great, indeed, was
his passion for her that he once made her enter a
contest of beauty against Li via. Before setting out
he dedicated the temple of Quirinus, which he had
rebuilt. I mention this for the reason that he
adorned it with seventy-six columns, which was the
exact number of the years he lived, and thus caused
some to declare that he had chosen this number
deliberately and not by mere chance. So he dedi-
cated this temple at that time, and also exhibited

329

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ixayias dycova? Bid re tov Tifiepiov icaX Bid tov
Apovcrov* <jv<yxt0pr)6h> Brj afyiGivfvTrb rfj<; fiovXijSy

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1 ov supplied by LeuncL 8 faQavicTara M, ifx<pavUrara V.

330

BOOK LIV

gladiatorial combats, Tiberius and Drusus represent- b.c. 16
ing him in the matter after the senate had granted
them permission. Then he committed to Taurus
the management of the city together with the rest
of Italy (for he had sent Agrippa again to Syria and
no longer looked with equal favour upon Maecenas
because of the latter's wife), and taking Tiberius,
though praetor at the time, along with him, he set
out on his journey. Tiberius, it appears, had
become praetor in spite of his already holding the
rank of a praetor ; and Drusus now performed all
the duties of his office in pursuance of a decree.
The night following their departure the temple of
Iuventus 1 was burned to the ground. Other portents
also had occurred : a wolf had rushed into the Forum
| by the Sacred Way and had killed people, and not
) far from the Forum ants were conspicuously swarm-
ing together ; moreover, a flame like a torch had
shot from the south towards the north all night
long. Because of all these signs prayers were
offered for the return of Augustus. Meanwhile they
held the quadrennial celebration of his sovereignty,
Agrippa, represented by his fellow-priests, bearing
I the expense ; for he had been consecrated as one of
f the quindecimviri, upon whom the management of
the festival devolved in regular succession.

There were many other disturbances, too, during
that period. The Camunni and Vennii, 2 Alpine
tribes, took up arms against the Romans, but were
I conquered and subdued by Publius Silius. The
L Pannonians in company with the Norici overran

1 Aedes Iuventutis.

2 Other forms of this name are Vennones, Vennontes, and
| Venostea.

33 1

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

KareSpa/jLOp, teal avrol re irpos T€ tov XiXiov teal
tcov VTroaTpaTTjycov avTOv tcatecodevTes avdi<$ COflO-
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avpL^dvTcov TOt9 'Pcopaiois iroXe/xcov, oairep ttov
teal tov Avy ova top ite 7*79 TroXeco? i£rjya<y€, 777009
tou9 KbXtovs eyeveTO. Xvyafifipol tc yap zeal
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CTTOvBds liroir)o~avTO t o/jLrjpovs B6vt€$. v

21 Tcov fiev ovv ottXcov ovBev £ia Tav0/6 Avy oy-
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1 'PwjurjTaAw:?; R. Steph., fxaj* 7)tc£ A ktji VM {but 'PufirjT(i\Kr}S
elsewhere). 2 TcyKrnpoi R. Steph., reyKprjTot VM..

332

BOOK LIV

Istria ; but the former, upon being discomfited by b.c. 16
Silius'and his lieutenants, both came to terms again
themselves and caused the Norici to be subjected
to the same slavery. The uprisings in Dalmatia and
in Spain were quelled in a short time. Macedonia
was ravaged by the Dentheleti and the Scordisci.
In Thrace somewhat earlier,, Marcus Lollius, while
aiding Rhoemetalces, the uncle and guardian of the
sons of Cotys, had subjugated the Bessi. Later
Lucius Gallus conquered the Sarmatians for the
same reason and drove them back across the Ister.
The greatest, however, of the wars which at that
time fell to the lot of the Romans, and the one
presumably which drew Augustus away from the
city, was that against the Germans. It seems that
the Sugambri, Usipetes, and Tencteri had first seized
in their own territory some of the Romans and had
crucified them, after which they had crossed the
Rhine and plundered Germania and Gaul. When
the Roman cavalry approached, they surprised them
from ambush ; then, pursuing them as they fled,
they fell in unexpectedly with Lollius, the governor
of the province, and conquered him also. On
learning of all this, Augustus hastened against them,
but found no warfare to carry on ; for the barbarians,
learning that Lollius was making preparations and
that the emperor was also taking the field, retired
into their, own territory and made peace, giving
hostages.

For this reason Augustus had no need of arms,
but in arranging other matters he consumed the

333

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

re rbv iviavTOv tcaravaXcoo'e teal rbv varepov, ev
w Map/co? re Aificov^ teal KaXTrovpvio? Hl&£xv\

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tcai fiOL Bofcel rovd^CoTi paXcara /to /o}to9 (rental
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ioLKos, 69 t?)z> yr)v iavrb itc rov wKeavov) i^cofcei-

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1 AtKtvlov Xiph., KtKivvlov VM (and similarly just below).

2 iwen6v7)VTO Rk., itrcwol^VTO VM.
8 01 M cod. Peir.j avra V.

4 avrovs Reim., aura V, ai/rks M cod. Peir., robs (xrjvas
Xiph. 5 vardrovs Dind., avyovarovs VM cod. Peir.

334

BOOK LIV

whole of this year, as well as the next, in which b.c. 15
Marcus Libo and Calpurnius Piso were consuls.
For not only had the Gauls suffered much at the
hands of the Germans, but much also at the hands
of a certain Licinus. 1 And of this, I think, the
sea-monster had given them full warning before-
hand ; twenty feet broad and three times as long,
and resembling a woman except for its head, it
had come in from the ocean and become stranded
on the shore. Now Licinus was originally a Gaul,
but after being captured by the Romans and be-
coming a slave of Caesar's, he had been set free by
him, and by Augustus had been made procurator of
Gaul. This man, then, with his combination of bar-
barian avarice and Roman dignity, tried to overthrow
every one who was ever counted superior to him and
to destroy every one who was strong for the time
being. He not only supplied himself with plenty
of funds for the requirements of the office to which
he had been assigned, but also incidentally collected
plenty for himself and for his friends. His knavery
went so far that in some cases where the people
paid their tribute by the month he made the months
fourteen in number, declaring that the month called
December was really the tenth, and for that reason
they must reckon two more (which he called the
eleventh and the twelfth 2 respectively) as the last,
and contribute the money that was due for these
months. It was these quibbles that brought him
into danger; for the Gauls secured the ear of
Augustus and protested indignantly, so that the

1 Licinus appears to be the proper spelling of the name,
although we find Licinius even in some Roman writers.

2 Bekker plausibly suggested 'EvStKejAppiov and AwlicKtfx&ptQV,
t.e. Undecember and Duodecember.

335

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

iiroli^dav, ware teal iteelvov \tcl fjieviavvd'^deaOaL 1
crater i f ja 8e} teal irapatTelaOar ayvoetv re Tiva
eXeye, teal Trpoo-eiroieZTo erepa fxr) Triarevetv, teal
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dpyvplov teal ^pvaLov 07]o~avpov<; iroXXa tSe f /cal

8 rdXXa acop7)8bv avvv€V7)p,iva 2 a\JT(b Setfa?, " e%e-
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Kol irrrep twv aXXcov 'FcopiaLcov- jjOppiaa, iva fir)
togovtcov xprj/jbdrayv iytepaTeis oi kiriywpwi 6We?
an oar cba iv, apbeXet kol ir^pyad aoi irdvra avra
Kai oibwfjLi.

Kal A fiey ovtcds, &>? teal birep tov Avyov<nov\
TrjV tcov ftapftdpcov layhv eKyeyey pitca) ^, icrcoQrjy
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2 avvvevyixtva Sylburg, o-ureye^r^eVa V t avvy€V€fjL7jfi4va M
cod. Peir.

3 'IraXias Bk., iVaAfSos VM.

336

BOOK LIV

emperor in some matters shared their vexation and b.c. 15
in others tried to excuse Licinus. He claimed to
be unaware of some of his extortions and affected
not to believe others, while some matters he actually
concealed, feeling ashamed to have employed such
a procurator. Licinus, however, devised another
scheme as follows, and laughed them all to scorn.
When he perceived that Augustus was displeased
with him and that he was likely to be punished, he
brought the emperor into his house, and showing
him many treasures of silver and gold and many
other valuables piled up in heaps, he said : " I have
gathered all this purposely, master, for you and for
the rest of the Romans, lest the natives, by having
control of so much money, should revolt. At any
rate, I have kept it all for you and now give it to
you."

Thus Licinus was saved, by pretending that he
had sapped the strength of the barbarians in order
to serve Augustus. Drusus and Tiberius in the
meantime were engaged in the following exploits.
The Rhaetians, who dwell betwxen Noricum and
Gaul, near the Tridentine Alps 1 which adjoin Italy,
were overrunning a large part of the neighbouring
territory of Gaul and carrying off plunder even from
Italy ; and they were harassing such of the Romans
or their allies as travelled through their country.
Now these acts of theirs seemed to be about what
was to be expected of nations which had not accepted
terms of peace ; but they went further and destroyed
all the males among their captives, not only those
who had already come into the world, but also those
who were still in the women's wombs, the sex of

1 1 The Alps around Tridentum (Trent).

337

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

yaarpdcrtv ere ra>v yvvaiK&v ov [AavTeiai*; tmtiv

3 avevpLcncovres, efydeipov. hi ovv ravra)) o__ Ai/^
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enreira eireihr) {jrrjs /*€Vj 'IraXias J airefcpov-
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1 4(tBol\6vt(S M, ttrpdWovres V.

2 cnr(\cvdcpwv VM cod. Peir., air€\€v64pov Xiph.

338

BOOK LIV

whom they discovered by some means of divination. b.c. 15
For these reasons, then, Augustus first sent against
them Drusus, who speedily routed a detachment ol
them which came to meet him near the Tridentine
mountains, and in consequence received the rank of
praetor. Later, when the Rhaetians had been re-
pulsed from Italy, but were still harassing Gaul,
Augustus sent out Tiberius also. Both leaders then
invaded Rhaetia at many points at the same time,
either in person or through their lieutenants, and
Tiberius even crossed the lake 1 with ships. In this
way, by encountering them separately, they terrified
them and not only easily overwhelmed those with
whom they came into close quarters at any time,
inasmuch as the barbarians had their forces scattered,
but also captured the remainder, who in consequence
had become weaker and less spirited. And because
the land had a large population of males and seemed
likely to revolt, they deported most of the strongest
men of military age, leaving behind only enough to
give the country a population, but too few to begin
a revolution.

This same year Vedius Pollio died, a man who in
general had done nothing deserving of remem-
brance, as he was sprung from freedmen, belonged to
the knights, and had performed no brilliant deeds ; but
he had become very famous for his wealth and for his
cruelty, so that he has even gained a place in history.
Most of the things he did it would be wearisome to
relate, but I may mention that he kept in reservoirs
1 The Lacus Venetus (Lago di Garda).

339

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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1 irap€&a\\€ cod. Peir. Xiph. Zon., irapeQaKe VM.

2 oaa— t£ noivy (chap. 24, 7) omitted by V, whose archetype
L had lost one folio at this point. 3 rbv M Xiph., rb Xyl.

340

BOOK LIV

huge lampreys that had been trained to eat men, b.c. 15
and he was accustomed to throw to them such of his
slaves as he desired to put to death. Once, when
ne was entertaining Augustus, his cup-bearer broke
a crystal goblet, and without regard for his guest,
Pollio ordered the fellow to be thrown to the
lampreys. Hereupon the slave fell on his knees
before Augustus and supplicated him, and Augustus
at first tried to persuade Pollio not to commit so
monstrous a deed. Then, when Pollio paid no heed
to him, the emperor said, " Bring all the rest of the
drinking vessels which are of like sort or any others
of value that you possess, in order that I may use
them," and when they were brought, he ordered
them to be broken. When Pollio saw this, he was
vexed, of course ; but since he was no longer
angry over the one goblet, considering the great
number of the others that were ruined, and, on the
other hand, could not punish his servant for what
Augustus also had done, he held his peace, though
much against his will. This is the sort of person Pollio
was, who died at this time. Among his many be-
quests to many persons he left to Augustus a good
share of his estate together with Pausilypon, 1 the
place between Neapolis and Puteoli, with instructions
that some public work of great beauty should be
erected there. Augustus razed Pollio's house to the
ground, on the pretext of preparing for the erection
of the other structure, but really with the purpose
that Pollio should have no monument in the city ;

1 The modern Posilipo, between Naples and Pozzuoli.
The Greek name Pausilypon means " grief-assuaging," thus
corresponding to such modem names as Sans Souci, Hearts-
ease, etc.

341

DIOS ROMAN HISTORY

to ovofxa to toO U(o\ia)vo<; dWd to ttj<: Kiovias
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2 flpyvro Rk., ylpavTo M.

342

BOOK LIV

and he built a colonnade, inscribing on it the name, b.c. 15
not of Pollio, but of Livia.

However, he did this later. At the time we are
considering he colonized numerous cities in Gaul and
in Spain, restored to the people of Cyzicus their
freedom, and gave money to the Paphians, who
had suffered from an earthquake, besides allowing
them, by a decree, to call their city Augusta. I re-
cord this, not that Augustus and the senators, too,
did not aid many other cities also both before and
after this occasion, in case of similar misfortunes, —
indeed, if one should mention them all, the work in-
volved in making the record would be endless, — but
my purpose is to show that the senate even assigned
names to cities as a mark of honour and that the
inhabitants did not, as is usually done now, make
, out for themselves in each instance lists of names
according to their own pleasure.

The next year Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Corne- B - 14
lius were consuls ; and the curule aediles, after
resigning their office because they had been elected
under unfavourable auspices, received it again, con-
trary to precedent, at another meeting of the as-
sembly. The Basilica of Paulus was burned and the
flames spread from it to the temple of Vesta, so
that the sacred objects there were carried up to the
Palatine by the Vestal Virgins, 1 — except the eldest,
who had become blind, — and were placed in the
house of the priest of Jupiter. The basilica was
I afterwards rebuilt, nominally by Aemilius, who was
1 Cf. xlii. 31, 3.

343

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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1 iinfitXty Rk., iiripovKfy M.

344

BOOK LIV

the descendant of the family of the man who had b.o. u
formerly erected it, but really by Augustus and the
friends of Paul us. At this time the Pannonians re-
volted again and were subdued, and the Maritime
Alps, inhabited by the Ligurians who were called
Comati^ 1 and were still free even then, were reduced
to slavery. And the revolt among the tribes of the
Cimmerian Bosporus was quelled. It seems that one
Scribonius, who claimed to be a grandson of Mithri-
dates and to have received the kingdom from Augustus
after the death of Asander, married Asander's wife,
named Dynamis, who was really the daughter of
Pharnaces and the granddaughter of Mithridates and
had been entrusted with the regency by her husband,
and thus he was holding Bosporus under his control.
Agrippa, upon learning of this, sent against him
Polemon, the king of that part of Pontus bordering
on Cappadocia. Polemon found Scribonius no longer
alive, for the people of Bosporus, learning of his
advance against them, had already put him to death ;
but when they resisted Polemon through fear that
he might be allowed to reign over them, he en-
gaged them in battle. But although he conquered
them, he was unable to reduce them to submission
until Agrippa came to Sinope with the purpose
of conducting a campaign against them. Then
they laid down their arms and were delivered up
to Polemon ; and the woman Dynamis became his
wife, naturally not without the sanction of Augustus.
For these successes sacrifices were offered in the
name of Agrippa, but the triumph which was voted
him was not celebrated. Indeed, he did not so much

1 i.e. the " long-haired." Ct. Gallia Comata, xlvi. 55, 5.

345

DICS ROMAN HISTORY

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* Kvivri\lov R. Steph., kvivtIWov VM.

346

BOOK LIV

as notify the senate of what had been accomplished, b.c. 14
and in consequence subsequent conquerors, treating
his course as a precedent, also gave up the practice
of sending reports to the public ; and he would
not accept the celebration of the triumph. For this
reason, — at least, such is my opinion, — no one else
of his peers was permitted to do so any longer,
either, but they enjoyed merely the distinction of
triumphal honours.

Now when Augustus had finished all the business
which occupied him in the several provinces of Gaul,
of Germany and of Spain, 1 having spent large sums
upon special districts and received large sums from
others, having bestowed freedom and citizenship
upon some and taken them away from others, he left
Drusus in Germany and returned to Rome himself in
the consulship of Tiberius and Quintilius Varus. b.c. 13
Now it chanced that the news of his coming reached
the city during those days when Cornelius Balbus
was celebrating with spectacles the dedication of
the theatre which is even to-day called by his
name ; and Balbus accordingly began to put on airs,
as if it were he himself that was going to bring
Augustus back, — although he was unable even to
enter his theatre, except by boat, on account of
the flood of water caused by the Tiber, which
had overflowed its banks, — and Tiberius put the
vote to him first, in honour of his building the
theatre. For the senate convened, and among its
other decrees voted to place an altar in the senate-
chamber itself, to commemorate the return of Augus-

1 Literally, "in the Gauls, in the Germanies, and the
Spains." "Germany" here and just below refers to the
provinces of Upper and Lower Germany, west of the Rhine.
See note on liii. 12, 6.

347

1 vol. vr. M

DICS ROMAN HISTORY

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teal eiravccov o/xoccos eirocec, tva firjBevl avrwv
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3 rafilx Bk., Ta/xtelai VM. 4 t2> Bk., fihv VM.

348

BOOK LIV

tus, and also voted that those who approached him b.c. 13
as suppliants while he was inside the pomerium
should not be punished. Nevertheless, he accepted
neither of these honours, and even avoided en-
countering the people on this occasion also ; for he
entered the city at night. This he did nearly always
whenever he went out to the suburbs or anywhere
else, both on his way out and on his return, so that
he might trouble none of the citizens. The next
day he welcomed the people in the palace, and then,
ascending the Capitol, took the laurel from around
his fasces and placed it upon the knees of Jupiter ;
and he also placed baths and barbers at the service
of the people free of charge on that day. After
this he convened the senate, and though he made no
address himself by reason of hoarseness, he gave his
manuscript to the quaestor to read and thus enu-
, merated his achievements and promulgated rules as
1 to the number of years the citizens should serve in
the army and as to the amount of money they should
receive when discharged from service, in lieu of
the land which they were always demanding. His
object was that the soldiers, by being enlisted hence-
forth on certain definite terms, should find no excuse
I for revolt on this score. The number of years was
twelve for the Pretorians and sixteen for the rest ;
and the money to be distributed was less in some
cases and more in others. These measures caused
the soldiers neither pleasure nor anger for the time
being, because they neither obtained all they desired
nor yet failed of all ; but in the rest of the popula-
tion the measures aroused confident hopes that they
would not in future be robbed of their possessions.

He next dedicated the theatre named after Mar-
cellus. In the course of the festival held for this

349

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

rfj Bia tovto yevo/xevy Ttjv re Tpolav oi 7rai8e<; ol
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iinrohpofiLa teal atyayais Otjplcov ecopraae, tcal/iv

TW KdTTlTCoXicp KoX ifC€lVOV Kal TTJV

Soy/jua avrfj? eiarLaaev.

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6 ol Br) 2 ecfcoaiv pvTOi^avBpes ck tcov e£ Kal ei-
Koalv^laLVy ol T€ Tpels ol ra9 tov OavaTOV SUas
Trpoo-TeTay/jievoi, Kal ol €T€poi Tpels pi to i rov

1 iOeXovrl R. Steph., iOeXovrr) VM.
3 oi 5e 8f> Rk., e*re 5^ V, ot t« 5i> M.

3SO

BOOK LIV.

purpose the patrician boys, including his grandson b.c. 13
Gaius, performed the equestrian exercise called
" Troy/' 1 and six hundred wild beasts from Africa
were slain. And to celebrate the birthday of
Augustus, Iullus, the son of Antony, who was
praetor, gave games in the Circus and a slaughter
of wild beasts, and entertained both the emperor
and the senate, in pursuance of a decree of that
body, upon the Capitol.

After this there was another purging of the lists
of the senate. At first, as we have seen, the rating
of senators had been fixed at four hundred thousand
sesterces, because many of them had been stripped of ,
their ancestral estates by the wars, and then, as time |
went on and men acquired wealth, it had been raised j
to one million sesterces. Consequently no one was
any longer found who would of his own choice be- I
come a senator ; on the contrary, sons and grandsons i
of senators, some of them really poor and others re-
duced to humble station by the misfortunes of their
ancestors, not only would not lay claim to the
senatorial dignity, but also, when already entered on
the lists, swore that they were ineligible. Therefore, f
previous to this time, while Augustus was still absent 1
from the city, a decree had been passed that the j
Vigintiviri, as they were called, should be appointed /
frem the knights; and thus none of these men {
eligible to be senators was any longer enrolled in \
the senate without having also held one of the other I
offices that led to it. These Vigintiviri are what is *
left of the Vigintisexviri, of whom three' 2 are in
charge of criminal trials, another three 3 attend to

1 See xliii. 23, 6, and note. 2 Tresviri capilales.
i 8 Tresviri monetales.

35 1

DIOS ROMAN HISTORY

vofxLa^iaros KOfXfjut /xeraxeiptZofievoi, 01 re ricr^
capes oi roiv ev ra> aarei oBcov iirifJiekov^evoL, icai I
oi Sifca ol errl twv Bifcaaryplcov rcov'fo rov$ etcarbv )l

7 avBpas) tcXrjpovfjLevayv airoZeiKvufievor oi ydp Br)
Bvo gl ras e^co rod reiyovs oBovs iyxeipi^Qfievoi,
_oX re reaaapes oi is rrjv ^apuravlav) TTejiTrofievoit I
tcare\e\vvro. rovro re ovv ev rfj rov Aiyovarov
iichqulq iyfrr)<f)io-0r] t koX iv , eireiBr) jJLj]Bels en paBlcos
rrjv Brj/uLapxiciv fjrei, 1 Kkrjpcd rives 2 etc rtov rera- ,
fiiev/corwv teal firjirco reaaapd/covra err) yeyovorcov )

8 fca0iarcovrai. rore Be ai/rbs rrdvras airovs e^rj-
raae, teal ra jiev ra)v irrep irevre teal rptd/covra
errj yeyovorcov ovtc eVoXu^" pay fiovrjae, roi/s Be

1 ivros re rrjs rfkifcias ravrr)s)ovras teal to rLfirj/na
expvras ftovKevvai xarijvdytcaae, %c*sp\s r) el ris

9 dvdrrr]pos rjv, teal ra fiev awfiara ica\ avrqs irov
avTa>v 3 ecopa, rrepl ^BQ Brj roov ovcricov jopteois em-
arovro avrwv re eiceivwv koX erepcov avvopLvvvnov
a<j)i<ri teat Xoyia/jLOvfrr)*; re diropias afia /col rov
fiiovfiiBovrcov*

27 Kal oi/cfiv jxev^rois Koivols^roiovros r)v/rcov(^)
IBLcav * jTraprjfieXei, dWa zeal ra> Ti/3epi<p j eTTeji-^
prjerev on rov Ydiov ev rfj Travrjyvpei rfj eitcraia)

r)v iirl rfj eiravoBcp airov) BierlOei, Trap eKaBLaa jo,

aa\(r<p BrjfAfyf on /cal Kporois teal irraLvois airov j

2 iri/J>r}aav. e7reiBr) re rov AeirlBov jieraWd^avros

1 rjTti M, tfrot V. 2 rives Leuncl., rivbs VM.

8 avrwv M, abrbv V. 4 iZiwv cod. Coisl., Ibiwrwv VM.

352

BOOK LIV

the coinage of the money, four 1 look after the b.c. is
streets in the city, and ten 2 are assigned to the
courts which are allotted to the Centumviri ; for the
two 3 who were once entrusted with the roads out-
side the walls and the four 4 who used to be sent to
Campania had been abolished. This was one decree
that was passed during the absence of Augustus ;
there was also another providing that, since no one
was any longer ready to seek the tribuneship, some
of the ex-quaestors who were not yet forty years old
should be appointed to the office by lot. But on the
present occasion Augustus himself made an investi-
gation of the whole senatorial class. With those
who were over thirty-five years of age he did not
concern himself, but in the case of those who were
under that age and possessed the requisite rating he
compelled them to become senators, unless one of
them was physically disabled. He examined their
persons himself, but in regard to their property he
accepted sworn statements, the men themselves and
others as witnesses taking an oath and rendering an
account of their poverty as well as of their manner
of life.

Nor did he, while showing such strictness in the
public business, neglect his private affairs ; indeed,
he rebuked both Tiberius, because at the festival,
given under Tiberius' management, in fulfilment of
a vow for the emperor's return, he had seated Gaius
at the emperor's side, and the people for honouring
Gaius w r ith applause and eulogies. 5 On the death of

1 Quatuorviri viis in urbe purgandia ; cf. chap. 8, <A.

8 Decemviri stlitibus iudicandis.

8 Dnoviri viis extra urbem purgandis.

4 Quatuor praefecti Capuam Cumas,

5 Cf. Suet., Aug. 56.

353

DICS ROMAN HISTORY

apxt,€p€Q)<; airehet'xP 1 ! kcu Bid tovO* r) fiovXtj yjrrj<f>i-
aaaOai . . . } aura) 2 rfdeXrjo-ev, ovre tl avrtav
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dXXd puepos tl tt)<; iavrov, ore tov apyizpktovilv
tcoiv<p) TTavTCd? oltceiv i^prj v, ehrj fjbocricoa ev* ttjv
fievrot tov fiaaiXeons tcov cepcov^ tcu$ denrapQevois
eBeo/cev, eirethr)^ opoTQL'XPS Ta ^ olfcrjcrecnv clvtcov

4 KopvqXiov T€ %icrevvovj* alrlav eirl tw tjjs yv-
vcllk6<; /3i(p laypvTo^i Kal iv to) o~vveBpl(p)eliT6vTO<i
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r)ydyeTO avTtjv, Trepcopyrjs re eyevero teal eijre yieu<
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28 f Kdv tovtco) tov 'Kyp'nnrav[etc Trp SvpLaspX-
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yevTcov Be tcov YlavvovLcov 7T/30? ttjv e<f>o8ovJ avTOv

1 Lacuna recognized by Eisner. 2 airy V, alrwv M.

3 Upa>y Leuncl., Upewv VM.

4 iivcid), H. Steph., inel Ve VM.

5 ^divvov Glandorp, ffiaevrlou VM.

354

BOOK LIV

Lepidus he was appointed high priest and the senate b.c. is
accordingly wished to vote him [other honours (?)] ;
but he declared that he would not accept any of
them, and when the senators urged him, he rose and
left the meeting. That measure, therefore, now
failed of passage, and he also received no official
residence ; but, inasmuch as it was absolutely neces-
sary that the high priest should live in a public
residence, he made a part of his own house public
property. The house of the rex saciificulns, how-
ever, he gave to the Vestal Virgins, because it was
separated merely by a wall from their apartments.

When Cornelius Sisenna was censured for the
conduct of his wife, and stated in the senate that
he had married her with the knowledge and on
the advice of the emperor, Augustus became
exceedingly angry. He did not, to be sure, say or
do anything violent, but rushed out of the senate-
house, and then returned a little later, choosing to
take this course, though it was not the correct thing
to do, as he said to his friends afterward, rather
than to remain where he was and be compelled to
do something harsh.

Meanwhile he increased the power of Agrippa,
who had returned from Syria, by giving him the
tribunician power again for another five years, and
he sent him out to Pannonia, which was eager for
war, entrusting him with greater authority than
the officials outside Italy ordinarily possessed. And
Agrippa set out on the campaign in spite of the fact
that the winter had already begun (this was the
year in which Marcus Valerius and Publius Sulpictus b.c. 12
were the consuls) ; but when the Pannonians be-
came terrified at his approach and gave up their

355

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

/cal fMTjhep en pecorepiadproyp eiraprjXOe, /ca\ eV

3 Ka/jLiravLa yevofievo? ipoarjcre. TTvOofievos Se rov-
ro 6 Avyovaros (&mx e ^ r ^ p T0 ^ Hapaffrjvcdois
oirXoiiaxLa*; dywpas rat ra>p naiScop opofian^
riOels;) igcop/jirjOr), /cal /cara\a/3cop avrbp reOprjKo-
ra e<? re rb dcrrv)rb awjua avrov eo-e/co/jLiae feat iv
rfj dyopa' npoedrj/ce, top re Xoyop top (err* avrov
ehre, uapaTreraapud rJrrporov pe/cpov mapareLpa^,

4 ouep eyco p,ep ov/c olSa 8ia rL eTroLrjaep, eiprjrai^hi
o/a&)9 toT? fiep on dpxiepea)*; rjp, rots Se ore ra tcop
rijjiTjrwp eirparrep, oi/c opOws (ppopovaw ovre yap
rQ> dpyiepev) dTrelprjrai pe/epbp opap ovre ra> n-
fii]rfj t 7rXr}v ap to reXos rals drroypafyals fieXXji r
eird^eiP' ap yap rtpa irpb rov /cadapaLov) L§rj,
dpaSaara ra rrpayQevra aira rrdpra ylyP€jrai.

5 rovro re ovp pvroo? eSpacre, /cal rrjp e/ctyopap avrov
ip to) rp6iT(p\ep g5 teal avrbs /xera ravra i^rjpex^V
eiroLTjaarOt fcal avrbp /calCep r<p eavrov jiprjfieLto
efface, /cairoi iStovliv ru> y Kpel(p irehita Xaftopra. 1

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dXXa apicrros (tcop /caff eavrbl^difflpooTrcop^Bia-^
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re rb avrcp e/ceipcp) /cat 7Tyoo? rb rep /eoipfyi

2 avfufiopcorarop XprjcrdtLepos. baop re yap rob?
aXXovs dperfj /caTe/cpdrec, roaovrop i/ceipov ede-
?>ovrj]<; rjrraro, /cal iraaap avr£> rrjp eavrov zeal
aocfnav /cal dphpeiap e? ra XvcrireXecrrara rrape-

1 \a$6vra M, ovra V.

356

BOOK LIV

plans for rebellion, he returned, and upon reaching b.c. 12
Campania, fell ill. Augustus happened to be ex-
hibiting, in the name of his sons, contests of armed
warriors at the Panathenaic festival, 1 and when he
learned of Agrippa' s illness, he set out for Italy ;
and finding him dead, he conveyed his body to the
capital and caused it to lie in state in the Forum.
He also delivered the' eulogy over the dead, after
first hanging a curtain in front of the corpse. Why
he did this, I do not know. Some, however, have
stated that it was because he was high priest, others
that it was because he was performing the duties of
censor. But both are mistaken, since neither the
high priest is forbidden to look at a corpse, nor the
censor, either, except when he is about to complete
the census ; but if he looks upon a corpse then,
before his purification, all his work has to be done
over again. Now Augustus not only did what I have
recorded, but also had the funeral procession of
Agrippa conducted in the manner in which his own
was afterward conducted, and he buried him in his
own sepulchre, though Agrippa had taken one for
himself in the Campus Martius.

Such was the end of Agrippa, who had in every
way clearly shown himself the noblest of the men
of his day and had used the friendship of Augustus
with a view to the greatest advantage both of the
emperor himself and of the commonwealth. For
the more he surpassed others in excellence, the
more inferior he kept himself of his own free will
to the emperor ; and while he devoted all the
wisdom and valour he himself possessed to the
highest interests of Augustus, he lavished all the
1 In Athena.

357

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

yjoov iraaav rrjiJl Trap i/celvoV) real ti/jltjv Kal Svva/miv

3 €9 to tou9 aXXovs evepyeTeiv^cwj jXicr/c ev. a$> ov
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tcov TTarpicop, fcaLirep p,rjBevb<i rwv 7Tpcorcov 69 Ta9
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1 4ittQufXT)T7)s Xyl., iTrtdufjtr}T7}i VM cod, Peir.

2 (Karhv M, €Kaarov V cod. Peir.

3 supplied by Bs. 4 t« Ba., ye VM.

358

BOOK >LIV

honour and influence' he received from him upon b.c. 12
benefactions to others. It was because of this in
particular that he never became obnoxious to
Augustus himself nor invidious to his fellow-citizens ;
on the contrary, he helped Augustus to establish the
monarchy, as if he were really a devoted adherent of
the principle of autocratic rule, and he won over the
people by his benefactions, as if he were in the
highest degree a friend of popular government. At
any rate, even at his death he left them gardens and
the baths named after him, so that they might bathe
free of cost, and for this purpose gave Augustus
certain estates. 1 And the emperor not only turned
these over to the state, but also distributed to the
people four hundred sesterces apiece, giving it to be
understood that Agrippa had so ordered. And, in-
deed, he had inherited most of Agrippa's property,
including the Chersonese on the Hellespont, which
had come in some way or other into Agrippa's hands.
Augustus felt his loss for a long time and hence
caused him to be honoured in the eyes of the
people ; and he named the posthumous son born to
him Agrippa. Nevertheless, he did not allow the
citizens at large, although none of the prominent
men wished to attend the festivals, to omit any of
the time-honoured observances, and he in person
superintended the gladiatorial combats, though they
were often held without his presence. The death of
Agrippa, far from being merely a private loss to his
own household, was at any rate such a public loss
to all the Romans that portents occurred on this
occasion in such numbers as are wont to happen

1 For the baths, see liii. 27, 1. The estates here mentioned
were to provide an income for the maintenance of the baths.

359

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

avfjuftaiveiv <j$1(tiv euoOe, teal Tore crvveveyQr^vai.
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k pea (is avTrjv^ifc ftcofiov tivos epurvpa* ififia-

XoVTCOV.

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3 'EireiS^ T€ g^Aaia to edyj>^( eiriKovpia^ Tivbs
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1 5), V, om. M.

54 ti\ supplied by Bk., following Casaubon.

3 airovrjrl R. Steph. , a-rrovriTfl VM.

4 *y ^ t« Bk., <r<t>iait> VM. 6 ifeiro Dind., ^5«to VM.
360

BOOK LIV

to them before the greatest calamities. Owls kept b.c. 12
flitting about the city, and lightning struck the
house on the Alban Mount where the consuls lodge
during the sacred rites. 1 The star called the comet 2
hung for several days over the city and was finally
dissolved into flashes resembling torches. Many
buildings in the city were destroyed by fire, among
them the hut of Romulus, 3 which was set ablaze by
crows which dropped upon it burning meat from
some altar.

These were the events connected with Agrippa's
death. After this Augustus was chosen supervisor
and corrector of morals 4 for another five years ; for
he received this office also for limited periods, as he
did the monarchy. He ordered the senators to
burn incense in their assembly hall whenever they
held a session, and not to pay the usual visit to him,
his purpose being, in the first instance, that they
should show reverence to the gods, and, in the
second, that they should not be hindered in con-
vening. And inasmuch as extremely few candidates
sought the tribuneship, because its power had been
abolished, he made a law that the magistrates in
office should each nominate one of the knights who
possessed not less than one million sesterces, and
that the plebs should then fill the vacancies in the
tribuneship from this list, with the understanding
that, if the men desired to be senators later, they
might do so, or otherwise they should return again
to the equestrian order.

When the province of Asia was in dire need ot
assistance on account of earthquakes, he paid into

1 At the Feriae Latinae. 2 i.e. the "hairy" star.

3 Cf. xlviii. 43, 4. 4 Praefectus mwibus.

361

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

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rfj TtfjLTj real rij Suva/net, (7rpo(f>epovro<;, coare Kal/iv
Kaipm) kcu \avev (f>06vov Kal iiriftovXr}*; jrtdvra
Stdyeadai, e&elro, rbv Tifteptov Kal afcwv rrpocF-
eiXero* oji yap eyyqyqi avrov iv rraialveri Kal
2 rore'rjo'ap. Kal n£oajro<ijrjio;a$ Kal eKeivov rrjv
yvvaiKa, Kairoi rod re ' Ay piinrov Ovyarepa (e£
aXXys nvbs yaperrjs] 01/aav, Kal reKvov rb fiev
rjSr] rpecpovaav rb Se iv yaarpl eyovaav, rrjv re
'lovXiav 01 vy^yvjjGG 5 teal iirl rov<; Tlavvoviovs
avrbv i^errepb^re* T€&)9 p>ev yap rbv y Ay plirrrav

1 a.TTov\€lov M, airovXiov V Xiph.

2 Ti M, om. V. 3 rats V, roiy M.

4 5' oZv Pflugk, yovv VM. 6 iiyyvrjare V, eyyvrjac M.

362

BOOK LIV

the public treasury from his private funds the sx. 12
amount of its annual tribute and assigned to it for
two years a governor chosen by lot and not
appointed.

On one occasion, when Apuleius and Maecenas
were subjected to abuse in court when a case of
adultery was being tried, not because they had
behaved wantonly themselves, but because they

entered the court-room and sat in the praetor's
chair; he took no harsh measures, but simply forbade
the accuser to insult either his relatives or his friends,
and then rose and left the room. For this action
and others the senators honoured him with statues,
paid for by private subscription, and also by giving
bachelors and spinsters the right to behold spectacles
and to attend banquets along with other people on
his birthday ; for neither of these things had bj«~.
permitted previously.

When now Agrippa, whom he loved because of his
excellence and not because of any kinship, was
dead, Augustus felt the need of an assistant in the
public business, one who would far surpass all the
others in both rank and influence, so that he might
transact all business promptly and without being
the object of envy and intrigue. Therefore he
reluctantly chose Tiberius ; for his own grandsons
were still boys at this time. He first made him, as
he had made Agrippa, divorce his wife, though she
was the daughter of Agrippa by a former marriage
and was bringing up one child and was about to
give birth to another ; and having betrothed Julia to
I him, he sent him out against the Pannonians. This
people had for a time been quiet through fear of

man on trial, Augustus

363

DIOS ROMAN HISTORY

<j>o/3rj0evre<; r)<rv)(a(jav, rore Be reXevrtjaavros

3 dvrov iiravearrjaav, zeat cr<f)a$ 6 Tifiejuos, iroWa
fiev tt)<? ^ci/ja? 7rpp0rjaa<; woXka Be< zeal tovs
av6 p<*yrrov<; zcazecbaas, i^eipwaaro, to?? XzcopBi-

(TKOl?, 1 OfXOpOl? T€ CLVTWV ZCCtl 6jJLO(TfC€VOl$ OVCTl,

avfjLfid^oi<; on fj,d\icrra yjprjGdixevos. zeal rd re
orrXa a<f>cov acpeiXero, zeal tt}? r)Xi/cia<? to rrXelov

4 err i^aycoyfj direBoro, zeal avrtp Bid ravra r)
fiev ftovXrj rd ye 2 iirivitcia iyjrrjcpiaaro, 6 S' Av-
yovcrros ravra /j,ev ovzc eirerpe-tyev eoprdaai, rd?
Be Ti/xa? t<z? emvizeiovs dvreBcozee.

32 To S' avrb rovro zeal tw Apovecp cvvefir}. rwv
re yap Xvydfifipcov /ecu rebv crv p,p,dyu)V avrcbv Bid
T€ rrjv rov Avyovarov dirovaiav zeal Bid to 3 tou?
TaXdjas fit) edeXoBovXelv rroXepboaOevroov <T(j)i(Ti,

TO T€ VTTTjKOOV 7T pOKareXafie, TOU? TTpWTOV? CIVTOV,

rrpo<\>darei ttJ? eoprrj<; fjv zeal vvv irepl rbv rov
Avyovarov ficop>bv iv AovyBovvcp reXovai, fiera-
TT€pLi]rdfi€Vo<; t zeal tou? "KeXrov? rrjprjaas rbv
2 'Vrjvov Biafialvovras dvezeoyfre. zeal fierd rovro
e? T£ rrjv ra)v Ovanrer&v zear avrrjv rrjv rebv
Bardovwv 4 vrjaov Bief3rj, zeal irrl rrjv Svyapu^piBa
ezceidev eiriiTapeXOoov avyyd errbpdrjaev, e? re
rbv cozeeavbv Bed rov *Prjvov /cararrkevaas rov<; re
<3>/KO"tov? 5 to/cetcbo-aro, zeal e? rrjv Xav/ciBa Btd
tt}? Xifivrj^ i/iftaXcov ezeivBvvevae, rcov ttXoicdv
V7rb 6 T?)9 toO oozceavov rraXippoias eirl rov fjrjpov

1 <TKOp§t<TKOlS M, KOpZlffKOtS V.

2 7 € H. Steph., t* VM.

8 rb supplied by R. Steph.
4 Bardovwv Leuncl., Tlaraowv VM.
6 Qpialovs Bk., (ppcuriovs VM.
o M Rk., M VM.

3<54

BOOK LIV

Agrippa, but now after his death they had revolted. b.c. 12
Tiberius subdued them after ravaging much of their
country and doing much injury to the inhabitants,
making as much use as possible of his allies the
Scordisci, who were neighbours of the Pannonians
and were similarly equipped. He took away the
enemy's arms and sold most of the men of military
age into slavery, to be deported from the country.
For these achievements the senate voted him a
triumph, but Augustus did not permit him to cele-
brate it, though he granted him the triumphal
honours instead.

Drusus had this same experience. The Sugambri
and their allies had resorted to war, owing to the
absence of Augustus and the fact that the Gauls
were restive under their slavery, and Drusus there-
fore seized the subject territory ahead of them,
sending for the foremost men in it on the pretext of
the festival which they celebrate even now around
the altar of Augustus at Lugdunum. He also

then repulsed them. Next he crossed over to the
country of the Usipetes, 1 passing along the. very
island of the Batavians, and from there marched
ilong the river to the Sugambrian territory, where
he devastated much country. He sailed down the
Rhine to the ocean, won over the Frisians, and
crossing the lake, 2 invaded the country of the
Chauci, where he ran into danger, as his ships were

1 The Usipetes or Usipii dwelt at this time just east of
the Rhine and north of the Lupia (Lippe).

2 Some have taken this to be the Zuyder Zee (Laeus Flevo),
others the bay at the mouth of the Ems, east of which the
Chauci lived. Presumably he would already have sailed
through the Zuyder Zee to reach the Frisians.

waited

Rhine, and

365

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

3 yevofievcov. fcal totc fiev biro tcov Qpiaitov 1
Tre^V Gweo-TparevKOTcov avT& acoOels avex&pyve
(yeipwv yap r)v), real €9 rrjv 'Pco/jltjv iX0a)v acrTV-
vofios €ttL re Kvlvtov AlXlov KaX.em VLavXov

<$>a/3loV VTTCLTCOVy KdlTTSp TCL$ : (TTpaTTjyiKCK; Tifias

33 e%w>v> airehetx&ri* a/xa Be tg> rjpi 717509 tov iroXepbov
av6i<; wp/irjae, /ecu tov re r Yr)vov evepaKoOrj teal
toi»9 OvcrLTrera? /caTe&rpeyfraro, tov re kovniav

€^€V^€ fCal €9 T7]V TCOV %VydfJi/3pQ)V iveftaXei Kal Si
avrrj? real €<? ttjv XepovcKiSa Trpoexcbprfcre 2 \i£%pi

2 tov Ovi<rovpyov. z rjSvvrjOr) S\ tovto iroifjcrai,* qti

01 XvyCtpf3pOl TOV<? XaTTOVS, pLOVOVS TCOV TTpOCT-

olkcov purj iOeXrjaavTas 4 g$uji <rvppLaxr]<Tai t iv
opyy <r)(pvT€S TravBrjp^el eir avjovs i^earpdrevaav,
Kav 5 tco tcaipS) tovto) eXade 6 ttjv %cbpav avTcov
Sie^eXOcov. tcai Ste/3r) av Kal tov Oviaovpyov, el
pur) tcov tc i7TLT7)SeL0)V icnrdvtcre Kal 6 ^eipLcov
eveo-TY) Kai ti Kal o~p,r)vo<; iv tco o~TpaToireScp avTov

3 co<f)0rj. out' ovv rrepaiTepco Bia TavTaTTpoexco-
prjere, Kal €9 ttjv cjtiXiav avaKopu%6pbevo<; Beivco<;
eKivBvvevaev' oi yap iroXepbioi aXXco? tc iviSpais
avTov eKaKcoaav, Kai iroTe €9 cttcvov koX koIXov
%(opLOV fcaTarckelcravTe's oXiyov BcecfrOeipav, Kav
iracravBl av 7 dircoXecrav, el pur) KaTa<j>povt]cravT€<;
o~<p(DV e!>9 Kal eaXcoKOTcov Kal pta$ €7nK07rr)<; 8

1 (ppiaiwv M, <pp(i<ri(cu V.

2 7rpo€x«pi]<r€ Leuncl., irpotT^x^pv^^ VM.

3 Oviaovpyov Leuncl., ovtffovTpov VM. (and similarly just
below). . ]

366

BOOK LIV

left high and dry by the ebb of the ocean. He was b.o. 12
saved on this occasion by the Frisians, who had
joined his expedition with their infantry, and with-
drew, since it was now winter. Upon arriving in b.c. 11
Rome he was appointed praetor urbanus, in the
consulship of Quintius Aelius and Paulus Fabius,
although he already had the rank ot praetor. At
the beginning of spring he set out again for the war,
crossed the Rhine, and subjugated the Usipetes.
He bridged the Lupia, 1 invaded the country of the
Sugambri, and advanced through it into the country
of the Cherusci, as far as the Visurgis.* He was
able to do this because the Sugambri, in anger at
the Chatti, the only tribe among their neighbours
that had refused to join their alliance, had made a
campaign against them with all their population ;
and seizing this opportunity, he traversed their
country unnoticed. He would have crossed the
Visurgis also, had he. not run short of provisions,
and had not the winter set in and, besides, a swarm
of bees been seen in his camp. Consequently he
proceeded no farther, but retired to friendly terri-
tory, encountering great dangers on the way. For
the enemy harassed him everywhere by ambuscades,
and once they shut him up in a narrow pass and all
but destroyed his army; indeed, they would have
annihilated them, had they not conceived a con-
tempt for them, as if they were already captured
and needed only the finishing stroke, and so come

1 The Lippe. a The Weser.

4 idekiiffavrds Bk., Be\i\<Tavras VM. 6 km Rk., Kai VM.
6 lAafle M, SUhade V. 7 &»/ M, om. V.

8 JirtKOTTTJS M, ivt(TK0Trr}5 V.

367

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

4 optcop ofxoae ayroi? aavvra/croi 1 ixcoprjaav, vi-
tcrjOevres yap itc tovtov ovk€0' ofjuoico? idpaav-
vovto, dXXa iroppcoOev fxev <r<£a? irapeXxmovp,
iyyvs Se ov irpoarjeaav, &<rre top Apovaop clptl-
KaTacfrpoptfo-apTa avTcop i/cel re fj 2 o re Aoyirid?
Kal 6 'E\/<7a>f <TV/jijjLiypvpTai (frpovpiop tl afytaip
iiriTeixto-cu, real erepop ip XaTTO£? trap avTco tco

5 'Vrjvco. Sta p,€P ovp ravra ra? re Ittipuciovs
re/las /cat to eVi /ceXrjTO? €? to ao~TV iaeXdaai, tj)
T€ tov apOvTr&TOV i^ovaia, iirethav hiao~Tpa-
Trjyrjarj t Xprivao-Qai eXafte. to yap opofia to tov
avTOtcpaTOpos iir^ripicdr) p,h> viro tcop cTTpa-

TlCOTCOP Kal €K€LP(t> TOT€ KoX TCO TtfieplCp 7Tp0T€p0P f

ov 3 fxeproi irapa tov AvyovaTov i8607) r nanrep
avTOv cltt* ap,<j>OTepcop tcop epycop top apiOfiov tt/?
iiri/cXtfaetos av^tfaaPTOs.
34 'Ei> cS 8* ovp 6 Apovcros TavT enrpaTTep, r\ t€
iraprjyvpis r\ tj) aTpaTTjyla avTOV TTpocrr)KOvaa
TroXvTeXea-TaTTi iTrottfdr), /cal ra yepedXia Ta tov
AiyovcTov Kal ip tco lit it oh pdpbco Kal ip Tjj aXXrj

2 TroXec TToXXaxoOt Orjpicov acf>ayai<; eTi/jLtjOrj. Kal
tovto pep, Kafooi firj y{r7](j)io-0ip r ip iracriv a>9
eiirelp xot? eT€cri 717309 tlpo<? tcop del <jt paTrjyovPTCop
iylypeTO' tcl 8e S?) AiyovaTaXia, a Kal pvp ayeTai,
tot€ irpcoTOP iK 86yfxaT0<; iTeXiadi].

3 "O T€ Tiftepios tov9 re AeXfiaTas peox/juocrapTas
Kal Toi? Uappopiov? jiCTa tovto 717309 t€ ttjp
iKelvov Kal 777309 ttjp tov 7rXetopo<; aTpaTOV airov-
aiap p€C0Tepio~aPTa<; i^tpcoaaTO, iroXeficop T€ ajxa

1 kcflvTCLKToi M, aavvraKrov V.
* £ M, V.

8 irp6r€poy ov Leuncl., oit vp6repov VM»

368

BOOK LIV

to close quarters with them in disorder. This led B .o. 11
to their being worsted, after which they were no
longer so bold, but kept up a petty annoyance of
his troops from a distance, while refusing to come
nearer. Drusus accordingly conceived a scorn of
them in his turn and fortified a stronghold against
them at the point where the Lupia and the Eliso 1
unite, and also another among the Chatti on the
bank of the Rhine. For these successes he received
the triumphal honours, the right to ride into the
city on horseback, 2 and to exercise the powers of a
proconsul when he should finish his term as praetor.
Indeed, the title of imperator was given him by the
soldiers by acclamation as it had been given to
Tiberius earlier; but it was not granted to him by
Augustus, although the number of times the em-
peror himself gained this appellation was increased
as the result of the exploits of these two men.

While Drusus was thus occupied, the festival
belonging to his praetorship was celebrated in the
most costly manner ; and the birthday of Augustus
was honoured by the slaughter of wild beasts both
in the Circus and in many other parts of the city.
This was done almost every year by one of the praetors
then in office, even if not authorised by a decree ;
but the Augustalia, which are still observed, were
then for the first time celebrated in pursuance of
a decree.

Tiberius subdued the Dalmatians, who began a
rebellion, and later the Pannonians, who likewise
revolted, taking advantage of the absence of himself
and the larger part of his army. He made war

1 The Alme, uniting with the Lippe at Paderboru. The
usual classical form of the name is Aliso.

2 That is, to celebrate an ovatio,

369

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

a/JL(f)OT€pOl<;, KCtX TOT€ fJL€V TJj T0T€ &€ TTj JJL€0l(TTd-

fievos, &ctt€ KaX tcov affXcov 1 tcov avTcov tco Apovacp

4 tv X € ^ v ' IC ^ LIC tovtov teal fj AeXfiaria 2 rfj tov
Avyovarov <f>povpa, cbs KaX oirXcov tivcov deX KaX
hi eavrrjv KaX Sea ttjv tcov Uavvovi'cov yetToviav
&€op,ivr), irapehoOi}.

5 Ovtoi fiev hi) ravr eirpaaaov ev he hrj rols
avTOis tovtois %p6voi$ OvoXoyaicrrjs 3 Spa^ B^crr
a 25± l€ P €V< * T °V ^ a P CLVTQLS Aiovvcrov, TrpoaeTToirf-
aaro Tivas iroXXa Oeidaas, KaX /jlct avTcov 4e°JL

(TTia? TOV T€ 'PaCTKVTTOpiV TOP TOV KoTU09 VLOV

VLKrj<ra<; aTr&Kjetve, KaX tov delov avTOv tov 'Pv/lm/-
to\k7]v [xeTa TavTa ajxayeX yv/JLVcocras tcov hvvd-
fiecovTf} irapa tov deov 5 ho^rj cpvyeTv eirolrjcre, KaX
avTov eirihitoKcov £9 T€ tt)v Xepp6vr)crov eveffaXe

6 KaX heivw avTrjv iXv/njvaTo. a>9 ovv ovTo$~~Te
TavT €7rolei KaX oi SfaXerat tt)V MaKehoviav
eKaKovpyovv, Aovkio? Xliacov ck UafMfrvXid?*, 979
rjpX 6 * TipoaeTdyOr) crcf)icrr KaX TTpoava^cop^crdvTcov
otKahe tcov J$r)o~ccov eTreihrj eirvvOdvovTO atTOv
irpoGtovra, *e? T€ ttjv yrjv avTcov a<f>iiceTO, KaX
fjTTrjdels to irpcoTOV avTeneKpaTrjae, KaX eKelvrjv re
KaX ttjv tcov irpocryjiipcov tcov avveiravaaTavTcov

7 ac\)L(Jiv i7r6p8r)CT€. KaX totc tov<; fiev e0eXovTas
TrpoaOefievos 6 to 1)9 S' aKovTas eKirX^a^, tois he
KaX eK TrapaTatjeco? avvevexOels, irdvfas avTOvs
virrjydyeTO, KaX fieTa tovto veo^fnoaavTa^ Tivas
avTcov avdis KaTehovXcocraTo. KaX avTco hia TaOxa
KaX iepofii]vlai KaX TifiaX eiriviKioi ihoOrjaav,

1 &d\wv Bk., &\\u>y VM. 2 AfK/naria St., SaAjuaWa VM.

3 Ouo\oyalarr}s Reim., f$ovKoyal<T7)S VM.

* 8r)<r<r6s V, 0€<ra6$ M. 5 Ocov Bk., ddov VM.

6 irpoaOefievos Oddey, irpocdefxivovs VM.

370

i BOOK LIV

upon both of them at once, shifting now to one b.o. u
front and now to the other. As a result of his
success he gained the same prizes as Drusus. After
this Dalmatia was given over into the keeping of
Augustus, because of the feeling that it would always
require armed forces both on its own account and
because of the neighbouring Pannonians.

These men, then, were thus engaged. At this
same period Vologaesus, a Bessian from Thrace and
a priest of the Dionysus worshipped by that people,
gained a following by - practising many divinations,
and with these adherents revolted. He conquered
and killed Rhascyporis, the son of Cotys, and after-
wards, thanks to his reputation for supernatural
power, he stripped Rhoemetalces, the victim's uncle,
of his forces without a battle and compelled him to
take flight. In pursuit of him he invaded the Cher-
sonese, where he wrought great havoc. Because of
these deeds of his and because of the injuries the
Sialetae were causing to Macedonia, Lucius Piso was
ordered to proceed against them from Pamphylia,
where he was governor. The Bessi, now, when they
heard that he was drawing near, retired homeward
ahead of him. So he came into their country, and
though defeated at first, vanquished them in turn
and ravaged both their land and that of the neigh-
bouring tribes which had taken part in the uprising.
At this time he reduced all of them to submission,
winning over some with their consent, terrifying
others into reluctant surrender, and coming to terms
with others as the result of battles ; and later, when
some of them rebelled, he again enslaved them.
For these successes thanksgivings and triumphal
honours were granted him.

371

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

5 'Ei> <& 8* ovv irceiva eyiypcTO, 6 Avy ovcttos
diroypafyd*; re eTroirjaaTO, irdvra tcl virdpyoPTa oi
Kadduep t*9 IBlcott}? a7roypayjrdp,epo$, teal ttjp
ftovXrjp /careXi^aro. opcop Be on ovtc del oiv^pol
avpeXeyopTO, e/ceXevae ra BoyfMara avTr)<; ical(ip
iXdrroaiv rj TeTpaKoaLois yLyveaOar ov yap e^rjp

2 Tiva K i/c tov irplv aUw? tcvpovadai. iiretBi] re
dpyvpiop avdis eiicbvas avrov 1 ical eKeiprj teal 6
Br)/JLo<; avpearjpey/cap, kavjov fiev ovBe/iiap, ^Tyieias
Be Sr}fioaLa<i ical irpoaerL ical 'Ofiovoia? JLiprjprjs
re earrjerep. del re yap &>9 elrrelv tcal^iirl irdarj
7rpo<f)dcrei tovt endow, ical TeXos icau ev airy tjj
7rpcoTT) tov erov 9 V^P a ouKert IBLa ttov /caTeffaX-
Xop avro, aW* avTG> i/ceipq) irpoaiovre^ oi fj,ev

3 irXelop oi Be eXaTTOp eBLBocrav. ical 89 Trpocdel^
ap erepov togovtop rj ical TrXeop dpreBiBov, ov\
07Tft)9 T0Z9 fiovXevral? dXXd ical ro?9 aXXots. rjBr)
Be)ical etceivo rjKovaa, on teal dXXo ri dpyvpiov(etc
Xoylov Tivby fj ical oveLpajos^apd tcov itpoaTv^ov-
tcop o/,)a>9 fcal irppaancovjev fiia tov erovs rjfxepa
eXdfiftave.

4 ~~Kal rovro jj,ev, ei ye t<o ttlcttop, ovtco irapaBe-
Borar ev Be ra> erec e/ceLvcp tx)v re *lovXlav 7<p
TiftepiG) ayvwtciq-e, /cal rrjv 'O/craovlav ttjp dBeX-
(fyrjv dirodavovaav Trpoidero (eirl rov 'lovXieiov 2 ,
rjpatov, irapaTrerda-fidTi ical Tore eirl tov ve/cpouj

5 xprjadfxevo*;. ical avTO? re e/cel top eiriTdcfrLop
elire, /cal 6 Apovo~o$ eVt tov firjfxaTO*;* Brjjioaiop
yap to irevOos dXXa^afiepcop tyjp eaOrfTa tcop
fiovXevTcov eyeveTo. ical to pep aco/xa avTt)^ oi

3 avrov Zon., iaurov VM.

2 'lovAiclov Dind., lovviov VM.

372

BOOK LIV

While these events were occurring, Augustus b.c. 11
took a census, making a list of all his own property
like any private citizen ; and he also made a roster
of the senate. As he saw that sometimes there were
not many present at the meetings of that body, he
ordered that its decrees should be passed even when
less than four hundred were present ; Tor hitherto
no decree could have validity if passed by a smaller
number. When the senate and the people once
more contributed money for statues of Augustus, he
would set up no statue of himself, but instead set
up statues of Salus Publica, Concordia, and Pax.
The citizens, it seems, were nearly always and on
every pretext collecting money for this same object,
and at last they ceased paying it privately, as one
might call it, but would come to him on the very
first day of the year and give, some more, some less,
into his own hands ; and he, after adding as much
or more again, would return it, not only to the
senators but to all the rest. I have also heard the
story that on one day of the year, following some
oracle or dream, he would assume the guise of a
beggar and would accept money from those who
came up to him.

This is the tradition, whether credible to any one
or not. That year he gave Julia in marriage to
Tiberius, and when his sister died, he caused her
body to lie in state in the shrine of Julius ; and on
this occasion also he had a curtain over the corpse. 1
He himself delivered the funeral oration there, and
Drusus delivered one from the rostra ; for the
mourning was publicly observed and the senators
had changed their dress. Her body was carried in

1 Cf. chap. 28, 3.

373

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

1 yafiftpol igrjveyzcav, Ta Be Btj sfrrjcfucTdivTa avry ov
irdvra 6 AvyovcrTO<$ eSe^aro.

Kdv tco avTco tovtco yjpbvcp o re Upevs tov Aio?
irpcoTov fiera tov MepovXav djTeBeljJh), zeal tol$
tci/jllcus Ta Boy para tcl 1 i/cdarore yiyvo/xeva Bicl
(pvXazerj^ troielaOai eKeXevaOrjy eTretBr) 01 re
tiapxpi zeal ol dyqpavofjuoL ol irpbrepov aura firi-
T€T pafifiivoi 2 Blcl TCOV V7rrjp€TO>V TOVT €7TpqTJ,OV f
zeal Tt? , eze rovrov zeal ScapapTia zeal rapa^rj
iyevero.

2 *Eyjrrj(f)la07j jiev ovv tov *Iavbv rbv Tefiivov a><?
/ecu ireiravixevcov tcov iroXe/ncov (dvecozcTO yap)
zcXeiaOrjvai, ov fievroi /cat ezcXeicrdr}' oX- re yap
A a/col tov "Icrrpov TreiTrjyoTa Biafidvjes Xeiav tezc
ttj? Havvovla?) qyreTe/xovTO, zeal ol AeX^arai 3
7T/0O9 ra? icTTpd^ei^ tcov j^prifxaTcov €7ravearr}crav.

3 koX rovrov? fxev 6 Tiftepio? eze Trj<; YaXaria<i~eWrjv
fi€Ta tov Avyovarov iaeXrjXvOec, /cara7re/40@ei?
ave/crrjaaTO* tcl Be St) tcov KcXtcov tcov tc aXXcov
teal tcov XaTTcov (717)09 yap tov? Xvyd/xfipovs
/jL€Teo~T7)o~av, zeal t^9 5 %copa<$ avrcoy, r)v olzceiv irapa
tcov *PcofjLaLcov etXtfcpeaav, e^aveaT^crav) o^Apouaos .

4 tcl fxev izedzecoae Ta he ; €%€ipcoo~QTO^ zeal yuera

TOVTO €9 T€ TfjV 'Pci/t^U CTVV TCO AiyOVCTTCp dv€ZCO'

picrOr^crav (iv yap rfj AovySovviSc 6 tcl ttoXXcl
o5to9 7 iyyvdev Tot? KeXTofc icfreBpevcov o^ero^e),
zeal ocra iirl Tafc vizcai? etyr}<\>io~To ff zeal aXXcos
/caOrfzeovTa r\v yeveaOaL, eireTeXecrav.

1 to supplied by Kk.

2 iwiTCTpa/xfiivoi R. Steph., eiriyeypa/xfAWOi VM.
8 AfXfidrai St., daXfxdrai VM.

4 aveKTi)<raTo Pflugk, avtarriaaTQ VM.

374

BOOK LIV

the procession by her sons-in-law ; but not all the b.c. 11
honours voted for her were accepted by Augustus.

At this same period the priest of Jupiter was
appointed for the first time since Merula, 1 and the
quaestors were ordered to preserve the decrees
passed at various times, inasmuch as the tribunes
and aediles, who had previously been entrusted with
this duty, were performing it through their assistants,
and in consequence some mistakes and confusion
occurred.

It was voted that the temple or Janus Geminus,
which had been opened, should be closed, on the
ground that the wars had ceased. It was not closed, b.o 10
however, for the Dacians, crossing the Ister on the
ice, carried off booty from Pannonia, and the Dal-
matians rebelled against the exactions of tribute.
Against these people Tiberius was sent from Gaul,
whither he had gone in company with Augustus ;
and he reduced them again to submission. The
Germans,, particularly the Chatti, were either
harassed or subjugated by Drusus. The Chatti, it
seems, had gone to join the Sugambri, having
abandoned their own country, which the Romans
had given them to dwell in. Afterwards Tiberius
and Drusus returned to Rome with Augustus, who

i had been tarrying in Lugdunensis much of the time,
keeping watch on the Germans from near at hand ;

I and they carried out whatever decrees had been

I passed in honour of their victories or did whatever

1 else devolved upon them.

1 See vol. ii. 477, and note.

6 T7JS Rk., T7JS T€ VM.

6 Aovybovklbi R. Steph., \ovy$wvl5i YM.

7 oSrojReim., ovras VM.

375

BOOK LV

TcGSe iveffnv *v T$ ircvrrjicoo'Tf TrifiTTTy tS>v Aiwvos 'Poofia'iK&v

a. 'Hj Apotxros atrtBavev,

£. 'Hs rh Aiovlas rcficvos KaOicpdodrj.

y. 'tis rh 'Ayplirirov iretilov KaBiepdbSrj.

5. 'Hj rh fiipi&ndopiov 1 HaOifpwBi).

€. 'Hs Tif&iptos is *?6hov avcx ( *>PV (T€y *

£. Vis i] Aityovarov ayopa KaBifpu)6%

rj. 'fis 6 tow "Ap€ws vobs 6 4v avTTj &i> KaBtepwBrj.

B. 'CLs Aoticios Kaurap *al Tatos Kaiaap atriOavov.

1. *Hs Aijyovcrros Ti&epiov iirot-fjaaTo.

k. 'Ht Atovla Traprjve<T€v Avyovartp <pi\avBpwn6T*pov &p^etv.

A. lie pi tojv (TTpaT0ire5ft;i/ «al a>s 0/ to (rrpar hot iku XP^/** T «
5jo(K^<ro»'Tes Karfcrrrjaav.

fJL. 'HS <H PVKTO<f)V\aK€S KCLT€<TT7)(TCIV.

v. 'CLs Ae\fidrais teal Havvovlon Tt&cpios 4ro\4fxri<r€i/..

Xo6vov -nkridos %Tt\ exTcc/fa/Sewa, eV ofs &pxovr€5 oi aptOfioifinvoi
otoe iyhovTo

Nep&w Kkavbios Ti$. vL Apovaos ^
T. 2 KvIvktios T. wt. Kpi<ririvos
T. Map/cios A. v/. 3 K7)V<r<apTvos „

r. 'Atr^fios 4 r. vl. rdwos v1r '

T(0. K\au5<os 5 Ttj8. ut. Ncpwf rb £' ^ 9
IV. 8 KaAirovp^os IV. 7 v/. n/ffajf 8
AtKifios Aal\ios AckI/jlov vl. BaA&os H
T. 'Avrtarios T. vl. Overcp

€

1 SipifSirdopiov Bs., ScipiPirSptov M.

2 T. Bs., Ti M. 8 A. vl. supplied by Bs.
4 'Atrlvvios Bs., a<ridvios M. 5 KXavtitos Xyl., kA' M.
6 IV. supplied by H. Steph. 7 IV. H. Steph., y M.

376

BOOK LV

The following is contained in the Fifty-fifth of Dio's
Rome : — -

How Drusus died (chaps. 1,2).
How the Precinct of Li via was dedicated (chap. 8).
How the Campus Agrippae was dedicated (chap. 8).
How the Diribitorium was dedicated (chap. 8).
How Tiberius retired to Rhodes (chap. 9).
How the Forum of Augustus was dedicated (lacking).
How the Temple of Mars therein was dedicated (chap. 10).
How Lucius Caesar and Gaius Caesar died (chap. 10 a).
How Augustus adopted Tiberius (chap. 13).
How Livia urged Augustus to rule more mercifully (chaps.
14-21).

About the legions and how men were appointed to manage

the military funds (chaps. 23-25).
How the night-watchmen were appointed (chap. 26).
How Tiberius fought against the Dalmatians and Pannonians

(chaps. 29-34).

Duration of time, seventeen years, in which there were
the magistrates (consuls) here enumerated : —

B.C.

9 Nero Claudius Ti. F. Drusus, T. Quinctius T. F.
Crispinus.

8 C. Marcius L. F. Censorinus, C. Asinius C. F. G alius.
7 Ti. Claudius Ti. F. Nero (II), Cn. Calpurnius Cn. F.
Piso.

6 Decimus Laelius Decimi F. Balbus, C. Antistius C. F.
Vetus.

nl<ru>v Borghesi, v[<r<av rh ttvrtpov M.
9 i)jr. supplied by Bs.

i' ;

377

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

AijyovffTos rh i&' „
A. 1 YLopvl)Kios II. vi. ZSuAAai
T. Ka\ovt<rios T. vi. 2,a$lvos „
A. X\a<T(T\y\vos . . . vi. 'PoO^os 1
A. 2 KopWjAios A. vi. AevravKos H
M. Ova\4pios M. t/t. M€<r<rd\as MecffaXivos*
Aftyovtrros rb ty „
M. UKavrtos M. in. l£i\ovav6s
K6<t<tos Kopvi)\ios Tv. vi AevrovXos „
A. KaXirovpvios Tv. vi. Xllawv
T. Katffap Avyovarov 4 vi. „
A. Alfii\io$ A. vi. UavXos
IT. Ovivircios 5 M. 6 vi. g 8

IT. 'AA^tj^os 7 II. vi. Ovapos
A. AlMos 9 A. vi. Aa/x/as 10 „
vi.

2€|tos AlfAtos 13 K. ut. Karoy
T. 'S.ivrios T. ui. SaToypftvoy 13

A. OvaKeptos Horirov vi. Meoffd\as OuSXatffos 1 * t * 15
Tv. KopvqXtos A. vt. Klvvas Mdyvos
M. Al/jil\tos A. vi. A4mdos „
A. 'Appovvrios A. vi.

ASA. 16 AikIvios Afj\. vi. 11 Nepovas 18 2t\iav6s 19 „ 22
K. KaitciAtos'* K. vi." 21 MeVeAAos K P titik6s V "'
M. *oi5p t os 23 M. 2 * vi. KdfitWos

Nctfi/ios 25 T. vi. 26 Kvtvrt\iav6s V *'

Tavra fiev iiri re tov 'IouWou 27 1 Avtcovlov teal
iirl QafiiLov Nla%L/j,ov v7rdrcov iyivero, 28 T(p Be
i^ojjLevw erei 6 Apovaos fiera Tltov Y^piairlvov

1 A. KopvfjXtos . . . vi. 'PoD<£o$ supplied by Xyl. and Bs.
9 A. supplied by R. Steph.

3 M€<r<ra\ivos Mommseu, ^ MtccaXTvos M.

4 Avyovarov Reim., adyovtrros rov M.

5 Ovivikios Bs., ovwIkios f) jxtvovKios M. • M. Xyl., M.

7 'AA^vot Bs., &A07/POS t) a\<p7)Vio$ M. -

8 Ovapos for. Bs., uir otfapos M.

9 A. AfAiosR. Steph., \ai\ios M. 10 Aa/xiay R. Steph. , rafxias M.
11 'ScpoviXtos R. Steph., <Topovl\ios M. 12 AlfAtos Bs., alpiKios M.

13 Sarovpi'U'os Leuncl., caropviros M.

14 Ou<Ua«ros Xyl., ovdKaiaos M.

J * Ctt. supplied by Bs. 16 ASA. Bs., oSAoj M.
378

BOOK LV

5 Augustus (XII), L. Cornelius P. F. Sulla.
4 C. Calvisius C. F. Sabinus (II), L. Pasaienus . . . F. Rufus.
3 L. Cornelius L. F. Lentulus, M.Valerius M. F. Meaaalla
Messallinua.

2 Augustus (XIII), M. Plautius M. F. Silvanus.
1 Cossus Cornelius Cn. F. Lentulus, L. Calpurnius Cn. F.
Piso.

A.D.

1 C. Caesar Augusti F., L. Aemilius L. F. Paulus.

2 P. Vinicius M. F., P. Alfenus P. F. Varus.

3 L. Aelius L. F. Lamia, M. Servilius M. F.

4 Sextus Aelius Q. F. Catus, C. Sentius C. F. Saturninus.

5 L. Valerius Potiti F. Messalla Volesus, Cn. Cornelius L.

F. Cinna Magnus.

6 M. Aemilius L. F. Lepidus, L. Arruntius L. F.

7 A. Licinius A. F. Nerva Silianu3, Q. Caecilius Q. F.

Metellus Creticus.

8 M. Furius M. 1 F. Camillus, Sex. Nonius C. F. Quin-

tilianus.

The events related happened in the consulship of
Iullus Antonius and Fabius Maximus. In the follow-
ing year Drusus became consul with Titus Crispinus,

1 Or P., if we follow the form given in the Fasti Capitolini.

17 AtfA. vt. supplied by Bs. 18 Nepovas R. Steph., ovepvas M.
19 2iAia*>of Bs., <rt\av6s M. 20 K. KaiKi\tos Xyl. , k kcii\ios M.
21 K. vt. supplied by Bs. 22 vir. supplied by Bs.

23 $ovpios Xyl., <povpytos M.

24 Instead of M. vt. Bs. would read IT. vl. See Fasti Capitol,

25 Nwwos H. Steph., vwwios M.

-* A. vi. Leuncl., y. vt. M. 27 *lov\kov Bs., lovKlov M.

28 The words ravra . . . eyevero appear at the end of liv. in
VM ; Bk. placed here. V breaks off at this point ; cf. pref.
to vol. i. p. xxv.

379

VOL. VI. N

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

VTrdrevae, Kal avra> arjfiela ovk dyadd avvrjve^drji
TToWd fiev yap Kal aXka Kal ^eipLcopi Kal Kepavpols,
iroWol oe Kal vag\ i(f>0dpr)crap, &>erre Kal top tov
Aw tov Ka7rtTG>Xiou tmp re crvvvdcov avrov tca-

2 KcoOrjvai. ov fievTOi kcu i<j>povjij(jjl tl clvtcov, aXV
€9 re rrjv to)v Xdrrcov i(T€0a\€ Kal TTporjkde p^e^pi
Tr)s 2ou?7y9ta9, tt)V re ev ttogIp ovk draXanrcopco^
j(eipovpLevo<; zeal Toi? it poor pnypvPTas ol ovk dvai-
pLayrl KpcvTOiv. KavrevBev irpo? T€ ttjp Xepoi/cr/a'Sa 1
pLerecrTT}, Kal top Ovlcrovpyop 2 Siaftd? rjXacre

3 ptXP 1, T °v 'AXyS/of, irdpia 7rop6a>p. €K€LPOP yap
(pel Se etc t&v OvaphaXiKwp opejp, Kal e? top
d)Keapbp top TrpoQ-dpKTiop 7ToXka> pbeyeOei ixSL-
Scoctlp) irrexeiprjo'e p>ep 7repaiw8rjPaL ) ovk r^hvprjOr)
Be, dXXa Tpbitata crTrjaaq dpeyd)pv)ae' yvprj yap
Tt9 pL€l£(OP rj KaT(i dpOpcbirov <f)vaip airaPT^aacra
avT(p e(j>r) " irol SfjTa eireLyr), Apovae aKopeaTe ;
oi irdpTa aoi TavTa ISelp TrirrpcoTai, dX)C airidr
Kal yap aoi Kal twp epycop xal tov ftlov TeXevrtj.

4 rjhr} irdpeo~Ti" OavjiaoTOP pl€p)ovp{t6 Tipa (fxoprjp
^Trapd -ov haipopiov\ TOiavTrjp to> yepeadah ov

pL€PT0i Kat aTTiarTeip e^ar Trapa^pfj/ia yap diriftT],
airovhff re vTroGTpetyapTOs avjov Kal \£p Tjj 6&a>S
poaco Tip'iy irplp IttI top 'Prjpov, iX0€ip t TeXevTi)-

5 crapTOS. xaC fioi TeKpLTjpiol to X€%0€p otl Kal

XvKOL 7T€pl TO CTTpaTOTTeSoP ) V7T0 TOP ddpaTOP

avTOV TrepiPOGTOvPTes copvopTO, Kal peapicrKoi Svo
Sea p,eo~ov tov Ta(j)pevpaTo^ SuTTTrevovTe? e5<jb##-
aapy Opfjpos T€ Ti? yvpaiKelos rjKOvaOr], Kal acrre-
pcop hiahpopual iyepoPTO.

1 XfpovatciSa Bk. , x €t P ov(rKtap ^«

2 Ovlaovpyov Reim., obaia ovypov M.

3 8o

BOOK LV

and omens occurred that were anything but favour- b.o. a
able to him. Many buildings were destroyed by
storm and by thunderbolts, among them many
temples; even that of Jupiter Capitolinus and the
gods worshipped with him was injured. Drusus,
however, paid no heed to any of these tilings, but
invaded the country of the Chatti and advanced as
far as that of the Suebi, conquering with difficulty
the territory traversed and defeating the forces that
attacked him only after considerable bloodshed.
From there he proceeded to the country of the
Cherusci, and crossing the Visurgis, advanced as far
as the Albis, 1 pillaging everything on his way. The
Albis rises in the Vandalic Mountains, 2 and empties,
a mighty river, into the northern ocean. Drusus
undertook to cross this river, but failing in the
attempt, set up trophies and withdrew. For a
woman of superhuman size met him and said :
"Whither, pray, art thou hastening, insatiable
Drusus ? It is not fated that thou shalt look upon
all these lands. But depart; for the end alike of
thy labours and of thy life is already at hand." It
is indeed marvellous that such a voice should have
come to any man from the Deity, yet I cannot
discredit the tale ; for Drusus immediately departed,
and as he was returning in haste, died on the way of
some disease before reaching the Rhine, And I find
confirmation of the story in these incidents : wolves
were prowling about the camp and howling just
before his death ; two youths were seen riding
through the midst of the camp ; a sound as of
women lamenting was heard ; and there were
shooting stars in the sky. So much for these events.

1 The Elbe. 2 The Riesengebirge.

38l

DIOS ROMAN HISTORY

& Tavra puev outco? eo"^e, irpoTrvOopLepo^ 8' o A#-
70U0-T09 oti voael {pv yap fjv iroppo)), top Ttftepiov
/cara Ta%o? eire^e* /cal 09 epurvovv re avrbv
fcareXa/Se /cal dirodavovra e? tt)p 'Fcofirjp i/cofuae,
ra /jL€P irpcoTa fiexpi tov %€J/xao7of tov arparov
Sid re tcop ktcaTOPTdpyjav /cal Sid tcop yCKidp^coPy
i/celOev Sk Sid tcop /cad' e/cdcTTrjp iroXiv irpcoTtop

2 fiaa-Taaas. teal avrov ip tjj dyopa irporeOepro^
BnrXovs 6 err it actios i\ej(6r)' o re yap Ti fiipio s
IpravQa avrbv iirrjpetre, tcai 6 Avyovtrros iv rco
QXapuviq) iTnrohpopLcp* ^eajr^drevTO yap, koX ov/c
r}v oi ocriqy fir) ov rd KaOrjKOPra^eirl T0Z9 /careip-
yaa fiipoi?) Trap avrrjv tt)p el'crco tov rrcofirfpLov

3 eaoSov iirirekecraL. koI o! fieih\€<; f re to "Kpeiov
ireSLop^ vitb tcop ImrktoPy tcop re ^e? rr)v linrdha
d/cpif3co$ rekovprcop /cal tcop i/c rod fiovXevri/cov
yepovs optcov, riVSxOj], /cdpravOa irvpl Bo6as(i<; to
toO Avyovcrrov fiprjfjLeloP; KareTedrjy Tep tiapi/cp s. re
p.erd tcop TratScop) iirovoiiacffeLs, /cal rifid? /cal
el/copcop /cal dyfrl&os /ceporacpiov Tefrrpbs avrco tw
'PrjvmXa^cov.

4 'O C€ ^r) TL/Sepio? tcop T€ AeXfiarcov /cal tcop
Uavvopicov viroKiprfcrdpTcov rt av6i<$ £aWo9 en
avrov /cpaTjjcras, rd re inl tov /ce\??T09 eiriviKia
€7refiyjre, /cal tov S/jfiov tov<; jiev iv rco K.a7nrco\lc6
tou9 8* aWodi TroWaxbOi ihelirwae. icdp rovrcp
/cal rj AiovLa fierd rijs 'lovXias Ta9 yvvai/cas elari-

382

BOOK LV

Augustus, upon learning of Drusus' illness before b.c 9
it was far advanced (for he was not far off), had sent
Tiberius to him in haste. Tiberius found him still
breathing, and on his death carried the body to
Rome, causing the centurions and military tribunes
to carry it over the first stage of the journey, — as
far as the winter quarters of the army, — and after
that the foremost men of each city. When the body
had been laid in state in the Forum, two funeral ora-
tions were delivered : Tiberius pronounced a eulogy
there in the Forum, and Augustus pronounced one
in the Circus Flaminius. The emperor, of course,
had been away on a campaign, and it was not law-
ful for him to omit the customary rites in honour
of his exploits at the time of his entrance inside
the pomerium. 1 The body was borne to the Campus
Martius by the knights, both those who belonged
strictly to the equestrian order and those who were
of senatorial family ; 2 then it was given to the flames
and the ashes were deposited in the sepulchre ot
Augustus. Drusus, together with his sons, received
the title of Germanicus, and he was given the further
honours of statues, an arch, and a cenotaph on the
bank of the Rhine itself.

Tiberius, while Drusus was yet alive, had over-
come the Dalmatians and Pannonians, who had once
more begun a rebellion, and he had celebrated the
equestrian triumph, 3 and had feasted the people,
some on the Capitol and the rest in many other
places. At the same time Livia, also, with Julia,
had given a dinner to the women. And the same

1 He could not return the customary thanks to the gods
at this time because he was in mourning ; hence he remained
outside the pomerium until his period of mourning should be
at an end. 2 Cf. liv. 2, 5. 3 The ovatio.

383

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

5 acre, rd avra ravra Kal tg> Apovcrcp rjTOifid^eTO'
Kal ye ai avowal Bevrepov rrjv X^P LV a v T °v, irpbs
to ra vLfcrjrrjpia lev ifceLvai<s]avr6v eoprdaai, yevr)-
aeo~0ai ejieSXov. a\\ 9 6 fiev ir poaiTdciX eTO, r) Be Br)
Kioyia €lk6vq)V re iirl irapapAjQLa erv)(€, kcl\( €9

6 ra9 /jLi]T€pa<; t«9 rpl<; 1 re/covea? icreypdxfyt), oh
yap av to BaifAoviov, eiV ovv dvBpcov eire yvvai-
kwv, fir) Toaavrd/cis TeKveoaat, rovrcov tio\vm__
vo/ios, irporepov fievfud T779 /3ov\r)<; yvv Be$id rod
avroKpaTopo^ rd^rwv rpls 2 yeyevvrjKorcov hi/caicb-
fiara X^PJ^SJ aii ^ aT€ <r<l>a>$ p>r)T§ to*9 t^9 dirai-
Slas 67UT idiots ] ivexeadai Kal ra 1T779 TroXviraiBLa? )

7 ddXa ir\r)v oXiycov tiv&v fcapTrovcrdai. Kal avra
ovk av8 pwiroi pLovov dXXd Kal Oeol eyptcrKovrai,
iv* av tls tl avrols reXevrcbv KaraX'tiry Xaii jid-

3 ToVTO fJL€V Br) TOIOVTOV €(TTIV,J> S' KvyovGTOS Ta9

T€ tt}9 yepovvias k'Bpas iv pr)rai<; rj/iepais yLyveaOai
eKeXevcrev (eTreiBr) yap gvBev irpoiepov aKpift&s
irepl avT&v ireraKTo Kal rive? Bid tovto TroWd/ci?
varepi^ov, Bvo 3 fiovXa? Kara firjveh Kvpta? direBet-
gey, ware e^9 avrd^eTTcwayKes, ous ye Kal qjfojigs
2 eKaXei, Wfifyondv Kal ottgo? ye yu^S' aXXr) fir)Be z
jxLa <rKr}yjri$ rrj<; dwovaias avrois i/Trap^y, irpoae^
ra^e firjre BiKaarijpiov /jltjt dX\o firjBev tcov irpoa-
tjkovtcov afyiaiv iv eKelvq) Tco Kaip£> ftLyvecrO ai),
tov re dpidfibv rbvjis ttjv Kvpcoaiv to)V BoyixdjcovX

1 Tpis Leuncl., t€ rp\s M. 8 rp)s supplied by Xyl.
8 5yo supplied by Casaubon.

384

BOOK LV

festivities were being prepared for Drusus ; even b.c.
the Feriae were to be held a second time on his
account, so that he might celebrate his triumph on
that occasion. But his untimely death upset these
plans. To Li via statues were voted by way of
consoling her and she was enrolled among the
mothers of three children. For in certain cases,
formerly by act of the senate, but now by the
emperor's, the law bestows the privileges which
belong to the parents of three children 1 upon men
or women to whom Heaven has not granted that
number of children. In this way they are not
subject to the penalties imposed for childlessness and
may receive all but a few of the rewards offered
for large families ; and not only men but gods also
may enjoy these rewards, the object being that,
if any one leaves them a bequest at his death, they
may receive it. 2

So much for this matter. As to Augustus, he
ordered that the sittings of the senate should be
held on fixed days. Previously, it appears, there had
been no precise regulation concerning them and it
often happened that members failed to attend ; he
accordingly appointed two regular meetings for each
month, so that they were under compulsion to at-
tend, — at least those of them whom the law
summoned, — and in order that they might have no
other excuse for being absent, he commanded that
no court or other meeting which required their
attendance should be held at that time. He also
fixed by law the number of senators necessary for

1 See liii. 13, 2 and note.

2 Certain gods and goddesses (see Ulpian xxii. 6) might
legally be named as heirs, but it appears that they had to
fulfil the same conditions as the other heirs.

38s

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

dvaytealov \tea0 1 eteaarov eI8o? avra>v,l <5? yefiv
tee<f>a\aioi<; elireiv, hievofio0errjae t teal rd fyrffiiw-
fiaTa rols fir) Bl evKoyov riva alrlav rr}<; o~vve-

3 Bpeias dTroXeuro/ievois inrfv^rjo-ev* eirethrj re rro\-^

\a\rtoV TOIOVTWV, V7TO TOV TTkrfOoV^TOiV V7T€V0VV(OV/

drifKoprjra el'co0e ylyvecrOai, ic\ripovcr0aL re avrov?
el Gvyyoi rovro nroLrjaeiav, teal rbv del rrepmrov
\aypvra 6<f>\ia/<dv€Lv avrd etceXevcre. rd re ovo~
fiara o-vfnrdvTwv rcov ftovXevovrcov je'9 Xev/efo/ia
dvaypd'tya*; i^e0rjK€' teal (el; itcetvoij^feal vvv (car

4 ero$; rovro TTOLelrat. ravra fie* errl rr) 7779 av/i-
<f>oiTt]G€co<; avrcov dvdyterj) eirpa^ev* el 8* ovv wore
etc avvrv^las twos, fir) avXXe , )(0elev oaovs 'QJXpeia
ktedarore etcdXei (ttXtjv yap on oadteis av aujqcjL.
avro/epdrcop irapfjj ev ye 1 rats aXXai? r) fie pais lis
rrdvra oXiyov rb rwv d0poi£ofiivG)v rrXr]0o<; teal
Tore teal fierd ravra dtepifiws e^qrd^ero), i^ov^-
Xevovro fiev teal rj ye yvcofirj cryveypd^ero, ov
fxevroi teal reXos ri o>9 tce/cvpcofievr) iXdfiffavev^
dXXa avtcrcopiras eylyvero, oVcd? <f>avepbv rb Bov-

5 Xrjfia avrwv r}. rotovrov yap ri r) hvvafiis rov
ovbfiaros rovrov^rfXqi' eXXrjvlaaL yap avrb tca0-
drral* dSvvarov earl, ro 8 avro rovro teal ei
rrore [iv t6Vg> rivl fir) vevofiicfievip rj rjfiepa firf\
tca0r/Kovo~r) J )i) teal\e^Q) vopifiov 7rapayyeXfiaros,/
virb Girovhr)? r) 0pola0r}a av > rj' teal' evavrudOevrwv
nvwv 8r)/jLdpxa>v rb fiev Soyjia ovk r)hvvjQ0r^ yeve-
a0ai, rr)v 8e hr) yvwfirjv <r<pcov ov% vrrefievov drro-

1 76 Rk.. T€ M.

386

BOOK LV

passing decrees, according to the several kinds of b.c. 9
decrees, — to state only the chief points of the
matter ; and he increased the fines of those who
without good excuse stayed away from the sessions.
And since many such offences had regularly gone un-
punished owing to the large number of those who
were liable to punishment, he commanded that if
many were guilty, they should draw lots and one
out of every five, according as the lot should fall,
should incur the fine. He had the names of all the
senators entered on a tablet and posted ; and this
practice, originating with him, is still observed each
year. Such were the measures he took to compel
the attendance of the senators ; but if on any
occasion, as the result of some accident, fewer as-
sembled than the occasion demanded, — and it should
be explained that at every session, except when the
emperor himself was present, the number of those
in attendance was accurately counted, both at that
time and later/ for practically every matter of
business, — the senators would proceed with their
deliberations and their decision would be recorded,
though it would not go into effect as if regularly
passed, but instead, their action was what was
termed auctoritas, the purpose of which was to make
known their will. For such is the general force of
this word ; to translate it into Greek by a term that
will always be applicable is impossible. This same
custom prevailed in case they ever assembled in
haste at any but the usual place, or on any but the
appointed day, or without a legal summons, or if by
reason of the opposition of some of the tribunes a
decree could not be passed and yet they were un-
willing that their opinion should remain unknown ;

387

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Kpv(j>drjvai, ivojii^ero* teal avrfj fiera ravraf real f),
tcvpcoais /card ra irdrpia irrrjyero kcu r) hriicKriai^
6 rj rbv SoypLaros iire^epero, royro re ovv la^vpw
eirl rfkelarov roU rrcCKai rrjpt]0€v i^LrrfKov rpoirov
rivarjSrj yeyove t kcu to tcov arparrjycov' koI yap,
€K€lvol dyavaKrrpavres on firjSefiLav yvcofirjv,
tcairoi rcov hrjfidp-)(wv irporerip/r]pkvoi t e? rrjv
ftov\r)v icrecpepov, irapa fiev rod Avyovarov e\a-
fiov avrb Troieiv, virb Se Srj tov %povov d<f)rjpe-
0r]o~av.

4? Tavrd re ovv real rdWa a 1 totc ivofioderrjaev, e?
Te to avveSpiov iv XevKoofxaav yeypa/ufieva rtpok-
07jK€ irplv xprjfiariaai ri irepX avrwv, koX rot?
fiovkevr 'ai<sffi€0 9 ivbs eripov io~e\0ov&iv dvayvwvai
€TT€Tp€y}r€V, 07Tt»9 dv ri fir) dpjarj avrovs rj real
erepov ri fieXriov o-vfifiovXevvat 8yvrj0coo~iv cforg-

2 atv, ovrco yap ttov SrjjjLo/cpaTifcbs r)%lov etvai

WO~T€ TWOS TCOV GVO~TpaT€Vaafl€VC0V 7TOT€ aVTW

GVvr)yopr)\xaro4 irap avrov &er)0£vro<; to fiev rrpa)-
tov jTcov (frtXodv Tivdy &>? fcaX iv dayo\ia &v^
avvenretv avra> tceXevarai, eireir iireihr) i/cgipo$.
6pyia0€i$ €<j)rj " eyco fievroi, 6o~dtci<z iirifcovpias
y^petav eo-^e?, ovk aXXov rtvd dvr i/xavrov aoi
cVe/n^a, dW* auTO? iravra^ov Trpoeicivhvvevard
crov" e? T€ to BtKao'rrjpcov iae\0eiv /cal crvvrjyopr)-

3 aat oL <pi\<*> re Tivi Slkijv <f)€vyovTi a vv e^rjr do 0j] 1
7rpo€7riKOtvct)aa<; avrb rovro rfj yepova'iq* teal i/cel-
vov Te eaoyae, fcal tov Karr\yopov avrov ov% 07ra)9

1 & supplied by Rk.

388

BOOK LV

afterwards the resolution would be ratified according b.c. 9
to established precedent and would receive the name
of a decree. 1 This method, strictly followed for a
long period by the men of old time, has in a way
already become null and void, as has also the special
privilege of the praetors. For they, becoming in-
dignant that they could bring no proposal before the
senate, though they outranked the tribunes, received
from Augustus the right to do so, but in the course
of time were deprived of it.

These and the other laws which Augustus enacted
at this time he had inscribed on tablets and posted
in the senate before bringing them up for con-
sideration, and he allowed the senators to enter the
chamber in groups of two and read them, so that
if any provision did not please them, or if they could
advise anything better, they might speak. He was
A very desirous indeed of being democratic, as one or
; two incidents will illustrate. Once, when one of
J those who had campaigned with him asked him for
, his assistance as advocate, though he at first
J pretended to be busy and bade one of his friends
• speak in the man's behalf, yet when the petitioner
became angry and said, "But I, whenever you had
I need of my assistance, did not send some one else to
you in place of myself, but personally encountered
dangers everywhere in your behalf," the emperor
then entered the court-room and pleaded his friend s
cause. He also stood by a friend who was de-
fendant in a suit, after having first communicated his
purpose to the senate ; and he saved his friend, but
was so far from being angry with the friend's ac-

1 It was now a seTvatus consultum, and no longer merely
senatus auctoritas.

389

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

hi opyfjs ecr%€ reaiirep irdvv iroXkfj Trapprjaia
XprjadfAevov, aWa real evffvvofievov iirl tois t/do-
7ro£? cKprjreev, elirtov avTitcpvs 1 otl dvayreala crcpiaiv,
r) irapprjaca avrov Sta ttjv tcov ttoWcov irovqpiav
elrf. aXkov? ye fMrjv iirtfiovkeveiv oi firjvvdivras

4 ireoXacre, real Ta/xia<;{€V re rfj irapaXLa Tfjfrrpbs
TTj iroket, ^tcai iv iripois real Trj<z 'lTa\/a9 ywplois ^
dpyeiv iirolrjae' real tovto real inl 7r\€ico err]
iyevero. '

Tore fxev ovv ovre rjOeXrjaev is ttjv ttoKiv Bia tov

5 tov Apovaov ddvaTOV, toenrep elirov, icreXOelv, tw
Se eret, iv co 'Acrivios re TdWos real Ydios
Mdpreio? vTraTevaav, ttjv re dcpi^iv iiroirjcraTo real

TTjV 8dcf>Vr)V 69 TOV Ai09 tov <&epeTplov TTCLph TO

2 vojii^ofievov icrrjveyree. real avTos fxev oiBe/uav
iirl tovtois eopTrjv rjyaye, 7ro\v irXeiov iv tco tov
Apovaov bXeOpcp ity/McoaOai rj iv Tats vvreais
ax^eXrjadat vo/jll^cov oi 8e hrj vttcltoi Ta tc dXXa
oaa eVt tois toiovtois yiyveTai iTroLrjtrav, recti ire

3 tcov al^pLaXdoTOiv Ttvas dXXrjXois crvvefiaXov. real
fiera tovO' 6 AvyovcrTOS, ahiaOevTcov real ireelvcov
real tcov aXXcov dp%6vTCOv cos ire Sereao-jiiov tlvos
aTroheheiyfievcov, tovto fiev ovtc i%rjXey%ev ovt
dpyr)V TTpocreiroirjaaTO elSivar ovt€ yap reoXdaai
Tivas ovt av avyyvcovai iXeyxOelcuv r/OeXrjtre*
tovs S^ v o-7rov8apxt><*>vTa<; yjpr)p>aTa{ irpo tcov
dpyaipzaicov cotrirep ti ivfyvpov \ TrporjTrjcrev, [inrl
tco jirfhev toiovto avTois Troirjcrai rj aT€prj0f]vai

1 &vriKpvs is omitted in M, but has been added in the
margin by an early corrector who indicates its place as
between eiirkv and 0ti.

39°

BOOK LV

cuser, though this man had indulged in the utmost b.c. 9
frankness in his speech, that later on, when the same
man appeared before him, as censor, for a scrutiny
of his morals, the emperor acquitted him, saying
openly that the other's frankness was necessary
for the Romans on account of the baseness of the
majority of them. However, he punished others
who were reported to be conspiring against him.
He also caused quaestors to serve along the coast
near the city and in certain other parts of Italy ;
and this practice was followed for many years.

At the time in question he was unwilling, as I
have stated, 1 to enter the city because of Drusus'
death ; but the next year, when Asinius Gallus and b.c. 8
Gaius Marcius were consuls, he made his formal
return and carried the laurel, contrary to custom,
into the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. He himself
did not celebrate any festival in honour of the
achievements mentioned, feeling that he had lost
far more in the death of Drusus than he had gained
in his victories ; but the consuls performed the cere-
monies usual on such occasions, among other things
exhibiting combats between some of the captives.
And later, when both they and the rest of the
officials were accused of having secured their election !
by bribery, Augustus failed to investigate the matter, ,
and furthermore pretended not even to know of it
at all ; for he was unwilling either to punish any of ?
them or yet to pardon them if they were convicted.
In the case of candidates for office, however, he
demanded of them in advance of the elections a
deposit of money on the understanding that they j
should forfeit this money in case they resorted to /

1 In chap, 2.

39i

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

4 rcov BeBo/jiivcov. Kal tovto fjiev Travres iiryvecrav

OTl^B* OVK €%OV OV Bovkoti KCLTCL BeCTTTOTO^ fiaGCLVl-

o~6r)vai i icekevoe v, oaaicis av XP € ^ a tolovtov tivo^
yevrjTai, to) Brjfiocria) avrov r) Kal eavT<p irLirpd-
GKeaOai, 07tg>9 o>9 aXXorpios tov Kpivofievov <qv_
igeTatyirai, oi fiev tjticopto, oti 6 vofios rfj tov
BecriroTOV jneraWayfj icaTakveadai €fieXkev t _ olSL.
dvayKalov avro €<f>a<TKov elvai, oti iroXKo X (Bia
tovto Kal eir avT(p etce'ivo? /cal^ilrl tclis dpyais

GVVlGTaVTQ.

6 Mera Be Br) TavTa tt)v t€ r)yefiovLav, KaLirep
a<f>i€i<;, &>9 ekeyey, eireiBr) tcl Beica ctt] to, BevTepa
e^ekrfkvdet, clkwv Br)6ev av0i<; vireo-Tr), teal eirl
tou? KeXxou? iaTpaTevae. Kal auro9 fiev ev tj)
oLKeia vTrepeivev, 6 Be Brj Tiftepios tov < Vr)vov

2 Biifir). (froftrjOevTes ovv civtovs oi /3dp/3apoi ifkrjv

TCOP Xvydfl/SpCOV 1 €7r€K7)pVK€VO-aVTO, Kal OVT€ TOT€

eTV)(pv tivos (o yap KvyovaTo? ovk €<f>r] o~$igiv
avev €K€Lvcov cnrelaecrOaC) ovS* vo~Tepov. eTTeyu^ay^

3 fiev yap Kal oi Ivyafiftpot 2 Trpeafieis, toctovtov
Be eBer)o~av z BiaTrpd^aaOai tl &o~t€ Kal eKeivovs
irdvTas, Kal 7roX\ov<; Kal iWoyi/j,ov<} ovTas, irpocr-
airoXeaOar 6 re yap AvyovaTO? av\\af3ow_
avrov? €<? irokecs riva? KajeugTO, Kal eKecvgj^
Bvaavaa^eTrjaavTe^ eavTOvs KaTeyprjcravTO. kuk
tovtov ypovov fiev Tiva r^crvyacrav, erreiT iirl
iroXkq) to 7rd07]fid crcfxov to?? 'Fcofialoi? dvTaire-

1 Svydfxppcov Bucher, Kavrdfi^pav M, Kavrd&puv U Q .

2 2vyafjL&pot Reim., <rvyya/j.$poi M and U G .

3 ibtTjaav U G , i8ei)d7)<rav M.

392

BOOK LV

any illegal methods. This action of his was approved U.c. 8
by all ; but it was otherwise with another of his
laws. As it was not permitted that a slave should
be tortured for evidence against his master, he
ordered that, as often as the necessity for such a
course should arise, the slave should be sold either
to the state or to him, in order that, being now no
longer the property of the defendant, he might be
examined. Some found fault with this, on the
ground that the change of masters would in effect
nullify the law ; but others declared it to be neces-
sary, because many were taking advantage of the
old arrangement and conspiring against both the
emperor himself and the magistrates.

After this, now that his second period of ten years
had expired, Augustus once more accepted the
supreme power, — though with a show of reluctance,
— in spite of his oft-expressed desire to lay it down ;
and he made a campaign against the Germans. He
himself remained behind in Roman territory, while
Tiberius crossed the Rhine. Accordingly all the
barbarians except the Sugambri, through fear of
them, made overtures of peace ; but they gained
nothing either at this time, — for Augustus refused
to conclude a truce with them without the Sugambri,
— or, indeed, later. To be sure, the Sugambri also
sent envoys, but so far were they from accom-
plishing anything that all these envoys, who were
both many and distinguished, perished into the
bargain. For Augustus arrested them and placed
them in various cities ; and they, being greatly dis-
tressed at this, took their own lives. The Sugambri
were thereupon quiet for a time, but later they
amply requited the Romans for their calamity.

393

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

4 hoaav. o 8' ovv AvyovcrTos tovto t€ ovtcqs
€7roLr)cre i teal T0Z9 arrpartcorai^ dpyvpLOP, ov% ox?

teal KeKpaTTjKOCTLy KCLLTOl TO TOV aVTOKpaTOpOS

ovofia kcu ai)T0<i \a/3cop koX tg> Tiftepiw Sou?,
aU' otl top Ydiov iv rat? yvfivaalai? rpre
irpcoTOP crvve^era^o/nevov <r<f)icriv ea^ov, e^apLaaTo.

5 TOP 8* OVP TlfteptOP €9 TTjP TOV CLVTOICpaTOpOS

apXV v &VTI tov Apovcrov tt poayaycop tt) t€ iirt-
/cXtfcrei itc€LP7) iyavpcoae koX vttcltop avda aire-
8eil;€ f ypdfifJLOTa T€ Kara to apyaiop €00$, zeal
it pip e? Ttjp a,pXV v so-eXOelp, £k0€ipcu 77-/00? to

KOLPOP €7rOL7)<T€, KCU TTpOCeTL KaX T019 ItTLPIKIOL^

6 iae/jLPVP€P' auro? yap iiceipa p,ep ovk rfffeXTjae
irefi^raLy e? Se Si] tcl yepedXca iiriToSpopiap diScop
ekafSe. tcl t€ tov irayfju^plov opia iir^v^ae, kcu
top firjpa 1 top Xc^tlXlop eiTLKaXovpgpop Avyov-

7 cttop dpTcopo/jLaare* {r&p yap aXXcop /top 'SeirTefi-
ftpiop ovtcos, iirethrjirep ip avT<b €y^&vvj]TO,
Trpocrayopevcrai iOekTjadpTcop etceipop avTOv ir po^_
eTifirjcrep, otl koX vtwtos ip a\)Tu> ;to Trp&TOP
cnreSeSeiKTo koX pdyas ttoXXcis koi fxeydXa?

€P€PLKr>K€l.

7 'E7rl fjL€P ovp tovtoi? iyavpovTO, tov Se Srj
^HaiKY]POv TeXevTTjcrapTOS rfXyrjae. iroXXd jiep
yap koX aXkaidTr* avTov dircoprfTO, odep Kaiirep

17T7T6L aVT(p OPTL KOI TO aGTvTeTri TTOXvV %pOPOP

€7T€Tp€yJr€, pLaXiGTa Se ocraKis aKpaTOTepw t£>
dvfjbw ixPl T0 ' T V$ T€ V&P opJV? civtop del 2 ^ipi^
2 Xve koX €9 to TjiricoTepop ii eOLa jT). TeKjiripiop §€,
SiKa^opTL 7T0T6 avT<p irpoacTa^, Kal lBcop otl

1 fxrjva R. Steph., /mev fxr^va M.

2 d«i omitted by M, but added in margin by early corrector.
394

BOOK LV

Besides doing this, Augustus granted money to b.c. 8
the soldiers, not as to victors, though he himself
had taken the title of imperator and had also con-
ferred it upon Tiberius, but because then for the
first time they had Gaius taking part with them in
their exercises. So he advanced Tiberius to the
position of commander in place of Drusus, and
besides distinguishing him with the title of imper-
ator, appointed him consul once more, and in
accordance with the ancient practice caused him
to post up a proclamation before entering upon the
office. He also accorded him the distinction of a
triumph ; for he did not wish to celebrate one him-
self, though he accepted the privilege of having his
birthday permanently commemorated by Circensian
games. He enlarged the pomerium and changed the
name of the month called Sextilis to August. The
people generally wanted September to be so named,
because he had been born in that month ; but he
preferred the other month in which he had first
been elected consul and had won many great
battles. 1

All these things filled him with pride ; but he was
grieved at the death of Maecenas. He had received
many benefits at his hands, for which reason he had
entrusted him, though but a knight, with the over-
sight of the city for a long period ; but he had found
him of especial service on occasions when his own
temper was more or less uncontrollable. For
Maecenas would always banish his anger and bring
him to a gentler frame of mind. Here is an in-
stance. Maecenas once came upon him as he was
holding court, and seeing that he was on the point

v 1 Cf. Suet., Aug. 31.

395

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

iroXXov? 0avar(O(T€iv fiQtoh iirex^pwe ^€v
Bid>o~ao~0ai rovs Trepceo-rrj/cora^ /cal iyyvs oi
TrpoaeXOelv, firj Bvvj]0as B^ eypa^ev e? ypap,-
fjicneiov " avdarrjOi rjSrj rrork, By/Me" /cal avrb
<09 /cal €T€p6v tl exov (e9 rbv koXttov avrov
epgtyjrev, &o~r i/ceivov fjLrjr diroKrelvaL riva /cal

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ovv /cal i/cetvo rrjs rov Mai/ctfvov aperrjsj Beiyfia
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avrov av0iardp>evo^ i (p/celcoro /cal rols aXXois
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/cal irpcoTO? afield riva ypafi^drcov Trpbs Ta%09

1 4v supplied by Reim. (and so Zon. cod. B).

39^

BOOK LV

of condemning many people to death, he attempted b.c. 8
to push his way through the bystanders and get
near him. When he was unable to do this, he
wrote on a tablet, "Pray rise at last, executioner! "
Then he threw the tablet into the lap of Augustus,
as if it contained some indifferent matter, and the
emperor imposed no death sentences, but arose and
departed. Indeed, he not only was not displeased at
such liberties, but was actually glad of them, because
whenever he was led into unseemly outbursts of
passion by his natural disposition or by the stress of
his affairs, these were corrected by the frank speech
of his friends. This also was a supreme proof of
Maecenas' excellence, that he not only made himself
liked by Augustus, in spite of resisting his impulsive-
ness, but also pleased everybody else, and though he
had the greatest influence with the emperor, so that
he bestowed offices and honours upon many men,
yet he did not lose his poise, but was content to
remain in the equestrian order to the end of his life.
Not only for these reasons, then, did Augustus regret
his loss exceedingly, but also because Maecenas,
although vexed at the emperor's relations with his
wife, had left him as his heir and had empowered
him to dispose of all his property, with very few
reservations, in case he wished to make gifts to any
of his friends or otherwise. Such was the character
of Maecenas and such was his treatment of Augustus.
He was the first to construct a swimming-pool of
warm water in the city, and also the first to devise
a system of symbols to give speed in writing, 1 and

1 This invention is usually ascribed to Tiro, Cicero's
freedman ; and Aquila is said to have made improvements
upon his system.

397

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

i^evpe, Kai aura Bia *Akv\ov direXevdepov o~v-
%vov<; i^eStSatje.
8 Tifiepios he iv rfj vovfiTjvtaf iv rj jvirareveiv fiera
TvdLov Tliacovos rjp^aTO e? re to 'OfCTaovceiov 1
ttjv j3ov\r)v rjOpoiae hid to e%(d tov TrcofirjpLOV

2 avTo elvcLLy kcu to ^puovoetov avjps iavrco iiri-
aKevdarai TTpoaTa^as, 07ra)9 to tc ihiov Kai to tov
Apovaov ovofia avT& iTTiypd-^ry, tcl t€ vcKrjTrjpia
tfyaye Kai to Tep,evio-fia to Aioviov oyvojuaapiivov
KaOUpwae pi€Ta t?}? firjTpos' teal ajrrhs., p>ev ttjv
yepovalav iv tw K^airCToyXiO), ifceLvrj he ra? yvval-

3 #a9 Ihia ttov eiaTiaae. Kai oi iroXkw vaTepov
Kivr/devTCOV tlvu)V iv tjj Yepfxavla i^pjxr)6r) % tt)v
he hr) TTavfyvpiv ttjv virep tt}<; iiravohov tov
AvyovcrTov ryevopievrjv o Tdios dvT avTov cvv t£>
Ulo~a)vi hie0r)tce. to Te irehlov to 1 Ay pLTTireiov,
ttXtjv TTj^crToas, Kai to hipifitTcopiov 2 auro9 o

4 AvyovaTOS ihrjfjioaievae. tovto p,ev yap [fjv he
ol/cos jteyicrTos twv ttcottotc jxvav 6pocj>r)v c^ovtcov'
vvv yap hrj Tvdar]^ t?/9 o~Teyr)s avTov /cadaipe-
delarjs, oti ovk r)hvvrj6rj avdts o~vo~Trjvai, dyavr)^
io~Ttv) Te * Ay piniras olKohojxovpievov KareXiire,
Kai tot€ o-yverekeadr)' rj^he iv t£> Trehltp crrod, r)v
7) Ila)\\ajq jiSehcpr) avTov rj Kai tov<; hpofiovs

5 St,afcocrfjLr}o~acra eVotef, oiheiro) i^eipyaajo, Kav
tovto) Kai al^^iTTijdfyioi iirl tw ^ Ay plirira oifkoz
ixaylai, <f>aidv iadrjTa tcov t€ aWciov tt\?)v tov
AiyovcrTov Kai avTO>v tcov vticov avTov \af3ovTcov,

1 * OKTaovieiov Dind., OKraoviov M.

2 Ztpi&ir&piov Bk., HeipifiiTwpiov M.

3 at Dind., of M.

398

BOOK LV

he used Aquila, a freedman, to train a considerable b.c. s
number in the system.

Tiberius on the first day of the year in which he was b.c. 7
consul with Gnaeus Piso convened the senate in the
Curia Octaviae, because it was outside the pomerium.
After assigning to himself the duty of repairing the
temple of Concord, in order that he might inscribe
upon it his own name and that of Drusus, he cele-
brated his triumph, and in company with his mother
dedicated the precinct called the precinct of Livia.
He gave a banquet to the senate on the Capitol, and
she gave one on her own account to the women
somewhere or other. A little later, when there was
some disturbance in the province of Germany, he
took the field. The festival held in honour of the
return of Augustus was directed by Gaius, in place
of Tiberius, with the assistance of Piso. The Cam-
pus Agrippae and the Diribitorium were made public
property by Augustus himself. The Diribitorium
was the largest building under a single roof ever
constructed; 1 indeed, now that the whole covering
has been destroyed, the edifice is wide open to
the sky, since it could not be put together again.
Agrippa had left it still in process of construction,
and it was completed at this time. The portico in
the Campus, however, which was being built by
Polla, Agrippa's sister, who also adorned the race-
courses, was not yet finished. Meanwhile the
funeral combats in honour of Agrippa were given, all
except Augustus putting on black clothing and even
Agrippa's sons doing the same. There were not

1 The Diribitorium was used for the sorting (diribere) of
the ballots used in voting. Pliny [Kat. Hist. xvi. 201 and
xxxvi. 102) speaks of its remarkable roof ; this was destroyed
by fire in 80 a.d. (cf. Dio, lxvi. 24).

399

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Kal evbs 777509 eva teal ttXciovcov 777509 ivov?,' iv tol<;
aeirrois Sid t€ ttjv e? tov 1 Ay pLiriTav TL/jir)v)ca)fSta

TO 7T0XXa TO)V TT€p\ TTJV dyopilV OLKoSo/JLTJ/jLaTCtyV K£-

6 fcavaOaL, iyivovro. Kal to fiev tov 7Tf/w clitiov
€9 tou9 %p€CD(f)€i\a<; av€<p€p€TO, a>9 Kal iirtrrfSe^
avTo irapaaKevdcravTa^ Xv diroKo^wGt ti tmv
Xpecov, avyya hoTgavTes i&fiiwaOar tTvyov Se

€K€LVOL /jL€V OvSeVOS, 01 $€ St) O~T€V(07Tol ilTlfZeXrjTcbv

tivwv €K tov Zrjfxov, ot>9 Kal o-T€VG)7rdpxov<; KaXov-

7 fiev Kal <7<})iai Kal Ttj iaOijTi ttj dp^LKrj Kal
pa/38ovxois SvOy iv avTols TOt9 %ct)/?/o*9 Syv av
apX 0)(rlv > r )l Jb €p ai <$ TicrX xprjaOai iBo0_rj,Jj_T€ Spy -
XeLa r) Tot9 dyopavofxois (tcov epbTTipnrpajxevwv
ev€Ka ) avvovaa iireTpaTrr], KaiTOi Kal iKeivcov Kal
tg>v 8->ifjLdpxa)v Twv T€ cTpaTrjyoyv iraaav ttjv
ttoXlv, SeKaTeaaapa 1 fieprj vefirjOeiaav, KXrjpcp
7T poGTayQ €VT(dv o Kal vvv yiyveTac.

9 ToaavTa fiev iv t<£ €T€L tovtcd iirpdydrj' iv yap
Br) Trj Teppaviq ovSev a%iov fivrjfiy)^ arvve/3r)* tg>
Se vaTepo), iv o5 Ta£09 re * Avtio-tio<; Kal AaiXio?
Ba\/3o9 v7raT€vaav f 1§<&v_o AvypvaTps tov re
Tdiov Kal tov Aovkiov avTov<; T€ fir) irdw, ola (iv
rjyefioviafTpefyofievovs, tcl kavTov rjOrj tyjXovvTa?
(ov yap OTi d/3p6Tepov_Jkf)yov, dXXd Kal iffpg-
ctvvovto' €9 yovv to OiaTpov iroTe KaS* eavTov

2 6 Aovkios iarjXOe) Kal 777)09 7rdvTcov Tcov^iv ttj

1 $€xaT€(r(Tapa R. Steph., 5e/ear«Wepa M.

400

BOOK LV

only combats between single champions but also b.c. 7
between groups of equal numbers on either side ;
and they were held in the Saepta both as an honour
to Agrippa and because many of the structures
around the Forum had been burned. The blame
for the fire was laid upon the debtor class, who
were suspected of having contrived it on purpose,
in order that they might have some of their debts
remitted when they appeared to have lost heavily.
They, for their part, however, gained nothing from
the fire ; but the streets were put in charge of
supervisors, chosen from the people, whom we call
street commissioners. 1 These men were allowed
to use the official dress and two lictors, but only in
the regions under their administration and on certain
days, and they were given control over the force of
slaves which had previously been associated with
the aediles to save buildings that caught fire. The
aediles, however, together with the tribunes and
praetors, were still assigned by lot to have charge
of the whole city, which was divided into fourteen
wards. This is also the present arrangement.

These were all events of that year, for nothing
worthy of mention happened in Germany. The next b.c. 6
year, in which Gaius Antistius and Laelius Balbus «
were consuls, Augustus was vexed when he saw that
Gaius and Lucius were by no means inclined of
their own choice to emulate his own conduct, as
became young men who were being reared as mem-
bers of the imperial house. They not only indulged
in too great luxury in their lives, but were also
inclined to insolence ; for example, Lucius on one
occasion entered the theatre unattended. They

1 Curatores viarum.

401

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY
7ro\ei) tcl /jlcv yvayfirj tcl Be Oepawela, KoXctKevo-

/JteVOV? 1 KCLK TOVTOV €Tl KCU fl&XXoV d pV TTTOfieVOV 9 1 '

(rd re yap aXXa kcl\ vttcltov tov Vaiov firjBe
€9 icj)7]/3ov<; 7tco reXovvra TtpoeyeLplaavTO 2 ), rjya-
vaKT7](7€ f kcll 7rppae7rr}V^aTO fi^Befiiav TOiavTqv
KCtLp&v avaytcrjv biroia iroTe 3 clvtov KCLTeXaSe^
yeveauat, wo-re tlvcl vecoTepov €lko(TI€tov<; vira-

3 revaai. eTreihrj re kcll &9 iveKeLvjo ol, Tore^rj^prj-
vai tlvcl ttjv apxv v tclvttjv XafifidveLV, otclv p,r)Te
rt clvtos dfxapTaveiv kcll Tat? tov Brjfiov airovBal^

4 dv6L(TTaa6aL ByvrjTtXL. teal jjl€Tcl tov6* iepcoavvrjv
fl€V TLVCL CLVTW KCLL T7]V €? to aweBpiov av/ncf)OLTya lv
to re GVv6eaa6aL kcll to avvea-TLaaOaL tjj fiovkf)
eScotce* ftovXrjOeU Be Brj rpoirov 4 tlvcl 5 /xaXXov
civTovs cray^poviaaL, t<o TL/3epLQ) ttjv tc i^ovaLav
Trjv Srifiap^L/criv 69 irevTe ctij fvetjxe 6 kcll ttjv
*ApfJbevlav dXXoTpLovfievrjv jjl€tcl tov tov TLypdvov

5 QdvaTOV irpqceja^e? o-yveftrj S' avTw kcll €k€lvols
tcai T(p TLfiepia /xaTr/v TrpoaKpovcraL, TOt9 fiev otl
TTapecapao-OcLL eSof*av, t&> Be otl ttjv dpyrjv ccvtcov
e^o^rjOr). dpueXeL kcll e? 'PoSo^ a>9 kcll ttcllB€v~
<t€<SsT~tlvo<; Beofxevoj; eo~TaXr) i iiryf dXXovs tlvcl?

jit]t€ ttjv OepaireLav iraaav eTrayofjuevos, iv e/e^

TToBtoV 0-(f)LCTL KCLL T7J O^GL KCLL TO L$ € pyOLS y€Vr}TCLL^

6 kcll TTjV T6 6Bbv lBlgotlkcos eTroLrjaaTO , irXrjV Ka6*

1 KO\aK€VO,U.4pOVS, 6pV1TTOfl€VOVS Pflugk, KO\aK€v6jU.€VOS, BpviTTA-

fxeuoi M.

2 Trpo€X €l pl< ravTO Rk., irpoex^iplcraro M.

3 7TOT6 Xiph., T6r€ M.

4 Between rpSirov and ("A)pet (chap. ]0, 2) two folios have
been lost in M. The text here given is a combination of the
epitomes of Zon., Xiph., and the Excerpta Valesiana (see
Introd. to Vol. I. xviii ff.).

402

BOOK LV

were being flattered by everybody in the city, some- n.c. 6
times sincerely and sometimes to curry favour, and
consequently were being spoiled more and more.
Among other things of this sort, the people had
elected Gaius consul before he was as yet of military
age. All this, as I have said, vexed Augustus, and
he even prayed that no compelling circumstances
might arise, as had once occurred in his own case,
such as to require that a man less than twenty
years old should become consul. When even so the
people insisted, he then said that one ought not to
receive the office until one was able not only to
avoid error oneself but also to resist the ardent im-
pulses of the populace. After that he gave Gaius a
priesthood and also the right to attend the meetings
of the senate and to behold spectacles and be
present at banquets with that body. And wishing
I in some way to bring Gaius and Lucius to their senses
still more sharply, he bestowed upon Tiberius the
tribunician power for five years, and assigned to him
Armenia, which was becoming estranged since the
death of Tigranes. The result was that he need-
lessly offended not only his grandsons but Tiberius as
well ; for the former felt they had been slighted, and
Tiberius feared their anger. At any rate he was
sent to Rho^s~6ri~th~e^"pretext that he-neededMn-

cid^nl^l^a^bit^^^ s ^"^^ n ^ anc * he- did not even
take his entire retinue, to say nothing of friends,
the object being that Gaius and Lucius should be
relieved both of the sight of him and of his doings.
He made^the journey as a private citizen, though he

5 nva supplied by scribe of L\

6 ti/et/ue Xiph , airev€ifj.€ Zon.

7 7rpo(T€Ta|€ Rk., irpo(rr)|e Xiph., irpo<JCK\l)p(t)<J*v Zon.

4°3

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ocrov tov? Uapiov? to rrjs 'Eo-na? dyaXfxa ttco-
Xtjaai oi rjvdyKaaev, ottcos ev tw 'O/jlovocig)
iBpy0.fi' /Kat^i<f~rr)v vrjaov iXBcbv ovBev oyfcqpbv

7 ovre eTTparrev ovre eXeyev. rj fxev ovv clXtj-
dearaTr) alrta rrjs &KBr}fjLia<$ airov roiavrrj 1 iari,
Xoyov Se Tiva e%6i Kal Bed ttjv yvvatKa tt)V
'lovXiav, otl [xriK6T airrjv <j)€peiv iSvvaro, tovto
Troirjcrar KaTeXiire yovv avrrjv iv rfj 'Fco/jltj. oi
Se ecfraaav yaXeiiy)vai avrbv otl fit) Kal J^alaap
dTreBei^Oi] oi Se vtt airov tov Avyovarov a>9 Kal
tow Traialv avrov eiTL^ovXevovra ifc/3X7]9r)pai.

8 otl fi€U yap ovre iraiheia^ eveica ovr dj3ovXtfcra$
rd BeBoyfxeva aTreBrffirjae, BrjXov e/c re tcov aXXcov
S)v fxerd ravra eirpalfe, teal etc tov tcW Biaff/jKas
airov evOvs rore 2 Kal Xvaai teal rfj /jbTjrpl tg> re
Avyovo-TO) civayvcovaL, iyevero' KareLKa^ero iravS*
oaa eVeSe'xeTo.— Xiph. 100, 18-30, Exc. V. 177
(p. 662 sq.), Zon. 10, 35.

9 T« S' i<j)e^r]<; €T€i BoBeKarov vrraTeycov 6 Ai/-
yovcrTOS €L<; rov$ icfrijfiovs tov Fdlov era^e Kal
€9 to ftovXevTvpiov dfia elarjyaye Kal irpoKpirov
dnecfiTjve rrjs veoTy}TOS tXapyov T€ (pvXfjs yeveaOai
iirerpe^e. — Zon. 10, 35.

10 Kal (p>€T* iviavrbv * teal o^Aqvtctos Ta? rt/xa?
ocrai tw Tat(p tw dBeXcfrq) airov iBeBovro eXafiev.

; dOpoLaOevros Se tov Brjpiov teal Iiravop0(ddr\vai
Tiva d^Lovvros Kal rov<; Brj/idp^ov^ Bed tovto
7rp09 tov Avyovarov TTepb^avro^ yXdev ijceivo*;
Kal rrepl wv iB&ovro afyiai ayvoiea Ketyaro* Kal
iirl tovtci) 3 rfadrjaav diravre^, — Zon. 10, 35.

1 roiavrrj cod. Peir. , rotate Val.

2 r6n Val., rb r6re cod. Peir. 3 rovrep ABO, rovro E.
404

BOOK LV

exercised his authority by compelling the Pariai^ to b.c. 6
sell him the statue of Vesta, in order that it might be
placed in the temple of Concord; and when he reached
Rhodes, h erefrained from ha juLsdity^ejm duct in both
word and deed. This-is— the truest explanation 01
Jus-journey abroad* though Jhere . is also a story that
he took~*~tfiisT course on account of his wife Julia,
because he could no longer endure her ; at any rate,
she was left behind in Rome. Others said that he
was angry at not having been designated as Caesar,
and yet others that he was expelled by Augustus
himself, on the ground that he was plotting against
Augustus* sons. But that his departure Mas not for
the sake of instruction nor because he was displeased
at the decrees passed, became plain from many of
his subsequent actions, and particularly by his open-
ing his will immediately at that time and reading
it to his mother and Augustus. But all possible
conjectures were made.

The following year Augustus in the course of his B .c. 5
twelfth consulship placed Gaius among the youths
of military age, and at the same time introduced him
into the senate, declared him princeps iuventutis, and
.permitted him to become commander of a division of
cavalry.

And after the lapse of a year Lucius also obtained b.c. 2
all the honours that had been granted to his brother
Gaius. On one occasion, when the people had
gathered together and were asking that certain
reforms be instituted and had sent the tribunes to
Augustus for this purpose, the emperor came and
consulted with them about their demands ; and at
this all were pleased.

405

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

10 *0 Se Avyovaro? to tov anohorovfievov 1 ifkrj-
#09 aopiarov bv e*9 etKoai fxvpLahas KareKXeiae,
teal <M9 yi rives Xeyovai, tea6* eva k^rjfcovra
Spaxfias eScotce.— Xiph, ! i00, 30-101, 1.
l a r fl9 ^ Avyovcrrov dyopd tcadLepcoOrj. — Index to
Bk. LV. 1. 6.

l b f fl9 o toO "Apecos i>ao9 o eV a^T?; a>z> /eadiepcbOrj.
—Index to Bk. LV. 1. ^

2 ... "Ayoet, 2 eavTov Sej/eal tov? eyyovovs, 6o~dtei<;
dv iOeXtfcrcdai, tov$ re e/e t<wz> iraLhwv^ efyovras
tcal% tol>9 i(j)r}/3ov<; iyypa<f>ofi€vov<; i/eelae irdvTws ^
d(pLKvet(T0ai, teal tovs [eirl Ta9 dp%d<; Ta9 e/cSij/jLov^

3 aTeXXofievovs eteeWev afyopjiaadai, tcl<; Te yvcbfias
Ta9 ^rept- twi; viter]T7)pLcov\€teei rrjv PovXtjv ttol- *
eiadat, teal tov? 7T€fJL^]ravra<; avra rq) "Apei tovtw /
teal to (JKryiTTpov teal tov arefyavov dvariOeyai,

teal €K€LVOV<? T€ teal TOt>9 dkXoV? TOU9 ^T«9 C7Tt-

vitelovs Tifjbcis Xafi/BdvovTas! iv tj) dyopafyaXteovs

4 to-Taadai, dv re irore o-rjfieia arpaTMOTitca 69
7ro\6//xoi/9 aXof to. dvateo/bLiaOf), if tov vabv avrd
TiOeo-dai, teal iravrjyvpiv Tiva irpos Tofc am-
ftaapLols )avTov (virb tgov del IXapxpvvTvsv *\jroi~
elaOai, rjXov re avTw biro rcov TLfirjTevo-dvT(ov

5 irpoGirriyvvadai, teal Trjv tc irapdo-yeo-iv tcjv
L7r7rcov T&v 69 ttjv iiTTT oS po fxiav dycoviov jjievcov j

1 aiToZoTOvfxevov L', fftroZovfxivov VC.

2 "Apet Morell, pei M.

3 i\apxovvra>v Bk., ttAapx "*'^*' M.

406

BOOK LV

Augustus limited the number of people to be sup- b.c. 2
plied with grain, a number not previously fixed, to
two hundred thousand ; and, as some say, he distri-
buted a largess of sixty denarii to each man.

EHow the Forum of Augustus was dedicated.]
How the Temple of Mars therein was dedicated.]

... to Mars, and that he himself and his grand-
sons should go there as often as they wished, while
those who were passing from the class of boys and
were being enrolled among the youths of military
age should invariably do so ; that those who were
sent out to commands abroad should make that their
starting-point ; that the senate should take its votes
there in regard to the granting of triumphs, and that
the victors after celebrating them should dedicate
to this Mars their sceptre and their crown ; that
such victors and all others who received triumphal

I honours should have their statues in bronze erected
in the Forum ; that in case military standards cap-
tured by the enemy were ever recovered they should

I be placed in the temple ; that a festival should be
celebrated beside the steps of the temple by the

I cavalry commanders of each year ; 1 that a nail should

I be driven into it by the censors at the close of their
terms; 2 and that even senators should have the
right of contracting to supply the horses that were
to compete in the Circensian games, and also to take

r 1 The seviri equitum.

• 2 This custom is not elsewhere recorded in the case of the
censors. In early times a nail was driven each year into the
side of the cella of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, for
the purpose of keeping official count of the years. After the
practice had lapsed for a time, it was again rerived on the
occasion of great disasters or dangers, as a propitiatory rite,

4 and a dictator was sometimes chosen for this sole purpose in

I the absence of both consuls.

407

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ical TYjv tov vaov (pvXaicrjp ical fSovkevTai? epyo-
Xaffeip e^elvat, tcaBdirep eirl ts tov ' A7t6XXq)po$
ical eirl tov Aibs tov YLairLTwXiov ivevofio6eTr)To.

6 *EttI pep tovtois to pceyapop i/ceipo 6 AvyovaTOS
edeiwae, tcaiTOi tw T6 Tata) ical t&> Aovklco irdpTa
KaOdiraP tcl TOiavTa lepovv eVtTpejv/ca? viraTiKv
Tivt apxj} fcaTa to iraXaiov XpMfievois. Kat tt]p
ye lirirohpopLap avTol tot€ Bieffecrqp, Tijv T€
Tpolav icaXovpeprjp oi ncuh^jn^pjaigi^ /xera tov

7 ' Ay piirirov tov dBeX<j)ov avTcop 1 iTnrevaav. /ecu
XeoPTe? i^tjKOPTa ical Bia/cocriot iv rc3 lirTToSpofiw
icr<f)dyricrav. oirXopayia Tefep to?? Gemots) real
pavpayia iv t&5 yj&plw ev c5 ical vvv eTi arj^eld
Tiva avTrjs hetKWTac Uepo-a>p teal 'AOrjvalcov
€7roi7]0r}' TavTa yap tcl opbpaTa T019 vavjxa^ovaiv

8 eTeOr), ical ipt/cayp ical totc oi 'Affrjvaioi. ical fieTa
tovto e? T€ top <$>Xap,tPiop iirirohpofJiop vSayp
icrrj^V' Kai * v a^TcS fcpo/eoSeiXoi 2 eg ical Tpid-
KOPTa KaTeKOTrrjaap. ov fxeproi ical Sid iracrayp
twp rjpepcop tovtcop 6 AvyovcrTO? V7rdT€vaep,
d\\ y €7r okiyop ap^as aU« to opofia t^9 viraTelas
eSwice.

9 TcS pep ovp "A pel TavT ? eyepeTo, avT& he St) t&
Avyovo~T(p ay cop T6 lepos ip Nea 7roXec 3 ttj KfipL-
irapihi^Xoyco p,ep otl fcaiccoOeiaap axjTrjP Kalfvirh
aetcrpov ical vtto nrvpos dpeXafijp, to S' dXrj&es
€7rei&r} tcl tcop 'RXXrjpcop popoi t&p Trpocr^copayp

10 Tpbirop tipcl e^yXovPj iyfrtj<j}Laffrj l ical r/ eiraypvpia
rj tov iraTpbs dfcpifSa)*; iSodrj' irpotepop yap aXXcos

1 abrwv Morelli, avrov M.

2 kpok68€i\oi R. Steph., KopKuSeiKoi M.
8 Ne'a n6\et Bk., V€air6\€i M.

408

BOOK LV

general charge of the temple, just as had been pro- b.c. 2
vided by law in the case of the temples of Apollo
and of Jupiter Capitolinus.

These matters settled, Augustus dedicated this
temple of Mars, although he had granted to Gaius
and Lucius once for all the right to consecrate all
such buildings by virtue of a kind of consular
authority that they exercised in the time-honoured
manner. And they did, in fact, have the manage-
ment of the Circensian games on this occasion, while
their brother Agrippa took part along with the boys
of the first families in the equestrian exercise called
"Troy." Two hundred and sixty lions were slaugh-
tered in the Circus. There was a gladiatorial combat
in the Saepta, and a naval battle between the
" Persians" and the "Athenians" was given on the
spot where even to-day some relics of it are still
pointed out. These, it will be understood, were the
names given to the contestants ; and the " Athenians "
. prevailed as of old. Afterwards water was let into
I the Circus Flaminius and thirty-six crocodiles were
I there slaughtered. Augustus, however, did not serve
as consul during all these days, but after holding office
I for a short time, gave the title of the consulship to
I another.

These were the celebrations in honour of Mars.
I To Augustus himself a sacred contest 1 was voted in
Neapolis, the Campanian city, nominally because he
I had restored it when it was prostrated by earthquake
I and fire, but in reality because its inhabitants, alone
I of the Campanians, tried in a manner to imitate the
I customs of the Greeks. He also was given the strict
I right to the title of "Father" ; for hitherto he had

1 Cf. li. 1, 2.

409

DIOS ROMAN HISTORY

dpev yjr7)^>L(TfjLaT0<; iirecjyrjfAL^eTO. Kal /xivroL teal
iirdp^ov^ rtop Sopvcfropcov rore irpcorop Kvivrop re
'Qcrrcopiop %Kairov\av Kal TLovttXlop
"Airpov direSei^ev' ovrco yap roi avrovs /cat eyco_
jjLovovs rtop eirapypprtop TLVQ^^jTTeihrjiTep itcpgul^

11 KrjK€P, OPO/jid^CO. f €7T0ir)O'€ fl€V OVP fCa\ 6 HvXaSt)^

6 opxycrTr}*; Travrjyvpiv Tiva, ovk avros X£}$oyp-
yr/cras are zeal virepyrjp^ cop, dXXd rfj re <XK€vfj
rf) dp^ifcfj Kal Tofc dpaXcofjbacriv, iiroirjae BeJ/cal
Kwvtos KpLcT7rLvo<; crrparTjyos. Xeyco Spov rovro
dXX J on avhpes re Ittitt}^ Kal yvyaitces ovk d<j>a-
peis €9 tt)v bpyJ)GTpav err avrov iaTj^Orjcav.

12 dXXd ravra jxev ev ovSevl Xoyco 6 Kvyovaros
irldero, rrjp Be Srj *IovXiav rrjv Ovyarepa dtreX-
yaLvovcrav ovrco? coo-re teal iv rr) dyopa \al{eir
avrov ye rov /3ijjjLaro? Kal KCOfxd^eLp pvKrcop
Kal avfnriveiv oyfre irore (pjopdera? virepcopyiaOji.

13 KareUa^e /nep yap Kal rrporepop ovk opOco? airt)p
jSiovv, ov puevTOL Kal erriarevep* ol yap tol ra?
rjyefiovia'i eyopres irdvra fiaXKov fj ra a^erepa
ycypcocrKovat, Kal out avroL ri rov? trvpopra?
cov rroiovtri XapQdpovGLP ovre rd eKelpcop cucpi-

14 fiovcri. Tore 8 ovp jjloOcop ra rrparrofieva roaovr
rep Ov/Acp i^prjaaro coare fArjS* oXkoi avra 1 Kara-
o~X € w dXXd Kaljrri yepovala KOLPcocrai. ( KaK
rovrov } eKe'ipr) f fieu €9 UapSarepiap rrjv irpo?
Ka/jLirapia^ vrjerop vTrepcopLtrOr), Kal airy Kal 7)

1 aura Rk., avrhv M, auT&v cod. Peir. Xiph.

2 Kajuiravfy Xiph., Kafmaviav M.

4IO

BOOK LV

merely been addressed by that title without the b.c. 2
formality of a decree. Moreover, he now for the
first time appointed two prefects over the Praetorians, 1
Quintus Ostorius Scapula and Publius Salvius Aper,
— for I, too, apply this name "prefect" solely to
them, of all who exercise a similar office, inasmuch as
it lias won its way into general use. Pylades, the
dancer, gave- a festival, though he did not perform
any of the work himself, since he was very old, but
merely wore the insignia of office and provided the
cost of the entertainment ; and the praetor Quintus
Crispinus also gave one. I mention this only because

^fTwaT"6n this occasion that knights and women of
distinction were brought upon the stage. Of this,
however, Augustus took no account ; but when he
atJengtli- discovered that Tiis~daiighter Julia was so
dissolute in her conduct as actually to take part in
revels and drinking bouts at night in the Forum and
on_t_he~very rostra, he became exceedingly angry.
He had surmised even before this tim e that she was-,

~~not~Ieading a straight lffej but refused to believe Tt. /
For'those who hold positions of command, it appears,
are acquainted with everything else better than with
their own affairs ; and although their own deeds do
not escape the knowledge of their associates. •
have no precise information regarding what tiK
sociates do. In the present instance, when Augi
learned what was going on, he gave way to a rage so
violent that he could not keep the matter to_Mm self,
but went^sqjFar as to communicate it to the senate.
As a result Julia was banished to the island of Pan-
dateria, 2 lying off Campania, and her mother Scribonia

1 Praefecti praetor io.

2 The modern Ventotene, between the Ponza islands and
Ischia.

VOL. VI.

411

o

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

15 ^/cpifiwvia rj j^yrrjp e/covaa avve^eirKevae* tcjv
Be Brj %pr)cra/j,€Vcov avrfj 6 jxev v Iou\\o? 1 ,o 2
* Avtoovios, a>9 /cal 3 eVl tt} p,ovapyia\ov r ro irpa^aSy
direOave per aX\a>v tlvcop eirifyavoiv dvBpcov,)qi_ I
Be XoiTTol 69 vrjcrov*; vTrepcoptaOrjaav. /cal iTreiBrj
/cal Byfiapxps n<s ev clvtols rjVy oh TTporepov irpiv

16 Sidptjai* ijepbOr). e ttoWwv Be fe/c tovtov 5 )/cal
dWcov yvvai/co>v i(j> J ofioiow rtalv alriav \a/3ov-
<r(ov oi) nacras T<Z9 BiKa$ iBegaro, dWa /cal %povov
riva a<f>d)pi(T€v cbo~re tcl 7r,pb i/cetvov irpayfievra •>
fit) 7ro\v7Tpayfiov€ca0ac. \i7rl jap t>}9 Ovyarpbs <
fxrjBev 6 fieTpidaaSy aXXa /cal <f>i]cra<;_ on Qjoij37}$
irarrip fidXkov 7 fj i/ceLvr}*; yeyovevai rjOeXe, rcov
aXXcov i(peiBero. v\ Be Br) Qoift-q igeXeyOepa re
r?/9 y \ov\ia<; teal o-vvepybs ovo~a irpoaire Qave v
eKOVO~La y Bioirep kcl\ Avyovaros avrrjv eTrrjvecre.
— Xiph. 101, 21-32, Exc. Y. 178 b , 179 (p. 665).

17 "Oti Ydio? tcl arpaTOireBa rd 7rpo9 to3 "Iarp(p J
elprjvitc&s €7Tgef TToXefiov yap ovBeva eTroXefirjaeVy
oi>x otl ov/c eyevero, aXX' ore i/cetvos fiev ev re
rjavxia /cal dacf)a\eta apyeiv ifidvdavev, ot Be Br)
kivBvvoi aWois TTpoaeTaaaovTO. — Exc. V. 180

18 Twv 'Ap/xevlcov Be vecorepiadvrcov /cal rcov Udp-
$cov avrocs avvepyovvrcov akywv eirl tovtois 6^
Avyovaros r)ir6pei tl av 7rpd^rj' ovre yap avrbs
arparevaat 616$ re rjv Sid yr)pa<; f o re Hiftepios,
a>9 eXprjTai, fierecFTT] r)Brjy dXkov Be rtva irep^ai

1 "IouAAoj Bs., lovKtos M. cod. Peir. Xiph.

2 6 supplied by Bk.

3 Between ws koI and trepovs (10 a, 1) two folios are lacking
in M. 4 5iap|at Val., Stapirdcrat cod. Teir.

412

BOOK LV

vyphmtarily^c^mpamed....her. Of the men who had b.c. 2
enjoyed her favours, Iullus Antonius, on the ground
that his conduct had been prompted by designs upon
the monarchy, was put to death along with other
prominent persons, while the remainder were ban-
ished to islands. And since there was a tribune
among them, he was not tried until he had completed
his term of office. As a result of this affair many
other women, too, were accused of similar behaviour,
but the emperor would not entertain all the suits ;
instead, he_ set a definite date as a limit and forbade
alLru*ying„intojwhat_had^occurred previous to that
time. For although in the case of his daughter he
would show no mercy, remarking that he would
rather have been Phoebe's father than hers, he
nevertheless was disposed to spare the rest. This
Phoebe had J)een_a„freedvvoman of Julia's and her
accomplice, and had voluntarily taken her own life
before she could be punished. It was for this that
Au gustus praised her. .

"Gaius assumed command of the legions on the b.c. 1
Ister with peaceful intent. Indeed, he fought no
war, not because no war broke out, but because he
was learning to rule in quiet and safety, while the
dangerous undertakings were regularly assigned to
others.

When the Armenians revolted and the Parthians
joined with them, Augustus was distressed and at a
loss what to do. For he himself was not fit for
campaigning by reason of age, while Tiberius, as has
been stated, had already withdrawn, and he did not

6 e/c tovtov Exc. Val., om. Xiph.
* fxri$€v Xiph., fi^i cod. Peir.

7 trar^p fxaWov Xiph., /xaWov irarfyp cod. Peir.

413

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

t&v Svparwv ovk iroXfia, 6 Tdio<; Be Kal 6 Aovkios I
veoi Kai irpayfiaTcov eTvyyavov direipoi. (avdjfcijs I
S' iTriK6tfiev7]<;/rbv Tdiov eiXeTO, /ecu ttjv re ifjov- 1
a lay avrw ttjp dvOviraTOv real yvvaiKa eBcoKe v, I
ivaffcax tovtov) tl irpoaXd^rj agiayfia, Kal ol Kal 1 I

19 <TV jifiovXovs Trpoaira^e. Kal 6 fiev dcfxtypfiydrf
ivTL/jL<o<; Trapd ttuvtcov vTroBe^o/jievo^ ola tov avTo- I
Kpdropos eyyovo? rj Kal Trat? vo/jU%6/jl€VO<;, 2 real 6
Ti/3ipio<; £9 X/oz> eXdcov avrbv iOepdirevce, tcl$ I
vTToyjrias diroTpifioiAtvo*;' ijenrdvov re yap eaurbv I
teal vTreiwnev oi>x oti tw Tata), dXXa Kal 3 roi? I
/jl€t avrov over direXOow Be eh rrjv Xvpiav Kal I
fjurjSev fieya KarcapdcoKoos irpcoOrj. — Zon. 10, 36, I
Xiph. 101, 32-102, 4.

20 "Oti &>9 eirvOovro ol fidpfiapoi ttjv f iTUCTpa-
reiav tov Tatov, <£>pardKr)<;* eire^e tirpbs tov I
AvyovaTOV, virep t&v yeyovoTCOv diroXoyoyjievo^
Kal TOU9 aBeXcpovs iirl elprjyy aTraiT&v Kal avT<p
ifcelvos QparaKr) 4 cnrXu><; 5 i dvev Trjs tov j3aacXe(0^ '
eTTLKXrjaewiy dvT€7ricrTeiXa<; s to t€ ovofxa to /3a- »
glXikov KaTadeoOac Kal tt}9 'Ap/juevias dTTOGTr\vai
irpoaeTa^ev, { ifi cS) Bj) 6 _Tldp0o<; ov% oaov ov
KaTeTTTTj^eVy dXXa Kal dvTeypayfrev ol Ta T€ dXXa
VTrepfypovcos? Kal avTov (xev ftaatXea ffaaiXecov
eKelvov Be Kalaapa fiovov ovpjidaa^, 6 Be Br)
Tiypdvrjs evdv? jiev ovk iirpj^fieyaaTO," tov Be

' ApTafid&v voaco vaTepov TeXevTrjaavTos Bwpd T€

1 ol Kal AE, ol BO.

2 vofxiCSpsvos ABO, \oyi(6fievos E.

3 nal supplied by Bs.

4 */>aTa/ojs, *paTO«7; Bs., </>pcitc£kt7J$, <J>pafCTaK7j (but corrected
by first hand to (ppardKri) Exc. Urs. cod. A, QparaKrov Xiph.
VL', (pparaKTOV Xiph. C, QparaKTr) Xiph. VCL'.

414

BOOK LV

dare send any other influential man ; as for Gaius b.c. i
and Lucius, they were young and inexperienced in
affairs. Nevertheless, under the stress of necessity,
he chose Gaius, gave him the proconsular authority
and a wife, — in order that he might also have the
increased dignity that attached to a married man, 1 —
and appointed advisers to him. Gaius accordingly
set out and was everywhere received with marks of
distinction, as befitted one who was the emperor's
grandson and was even looked upon as his son.
Even Tiberius went to Chios and paid court to him,
thus endeavouring to clear himself of suspicion ;
indeed, he humiliated himself and grovelled at the
feet, not only of Gaius, but also of all the associates
of Gaius. And Gaius, after going to Syria and
meeting with no great success, was wounded.

When the barbarians heard of Gaius' expedition,
Phrataces sent men to Augustus to explain what had
occurred and to demand the return of his brothers
on condition of his accepting peace. The emperor a.d. i
sent him a letter in reply, addressed simply to
" Phrataces," without the appellation of " king,"
in which he directed him to lay aside the royal
name and to withdraw from Armenia. Thereupon
the Parthian, so far from being cowed, wrote back
in a generally haughty tone, styling himself " King
of Kings " and addressing Augustus simply as
" Caesar." Tigranes did not at once send any en-
voys, but when Artabazus somewhat later fell ill
and died, he sent gifts to Augustus, in view of the

1 See note on liii. 13, 2.

airAajs Xiph., om. Exc. Urs.
vir€p(f>p6v(o$ Exc. Urs., VTrepTjcpav&s Xiph.

415

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

T&j AvyovGT(p, ft)9 /cal tov dpTi7rdXov VTregypij-
21 fxevov ol, eVe/ii/re, to tov ftaGiXeo)*} opofia €9 tt)p
eTTHJToXrjv fir) iyypd'tyas, Kal rrjv ftacrikeLav Br}0ep
irap' avTov rjTTjcre. tovtois t€ 1 ovv prra^Oel^ Kal
top 7rok€/j,ov afjLd tov UapOtKOP 2 (froftrjOel? Ta re
Bcopa iBeljaro, tcai fieT iXiriBcop avTov y^p^GT&v le?
Tr)v Xvplav 7T/309 top Tdiop eXOeip eKeXevcrep. —
Exc. U G 36 (p. 390), Xiph. 102, 4—11. -
10a ... €T€pov$ etc Tr)<; AlyviTTOv iiTLaTpaTevaap-
Ta? afyiaiv ditediaaPTOy ov irpoTepop re ipJBoaap
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toix; 7re/jL(f)dr}pai. Kal etcelpos Be ep %p6pw^Ta$
KCLTahpopLas avTCOP eirea^ep, wcrre iirl vroXv jxr}-
Bepa ftovXevTrjp twp TavTrj iroXewp ap^ai.

2 TavTa T€ ovv d/ia teal to, tcop KcXtcop i/caivwdr^
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t&> "laTpq* ^coptcop r}px € > tou9 T€ * EpjiovpSovpov? j

L e/c t?)9 OLKeLCts '] ovk oZ8' 07Tft)9 e^avavTapTa*; teal
i KdTa ^r)Trjcrip)iTepa^ y??9 irXapco/jLepovs v7roXq§MP_-
ip jikpei ttjs M-apfco/jLappiBos;] KaTwKiae, Kal top
'AXffiav prjBepos ol ipapTiov/iepov ~8ia]3a<i (piXtap
T€ TOt9 ifcetprj /3af)/3dpoi<; avpeOeTO Kal fitofMOp{eTr*

3 avTov tw AvyovaT<p IBpvaaTO. tots Be irpos re
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Xqae /cal /caTa^poprjaai crcjxop /cal tou9 aXXov?
/3ap/3dpov$ iiroirjaep. ov fiePTOL Kal irXeop ti t&
€T€i e/ceip(p vtt avTov iTTpd^drj' Bia yap top
Uapdi/cbp iroXefxop viroyvop opTa ovBefiia avT&p
€7riaTpo<f>r) Tore iyeveTO.

1 re A (B ? V ?).

2 rlv napdiKhv Bs., ruv ndpduv Urs., rhv Tlapdlv A (B ? V?).

416

BOOK LV

fact that his rival had been removed, and though he a.d. i
did not mention the name " king " in his letter, he
really did petition Augustus for the kingship. In-
fluenced by these considerations and at the same time
fearing the war with the Parthians, the emperor
accepted the gifts and bade him go with good hopes
to Gains in Syria.

.... others who marched against them from
Egypt, and did not yield until a tribune from the
pretorian guard was sent against them. This man in
the course of time checked their incursions, with
the result that for a long period no senator governed
the cities in this region.

Coincident with these events. there was an out-
break on the part of the Germans, Somewhat
earlier Domitius, while still governing the districts
along the Ister, had intercepted the Hermunduri, a
tribe which for some reason or other had left their
own land and were wandering about in quest of
another, and he had settled them in a part of the
Marcomannian territory; then he had crossed the
Albis, meeting with no opposition, had made a
friendly alliance with the barbarians on the further
side, and had set up an altar to Augustus on the
bank of the river. Just now he had transferred his
headquarters to the Rhine, and in his desire to secure
the return of certain Cheruscan exiles through the
efforts of other persons had met with a reverse and
had caused the other barbarians likewise to conceive
a contempt for the Romans. This was the extent,
however, of his operations that year ; for in view of
the Parthian war which was impending no attention
was paid to the Germans at this time.

417

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

4 Ov firjv ovBe to?9 Hdp0oi$ iTroX€pLrj07j. o^ydp
<&paTd/cr)$ tov Tdiov ev re rrj Xvpia ovra teal
virarevovra a/covcra?, teal irpocreTi teal ra ol/eela
firjBe 7rpoT€pov evvoiKo)<; oi eyovTa vTroTOTrrjaas,
7TpOKaTf]Wdyr] eVt t£> avTo? T€ t% 'Apfievlas
c*TTO(JTr)vat teal Tou? dBeX<j>ov<; avrov irepav 0a-

5 Xda 0-779 elvai. Qjfjye firjv ' Apfievioi, tcalirep tov t€
Tiypdvov etc TToXepLOV Tivb<; fiapfiapiteov <f)0apevTO<;
teal rr}$ y Eparov<; ttjv dpxv v dfyeio-rjs, o/za>9 iiretBrj
' Aptofiap^dvei tlvI M^Sw, 09 ttotc fiera tov Tipi-
BaTOV l [ f irpb<; tov<; f Pa)/-tatoi;9 'defritcTO, irageBiBovjo,
iiroXepLTjadv afyicn tg> vo~Tepep eTei, ev <v Uop^.
irXios jre OvivIkios teal JlovirXto^ Ovapos vjrd^.

6 Tevcrav. teal aXXo fiev ovBev a^ioXoyov eBpaaav,
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top Ydiov\virb to Tet^09 C09 fcal twv tov Udpdov
tc diropp^TCDv aW cfrpdcrcov, teal eTpcoo-ev avTOV,
ted/e tovtov 7ro\iop/C7}0€L<; iirl irXelcrTov dvjreo~j}(£v.

7 ^aXoVTO? S' OVV TTOT€ aVTQV TO T€ OVOjia TO TOV

avTOKpaTOpo? ov% q AvyovaTO? fxovov d\Xa /col o_
r«i09 eVe^eTO, teal ttjv ^Apfieviav totg puev cu
'Aptofiap^dvrjs, aTro0av6vTO<; Be avTOv ov ttoXXg)
vaTepov 'ApTa/3afo9 o vjo? irapd re tov Avyov-

8 gtov teal irapd ttj<; ftovXrj? eXa@ev. 8' ovv
Tdios ite tov TpavpLaTos^rjppcoo-T^cre, Ka\ eiretBr)
firjB 9 aXXa>9 vyieivos jjv, voy ovirep teal ttjv Bid-
voiav egeXeXvTOj iroXXa) pcaXXov d7rrjpi/3Xvv0rj.
teal TeXo9 iBicoT€v6LV tc rj^lov teal ev Ty Xvpia, irov
KaTajieivat r}0eXev, &o~t€ tov AvyovaTov irepLaX-
yiqaavTa Trj tc yepovaia to j3ovXr)fia avTov

1 TiptSdruv Dind., retpiddrov M.

418

BOOK LV

Nevertheless, war did not break out with the a d. i
Parthians, either. For Phrataces, hearing that
Gaius was in Syria, acting as consul, and, further-
more, having suspicions regarding his own people,
who had even before this been inclined to be disloyal
to him, forestalled action on their part by coming to
terms with the Romans, on condition that he him-
self should renounce Armenia and that his brothers
should remain beyond the sea. The Armenians,
however, in spite of the fact that Tigranes had
perished in a war with barbarians and Erato had
resigned her sovereignty, nevertheless went to war
with the Romans because they were being handed
over to a Mede, Ariobarzanes, who had once come to
the Romans along with Tiridates. This was in the a.d. 2
following year, when Publius Vinicius and Publius
Varus were consuls. And though they accomplished
nothing worthy of note, a certain Addon, who was (a.d. 3)
holding Artagira, induced Gaius to come up close to
the wall, pretending that he would reveal to him
some of the Parthian king's secrets, and then
wounded him, whereupon he was besieged. He held
out for a long time ; but when he was at last captured,
not only Augustus but Gaius also assumed the title
of imperator, and Armenia was given by Augustus
and the senate first to Ariobarzanes and then upon
his death a little later to his son Artabazus. Gaius
became ill from his wound, and since he was not
robust to begin with and the condition of his health
had impaired his mind, this illness blunted his facul-
ties still more. At last he begged leave to retire to
private life, and it was his desire to remain some-
where in Syria. Augustus, accordingly, grieved at
heart, communicated his wish to the senate, and

419

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

KOiv&aai Kal iiceivov £9 yovv rrjv '\raXlav iXOovra
9 rzpdrreiv o n /3ovXoito uporpi^faaOai. irdvr
ovv evOvs ra Trjs ap^i)^ d(/>ej?_ 69 AvKiav iv oktcdhi
7rap€7r\€V(T€, fcavjavda iv Aip,vpoi<; p^rrfXXa^e,
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aXXore aXXy ire fjaropevos rjcrKetro f teal rd<; ye tov
Tatou iiricFToXas avrb<z iv rfj fiovXfj, qgclki*; av

10 Trapeir), avey iy vcoa/cev. j arreOave Be. ifjatyvrjs voarj-
<ra9> &o~re iir dpL<f)OT€poi$ g$igi rrjv Aioviav y
aXXcos re Kal on iv tw y^pbvw rovrw 6 Tifiepios

69 TTJV 'Pcop,7)V ifC T?79 'PoBoV a<j>CK€TO, VTTOTTTeV-

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aarpcov pbavrifcrj^ cjv, icai ®pdo~vXXov dvBpa
7racr?;9 darpoXoylas BcaTrecpVKora eywvy irdvra
Kal to, eavra> Kal ra i/ceivois ireirptopeva aKpif3a)$

2 rjirlararo' Kal Xoyov ye on peXXtjaa? it ore
iv rf) 'PoSw tov SpdcvXXov dirb tov refyovsy
iTreiBfj povos avrtp rrdvG* oaa ivevoet crvvrjBeiy
oj&eiv, ovtcer avrb 1 iirol'qae aKvOpcoTrdaavra
avrbv lB(ov, ovrc ye Kal Bed rovrOy a\V otl iire-
ptoTTjOels Bid rt avvvevofyey klvBvvov riva iiro-
rrreveiv oi yevrjaeaOai ecprj* Qavpdaas yap on
Kal rrjv peXXrjaiv t??9 iTrifiovXrj? 2 irpoelBev,* <f>v-
Xd£ai avrbv eavTO) Bid ra9 iX7riBa<; fjOeXrjaev. —
Zon. 10, 36.

3 Ovrco yap ttov iravra iKeivos craepcos rjBec &are
Kal rb irXolov to ttjv dyyeXlav t&> Ti/3epi<p tt/9 €9
TTjV 'PciopLrjv dvaKopiBrjs irapd re rr\$ pLrjrpbs Kal

1 avrb Xipli., avrwi M.

2 Between impovXys and Ti&eptov (13, 2) two more folios
are lacking in M. 8 icpoeittv supplied by Bs.

420

BOOK LV

urged him to come at least to Italy and then do as (a.d. s)
he pleased. So Gaius resigned at once all the duties
of his office and took a trading vessel to Lycia,
where, at Limyra, he passed away. But even before (a.d. 4)
Gaius* death the spark of life in Lucius had been
quenched at Massilia. He, too, was being trained
to rule by being despatched on missions to many
places, and it was his custom personally to read the
letters of Gaius in the senate, whenever he was
present. His death was due to a sudden illness.
In connexion with both deaths, therefore, suspicion
attached to Livia, and particularly because it was
just at this time that Tiberius returned to Rome
from Rhodes. Tiberius, it seems, was extremely
well versed in the art of divination by means of the
stars, and had with him Thrasyllus, who was a past-
master of all astrology, so that he had full and accur-
ate knowledge of what fate had in store both for
him and for Gaius and Lucius. And the story goes
that once in Rhodes he was about to push Thrasyllus
from the walls, because he was the only one who
shared all his own thoughts ; but he did not carry
out his intention when he observed that Thrasyllus
was gloomy, — not, indeed, because of his gloom, but
because, when asked why his countenance was over-
cast, the other replied that he had a premonition that
some peril was in store for him. This answer made
Tiberius marvel that he could foresee the mere
project of the plot, and so he conceived the desire
to keep Thrasyllus for his own purposes because of
the hopes he entertained.

Thrasyllus had so clear a knowledge of all matters
that when he descried, approaching afar off, the ship
which was bringing to Tiberius the message from his

421

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

traph tov Avyovo-Tov (f>ipov iroppoodev KartScov
irpoaTrXiov, irpoetTrelv avTcp a dyyeXkeiv efieXke. 1
152 Tov Se Aovklov tov tc Tatov ia acofiara Btd tc
tcov yCkidpywv teal Sta tcov i(j> kicaGTV)<$ iroKeco^
irpcoTcov 69 ttjv 'Vcojjlt^v iKOfiLadr), Kal ai irekTat
to, re Sopara, a irapa tcov iirirecov €9 tol>9 £$r}-
y8ou9 €<tl6vt€<; yjpvaa, elXrjtpecrav, £9 to fiovXevri]-
piov averedrj. — Xiph. 102, 25-103, 3.

2 A€C77TOT?79 2 Se 7TOT€ 3 6 AvyOVGTOS VTTO TOV

Srjfiov ovofiaaOeh 07ra)9 direlire /jurjSiva tovtco
717)09 eavTov Top irpoa-prjjiaTi ^prjcraaOai, aXKa /cat

3 irdvv Sia (frvXa/crjs amb iiroitfaaTO. 7rX7jpco0eiar}<i
8e oi fcal t% TpiT^ SetcaeTLas ttjv rjyepboviav Kal
tot€ to 4 TeTapTov, €K/3iao-0eh Srjdev, virehe^aTo,

TTpqOTepOS T€ Kal OKVr)pOT€pOS VTTO TOV 7^/30)9 7T/309

to tcov ftovXevToov Tiaiv direxOdveo-Oai y^yovcos
oiSevl €T avTcov irpoaKpoveiv rjdeXev. — Xiph. 103,
3-11, Zon. 10, 36.
3a X.t\ia<; T€ Kal TrevTaKocrLas fivptdSas hpa^ficov
cltqkovs to?9 heofievois havelaa? eV €tt) Tpia,
€7rrjv€LTO irapa irdvTcov Kal iaefivvvsTO* — Zon.
10* 36.

4 'Ei/jLTTpTja-fAov Bi ttot€ to iraXaTtov hia$6eipavTO<i s
Kal iroXXcov avTop iroXXd SiSovtcov, oiSev eXa/Sev
rj jjuovov irapa fiev tcov S^/jlcov %pvo~ovv irapa he
tcov ISlcdtcov Spa^firjv. XP vao ^ v 7&P Ka ^

to vofuafAa to Ta9 irevTS Kal clkocti Bpa^fia^

5 Bvvdfievov KaT(i to eiri^copiov ovojxd^co* Kal tcov
'EXXtfvcov Si Tives, cov tcl ftijSXia iirl tg> aTTiKi^etv
dvaytv(oo-Ko/jL€v f ovtco? avTO eKaXecrav.— Xiph. 103,
11-18, Zon. 10, 36.

1 tiieKK* V, focWe CL'. 2 ScoW-r^s VO, ko\ 5c<nr<fTi?» L'.
422

BOOK LV

mother and Augustus to return to Rome, he told a.d. 2
him in advance what news it would bring.

The bodies of Lucius and Gaius were brought to (a d. 4)
Rome by the military tribunes and by the chief men
of each city. And the golden targes and spears
which they had received from the knights on entering
the class of youths of military age were set up in
the senate-house.

When Augustus was once called " master'* by the
people, he not only forbade that any one should use
this form of address to him, but also took very good
care to enforce his command. And now that his
third ten-year period was completed, he accepted
the leadership for the fourth time, though ostensibly a d. 3
under compulsion. He had become milder through
age and more reluctant to incur the hatred of any of
the senators, and hence now wished to offend none
of them.

For lending sixty million sesterces for three years
without interest to such as needed it he was praised
and magnified by all.

Once, when a fire destroyed the palace and many
persons offered him large sums of money, he accepted
nothing but an aureus from entire communities and
a denarius from single individuals. I here use the
name aureus, according to the Roman practice, for
the coin worth one hundred sesterces. Some of the
Greeks, also, whose books we read with the object
of acquiring a pure Attic style, have given it this
name.

3 it ore VC, to'tc L'. 4 tot€ rb CL', rb V.

4 2 3

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Uapd Be TOt9 "EXXrjcriv eifcoai Spaxpiwv 6 Aiwv
(f>r)al to xpvaovv oXkdaaeaOai vopLiapa. — Zon.
10, 36.

f O Be Avyovaros rrjv oltclav oiKoSo/irjaa^ iBrj-
fi6(Tico<J€ irdaav, eire Br) Bid rrjv avvTeXeiav rrjv
irapd 1 tov Brjpov ol yevopbevrjv, eire Kal otl apyik-
pecos r)v, iv iv tow IBlois afxa Kal iv rots Koivols

0LK0L7).

13 Tov Be Srjfiov o-(f)6Bpa iyKetpevov rw Avyovara)
iva Karaydyrj rrjv dvyarepa avrov, Baacrov ktyr)
irvp vBaTL fnxSrjcrearOaL f) iiceLvr)v KaTaxOrjaeaOaL.
Kal 6 Srjfio? irvpci e? tov Tlftepiv TroXXa ive/3aXe'
Kal tot€ fiev ovBev rjvvaev, varepov Be e^effidaaro
ware e9 yovv rrjv rjireipov avrrjv Ik rrj<; vrjaov
KO/uaOfjvac. — Xiph. 103, 19-28.
la Merd Be ravra KeXTiKOV TroXepuov KeKivrjpievov
auTo? biro re yrjpcti? 2 Kal voaou KeKprjKos €%a)v
to acjpa Kal iKcrrparevaaL pr) oIo9 re civ, 7rf) pev
virb tcov irpay/jbdrcov dvayKaadels 71*77 o° biro Tr)$
'lov Xta? dv air ei a 8 eh (jjBr) yap avri] 3 €K T779

2 virepopLa<; KaTrjx^v)* [Zon. 10, 36], rbv* Ttfteptov
Kal iiroirjaaTO Kal eVt tou9 KeXrov? i^eirep'^ej'
rrjv i^ovalav avTQ) rrjv Brfpiapx^W 69 BeKa err]
S01J9. Kal pevroi Kal avrbv €Kelvov G vTroTrrevaas
irrj €K(j>povrjcr€tv, Kal cfroftrjdeU pur) Kal veoxp&vy
tl, tov TepptavcKov ol tov dBeXcfyiBovv Kalroi Kal

3 avrco vlbv eyovTi iasTrolrjae. KaK tovtwv Ittl-
Oaparjaas 009 Kal BiaB6x<>v<; Kal /SorjOov? e%ct>i^,
SiaXeijai Tr)v yepovaLav avOis rjOeXrjae, Kal BeKa

1 iraph L', inl ra VC.

2 yf)pws E (oj corrected from 01/), y-fipovs ABO.

8 avrrj BO, k<x\ avrv} AE. 4 rhv supplied by Bs.

424

BOOK LV

Among the Greeks, Dio says, the aureus is ex- a.d. s
changed for twenty drachmas. 1

When Augustus had built his house, he made it
all state property, either on account of the con-
tributions made by the people or because he was

were at^once private and public. ~{ \

The people urged~Ajigustus very strongl y to
restore his daughteFTrom "exile, but he^answered
thaTlTre should^sobher Tn^x^with water than-she
sh ould b e restored. And the people threw "many
firebrands into .the Tiber ; and though at the time
they accomplished nothing, yet later on they brought
such pressure to bear that she was at least brought
from the island to the mainland.

Later, when a German war broke out and Augustus a-d. 4
was worn out in body, by reason of old age and ill-
ness, and incapable of taking the field, he yielded,
partiy^o^lie^o^ceofj circumstances and partly to
the[persua sions ofjullaj who Jiad n£w_been restored
fromJbanisHment,4t»d-not only adopted Tiberiuj, bjit
also sent him out against the Germans, granting him
the^tribunician power for ten years. Yet suspecting
that he also would lose his poise somehow or other, I
! and fearing that he would begin a rebellion, he made I
I him adopt his nephew Germanicus, though Tiberius 1
had a son of his own. After this he took courage, ^
feeling that he had successors and supporters, and
he desired to reorganize the senate once more. So
he nominated the ten senators whom he most highly

1 That is, for the equivalent of eighty, instead of a hundred,
I sesterces.

high priest and wished

6 e|€7r€ju^€ supplied by Xyl.

6 intlvov Xyl., snelvov M. cod. Coisl.

425

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

fiovXevTa? 0&9 fiaXiara erifia 7rpo/3aXop,€vo<; 1
Tpels dir avjcov i^eraara^ aTreSei^ev, 0&9 6 tcXrjpos
etXero, ov fievroi teal ttoXXoI ovts irpotcaTeyvvi-
adv <T<j)(ov egov&ias avrol<; 8odeiar)<;, &aivep teal
irporepov, ovt atcovTe? aTrrjXi^rjaav}

4 Tovro piev Srj 81 iripcov eirpafjev, avros Se
a7roypacf)a<; tojv ev re rfj ^IraXta fcaroi/covvTcov

tCCU pLT) iX(lTT(0 7T€VT€ pvpidStoV OVGiaV K€tCT7)fl€VCdV

eTroLrjaaro' tou? yap dadevearepov^ tou? re ego*
ttjs 'iTaXta? otfcovvra? ov/c rpfdyKaaev diroypd-
yfraaOaiy Setcra? fir) vecoTepiacoai tl TapaydevTes*

5 teal 07ra><? ye fir) Sogeiev a>9 TifirjTr)^ avro iroielv,
Si oirep elirov Trporepov, dvOviraTov e^ovaiav

TTpO? T€ TO TfXo? T&V d7TOypa<f>(OV Kol TTpOS TT)V

6 tov tcadapaiov Troirfatv irpocedero. eirethr) re
<rv)(yol rwv veavlateoov etc t€ tov ftovXeuTttcov
yevov? tedtc tcov aXXfov lirTrewv eirevovTO fxrjSev

1 eiraiTiov e^ovTe^, tols fiev 7rXeLOcri to TeTay/xevov
Tifxrfpa dvewXvpcjaev, oyhorjtcovTa Be tigi teal €9

7 iTpidtcovTa avTO fxvpidZas eirrji^ae* ttoXXwv t€
7roXXov<; dtcpLTO)? 3 eXevOepovvT&v, SteTage tt}V t€
rjXitclav r)v tov t€ eXev&epdoo-ovTa Tiva teal tov
d^eOrjaopevov vir avTov eyeiv Serjo'oi, teal ra
SifcaicopaTa 0I9 ol tc aXXoi 777709 tov? eXevOepov-
fievous teal avTol ol heairoTai o~<p(bv yevofxevoi
XprjaoiVTO.

14 UpdaaovTi Se ai>T<p Tauxa eire^ovXevcav aXXoi
re teal Vvalo<; KopvrjXio? 9vyaTpiZov<$ tov peydXov

1 vpo&a\6/u.fvos H. Steph., irpoBa\x6peifos M.

2 a.TTJi\t(pri<Taif St., a7T7jAet'<f>T)<rai' M.

3 aKptrais Casaub., atcpiftus M.

426

\

BOOK LV

honoured and appointed three of them, selected by a.d. 4
lot, to examine the qualifications of senators. There
were not many, however, who were affected, either
by declaring themselves disqualified when permission
was given them to do so, as had been done on the
previous occasion, 1 or by having their names erased
against their will.

Now Augustus caused others to carry through this
business for him ; but he himself took a census, but
only of the inhabitants of Italy who possessed
property worth at least two hundred thousand ses-
terces, for he did not compel the poorer citizens or
those living outside of Italy to be listed, fearing lest
if they were disturbed, they would become rebellious.
And in order that he might not appear to be acting
herein in the capacity of censor, for the reason 1
mentioned before, 2 he assumed the proconsular
power for the purpose of completing the census and
performing the purification. Inasmuch, moreover,
as many of the young men of the senatorial class
and of the knights as well were poor through no
fault of their own, he made up to most of them the
required amount, and in the case of some eighty
increased it to one million two hundred thousand !
sesterces. Since also many were freeing their slaves '
indiscriminately, he fixed the age which the manu-
mitter and also the slave to be freed by him must
have reached and likewise the legal principles which
should govern the relations of both citizens in
general and the former masters toward si**- \\r,i?
were set free.

While he was thus occupied, various men ion,
plots against him, notably Gnaeus Cornelius, a son

1 Cf. lii. 42, 2, and liv. 26, 4. 2 Cf. liv. 1, 5-2, 1.

427

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Hofi7rr]lov cov, co<tt€ iv fieydXrj ai)TOV dfirj^avta
yjpbvov riva yevecrOat, p,rjT airoKretvai a(f)a<; f oti
ovhev Trkeov 7r/w da(j>dXeiav ire tcov d7roXXvfMevcov
ecopa oi ytyvofxevovy firjr a7ro\vaai, /jli) teal erepovs
etc tovtov i(j> eavrbv eiriairdcT^Tai, idiXovTa.

2 diropovvTi re ovv avrw o tl Trpd^rj, teal ovre
fjL€$ y rjjiepav dfypovrunelv ovt au vvtcTcop djpefielv
Swa/nevco ecfrrj ttotc 77 Aiovia* " tl Igtl tovto, co
avep ; 01a tl ov tcauevceis ;

Kat o KvyovcrTOs* teai ti$ av, enrev, " co
yvvat, tcdv iXa^iaTOV diro fjLepfjLTjpiaeie toctovtovs
t€ del exfipov? eycov teal avve^coq ovtco<? oXXotc

3 vtt dXXcov eiri^ovKevofJievo^; rj ox>x opq? octol
teal efjbol teal Ttj dp%f) rj/xcov iirLTiOevTai; tcai
avToit<; ovSe ai TLficopiai tcov Sc/eaiov/xivcov dva-
(TTeXKovcTLVy dXXd teal irav TOvvavTiov, coairep
eV dyaOov ti iireLyofievoi, a7T€v8ovcrt teal 01
Xoiirol irpoaaTroXXvadai"

4 Wteovaacra ovv tovtcov 17 Atovla* " to fiev
iiriftovXeveaOaL <re" €<f>rj 9 " ovtc dav/xaaTov
ovt€ €%G) tov dvOpcoireiov Tporrov eVrr teal yap
Trpdvcreis ivoKKa &t€ TrjXiteavTrjv dpyr)v e^cov, teal
Xv7reL$, cocrirep el/cos, av^vov^. ov yap ttov teal
ttclctlv olbv tb tov dpyovTa tlvcov dpiateeLv, dXXa
teal aTrex^dveadai ttoXXocs koi tov irdvv opOcos

5 f3ao~iXevovTa dvwyicr}. iroXXco T€ yap TrXeiovs
tcov hltcaiov tl irpaTTOVTcov oi dBiteeiv iOeXovTes
gIctiv, cop dSvvaTOV io~Ti ra? eiriOvixia^ diro-
TTL/jLTrXdvai* teal ai/Tcbv tcov dpeTtjv Tiva zypvTtov
01 fiev teal ttoXXcov teal fieydXcov, cov ov hvvavTai

428

BOOK LV

of the daughter of Pompey the Great. Augustus a.d. a
was consequently in great perplexity for some time,
since he neither wished to put the plotters to death,
inasmuch as he, saw that no greater safety would
accrue to him by their destruction, nor to let them
go, for fear this might induce others to conspire
against him. While he was in doubt what to do and
was finding it impossible either to be free from
apprehension by day or from restlessness by night,
Li via one day said to him : " What means this,
husband ? Why is it that you do not sleep ? "

And Augustus answered : "What man, wife, could
even for a moment forget his cares, who always has
so many enemies and is so constantly the object of
plots on the part of one set of men or another? Do
you not see how many are attacking both me and
our sovereignty ? And not even the punishment of
those who are brought to justice serves to check
them ; nay, quite the opposite is the result — those
who are left are as eager to accomplish their own
destruction also as if they were striving for some
honourable thing."

Then Livia, hearing this, said : " That you should
be the object of plotting is neither remarkable nor
contrary to human nature. For you do a great many
things, possessing so large an empire as you do,
and naturally cause grief to not a few. A ruler can
not, of course, please everybody; nay, it is inevitable
that even a king whose rule is altogether upright
should make many men his enemies. For those w T ho
wish to do wrong are far more numerous than those
who do right, and it is impossible to satisfy their
desires. Even among such as possess a certain ex-
cellence, some covet many great rewards which they

421)

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Tv^eiv, eiropeyovTai, oi Be fcal erepcov iXarTco-
Oevres d^Oovraiy /ecu ovtcos d/n^orepot tov Kpa-

6 rovvra alricovrai. ware etc re tovtcov firj elvau
kclkov afiapTdveiVy teal Trpoairc koi etc ra>v eiriTi-
0€fl€VG>V ovre ye kcu crol dXXd rf} rjyefiovta. ere
fiev yap IBtcoTevovTa ovS* av eh iOeXovrrjs kclkov
Tt y firjBev ye Trpoira6d)Vy eTrotrjae' tt}? Be Br] apxfy
koI tcov dyaffcov ra>v iv avrfj irdvTe?, kcli oi ye
iv Bvvdp.ee rivl ovres ttoXv fidXXov tcov viroSee-

7 arepcov, optyvcovrai. tovto yap eari fiev dSiKcov
dvdpa)7rcov koI r/KLara vovv eypVTO&v iroteiv, ov
firjv aU' ev re rfj <pvcrei avrciov KaOdirep tc koi
dXXo eveari, koX ov% olov re io~Ti rd rotavra ovre
ireLOovra ovt dvayKa^ovra i^eXecrOai tlvcov
ovSels yap ovre vofio? ovre <fio/3o<; Kpelrrcov twv

8 <fiva€L ire^VKOTcov yiyverai. ravr ovv Xoyi^ofievos
Ta? fiev tcov aXXcov dfiapTia^ fit) Bva^epaive^
(pvXaKrjv 8' aKptfif) fcal aeavrov koI tt}<; fiovap^la^
ttoiov, iva avrr)v firj eK tov o-(f>oBpa KoXd^eiv Tivas
aXV eK rov acf)6Bpa ^vXdaaetv acr^aXw? €%cofiev"

15 II/oo<? ovv ravra 6 Avyovaro^' " dXX* olSa fiev
koI eyco, a> yvvat, ore ovt dXXo n tcov fieydXcov
e%co (pOovov koI iiri^ovXr)^ KaOearrfKev, r\KiaTa

2 Be avrapyia' koi yap dv koX iaoOeoL rjfiev, el fir)
koX TTpdyfiara 1 koX (frpovTiBas koi (j>6/3ov<; virep
irdvra^ rovs IBicoTevovTas ecyofiev. ifie Be By koX
avrb tovto Xuireiy otl koX dvayKaldv eari ravO*
ovtcqs yiyveaOai, xal dSvvarov OepaireLav Tivd
avrcov evpeOrjvai"

3 "'AW' iireiBr] ye Tive$ toiovtov eiacv oloi

1 ■Kpayfxa.ra Xiph., rrpayixa M.

430

BOOK LV

can not obtain, and some chafe because they are less a.d. 4
honoured than others ; hence both these classes find
fault with the ruler. Therefore it is impossible to
avoid meeting with mischief, either at the hands ot
these or, in addition, at the hands of those who
attack, not you personally, but the monarchy. For
if you were a private citizen, no one would willingly
have done you any harm, unless he had previously
received some injury ; but all men covet the office of
ruler and the good things that office affords, and
those who already possess some power covet much
more than those who are lacking in this respect. It
is, indeed, the way of men who are wicked and have
very little sense to do so ; in fact, it is implanted in
their nature, just like any other instinct, and it is
impossible either by persuasion or by compulsion to
destroy such instincts in some of them; for there
is no law and no fear stronger than the instincts im-
planted by nature. Reflect on this, therefore, and
do not be vexed at the shortcomings of the other
sort of men, but as for your own person and your
sovereignty, keep close guard of them, that we may
hold the throne securely, not by the strictness of the
punishments you inflict upon individuals, but by the
strictness with which you guard it."

To this Augustus replied : " But, wife, I, too, am
aware that no high position is ever free from envy
and treachery, and least of all a monarchy. Indeed,
we should be equals of the gods if we had not
troubles and cares and fears beyond all men in
private station. But precisely this is what causes my
grief, — that this is inevitably so and that no remedy
for it can be found."

"Yet/* said Livia, " since some men are so con-

431

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

irdvTW dht/ceiv edekeiv," elirev rj Atovia, " r)fiefc
ye avrov? (pvXaTTcofxeda. eyofxev he /cat arpa-
Ticora^ iroXXovs, £yv oi fiev Trpbs tov$ 7roXejxiov<;
avrneTayfievot oi he /cat irepl ae ovres cfypovpovatv
rjfxa^j /cat Oepaireiav iroXXrjv, &are /cat oXkov ica'
e£co oY clvtovs dacpaXcos %V V "

4 'T-TroXafiwv ovv 6 Avyovaros* "on fiev 7roX\o]
iroXXd/cis /cat vtt* aircov rcov avvovrcov i(j)0dpy-
crav, ovhev" e<£?7, " heo/nai Xeyeiv. 7r/oo<? yap
rot? a'Wot? /cat toDt' iv Ta£? iiovapylais yaXeTroy-
rarov eariv } on fir) fiovov tow? iroXefiiovs, coenrep
oi dXXoi, dXXd /cat tov<? <f)tXiov<; 1 <f)o/3ovfieda.

5 Ka\ ttoXv ye irXetovs virb rchv toiovtcov, are Ka\
dec, ko\ fieff* r)fxepav feat vv/cro)p y koX yvfivovfievots
a<f>iat koX /cadevhovat atria re /cat ttotcl vtt*
avrwv irapea/cevaa fieva Xafiftuvovat avyytyvo-
fievcov, eire^ovXevOrjaav r) virb twv jirjhev irpoarj-
kovt(ov rd re yap aXXa, teal 7r/?o? fiev etcetvov?
eart tovtovs dvrtrd^ai y irpbs he tovtov<; avrovs

6 ov/c ear iv aXXa> tlvI avfifidyju j^prjaaaOat. Staff *
r)fxiv hid irdvroyv heivbv fiev Trjy iprjfiiav heivbv
he /cal to irXrjdos, /cat <f>o/3epbv fiev rrjv d<f>vXa!jiav
cfrofiepcoTdrovs he avrovs tou? <f>vXa/cas, /cat %a\e-
ttovs fiev roi>? i)(6pov$ ^aXeiroorepov^ he tov$
(f>iXov<; etvar (friXovs yap dvdy/crj irdvra^ cr^a?,

7 kclv firj ibai, /caXeiaOat. el h* ovv Tt9 fcal xprfaToav
avrcov Tvyoiy a\V ovri ye ovrco 7riarevaeiev dv
acptaiv ware /cal 2 /caOapa /cat dcf)povTtaT(p /cal
avvTroTTTCp rf) tyvxd irpoaofitXetv. tovto t€ ovv

1 <pi\iovs M, (pl\ovs Xiph.

2 kcl\ added (between lines) by corrector in M, om. Xiph.
flor.

43 2

BOOK LV

stituted as to want to do wrong in any event, let us
guard against them. We have many soldiers who
protect us, some arrayed against foreign foes and
others about your person, and also a large retinue, so
that by their help we may live in security both at
home and abroad."

" I do not need to state/' Augustus answered and
said, "that many men on many occasions have
perished at the hands of their immediate associates.
For monarchies have this most serious disadvantage
in addition to all the rest, that we have not only our
enemies to fear, as have other men, but also our
friends. And a far greater number of rulers have
been plotted against by such persons than by those
who have no connexion with them at all, inasmuch
as his friends are with the ruler both day and night,
when he takes his exercise, when he sleeps, and
when he takes the food and drink which they have
prepared. For the ruler labours under this special
disadvantage as regards his friends, that, although he
can protect himself from his enemies by arraying
his friends against them, there is no corresponding
ally on whom he may rely to protect him from these
very friends. Consequently we rulers find it to be
true at all times, that whereas solitude is dreadful,
company also is dreadful, that whereas unprotected-
ness is terrifying, the very men who protect us are
most terrifying, and that whereas our enemies are
difficult to deal with, our friends are still more
difficult. ( Friends/ I say, for friends they must all
be called, even if they are not friends. And even if
one should find loyal friends, still one could by no
means so completely trust them as to associate with
them with a sincere, untroubled, and unsuspecting

433

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

teal to tov$ aWovs tou9 €7rij3ov\evovra<z avay-
tcaiov elvai dfivveadai irdv&eivov eariv. rb yap
rot rificopeiaOal re teal tcoXd^eiv del rivas dvay-
Ka^eaOai fieydXrjv d^OrjBova to?9 ye ayaOol?
dvBpdai <f>€pet"
16 " 'AW* op#<M9 ye Xeyeis" diretcplvaro r) Aiovia,
" teat (rot yv(OfjLT)v Sovvai eyta* av ye teal irpoa-
he^aaOcu avrr)v iOeXijo-ys, koi fir) Siafiefiy}rr) 1 otj
yvvr) ovaa roXfia) aoi avfifiovXevGaL ri olqv ovS
dp el<? dWos ovSe ra>v irdvv cfriXcov irapaiveaeiev^
ovy^ on ovte taaaiv avro, dXX 9 on ov Oapaovaiv
elirelv.

2 "AeyV r) S' 09 6 Avyovaro?, "o ri Srj irore
rovro edTivT

r H ovv Aiovia " tfypdaci),* €<j>rj, " firjSev tcaro-
tevqaao-a, are teal rd dyadd teal rd teatcd etc rod
Lvov aoi eyovaa, teal aco^ofievov fiev gov teal avrrj
to fiepos dpxovaa, Seivbv he ri rraOovro^y o fir)

3 yevoiro, GwarroXovfievr). el yap rot i) re <f>vai<;
r) avOpcoTTLvq 7rdvro)<; ri dfiaprdveiv rivd? dva-
ireldei, teal dfir^yavov eariv avrr)v irpd^aL ri
obpfirjfievrjv eruGyelv, koi 778*7 ye teal avrd rd
Sotcovvrd rta iv ay add elvai, t'va fir) Ta9 ra>v
ttoXXwv tcatcias ei7ra>, teal irdvv avxyovs dhitceiv
erraipei (teal yap yevov? avyyqfia teal rrXovrov
<f)povrjfia rifJbrj<; re fieyeOos teal eir dvBpeta 2 Opdcros

4 el;ovaia<z re 07*09 ttoXXovs egotceXXeiv 7roiel), teal
firjre rb yevvalov Svayeves p*r\re rb dvSpelov SetXbv
firjre rb epefrpov avow eari Troirjaat (dSvvarov
yap), firjr av t<Z9 rrepiovaia^ riv&v rrepitcorrreiv

1 Stayue'ju^p R. Steph., 5iOTT€^^?7 M Xiph.

8 4ir y avSpelc} Wolf, «V avZpeias M, iir y avdplav Xiph.

434

BOOK LV

heart. This situation, then, and the necessity of
taking measures to protect ourselves against the
other group of plotters, combine to make our position
utterly dreadful. For to be always under the neces-
sity of taking vengeance and inflicting punishments
is a source of great sorrow, to good men at least."

" You are indeed right," answered Livia, " and I
have some advice to give you, — that is, if you are
willing to receive it, and will not censure me because
1, though a woman, dare suggest to you something
which no one else, even of your most intimate
friends, would venture to suggest, — not because they
are not aware of it, but because they are not bold
enough to speak."

"Speak out/' replied Augustus, "whatever it is."

" I will tell you," said Livia, " without hesitation,
because I have an equal share in your blessings and
your ills, and as long as you are safe I also have my
part in reigning, whereas if you come to any harm,
(which Heaven forbid !), I shall perish with you. If
it indeed be true that man's nature persuades some
persons to err under any and all conditions, and that
there is no way to curb man's nature when it has
once set out upon a course of action, and that even
what some men look upon as good conduct (to leave
out of consideration the vices of the many) is forth-
with an incentive to wrongdoing to very many men
(for example, boasting of high birth, pride of wealth,
loftiness of honours, arrogance of bravery, conceit of
power — all these bring many to grief) ; if it be true
that one can not make ignoble that which is noble,
or cowardly that which is brave, or prudent that
which is foolish (for that is impossible) ; if, on the
other hand, one ought not to curtail the abundance

435

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

rj ra<? cf)i\oTifjLia<; tglttklvovv fxrjSev ye irXrjp.pLeXovv-
T(ov xpr/ (ahiicov ydp\ to t apLVvopievov rj Kai
TrpoKaraXapL^dvovrd rivas teal dvtaaOat Kai
KCtKoSo^elv dvayfcaiov earl, <pep€ pLerafiaXcopieOa

6 tcai tivos clvtcov <f)€iacops:0a. Kai yap p,oi 1 So-
K€L 7roXX<p irXelco faXavOptoTria f) tivl oo/jlottjti
/caropOovaOcu. tovs puev ydp crvyyvobpLOvas ov
fxovov ol iXerjdevres vtt* avroov (fnXovcriv, coo-re
Kai dfiel^eaOaL <7</>a9 cnrovSd^eiv, dXXa Kai ol
dXXoi 7rdvT€<; Kai alhovvrai teal ae/Sovaiv, coare

6 pit} evjoXfxelv avTOvs dSi/ceiv tou? 8* dirapaiTr)-
rots opyals ^pcofxevov^ ovk eicelvoi puovoi ol ti
<j)o/3ovfJLevoi pLicrovcnv, dXXa Kai ol \onrol irdvTes
hvo-xepaivovai, Kai eK tovtov Kai iir ifiovXevovaiv
avroLS, iva firj TrpoaTroXtevrai.
17 "*H ovx o/oa? oti Kai ol larpol ra9 p>ev Topuds
Kai xa? Kavcreis cnravtoiTaTd tlgi 7rpoa<f>epovaiv f
Tva piY) e^aypcaLvooacv avrcov ra voarfpLara, Tofc
Be alovripLacri Kai Tofc rjirlois fyappLaKois rd irXeico
pLaXOdo-GOvres depairevovac ; pbrj ydp, oti iKelva
p,ev toov awpbaTwv ravra &e rcov y^v^cov iraOrj-
pcard iaTL, hia<f>epeiv ti vopiiays avrd dXXijXayv.

2 irdpLTroXXa yap opuoia Tpoirov Tivd Kai tcm? yvco-
pLai$ t£)v dvdpcoTTcoVy Kav rd pbdXiaTa dacopiaToi
cbaLV, Kai 2 Tofc aebpacri avpifiaLver cvaTeXXovrai
re yap vtto <f)6/3ov Kai e^ocSovaiv vtto Ovp,ov, Xvttt)
tg Tivas KoXovec Kai Qdpo~o<$ oyKoc, war oKiyov
cnfioSpa to irapaXXdrrov avTcov elvat, Kai Std
tovto Kai irapaTrXrjaiwv lapLarcov avrd SeicrOai.

1 ydp /Hoi Pflagk, fxoi yap M.

2 &<riv Kai flor., Sxriv & /cal M (but & deleted by corrector).
436

BOOK LV

of others or humble their ambitions, when they are
guilty of no offence (for that were unjust) ; if, finally,
the policy of defending oneself or even of trying to
forestall the attacks of others inevitably leads to
vexation and ill repute — if all this is true, come, let
us change our policy and spare some of the plotters.
For it seems to me that far more wrongs are set
right by kindness than by harshness. For those who
forgive are not only loved by the objects of their
clemency, who will therefore even strive to repay the
favour, but are also respected and revered by all the
rest, who will therefore not readily venture to harm
them ; those, on the other hand, who indulge in in-
exorable resentment are not only hated by those who
have something to fear, but are also disliked by all
the rest, and are in consequence even plotted against
by them in their desire to avoid meeting with
destruction first.

" Do you not observe that physicians very rarely
resort to surgery and cautery, desiring not to ag-
gravate their patients' maladies, but for the most
part seek to soothe diseases by the application of
fomentations and the milder drugs ? Do not think
that, because these ailments are affections of the
body while those we have to do with are affections
of the soul, there is any difference between them.
For also the minds of men, however incorporeal they
may be, are subject to a large number of ailments
which are comparable to those which visit their
bodies. Thus there is the withering of the mind
through fear and its swelling through passion ; in
some cases pain lops it off and arrogance makes it
grow with conceit ; the disparity, therefore, between
mind and body being very slight, they accordingly

437

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

\6yo<; re yap ?Jmo9 tco \e^0el^ irav to dypialvov
avTOV %aXa, Kaddirep Tpa%u? erepo9 Kal to aj>€i-
jxevov opyc^er teal avyyvco/nrj BoQelaa Kal tov
irdvv Opatrvv hiatal, KaOdirep r) Ttficopia Kal tov
irdvv irpaov yaKeiralvei. ai fiev yap ftlatoi irpd-
£e£9 del irdvTas, kcxv SifcatoTarai cocri, irapo^vv-

4 ovaiv, ai Be iirieiKeos fjfiepovat. teal Sid tovto
ireicrdels dv tj? paov teal Ta BetvoTaTa eKcov rj
fttacrOel*; virofieiveiev. /cal ovtco ye <j>vaei Tivl
dvayicala etcdrepov avTcbv ^p^rat, (bare real tcov
dXoycov ^cocov tcov firjBeva vovv eyovTcov iroWa
jxev teal tcov icr^vpoTaTcov /cal dyptcoTaTcov 0co-
ireiais tc tlgi TtOaaeveTai /cal BeXedv/xacri yei-
povTaiy iroWa Be /cal tcov BetXoTaTcov /cal dcrOe-
vecrTaTCOv Xvirrj/aaal Te /cal cpo/Sois /cal e/cTa
paTTeTai /cal irapoguveTai.
18 "Kal ov \iyco tovto otl Set irdvTcov difkco^ tcov
dBiKovvTcov cpelSeaOai, aXX' otl tov puev lttjv 1
/cal iroXvirpdyfiova Kal /ca/corjdrj /cal /ca/coj3ov\ov
/cal dvrj/cecTTcp tlvI /cal BiapKei irovrjpla avvovTa
i/c/coTTTeiv tocrirep irov /cal Ta irdvv dviaTa jmept)

2 tcov crco/JLaTcov, tcov Be Br) aWcov octol ti veoTrjTi
rj dpaOla i) dyvola rj /cal eTepa tlvI crvvTVyia ol
jjuev e/covres ol Be /cal a/covTes dftapTavovaiv, to 1)9
fiev \6yois vov0€T€iv t tovs Be direiXais crcocppovL-
^etVy to£»9 Be Kal eTepdv Tiva Tpoirov fieTptco^ irco?
fxeTa^eLpi^ecrOai, Kadairep Kal eirl t&v BovXcov
1 fxkv Xtt}v Xiph. , fxivlriiv M.

438

BOOK LV

require cures of a similar nature. Gentle words, for
example, cause all one's inflamed passion to subside,
just as harsh words in another case will stir to wrath
even the spirit which has been calmed ; and for-
giveness granted will melt even the utterly arrogant
man, just as punishment will incense even him who
is utterly mild. For acts of violence will always in
every instance, no matter how just they may be,
exasperate, while considerate treatment mollifies.
Hence it is that a man will more readily submit to
the most terrible hardships — and gladly, too, — if he
has been persuaded, than if compulsion has been
put upon him. And so true it is that, in following
both these courses, man is subject to a compelling
law of nature, that even among the irrational
animals, which have no intelligence, many of the
strongest and fiercest are tamed by petting and
subdued by allurements, while many even of the
most cowardly and weak are aroused to fury by acts
of cruelty which excite terror in them.

" I do not mean by this that we must spare all
wrongdoers without distinction, but that we must
cut off the headstrong man, the meddlesome, the
malicious, the trouble-maker, and the man within
whom there is an incurable and persistent depravity,
just as we treat the members of the body that are
quite beyond all healing. In the case of the rest, how-
ever, whose errors, committed wilfully or otherwise,
are due to youth or ignorance or misapprehension
or some other adventitious circumstance, we should
in some cases merely rebuke them with words, in
others bring them to their senses by threats, and in
still others apply some other form of moderate treat-
ment, just as in the case of slaves, who commit now

439

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

aX\(ov d/JbapravoPTcov aXka 1 tou? jxev fiel^oai

3 Tou? Be ekaTTOcri TrdvT€<; KoXd^ovaip. axrre Kal
tcl Kara tovtovs clklv&vvg)*; pbeTpid^eip e^eari aot,,
toi>9 fiev <j>vyfj tov$ 8e aTipia tou9 Be xprj fiacre
^yjjjLiovvTL, ere/jou? €9 %<w/^a €T€/>ou9 €9 7ro\e^9

T£ya9 KaTClTL&€fA€V(p.

" Kal fjhr) ye Tives Kal vtto tov fir) rv%€iv &v
rf^TTi^ov Kal V7rb tov Stafiaprelv &v icptevro eVtw-

4 (j)povLa07]aap. eSpat re drcfiot Kal crrdo'ei*;

€TTOVeLhl(TTOL TO T6 7Tpo\V7TTjS YjVai Kal TO TTpO-

<fio/3r]8rjvai avxvovs f3ekrLov<; iTroLrjae* KaiTot Kal
dirodavelv eXoiT dv Ti9 ev T€ yeyopebs Kal dpSpeios
cop rj tolovto ti iradelv. it; ovv tovtcdp eKeiPOi?
fiev ovSe.v pdcop r) TifxcopLa, dWd Kal ^aXeTrcorepa
ylypoiT dp, 7]filv Se Srj to fii]T€ Tipd iirrjyopiap

5 eye iv Kai da<pa\co<z £r)p virdp^eiep* &>9 pvp ye
7roX\oL'9 fiep opyf}, 2 ttoWovs Se eiudvpuia XPV~
fxaTCdv, aWof9 dpbpetas <fi6/3(p Kal fidXa aXkovs
dp6Tr}<; tipos (pdopco KTelpeiP hoKovfiev. ovhels
yap /SaSto)9 TUCTTevei otl t£9 ep re igovciq
Kal ep Bvpdfiei ToaavTrj cop vir* IhicoTOV twos
doifkov 3 eTTifBovkevOrjpai SvpaTai, dX)J oi fiep
Tavra \0y07r010va1v, oi Be oti yjrevBr) 7roX\d
aKovojxep Kal ttoWols fiaTrjp a>9 Kal aXrjOeai

6 irpocre^ofiep. tol»9 ydp tol BiOTTTevoPTa^ T€ Kal
a)TaKovo-TovPTa<;* Ta TOiavTa, tov<; p>ep eX@P a

1 dov\wv &\Kccv afiapra.v6vr(av &\\a CappS, raAAa ajxapraviv-
roov R. Steph.j $ov\(cv rifxasplais Rk., rSXAa M Xiph.

2 ito\\oh% fxkv bpyri supplied by Bs. M shows a lacuna of
fourteen to sixteen ietters.

3 a6ir\ov R. Steph., hvoirXov M Xiph. ^

4 ooTCLKovaTovvras Xiph. and corrector in M, unaKovffrks M.

440

BOOK LV

this and now that offence, all men impose greater a.d. 4
penalties upon some and lesser upon others. Hence,
so far as these political offenders are concerned, you
may employ moderation without danger, punishing
some by banishment, others by disfranchisement,
still others by a pecuniary fine, and another class
you may dispose of by placing some in confinement
in the country and others in certain cities.

<{ Experience has shown that men are brought to
their senses even by failing to obtain what they
hoped for and by being disappointed in the object
of their desires. Many men have been made better
by having assigned to them at the spectacles seats
which confer no honour, or by being appointed to
posts to which disgrace attaches, and also by being
offended or frightened in advance ; and yet a man of
high birth and spirit would sooner die than suffer
such humiliation. By such means their plans for
vengeance would be made no easier, but rather more
difficult, of accomplishment, while we on our part
should be able to avoid any reproach and also to live
in security. As things are now, people think that
we kill many through resentment, many through
lust for their money, others through fear of their
bravery and others actually through jealousy of their
virtues. For no one finds it easy to believe that a
ruler who possesses so great authority and power
can be the object of plotting on the part of an un-
armed person in private station, but some invent the
motives I have mentioned, and still others assert
that many false accusations come to our ears and
that we give heed to many idle rumours as if they
were true. Spies, they say, and eavesdroppers get
hold of such rumours, and then — actuated sometimes

441

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

tov? Be opyr), dXXovs dpyvpiov irapa tcov iftOpcbv
avrwv Xaftovras, aXXov<; Trap avrcov etcelvayv fit)
Xaftovras, 7roXXd teal tyevBrj GKevwtpelcrda'i <f>ao-iv,

OV fJLOVOV OTL TL BetVOV €7T pa%dv TLV€<$ 7) KaX 7TOL7]-

aecv jxeXXovai Xeyovras, dXXa KaX on 6 fiev
ecfrdeytjaro ToiovBe ri, 6 Be dxovcras eatfoirrjaev,
dXXos eyeXaaev> dXXos i&dfcpvaev.
11) " Mvpva av tolovtot poira elirelv e^otfii, a
el Ka\ rd /mdXiara dXrjOrj eirj, aXX' ovtl ye KaX
7Tpoar}fcovTd eariv ovre ttoXvtt pay fiovelaO ai nap
eXevQepois dvOpcoTrois ovre aoX BiayyeXXea&ai.
Xadovra /nev yap rd roiavra ovBev dv ere fiXd-
yjreiev, aKovaOevra Be irapo^vveie KaX dfcovra.

2 orrrep qKiara xpr) aXXo)$ re /cal apyovrl rivcov
avfJLfiaiveiv. avxyovs yovv etc rovrov, robs fxev
dicpLTOvs tou9 Be koX eaKevcopr^fievrj rivX Kara-
yvcoaet BiKaarr^ploVy dBtKCds diroXXvaOai iroXXoX 1
vopitpvaiv ovre yap Ta? fxaprvplas ovre ra<?
/3aadvov<; ovr dXXo ri rwv roiovrcov &>? KaX

3 dXrjdes ov Kar avrmv rrpoalevrai. ravra yap
ovrcos, el KaX fir) SiKalcos eariv a avrcbv, dX>C eirX
rrdvrcov ye a>9 2 elrrelv rcov ovrco davarovjuevcov
6 pvXelrai. koX Set o~e, S) Avyovare, firj fiovov
fjLTjhev dBiKelv, dWa fjurjBe Bokciv. IBicorrj fiev yap
dpKel fir}Bev TrXrjfjLfieXecVj dpyovn Be Brj rrpoo-rjKei

4 firjBe Bok^cfiv Tiva avrov Xafiftdveiv. dvdpd>ir<*>v
yap, dXX* ov d^plcov r)yefjLOvevew KaX fMovco^ av

1 voWol added by corrector in M, om. Xiph.

2 is Xiph. V, om. M Xiph. C.

442

BOOK LV

by enmity and sometimes by resentment, in some a.d. 4
cases because they have received money from the
foes of their victims, in other cases because they
have received none from the victims themselves —
concoct many falsehoods, reporting not only that
such and such persons have committed some out-
rage or are intending to commit it, but even that
when so-and-so made such and such a remark, so-
and-so heard it and was silent, a second person
laughed, and a third burst into tears.

" I could cite innumerable instances of such a
kind, which, no matter how true they may be, are
surely not proper subjects for gentlemen to concern
themselves about or to be reported to you. Such
rumours, if ignored, would do you no harm, but if
listened to, would irritate you even* against your
will ; and that is a thing by all means to be avoided,
especially in one who rules over others. It is gener-
ally believed, at any rate, that many men are un-
justly put to death as the result of such a feeling,
some without a trial and others by a prearranged
conviction in court; for the people will not admit
that the testimony given or the statements made
under torture or any evidence of that nature is true
or suffices for the condemnation of the victims.
This is the sort of talk that does, in fact, go the
rounds, even though it is sometimes unjust, in the
case of practically all who are put to death by action
of the courts. ' And you, Augustus, ought not only
to avoid unjust action, but even the suspicion of it ;
for though it is sufficient for a person in private
station not to be guilty of wrongdoing, yet it behooves
a ruler to incur not even the suspicion of wrong-
doing. You are ruling over human beings, not wild

VOL. VI.

443

p

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

01/TC09 evvoelv crot avTOvs dXrjOebs Troirjaeias, av
TravTayoQev o~(j)a<; kcu Btd iravrcov opoLG)? irelar)^
on jjii]T€ e/ccov Tiva ixrjre dxcop aS^/e 770*^9. 1 <po-
ftetcrOai pep yap riva dvayKacr6r)pal ti$ Svvarai,

5 (j)iXeiv Be TretaOrjpat ocfreiXei. irelQeTai Be i!j &v
av avros re ev nrdOrj teal erepovs evepyeTovptepovs
iSy. 6 S* vTTOTOinjaa^ per) hifcaiods Tivd aTroXco-

Xevat KOI ^>0/3€£T£M flYJ 7T0T6 Tl OfJbOLOV TTObOrj Hal

puaelp top BpdaavTa avro avay/cd^ercu, to Be Brj
piaelaOat vtto tcov dp^optepcop, Trpos tw ptrfS*

6 aXXft)9 fcakay? eyeiv, akvGiTekeaTaTOV Icti. fcal
yap tca\ popl^ovaip 01 ttoXXol T0Z9 ptep aXXois
dvayKalov etpat irdvTas tou9 kcu otlovp dBiKr]-
aavTas crfyas dfivveaOai, iva ptrjTe KaTa<f)pov6bvTat
jirjTe eK tovtov irXeopeKTCoPTai, tov$ S' ap^pVTa^
T0Z9 pep to koipov dBiKovaip eire^iepai xprjpai,
Toix; 8' IBLa tl €9 avTovs TrXrjptpLeXetP Bokovptcls
<j>epetP' pbrjTe yap ifc KaTacjtpovrjcreco? p,ryr ii;
eiriBpopLr)*; dBiK7]Qr\vai o~<f)a$ Bvvaadai Bid to
ttoXXcl tcl Trpo^vXdaaopTa avTOvs eivai.

20 ""VlcrTe eycoye TavTa Te d/covovaa /cat Trpbs
TavTa aTrofiXeTrovaa KipBvpevoy fcal uavTeXcos
direnreip o~oi purjBepa Bed tolovtq tl diroKTiPVVvai.
2 at T€ yap irpoaTaatat eirt re Trj twp dp^optevcop
awTTjpta KaQiGTavTai, Sitcds ptrjBep ptr)6* vtt' dXXi]-

X(OP piTjO^ V7TO TCOP dXXo<f)vXcOP /3Xd7TTG)PTai, ov

ptd Ata ou% ottcos vtt avTOiv ifcetpcov ti XvTrcovTar
1 atiiK7)(T€i$ flor., aditcfiffTiis M, o8t/c7/(7€/as &u Xiph.

444

BOOK LV

beasts, and the only way you can make them truly a.d. 4
well disposed toward you is by convincing them,
by every means and on every occasion consistently,
that you will wrong no one, either purposely or un-
wittingly. A man can be compelled to fear another,
but he ought to be persuaded to love him ; and he
is persuaded not only by the good treatment he
himself receives, but also by the benefits he sees con-
ferred on others. The man, however, who suspects
that a certain person has been put to death unjustly
both fears that he may some day meet a like fate
and is compelled to hate the one who is responsible
for the deed. And to be hated by one's subjects,
quite apart from its being deplorable in general, is
also exceedingly unprofitable. For most people
feel that, although all other men must defend them-
selves against all who wrong them in any way or else
become objects of contempt and so be oppressed,
yet rulers ought to prosecute only those who wrong
the state, tolerating those who are supposed to be
committing offences against them privately ; rulers,
they reason, can not themselves be harmed either
by contempt or by direct attack, inasmuch as there
are many instrumentalities which protect them from
both.

" I, therefore, when I hear such considerations
advanced and turn my thoughts to them, am inclined
to go so far as to urge you to give up altogether the
inflicting of the death penalty in any case for reasons
of this kind. For the office of ruler has been estab-
lished for- the preservation of the governed, to
prevent them from being injured either by one an-
other or by foreign peoples, and not for a moment
that they may be harmed by the rulers themselves ;

P2 445

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

tcai evKXeearaTov icrriv ov to 7roXXov<; tcov ttoXl-
tcov diroXXvvai, dXXa to irdvTa^, av olov T6 t?, 1

3 aco^eiv SvvaaOai. TratBeveov jxev yap civtovs Kal
v6fioL<; kcll evepyeatat^ kclL vovQealats hel, ottcos
acocppovcocri, Kal irpoaeTi tcai Ttjpeiv Kal cpvXaTTeiv,
tva kolv dSiKetv eOeXrjacocri jjlt) SvvrjOcoaiv av Se
Stj voarjay to, depaireveiv T€ Tpoirov Tiva avTO icai

4 eiravopdovv, Xva firj iravTeXcos (pdapj). to tg yap
cpepecv tcl tcov ttoXXcov dfiapT7]fiaTa Kal irdvv
fieydXrj'i koX fypovrjaecos /cal hvvdjxecos epyov €cttlv
av T€ Tt9 irdvTa dirXco^ ra TOiavTa KaTa ttjv
d^iav KoXd^rj, Xrjaei to£>9 nrXeLovs tcov dvOpcoircov

5 diroXecra^. offev fcal Sid TavTa aoi yvcofirjv hLhcofjii
dav&Tw fxev fiyBiva tcov' toiovtcov TificopelaOai,
€Tepco<i Be ttcos avrovs, coaTe fir^Zev €tc heivbv
Spacraiy crcocppovl^eiv. tl yap av d8iK7]creie T£9 69
vrjaov KaTafcXeicrOeb*;, rj teal iv dypco iroXet Te Tivi y
ov% 07ra)9 avev ttXtjOov? olkstcov rj xprjfxaTcov,
dXXd Kal /JL6Tc\ (fipovpas cov, av ye real tovtov

6 Serjarj; el fxev yap eyyvs ttov ivTavOa oi iroXe/jLiot
rjaav, r) teal tt}9 OaXdaat)^ TavTt)^ dXXoTpiov tl
r)v, &o~Te Tiva avTcbv BiaSpdvTa tt/w etcelvovs
tcatcov tc r){ia<; epydaacrOai, 7roXei<? Te Tive$ iv tj)
'IraXta e^vpal teal Tei^V Kal oirXa eyovcrai vTvr\p-
yoVy 6o<tt€ Tiva KaTaXaftovTa ai/Tas, cpofiepov

7 rjpuv yeveadai, erepos av rjv Xoyos* doTrXcov Se Srj
irdvTcov tcov TavTTj Kal aTeiyiGTCov a>9 7rpb<; 7roXe-

1 f R. Steph., ^M,

446

BOOK LV

and the greatest glory is gained, not by putting a.d. 4
many citizens to death, but by being in a position to
save them all, if that be possible. We must educate
the citizens by means of laws and benefits and
admonitions, in order that they may be right-
minded, and furthermore, we must watch over them
and guard them, in order that, even if they wish to
do wrong, they may not be able to do so ; and if
there is any ailment among them, we must find some
way to cure it and correct it, in order that the ailing
member may not be utterly destroyed. To endure
the offences of the multitude is a task demanding at
once great prudence and great power ; but if any
one is going to punish them all without distinction
as they deserve, before he knows it he will have
destroyed the majority of mankind. Hence and for
these reasons I give you my opinion to the effect
that you should not inflict the death penalty upon
any man for such offences, but should rather bring
them to their senses in some other way, so that they
will not in future commit any crime. What wrong-
doing, indeed, could a man indulge in who is shut up
on an island, or in the country, or in some city, not
only deprived of a throng of servants and a supply
of money, but also under guard, in case this, too,
is necessary ? Of course, if the enemy were any-
where near here or if some part of our sea belonged
to a foreign power, so that one or another of the
f prisoners might escape to them and do us some
1 harm, or if, again, there were strong cities in Italy
with fortifications and armed forces, so that if a man
I seized them, he might become a menace to us, that
I would be a different story. But in fact all the
I places here are unarmed and without walls that

447

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

fiov ovtcdv, /cal rcov TToXefjLicov TrajjarX^dh air I

avTcov cm})€(tti]k6tq)v (7roX\rj fiev yap dakaacra I

iroXXr) Be /cal yr), /cal oprj /cal ttotciijlovs BvaBtaffd- I
8 rov ? €%ov(ra, Bid [xecrov eo~Ti)> tL dv (j>of3r)@€ir)

tov Belva r) tov Belva, yvpivovs, IBuoTevovTas, ev- I

ravOd ttov iv pear) rfj afj dpxjj ovTas /cat ivrb<; I

rcov acov owXcov fccLTafceicXeiiLevovs 1 ; iyd> fiev yap I

ovr dv evvorjcraL Tiva tolovtov ovBev, ovt av, el 2 I

/cal to, fidXiara p,avelr) rt?, BvvaadaL ye ti irpa^ai I

VOfjiL^CO.

21 "Yleipav ovv dir avrcov tovtcov dpgd/nevoi iroir]-
acofieOa. Taya yap dv teal avrol /jLera/SaXoLVTO 3 \
/cat tou? aXXovs d/jLeivovs Troirjaeiav real yap
opas otl /cal 6 KopvrjXios /cat evyevr)? /cal ovo-
fiao~TO<; eari, Bel Be ttov /cal ravra dvOpwirivcos j

2 i/cXoyt^eaOai. ov irdvja tol to £m£o9 BiairpaT-
rerai (p>eya yap rjv dv 4 dyaOov, el aco^povi'^eiv re \
rivas /cal iretOeiv rj /cal /caravay/cd^eiv fyiXelv rivd
dXrjOoos iBvvaro)> dXXd to fiev crcofid tivos <f)del-
petev dv, tcl<$ Be Br) tcov aXXcov yfrvyd^ dXXoTptco-
aetev ov yap i£ &v dv eTepoi TificoprjOcbac, irpoa-
(piXeo-TepoL Tivi> dXX 1 e£ &v dv ai/Tol (fiofirjdcbcriv,

3 &")(diov<i ylyvovTai. /cal TavTa fiev ovtoo<; e%ei, oi
Be Br) o-vyyv(op,r)s tlvos Tt>%oi>Te? /cal fieTavoovcriv,
alcr^vvo/mevoL av8Ls ti tol»9 evepyeTas dBi/crjcrat,
/cal TroXXd auToZ? dvOvirovpyovaiv, eXm-L^ovTe^
TrXebco avT ev ireicrecFuai* vq> ov yap av Ti?
dBi/cr}0evTO<; ti acoOfj, tovtov ev iraOovTa ovBev o ti

1 KaTaK€K\fifX€vovs Dind., KaraK€K\€i(T (xivovs M Xiph.
a €i supplied by Pflugk.

3 fieratidAoivTO Xiph., }A€Ta{5a\\oivro M.

4 h.v added by corrector of M (in margin), ora. Xiph. fior.

44 8

BOOK LV

would be of any value in war, and our enemies are a.d. 4
separated from them by an immense distance ; much
sea and much land, including mountains and rivers
hard to cross, lie between them and us. Why, then,
should one fear this man or that, defenceless men
in private station, here in the middle of your empire
and hemmed in by your armed forces? For my
part, I do not believe that any one could conceive
any such plot as I have mentioned, or that the
veriest madman could accomplish anything by it.

" Let us make the experiment, therefore, beginning
with these very men. Perhaps they may not only
be reformed themselves, but also make others better ;
for you see that Cornelius is both of good birth and
famous, and we ought, I presume, to take human
nature into account in reasoning out such matters
also. The sword, surely, can not accomplish every-
thing for you, — it would indeed be a great boon if it
could bring men to their senses and persuade them
or even compel them to love a ruler with genuine
affection, — but instead, while it will destroy the body
of one man, it will alienate the minds of the rest,
For people do not become more attached to any one
because of the vengeance they see meted out to
others, but they beome more hostile because of their
fears. So much for that side ; but as for those who
are treated in a forgiving spirit, they not only repent,
because they are ashamed to wrong their benefactors
again, but also repay them with many services,
hoping to receive still further kindnesses ; for when
a man has been spared by one who has been wronged,
he believes that his rescuer, if fairly treated, will go

5 avr* eu TT€t<re<rdat Dind., kvrevirsicreGQai Rk., avduTrolo-eaOai
M Xiph.

449

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

4 ovze evepyerrjaeiv eavTOV r/yelrai. tt€l<t07jti ovv
jjLOi, (f)t\TaT€ s zeal fjL€TaftaXov} ovtco fiev yap
zeal raWa to, Sva^epr) iravra dvdyzey ireiroirjKkvai
Bowels' ov yap 6<tti ttoXiv TrfkueavTrjv ize Srjfio-
Kparla^ 717309 {Aovapxlav ayovra avai/jcwrl fiera-
GTTjcrar av he iirl row avTOis eirifievr)^, zeal izeelva
yvcofiy hehpazeevai vo/jLiaOrjar}"
22 Tavra rrj<; KiovLas elirovar)'; 6 Avyovaros eirei-
<jQr\ re avrfj, zeal d<prjfce /Jiev iravras rov<; viraniovs
\6yoi<? rial vov9eTt]ora<; t tov he hrj Kopvrfktov teal I

2 viraTov dizehei^e. 2, zedzc tovtov teal izeeivov zeal

TOVS \017T0VS avdpdoTTOVS oCtO)? (pK€l(OaaTO &(TT€ I

jirjheva er avT(b tg>v aW&v fxrjT ovtcds iiriftov- I

Xevaat /Jirjre hogai' r) yap hr) Aiovta alrKOTarr} 1

t^9 <J(dTY}pla<s T(p Kopvr)\L(p yevopuevij rffieWev I

avrrj ttjv airiav tov Oavdrov tov Avyovcrrov I
Xrjyfreo-dai.

3 Tore S' ovv eizl re rov Kopvifkiov Kal eirl
OvaXepLov ^/[eaardXov v7Tarcov oreiafjuoL T€ iljataioi I
<rvvif3r]o-ap, zeal 6 Ti/3epi$ ttjv re yefyvpav tcarecrvpe I
teal ttXcottjv ttjv ttoKiv eVt kirra rjfiepas eirolrjae, \
tov T€ rfxlov ti i/eXine? eyeveTO, zeal \ipo<; crvvrj- I

4 vkydv). zedv t<5> avra> €T€L tovtw o t€ 5 Ayplirira^ \
€? i<j>r)/3ov$, fjirjSevbs twv avTcov to2$ dhekcjyoi? I
tv^cov, iaeypdipr)' zeal t«9 linr oh popular %<tf/M9 fiev I
oi /3ov\evTal X^P^ ^ 01 t7r7r ^ ^ 7T0 rov Xonrov I

5 TrXr}6ov$ elhov, o zeal vvv ylyveTai. eTTeihr) T€ oi
pahicos oi irdvv evyevels Ta? Ovyarepas €5 ttjv t% I
'Ea-rta<? iepaTelav iirehihoaav, ivofioffeTrjdr] zeal eg 1

1 fxeraBaXov Xiph., fieraQdWov M.

2 aWSetfe M Xiph., irpoffaweBei^v Zon.

45°

BOOK LV

to any lengths in his benefactions. Heed me, there- a d. 4
fore, dearest, and change your course ; if you do, all
your other acts that have caused displeasure will be
thought to have been dictated by necessity, — indeed,
it is impossible for a man to guide so great a city
from democracy to monarchy and make the change
without bloodshed, — but if you continue in your old
policy, you will be thought to have done these un-
pleasant things deliberately."

Augustus heeded these suggestions of Livia and
released all the accused with some words of
admonition ; and he even appointed Cornelius con-
sul. As a result of this course he so conciliated
I both him and the other persons so treated that
I neither they nor anyone of the rest thereafter either
I actually plotted against him or was suspected of
I doing so. It was rather Livia herself, who was
I chiefly responsible for saving the life of Cornelius,
I that was to be charged with plotting the death of
Augustus.

At this time, in the consulship of 1 Cornelius and a.d. 5
I Valerius Messalla, violent earthquakes occurred and
I the Tiber carried away the bridge and made the city
I navigable for seven days ; there was also a partial
I eclipse of the sun, and famine set in. This same
I year Agrippa was enrolled among the youths of
m military age, but obtained none of the same
privileges as his brothers. The senators witnessed
I the Circensian games separately and the knights also
I separately from the remainder of the populace, as is
I the case to-day also. And since the noblest families
Idid not show themselves inclined to give their

■ daughters to be priestesses of Vesta, a law was

■ passed that the daughters of freedmen might like-

45 1

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

direXevOepcov yeyevvrjfievas iepdadac. 1 Kai 6 fxev
fcXrjpos avT&v, iirel irXeLov? rjfxcfyea^ijTrjcrav, 2 iv
to) avvehpicp TrapovTcov twv irarepcov afpcov, ogoi
ye lirirevov, iyeveTO> ov fievroi Kai roLavrt] tis
aTreSefydr}.

23 Xa\€7T&)? Se Si) tcov CTpaTicoTcov 7rpo? rrjv tcov
aOXcov a fjbiKpor r]T a Sea tol»? TroXefiovs tovs totc
ivearrj /eoVa? ov% rjKio~Ta iypvTcoVy teal firjSevbs egco
tov rerayfievov tt)^ (npareia^ g$L<jl %p6vov SirXa
Xafteiv iOeXovTOS, iy{rrj(pLa07} to?? jiev i/c tov Sopv-
(popi/cov TTG.V7aKiayiXia<$ S/?<z^/-ia?, iiretBav efacai-
Se/ca errjt to?? Se erepois rpiaxtXias, eTreiBav

2 etKoai GTparevacovTai, BL&ocrdai. rpia Se 8rj rore
Kai eiKocri GTpaToireha y rj e5? 76 erepoi Xeyovai
irevre Kai etKocri, itoXltlkcl erpe<f>eTO. vvv fiev yap
ivveaKaiSeKa eg avTcov fiova hiafievet, to t€ Sei5-
repov to Avy ovaretov 3 to ev RperravLa ttj avco
Xeip.d%ov> Kai ra rpla tcl rpira, to re ev ^olvlktj
to TaXaTiKov, koi to ev *Apa/3/a to JZvprjva'iKov,

3 to Te ev NovfiiBia to AvyovaTeiov* TerapTOv Xkv-
Olkov ev ^vpla, ire/nTTTOv MaKeBoviKov ev AaKiq,
€KTa BvOy cov to fiev ev HpeTTavia Tjj k&tco, to tcov
viKrjTopooVy to Se iv 'lovSaia, to o-iBrjpovv, Terra-
KTar Kai oi eftBofioL oi ev tjj M^vala Tjj avco, ot 4
Kai to, fiaXiGTa KXavBieioi covofxdBaTai^ 01 Te 5
oyBooi AvyovaTeioi, ev Tjj YepfiavLa tjj avco 6Vre?*

4 Kai ot SeKaToc eKaTepoi, 6 oc Te iv Uavvovia ttj avco
oi BISv/juoc, Kai oi ev ^lovBaia* to tc evBeKaTOv to

1 UpaaOai R. Steph., Upuadat M.

2 T\fx<pe<T^i]T'q(Tav Bs., a.fx<pe<i&i)Ti)<Tav M (but in margin yp.
7]lj.(pia^-{}Tr}(Tav).

3 Auyovareiov Xiph., avyovcrnoi M (and similarly just below).

452

BOOK LV

wise become priestesses. Many vied for the honour, a.d. 6
and so they drew lots in the senate in the presence
of their fathers, so far as these were knights ; how-
ever, no priestess was appointed from this class.

The soldiers were sorely displeased at the paltry
character of the rewards given them for the wars
which had been waged at this time and none of them
consented to bear arms for longer than the regular
period of his service. It was therefore voted that
twenty thousand sesterces should be given to members
of the pretorian guard when they had served sixteen
years, and twelve thousand to the other soldiers when
they had served twenty years. Twenty-three, or, as
others say, twenty-five, legions of citizen soldiers
were being supported at this time. 1 At present only
nineteen of them still exist, as follows : the Second
(Augusta), with its winter quarters in Upper Britain ;
the three Thirds — the Gallica in Phoenicia, the
Cyrenaica in Arabia, and the Augusta in Numidia ;
the Fourth (Scythica)in Syria ; the Fifth (Macedonica)
in Dacia ; the two Sixths, of which the one (Victrix)
is stationed in Lower Britain, the other (Ferrata) in
Judaea; the Seventh (generally called Claudia 2 ) in
Upper Moesia; the Eighth (Augusta) in Upper
Germany ; the two Tenths in upper Pannonia
(Gemina) and in Judaea ; the Eleventh (Claudia) in

1 The confusion is due to the fact that after the defeat of
Varus there were but twenty-three legions left (out of
twenty-six) ; but Augustus later increased the number to
twenty-five.

2 Cf. lx. 15, 4.

4 ot R. Steph., el M Xiph.

5 ot re Xiph. , ot $€ M.

6 He/carol cKarepoi Rcim., SfKarepot M, Se/caTot Xiph.

453

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ev NLvcrLq ry Kara), to KXavBieiov ovtco yap tcl
Bvo aTparoireBa airb rov K\avBiov iireic\r}Q'q 3 otl
avTcp ev tt) tov KapiXXov eiravaardaet pt] dvTe-

5 iroXeprjae' Kal to BcoBeKaTOV to ev l^airiraBoKiq
to Kepavvo(j>6pov, to tc rpirov /cat Be/carov to ev
t^aKiq to BLBvpov, teal to TerapTOV teal Be/caTOv to
ev TiavvovLq tt) dvco to BLBvpov, to t€ TrevTeicaiBe-

6 fcaTov to ^ KiroXXcoveiov to ev ¥LainraBoidq m teal oi
elfcocrToi oi Kal OvaXepLeioi Kal viKrjTopes covopa-
apevoi fcal ev HpeTTaviq ttj dvco ovTe$' ovcrTivas o
Avy ova tos, 1 epol Bo/cetv, peTa tcov ttjv t€ tov
BevTepov Kal 2 ei/cocrTOv eircovvpiav e^ovTcov /cat ev 3
tt) Yeppavlq tt} dvco yeipa^ovTcov, el koX tcl pd-
XiGTa pffi dirdvTcov OvaXepietoi eireKkYjOr)-
crav prfTe vvv eTi Ty irpocri^yopiq TavTy yj)C0VTai }

7 irapaXaficbv iTr/prjcre. TavT e/c tcov KvyovcrTeicov
cTTpaToireBcov aco^eTar to, yap Brj Xolttcl tcl pev
iravTeXcos BieXvdr], tcl Be Kal eTepois tloiv viro Te
avWov e/celvov Kal vir dXXcov avTO/cpaTopcov ave-
pix@V> ovirep Kal BiBvpa covopacrpeva vevb-
picTTai.

24 ^ireiBrf Be dixa^ 69 tov irepl tcov crTpaTOireBcov
Xoyov 7rporfxdr}v s Kal TciXXa tcl vvv ovTa, «S? ttov
7rpo? tcov peTa TavTa avTapyricrdvTcov KaTekeydr],
cppdacO) iv evl ycopico irdvTa yey pappeva pqBicos
2 tov ftovXopevov Tt irepl avTcov paOelv BiBdcrKy. o
t€ yap Nepcov to irpcoTov to 4 Kal 'iTaXiKov ovo-
pa^opevov Kal ev Ty kutco Mvaiq ^eipd^ov, Kal 6

1 b Abyovaros Bk., avrovs M.
8 $€VT€pov Kal supplied by Mommsen.

3 4v supplied by Xyl.

4 irp&Tov rb Bs., irp5)r6v tc M.

454

BOOK LV

Lower Moesia (for two legions were thus named after a.d. 6
Claudius because they had not fought against him in
the rebellion of Camillus 1 ) ; the Twelfth (Fulminata)
in Cappadocia ; the Thirteenth (Gemina) in Dacia ;
the Fourteenth (Gemina) in Upper Pannonia; the
Fifteenth (Apollinaris) in Cappadocia ; the Twentieth
(called both Valeria and Victrix) in Upper Britain-
These latter, I believe, were the troops which Augustus
took over and retained, along with those called
the Twenty-second who are quartered in Germany, 2
— and this in spite of the fact that they were by
no means called Valerians by all and do not use
that name any longer. These are the legions that
still remain out of those of Augustus ; of the rest,
some were disbanded altogether, and others were
merged with various legions by Augustus himself
and by other emperors, in consequence of which such
legions have come to bear the name Gemina.

Now that I have once been led into giving an
account of the legions, I shall speak of the other
legions also which exist to-day and tell of their
reniistment by the emperors subsequent to Augustus,
my purpose being that, if any one desires to learn
[about them, the statement of all the facts in a single
portion of my book may provide him easily with the
[information. Nero organized the First Legion,
[called the Italica, which has its winter quarters in

1 Cf. lx, 15, 4.

L 2 Dio is in error here ; the Twenty- second (Primigenia)
[was organized by Claudius and therefore should be in the list
of later legions given in chap. 24.

455

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

Td\/3a$ to re irpc^TOV to iiriKovpiKov to ei> T17I

3 Uavvoviq rfj Karco Kal to efthopiov to SlSv/jlov to
eV 'I/3^pm avveragav, Ovecriraatavb^ to t€ Sev-

TGpOV TO ilTlKOVpiKOV TO €V TiaVVOViq TTj KCLTCO KOL

to TeTapTOV to <&kaovleiov to eV Mucrta T7J avo),
to T€ eKfcai&etcaTov to <P\aovietov to iv %vpLq,
AofjLiTiavbs to 7rp6)T0v to 'ABrjvaiov to iv Tep-
fiavLa T7] KCLTG), Tpa'iavbs to SevTepov to Alyv-

4 tttlov Kal to TpiaKoaTOV to TepfxaviKoVy a tcai a<p y
eavTov iircovofjiao-ev, 'Avtcovivo? 6 MapKo? to t€.
SevTepov to iv NcopiKq) Kal to TptTov to iv
'VcuTLa, a Kal *lTa\iKa K€K\rjTai, *Zeovr)pos tcl,

WapBlKCL, TO T€ TTpCOTOV Kal TO TpLTOV TCL 1 iv\

MeaoiroTapiLq, Kal to hia fieaov to hevTepov to
iv Trj 'iTaXiq.

5 N0i> fiev Srj ToaavTa Tei^r) tcov iK tov KaTa-
\6yov CTpaTevofjievcov e^co tov T€ clo~tikov Kal tov

8opV<f)OpiKOV €(TTl, TOT6 &€ iirl TOV AbyOVGTOV
TaVTa T€ y €LT Ol)V TpLa €LT€ 7T€VT€ Kal €IK0GIV

ovTa, iTpi(f>€To, Kal avixjxa^LKa Kal ne^cov Kal
iirirecov Kal vavTcov baahrjiroTe rjv oi yap e^co to

6 aKpifies elireLV oi ts acop,aTO(pv\aKe<; fivpcoi ovt€<;
Kal SeKa^fj TeTaypAvoi, Kal oi t?}? 7ro\e&>9 (ppovpol
k^aKiayCKioi tc ovtcs Kal tct pa%f) vevefirj pivot*

7 %ivOl T€ t7T7T^9 iTTlKSKTOt, oi? TO TCOV BaTClOVCOV

dirb Trj? BaTaova? tt)<; iv tco ^Vrjvco vrjaov ovo/xa,

8 oti Stj KpaTiGTOi lirireveiv ela-t, KeiTai* ov fievToi
dpidfibv avTcov aKptftrjy Syairep ovhe tcov dvaKXrj-
tcov, eiireiv ZvvapLai. Kal yap tovtov<; rjp^aTO fiev
vofii^eiv a<f> ov tol>? crvaTpaTevcrafievovs T(p irarpl

456

1 rh Bk., rb M.

BOOK LV

Lower Moesia ; Galba the First (Adiutrix), with a.d. 5
quarters in Lower Pannonia, and the Seventh
(Gemina),in Spain ; Vespasian the Second (Adiutrix),
in Lower Pannonia, the Fourth (Flavia), in Upper
Moesia, and the Sixteenth (Flavia), in Syria;
Domitian the First (Minervia), in Lower Germany ;
Trajan the Second (Aegyptia) and the Thirtieth
(Germanica), both of which he also named after
himself ; 1 Marcus Antoninus the Second, in Noricum,
and the Third, in Rhaetia, both of which are called
Italica ; and Severus the Parthicae — the First and
Third, quartered in Mesopotamia, and the Second,
quartered in Italy.

This is at present the number of the legions of
regularly enrolled troops, exclusive of the city cohorts
and the pretorian guard ; but at that time, in the
days of Augustus, those I have mentioned were
being maintained, whether the number is twenty-
three or twenty-five, and there were also allied forces
of infantry, cavalry, and sailors, whatever their
numbers may have been (for I can not state the
exact figures). Then there were the body-guards,
ten thousand in number and organized in ten
divisions, and the watchmen of the city, six thousand
in number and organized in four divisions ; and there
were also picked foreign horsemen, who were given
the name of Batavians, after the island of Batavia in
the Rhine, inasmuch as the Batavians are excellent
J horsemen. I can not, however, give their exact
number any more than I can that of the Evocali. 2
These last-named Augustus began to make a practice
of employing from the time when he called again

1 The Second was called Traiana and the Thirtieth Ulpia.

2 That is, the " Recalled." Cf. xlv. 12, 3.

457

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

7rpo9 Ta oTrXa avOts iirl tov 'Avtcoviov avefcd-
Xecrev, irriprjcre Se* fcai eial /cat vvv o-vo~T7)fia
iStov, pdfihovs (£>€povT€<; coairep oi etcaTovrapxoi.
9 At' ovv ravT dirop&v XPVpdTcov, yvco/irjv 69 ttjv
fiovXrjv iarfveytce irbpov rtva Siaptcr) Kal deivcov 1
dTToBei^Orjvaiy 07rco9 fJirjSevbs e^codev firj^ev Xvttov-

fJL€VOV a<f)66vG)$ €K TCJV T€Tay/Ji€VCOV KOL T7)V Tp0(f>rjV

Kal rd yepa Xa/JL^dvcoat. /ecu 6 fxlv i^rjrelro,
eireihrj re pirjSeh dyopavofirjaai €kgdv i^OeXev,
r/vayKdaOrjaav e/c t€ tcov TeTapuevKOTeov Kal i/c
tcov BeSrjfjiap^rj/corcov KXrjpco rives avrb 7roif)crcu,
#5 Kal tovto Kal aXXoTe iroXXaKL? iyevero* fxera 8e
ravra iirl re Al/juXlov AeirLhov Kal iirl AovkLov
' AppovvTiov vTrdroov, iireiSrj firjEels iropos dpe-
ckcov Tialv €vpi(TK€To t dXXa Kal irdvv irdvTes otl

2 Kal ityreiTO ifiapvvovTO, iatfveyKev 6 Avy ovcttos
XpVf^ctTa Kal virep eavrov Kal virep tov Tifieptov
€9 to Ta/M€iov, b Kal arparicoriKov eVawo/xao-e,
Kal rpicrl T&v icrTparTjyrjKOTCOv rofc \ayovciv iirl
Tpla €T7j BiOLKelv TTpocreTa%€> pafihovx 01 ** T ' ^vd
hvo Kal Tjj aXXrj virr]peaLa tt) TrpoarjKOvap XP *'

3 (xevoiS* Kal tovto Kal iirl irXeLw €Trj Kara 8ta-
&°XV V eywcTO' vvv yap Kal alpovvrai 7rpb$ tov
del avTOKpaTOpos Kal x<ap\$ pafihovx^v irepdaatv.
auT09 T€ ovv crvvearjveyKe Tiva, teal tovto KaT
6T09 irpd^etv vTTecrx eT0 > Kai ^apa ftao-iXewv hrj-

458

1 atlvwv Dind. , aeivov M.

BOOK LV

into service against Antony the troops who had a.d. 5
served with his father, and he maintained them
afterwards ; they constitute even now a special corps,
and carry rods, like the centurions.

Now Augustus lacked funds for all these troops,
and therefore he introduced a proposal in the senate
that revenues in sufficient amount and continuing
from year to year should be set aside, in order that
the soldiers might receive without stint from the
taxes levied their maintenance and bonuses without
any outside source being put to annoyance. The
means for such a fund were accordingly sought.
Now when no one showed a willingness to become
aedile, some men from the ranks of the ex-quaestors
and ex-tribunes were compelled by lot to take the
office — a thing which happened on many other
occasions. 1 After this, in the consulship of Aemilius a.d. 6
Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius, when no revenues for
the military fund were being discovered that suited
anybody, but absolutely everybody was vexed because
such an attempt was even being made, Augustus in
the name of himself and of Tiberius placed money in
the treasury which he called the military treasury, 2
and commanded that three of the ex-praetors, to be
chosen by lot, should administer it for three years,
employing two lictors apiece and such further as-
sistance as was fitting. This method was followed
with the successive incumbents of the office for
many years ; but at present they are chosen by the
emperor and they go about without lictors. Now
Augustus made a contribution himself toward the
fund and promised to do so annually, and he also

1 Cf. xlix. 16, 2; liii. 2, 2; liv, 11, 1.

2 Aer avium militare.

459

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

ficov re tivwv iirayyeXlas iSe^aro* irapa yap tcov I
l&tcoTcov, KdiTrep o-vyywv eOeXovTi, <w9 76 eXeyov*

4 iTTtSiSovTcov ti, ov$€v eXa/Sev. 0)9 8' ovv ravra
re iXd^Lara 77009 to TrXr)9o<; t<ov dvaXiaKOfiivcov I
rjv kcl\ aOavarov tlvos eviropias iSetTO, rrpocxira^e I
rot9 fiovXevrals ^rjrrjaai 7r6pov<? Ihia, teal Ka8*
eavTov e/caarov, teal tovtovs 69 ftiftXta ypd-
yjravTa<? Sovvai oi htaaKe^raadaLy ov^ otl ovk j
i7T€V0€C Tivd, dXX' 07r&)9 oti fidXiaTa avrovs I

5 7T€L0~r) ov i/SovXero eXeo~6ai. dfiiXet aXXcov aXXa
icr7jyrjaa/jL€V(ov luelvwv jxev ovhev 1 eh oki fiacre, ttjv I
& el/coarrjv t<ov re KXrjpwv Kal tcov Scopecov, a$ av I
oi TeXevToovres rtcrt 7rXr)V tcov irdvv avyyevcov I
rj Kal TrevrjTcov KaTaXeiircoai, fcaT€o~TrjaaTo s &>9 1
teal iv rofc tov Kaiaapos virojivrfpLaai to Te\o9 |

6 tovto yey pa fifjLevov evpcov iarj/CTO fxev yap Kal
irpoTepov 7T0T6, KaTaXvdev Se fieTa TavTa avdts
tot€ i'iravr}')(P'q, Ta9 fiev ovv 7rpoa68ov<$ ovtcos
iirrjv^rjae, ra S' dvaXcofxaTa Bta Tpicov dvSpoov

VWaTCVKOTCOVi 0V<; 6 KXrjpO? d7T€<j)7}V€, tcl puev

o-vveaTeiXe tcl Se Kal iravTaTTaai hteypa^e.
26 TavTa t€ ovv tov? ^Vcofiaiovs iXvirei, Kal
irpoaeTL Kal Xi/ibs iaxvpos, &a6' vtt avTov tovs
t€ pLOVopiaypvvTas Kal tcl dvBpdwoSa tcl tbvia
virep 7T GVTTjKOVTa Kal eiTTaKocrLOVs aTaStov?
i^cocrOrjvai, €K t6 T/79 6epa7reia<; Kal tov Avyov-
o~tov Kal rou9 aXXovs to irXelov diroiretityaaO ai> .,
Kal Slkcov avoids yevecrOaii eKhrjfielv tb to £9 /Sou- , I
2 XevTafc ev8a dv iOeXrjo-cocuv iiriTpairrfvai, Kal
07r&>9 7' civ fjLrjSev €K tovtov T<z Soy/xaTa ijJ,7T08l~

1 ovdev Reim., ovdiva M.

460

BOOK LV

accepted voluntary contributions from kings and a.d. 6
certain communities ; but he took nothing from
private citizens, although a considerable number
made offers of their own free will, as they at least
alleged. But as all this proved very slight in com-
parison with the amount being spent and there was
need of some permanent supply, he ordered each one
of the senators to seek out sources of revenue, each
independently of the others, to write them in books,
and give them to him to consider. This was not be-
cause he had no plan of his own, but as the most
certain means of persuading them to choose the plan
he preferred. At all events, when different men
had proposed different schemes, he approved none of
them, but established the tax of five per cent, on the
inheritances and bequests which should be left by
people at their death to any except very near
relatives or very poor persons, representing that he
had found this tax set down in Caesar's memoranda,
It was, in fact, a method which had been introduced
| once before, but had been abolished later, and was
I now revived. In this way, then, he increased the
revenues ; as for the expenditures, he employed three
k ex-consuls, chosen by lot, by whose help he reduced
I some of them and altogether abolished others.

This was not the only source of trouble to the
| Romans ; for there was also a severe famine. In
I consequence of this, the gladiators, and the slaves
I who were for sale, were banished to a distance of
I one hundred miles, Augustus and the other officials
I dismissed the greater part of their retinues, a recess
I of the courts was taken, and senators were permitted
I to leave the city and to proceed wherever they
I pleased. And in order that their absence might not

461

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

tyjTai, zcvpia itclvtcl ra ytyvcoazcopLeva vtto twv
del Trapovrcov elvai izceXevo-Grj. zeal irpoaeTi zeal
avSpes vTrarevicoTes iirL re tov <tltov zeal eirl
tov apTOV /careo'Trjcrav, &ct€ ra/crbv e/cdaro)

3 irnrpd<JKG<jQai. eVe'Scy/ee p,ev yap /cat irpoi/ca 6

AvyOVCTTOS TOtV GlTohoTOVpbCVOlS TOGQVTOV €T€pOV

oaov del eXdpbfiavov &)? S' ovSe itcelvo afacriv
i£rjpfceaev> ovhe is rd eavrov yeveOXta Srjpoaia
avrovs eartadrfvaL etaaev.

4 'EireiStj re ev tw %pov(p tovto) iroXXa t*}?
iroXeeos irvpl 8i€(f)0dpr), avSpas re igeXevOepovs
eiTTayr} ixpos ra? eiutcovplas avTrj? /careXe^arOj
teal dpyovTa lixirea avTols Trpoaera^ev, ax; zeal Be

5 oXtyov <r<£a? SiaXvacov. ov pukvTOi teal iiroLrjae
tovto* /carapadoov yap etc ttjs ireipas /cat XPV~
cnpoyrdrTjv /cat dvaytcaiOTdTT)v rrjv Trap avra>v
fiorjOeiav ovaav irrjprjerev avrovs, zeal eial zeal
vvv oi vv/CTO<f)vXa/ce$ ovtoi Xhiov riva rpoirov
ovzc izc to)V direXevOepcov en piovov dXXa zeal
i/c T(bv aXXoov (TTparevopbevoi, /cat relxv T€ ev
rfj iroXei eyovai zeal pu<76bv etc tov BrjpLoaiov
<j>epovo~iv.

7 f O 8* ovv opuXoSy ola vtto Te tov Xi/nov zeal VTTO
tov reXof? tois 0* vtto tov irvpos duoXayXocn
zc€zcazco)pevo<i S 7]0")(aXXe t teal iroXXa pev teal cf>a-
vepo)$ vewTepoiroia 1 SceXdXovv, TrXetco Se Srj

2 /3t/9Axa vvKTcop i^€TL0ecrav t zeal TavT eXeyeTO
p,ev izc TTapacrzcevr)*; HovirXlov tivos 'Vovcfrov yi-
yvecOaiy virooTTTeveTO Se €? aXXovs* 6 p,ev yap

1 veccrtpoTTota Leuncl., veocreponotal (corrected from veo>~
repamottai) M.

462

BOOK LV

prevent decrees from being passed, a ruling was a.d. 6
made that all decisions reached by those in atten-
dance at any meeting should be valid. Moreover,
ex-consuls were appointed to have oversight over
the grain and bread supplies, so that only a fixed
quantity should be sold to each person. Augustus,
to be sure, gave free of cost to those who were
receiving doles of corn as much again in every case
as they were already getting ; but when even that
did not suffice for their needs, he forbade even the
holding of public banquets on his birthday.

When many parts of the city were at this time
destroyed by fire, he organized a company of freed-
men, in seven divisions, to render assistance on such
occasions, and appointed a knight in command over
them, expecting to disband them in a short time.
He did not do so, however ; for he found by experi-
ence that the aid they gave was most valuable and
necessary, and so retained them. These night-
watchmen exist to the present day, as a special
corps, one might say, recruited no longer from the
freedmen only, but from the other classes as well.
They have barracks in the city and draw pay from
the public treasury.

Now the masses, distressed by the famine and the
tax and the losses sustained in the fire, were ill at
ease, and they not only openly discussed numerous
plans for a revolution, but also posted at night even
more numerous bulletins. Word was given out that
all this had been planned and managed by one
Publius 1 Rufus, but suspicion was directed to others ;

1 The same man, evidently, who is called Plautius Rufus by
Suetonius {Aug. 19) ; his whole name may have been Publius
Plautius Rufus.

463

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

r Pou<£o<? ovre evOvjirfOrfvai ri avreov ovre irpd^at I
eBvvaro, erepoi Be rco ifceLvov ovofxan /cara^pco- I

3 jjlevoi fcaivoTOfielv eiriarevovro. fcai Bid rovro I
ty)Tr}aL<$ re avreov e*ylrr)(f)i(T0r) teal pLrjvvrpa irpoere- I
Otj* pLTjvvaeis re eyLyvovro, kcl\ t) tto\i<; /cat Ik I
rovrmv erapdrrero, p£-^pi<; ov rj re airoBeia I
eiravaaro, real p,ovopL,ayia% dywve<; iirl ray Apovacp I
7Tj009 re rov Yepp,avifcov rod Kaiaapos kcl\ rrpbs I
TtfBeplov KXavBlov Nepcot'o?, rcov viewv avrov, I

4 iyevovro. rovro re yap avrov$ iirl rfj rod I
Apovaov pbvrjjjLT) irapepLvOi^aarOy /cat on rb Aiog- I
Kopeiov 1 o Tifieptos /caOiepcocras ov rb eavrov I
fiovov b'vopLa avrw, K.\avBiavbv eavrbv avri rov I
KXavBtov Bid rrjv 69 to rov Kvyovarov yevo<;
eKTrolrfaiv ovopidaas, dWd zeal rb e/ceivov eVe-

5 ypa-tye. rd re yap rcov TroXepLcov dpua Bito/cei, koX \
69 rrjv ttoKiv, birbre rrapdo-ypt, awe^a)? eae^oLray
rb puev ri irpayfidrcov rtvcov eve/ca } rb Be Br) irXel-
arov (f>o/3ovp,€vo<i pit) 6 Kvyovcro? dXkov riva
irapd rr)v dirovaiav avrov TrporipLrjar}.

6 Tavrd re iv rep erei rovro* eyevero, teal eireiBr) \
6 rr)<; y A^ata<; apywv pLeaovarj'; ttov t?/9 r)yepbOvLa^ I
diredave, rco re rapula 2 teal t« irapeBpto avrov, ov
TTpea^evrrjVy wcrirep elirov, /caXovpiev, tw ptev rd
ivrbs rov iaOpiOV rep Be rd Xoiird Biot/crjaat irpoa-
erd^Or). o re 'HpayBr)*; 6 JIaXaiarivos, airtav \
TLvd drrb rcov dBeXcpcov \a/3cov, virep rds "A\7r6£9 U

1 Aioctk6p€iov Dind., hiofftcovpeiov M.

2 rafxla Bk., ra/xUiai M.

464

BOOK LV

for as Rufus could neither have devised nor accom- a.d. 6
plished any of these things, it was believed that
others, making use of his name, were planning a
revolution. Therefore an investigation of the affair
was voted for and rewards for information were an-
nounced. Information began to be offered, and this
also contributed to the commotion in the city. This
lasted until the scarcity of grain was at an end and
gladiatorial games in honour of Drusus were given
by Germanicus Caesar and Tiberius Claudius Nero,
his sons. For this mark of honour to the memory of
Drusus comforted the people, and also the dedication
by Tiberius of the temple of Castor and Pollux, upon
which he inscribed not only his own name, — calling
himself Claudianus instead of Claudius, because of
his adoption into the family of Augustus, — but also
that of Drusus. Tiberius, it should be explained,
continued to carry on the wars, and at the same time
visited the city repeatedly whenever the opportunity
offered ; this was partly, to be sure, on account of
various business, but chiefly because he was afraid
that Augustus might take advantage of his absence
to show preference to somebody else.

These were the events in the city that year. In
Achaia the governor died in the middle of his term
and instructions were given to his quaestor and to
his assessor (whom, as I have stated, 1 we call envoy)
for the former to administer the province as far as
the Isthmus and the other the remainder. Herod 2
of Palestine, who was accused by his brothers of
some wrongdoing or other, was banished beyond the

1 Cf. liii. 14, 6.

2 Archelaus, son of Herod the Great, who used the name
Herod on his coinage.

465

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

vTrepcopiadr), teal to /xepos tt}? dp^r}<; avrov
iSrj/JLoaiwdr].

28 K<iz> T0Z9 avrois tovtois %p6voi<; teal iroXepboi
ttoXXoI iyevovro. teal yap Xyaral avyya teare-
Tpe^pVy &are ttjv %apha> fir]^ 1 apyovra ftovXev-
Ttjv ereai rial ar^elv, dXXa arpaTidyTais re teal

2 cnpaTiapyais lirirevGiv iiriTpairrivai' teal TroXet^
ovte oXtyat eveomepi^ov, (bare teal irrl 8vo err] toi>9
avrovs ev T0Z9 rov hrjfiov eOveai, teal alperov? ye
dvrl rebv teXrjpooTatv, dp^ar rd yap rov Kalcrapo?
teal aXXco? eVi irXeLco %povov T0Z9 2 avTots irpoa-
€TarT6TO. ov fJL&VTOi teal irepl izdvirwv avrcov
aiepiP&s eire^d^o>' 3 iroXXd re yap a>9 etedarois
teal ovte d^ioXoya Gvvv\vkyQr]> teal ovhev civ 4

3 XeTTToXoyrjOevra (ticfreXrjcreie. rd ye pbrjv fivrjfirjs
rivos a%ia teecpaXaicoaas, 7rXt)V to>v /Jbeylaroyv,
epw.

"laavpol T€ yap ite Xyareias dp^dfievoi teal €9
TToXefiov SeLVOTrjra r rrporf)(d y \ (jav > MxP L<; °^ Karr€ -
Bafidadrjaav teal TairoyXoi 5 TGt) re 'lovfia rep
fiaaiXet dyOopievoL, teal dfia dira^iovvres jarj ov

4 Ka\ avrol vtto t&v 'Pcopatcov dp\ea6ai y eirave-
aTrjaav a\JT(p, teal Trp} re irp6o")(^pov eiropdr^aav
teal avxyovs teal twv 'Vco/xalcop iirLaTpaTevcravrd^
afytcnv direKreivaVy to re av/xirav €7rl roaovrov
eTT7]v^r}6r}aav &are K.opvrjXiov Kocraov rov tearep-
yaadfievov a<f>as rifid? re eirivitelov^ teal eirco-

5 vvpilav air avTwv Xafielv. ravrd re dfia iylyvero,
teal iirl to £9 KeA,To£>9 iarpdrevaav puev teal aXXot

1 yUTjS* Bk., ju^t' M. 2 rois Reim., 4v rots M.

3 €7r€|a|cc Reim., ive^u M. 4 ovbcv kv Pflugk, ovhiva M.

5 YanovXoi {YairovKot) R. Steph., j€rov\oi M.

466

BOOK LV

Alps and his portion of the domain was confiscated a.d. 6
to the state.

During this same period many wars also took
place. Pirates overran a good many districts, so
that Sardinia had no senator as governor for some
years, but was in charge of soldiers with knights as
commanders. Not a few cities rebelled, with the
result that for two years the same men held office in
the provinces which belonged to the people and
were appointed 1 instead of being chosen by lot ; of
course the provinces which belonged to Caesar were,
in any case, assigned to the same men for a longer
period. But I shall not go into all these matters
minutely, for many things not worthy of record
I happened in individual instances and their recital in
[detail would serve no useful purpose. I shall give
I simply the events worthy of some mention and very
I briefly at that, except in the case of those of greatest
I importance.

The Isaurians began with marauding expeditions,
(but were led on into all the horrors of war, until
■they were utterly subdued. The Gaetulians, also,
were discontented with their king, Juba, and
'scorning the thought that they, too, should be ruled
lover by the Romans, rose against him. They ravaged
Ithe neighbouring territory, slew many even of the
Romans who made a campaign against them, and, in
• fine, gained so great headway that Cornelius Cossus,
who subjugated them, received triumphal honours
and also a title from them. 2 While these events
were occurring, expeditions against the Germans
also were being conducted by various leaders,

1 By Augustus, naturally.

2 Gaetulicua.

467

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

tip€<;, iarpdrevcre he teal 6 Ti/3ipio<z. teal pe%pi\
ye tov TTora/jLov, irpoTepov fiev tov Oviaovpyov, 1 j

p,6TCL he TOVTO KCU TOV 'AXftiOV, 7TpO€X(t)p7}(T€V t OX)]

fievroi teal a^iofxvrifJbovevTov ti tot€ ye eVpa^*?, "

6 kclLtol teal avrofepdropo? pit} on tov Avyovarom
aX\a teal tov Tiftepiov eir avToi<$ kXtjOcptos,
teal TifJLas eiripiteiovs Yatov ^cptlov tov t^9 Yep-\
fjiavias apxovTOS \af36vT0S, e7reihr) fir] jxovov aira^
dWd teal hevTepop, efcofirjOePTes avTOvs, io"rreL-

7 aavTo. ahia he tov teainep TrapacnrophrjaaaR
acj)iai hi okLyov av9i$ ttjp elprjpr}p hodrjpai Ta re
to)v AeXfiaTcov ical tcl to>v Uavpovioov, jxei^opa)?
T€ TapaydevTa teal ofeta? eiricrTpo<prj<; herjOePTa,
eyeveTo.

29 Tat? yap iacfropals tcop ^p^pbaTcop oi Ae\/uaTa£
ftapvvofievoi top piev epirpocrde %p6vop teal ateovTes
^avya^ov* &><? S' o re Ti/3epio<; eirl tou9 KeXroi?
to heitTepov eaTpaTevae, teal Ova\epio<$ Meo~cra-
\ipos 6 jot€ teal W79 AeXfiaTias teal t% TiavpopLas
ap%cop avTos T€ gvv iteeipp eVraX^ teal to ttc/Kv

2 tov GTpaTOv crvpe^rjyaye, teat Tipa teal crc^eft
hvpapup irefiyfrai teeXevadePTes avprjX06p re eirl
tovto) teal tt)p yfkiteiap o~<f>cop dpQovaap elhop,
ovteeTi BiefieWrjcrap, dXX* epdyovTos avTOvs otl 1
fxakiaTa Bar&)i>09 tipo? ArjaihiaTOV to peep irpa)~
top bXiyoi Tipes ipecoTepicrap teal tou9 'Po>yu-atoi/9 i
eireXdoPTas o-(f>Lcrip eafajXap, eireiTa he ete tovtov ;

3 teal oi a\Xoi TrpocraTreGT^aav. teal peTa tovto \
teal Upevteoi Uappopiteop eQpos, TSaTcopa teal avTol
eTepop 7rpoaTrjadp€POi, em re to ^Lppuop teal eirl j
Tou? ep avT& f Pa)/uuov9 &pp,r)o~ap. teai eieeipo -

1 Oviaovpyov Reim., ffovypov M.

468

BOOK LV

especially Tiberius. He advanced first to the river a
Visurgis and later as far as the Albis, but nothing
noteworthy was accomplished at this time, although
not only Augustus but also Tiberius was called im~
perator because of the campaign, and Gaius Sentius,
the governor of Germany, received triumphal honours,
inasmuch as the Germans, through their fear of the
Romans, made a truce, not merely once, but twice.
The reason that peace was granted them a second
time, in spite of their having broken their truce so
soon, was that the Dalmatians and Pannonians were
in a state of great disturbance and required sharp
attention.

The Dalmatians, chafing under the levies of tri-
bute, had hitherto kept quiet, though unwillingly.
But when Tiberius made his second campaign against
the Germans, and Valerius Messallinus, the governor
of Dalmatia and Pannonia at the time, was sent out
with him, taking most of his army along, the Dal-
matians, too, were ordered to send a contingent ;
and on coming together for this purpose and behold-
ing the strength of their warriors, they no longer
delayed, but, under the vehement urging of one
Bato, a Desidiatian, at first a few revolted and
defeated the Romans who came against them, and
then the rest also rebelled in consequence of this
success. Next the Breucians, a Pannonian tribe, put
another Bato at their head and marched against
Sirmium and the Romans in that town. They did

469

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

puev ovk igeiXov {alaOojJLevo^ yap tt?9 eirav acrTaaeu)*;
avrcov KaL/civa? 1 Xeovrjpos 6 tt}? ttXtjgloxwpov
Mvaias ap%cov iiTrjXOi re avroL? &ia rayitov

TT€pL TOV ApaOVOV ITOTafJLOV OVGl Kal (TVjULfiaXooV

evitcr](Tev), dvayLayiaeaOaL^ Si ttjj Blcl ftpa-yeo?,
€7reiSr) Kal tcov rcdfxaLcov av)(yol iireTTTcoKeaav,
eXirLaavTes irpbs TrapdKXrjo-iv o-v/m/JLaycov irpd-
4 irovro. /cal oi jxev avvLGTcov ocrovs eSvvavro,
iv Se tovtg> 6 TSdrcov 6 AeX/iarr)? iiri XdXcova
crrparevaas avrbs [xev XL9cp yaXeTrcos TrXr/yels
ovSev eirpagev, erepovs Si Tivas irifxy^ras irdvra tcl
irapaOaXdaaia fiixpi T V^ * A-TroXXavia? eXu/i?/VaTO,
Kal tlvi ivravOa fidyrj 3 St avra>v Toi»9 irpOGpi-
gavrds <r<fiicri 'Pcofialov?, Kaiirep Trpor)TTr)6els*
30 avreireK parser e. irvOofxevos ovv ravO* 6 Tiffepios,
Kal <j>o/3r}9eU fir) Kal e? tt)v 'IraXiav eaftaXwaiv,
€K re t% KeXrLKr)? dv€<TTpey]r€ t Kal tov Meacra-
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2 i(f>€i7T€T0. alaOofievo? Se tt)<; irpovoSov avrcov
6 Qdrcov d r nr)VTY)Ge rep Meo-aaXuva), Kaiirep /jlt]-
Siirco KaX&s e^oiv, Kal gttlk par ear epos avrov iv
napard^ei yevbfievos eireir eg iviSpas eviKr)6r).

KCLK TOVTOV 7T/00? T6 TOV BttTW^a TOV TSpeVKOV

rfk9e, Kal KOiva>o~dfAevo$ avr<p rbv iroXefiov opo<;

3 ri 'AX/jlclv KareXa^e' Kavravda 7rpb<z puev rov
'TvfirjrdXKOV rov QpqKos, irpoTrefMpOivTo? eir
avrovs u7ro rov Heovtfpov, fipayeia nvl p>dyri
rjTTTjOrjo-av, TTpbs 8* airbv iKelvov iGyyp&s dvr-

4 io")(ov. Kal fiera ravra rov re ^eovrjpov €9
ttjv M.vo~iav Bid re rovs AaKovs Kal Sta tow

1 Kaitclvas R. Steph., Kal kIvvus M.

8 ava/jiax^<T€ffdat Dind., avapaxeffaffQcu M.

470

BOOK LV

not capture the place, however, for Caecina Severus, a .d. 6
the governor of the neighbouring province of Moesia,
marched rapidly against them, when he heard of
their uprising, and joining battle with them near the
river Dravus, 1 vanquished them ; but hoping in some
way to renew the struggle soon, since many of the
Romans also had fallen, they turned their attention
to summoning their allies and were getting together
as many as they could. Meanwhile the Dalmatian
Bato marched upon Salonae, where he was badly
wounded by a stone missile and so accomplished
nothing himself ; but he sent out some others, who
wrought havoc along the whole sea-coast as far as
Apollonia, and at that point, in spite of having been
first defeated, won a battle in turn against the
Romans who engaged them. Now when Tiberius
learned of this, fearing that they might invade Italy, he
returned from Germany, sending Messallinus ahead
and following himself with most of his army. But
Bato learned of their approach, and although not yet
well, went to meet Messallinus; and though he proved
stronger than Messallinus in open conflict, he was
afterward defeated by an ambuscade. Thereupon he
went to Bato, the Breucian, and making common
cause with him in the war, occupied a mountain
named Alma. Here they were defeated by Rhoe-
metalces, the Thracian, who had been sent ahead
against them by Severus, but resisted Severus him-
self vigorously. Later, when Severus withdrew to
Moesia, because the Dacians and Sarmatians were

1 The Drave.

a Ttvi . . . fxaxv Oddey, riva . . . ii&xW ^*

1 Vp07JTTT}6€l5 'Pols.k, 1}TT7)Q*i5 M.

471

VOL. VI. Q

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

*2<avpondra<; TTOpOovvras avTT)v dirdpavTOS, kcl
tov Tiftepiov rod re MeaaaXlvov ev Xta/cia 1
iyxpoviadvTcov, tt}v t€ avpLp,aj(Lha a(f>cov eVe-l

5 hpapov Kal av%vov<; TrpoaaTrecrTrjcrav. teal 69 p,ev
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ovk rjXOov a\)T(p } aXXoae he Kal aXXoae pLeOiard-
fievoi iroXXd eTcopOrfcrav' Trj? re yap yd>pa$ €/x-
ireLpcos e^ovTe? /cat kovc/xds ecricevaa fxevoi, pahioos
OTrrj irore eftovXovTO eydipovv. teal irrech^ ye 6
yeipLwv iveaTrjy ttoXv TrXeto) i/eaxovpyrjaav /cal

6 yap Kal 69 ttjv Ma/ceSoviav avOis eveftaXov. Kal
tovtov? pep 6 re 'PupLrjTaXKTis Kal 6 dheX<f)b<;
avrov *YacncvTropi<; p<dyrf KareXaftov ol he hrj
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dva<f>vyovTe$ eKeWev oirr} irapeiKoi Karahpofza^
eirotovvTO.

31 MaOoov ovv Tavra 6 Avyovaros, Kal vtto-
Tnevcras 6*9 tov Tifiepiov a>9 hvvTjOevTa fiev av hid
ra^emv avrovs Kparrjaai, rpLftovra he i^e7TLT7]he<;
iv o)<; inl irXelarov ev rofc ottXois errl T?j tov
TroXepLOv 7rpo(f)da-ei fj, irepareL tov Teppavitcbv Kal-
tol TapuevovTa, crTpaTicoTas ol ovk evyevels fiovov
dXXa Kal eljeXevOepov? hovs t dXXovs tc Kal 00*01/9
irapd re tcov dvhpcov Kal irapa tCov yvvaiK&v
hovXovs, 717)09 To, Tipcrjp.aTa avT&v, crvv Tpo<f)fj
2 €KpLrjV<p Xaftoov rjXevdepcoaev, ov pubvov he tovto
717)09 TTjv tov TToXepiov %peiav eirpagev, dXXa Kal
ttjv e^kraaiv tcov iinreoov ttjv ev ttj dyopa yiyvo-

1 2i<r/c(<j Xyl., a-eia-Kiai M. 8 AiKivtov Bk., Kiicivviov M.
472

BOOK LV

ravaging it, and Tiberius and Messallinus were tarry- a.d. 6
ing in Siscia, the Dalmatians overran the territory of
their allies and caused many more to revolt. And
although Tiberius approached them, they would
engage in no pitched battle with him, but kept
moving from one place to another, causing great
devastation ; for, owing to their knowledge of the
country and the lightness of their equipment, they
could easily proceed wherever they pleased. And
when winter set in they did much greater damage,
for they even invaded Macedonia again. As for
these forces, now, Rhoemetalces and his brother
Rhascyporis checked them by a battle ; and as for
the others, they did not come to the defence of their
country when it was later ravaged (in the consulship a.d. 7
of Caecilius Metellus and Licinius Silanus), but took
refuge in the mountain fortresses, from which they
made raiding expeditions whenever the chance
offered.

When Augustus learned of these things, he began
to be suspicious of Tiberius, who, as he thought,
might speedily have overcome the Dalmatians, but
was delaying purposely, in order that he might be 1
under arms as long as possible, with the war as his
excuse. He therefore sent out Germanicus, although
he was only a quaestor, and gave him an army com-
posed not only of free-born citizens but also of freed-
men, including those whom he had freed from slavery
by taking them from their masters and mistresses on
payment of their value and the cost of their mainten-
ance for six months. This was not the only measure
he took to meet the need occasioned by the war,
but he also postponed the review of the knights,
which was wont to occur in the Forum. And he

473

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

jxev-qv dveftdXero. Kara re rr)<; iravrfyvpeco^ rr\
fieyd\r)<z rjv^aro, 1 on yvvrj tl<? 6? rbv fipayiov

3 ypd/n/iara arret evrefjuovcra ideiaae riva. rjaOero
fi€V yap on ovk i/c deov KareaxV T0 dXX* etc irapa-
cr/cev7)<; avrb eire7roir]Ker eVetS?) Be to 7rXf}&o$
aXXw? re zeal Sid tov$ TroXejxovs rbv re Xijjlov,
69 Kal Tore avffis crvvefir), Seivw erapdrrero,
marevetv re Kal avrb? rol$ XexOelortv errXdrrero, \
Kal irdvO' ocra irapafivOrjaeaOat tov ofiiXov fjfieX- \

4 Xev &)9 Kal dvay/cala eirparre, Kal erri ye rfj
ariroBeia ,Bvo avtiis ex r&v vnarevKorcop €7t^t I]
/jLeXrjrds rod gLtov crvv paffBov^oc^ direBeL^e.
rrpoaBeofjuevo^ he Btj XP r )l JL( ^ TCOV €9 re tovs 7ro\i/j,ov<t 1

Kal €9 TTjV T(OV VVKT0(j)vXdK(OV Tp0(f)7]V, TO T6

reXos to rr)<; 7revT7]Koarrj^ errl rfj ratv dvSpa-
rroBwv irpdarec iayyaye, Kal to dpyvpiov to
rol<; (TTpaTrjyoi? row t«9 oirXofiaxias ttoiovgiv
eK tov Btjfioaiov BiBofievov iKeXevae fxrjKer dva-
XLarKeadai.

32 Tbv Be Brj YeppLavtKoVy dXX* oi rbv * AypLinrdv
errl rbv iroXefxov e^eTre/juyfrev, ore BovXo7rpe7rr}<; re
eKelvos r}v Kal rd irXelarra rjXievero, offevrrep Kal
Uoo-eiBwva eavrbv iircov >6fia%e, rfj re bpyfj ripo-
2 irerel ixPV T0 * KaL T V V Aiovlav 2 <W9 p^rpvidy
SiefiaXXev, avru* re tu> 'AvyovarG) iroXXaKis virep
r6)v irarpcocov enreKaXet, Kal ov yap eo'co^po-
vL^ero t direK7]pvxSrj t Kal fj re ovaia avrov t r&
(TTparicoTiKco rafMietcp 3 eSoOrj, Kal avrbs 4y DAa?
vaalav rrjp 717)09 Kvppfp vrjorov eveftXrjdri. n .>

■A

1 i\&£clto R. Steph., efj^aro M.

2 Aioviav Lipsius, *lov\lav M.

3 rafiitltp P>k., ra/xeiwi M.

474

BOOK LV

made a vow with reference to the Megalensian a.d. r
games because some woman had cut some letters on
her arm and practised some sort of divination. He
knew well, to be sure, that she had not been pos-
sessed by any divine power, but had done this thing
deliberately ; but inasmuch as the populace was
terribly wrought up over both the wars and the
famine (which had now set in once more), he, too,
affected to believe the common report and proceeded
to do anything that would make the crowd cheerful,
regarding such measures as necessary. And in view
of the dearth of grain lie appointed two ex-consuls
commissioners of the grain supply, granting them
lictors. And as there was need of more money for
the wars and for the support of the night-watchmen,
he introduced the tax of two per cent, on the sale of
slaves, and he ordered that the money which was
regularly paid from the public treasury to the prae-
tors who gave gladiatorial combats should no longer
be expended.

The reason why he sent Germanicus and not
Agrippa to take the field was that the latter pos-
sessed an illiberal nature, and spent most of his time
in fishing, by virtue of which he used to call himself
Neptune. He used to give way to violent anger,
and spoke ill of Livia as a stepmother, while he often
reproached Augustus himself for not giving him the
inheritance his father had left him. When he could
not be made to moderate his conduct, he was banished
and his property was given to the military treasury ;
he himself was put ashore on Planasia, the island
near Corsica.

475

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

3 Tavra fiev iv rfj iroXei eyevero* rov Se Bml

TeptLCLVLKOV 6? TYjV HdVVOVLCLV iX0OVTO<i Kal

arpaTevfidroav TroXXayodev i/celae avviovrcov, \
Trjptfo-avTes oi JSdrwves tov Xeovfjpov i/c 7-779
Mvaias irpocnovTa iireTreaov avr<p a7rpoa86tcr}Toi, J
(7T paroTTshevo fikv(o 7rpb<? rot? OvoX/calois eXecn, I
KaX to us fiev e£co rov racjypevfiaro^ i<j)6f3r)(rav kcl\
Karijpagav e? avro, Se^afiivcov Se' crfyas tcov evhov

4 f}TTr}07i<rav. Kal fierd tov6* oi 'Fcofialoi ve/ir]-
Oevres, oVo)? iroXXa^fi dfia rrj<; ^copa? Kara-]
rpkyvyGiv, oi fiev dXXoi ovhev a%iov Xoyov Tore ye
eSpacrav, 6 Se St) TepfiaviKO? Mafaiou? AeX/nari-
kov edvo? fiaXV viKt]o-a<; eKaKwaev.

33 'E^ fiev Sf) TW €T6l €K€LVCj> TCLVT eTTpd^dt],

MdpKOv Se Stj i>ovpiov fiera Xefjrov Nwviov
vTrarevaavTos iTreOvfirfaav fiev KaX oi AeXfiaTai
koX oi Tiavvovioi avfi/3fjvai Bta to to fiev wpcorov
Xtfiw, eiTa Kal voaw air avTov, Troais re ticiv
oXXokotois KaX pi£ai<; ^poofievoi, TrovrjOrjvai, ovk
eTreKrfpVKevcravTO Se KwXvadvTwv twv firjSefiiav
irapa tcov 'Fcofiaiwv iXwiSa crcoTrjpias e^ovTcov,

2 dXXa Kal dvTeiypv. Kal 'XKevoftaphos re ti$
Trpocnr oir)o- dfievos fieTaaTrjo-ecrOai, koX Trefitya?
KaT avro tovto Trpbs Mdvtov "Evviov (f>povpap%ov
SicrKias 1 &>? €TOifJLo<; fiev &v avTOfioXi)o~ai, SeStw?
Se fir) it poiT dOj) 2 . . . .

3 Padus, quern Italiae soli fluviorum regem dicunt
cognomen to Eridanus, ab Augusto imperatore latis-

1 y,i(TKias Bk., aeiffKias M.

2 Between irpoirddr) and fi4vroi (chap. 34) four folios are
lacking in M.

476

BOOK LV

These were the events in the city. After Ger- a,d. 7
manicus reached Pannonia and armies were assem-
bling there from many sides, the two Batos waited
until ^Severus approached from Moesia and then fell
upon him unexpectedly, while he was encamped near
the Volcaean marshes. They frightened the pickets
outside the ramparts and drove them back inside, but
when the men in the camp stood their ground, the
attackers were defeated. After this the Romans
were divided into detachments, in order that they
might overrun many parts of the country at once;
most of these detachments did nothing worthy of
note, at least not at that time, but Germanicus
conquered in battle and harassed the Mazaei, a
Dalmatian tribe.

These were the achievements of that year. In a.d. 8
the consulship of Marcus Furius and Sextus Nonius,
the Dalmatians and Pannonians desired to make
terms, because they were afflicted first by famine and y
then by disease that followed it, since they were
using for food roots and strange herbs. They did
not, however, make any overtures, being hindered
by those who had no hope of being spared by the
Romans, but even in their distress still resisted.
And one, Scenobardus, who had pretended he was
going to change sides and with reference to this very
matter had sent to Manius Ennius, the commander
of the garrison in Siscia, as if he were ready to
desert, became afraid that he might suffer harm
beforehand ....

The Po, which, under the name Eridanus, 1 they
call the king of the rivers that cleave the soil of Italy,
had its waters let into a very wide canal by the

1 This is the usual name of the river in Greek.

477

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

sima fossa demissus, qui septima sui alvei parte per
mediam influit civitatem, ad ostia sua amoenissimum
portum praebens, classem ducentarum quinquaginta
navium, Dione referente, tutissima dudum crede-
batur recipere statione. — Jordanes, Get. 29, 150.

4 Aco(f)7jcravTO^ Se irore tov Xtfiov, eirt re tco rov
TepfiaviKov ovo/aclti, o? rjv tov Apovcrov 7ra??,
Kal eirl tco tov dBeXcpov avrov, £7r7roSpo/ua<?
enotrjae, teal ev avral? eXe(f>a<; re ptvoKepcoTa
Kare payee aro /cat dvrjp Iwirev^ ttXovtco irori.
wpoeveyKcov efiovofidxnae*

5 Kal €7r€i&r} Kal toj yrjpa /cat rfj tov crco/jtaTO?
dcrOeveta eKa/jtvev, coo~T€ /jltj hvvacOat ttclcti tol<;
Seo/jtevois Ti avTov yprjixaTt^eiv, ra ftev aXXa
avTbs fieTa tcov avvehpcov /cat hiecrKoiret 1 /cat
iSt/ca&v, iv too iraXaTtco inl ^ij/iaro<; irpo/ca-
Orjiievos, ra<? he 8tj 2 Trpecrffetas Ta<; T€ irapa tcov
hrjfxcov /cat ra? nrapa tcov 0acriXecov ticpi/cvov/JLevas
rpitrl tcov viraTevKOTcov iireTpeyjrev, coctt avTov?
%&>/H9 e/cacTTov /cat Siatcoveiv tivcov /cat airo/cpicriv
avToU StSovai, 7rXrjv tcov oaa dvay/catov rjv rrjv
T6 ftovXrjv Kal i/cetvov iirtSia/cptveiv. — Xiph. 114,
15-30.

34 ... fiivToi /cat ev rot? irptoTot? ciXX* iv to*?
vctt/ltois a'/recfyatvero, ottcos IStofiovXetv airacnv
e^etrf Kal /irjheh avrcov r?)? eavrov yvcofjtrj<; t a>? Kal
avdyKrjv Tiva crv/uL<j)povfjo~at oi eycoVy egi'aTairo, 3

2 b)\ V, /J) C, om. L'. * f^icrrairo Bk., ^iaraTai M.

47 8

BOOK LV

Emperor Augustus. A seventh part of the stream a.d. s
of this river flows through the centre of the city, 1
affording at its mouth a most attractive harbour,
which was formerly believed, according to Dio, to be
a thoroughly safe anchorage for a fleet of two hun-
dred and fifty ships.

When at last the famine had abated, he conducted
games in the Circus in the name of Germanicus,
who was son of Drusus, and in that of Germanicus'
brother. 2 On this occasion an elephant overcame a
rhinoceros and a knight who had once been dis-
tinguished for his wealth fought in single combat.

Now when Augustus was growing weary by reason
of old age and the feebleness of his body, so that he
could not attend to the business of all those who
needed his care, though he continued personally,
with his assistants, to investigate judicial cases and to
pass judgment, seated on the tribunal in the palace,
he entrusted to three ex-consuls the embassies sent
to Rome by peoples and kings ; these, sitting sepa-
rately, gave audience to such embassies and made
answer to them, except in matters in which the final
decision had of necessity to be rendered by the
senate and Augustus.

[It had been Augustus' practice hitherto to attend
all the meetings of the senate, though he did not,]
however, declare his opinion among the first, but
I among the last, his purpose being that all might be
permitted to form their views independently and no
I one should abandon his own judgment, as though
he were under any necessity of agreeing with the
emperor; and he would often sit with the magis-

1 Ravenna.

2 Claudius, who later became emperor.

479

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

TOfc? T€ apyovtri iroXXaKis crvveBiKa^e* Kal ogclkw
ye oi irapeBpevovTes crfaaiv eBi^oyvcofiovovVj 1 zeal'*
r) e/ceivov -vJr*;<£o9 airo t?/9 icn/9 t<z?9 tcov dXXcov

2 r}pi0fi€iTo. tot€ Be ttj fiev yepovcrta teal avev
eavrov tcl iroXXa BtKa^eiv iireTpeirev, e? Be tov
hrjiiov ov/c€Ti iraprjei, dXXa tco fiev irpoTepco erei
navTa? tovs ap^ovTa<; auTo?, eTreiBrjirep iara
crtd^ero, direBei^e, tovtco Be Kal T0Z9 eirena
ypdfifxard Tiva etcrcOeU avvLaTrj tco re TrXtfffei

3 Kal tco Bijfjicp ocrovs ecnrovBa^e. 717309 fievrot ra?
tcov iroXepbcov Bta^eipLcret^ ovtco? eppcoTO cocr0'
iv eyyvOev Kal iirl to?9 AeA/iaTCM9 Kal iirl rot
Tlavvovioi? irav n ^ph cvfifiovXevetv eyr), irpb<;\
'Apifxivov i^copfirjae. Kal eiri re rfj e^oBco avrov
evx ai eyevovro, Kal eirl ttj eiravoBco al dvoLai
cocrwep €K iroXepia? twos dvaKopLiaQevTO? eVe-j
\e<T07]crav.

4 Tavra fiev Iv rf) 'Pco/jltj iirpd^rj, iv Be tovtco
6 TSutcov 6 JZpevKos, tov re Uivvrjv irpoBovs Kal
fxicrObv tovtov tt]v dpy))V tcov RpevKcov Xa/3cov,
edXco re vtto tov erepov Bara^o? Kal Bie<f>0dpr)'

5 eTretBr) yap viroTTTevaas tl e<? to vttijkoov opbrjpovs ,

Ka6* €Ka(TTOV TCOV <j)pOVplCOV 7T€pUCOV 2 fjT€l, fia0COV\
TOVT €K€lVO<; ivi]Bp€V0~€ TTOV aVTOV, Kal fld^TJ

KpaTTj&as KaTeKXeiaev €9 TeZ^09, Kal pueTa tovt j
eKBoOevTa vtto tcov evBov Xaftcov Traprfyaye re i<;\
to (TTpaTevpLa, Kal KaTa^rr)<^i<j0evTa diro0aveiv\

6 iv %ep<jlv eTToirjae. yevo/xevov Be tovtov crvyyol '
tcov UavvovLcov eTraveaTTjcrav, Kal at/Vofc 3 o.

1 i$ixoyva>fi6vovv Morell, itiixoyvu>/j.ovv M.

2 irepuovv R. Steph , irepiwv M.
8 avrois Rk., avrbs M.

480

BOOK LV

trates as they tried cases. Also, whenever those who a.d. 8
sat in judgment with him found themselves in dis-
agreement, the emperor's vote was counted as no
more than equal to that of any other judge. But at
the time to which I refer, Augustus allowed the
senate to try most cases without him, and he gave up
attending the popular assemblies. Instead, he hadi
the year before personally appointed all who were to J
hold office, because there were factional outbreaks// ?
and in this and the following years he merely posted :
a bulletin recommending to the plebs and to the
people those whom he favoured. Yet he was so
vigorous when it came to directing campaigns
against the enemy that he proceeded to Ariminum
in order that he might be near at hand to give all
necessary advice in regard to both the Dalmatians
and the Pannonians. On his departure vows were
made, and on his return the sacrifices customary
when he came back from the enemy's country were
offered.

This was what was done in Rome. Meanwhile,
Bato, the Breucian, who had betrayed Pinnes and had
received the right to rule over the Breucians as his
reward, was captured by the other Bato and put to
death. The Breucian, it seems, had been somewhat
suspicious of his subject tribes and had gone round
to each of the garrisons to demand hostages; and
the other, learning of this, lay in wait for him some-
where or other, defeated him in battle, and shut him
up in a stronghold. Later, when the Breucian was
delivered over by those inside, he took him and
brought him before the army, and then, when he
had been condemned, put him to death on the spot.
After this many of the Pannonians rose in revolt,

481

DIO'S ROMAN HISTORY

iLtXovavos €TTi<TTpaT€v<ja<; rovs re l&pev/covs evt-
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482

BOOK LV

and Silvanus made a campaign against them, con- a.d. 8
quered the Breucians, and won over some of the
others without a battle. Bato, on seeing this, gave
up all hope of Pannonia, but occupied the passes
leading to Dalmatia with garrisons and ravaged that
country. Then at last the remainder of the Pan-
nonians also came to terms, chiefly for the reason
that their country was being harried by Silvanus.
However, certain bands of brigands continued their
forays for a long time, as was natural after so great a
disturbance ; indeed, this nearly always happens, not
only among other peoples, but especially in the case
of these tribes.

483

' ! I 1

INDEX

(All dates are B.C. unless otherwise stated.)

Achaia, 465
Acropolis, the, 299
Actia, festival in honour of Actlum,
5

Actium, battle of, 3 f., 15, 61, 195 f.
Addon, 419
Aegina, 299

Aemilius, L. (perhaps the same as

Paulus Aemilius Lepidus), 267
Aesculapius, 23
Africa, 17, 29

Agrippa, M. Vlpsanius, honoured
after Actium, 11, 59, 195 f. ;
advises Octavian against estab-
lishing a monarchy, 79-109, 185 ;
censor, 187 ; public works super-
vised by, 253, 263 f., 311 f . ;
indicated as Augustus' successor,
271-75 ; retirement to Lesbos,
275 ; restoration to favour, 297 f.
319, 355 ; military exploits of,
309 f., 345 f., 355; death and
character of, 357-65 ; funeral
games in honour of, 399 f.

Agrippa Postumus, son of preced-
ing, 409, 451, 475

Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius (cos. 16),
329 417

Alban Mount, the, 275, 297 n., 361
Albis, the, 381, 417, 469
Alexander the Great, 45
Alexander, brother of Iamblichus I.,
7

Alexander, son of Antony and

Cleopatra, 43, 63
Alexandria, 17, 29, 47 f., 53
Alexandrians, the, 27, 45 f.
Aliso (or Eiiso), the, river in

Germany, 369 n.
Alma, mountain in Pannonia, 471

DIO VI.

Alps, the, 259, 263, 467 ; Trlden*
tine, 337 f. ; Maritime, 345

Amyntas, king of Galatia, 7, 21,
261

Antioch, 23

Antiochus, king of Commagene, 191
Antistius, C. See Vetus.
Antoninus, M. Aurelius, 457
Antoninus, M. Aurelius (Caracalla),
47

Antonius, C. (cos, 63), 75

Antonius, Iullus, son of the trium-
vir, 45, 351, 379, 413

Antony, Mark, flight of, after
Actium, 5, 13 f. ; in Egypt, 15,
29 ; death of, 31 ; character of,
41 f. ; other references to, 7 f.
13, 37 f., 45, 51 f., 67, 119, 189,
199, 265, 279, 299, 305, 351, 459

Antyllus, son of preceding, 17 f.,
25,43

Aper, P. Salvlus, 411
Apis,' 47 f.

Apollo, 5 ; temple of, on Palatine,

195, 409
Apolionia, 471

Apudius (or Pacuvius) Sex., 247
Apuleius, Sex. (cos. 29), 55, 59
Apuieius, Sex. (cos, a.d. 14), 363
Aqua Virgo, the, 311
Aquila, freedman of Maecenas, 397 f.
Aquitania, 221
Arabia, 269 f., 453
Arabian Gulf (the Red Sea), 21
Arabians, the, 21, 303
Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, 7,
303

Archelaus, king of Judaea, 465 and
n.

Areius, a philosopher, 45, 175

4§s

INDEX

Argonauts, picture of, 263
Ariminum, 251, 481
Ariobarzanes, 419
Armenia, 45, 303, 403, 415, 419
Armenians, the, 303, 413, 419
Arruntius, L. (cos. 22), 283
Arruntius, L. (cos. a.d. 6), 459
Artabazus, 415, 419
Artacii, the, 77
Artagira, 419

Artavasdes, king of Armenia, 17
Artavasdes, king of Media, 17, 45.
303

Artaxes, 45, 303
Asander, 345

Asia, 11, 15, 51, 57, 219, 299, 361
Asians, the, 57

Astures, the, 57, 259 f. f 207 f., 293

Athena, 55, 299

Athenians, the, 299, 305

" Athenians," the, party in naval

battle given in Rome, 409
Athenodorus, a phiiosopher, 175
Athens, 305
Athlula, 271

Augurinm salutis, the, 57

August, name given to the month

Sextilis, 395
Augusta, name given to Paphos,

343

Augusta Emerita, 261
Augusta Praetorla, 259
Augustalia, the, 307, 369
Augustus, passim. Significance of
name, 185 n„ 235, 241, 245

Baetica, 221

Halbus, D. Laelius (cos. 6), 401
Balbus, L. Cornelius, 347
Basilica of Neptune, the, 263
Basilica of Paulus, the, 343 f.
Bastarnae, the, 67-75
Batavia, 365, 457
Batavians, the, 365, 457
Bathyllus, 327

Bato, a Breucian chief, 469 f., 477,
481

Bato, a Dalmatian chief, 469 f.,

477, 481 f.
Belgica, 221
Bes3i, the, 73, 333, 371
Bithynia, 59, 221, 299
Bocchus, 261
Bogud, 261

Bosporus, kingdom of, 345
4 86

Breucians, the, 469 f., 481 f.
Britain, 253, 259, 453 f.
British ocean, the, 221
Britons, the, 205, 253, 277
Brundisium, 13, 51
Brutus, 119

Caepio, Fannius, father and son,
289 f.

Caesar, C. Julius, 7, 9, 27, 35 f.,
117, 187, 273, 335, 461 ; shrines
of, 43, 57 f. ; assassins of, 23.

■ See also Julius.

Caesar, C. Julius (Octavianus),

passim. After 29 B.C. styled

Augustus, q.v.
Caesar, C, grandson of Augustus,

327, 331, 351 f., 395, 399-405,

409, 413-23.
Caesar, J,., brother of preceding,

327, 331, 399-405, 409, 415, 421 f;
Caesar, as imperial title, 185, 241
Caesarians, the (imperial freedmen),

137

Caesarion, 17 f., 43
Calpurnius, C. (aedile 23), 279
Camillus, 107

Camillus, M. Furius (cos. A.D. 8),
477

Camiilus, M. Furius (Scribonianus),

Campania, 353 f., 411
Campaniaus, the, 409
Campus Agrippae, the, 399
Campus Martius, the, 67, 197, 253,

357, 383
Cainunni, the, 331
Candace, 293 f.

Cantabri, the, 57, 259 f., 267 f.,293,

309 f.

Capitol, the, 291, 301, 349 f., 383,

399

Cappadocia, 345
Capreae, 191

Carisius, P. (or T.), 261, 293
Carrinas, C, 61
Carthage, 191
Cassius, il9

Castor and Pollux, temple of, 465
Cedrus (or Cebrus), river in Moesia,

69

Celts, the, 221

Censorinus, C. Marcius (cos. 8), 391
Chalcidicum, name given to temple
of Minerva, 63

INDEX

Chatti, the, 367 f., 375, 381
Chauci, the, 365
Chersonesus, the, 359, 371
Cherusci, the, 367, 381
Chios, 415

Cicero, son of the orator, 53
Cilicia, 21, 221, 303
Cinna, 107

Cinna, Cn. Cornelius (Magnus), 427,
449 f.

Circensian games, 153, 195, 303,

351, 395, 407 f., 451, 479
Circus Flaminius, the, 383, 409
Circus Maximus, the, 369, 409
Ciris, a cave, 75

Claudius, the emperor, 455, 465,

479 ; cf. 383
Cleopatra, 3 f., 15-43, 49 f., 61 f.
Cleopatra, daughter of preceding,

43, 63
Cluvius, C, 189
Coele-Syria, 221
Commagene, 191, 303
Concord (Concordia), statue of, 373;

temple of, 399, 405
Cornelius. See Cinna and Lentuius
Corsica, 475
Cos, 23

Cossus. See Lentuius
Cotys, 333, 371

Crassus, M. Licinius, the triumvir,
279

Crassus, M. Licinius (cos. 30), 13,
67-73

Crassus, M. Licinius (cos. 14), 343
Crete, 219

Crispinus, Q. (pr. 2), 411

Crispinus, T. Quinctius (cos. 9), 379

Curia Iulia, the, 63

Curia Octaviae, the, 399

Curio, 9

Curtius, 209

Cydonia, 7

Cyprus, 221, 291

Cyrenaica, the, 219 f .

Cythera, 299

Cyzicus, 21, 299, 343

Dacia, 453 f.

Dacians, the, 65 f., 375, 471
Dalmatia, 219 f., 333, 371, 469, 483
Dalmatians, the, 61, 369, 375, 383,

469-73, 477, 481 f.
Daphne, town near Antioch, 23

Dapyx, chief of a tribe of the Getae,
73 f.

Dardani, the, 67, 77
Decii, the, 209

Deldo, king of the Bastarnae, 71
Demeter, 11 n., 305 n.
Dentheleti, 69, 73, 333
Didius, Q., 21 f.
Dionysus, 73, 371
Diribitorium, the, 399
Domitian, 273, 457
Domitius, L. See Ahenobarbus
Dravus, river in Pannonia, 471
Drusus, M. Livius (Libo) (cos. 15),
335

Drusus, Nero Claudius, 307, 331,
337 f., 365-85, 391, 395, 399, 465
Dynamis, wife of Asander, 345
Dyrrachium, 15

Egypt.ll, 15, 17, 21, 47, 51, 61 f.,

205, 221 f., 255, 269, 293, 417
Egyptians, the, 19, 27, 35, 43-47,

53

Elephantine, 293

Eliso (or Aliso), the, 369

Ennius, M\, 477

Epaphroditus, a freedman, 33, 39
Ephesus, 57
Epirus, 219

Erato, queen of Armenia, 419
Eretria, 299

Eridanus, Greek name for the Po,

477
Ethiopia, 43
Ethiopians, the, 293 f.
Evocati, the, 457

Fabius, Paulus (Maximus) (cos. 11),
367

Fabius, Africanus Quintus (or Q.
Fabius Maximus Africanus) (cos.
10), 379

Feriae Latinae, the, 279, 297, 325,

361 «., 385
Flaccus, C. Norbanus (cos. 24), 265
Flaminian Way, the, 251
Flevo, Batavian lake, 365 n.
Florus, Aquilius, father and son, 9
Fortuna Iiedux, altar of, 307
Forum of Augustus, the, 407
Forum Romanum, the, 51, 273, 291,

301 n., 331, 383, 401, 407, 411,

473

4 8 7

INDEX

Frisians, the, 365 f.
Fulvia, 17, 45

Furnius, C. (tr. 50), 189, 293
Furnius, C. (cog. 17), 327

Gaetulia, 261

Gaetulians, the, 467

Galatia, 21, 261

Galba, the emperor, 11, 457

Gallia (Gaul), 25, 205, 221, 253, 309,
333-39, 343, 347, 375 ; Lugdu-
nensis, 375 ; Narbonensis, 189,
221 291

Gallus, Aelius, 269

Gallus, C. Asinius (cos. 8), 391

Gallus, C. Cornelius, 25 f., 47, 255 ■

Gallus, Lucius, 333

Gallus, Nonius, 57

Gauls, the, 61, 253, 335, 365

Genucla, 75

Germanicus, title conferred upon

Drusus and his sons, 383
Germanicus, son of Drusus, 425,

465, 473-79
Germans, the, 57, 61, 65, 221, 309,

333 f., 365, 375, 393, 417, 425,

467 f.

Germany, 471 ; provinces of, 221,

333, 347, 399 f., 453-57, 469
Getae, the, 65, 71, 75 f.
Greece, 11, 15, 59, 67, 97, 219, 299
Greeks, the, 99, 305, 409, 423 f.

Haemus, 69, 77

Helios, name given to Alexander,

son of Cleopatra, 63
Hellenes, name given by Augustus

to foreigners living in Asiatic

provinces, 57
Hercules, Pillars of, 209
Hermes, statues of, 305
Hermunduri, the, 417
Herod the Great, 303
Herod Archelaus. See Archelaus
Honor, festival of, 327
Horatius, 209

Iamblichus I., Arab chieftain, 7, 303
Iamblichus II., son of preceding,
303

Iapydes, the, 61

Imperator, use of term under the

empire, 185 f., 237
India, 305

Iotape, daughter of Artavasdes of

Media, 45
Isaurians, the, 467
Ister, the, 67, 77, 333, 375, 413

417

Istrians, the, 75

Isthmus of Corinth, the, 15, 465
Italy, 9 f., 15, 57 f., 115, 123, 133-

37, 189, 225, 283, 331, 337 f.

391, 457, 471, 477
Iullus Antonius. See Antonius
Iuventus, temple of, 331

Janus, temple of, 57, 263, 375
Juba I., 43, 205
Juba II., 43, 261, 467
Judaea, 453
Julia, daughter of Augustus, 43,

265, 301, 363, 373, 383, 405,

411 f., 425
Julius, the hero (i.e. Divus),

shrines of, 51, 57, 63 f., 373
Juno, 63

Jupiter Capitolinus, 63, 291. 349,
381, 407 n., 409 ; priest of, 343,
375. J. Feretrius, 301, 391.
J. Tonans, 291

Lacedaemonians, the, 263, 299
Lacus Flevo, the, 365 n.
Lacus Venetus, the, 339 and n.
Lampe (or Lappa), town in Crete, 7
Lampaeans, the, 7
Lancia, town in Spain, 261
Largus Valerius, 251 f.
Legions, list of, 453-57
Lentulus, Cn. Cornelius (cos. 18),
313

Lentulus, Cn. Cornelius (cos. 14),
343

Lentulus, Cossus Cornelius (or Cn.
Cornelius Lentulus Cossus) (cos.
1), 467

Lentulus, P. Cornelius (Marcellinus)'
(cos. 18), 313

Lepidus, M. Aemilius, the triumvir,
119, 191, 199, 253, 319 f., 355

Lepidus, M. Aemilius, son of pre-
ceding, 319

Lepidus, M. Aemilius (cos. A.D. 6),
459

Lepidus, Paulus Aemilius (cens.

22), 285, 345. See also Aemilius
Lepidus, Q. Aemilius (cos. 21), 295

4 88

INDEX

Lesbos, 275
Libo, M. See Drusus
Libya, 219 f.
Licinua, a Gaul, 335 f.
Ligurians, the, 345
Limyra, 421

Livia, 37, 279, 299, 329, 343, 383 f.,
399, '405, 421, 475 ; advises
Augustus to be conciliatory
toward his enemies, 429-51 ;
precinct dedicated to, 399

Lollius, M. (cos. 21), 295, 333

Lucretius, See Vispillo

Ludi Megalenses, 475

Ludi Romani, 273

Ludi Saeculares, 329

Lugdunum, 365

Lupia, river in Germany, 365-69
Lycaonia, 261
Lycia, 421
Lycomedes, 7

Macedonia, 5, 67 t, 77, 219, 287,

333, 371, 473
Maecenas, 11, 289, 297, 327, 331,

363, 395-99; advises Octavian

in favour of a monarchy, 72,

109-185
Maedi, the, 73

Marcellus, M. Claudius (Aeserninus)

(cos. 22), 283, 289
Marcellus, M. Claudius, nephew of

Augustus, 59, 261, 265 f., 271-75,

279, 349 ; theatre of, 273, 349
Marcomannian territory, the, 417
Marius, 107, 117
Marlus, the younger, 107
Mars, statue of, 263 ; Mars Ultor,

temple of, 301, 407 f,
Mazaei, the,* 477
Mede. the. See Artavasdes
Medeius, 7
Merula, 375
Mesopotamia, 457
Messalla, L. Valerius (Volesu3) (cos.

a.d. 5), 451
Messalla, M. Valerius (Corvinus)

(cos. 31), 23, 265
Messalla, M. Valerius (Barbatus)

(cos. 12), 355
Messalla, M. Valerius (Messallinus)

(cos. 3), 469-73
Messalla, Potitus Valerius (cos. 29),

59

Metellus, 107

Metellu3, Q. Caecillus (Creticus

(coa. A.D. 7), 473
Milliarium aureum, the, 301
Minerva, temple of, 63
Mithridates the Great, 5 n., 345
Mithridates II., king of Comma*

gene, 303
Moesia, 65-69, 73, 77, 205, 453-57,

471, 477
Moesians, the, 65, 69 f., 77
Morini, the, 61

Mucia, mother of Sex. Pompey, 9
Mucius, 209
Murena, Licinius, 289
Musa, Antonius, 271 f.
Mysians, the, 7

Mysteries of the two goddesses, 11,
305

Napata, 295
Neapolis, 341, 409
Neapolitans, the, 191, 409
Neptune, name taken by Agrippa

Postumus, 475
Nero, Ti. Claudius, 465. See

Claudius
Nero, the emperor, 455
Nerva, A. Licinius (Silianus or

Silanus) (cos. a.d. 7), 379, 473
Nerva, P. Silius (cos. 20), 299, 331 f.
Nicaea, city in Bithynia, 57
Nicomedia, city in Bithynia, 57
Nicopolis, city near Actium, 5
Nlcopolis, city in Cappadocia, 5 n.
Nicopolis, city in Egypt, 49
Norbanus, C. See Flaccus
Northern ocean (North Sea), the
381

Norici, the, 331 f.
Noricum, 337, 457
Numidia, 219, 453

Octavia, sister of Augustus, 43, 373
Odrysae, the, 73, 287
Olympian games, the, 153

Pacuvius (or Apudius) Sex., 247
Paetus, Articuleius, 317
Palatine, the, 195, 235, 265, 343
Palatium, the, 275, 423
Palestine, 465
Pamphylia, 261, 371
Panathenaic festival, the, 359

4 8 9

INDEX

Pandateria, 411
Pantheon, the, 263, 283
Pannonia, 77, 205, 355, 375, 453-57,
469, 477

Pannonians, the, 61, 331 f., 345, 355,
363 f., 369 f., 383, 469, 477, 481 f.

Paphians, the, 343

Paphos, 343

Paraetoniuin. 25, 29

Parians, the, 405

Parthians, the, 51, 55, 413, 419

Paulus, basilica of, 343 f.

Pausilypon, 341

Pax, Btatue of, 373

Peloponnesus, Isthmus of (Isthmus
of Corinth), 15

Pelusium, 27 f.

Pergamenians, the, 59

Pergamum, 57

Persian Gulf, the, 21 n.

" Persians," the, party In naval
battle given at Rome, 409

Petronius, C. (or P.), 293 f.

Pharnaces, 205, 345

Philippi, 15, 305

Philopator, son of Tarcondimotus,
7

Phoebe, freedwoman of Julia, 413
Phoenicia, 221, 453
Phraates, 51, 205, 275 n., 277 f.,
301

Phrataces, 415-19
Pillars of Hercules, the, 209
Pinnes, Pannonian chief, 481
Piso, Cn. Calpurnius (cos. 23), 271
Piso, Cn. Calpurnius (cos. 7), 399
Piso, L. Calpurnius (cos. 15), 335,
371

Planasia, 475

Plancus, L. Munatius, 285

Plancus, L. Plautiua, brother of

preceding, 285
Po, the. 477 f.
Polemon, 257, 345
Polla, sister of Agrippa, 399
Pollio, Vedius, 339-43
Pompey the Great, 5 «., 107, 117,

285, 429
Pompey, Sextus, 7, 13
Pontus, 7, 221,257,345
Potitus, Valerius. See Messalla
Praetorians, the, 135, 349, 411
Primus, M., 287 f.
Proculeius, C, 33, 255 f., 289
Psyili, the, 41

490 *

Ptolemies, the, bodies of, 47
Ptolemy, son of Antony and Cleo-
patra, 43
Puteoli, 341

Pylades, a dancer, 327, 411
Pyrenees, the, 259
Pythian games, the, 153 .

Quintilianus, Sex. Nonius (cos.

A.D. 8), 477
Quirinus, P. Sulpicius (cos. 12), 355
Quirinus, temple of, 329

Ravenna, 459

Red Sea, the, 19 f.

Regulus, 209

Regulus, Licinius, 317

Rhaetia, 457

Rhaetians, the, 337 f.

Rhascyporis, a Thracian prince,

371, 473
Rhine, the, 61, 65, 207, 221, 333,

365-69, 381 f., 393, 417, 457
Rhodes, 403 f., 421
Rhodope, 65

Rhoemetalces, king of Thrace, 333,

371, 471 f.
Roles, king of a tribe of the

Getae, 71 f.
Romans, the, passim
Rome, 11-15, 47, 57 f., 63, 153 f.

245, 283, 297, 301, 309
Romulus, 235 ; hut of, 361
Rufus, M. Egnatius, 257
Rufus, P., 463 f.

Sabos, king of Arabia Felix, 269
Sacred Way, the, 331 '
Saepta, the, 253, 401, 409
Salassi, the, 259
Salonae, 471

Salus Publica, statue of, 373
Samos, 299, 305
Sardinia, 221, 467
Sarmatians, the, 333, 471
Saturn, temple of, 301 n.
Saturninus, C.« Sentius (cos. 19), 307
Saturninus, C. Sentius (cos. A.D^ 4),
469

Savus, river in Pannonia, 77
Scapula, Q. Ostorius, 411
Scarpus, L. Pinarius, 17, 25 ^

INDEX

Scaurus, M., half-brother of Sex.

Pompey, 7 f.
Scenobardus, 477

Scipio, P. Cornelius (Afrlcanus),
107

Scipio, P. Cornelius (cos. 16), 329
Scordisci, the, 333, 365
Scribonius, pretended grandson of

Mithridat.es, 345
Scythians, the, 77 ; cf. 65 f.
Segetica, 69

Selene, name given to Cleopatra,
daughter of Cleopatra, 63

Sentius, C. See Saturnlnus

September, 3, 395

Serapis, 45

Serdi, the, 73

Sertorius, 119

Servilius, P. (pr. 25), 265

Sestius, L. (cos. 23), 277

Severus, A. Caecina, 471, 477

Ssverus, L. Septimius, emperor, 47

Sextilis, name of, changed to August,
395

Sextus. See Apuleius and

Pompey.
Sialetae, the, 371
Sibylline verses, the, 325
Sicily, 9, 189, 295, 299, 309
Sidon, 301

Silanus, M. Junius (cos. 25), 259
Silanus, Licinius. See Nerva
Silius, P. See Nerva
Silvanus, L., 295 f.
Sinope, 345

Sirmium, town in Pannonia, 469 f.

Siscia, town In Pannonia, 477

Sisenna. Cornelius, 355

Sitas, king of the Dentheieti, 69, 73

Solon, 329

Sosius, C, 7

Spain, 19, 25, 29, 221, 253, 259,

267 f., 309, 333, 343, 347, 457
Spaniards, the, 247
Spolia opima, the, 71
Statilius, Q. (tr. 29), 187
Strabo, 107

Sudatorium Laconicum, the, 263
Suebi, the, 61, 65 f., 381
Sugambri, the, 333, 365 f., 375, 393
Sulla, 61, 107, 117 f.
Surrentum, 191
Syracuse, 299

Syria, 21-25, 49 f„ 275, 295, 299,
331, 355, 415-19, 453, 459

Tarcondlmotus, king of Cilicia, 7,
21, 303

Tarcondimotus, son of preceding,

303
Tarentum, 63
Tarraco, 221, 261

Taurus, T. Statilius (cos. 26), 57,

67, 253, 331
Taurus, Sex. Pacuvius, 247 n.
Tencteri, the, 333
Terentia, wife of Maecenas, 329
Theatre of Balbus, 347 ; of Mar-

cellus, 273, 349
Thrace, 69, 77, 333, 371
Thracians, the, 65, 73
Thrasyllus, 421 f.
Thucydides, 17 n.
Thyrsus, a freedman, 25 f.
Tiber, the, 245, 251, 279, 283, 347,

425, 451

Tiberius, political honours received
by, 261, 267, 307, 331, 347, 363 f.,
399, 403 ; military exploits of,
303 f., 337 f., 369-75, 383, 393 f.,
469-73 ; sent to Rhodes, 403,
413 f.,; recalled, 425 ; adopted by
Augustus, 425 ; other references
to, 191, 353, 459, 465

Tigranes, 303, 403, 415, 419

Tiridates, 51, 277 f., 419

Tiro, 397 n.

Titans, the, 75

Toranius (or Thoranius), C. (tr. 25),

265
Trajan, 457
Treveri, the, 57
Triballi, the, 65 f., 77
" Troy," game of, 65, 351
Tubero, Q. Aeiius (cos. 11), 367
Turuliius, P., 23
Tyre, 301

Usipetes, the, 333, 365 f.

Vaccaei, the, 57
Valerius, M. See Messalla
Vandaiic mountains, the, 381
Varro, A. Terentius (Murena) (cos.
23), 259

Varus, P. Alfenus (cos. a.d. 2), 419
Varus, P. Quintilius (cos. 13), 347,
453 n.

Vennii (or Vennones), the, 331

491

INDEX

Venus, temple of, 65 ; statue of, 263
Vespasian, 457

Vesta, temple of, 343 ; statue of,
405

Vestal Virgins, the, 53, 343, 355,
451 f.

Vetus, C. Antistius (cos. 6), 401
Victory, statue of, 63
Vuintisexviri and Viglntiviri, the,

351 f.
Vi licius, M., 263
Vi llcius, P. (cos. A.D. 2), 419
Virtus, festival of, 327

Vispillo (or Vespillo), Q. Lucretius

(cos. 19), 307
Visurgis, river in Germany, 367

381, 469
Vitellius, Q., 65
Volcaean marshes, the, 477
Vologaesus, a Thracian chief, 371

Zarmarus, an Indian, 305 f.
Zenodorus, tetrarch of Trachonitis,
303

Zyraxes, king of a tribe of the
Getae, 75 f.

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